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OMHCJIOBHe maTH 0I)6HHB8X)TCA HH$0pMaHT8MH K8K OIITJIMaJIiHO 0$0pMJieHHue, Kor.ua o h h B im ep*aH H c ojum aKO B ofl c T e n e u B » o o ä p o ö h o c t h
omaTOCTH. E H B aeT,
0AHaK0, h t o
DTCH B TeKCTÖ , ’ IT O ,
c x a iu e
h k
h p a 3 B ep H yT u e rp y n iiH ^ e p e ^ y -
CO CBOefl CTOpOHH,
C 03fla6T CB060Öpa3HUä püTM.
IIpH n e p e B o a e n pu B öTC TsyeTC H c o x p a H e m e xap aK T ep u cT M K ztaHHoro n a paMBTpa,
CBOftcTBeHHux opHTHHaJiy.
B pane cJynaeB
Ö o jiee t o h h o #
nepeaaHH cuucJia gaHHHä npHHimn npiucoAHTCH H a p y u ia T t,
xoAHMa
ü
T oraa H eoö-
KOMneacanHH, n03B0JiHKXuaH n p e o flo J ie T t pH TM ireecK oe iiap yrn eiu ie.
üoäboäh
HTom H a c T o a u je ro H 3 J io® ew in , c J ie a y e T
o tm cth tb,
hto
OOBOKynHOCTB paCCMOTpeHHHX $aKTOpOB BJI1AH8T Ha TeKCTOBOÄ KOHTHHy—
y n B n ojiäe on pejieJ ieH H iw o d p a s o u .
BucTpaim aH H e T e K c r a b c o o t b 6 t c t -
■jui c onpefleJieH H O t C T p a T e r a e fl T p e ö y e T ,
hto ö h
y K a a a iiiiu e n ap aM eT p u
onocoöCTBOBaJm co3.naHH» onTHMeuuiHo8 $opMH T eK C T a
jtocTH *eH H H
KOMMyHHKaTHBHOÄ U6JIH. Ü03T0My OnHCaHKe TaKTHKH T eK C T a
OymeOtBeHHOÄ «W CTM ) e r o KOMMyHJCKaTHBHO#
HBJWeTCfl
XapaKTepHCTHKM.
CCblüM HA JDWEPATyPy
A.P.Jjpanfl. OcHOBHHe npoöJieMH HefipamHTBHCTHKH, - M .: Ilan~BO M T , 1975. - 253 o .
r.B .êpH O B , Ochobh CHHxpoHHoro nepeBcaia. - M .: Bucinaa
niK oaia,
1988.
-
256 c .
ÜHTHpyeMaa jiHTepaTypa
P .S c h ü tt. Ab nach S i b i r i e n , - Dortmund: W e lt k r e is ,
1977.
A.Adatnov. Ein Uhr nachts.. - B ö r lin t V olk und W e lt, 1983.
A.AflaMOB. Be’qepHEä K pyr, - M .; BoeraiajiaT, 1982.
B .S e e g e r . Herbstrauchz/Rom an-Zeitung, JJ 175 (1 / 6 4 ),
B .3 e e re p . OceHHHä x m . - M .: P a jy r a , 1985.
W .L^g& re. Ic h war in Tim buk t u . - B e r lin : A l t b e r l i n e r V e r l.
L u c ie G rö s s e r,
1955.
r.B.AJDBcaeBa
m m m m H o c T L op u rm u M H cro
h
nEPEBaiiKoro
tekcta
IIoHKTiie nepeBO.ua,b e ro cobpömshhom tojikobeh eh ,BioimaeT
b
öojiee KpyiiHHX exwiw. pera
cooTBeTCTByBuiHMK cpeflCTBaMH oipyroro H3iöca, a H3BJmemie a n e p »c e f e ne nepe.na'iy cjiob, npeftiraaeHHä h
J K «y coflepsameJtcH
TepuHii
B T6KCTe HKfopMaixHH.
” HH$opMaiJ[iw" i&ieeT pa3JmHHe onpeêaeaHH, ho w
h c-
cJiaaoBaHHH GMHCJia npoH3Befl8HHa e r o moxho paccMaTpuaaTB KaK yoTpaH6HH6 HeonpefleJieHHOCTH ( SHTponmi) , 0BH3aHH0a C T6M, HTO HOpaÄOK
cJieAOhmm aaeMeHTOB T eK cia sapaaee ne K3BecTeH nojiy^taTej b ,
TaK .
KaK aapaHee hsbscthoo coodsneHHe He HyawaeTaa b nepesane
yCTpaHSHHe 3HTponHM MOSeT npOHCXOOTTB KSK SKCIMHItHTHO,
TaK
M BMIJ 1H UHTH 0 . T a TOCTb KH$OpMaUHOHHOrO CtWepStaHHfl T ß K C T a , K B T O p M
BKJB)HaeT
b
ce d n (faKTH,
co ö h th h ,
uafl KHôpMaicHjj - COM4 [ i .
npoR eccu
( cojie,psaTeJEbHo-$aKTyaÄb-
C .2 7 ]),H a ig e B ce ro nepe.n,aeTCH BepöaJüHO,
a y c T p a n e r a e neonpeê-seHnocTH npn ee TOJiKOBaHHH asTopow
-
14
-
z nojQna-
TeJieM ocymecTBJweTaH c pasH oil cTeneHLB b m iu x h u k th o cth .
CBH3aHHafl CO CHHTH6M SHTpOIIHH npH HHT6pnp6TSIÖCH
•
—
low , pa3Ä6JweTCH Ha coêpiitacoflepztaTeÄbHo-noOTeKCTO-
h
C0ÄeF*aTeJtbH0-K0HiienTyaJtbHaK HH$opMaiyiH
cooöm aeT HHTaTeJ®
viiiÄHBHjjyaJiBHO-aBTopcKoe noHHMaHHe (jpaKTOB, npeacTaBJieEHHX cp eflO T BaMK COT, HX npHHHHHO—CJiejlCTBöHHHe CBH3H, B3aHM0fleßCTBHe H pasBH T «ie.
CojjepxaT&iiBHO-noÄTeKCTOBaH HH$opMaipw n p e ^ c T a a ra e T coö oS H e R0OTMHÄ T0KCT, BHpaX0HHHÄ MeäUiy CTPOK, HaBJIeKaeMHÄ H3 COT
cynepraH eapH oro
nyT6M
aH£UEH3a. 3 i a HH$opMamiH oosâeTCH Ha ochobb c k p h -
to p o accoixHaTHBHoro mhurbheh aB Topa h peueiraeH Ta, a TaK »8 ÖJiaroflapa c h o co Ö h o cth 0ähhhq TeKCTa npHpamuBaTt cmhcjih
bo B3aHM0ßeÄCT-
BHH ÄEJT c spyroM.
Coaep*aT0Jn.Ho-KOHi.;enTyaJiiHaH HHjopMaipiH He B c e r a a BHpaaceHa
BepöaJEbHo,
h
jyra e e aK T ya m sa m m nacTO HeoölOOTMO cnem iajiBHoe
hc -
cJieôBaHiie.
CoaepacaTeJEbHo-noaTeKCTOBaH nH$opManHH B c e r ^ a HMiumuHTHa
npHcyTOTByeT He
eTCH
b
HajniHHX
bo b c s i
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r fle coaep.iaHHe
aojixho
ö h tl BHpaxeHO c n p e -
ÄftttHOfl TOTHOCTMD, HdUHHaiXIiet BCJÖCjrB ÄByCMHCJleHHOCTL, a
öo®bmoe: -
b
xyaoxecTB eiiH oit jiH T ep a ry p e
OpnrnHaja>HHe
ÄBJieHHHä
"a a so p "
h
h
acaHpax. CaMoe HeöoJttinoe e o KamraecTBO m ie -
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CaMOC
noasjrn.
nepeBOÄHHe HpoHSBoaeraw M oryT coaepacaTB o n p e Meawy
hmtuihuhtho S
CKH
h
CM,
h
ueJün HacToame#
CTaTiH HBJIH6T0H H3y^0HH0. CnOCOÖOB aH0KBaTHOfl HepeÄaHH HMIUIHEtHTHOC—
TH B COOTHOCHMHX T6KCT8X.
HccJi9ÄOBaHH8 npoBOOTTCH Ha ypoBHe aB T op cK oro c o ^ e p s a ro w , o o TaBJMfl & CTopoHe accouHaTHBHyr noÄTSKCTOByi) HH$opManja>, CBH3aHHyr
C JDTIHHM H OdmeCTBehHHM OIIHTOM ÜOJlyHaTeJM H C e r o $OHOBUMU 3H8HH—
hmh ,
HsyneHiDB noiyieKHT CHTyaTHBHaa CIIH [ i .
C .4 5 j,
KOTopaa
b osh h -
K80T B CBH3H C $aKTÖMH H COÖHTHHMH, OIJHCaHHHMH p aH ee, a TaKXB Ta
q a c T t c0flep*aTean>H0-K0HHenTyajibH0ft HH$opMamiH, KOTopan He B u p a x e Ha
3KCHJIHIXJITH0. IIpeOTeTOM H3yqeHHH HBJIfleTCH
HMenflan on opy
b
BepdaibHOM TeKCTe
h
oöpanymnafl
"CKpUTafl HH$OpMaiCHfl” ,
cbob
cncTeM y,
HaJia--
ranoyBCfl Ha COT CBoeo<5pa3HHM KOHTpanyHKTOM, a MaTepnaJioM nccJie.no-
-
15
-
B a iu w c J iy x a r x y x o x e c T B e H H u e
vi HayHHue TeKCTH ,
KOTOpue h b jih b tc h
OCHOBOÄ SAU CpaBHeHMfl.
O n e p a ip w c
nn$opMaTHBHhiM c o fle p K a ra e M äojukhh Ö a a u p o B a T tc fl Ha
aHaJiHse o c h o b h u x KOMMyHHKaTHBHHx eÄHHitu, KO Topne c o ^ e p s a T
q e H H y r m iicjib h KOTOpue M o ry T p aB H H T tcfl u m
HHH-, KaK n e p B O fl H3 JtHHTBHCTHHeCKHX
3aKOH—
ö h t b tio ja u ie n p e m io x e -
ßaHHOCTeil,
OÖJlSJtarailHX BO3M0X-
HOCTB» CaMOCTOHTeJIMOrO HCn0JI£30BaHHH B peHH [ 2 , 0 . 1 4 l ] . AHaJM3
jiH T e p a T y p u n o K a s m a e T ,
HHTeJiiHue
h t o n o iiO B O jy 9 th x eÄum tu c y n e c T s y io T 3 H a -
pa3H orJiacaflt.
