the biofidelity of the eurosid neck

THE B I OF I DE L I TY OF THE EURO S I D NECK
F . B E N D J E L LA L - C . TARR I E RE
LABO RATO I RE DE P H Y S I O L OG I E E T DE B I OM E CA N I QU E
ASSO C I E A P E UG E O T S A ET R E NAU L T
1 32 , rue d e s S u i s s e s - 92000 NANTE RRE ( FRANC E )
R . L . STA L N A C K E R
DE PARTMENT O F M E C HAN I CA L E N G I N E ER I NG
O H I O STATE UN I V E RS I TY - COLUMBU S - O H I O ( U . S . A . )
D . G I LLET
I NS T I TUT D E R E C H E RC H E B I OMECAN I QU E
E T ACC I D E NTOLOG I QU E
Höp i t a l Amb ro i se P are - 9 2 1 00 BOU LO G N E B I L L A N C O U R T ( F RAN C E )
M . S . U LMAN
T r an s po rt a t i on R e s e arc h C e n ter of O h i o
E as t L i berty , O H I O 43 3 1 9
F . GU I L L O N
I n s t i t u t de Rec h e rc h e O r t h o pedi q u e
HO P I TA L R . PO I NCARE
92 380 GAR C H E S - FRANCE
ABSTRACT
Th i s p aper de a l s w i t h t h e E U R O S I D n e c k performa n c e i n terms of b i o f i de l i ty
i n b o t h l ater a l and fro n t a l i mp act d i rect i on s . T h e h uman reference d at a b as e
compri s e s t h e re s u l t s from vo l u n t ee r s l ed te s t s c o n d u c t ed by t h e N a v a l
B i ody n am i c s L ab o rat o ry i n N ew O r l e a n s .
T h e E U ROS I D nec k ev a l u at i on , ac c o rd i n g to t h e s e d at a , w a s performed on t h e
b as i s of wh o l e dummy s l ed t e s t s - for l at e r a l d i rect i on - and pend u l um t e s t s ­
for front a l di rect i on - . I n ear l i er A P R pu b l i c at i o n ( 1 ) , i t w a s s h own t h at
E U RO S I D neck r e s p o n s e s i n l at e r � l d i rect i on are r at h er s at i s f actory . T h i s
conc l u s i o n w a s h owever bas ed on t h e b as i s of the f i r s t formu l at i o n of nec k
re q u i reme n t s as p r o p o s ed by I SO / T C 2 2 / SC 1 2 / W G 5 ( 2 ) . Recent l y , t h e s e r e q u i re ­
men t s h ave been comp l eted ( 3 ) . Acc o rd i n g to t h i s new f ormu l at i on , a n ev a l u a­
t i on of E U R O S I D neck performance i s p r o p o s ed here .
I n order to i l l u s t r at e the n e c k b e h av i o u r under front a l s o l l i c i t at i o n s a do ­
z en fro n t a l pendu l um t e s t s i n v o l v i n g t h e E U R O S I D h e ad / n ec k a s s emb l y were c a r ­
ri ed o u t by t h e V e h i c l e R e s e a r c h a n d T e s t C e n t e r ( 4 ) . Re s u l t s of one of t h e
m o s t s e ve re pendu l um t e s t are p r e s e n t ed a n d comp ared to t h e c o r r i d o r s g e n e r a ­
t e d a t TNO ( 4 ) u s i n g a mat h emat i c a l s i mu l at i o n o f h uman vo l un teer b e h a v i o u r .
1 . I NTRODUCT I ON
A f i r s t at tempt to deve l o p a dummy nec k wi t h re l i ab l e re s po n s e s i n l at e r a l
d i rect i on w a s made by t h e A s s oc i at i on Peugeot - Ren a u l t i n 1 982 . Th i s f i r s t
vers i o n w a s de s i gned t o be u s e d o n t h e APROD dummy ( 5 ) and b u i l t on t h e b a s i s
of h u man d at a o b t ai n ed from l ow s e v e r i ty s l ed t e s t s ( 6 ) . T h e e v a l u at i on of
t h e b i o f i de l i ty of t h i s nec k was performed w i t h i n t h e framework of t h e E E C
Compa r i son T e st i n g Programme i n 1 982 ( 7 ) . F o l l ow i n g t h e c o nc l u s i on o f t h i s
programme , a new nec k prototype h as been rede s i gned and t e s t ed . R e s u l t s
s h owed a much better d u r a b i l i ty and a s at i s f ac tory beh av i o u r of t h e n e c k ( 2 ) .
263
T h i s prototype w a s c h o s e n for t h e E U RO P EA N S I DE I M PA C T DUMMY E U RO S I D and e v a ­
l u at ed i n t h e fr amewo r k of an exten s i ve t e st i n g p r og r amme s po n s o red b y t h e
E E C i n 1 986 , w h e r e E U RO S I D w a s s u b j ected to a l ar g e number o f experi ment s . I n
t h i s p r o g r amme , p a rt i c u l ar a t t e n t i on w a s g i ven t o t h e ev a l u a t i on o f t h e n e c k
b i of i de l i ty , wh i c h comp r i sed s i x s l ed t e s t s i n vo l v i n g t h e w h o l e dummy . Some
res u l t s of one l ow G - l e v e l t e s t were a l ready p r e s e n ted i n e ar l i er p u b l i c at i on
( l ) , wh ere E U ROS I D n e c k res pon s e s were compared to d a t a p r o p o s ed by t h e
I SO / T C 2 2 / S C 1 2 / W G 5 ( 2 ) . D at a f o r durrmy n ec k req u i reme n t s h ave been r e c en t l y
comp l et ed by t h i s gro u p wi t h add i t i on a l res u l t s from n i ne vo l unteer t e s t s
( 3 ) . I t i s t h e refore nece s s ary t o e v a l u ate t h e E U RO S I D n e c k beh av i o u r
accord i n g to t h e s e n e w req u i remen t s . Th i s i s pre s en t ed i n sec t i on 3 of t h i s
p a pe r .
E ve n t h e E U R O S I D n e c k was not des i gned for front a l s o l l i c i t a t i o n s , i t a p p e a ­
r e d to be of i n te r e s t , g i ven i t s symet r i c a l defi n i t i o n , to comp are i t s b e h a ­
v i ou r w i t h e x i s t i n g v o l u n t ee r d a t a i n fron t a l di r ec t i o n . T h i s ev a l u at i o n w a s
per formed b y t h e Veh i c l e R e s e a rc h a n d T e s t C e n t e r i n E as t L i b erty - O h i o
d u r i n g t h e beg i n n i n g of 1 986 . T h e t e s t conf i g u r at i on u s ed by t h i s l ab o r at o ry
i s a p e n d u l um t e s t , wh i c h i n f act requ i re s a s i mp l e proc e s s and i n v o l v e s a
l e s s e r c o s t t h an a w h o l e dummy s l ed te s t . Accord i n g to a pendu l um acc e l e r a ­
t i on p u l se defi n ed on t h e b as i s o f fro n t a l s l ed t e s t s i n v o l v i n g v o l u n t e e r
( 9 ) t h e E U R O S I D head - n ec k a s s emb l y w a s s u b j ected to about e l even fron t a l
p e n d u l um t e st s , w i t h at l e a s t s i x t e s t s r e ac he d m a x i mum v e l o c i t i e s and d e c e ­
l er at i o n s over 7 m/ s and 1 5 g res p ec t i v e l y . Re s u l t s f r o m one t e s t a r e g i ­
ven i n sect i on 4 t o g e t h e r w i t h c o rr i d o r s c o n s i s t i n g of h e ad acce l e r at i o n s
and e x c u rs i o n s .
2 . THE EUROS I D NECK D E S I GN
T h e E U RO S I D neck de s i g n comp r i s e s a ce n t r a l sect i o n made of a s p ec i a l 7 0 s h o r e s r u bber t h at l i n k s two i nt e r f aces , e a c h c o n s i s t i n g of two met a l d i s k s
w i t h r u b b er buffer s i n s i de . T h e met a l d i s k s bei n g l i n k ed by mea n s o f a
s crewed h a l f - s ph e r e , wh i c h c o n s t i t u t es a p i vot as s h own i n F i g u re 1 . T h e s e ­
v e r a l nec k compon e n t s were de s i gned i n order t o reproduce a correct h e ad mo ­
t i on o bs er ved w i t h h u man s l ed t e s t s i n l at e r a l d i rect i on , i . e . :
- a pure t r an s l at i on i n t h e p l ane of i mp act du r i n g t h e fi r s t p h a s e of mov e ­
men t ,
- a rot at i o n a l mov ement comp o s ed by a l ater a l f l e x i on and a tor s i o n i n t h e
f i n a l ph a s e of m o t i o n .
F i g u re 2 i l l u st r a t e s t h i s ty pe of h e ad mot i o n .
3 . EUROS I D NECK B I OF I DEL I TY I N LATERAL D I RECT I O N
S i x s l ed tests i n v o l v i n g t h e w h o l e E U R O S I D dummy were performed as a p art of
E E V C e v a l u at i on p r o g r amme ( l ) . One t e s t , n umber E U RO 2 , was s e l ected
for compar i s o n w i t h vo l u n t e e r d at a .
A s i nd i c at ed prev i o u s l y , t h i s dummy t e s t w i l l be ev a l u ated w i t h res pect to
new data a v a i l ab l e from I SO g ro u p ( 3 ) , wh i c h comp r i s e the f o l l owi n g type of
re qu i reme n t s :
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( f i r s t t h o r a c i c v e r t e br a ) k i n em at i c s : M a x i mum h o r i z on t a l di s p l acement
and a c c el e r ation ,
- H e ad a n g u l ar mot i on : M a x i mum h e ad f l e x i o n and twi s t . T h e h e ad f l ex i o n i s
defi n ed a s the an gu l ar d i s p l acement of t h e i nf er i o r - s u pe r i or a x i s of t h e
h e ad re l at i ve t o vert i c a l ; h e ad twi s t i s t h e head rot at i o n about i t s
i n fe r i o r - s u pe r i or ax i s ,
- H e ad l i n e a r d i s p l acement : M a x i mum h e ad c . g . di s p l acemen t s r e l at i v e t o T l
i n ho ri z o n t al and verti c a l d i rect i o n s ,
- H e ad ac c e l e r at i on : Front a l , l at e r a l and vert i c a l acce l e r at i o n s of t h e
head c . g . ,
- T i me of max i mum h e ad exc u r s i o n .