3 a eflHHHiQr anaJiH3a cM u cJioB oro cosepataH n a T eK C T a npuHHM aetch
"KOMMyHHKaTHBHUÄ ÖJIOK" [ 3 ] ,
c jio * H o e
aÖ3aü, [ 4 ]
cH H T a K crra ecK oe iteJioe
CBepX$pa30B0ß eAH H C TB ojjtj ,
5 J , KOMiioneHT t ö k c t b [_6 J , n p o 3 a a -
t . ju
n e c K a fl c T p o $ a [ ? ] H
onpeÄeJieHHÖ o c h o b h o ä e ß z -
IIpHBJieKaeT BHHMaHHe pacnjiHBHaTOCTb
Him i! HH$OpM8THBHOrO COÄepXaHHH, HTO 3aTpyÄHH6T e e H30JIHUHD
H3yHeHHH CMUCJlOBOrO
n pa
HaHOJIHeHHH T eK C T a ,
BH3UBaeT BospajKeHHe h B iw e - a e m e t o a b k o o ä h o ä ejXHHHmi, b hö 3 a B2CHM0CTH
OT BEWOBO® npHHajyieJKHOCTH HCCJleityCMOrO npOH3BeÄ6HHH.
Anajiii3npyH p asane TeKCTOBHe oöpasiru,
to m ,
h to b
mojcho
cAöJiaTi.
bubo #
0
HaynHoft ii xyÄOjfcecTBeHHoä JuiTepaType ityauio BtwejmTt p a 3 -
HHe KOMMyiüIKaTHBHHe eÄHHHUU, HTO OÖMCIlfieTCfl
HayHHoro w xyaoatecTBeHHoro
b u c k e s UBamiH h
paSIIHUefl B OÖteKTaX
pa3JuiHH0Ü MeTOOTKofl h x
H3yHeHMH.
KaK H 3B e0TH 0,
odteK TO M paCCMOTpeHHH HayKH HBJlfieTOH n p H p oâ,
BKJuoHaH 'leJioBeKa, KOTopufl iic c jie jiy e 'r c H
MeTo.noM aiiajin3a -
" c n a p y r a " , KaK ee n a c T t , a
BiccnepHMeHT. OdteKTOM x y u o K e c T B e m io r o npoH3Be-
Ä e ra ifl npejicTaBJiH eTCH H eJioBeK,
U yTeM co3 ;iaH H ii 0Ö pa30B ,
HsynaeMHÄ "H 3 H yT p H ",
omtcHBaeMtifi
KOTOpue CJiyxaT hsukom xymoacecTBeHHoft jih -
TepaTypu. P a 3 H im a b o ö t e K T a x BHCKa3HBaHM 11 MeTOOTKe O Tpasem iH p e aJIBHOCTK
moctb
B HayHHHX H xyÄOSeCTB6HHHX TeK CTaX BH3t!BaeT HeOÖXJMH-
BüaeJieHHH pasHtix h x e,unmm,
MeTOÄHKa H30JUJp0BaKHH CTpoeBUX 3JieMgHT0B CMHCJia TeK C T a OIIH-
CHBaeTCH b jn n cc ep T a im n Jl.A .^ ep iw xoB C K oJ J
[_8J . KpMTepneM BHUeêHna
c T a ita a p T H o S TeKCTOBofl ejusHimu a B T o p CHHTaeT oToyT C T B H e b n p e Ä e jra x
BnueJieH H oro T e K c r o B o r o 0 T p e 3 K a H o ß o r o .noM m m pyianero hmshh, domhmo
HMeHH O ToßpascaeM oro b hbm c e rM e H T a peaJiBHocTH h HweH "irpe^M eTO B"
-
16
-
jioantHocTH, BHCTynanma: b pojm HHôpManHOHHHX napaMeTpc® OTOÖpaKMflMOrO B 3TOM OTpeSKe. BTOpHM KpHTepHeM OrpaHHMeHKH TeKCTOBOrO
oTpesKa, BHfleJweMoro KaK c T a iw a p T H a a ywiosHeHHaH cMucJioBan eAHHHtta (yC E ) TeKCTa, HBJiaeTCfl cTadmn>HocTi>
npocTpaHCTBeHHux, BpeMeH—
Hin h MOfla^bHux napaMeTpoB cooTHOm erow npeAMeTHoro HMera c o t o ö paaaeMHM
"n p ew eT O M "
p ean tH o cT H .
MaMeHeHHe x o t h du co w o ro U3 n a -
paMQTpoB cBJweTeJU-CTByeT o HaâJie h o b o ä CTaünapTHo2
YCE (jB. C . I 8 -
19].
IIpHMeHeHHe yKaaaHHHX KpHTepaeB npa aHajm3e Hay^Hicc TeKCTOB1
noK aaaso,
h to
cTaim ap TH oÄ CMuoJioBoft eÄHHuuefl b m x h b jih c t c ä a d a a ij
H H6TK08 Ä8JI0HH8 Hfl &Ö38IJH OÖJlOrHöOx ÖUCTp06 H T0HH08 HSBJIG^CHHö
HH(|)opMaixHH,
H c m im a ix a e e
ÄBycM ucJiöH H ocTL iiohjimöhelh,
npoT H B on oita—
saHHoe ÄaHHOMy cthjdo .
Ad s a u KaK ueH TpeJüH an KOMMyHHKaTHBHaH eÄ H M m a H a y ^ H oro b u —
CKÄ3HB8KHH OÖHHHO Onp6Ä6JIH6TCÄ K&K
p ra od c y w a e T C H
oähb
" r p y n i l a npejyiO ÄGHHfl,
eAHHCTBeHHaa mkcjü" [ 4 . C . 20]
B KOTO—
. UeHTpaJüHoe
npejuioxeHH6 aÖ3aixa äojdkho mötko BupaxaTi» 3Ty mhcjib, ocTaJH>HH0 npe—
ÄJioxeHHH CJiyKaT jjjir ee oö*bHCH6HHflf £0Ka3aTeJEbCTBa h noBTopemta
ÄpyTHMH cJioBaMH t htoöh oöJier^HTB aanoMMHaHHe.
AÖ3au[ c K p en J ia eT ca
TQMaTH'iecKKM cjio b o m ” , K O T o p oe o ö o s H a ^ a e T
HpöÄMöT BUCKaSUBaHHÜ* Oötf^HO KM HBJLfleTCH CyUjeCTBHTeJlLH08
ero
aKBMBaneHT b Baue c J ioB -aaw ecT H T eJ iefl,
chhohhmob,
iTJTlf
C00TB8TCTByB—
mux c jio b o c o h exaHHÄ h * .hsjkö npnn& T q h hux n pöjyioÄ C H iifl.
npoaH araaiipjeM a d 3au ns k h h t « n.JImm
"^ H x a fix e du cTpo h t o h h o "
L ^ J H B W e J m i b a e u HandoJtee B a*H n e K0MI10 H6 HTH: TeMaxiraecKoe w i o bo h npeAnoxeH H e, Bupaxazxaee ochobho# cmhcji.
' -U ta
.
d ro n e b a s e
t h r o u g h t h . p o ly p h o n y o f a c h a n t ,
o u t •▼ • r y P a r a g r a p h one f i o m
i.
p r .d o m in a n t .
p a r a g r a p h w e a v a a th o u g h t V a r i a t i o n
ôr aaaa
0f
Upon t h i a
in t r ic a t e
w » may o o n s i d e r a a r . p w . , n t i n g th e
d e a ig n .
t h ln g
th ro u g h -
rmun
th e
T h ia m a-
w h lc h
4^,
th e
CTBTiH
C TaTUl
",
HaUHCaHH&H
g y ",
-
17
-
v .2 1.
p aragraph d is c u s s e s . Thla th in g
may b« aa t u n « I b l. oa houses o r
la n d , o r aa tenuous as lo v e o r i n f i n i t y o r tha phantnam agorial
w a v e rin g o f thought i t s e l f .
But however the ldaaa may u h lft
and
shimmer, a t the dead c e n t e r o f e v e ry paragraph l a a noun. I t ifl
t h la
which i e
the substance and the h e a rt o f t h « c e n t r a l,
main, th o u g h t. In f a c t ,
a s s e r t io n ,
or
the w hole c e n tr a l id e a i a but a com plete
a m p lifie d and e la b o r a te d , made by the paragraph I t s e l f
about t h is p o la r noun" (P .L e e d y ,
116).
TeMSTireecKHM cjiobom b aehhom aöaaqe fm/aercn cjnuecTBHTeJtbHoe
"n o u n ",p e r o nepBoe n p e ^ io x e m e BHpa*aeT iviaBHy» mhcjü.'
OcHOBHan eÄHHuua xyôxecTBeHHoro c m r a He CBH3HHa c rpaHHuaMH a ö3aua h BwteJiHeTca c noMotm>» cnemreuitHoro aHanH3a ,n o KpHTepHHM JI.A.êpKHioBCKo#. Mh HasHBaeM ee "BHCKa3HBaiüteM b x y a o «ecTBeHHOM TeKCTe" ( BXT ) •
*
T
ripoBeêmioe HcwieôBam e n oK a sa iof mto b BXT, Hapany c ^ eT KO BHUeJWeMHM TeMaTineCKHM
HHeM,
HJIH ÄOMHHZpyKdlHM
BupaataiKiHM ocHOBHyi) MucJtb,
HMeHeM H npeAJroxe-
oMem. HacTO npiicyTCTByeT
h
"cKpHTaH" naoTB HKftopMauKH, cocTonmafl aa HeBepÖajmaoBaHHoft mojix
CKH
h B cero oöi>eMa CIIH.
CKpuTaH, KOHTpanyHKTHaH
cTpyKTypa BXT, hmsöt cboo ooöoTBeH-
Hoe CTpoeHKe - cBoe TeMaTireecKoe cjiobo, cbod coöCTBeHHy» rJaBHyn
MHCJEb.
IIpoaHajra3irpyeM nepByn rJiaBy BTopoft *iacTii pouaHa Ä.roJicyopcii
"CjiaeTCfl b HaeM" no MeTOÄHKe JI.A.'JepHHXOBCKO#. KaK ynoMHHaJiocB
Bume, ochoboüI BuneJieHaH BXT cJiyxaT HSMeHeraw jjoMKHHpyjaqero tm eHH VLm IipOCTpaHCTB6HHHX, BpeMeHHHX H MOJiaJ&HHX napaMÖTpOB COOTH6ceHna npeAMeTHoro vmem c OTOÖpaataeMKM $aKTOM peanBHOCTH.
H c io a h H3 yKa3aHH0Ä n p o u e ^ yp a , rJ iasy,
"MaTB h c i f fl " ,
KOTopyn aBTop Ha3B8Ji
moxho pasaeJiHTB Ha 12 M acTeö, rpam niH KOTopux o’ieHL
m b c to HaiOÄHTCH BHyTpH a Ö 3 a n e B . H c c jie ^ y e M o a h o na BmueJieHHHx BXT,
b B ep ö a ra 3 H p o B a H H o fl C T p y K T yp e K O T o p o ro
ormcHBaeTGH rrocemeHHe M y-
aeH Ilpano Ha oöpaTHOM n y r a HpaH h JbcoHa hs HcnaHrai
AHaJiH3 iipyeM oe BXT aa^nHaeTCfl c o c jio b
dence . . . "
I
( c . 9 9 - 1 0 0 ).
"oondemned by Spaniah P ro v i-
0 KOOTaeTCfl npeÄroxeHHeM
"thua did he f i r s t learn
HccjieÄOBaHHe npoBojouiocB aa MaTepnaJie poMaHa jl.roJicyopcH "Cara
o G’opcaflTax" ( "CaaeTCH b HaeM").
-
18
-
how much b e t t e r th a n men women p l a y
a w a itin g
g a m e ".
B "o T itp u T o l C T p y K ty p e" a T o r o BXT ÄOMMHHpymuHMH cjioBaMH ä b j i h DTCfl* HM6H8 COÖCTB6HHHe -
& T8KX6 HX 3aM 6CTHTeJ0l. 0 0 -
Hp8H H Ä*O H ,
HOBHafl mucjo> B upaxeH a b nocJieAHeM n p eA n o x em u i.
"C x p u T a fl HH$opMaxtaH" HMeeT flpyroe TeMaTunecKoe c jio b o m ecTBH TeJiiH oe " s u b t l e t y " .
B a,
cy-
X ap aK Tep H 3 yn HpaH c noMouo>B 8 T o r o a n o -
KOTOpOe nepeBOOTTCH KaK "TOHKOCTB, yT0HH8HH0CTI>, JIOBKOCTi,
HpOHHUaTeJObHOCTB, XHTpOCTB,
KOBapCTBO",
BBTOp BHpSUSaeT H
B T O pyll
rJia B H y» mkcjh> »T o ro BXT, npej(O TaB JieH H y» b e r o H eBepöajiH 30B aH H o#
CTpyKType -
nyTemecTsyH b m o c tb c äk oh om , HpaH BeêT ceöH
XHTpO H KOBapHO, EHT8ÄCB OTBJieHi CHHH
JleJian nepeBOA xysozecTBeHHux
to k c t o b ,
HeoöxoÄHMo
TeJCbHUM odpasoM BuneJiHTi TeMaTinecKHe cJiOBa
aaeKBaTHufi nepeBoa
oö
ochobho # m ucjo
KaK * e
k o t o pux
nosBOJweT
oêm
OT MHCJiefl O ®Jlep.
hcbhähmo S
chmum
Tua-
HH$opMawni,
npaBHJn>Hyi> jiorajucy
c o sä h tb
HeBepdaJtbHoro cosepxaHUH.
BHÄMHDTCH STH TeMaTOTeCKHO CJI0B3?
OOo th o AOMHHHpynuee
cjiobo
KOHTpanyHKTa TeKCTa
OTAejüHofl ero eÄHHime,
h o bto ph o tch
ae
paae cocTaBJwnmoc,
cKpenaaH CKpuTyn HH$opMamn> Bcero OTpesKa npon3Be,U8HJiH, h HaTankhbbh Ha nocTraem ie rjiaBHoft mhcjih.
to jilko b
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npHBOflKT Hac
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CCHflKH HA JMTEPATypy
1 . H-P.rajgJieDKH. T okot KaK oöieKT jiHHrBHCTireecKoro HCCJieao-
BaHHH. -
M .: Hayna, 1981. -
139 c .
2 . JLC.EaranraapoB. CTpyKTypa npocToro npejyioKeHHH coBpeMeHHoro aHTJiHÄcKoro H3UKa. -
M .: Bucmafl nmojia, 1966. - 200 c .
3. fl.M.Kamen. TeopeTinecKoe odocHOBamie nocJieaoBaTeJiiHOCTH
OÖyqeHHH ITHCLMeHHOMy BlipaxeHHD MHCJiefl Ha HHOCTpaHHOM H3HK6 - £LHT—
jntÄcraift A3 hk,
h 3 hkobo 0
Bys
: ABTope$. äh c.» jtaHU.neÄ.HayK / MTHHHfl
HM.M.Tope3a,- M., 1975. - 240 c.
4. P.Leedy. Read wlth Speed and F re o lslo n . - New-Yorki
McGraw - N i l l Book Company, 1963. - 402 p.
5. A.M.nemKOBCKKft. PyCCKHÄ CKHTaKCHC B HayiHOM OCBemeHHH. M .: y^nearH s, 1956. -
511 c .
6 . H.A.flgnrDOBOKgft. CTpyKTypa TeKCTa npoHSBeaeimfl
h
oöyneHHe
mKOJ&HHKOB 3JI6M6HT8M CTpyKTypH HHCbMOHHUX paöOT! ABTOpe$.OTC. . . .
a - p a nea.HayK./MQlIH HM.H.K.KpyncKofl. - M., 1957. -
.
43 c .
7 . r.fl.C o jraH H K . CiiHTaKciroecKafl CTJuntCTHKa. CJioxHoe
cm ecK oe ueJioe. -
8
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JLA.êPHgXQBCKaH. HH$OpMBHHOHHHfl HHBapEaHT CMHCJ» TBKCTa
BapnaTHBHOCTB e ro
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BHpaxeinw: ABTope$.ÄHC. . . . a - p a
(Jhjioji. HayK/ MTIIMHH E U .M .T op esa,- M ., 1983. -
34 C.
ÜHTHpyeuaH JorrepaTypa
J.Galaworthy. To L et. - M.» Progress
P u b llsh ers, 1975.
ü .roiicyopcH . C ara o ®opcaflTax. CoOp.cov. b 8 t . - M .: IlpaBaa,
1983.
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1 . B.H.KoMHCcaDQB. üpoöJieMH JXHHTBHCTtnecKoro aH am aa nepeBO-
Äa: A B T op ef.
M .: 1975. -
ähc.
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aoKTopa $HJi0 Ji.HayK /MITIMHH HM.M.Topeaa. -
51 c .
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100 o .
3. H .P.rani,nepHH. TeKCT KaK oöieKT JUfHTBüCTsnecKoro H c c je a o bhhhh. - M .: Hayna, 1981. - 138 o .
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pyCCKOrO H3HKH. XaHpOBO—KOMMyHKKaTHBHUfi a c -
neKT oth jih cth k h TeKCTa / P&n.A.H.Kc*HHa. -
M .: Hayna, 1987. -
238 c .
5. B.B.BHHorpanoB. ripodJieMU pyccno# cthjihothkjj. maa uraojia, 1981. -
6 . O.A.JlanTeBa. Pycciodt paaroBopHHÄ cHHTaKCHC. 1976. -
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M .: Hayna.
397 o .
7 . H.C.CTPeJKOBa. yneÖHoe nocoöue no npaKTiraecKoll
ne aHivwftcKoro flsioca
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ctjumoth -
CTiuiHOTHHecKOMy pananTiipoBaHiin n ep eB o x a.-
M .: MTIBOW m i.M .Topeaa. 1984. -
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Ohm öyuyT p a c c M O T -
ko h kpcth h x
nepeBojioB.
riepfitril n e p e B o a BunoJiHeH B .JI.TnnopoB u M . PacnpeêJieH H e no C T p o $aM ochobhhx cmhcjiobhx H a c T efl nepeBOJia c o B n a jt a e T
cooTBeTCTByiomHX ’ia c T e fl H e x o Ä H o ro TeK C T a,
hhx 0 ö p a3 0 B h hx 3anoJieHeraie
b
c pacnpejieJieHneM
cwHaKO CTpyKTypu ochob
TeK CTe nepeBOßa OTJoreaioTCH o t aH a-
jkhtpihhx C T pyK T yp opnTH H ajia.
B b b o a h o ö qacTH n e p e B o ja O T eyT eT B yeT y K a a a ro ie Ha öeccM epT H e
co3naTeJiH TH rpa,
Bonpoca
h
H3MeHeHO sHaHeraie MOJiaJüHOCTH pH Topm ecK oro
( b h cxoäh om T eK C T e noOTepKHBaeTCH $ n 3 in e c K a H c n o c o ö H o c T i» ,'
a b n ep eB o^ e -
HpaBCTBeHHan) .
IlanöoJtbinne pa3Jnr?HH Meawy opitrHHaJioM h nepeBojioM naöJnanaraTCH
b onHcaHjoi n p ou ecca coTBopeHHH THrpa. B opHrHHajie b nepB oil cTpo$e
onHcaHHH CKasaHO, r a e öhji HaftneH oroH L, BJiozeHKHß aaTeM b r j r n a
Tirrpa, B nepeB ojie x e b 3tom MecTe nponcxojuHT
B ee t nponecc c o s iia -
hhh THrpa. 3 t o MecTO noJiyqaeT b nepeBOê ro p a 3 ^ o
öoJiee k o h k p s t-
Hyn peJnfTH03Ho-MH$oJiorHêcKyi) xapaKTepacTHKy, neM b opuriiHaJie
( npencnoÄHHH hjih aaeM BMecTO juaneioa Mopcioix öe3ÄH hjih Hetiec ) .