F o r e a c h k1 nemat 1 c al par amete r , a re q u i red r a n g e for a dummy n e c k re s po n s e i s
s pe c i f i ed . T h e new formu l at i on di ffe r s f rom t h e p r e v i ou s one ( 2 ) m a i n l y b e ­
c au s e t h e re q u i remen t s are n o w b a s ed o n 9 v o l unteer te s t s re s u l t s , i .
e . w i t h n i ne d i fferent s u b j ec t s , w h e r e a s p r e v i ou s I SO recommen d at i o n s
h ave been pro posed wi t h res pect t o on l y o n e v o l unteer t e s t .
I n t h e f o l l ow i n g , re s u l t s of E U RO 2 t e s t s are p r e s e n ted .
3 . 1 . TESTS SET-UP
T h e du mmy w a s p l aced o n t h e s e at i n t h e u p ri g h t s i tt i n g po s i t i on . T h e s e at
w a s fi x ed to t h e s l ed s i mi l ar t o t h e one u s ed by Ewi ng* ( 6 ) i n a s i deward p o ­
s i t i on . A wooden s i de board w a s f i xed vert i c a l l y t o t h e s e at i n order t o l i ­
m i t t h e du mmy t r an s l ati o n n a l mot i on . To s ec u re t h e dummy to t h e s e at , a r e s ­
t r a i n t system compri s i n g s h ou l der s t r a p s , a l ap be l t and a ny l on be l t
a r o u nd t h e e h e st w a s u s ed . P r i or to t h e t e s t , t h e anteri o r - p o s te r i o r
ax i s o f t h e dummy ' s h e ad w a s a p p r o x i mat l y h o r i zont a l .
The dummy w a s i n s t r u mented w i t h acc e l eromete r s l oc ated i n t h e h e ad and t h e
s p i n e re s pec t i ve l y a t T l a n d T4 . F o r t h e comp u t at i on o f h e ad re l at i ve mot i o n
w i t h res pect to T l , t h ree a l umi n i um t ar g e t s were fi xed o n to t h e h e ad s k u l l
and nec k b r ac k et re s pect i v e l y , as s h own i n F i g u re 3 . C i nematog r a ph i c c o v e r a g e
of t h e t e s t w a s prov i ded by f i ve h i g h s peed c ameras wi t h a fi l mi n g freq uency
of 500 f r ames per second .
Acc o rd i n g to t h i s te s t set - u p , t h e E U ROS I D dummy was s u bj ected to a t e s t
w h e re max i mum s l ed v e l oc i ty a n d acce l er at i on reached 6 m / s a n d 7 G res p ec t i ­
v e l y . T h e s l ed ac c e l e r at i o n - t i me h i s t o ry corre s pondi n g to E U R O 2 t e s t
i s p l o t t ed i n F i g u re 4 toget h er w i t h t h e req u i red pu l se . E x c e pt f o r t h e
f i r s t 2 5 ms , w h e r e sma l l devi at i o n s occ u red , E U RO 2 acce l er at i on pu l s e
l i es w i t h i n t h e c o r r i dor .
* I n t h e t e s t set - u p u sed by A P R , t h e s l ed w a s dece l e rated by mea n s of
p o l yuret h ane t u b e s after a s pec i f i ed d i s p l acement i n order t o ac h i eve t h e
6 m / s i n i t i a 1 v e 1 o c i ty .
266
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H EAD I NSTRUME NTAT I ON U S E D F O R E U R O 2 S L E D T E ST
S L E D A C C E L E RAT I ON - T I ME H I STORY F ROM E U R O 2 T E S T C OM P AR E D
W I TH A C C E L E R AT I ON - T I ME C O R R I DOR O B TA I N E D
FROM V O L U NT E R T E STS ( DASH E D L I NE S )
267
H e ad and T l coord i n at e systems
The or i e n t at i o n of h e ad and Tl coord i n ate sys tems i s i nd i c ated i n F i g u re 5 .
B o t h are r i g h t - h anded o rt h o g o n a l systems . H e ad coord i n ate sys tem of E U RO S I D
i s l oc ated at the c . g . , wh i l e T l c o o r d i n ate system i s f i xed near t h e b a s e of
t h e n ec k and on t h e n ec k b r ac k et . H e ad and T l y ax e s are p a r a l l ed to t h e d i ­
rect i on of s l ed acce l er at i on v e c t o r but o p p o s i te to t h e s l ed di s p l acement di ­
rect i on . T h e p l ane of i mp act i s h e re def i n ed by YZ p l ane .
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H E A D AND T l COORD I NATE S Y ST E M S
3 . 2 . T l K I N EMAT I C S
T h e t r a j ectory o f T l - or i g i ne wi t h r e s pect to the s l ed i s i l l u s t r ated i n F i g u ­
r e 6 w i t h t h e o r i e n t at i on o f T l i nfe r i o r - s u pe r i or a x i s . l t a p p e a r s t h at for
EURO 2 tes t s , t h e rotat i on of Tl i s n e g l i g i b l e , t h e max i mum ang l e reached
b e i n g a b o u t 4 deg r ee s . A l so neg l i g i b l e are d i s p l aceme n t s of T l - or i g i ne a l ong
x and z ax i s re s pect i ve l y when compared to t h e h o r i zont a l d i s p l acemen t . The
max i mum magn i t ude of t h i s d i s p l acement r e l at i ve to t h e s l ed i s 46 mm wh i c h
c o r re s pond s to l ower l i m i t of t h e re q u i red ran ge , i . e . between 4 6 mm and
63mm ( 3 ) . O ne c an a l s o o b s e rved t h at , as s h own i n F i g u re 6 , the Tl t r a j ect ory
i s re pre s e n t e d by a p u re t r an s l at i on i n t h e i mpact p l ane .