KpoMe Toro, b nepeBoê noflBJweTCfl .neTara.
oxexMM TBopma
- uapcKan
jmaneMa, He HMeiomaH c o o t b c t c t b h ä b hcxoahom TeKCTe.
Bo BTopofl CTpo$e onncaHH« cosAaTeJn. THrpa He CKpyiHBaeT jch-
m cepma,
a nycicaeT e r o ,
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bo—nepBHX , oh He tb o p h t cepu w e, KaK b opm-HHane, a to jh .ro n y c K a e i
e r o . Bo—b to p h x , MaHTHHK xapaKTepH3yeTCH paBHOMepHOCTLn KOJieöaHHft,
n03T0My oöpa3 c epÄua—MaHTHHKa Bpan, jih hoäxoäht
-
31
-
Turpa, ojiaue-
TBOpeHHÄ HPOCTH H XeCTOROCTH. KpOMe TOTO, B HCICWHOM TeKCTÖ HOT
C00TB6TCTBHH npiuiaraTeja>HOMy "BJiacTHHft", KOTopoe xapaKTopnayeT
pyra TBopua.
0öpa3HOCTI> TpeTteft CTpO$H OÜBCaHIIH B OCHOBHOM COOTBeTOTByeT
odpaahocth opu rm aiia. Ojmaxo phtophhcckhS Bonpoo n,& e i) süodoft 3 a Kman?" ( Moar THrpa )
npejmanaraeT, hto s t o öiuia ajioda TBopua. B
xcxoahom x e TeiccTe TB opeu jepxHT iwemaMH yxacu, HanojUMBoqie most
THrpa, 3th yxacu KaK dH CTaHOBHTCH MaTepHajioM
b
pynax TBopua.
B hhto8 CTpo$e nepeBOjja onymeHa pearaytH BoeJieHHoft Ha noHBJieHH8 THrpa, TO eCTB CTpO$a COOTBOTCTByeT TpeTieft H HeTBepTOft CTpOxaM riHTOfl CTpo$u opHTHHajta. IlocJieflHHH CTpajD# nepeBOâ He noJiHocTUo
noBTopneT nepByn: ee noonejuwH CTpowi He xueeT oooTBeTCTBHfl
bo# cTpo$e, h noflXBaT peami3yeTCH
mcho «
3$$6k th bh o ,
hom b
b
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AH8JIH3 odpasHofl chctomh nepeBo.ua noKa3HBaeT, h t o oda qeH Tpajzlhhx oö p a sa opHTHHaaa noABeprjmcfc cyiqecTBeHHHM M3MeHeHnaM. IIp o uecc co3AaraiH THrpa He c w ian m aeT C fl b usJiocTHyr KapTHHy, HanoMHH arqyr KapTHHy Tpy.ua cpeAH8B6KOBoro peMecJieHHHKa, h odpaa TBopua
0Ka3UBaeTCH HCKaxeHHUM. UapcKaa JUHaaeMa, BJiacTHue pyKH h npeH cnojiHM
HJIH 3A6M KaK M6CT0 C03Ä8HHH THrpa
T B o p o a -M a c T ep a ,
IUIOXO BflXyTCH C 0Öpa30M
K0T0puft coöctbchhhm h pyxaMH CKpjnutBaeT xhjih c e p s -
ua THrpa h bukobubbot e r o M oar. RneflKOBCKufl TBopeu—M acrep ncuiy-'
naeT B TeKCTe nepeBOJia aTpadyTH Ä e c n o T a h TepaeT h o h th Bce,
h to
rOBOpHT 0 $H3HHeCK0B CHJ16 H JIOBKOCTH. TeM C8MUM COSÄSTeJU. JimnaeTch cyinecTBeHHUx xapaKTepncTUK TBoptja h CTaHOBHTCH cK op ee BJiaUHKoÄ
Mxpa, Heu TBOPÜOM, HTO DpOTHBOpeHHT 38MUCJiy aB Topa.
Odpaa THrpa T axxe npeTepneBaeT H3MeHemw, x o th x MeHinm*, hom odpaa TBopua. CKpyHHBaHHc x u i cepjw a b hcxoähom tb k c to roBopxT o
$H3HHecKott cmie THrpa, moiuh e ro cepoma. " C e p w a MaHTHHK yxacHHÄ"
b TeKCTe nepeBOAa üoäoöhhx köhhot8Uhä hs hbcbt ( Kpoue Toro, Ma
HTHHK -
HHTxe, ynoAodneHHe cejaw a mehthh—
8T0 rp y a , KanarmnÄcH Ha
Kjr aByHHT ÄOBOJU.HO cTpaHHo). OTeyTeTBHe B TeKCTe nepeBOßa peaKUHH
BceJieHHoft Ha noflBJieHHe THrpa jnraaer e ro odpaa cymecTBeHHO# x a p a x TepucTHKH -
e ro poont b MH$ireecKOM uxpe Eaetbca.
FasJortM Maxny opHnmanoM
h
nepeBOAOM, o xoropax r o B o p w o c i
u m , BH3BBHU HapymeHHeM npHKumoB nocTpoeraw odpaapooTH a CTpyx-
-
32
-
Typu OTÄeJö>HiDC 0öpa30B opKrHHaJia.
H en o cJ iea o B a T eJ iiH o cT i b oimcaHHH
coTBopeHKH T H rp a KaK n p o q e c c a p y ^ H o ro T p y a a npuBoaHT k cym ecT B eH itHM H3MeHeHHHM h o ö p a 3 a T B o p u a ,
h o ö p a 3 a T H rp a ,
h M H p oB ossp eiree-
cKoit xapaKTepHCTHKH a B T o p a CTiucoTBopeHim . B pe3yjQ >TaTe nepe^HCJieHhhx Bume pacxoam eH H fl t ö k c t n e p e B o jia ,
H ecM orpn Ha BHenmee c x o ä c t b o
c opHTHHanoM, aajieK O o t x o ä h t o t o p m ’ HHajia no CMticJiy. MHp0B033peHHe
aB Topa 0KE3UBaeTCH OTOpBaHHHM OT HCTOplFiüCKoft 3II0XH, B K0T0p0fi
SUIJI aBTOp.
CJiejtjnömHÄ n e p e B o a ,
K O T o p iifl p a c c M a T p H B a e T c n b ÄaHHoft p a ö o T e ,
iiptfflanJieJKHT n e p y K.BaJiBMOHTa. B T e K C T e n e p e B o ^ a <K.EaJH>MOHTa O T c y T —
CTByeT n o B T o p nepBoft c T p o $ n .
riocKcuitKy n n r e n c tp o (| b op n rH H aJ ia
riepeBOê p a c n a n a e T c n Ha jm a neTBepocTHniHH,
b
KOTOpue C00TBeTCTBywT
/iBycTHniHflM iiHToft CTpo$n opHTHHaJia, $HHaJi cTHxoTBopeHHH n p H oöp eT aeT
HecKO JüKO yrtpom eHHKft
c m u c j i:
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EJieftKa,
a to ,
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h to
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co3ßaTeJii> c OÄHHaKOBHM yÔBOJCbCTBKeM
to
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h
m h c j ib e
cth-
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o n H c a im n
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c o tb o -
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a y e c t K a p T H H a $H 3i r e e c K o r o T p y ; ia c o a jia T e J ifl B n n ep xH B a eT C H He a o k o m ia :
th tp
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BpeMH k o k
c o s jia e T C H
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a m o jio t h K e n n CKperuunoT M eH Tu ,
cJie.AOBaHHe npHHm m aM n o c T p o e H H fl 0 ö p a 3 H0 CTH
T e K C T a o p H n iH a n a T p e ö y e T ,
m o jio t h n e n n y q a c T B O B a jm
m to ö u t h t p
c o a iia s a jic H
pyKaMH T B o p u a ,
a
b c o 3ä eh h m K a K o ö -J m ö o n a c T H T e J ia T H r p a .
JIorHM ecKaa H eöpexH O C Tt n pn nocTpoeHHH u eH T pa jitH ofi qacTH c t h xoTBopeHMH -
om icaraiH n p o u e c c a c o a ^ a H M
T H rp a ,
jim iiH C T pyK T yp t c k c t o b opHTHHaJia h n ep eB O jia,
sHa^HTeJiBHue p a 3 -
ycTapeBnm ü b c t h jih -
cTHMecKOM oTHomeHHH H3UK TeKCTa nepeBOfla TaK *e cHmtanr
n e p e B o ^ a EaJitMOHTa a m
qeHHOCTt
coB peM eH H oro HHTaTeJia.
IlocJienHwÄ nepeBOfl, KOTopnil paccMaTpHBaeTOH b s to ü p aöoT e, nepeBoa C.MapaiaKa. IlocTpoeHHe nepBitx HeTHpex
CTpo$ nepeBOJia n o -
tjth iio jih o c tb » coBnanaeT c nocTpoeHHeM cooTBeTCTByHUHX CTpo$ o p n •PTiHA.na, Tojibko b nepBoi? CTpo$e oTeyTeTB yeT yKa3aHHe Ha $H3HHecjqno
enoeoöH oeTb TBopua co3ÄaTi> THrpa h onyujeHa c e m
CTpaxa b xapaK T e-
pncTHKe o<5pa3a TH rpa. n o c jie jw e e npHBOOTT k H3MeHeHHB oTHomeHHH
jm p m e c K o ro r e p o a cth x otb o p 6 h h h k oöpa3y TH rpa.
ÜHTafl CTpoâ HcxoÄHoro TeKCTa pacnan aeT ca
-
33
-
b
nepeBoae na
äbb:
EHToa HeTBepocTBnme nepeBoâ cooTBeTCTByeT nepBUM xpeu ctpoxbm
ohtoto HeTBepocTsnaHH opHTHHaJia, a mecToe HeTBepocTHunie nepeBcma
nocJieÄHefl oTpoKe Toro x e HeTBepocTHUiHH. Taxoe OTCTymieHHe o t s x BHJfflHeapHocTH nepeBoâ h opam Hana xoth h ue hpothboctoht oönjHM
UpHHLpmaM IIOCTpOeHHH OCHOBHUX OÖpaSOB CTHXOTBOpeHHH, HO,
BO 0 6 -
Pbmx, HapyraaeT paBHOBecHe uexmy cmhcjiobhmh hbcthmh t s k c t b : samnvHHTeJEbHaH HaCTL OmSCaHKH COTBOpeHEH THrpa, B KOTOPOS AaHH peaKQHR
BC&neHHolt Ha co34aHiie THrpa h OTHomemie TBopaa k peayÄ tiaTy CBoer o Tpy.na h- KOTopan oroxnecTBJweT oosaaTana THrpa h cosaate^fl a rn ~
Qa, CTaHOBHTCH COÜOCTaBHMOft DO npOÄOJOCHTeJIBHOCTH C OIlHCaHHeM COTBopeHHH TH rp a. 3to ocaaöJiHeT
yjapHyn c o iiy KOHua cthxotbopshhh.
B0-BT0PUX, HCnOJD>30BaHHe CHH6RK0XH B IDeCTOtt CTp0$6 HepeBO.Ha CÖJIHxaeT 9Ty CTpo$y c o CTpo$aMH omicaHHH npouecca coTBopamw THrpa,
h to pasMUBaeT rparamH Mexny cmhcjiobhmh hrcthmh tb k c t e h Taxxe
yMOKkmaeT yuapHy» cany $HHaHa cthxotbopohhä. 3aKJiioHHTeJQ>Hoa h o t -
peaimyeT
BopocTHume n epeB O j»
nojocBaT Menee 9$$eKTHBHo, hbm a ü a -
aiorHHHoe HeTBepocTHmHe opHTHHaJia, Tax xax coBiumanT to jü k o
BUB ÄBe CTpOKH 3THX HeTBepOCTHBIHÖ, HTO OCJiadJIHOT CBH3B
pBOfl
h
nocjiejmefl
nep-
M6JWy H 8-
CTpo$axra nepeBo.ua. Kpome T oro, Mojm$HxaiiHH
TopHHocxoro Bonpoca
coaAaH odpaa THrpa )
b
nocJieAuefi crpo$e (
kom
sanyuaH -
pH -
nte# p yxo t
He HeceT, b OTJunae o t opHTHHana, HHxaxott
JtOnOJIHHTeJEbHOÄ HH4)0pMailHH 0 TB0JH6 THrpa,
B u&noti CTpyKTypa ochobhioc 0öpa30B h ee sanojmeKHe b tb k c tc
nepeBoaa oh sh l
Öjth3kh x aHaxorxnHHM xapaxTepHOTHKaw hcxoahoto
TexcTa. Oahbko h oöpas TBopua, h oöpas THrpa b TexcTe
nepeBona
HaCTHHHO xax ÖU
ÜOCJIBÄHSÄ
TepfflOT CBOD MODO), TaK KaK B nepBOt H
CTpo$ax onymeHa 8M$a3a $H3inecKoft h syxoBHoft cuocoöhocth TBopqa •
C03WTI. THrpa, a b xapaxTepaoTHxe THrpa oroyTCTsyeT CTpax, k o t o -
Phä BusuBaeT y jm pinecKoro repon cTHxoTBopeHHfl s t o t chmboji p a a p y - meHHfl H XeCTOXOCTH,
Ha 0CH0BaHHH BunojiHeHHoro aH am aa oöpasHoro CTpon o th x o tb o peHHH "T n rp " ywn>flMa EneKxa h rp ex e ro nepeBOÔB Ha pyccxz# Haan
moxho CÄeJtaTi cJueaynuHe buboau:
a ) b xaxuoM H8 Tpex nepeBQHOB xaHHoro craxoTBopeHim HsueHeHHfl CTpyKTyp OÖpaSOB, BU3B&HHHB (HiymeHHOM HJIH CyQ)eCTB6HHU4 KaHeCTBSHHHH H3M6HeHXeM HX C6MaHTHH0CKHX COCTaBJUOmHX
-34
-
( .HTO
HOHSÖ6XHO
npKBOÄHT K H3M6He HUB XapaKTOpa CBH36& 3THX COCTaBJlföOmHX C ÄPJTTHMH )
BJ16KJTT 3B COÖOÄ H3MeHeHH6 CMHCJia BCerO TeKCTa.
Ö )
coxpaHerare b TeKCTe nepeBo.ua oöpaaHoro c t p o h opurtmajta
npH cymecTBeHHOM HSMeHeHHH CTpyKTypu e ro Meat$pa30Bnx CBH3efl mm
cooTHomeHHH e ro ochobhhx HacTeft nprao^HT m ö o k HSMeHeHHc c m h c j»
TeKCTa, Jmöo k H3MeHeHHD b o 3 ä 6 ä c tb iih TeKCTa nepeBO.ua Ha HHTaTeJiH,
Ha C K a3aH H oro Bune c a e ^ y e T , h t o aHaJW3 C TpyKTypu o ö p a a o B
b
ee aanojiHeHHH m ozct cJiyxHTt KpirrepHeM Bu öop a aaMeH, a b co n e T a-.
hkh c aHajuiaoM CTpyKTypu TeKCTa - h KpHTepHeM oqeHKH KanecTBa
nepeBoaa.
I W
WILLIAM BLAKE
EJUHK
THB FYGRR
THTP
Tyger! Tyger! burning brigh t
In the fo r e s t s o f t h e n igh t,
What immortal hand or eye
Could frame thy fe a r fu l synanetry?
T arp, o THrp! KpoBaBuit cnojiox,
Bhctphü ÖJiecK b nojmoHHHX jOJiax,
In what diatan t deepa or akles
Burnt the f i r e o f thine eyes?
On what wings d ar« he aspire?
What the hand dare aeize the fir e ?
B npeHcnoiiHett kjh b 3äbm6
HeKTO b uapcK oft ananeMe
Orottb b onax tbohx aa*e r?
KaK oh BHTepneJi oxor?
ycTpanntTeJüHaß CTaTB,
Kto nocMeJi Teön
And what Shoulder, and what a r t ,
Could tw iat the ninewa of thy heart?
And when thy heart began to beat,
What dread hand? And what dread feet?
What the hammer? What the chain?
In what fum ace was thy brain?
What the an vil? What dread grasp
Dare l t s deadly terro ra elasp?
co 3JKit i >?
Kto KanHyJi pyKoio BJiacTHoU
Cepjma mehthhk yatacmift
H, ycJimuaB rpo3Hnfl
ctjtk.
He yöpaJi cmotchhux pyi<?
Kto xpeöeT Kpemui
h
nponiui?
B Ky3He KTO T6ÖH BoponaJi?
B h ih x KJiemax tb o ä M03r nmiaJi?
^ e » 3Jioöoft 3aKiraaji?
What the. s ta rs threw down t h e ir apears f A Korjia TH B H0*a> yMHancH,
And w ater'd he ave n with t h e ir te a rs ,
HeyaceJm yJiHÖaJiCH
Did he amile h is work to see?
Tbo Ä C03AaTeJH> - B03JBX5H
Did he who made the Lamb make thee?
H HTHeHKa, H - TeÖH?
Tyger! Tyger! burning brigh t
In the fo re a ts of the n igh t,
What immortal hand or eye,
Dare frame thy fe a r fu l symmetry?
T a r p , o TH rp! KpoBaBHÄ chojiox ,.
B h c tp h » ÖJiecK b nanHOHHKX ÄOJiax,
ycTpamHTeJEbHaH c t b t b , K to BeJieJi Teöe BOccTaTt?
( üepeBcw B .Ü .Ton opoB a)
-
35
-
yMbHM BJIE0K
y M L H M E J IiS iK
TH TP
THTP
T n r p , o t h t p , cBeTJio ropnm itfl
B r J t y ö m e noJiHO'qHoft hbuih,
KeM 3 a ^ y M a n orH eB oit
C o p a 3 M epHHfl o ö p a a t b o ä ?
T n r p , t h t p , ÄryMHÜ C T pa x,
Tu ropm iiL b ho h h ux J ie c a x .
Heft öeccM epTH uä b s o p jdoöh,
Co3Äaa cTpajuHoro TeÖH?
B H e ö e c a x h j ih ' rJiyöHHax
TJieJi oroHi> oêiJ 3BepnHux?
T a e TaüJicH oh BeKa?
H in nanuia e r o p yu a ?
B H e ö e c a x hjib c p e A i su öeft
BcnuxHyJi ÖJiecK t b o h x o ^ eft?
KaK ÄepsaJi oh TaK napwTB?
Kto nocMeJi brora. c x B a ra ii»?
Ht o 3 a M a c T e p , n ojm ufl c h j iu ,
Cbhji t b o h T y r a e k h j m ?
H noHyBCTBOBa/i Me® pyK
CepAUa nepBHÄ th h k h h 3B y K ?
K t o .cKpyTHJi h a m nero
HepBu cepAua TBoero?
Tu
cTp aiflH o» p yK oö
ötui BhiKOBaH - TaK ofi?
Heft öhji m o jio t , u eiu i h i h ,
HTOÖ C K pen H Ti MeHTU TBOH?
Kt o B3MeTHyJl TBOft ÖUCTpUÄ B3MSX,
yxBaTHJi CMepTeJiiHUÖ C Tpax?
Ht o 3 a r o p H n p e A hmm ntu iaji?
t4t o 3 a MJiaT TeÖH KOBa/i?
K t o B iiepB ue c x a n KJiemaMH
rH e B H K Ä M 03 r , MeTaBUfflfi nJlaMH?
B TOT BeJIHKHÄ H&C, KOTÄB.
Bo33BaJia k 3 B eaAe 3B e3Aa,
B n a c , KaK H eöo Bce 3ajcrJL0ci>
BjiaKHHM ÖJieCKOM 3Be3flHHX CJie3, -
A Kor.ua B eel» KynoJi 3Be3AHuä
OpocHJicH BJiaroH cJie3Hott,
Oh , C 0 3âm ie
yjiu öH yjicH Jtb
T o t xe jo , oh
Kt o p o w e H i e
HeyaieJm T a xe c iu ia ,
T a » e MOtuHaa JiaAOHi
M HTHeHKa COTBOpiMa,
H TeÖH, hohhoH o r o m ?
yjiHöHyjicH j a ,
HaKOHeii,
ÄeJiy p yK c b o h x TB opeu ?
jdoöh,
Ha TeÖH?
TeÖH c o s a a n ,
a r m iy ßaJi?