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T l -K I N EMAT I CS RE LAT I VE TO T H E S L E D OBTA I NE D F ROM
EURO 2 TEST
In F i gure 7 are p l otted h o r i zon t a l acce l er a t i o n -t i me h i s t or i e s for T l and T4
r e s p ect i ve l y . Both c u r v e s h ave a maj or peak f o l l owed by s e v e r a l pe a k s of l e s ­
s e r amp l i t ude . M a x i mum magn i t u d e s re ac h ed by t h e m a j o r and t h e s e c o n d a ry p e a k
are 1 3 G and 7 . 54 G for T l a n d 1 5 . 5 G and 8 G for T4 res pect i v e l y . l t c an
be emp h a s i zed t h at suc h s h ape of T l acc e l e r at i o n c u r v e i s a l s o ob s e r v e d wi t h
v o l u n t eers ( 6 ) .
F i g u re 8 i l l u s t r a t e s T l acce l e r at i o n -t i me h i s tory for E U RO 2 t e s t w i t h T l a c ­
c e l e rati on cor r i dor def i ned from v o l u nt eer t e s t s ( 3 ) . l t f o l l ow s t h at E URO 2
T l res pon s e s meet bot h c o r r i do r s h ape and p e a k mag n i t u d e req u i remen t s .
3 . 3 . HEAD K I NEMAT I C S
D u ri n g t h e f i r s t part of mot i o n , t h e h e ad i n t e s t E U R O 2 d e s c r i b e s a p u r e
t r a n s l at i on i n t h e p l ane of i mp ac t , wi t h t h e d i s p l aceme n t s of h ead c . g .
a l o n g x and z a x i s a l most ne g l i g i b l e . T h e d u r at i on of t h i s f i r s t mot i on i s
a b o u t 42 ms . T h en t h e h ead movement bec omes t h reed i me n s s i o n a l w i t h t h e
c . g des c r i b i n g a c i r c u l ar arc and t h e h e ad rotat i n g about i t s an t e r o ­
p o s t er i or ax i s a n d i t s i nfer i or - s u pe r i or � x i s r e s p ec t i ve l y .
An i l l u s t r at i o n of h e a d mot i on re l at i v e to T l i n t e s t E U RO 2 i s p r o p o s ed i n
F i g u re 9 . Th i s g r aph i c a l o u t p u t , w h e re t h e h e ad i s r e p r e s e n ted by a c u b e , i s
gener ated by a computer progr amme c a l l ed A n a f i l m- 30 .
Th i s cub i c repres e n t at i on of t h e h e ad we l l d e s c r i b e s a n g u l ar and l i n e a r h ead
d i s p l acement s .
269
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H O R I Z O N TA L AC C E L E RAT I O N - T I ME H I STORY FO R T l
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B Y ANAF I LM - 30 PROGRAMME
More s i mp l e re pre s e n t at i o n of h e ad mot i o n i n E U RO 2 t e s t i s proposed i n F i ­
g u re 1 0 , w h e re t h e o r i e n t at i on of z - axi x i nd i c at e s h e ad f l ex i on . The p e a k ma­
g n i t u de reac hed by h e ad c . g . l at er a l and vert i c a l d i s p l ac ement s re l at i v e to
Tl are 1 34 mm and 3 1 . 5 mm res pect i ve l y .
A l s o s h own i n F i g u re 1 0 are t h e re q u i red r a n ge from vo l un teer tes t s . W h i l e
h e ad c . g . l at e r a l d i s p l acement i s w i t h i n t h e 1 30 - 1 62 mm r an g e , t h e h e ad
c . g . vert i c a l di s p l acement i s about 5 0 percent l e s s e r t h an t h e l ower vo l un ­
teer l i m i t i . e . 64 rrm ( 3 ) . H ead r o t a t i on s r e ac h ed 50 degrees for t h e f l ex i on
and 1 9 degrees for the twi s t res pect i v e l y . We c an note t h at h e ad f l e x i on
an g l e i n EURO 2 t e st i s much c l o s er to v o l u n t eer d at a ( 44 and 5 9 d e g r ee s )
t h an head tors i on ( 32 and 4 5 d e g r e e s ) .
l t s h ou l d be n oted t h at b ot h l i n e ar and a n g u l ar p e a k d i s p l aceme n t s of t h e
h e a d i n E U R O 2 t e s t t a k e p l ace a p p r o xi mat l y a t t h e s ame t i me , i . e . 1 20 ms as
s h own i n F i g ure 1 0 . Th u s , i t s c o r r e s po nd s to t h e t i me of maxi mum h e ad exc u r ­
s i on .
D u e to the d i fference i n t h e def i n i t i o n of t h e ti me zero between N B D L and A P R
( 6 ) , ( 1 0 ) t h e t i me o f max i mum h e ad e x c u r s i on i n E U RO 2 t e s t h as to be s h i fted
of about 50 ms , wh i c h g i ve 1 70 ms . T h i s v a l ue i s i n acc o r d a n c e wi t h vo l unteer
d at a ( 3 ) , wh i c h req u i re a t i me r an g e of 1 5 9 ms to 1 7 5 ms .