T n r p , o T H r p , c se T J io rop siuH ft
B TJiyöHHe nojiHOMHolt Mama!
H ie ß öeccM epTH oio pyKOÄ
Co3flaH rp o3H u ft o ö p a 3 t b o A?
(fle p e B O A K.BaJEbM DHTa )
( üepeBO A C . M apciana)
CCUJIKM HA
JMTEPATyPy
1. JI.C.EapxyjapoB. Haiw h nepeBOÄ. - M .: MeKAyHapoAHue o th o meHHH, 1975. - 240 c*
2. M.P.raJEbnepHH. CTHJiHCTHKa aHTJmflcKoro H3UKa. - M.: Bucmaa
fflKOJia, 1981, _ 334 c ,
3. H.A.TypM aneBa. 0 i m a x $opMan>Hux h Jionraeciatx cBH3ei b
CBepx$paa0B0M cah h ctb s : ABTope$. . . .KaHfl $iuioji.H ayK /MIMHH hm.
M.Tope3a. - M ., 1973. - 24 c .
-
36
-
ItaTHpyeMaa JniTepaTypa
y.RneäK. H3ÖpaHHHe c t h x h /CocT.A.M .3BepeB.-M .':IIporpecc,I982.
B .B .iy c e ß
CEMAHTHKA KOMMyHHKATHBHOrO HAMEPEHHfl
H EE HHTEPHPETAIIKH B ÜPOUECCE ÜEPEBOM
B nocjieÄH ee BpeMH ocoöeHHHfl HHTepec npoHBJiHeTCH
k
npoöJieMe
aHajiH3a ceMaHTunecKoft CTpyKTypu opHTHHaTia b n p o n ecce nepeBOâ.
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-
37
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o c h o b h o ä hhöh cooöuish h h,
KOMh^HHKaTHBHoro naMepeHEH e r o aBTopa" [4 . 0 . 8 5 - 6 7 ].
H . A . 3 hmhhh B m e J w e T mecTB ypoE H efl T e n c T a :
I ) MOTHB&iCHOHHHft h
ypOBeHB KOMMyHHKaTHBHOrO HSMepeHHH, 2 ) npe^MeTHO-fleHOTETHBHUft, 3 )
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5 ) p en eB oft iuiaH ,
[ 5 . C .146] .
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n ap TH ep a oömeHHfl c t p o h t c h T eK C T " |^5. C .146]
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[6 . C.339j
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38
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eoii/^ManeCTHii AJ1H PC4>CP, Bun.78, 1956. — C. 1■1 1—ij50.
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p a ccM aT p H B aeT cn KaK ocHOBHaa CTpyKTypH aa
K O Top an ,
He T e p n e T e r o
MyHHKaTHBHOCTH.
saKOHHemiyio
noHHTHe K O T op ofl,
oötejW HHBm aH b c e ö e
nparM aTHHecKH Ä
e ro
npejyioateHHe.
B aueJiem ta b T eK C T e pa3paÖ0TaHH ü.A.êpHHXOBCKOÖ (m o -
TOA CMHCJlOBOrO aH ajIH 3a T e K C T a )
naa
HeM
eÄHHim;n MosteT cJiy»H TB cm h cjio b oh eAHHmja T 6 K -
ocMHCJieHHOCTH
h kom -
KOMMyHHKaTHBHafl 6AH c o s a a ix m iil 0TH0CHT6Jn>H0
o n p e a e J ieH H y »
0aH03HaHH0 n e p e a a s a T B
(fopMaJU>Ho-CMUCJiOByn
h BOcnpHHHMaTt 3 T y
m h cjib .
n pn 3TOM,
nOÄHepKHBaeT JI.A.HepHHXOBCKaH,
uecKofl
(JiopMH j y u
■nehhh -
cyryöo
cKa3H BaiM H
boahtch
se
BucKa3UBaHHfl He c y m e c T B y e T ,
cmkcjiobh 6 .
Tbm ö o j i e e
eJIHHOfl CHHTaKCH—
KpHTepHH e e B iw e -
CH H TaK ctfqecK oe o<I>opMJieHHe bu -
n e HBJweTCH n pejw eT O M oöcyxu eH H H npn n e p e B o a e -
CMHCJioBue e^HHHiiH, a c n o c o ö H
b n p e a e J ia x o a H oro H3HKa,
hx BupaxeHHH,
n epe-
paaJWHHHe a a
M o ry T bobco n e coB nan aTB b Hfl h IIH.
ConocTaBUTeJiBHiri! aHajiH3 tokctob opiirHHajia h nepeBOAa A a eT
B03M0KH0CTB OTMGTHTB, HTO OÄHH H T6 K6 TlfllH JIOrHHeCKHX CBHSefl
Mejiny BucKa3«BanHHMii MoryT öhtb nepeaami pasHHMH cnocoöaMH b
TeKCTax Hfl h IIH, na hto y*e oöpaiiiajm BHHMaHHe b cbohx paöoTax
HeKOTOpne JIHHTBHCTH. TaK, ß.HaÖAa, OAHHM H3 nepBHX HaMeTHBflJHÄ
cbh3b weÛy JiHHrBHCTHKoSS TeKCTa m Teopnett nepeBOAa, yKa3HBaJi Ha
HeOÖXO.KKMOCTB yHHTUB3TB JI0rHHeCKH6 T6KCTOBHe CBH3H CpeAH ÄpyTHX
KareropHfi TeKCTa, hjih TaK HasußaeMKX "yHHBepcaJiHÄ", TaK ksk
-
48
-
tcnani>3yx)T nnx hx BupaateHHH He OÄHHaKOBHe cpeacTBa (_ 5 . C.
iibhkx
I3I-I3jj. Ho UH6HHD JI.r.H e'iaeBa, JiorirqecKKe CBH3H odJiaaajDT HaiiflOJtbBie#
BapHaTHBHOCTbB
IipH IiepeBOfle B CBH3H C T6M, HTO C8MH JIO-
m e O K H e CBH3H H8 HM6DT B H3HK6 'leTKO OrpEHHêHHOrO,
KoiipoBSWHoro
0K2X
Hadopa cTaHnapiHHX cJioBocoMeTaHKft
am
CTpOrO $HrpaMMaTirae-
KOHOTW/KOHÄ H CÜOCOdH HX BHpaSeHHfl MOryT ÖHTB BBCBMa pa3H0-
Ho H63aBHCHMO OT CnOCOdOB
H3UKOBOÄ peajlH3aiIHH, KONOTJISKC JIO-
rHKO—CMHCJIOBUZ CBH36Ä Me&Hy BHCKaSHBEHUHMH
TeKCTa OpKTHHana ROJl-
mh öhtb nepeâH npa itepeBcwe. npomunocTpiipyeM CKa3aHHoe Ha npattepe
conocTaBJieHHH oparaHana
h
nepeBcwa paccKa3a C.Mobme "ilaceäH"
(nepeBoa H.raJEb ) .
M r s . F o w l e r 'a
grey h a lr
w as v e r y p l a i n l y
h»r fo r e h e a d and h e r e a r a ,
w ith
iV i d e n t ly
ton ga
ham,
n e v e r known th e
a p a rtin g
i paöOTe B.ryTBHHCKoro - aHa$opa
0BH3H,
done,
h
äbh
Tim a
ah o w in g a l l
t h e m i d d le .
o f M o n s ie u r M a r o e l
3 2 1 ). .
B JxaHHOM OTpHBKe npncyTCTByioT
M9THTB,
in
c b a 3H
It
had
( W .S .M a u g
H3 BtweJieHmcc
OMCxfopa. CJie^yeT nonyTHO
3a-
HTO B HaCTOfflUeil CT3TB6 HCKJDOâeTCH H3 paCCMOTpeHUH Tffll
Ha3BaHHHÄ. Btfflie 3K30$0p0fl,
npeajiojiaraeT
TaK KaK OêBHflHO,
H a jm a e aKCTpajiMHTBHCTiraecKoft
npHMeHHMa cKopee
k
MTO OHa
cuTyaiiiiH odmeraw
h
ycJioBHHM ycTH oro nepeBoâ.
B npHBefleHHOM npuMepe npeacTaBJieH caMUÄ pacnpocTpaHeHHidt h
HEKÖOJiee HCCJieÄOBaHHKÖ THII aHa$OpHCTHêCKOft CBH3H - MeCTOKMeHHEH
aHa$opa. ÄHa$opHCTirqecKaH aaMBHa cymecTBHTeJitHoro Ha MecTOHMemie
ipeTBero juma h b jlh 6 tch cpsäctbom 0T0»ÄecTBJieraia o d te K T a ä 6 ä c t b h tw ib h o c th npH
noBTopHoö homhhshhh b TeKCTe. 3 t o t npim ep n oK asu -
Tarace, h t o cnocod u BupaxeH&H tc k c to b u x CBH3eü MoryT öh tb
pa3JnwHHMH H a Hfl h UH h Koraa ohh ra/eioT $opMajiBHHe noKa3aTeJm b
t s k c tb - np« nepeBoae MecTOHMemw aHa$opa 3aMeHHeTCH Ha thti aH aifopHCTH'iecKitx oTHomeHHit, rae oda sJieMeHTa BupaxeHu oähhm h tom
BaeT
K6 CymeCTBHTeJIBHUM:
"CeaemuHe bojioch
mhcchc 3>ayjiep pa3Ä6JieHH nocepejmHe npodo-
poM, n p n e c K a caMaa rrpocTan,, ocTaBJuamaa Jiod h ynni otkphthmh.
BojQCaM
STHM ÄBHO HeBeAOMH mHITUU KaKOrO-HUdyHB M C B 6 MapceJW".
(C.Mobm,
426 ) .
Ojwaico b nepeB oje bh8tskctob8H cb«3b -
49 -
oMo$opa -
He p e a j « -
'
3yeTCfl
b
CBH3H o oTeyTeTBHeM y coBeTCKoro HMTareJm cooTBeTCTByro—
mBDC $OHOBUX
shehhö .
KOTopnil BunymeH
b
3to ÖHJIO JHLTÖHO B cdOpHMKe paCCKa30B C.MoSMa,
H3,naTejn,cTBe
"ü p orp ecc"
h
cHadateH KOMMeHTapa-
8M: Monsieur M arcel- Marcel Grateau (1852-1936), a celebrated
French h a ir d r e s s e r
(W.S.Maugham,
402).
Bhhhmo,
n ep eB ctfm K y CJieaoBajio
k nparMaTHMecKoft
anaiiTanm r,
to
b 3tom
ecTt
cJiyqae npuderHyTB
"BHeceHjno onpeaaneHKicc
nonpaBOK Ha cou m raH O —Kyjr&TypHtie, ncuxoJioriPiecKJte h HHne pa3Jnm H
M e x jy noJiyqaTeJieM opurHHaJiBHoro
KpoM e
T o ro ,
b n epeB oae
HHeM " K a K o ä - H n d y Ä t "
h BB0.5HT H H T a T e ü H
b
n o J iy ^ a e T
He o d p a m a n a c B
py
Bpan m
B oodm e.
3 to
$ a y jie p
d o ra T a ,
C JieO TT
sa
"m o b b
T8KCTa" [7 .C .2 4 2 J .
M apceJO >" c
onpeaan e-
HecKOJiBKO n p e H e d p e r a T e J t t H y » o K p a c K y
s a d J iy a u ie H iie :
poH H H p a c c K a 3 a
w nepeB oan oro
c o H e T a m ie
c o s jia e T C f l B n e r a w ie H H e ,
c o o T B e T C T B y e T fle Ä C T B U T e J iiH O C T U ,
jip y r o e
fle J io ,
C B o e it B H e iu H o c T tn ,
tto
re-
b C B o e fl acH3HH h h k KaKO M y n a p H K M a x e -
^ to
B e rn Ä e ftH
o n a n poB H i-nyiaJiK a h H e cjouhkom
n 0 3 T 0 M y M orJia He o d p a m a T iC fl k Taram i
MOflHHM H 3H8MGHHTUM M a C T e p a M ,
K a K yHOMHHyTHM B p a C C K a 3 9
MCB0
M a p c e J n »,
JIonraecK aa CBH3B Meawy b h cKa 3UBamtEMU aaHHoro
h tc h no npHHumiy: pan; (faKTOB -
OTpuBKa C T p o -
oueHoîHuS b h b oä. Hapymemie
KOMn-
jie n c a cMucJioBLoc cBH3eö b n e p e s o a e npHBOÄHT k HOBepHoit oqeHKe o d p a 3a repoHHH p a ccK a 3a .
B c.'ejiyianeM npmuepe KOMnêico Jionraecraa: C M 3 e ü w i a r a e e :
I had l a t e ly retum ed to London from China and was drinking
a dish o f te a with Mrs.Tower . . .
A ft e r roughing i t here and there i t was agreeable to a lt
ln a oom fortable c h a ir, the f i r e
burning b r ig h t ly on the hearth,
oharming te a -th in g e set out on a oharming t a b le , and ta lk with
th ia amusing, a ttr a c t iv e woman. [she treated me aB a p ro d igal re
tum ed from h is husks and waa diapoaed to make muoh o f me!] She
p rided h e r a e lf on her d in n e r -p a r t ie s j she took no le se
troubla
to have h er guests s u ita b ly aoaorted than to giv e them ex c e lle n t
food . . . Now she fix e d a data and asked me whom I would lik e to
meet
(W .3 .Maugham,
3T7-318)»
Cmhcji BHueJieHHoro cKodKaMH BHCKasHBaHiw pacKpH B aeTO fl He
TOJIBKO B e r o
B3aKMOCBH3H
C K0HTÖKCT0M,
HO H npH B3aHM0,Ue#CTBHH
c $ohobhm h sHaHKHMH noJijniaTeJiH. SiuecB npeacTaBJieH H
- 50 -
HeTH pe
H3
ilh th BUÄaneHHHX B.ryTBHHCKHM tju io b CBH3H: aH a$opa,
K aTa$opa,
OMO-
$opa h napa$opa.
B n p H B eaeHHOM npHMepe cbhsb c npejijiiecTByBinHM kohtbkctom m o x s t öhtb OTHeceHa k accoimaTHBHoll aHa$ope.
3tot tmi aHar[)opncTir'i&-
ckhx 0TH0meHHä BUÄeJieH b paöOTS E.B.Eapaöam[ 8],
eT,
ht o JiorHKo-ncmcoJiorjreecKoft ochoboH
KOTopafl OTMenar-
accoipiaTHBHofl aHa$opH ä b -
JwercH cnocoöHocn> neJioBeêcKoro Munuiemis k co3.naKnn p a 3 J m H t a acCOimaTIIBHHX CBH36Ä. IIpH 3T0M cooTHeceHHue TaKOft ana$opncTHHecKoft
cbhsbd B H C K a s H B a m w MoryT Öutb 3HaHUTe/iiHo OTaaJieHH ;(pyT ot a p y r a '
nepBaa $ pasa npHBeaeiiHoro OTpuBKa nosiBJiaeTCH
b TeKCTe. TaK,
noJiTop« C T p a m m H
sa
cJieaynmeä: mh y3HaeM, ^to repoft paccnasa npH-
jxo
rJiamen Ha qanifcy qaa. Aanee ynoMHHaeTCH
npeJiecTHHM hbähum cepBH30M",
" npeJiecTHHÖ ctojihk
to bctb accouuaruiH
c
ctpohtcji no cxe
Me "oömee - e j m H n H o e " .
KaTa$opHcnniecKaa
Tarace Ha accounamra,
COOÖmeHH»
CBH3B c nocJieayiotnHM KOHTeKCTOM nocTpoeHa
ho MeHee hbho: o t KonnpeTHoro naeiMTHH -
O TOM, MTO MHCCHC Taysp BOOrime
mh oöeaaMH h rocTeft . . .
BOCXOÄHOe MeHK
AHami3HpyeMoe
BUCKa3UBaHne
h to
UHTaTy,
HecK0JiBK0
h
neu n p e-
noßönpaJia c He mchbuiiim TmaimeM,
.
üpuMeHaTeJiBHo,
xoth
k
TOpAHJiaCB CBOHMH 3BaHH-
repoH c ÖJiyflHHM
b
hbjih 6 tc h
öMöJieftcKofl amno3nell.
juaHHOM cjijrqae C.M obm ynoTpeöJw eT p a3 B ep H yTy»
chhom .
nepeHHaêHHyn,
PlHTepecHO,
tto
a He npocTO cpaBHMBaeT
ncwoönaH Bnuou3MeHeHHaH
TaTa H3 Ehöjmh BCTpexaeTCH u y flp y m x aBTopoB,
x e K0HT6KCT8: X e x p la in e d who I was and, aa I
ma over. I must have seemed s a t i s f a c t o r y ,
npiraeM
ta lk e d ,
b
uh -
noaoÖHOM
she lo o k ed
f o r th are and then sh*
adopted me as a lo n g - lo s t member o f the fa m ily ,
a kind o f P r o d i
g a l Son Just back from h is husks. " I ' l l
go make you a Sandwich
and a nie© cup of o o f f e e , " she in s is t e d
...
BHyTpHTeKCTOBHe CBH3H c npejpecTByiomiiM
CTOM CHTHaJIH3HpyiOT 0 TOM,
hoä
accoiiHaTHBHofl uenoniCH
BHTCH HCHoU,
(A.H uxley, 12 )
h
nocJieflywmHM
kohtok-
HTO AaHHafl a/UU03HH HBJIH6TCH 3BeHOM 6ÄHb
TeKCTe npoHaBeaeHHH,
KOTopan CTaHo-
ecjffl OÖpaTKTBCH K nepBOHCTO'IHHKy. B KOMM6HTapHH K
OpHTHHaJiy rOBOpHTOÄ: "a r e fe r e n c e to the b i b l i c a l p a ra b le o f th e .
- 51 -
p ro d ig a l son (Luke , oh. 15, 1 1 -3 2 ), the youth who a f t e r d ls s lp a t in g h is fo rtu n e
and a f t e r s u ffe r in g many hardahips and p r iv a t io a «
returned repentant
to theae words
to
hie f a t h e r 's
home. The a llu s lo n
here l s
from the p a ra b le : And he would f a in have f l l l e d
h ia
b e lly w ith the husks that the swine did e at» and no man gave
ln to h±m " (ff.S.Maugham,
402)
To ecTB b Bhöjihm cKp.3ano, ’ito Ha a o j w ÖJiynHoro cuHa Bunajio
MHOrO TH3KKHX HCnHTaHlrfl. Ho JIOCJT8 B03BpameHHH ÄOMOft OH H0 TOJIBKO
Öuji npomeH otuom, ho h meapo HaKopMJieH, OKpyxeH BHHMaroteM. OtckÄa n0HHTH0, noêMy y repon paccicasa C.Moaivia CTpeMJieHne mhcchc Tayap oKpyxHTi ero BHHMamieM BU3Ba.no noaoöHyio accoimamm.
OÄHaKo b n e p e B o a e
acconnaTHBHaH u en o^K a He B03HHKaeT:
oöpam anacB c o m h o ä KaK c öJiyaHHM c h h o m ,
thi
noxoÄueHMÜ,
h
HawepeHa Öiuia OKpyroiTB m sh h BHHMamieM "
4 2 3 ). Gmecb ynoMHHa«3TCH jnmiB
»m,
"n o x o a m em w " r e p o fl -
M oryT ÖHTB H npHHTHHMH H HHTepeCHUMH -
"OHa
BepHyBniHMCH nocjie mho (C .M o -
KOTOpue
H 3BÖ0TH X03HÄKH OKaSHBB-
BTCH HenOHHTHHMW.