271
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I n F i g u re 1 1 a and b are re s pe c t i ve l y compared y and z compon e n t s of the h e ad
c . g . acc e l e r at i on i n E U RO 2 t e s t w i t h v o l u n t eer c o r r i d o r s .
T h e max i mum head c . g . acc e l e r at i o n s o b t a i n e d are 9 G i n l at e r a l and 6 G i n
v e rt i c a l d i rec t i on . T h e l at e r a l comp o n e n t i n EURO 2 t e s t b e i n g c l o s e t o 8 G ;
1 1 G vo l u nteer ran ge , wh i l e t h e vert i c a l compon e n t i s of 2 G l e s se r t h an t h e
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272
4 . EUROS I D NECK B I OF I DE L I TY I N FRONTAL D I RECT I ON
As part of a re s e arc h progr amme conducted at V R T C ( 4 ) seve r a l a l ready e x i s ­
t i n g n ec k s as we l l as new i mp r o ved neck de s i g n s were t e s ted i n fron t a l d i rec ­
t i on u s i n g a pendu l um t e s t c o n f i g u r at i o n . I n t h e sect i o n , pendu l um i n pu t c o n ­
d i t i o n s a n d t h e s pec i f i c at i o n s for a dummy n e c k e v a l u at i on i n fron t a l d i r e c ­
t i o n a r e pro posed . Res u l t s f r o m one o f t h e mos t s e v e r e pendu l um t e s t i n v o l ­
v i n g E U RO S I D h ead - n e c k a s semb l y are p r e s e n t ed w i t h r e s pect to t h e s pe c i f i c a ­
ti ons ( 4 ) .
4 . 1 . P E N D U L UM T E S T COND I T I O N S
Dummy nec k ev a l u at i o n c an b e performed u s i n g a s l ed conf i g u r at i o n , wh i c h r e ­
produces i n put c o n d i t i o n s u s ed by N B D L i n v o l u n teer t e s t s . S u c h a t e s t c o nf i ­
g u r at i o n i n v o l ves , h owever , a comp l i c ated proc e s s and a h i g h co s t . O n t h e
c o n t r ary , a pendu l um c o n f i g u r at i on i s more s i mp l e and requ i res a b as i c
i n st r umen t i on and t h u s a s h o r t e r ti me for d at a proc e s s i n g . T h e pendu l um p u l s e
u s ed i n t h e s t and ard Part 5 7 2 c a l i b r at i on d i ffers f rom t h e most s e v e r e N B D L
vo l u n t e e r te s t s d u e t o t h e effect of a n g u l ar ve l oc i ty of t h e pendu l um a n d
t o t h e max i mum i mp act ve l oc i ty wh i c h i s l i mi ted t o 7 m / s a n d q u i te i nf er i o r
to t h e max i mum o f 1 7 m/ s o b t a i ned wi t h vo l u n t e e r t e st s .
To comp en s ate t h i s l ower i mp act v e l oc i ty , a pendu l um p u l se w a s c re ated by
HOE N and W I SMA N ( 1 1 ) wi t h a l ar ger rate of on s et and p e a k acce l er at i o n magn i ­
t u de t h an i n v o l u nteer te s t s . U s i n g a j ud i c i o u s c o mb i n at i on of i mp ac t mat e ­
r i a l s a pu l s e w a s def i ned w i t h a l en gh t reprod u c i n g t h e fu l l r i s e u p t o
t h e max i mum acce l er at i on , as s h own i n F i g u re 1 2 .
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273
4 . 2 . N E C K P E RFORMA N C E R E Q U I R E M E N T S
M at hemat i c a l si mu l at i o n s were c o n d u c t ed by TNO ( 1 1 ) wi t h t h e pendu l um pu l s e
s h own i n F i g u re 1 2 and u s i n g a two p i vot n e c k mode l . B a s e s on res u l t s of
t h e s e s i mu l at i on s , a set of k i nemat i c a l req u i rement s were def i ned , i n c l u d i n g
t h e f o l l ow i n g c or r i d o r s :
- Head c . g . acc e l er at i on -t i me corr i d o r for x ( f r o n t a l ) and z ( ve r t i c a l ) component r e s p e c t i ve l y ,
- H e ad an g l e - t i me c o r r i dor ,
- · N e c k an g l e - t i me c o r r i dor .
I n t h e f o l l ow i n g sec t i on , E U R O S I D nec k be h a v i o u r as r e g ar d s t h e s e c o r r i do r i s
d i s c u s s ed .
4 . 3 . E U RO S I D N E C K TEST R E S U L T S
A b o u t e l e v e n fron t a l pend u l um t e s t s were c ar r i ed out by V R T C u s i n g t h e
E U RO S I D h e ad - neck a s semb l y . I n s i x of t h e s e te s t s , i n put c o n d i t i o n s were s i ­
mi l a r i n sever i ty to t h e mo s t v i o l e n t vo l u n t ee r te s t . M a x i mum i mpact ve l oc i ty
and dec e l e r at i on r e ac h ed were 7 m / s and 1 5 g res p ec t i v e l y . Under s u c h c o nd i ­
t i o n s , t h e neck s h owed good d u r ab i l i ty . Res u l t s from one pendu l um t e s t are
pre sen ted i n the f o l l ow i n g .
I n fi g u r e s 1 3 and 1 4 are p l o t t ed E U RO S I D head acc e l e r at i on - t i me h i s t o r i e s
a l o n g x a n d z ax i s r e s p ec t i v e l y w i t h t h e c o r r e s po n d i n g c o r r i d o r s . T h e v e rt i ­
c a l acc e l er at i o n comp o n e n t i n E U RO S I D t e s t s h ows some d i ffer e n c e s wi t h t h e
c o r r i d o r , b u t t h e s h a p e of i t s c u rve i s a l m o s t s i mi l ar t o t h at o f t h e c o rr i ­
dor .
T h e rate of on s e t of E U ROS I D h e ad l on g i t u d i n a l component i s h i g h e r t h a n t h at
of t h e c o r r i dor as s h own i n F i g u re 1 4 . O ne c an o b s e r v e t h at t h i s E U RO S I D h e ad
r e s p o n s e i s c h ar a c t er i s ed by t h ree s u c c e s i v e peak s wh i c h t a k e p l ace d u r i n g
t h e fi r st 1 00 m s ; v a r i at i o n s i n t erms of acce l er at i on d r o p between t h e s e
p e a k s appear t o i n c r e a s e t h e d i s c re p an c i e s between E U ROS I D head re s po n s e and
t h at of the c o rr i do r .
Nec k a n g l e - t i me h i s t o ry obt a i ned i n E U ROS I D pendu l um t e s t i s compared i n
F i g u re 1 5 w i t h i ts c o rres po n d i n g c o r r i dor . I t fo l l ow s t h at E U R O S I D n e c k an g l e
i s reas o n a b l y s i mi l ar to t h e c o r r i dor , except for d i fference i n pe a k magn i ­
t ude , wh i c h i s for E U ROS I D of a b o u t 1 8 degrees l e s s er . B o t h c o r r i dor and
E U R O S I D p e a k n e c k an g l e s take p l ace a p p ro x i mat l y at t h e s ame t i me , i . e .
1 00 ms .
E U RO S I D h e ad an g l e and the s pec i f i ed c o r r i dor are res p ec t i v e l y p l otted i n
F i g u re 1 6 . H e ad an g l e v ar i at i on for E U R O S I D a p p e a r s to be greater t h an t h at
of t h e head an g l e cor r i do r . Th i s di fference i n v a r i at i o n may s u g g e s t t h at
t h e E U RO S I D h ead - n e c k p i vot i s softer i n f r o n t a l d i rect i on t h an t h at of t h e
v o l untee r .
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5 . D I SCUSS I ON - CONCLUSION
I n t h i s s t u dy , t h e E U R O S I D nec k b i of i de l i ty was ev a l u ated on t h e b as i s of
v o l u n t eer d at a i n l at e r a l and i n f r o n t a l i mp act d i rect i o n s r e s p ec t i ve l y . The
perform a n c e of t h i s nec k i n l at e r a l d i rect i o n were ev a l u at e d by comp ar i n g
res u l t s f rom o ne s l ed t e s t , w h e re t h e e n t i re E U ROS I D w a s i n v o l ved , w i t h t h o ­
s e from n i ne vo l u n teer test s . T h e E U R O S I D dummy was i n fact s u b j ected t o t h e
s ame i mp ac t c o n d i t i o n s a s for t h e v o l un t ee r s . For t h e f r o n t a l i mp ac t d i rec ­
t i on , t h e nec k performance were ev a l u at ed i n VRTC u s i n g a s i m p l e pen d u l um
t e s t i n v o l v i n g t h e E U R O S I D h e ad - n e c k a s s e mb l y . The performance c r i t e r i a and
the pendu l um pu l s e were e s t ab l i s hed from vo l unteer t e s t s on t h e b as i s of
math emat i c a l s i mu l a t i o n s c o n d u c t ed by TNO . F u rt h ermo r e , t h e neck was t e s ted
i n a s l ed c o n f i g u r at i o n wi t h t h e h e ad - n e c k a s s emb l y b o l ted t o a buck on a
Hyge s l ed . C ompared to t h e pen d u l um t e s t , t h i s l as t c o n f i g u r at i on i s more
c l o s e r to vo l u n t e e r i n i t i a l test c o n d i t i o n s . D at a de a l i n g w i t h s l ed ( front a l )
e v a l u at i on a re g i ven i n an a n n e x of t h i s p aper toget h e r w i t h re s u l t s from
t e s t s w i t h t h e Hyb r i d I I I n ec k , s i n c e t h ey were not a v a i l ab l e i n t i me .
The c o n c l u s i o n s to be drawn from t h i s s t u dy can be res umed as f o l l ow s :
5 . l . P E RF ORMA N C E I N LATERAL D I RE C T I O N
5 . 1 . l . T h e re s po n s e s o f t h e b a s e ( T l ) o f t h e E U ROS I D n e c k i n terms
of k i nemat i c s and dy n ami c s are c l o s e to vo l u n teer d at a .
5 . 1 . 2 . The h e ad re l at i v e mot i on wi t h res pect to T l i s s i mi l ar to t h at
o b s e rved wi t h v o l u nt e er s .
276
5 . l . 3 . L ater a l head f l e x i o n and head c . g l at e r a l di s p l aceme n t are re s ­
pect i ve l y w i t h i n v o l u n t eer c o r r i d o r s . H e ad t o r s i on and h e ad c . g
vert i c a l di s p l acement are howe v e r l e s s e r t h an t h o s e from vo l un ­
teer t e st s . The magn i t ude o f t h e vert i c a l d i s p l acement o f t h e
h ead c . g cou l d be ac h i eved for t h e E U R O S I D neck by dec r e a s i n g
t h e s t i ffn e s s of i t s u p p er p i vot , i . e of t h e h ead n e c k i n t e r f a ­
ce . T h e head t o r s i o n cou l d be a l s o i n c re a s ed by a t r a n s l at i o n
o f t h e neck u pper p i vot i n t h e forward d i rect i on .
5 . l . 4 . T h e t i me co r r e s pond i n g to t h e max i mum h ead exc u r s i o n i s i n t h e
c a se o f E U R O S I D n e c k i n ac c o rd a n c e wi t h t h e t i me r an g e def i ned
from vo l unteer tes t s .
5 . l . 5 . Head c . g acc e l er at i o n a l o n g y and z ax i s res pect i ve l y a p p e ar to
be s l i g h t l y l e s s er t h an t h o s e f rom vo l u nt e e r s . It s eems , h ow­
ever , th at h i g h e r h e ad acc e l e r at i o n s c an be ac h i e v ed wi t h � s i ­
g n i f i c at i ve c h an g e of n e c k de s i gn . I n f ac t , t h e ro l e of h e ad
acce l er at i on i n l at er a l i mp act i s l e s s i mp o r t ant t h an t h at of
head e x c u rs i on , i . e h e ad k i nemat i c s .
5 . 2 . P E RF O RMAN C E I N F RO N TA L D I R E C T I O N
Conc l u s i o n s , about the E U R O S I D be h av i o u r i n t h i s d i rec t i o n , g i ven i n t h e fo l ­
l ow i n g , w i l l be b a s ed r at h er on re s u l t s from s l ed t e s t c o nf i g u r at i o n , wh i c h
i s muc h c l o s er to vo l u n t e e r e x p e r i men t s ( se e fi gure l A ) t h an t h e pen d u l um
t e s t s d e s c r i bed i n c h apter 4 of t h i s p a p e r . F u rt h ermore , s l ed t e s t s p r e s en ted
i n the an n e x are i n t e r e st i n g bec a u s e t h ey a l l ow a compar i s o n wi t h t h e
Hy b r i d I I I n ec k . F rom t h e se d at a , i t fo l l ows t h at :
5 . 2 . l . T h e E U RO S I D h e ad - nec k as s emb l y e x p er i e n c es muc h greater exc u r ­
s i o n s , c l o s er t o t h e v o l u n t ee r ( f i g u re 2A ) t h an t h e Hyb r i d I I I .
T h e Hyb ri d I I I nec k does not f l e x as muc h a s t h e E U RO S I D n e c k
( fi g u re 3A ) wh i c h i nd i c at e s t h at t h e Hyb r i d I I I neck i s t o o
s t i ff ( f i gure 4A ) t o re pr o d u c e the k i nemat i c b e h av i o u r
s een i n t h e v o l u n t eer t e s t .
5 . 2 . 2 . T h e dy n am i c a l b e h av i o u r of t h e b o t h nec k s i n x - d i rec t i o n i s
s hown i n fi g ures 5A and 6A wi t h t h e v o l u n t eer d at a . I t i s e a s i l y
seen t h at t h e Hy b r i d I I I n e c k ( f i g u re 6A ) re p rodu c ed t h e dy n am i c
r e s p o n s e i n t h e x - d i rect i on b e t t e r t h an t h e E U RO S I D b ec a u se t h e
Hyb r i d I I I w a s des i g n ed f o r t h i s r e s p o n s e .
5 . 2 . 3 . The di fference i n t e rms of z - d i rect i on ( f i g u re s ?A and SA )
between the mec h an i c a l nec k s and vo l unteer i s s i g n i fi c an t . S u c h
d i fferences a r e due to t h e h uman h e a d - neck mu s c l e i n t e r ac t i on
and the k i nemat i c of t h e h e ad - nec k s t r u c t u re .
·
F i n a l l y , t h e pri n c i p a l t a s k f o l l ow i n g t h i s s t u dy remai n s t h e ev a l u at i o n of
E U R O S I D as we l l as Hy b r i d I I I neck b i of i de l i ty at a h i g h e r l ev e l of v i o l en c e .
Con c l u s i o n s for t h e i mp ro vement of t h e s e nec k s cou l d be drawn after s u c h
furt h er e v a l u at i on .
277
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P roceed i n gs of t h e 2 l st S t a p p C ar C r a s h C onference
7 . PEUGEOT SA/ R E NA U L T
" Deve l o pment o f a more c o n v e n i e nt dummy t h a n t h e P A R T 5 7 2 o n e f o r
s i de c o l l i s i o n s " F i n a l Report , E E C B i omec h an i c s P ro g r amme P h a s e I I I , P roject F l O , 1 98 1
8 . I . D . N E I L LSON
" T h e E U R O S I D s i de i mp a c t dummy " Proceed i n g s of t h e l Ot h E S V C o n ference ,
O X FORD , 1 985
9 . J . W I SMA NS and C H . S P E N N Y
" H ead Nec k r e s p o n s e i n fro n t a l f l e x i o n " P roceed i n g s of t h e 2 8 t h S t a p p
C ar C r a s h C o n f e r en c e , 1 984
1 0 . F . BE N D J E LLAL and A l l .
" Deve l o pment of a du mmy nec k for l at e r a l c o l l i s i o n s - P art 1 :
A c c i den t o l og i c a l as pect of t h e work - C o n s t i t u t i on of d at a b as e "
D r aft , E S V 1 98 5
1 1 . Th . H O E N a n d J . W I SMA N S
" De f i n i t i o n of a Pendu l um T e s t f o r t h e E v a l u at i on of D ummy H e a d ­
Nec k A s semb l i e s " Second I nt e r i m Report , P h as e I I , P r o j ect SR L - 5 9 ,
Dr aft , September 1 985
278
A N N E X
RESULTS FROM O H I O STATE U N I VERS I TY U . S . A .
S L E D T E STS
T h e most promi s i n g nec k s , as determi ned by pendu l um e v a l u at i o n test s
( Hybr i d I I I and E U RO S I D ) , were t e s t ed o n t h e s l ed . T h e h e a d / n e c k a s semb l i es
were b o l ted to a b u c k on t h e H Y GE s l ed for t e s t i n g . T h e s l ed p u l s e wh i c h was
u s ed i s s i mi l ar to t h e Ewi n g pu l s e , and t h e max i mum acc e l e r at i on r e s emb l e
t h e acce l er at i o n mea s u red at T l of a vo l unteer s u b j ected to t h e Ewi n g pu l s e
( s ee fi g u re l A ) .
T e s t s res u l t s were di g i t i zed from f i l m . Performa n c e of t h e nec k s were e v a l u a ­
ted by t h e c r i t e r i a e s t ab l i s h ed f rom v o l u n t eer t e s t s , a n d t h ey are c at e g o r i ­
zed i n to dyn ami c re s po n s e and k i nemat i c b e h a v i o r . T h e dummy h e ad x and z
ac c e l e r at i o n s at t h e c . g were u s ed to comp a re w i t h t h e v o l u n teer h e ad c . g ac ­
c e l e r at i o n for dy n ami c comp a r i s o n . T h e k i nemat i c res pon s e between t h e dummy
and t h e v o l u nteer c an be b a s ed on t h e h e ad / n e c k e x c u r s i on s .
F i gure 2A s h ow s t h e h e a d / n e c k t r a j ec t o r i e s of t h e vo l u n t ee r , and f i g u r e 3A
and f i g u re 4A a re the p l o t s of E U RO S I D and Hyb r i d I I I nec k / h e ad t r aject o r i e s ,
r e s pec t i ve l y . · Th o u g h the p l ot s do not s h ow t r a j ec t or i e s of i de nt i c a l poi n t s
bec a u s e of t h e d i fferent i n d i me n s i on b etween t h e two mec h an i c a l n ec k s ( t h e
Hyb r i d I I I nec k , 1 5 6 mm l on g i s app r o x i mate l y 2 0 mm l a n ger t h a n t h e E U RO S I D
neck ) * , e s s e nt i a l compar i s o n s c an be made . T h e E U RO S I D h e a d / n e c k e x p er i e n c e s
muc h greater excu r s i on s , c l o s e r to t h e vo l u n t eer t h an t h e Hyb r i d I I I . T h e
Hy br i d I I I n ec k d o e s n ot f l ex as much as t h e E U RO S I D n ec k , wh i c h i n d i c at ed
t h at t h e Hyb r i d I I I nec k i s too s t i ff to reproduce t h e k i n emat i c b e h av i o r
seen i n t h e v o l unteer t e s t . Howeve r , f rom t h e h i g h s peed f i l m t a k en o f t h e
s l ed te st , t h e c h i n o f t h e dumrry head o n t h e E U R O S I D n e c k c o n t acted t h e nec k
mount i n g b r ace . Th i s cont act occ ured b ec a u se t h e h e ad cou l d not rotate e n o u g h
a b o u t t h e occ i p i t a l condy l e . Nonet he l e s s , s u c h c o n t a c t s p i k e s c a n be e l i mi ­
n at ed by a l l ow i n g t h e h e ad to rotate m o re about t h e o c c i p i t a l c o n dy l e .
P l ot s i n fi gure 5A t h ro u g h 7A s h ow t h e dyn a m i c b e h av i o r of t h e mec h an i c a l
n ec k s a s compare wi t h t h e v o l u n teer d at a . I t i s e as i l y s e e n t h at t h e
Hyb r i d I I I nec k reproduced the dyn am i c re pon s e i n t h e x - d i rect i on b e t t e r t h a n
t h e E U ROS I D neck bec a u se t h e Hy b r i d I I I was d e s i g n ed f o r t h i s res pon s e . I n
t h e h e ad z - ac c e l er at i on , t h e d i fference between t h e mec h an i c a l nec k s and v o ­
l u nteer i s s i g n i f i c ant . S u c h d i fferen c e s a r e due to t h e h uman h e ad / n e c k muc l e
i n t e r ac t i on and t h e k i nemat i c of the h e ad / n e c k s t r uc t u re . I t s h ou l d be noted
t h at the s p i k e s on t h e acce l er at i on t r ac e s for the E U R O S I D n e c k h ave been
e l i mi n ated between 90 and 1 2 0 msec .
*Bot h t h e Hy b r i d I I I and t h e E U R O S I D nec k i s mou n ted on t h e Hyb r i d I I I n e c k
b r ace d u r i n g t h e s l ed t e s t s .
279
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