C o ä h o ö c T o p o H H , odM CHUM 0TK a3 o t ao c J io B H o ro n e p e B o a a ÖHÖ—
J ieflcK o ll U H T aT u :
p «e
"H o h p a a ö u ji HanoJiHMTb ^peBO C Boe paacKaMH,
e jm cbh h i>h ,
h o KOTOpue h h k t o He .uasan e v iy " .
y c oB p e M e H H o ro c o B e T C K o r o w r a T e J m
Hyn a c c o u H a m o o -
c MaKapoHUHMH
C xp y r* iVi CTopoHH,
UHH HBHO HejlOCTaTO'IHO,
k o to -
B epoH TH ee B c e r o ,
" p o * K n " b h s b e jih d u eaHHCTBeH-
m a e jm m m .
irpeacTaBJieHHoft b TeKCTe nepeBOAa HH$opMaMTOÖU B03HHKJI3 H6OÖXOflXMBH CBH3L 0 $0H0-
BUMH SHaHHHMH, TBK KaK COBeTCKViß HHTaTeJÜ. IIJI0X0 3HaK0M C ÖHÖJleflCKHMH TeKCTBMH H peaJIHHMH,
sefl npHBOÄHT
(faK TjnecK H
H HapyiDeHHe KOMnJieKCa CMHCJIOBHX CBH—
k
HCKaxemro aB TopcK oro saMucJia,
H3Öe*aTi> 3 T o r o bosmojkho öhjio npHÖerHyB
an a n T aitn H ,
k
nepeBOOTecKO#
k b k c aeJ ian nepeBoxtHHK b cJieayxxueM c J ijn ia e:
I t was an immense party - I think
|we wäre f our-and-twenty
lik e the b la c k b ird s in the p i e j - and, a r r iv in g somewhat
la t e , I
waa too confuaed by the crowd in which I found m yself to
notioe
who waa th ere.
(ff. S.Maugham, f 334 )
B npHBeaeHHOM n p m ie p e T a r a e ,
Byr»T H eTH pe h s iih t h
t h iio b
cB H 3efl,
KaK h b n p e a m y m e M ,
n pH cyT cr-
OTMeêHHHX b p ad O T e B .ry T B H H -
ckoto.
AHa$opo-KaTa4>opncTHêcKaH
c b h 3I> c t p o h t c h
- 52 -
Ha
ochobö
acoomia-
mm: "an Immense p a rty " — "the crowd". BuneJieHHoe CKOdKEMH BHCKflr3UB&HH6
Bupa*aeT oueHKy $sKTnnecKoit nn$opMayHü,
OKpyxaBmeM kohtokcto ,
coaepKameäcH
b
npn stom ebtop acnoJüayeT odpasHoe cpaBHe-
HHe. CoxpaHHB odpaa np« nepeBo/ie,
nepeBOÄMHK, ojiHaKo, npwöeraeT
K SKCnJIHKaifllH BHeTeKCTOBOfl CBH3H, HCnOJO>3yH npMBM
nparMBT ot ec KOÖ
aqanTauHH c yqeTOM HOBoro noJiyMaTeJi«:
"IlpHOM dbül MHOrOJUMHHfl, HaBepHO
Äp03fl0B
tohho
sanosaan
h,
n n p ore
b
nonaB
eoT t." ( C.M03M,
b
Taiqno TOJiny,
b
h
He a « p y r pa30dpaJicH,
HeMHoro
3Äect
kto
434 ) .
npHBeaeHHwe npHMepu HJuuocTpiipyioT
CJIOBHX CBHaeft
ÄOdpHX ÄB6 ÄKHCKHH TOCTett,
HSBecTHofl fleTCKoft n eceH K e, a
tot
BHCKE3HBEHHH HEXOAHTCH BO
<J>b k t ,
Bce rann
mto
B3EHM03EBHCHM0CTH,
ra. He0dx0ÄHM0 paccMETpuBaTi b KOMnjieKce. 3th cbh3K bkboahtch
OCHOBEHHH
COÄepXEKUH KOHTeKCTE,
HOCTell H6JIOB0Ka,
MHCJIHT6JDbHHX JIOrHMeCKMX
$OHOBUX 3HEHHÜ ÜOJiy'iaTeJIfl,
E TEKÄe
cmh-
H
he
CllOCOd-
KOMMyHHKE—
THBHO-npaTMETH'ieCKOß yCTEHOBKH OTIipaBHTeJIH.
CorjiacHO ynoMHHyToö Buuie KOHueimira JI. A. êpamcoBC koA,
TeKCTa onpeaeJWteTCH kek
hocth,
TBHÄ
npo^yuupyeMoe b coshshhh hhähbuoe b peayjitTaTe
H3UKOBO0 H KOrHHTHBHOfl HHlJlOpMaUHH,
HHfl,
MOXHO yTBepRUETL,
KaK OCHOBHOfl
h to cmhcji
HTO HapyUleHHe CMHCJIOBUX CBH3ett BHCKaSbl—
n ep eB oaa
tckcte,
npa "B 3 a -
ynopftllOqeHHOfl COBOKynHOCTM H3HKOBHX 3HSK0B C 3HEHHeM
noJijrqaTeJifl",
xeHMe
nojiHOTe p e a co 3Ha-
tbkcte
CTpyKTypHOÖ ejOJHHUH TeKCTa npHBOJWT K TOMy,
BocnpHHHMaeMoro nojijnaTeJieM
HMOÄeftCTBHH
B3EHMoaellc-
HÄM 3aJI0*eHHHfi B TeKCT
OTnpaBHTCJieM KOMimeKc HH$opMamiH, KOTopuÄ bo Bcefl
jmsyeTCH b cosHaHUH nojiyMaTejm npa B3aiiMo;ieflcTBHH
BEHHH
cmhcji
"ncramecKoe oTodpaxemie cerMeHTa p e a ja -
He nposyrpipyeT
b
e r o co3HaHHH
öKCTpa/iHHTBHCTinecKofl CHTyauuH,
ncHXHHecKoe OTOdpa-
aHaJiorKHHoe TOMy,
KOTopoe
ÖHJIO nCKJCHMeCKHM OTOdpa*eHH6M OTnpaBHTeJW.
Ilpa 3TOM Ü.A.HepHHXOBCKafl OTMeHaeT Odfl3aTeJH>Hl£tl JUW OTlipaBH$0 H0B0r 0 3hehrh noJiyâTeJrai h npHBJieneHue b npouecce
TeJiH yqeT
KOMMyHHKSUHH TäRoS HHôpMaiiHH,
JW
KOTopafl odecne'nuia dw y nojiyHaTö-
HeodXOÄHMHft H ÄOCTaTOMHHÄ W H
ypoBera.
$ohobopo 3Hamw
0dH3aTeJnbH0 h a m nepeBOOTHKa,
*lH3UKOBOfl
COOTBeTCTByKWerO
Q9 . C . 5 5 ] . STo.oMeBmmo,
BOCnpHHTHH .
b paBHoft Mepe
KOTopuft hbjih6tch nocpe^HHKOM u e -
KOMMyHHKaUHH H BHCTynaBT CHBMaJia KEK TlOJiyMaTeJCb TeKCTa
- 53 -
HB HCXOflHOM H3HK6.
T6KCTa Ha H8HK6 II ep «-
8 38TeM KSK OTIipaBHTeJü
BHHBJieHHe CnOCOÖOB BUpaXeHHH CMHCJIOBHX
h ex conocTaBHTeJiBHHfl
CBH36it BHCKaSHBaHHfl
a H a m s MoryT hmötb doJiBmoe
npaKTircecKoe
3HaHeHne ju w BJiaaeHHH h OBJiaüeHiw h3hkom,
jym npaBiun>Hoft h h töp —
n p e T a m m o p H mHajo>hhx HHocTpaHHHx TeKCTOB,
a Tarate npa oöjrqeram
nepeBojzy
h
pe$epnpoBaHino.
CCUJIKH HA JWTEPATypy
1 . Cmhcji TeKCTa kbk oöieK T nepeBOfla / Pea.JI.A.HepHHxoBCKaÄ M., 1986.- 144 c . ( Tp./MTTIHHH HM.M.Tope3a; Bbin.278)
2 . M .EeJuiepT. Oö oähom ycJiOBHH c b h s h o cth t o k c t b / / Hobog b
1978,
s a p y d e a c H o ft J iH H T B H C T H K e ,
b u i.6
. -
C .172-207.
3. W .G u tw ln skl. Cohesion in l i t e r a r y t e x t e . - The Hague - Pa
r t e i Mouton, 1 9 7 6 .- 183 p.
4. J1. A . qePHHXOBCKaH. MH[J>OpMaiIHOHHHfl HHBapHaHT CMHCJta TSKCTa
ti BapHaTHBHOCTB e r o HSbucoBoro BupaxeH H H : iU ic ... ä o k t . $ k jio ji. HayK.
/MTIIHM3 H M .M .T o p e a a .- M., 1983 - 403 c . '
5. A.fl.Ilteeftnep. T bkct
h
nepeBew // H3hk
kbk
KOMMyHHKaTüBHan
aeflTeJH.HOCTi> Me-noBeKa. - M., 1987 - C .122-128 (Tp./MTTIHHH h HH
AH CCCP, BM I.2 8 4 ).
6. Jl.r .H e q a e B . ycTaHoaneiuie ToawecTBa opaniHaJia h nepeBoaa
m ir aHHaMjnecKHÄ npcmecc // Cmhcji tb k c tb kbk odteKT nepeBoaa M .,
1 9 8 6 .- C . 5 5 -6 6 ( Tp./MTIlHHfl HM.M.Topesa, Bim .2 7 8 ).
7. A.JI.UlBettuep. üepeBoa
h
jmHrBHCTHKa. - M .: BoeHHaaaT,
1 9 7 3 .- 280 c .J I.r .
8. E.B.Bapaöam. AHa$opiraecKoe h KaTa$opjnecKoe ynoTpedJieHHe
onpeaeaeHHoro apTHiuw: Mxc...Kann.$hjioji.Hayn /MTTIHHH KM.M.Tope3a.
- M ., 1981 - 187 c .
9 . J.A.êpHHXQBCKaH. Cmhcji reKCTa h nepeBcumcKKit npoqecc / /
üparMaTHKa H3HK& h nepeBOjua.- M ., 1982 -
C . 51-62 (T p ./ W U M R hm.
M .Tope3a, B H n.I9 3 )
1 0 . B.H .K oM H ccapoB . JlüHTBHCTHKa n ep eB oaa. - M . : Me*jjyHapojutHe
OTHOineHHH, 1980. -
168 c .
- 54 -
UnTirpyeM aH J W T e p a T yp a
C.Mobm. H3ÖpaHHHe npoHSBeaeHMH. - M .: P a jjyra , 1985. - T .2
W . S . Maugham. R a in and o t h e r s h o r t
s to r le s .
-
M .: P r o g r e s s
1977.
A .H u x ley . The Genius and the Goddess. - London: T tia d G raston
P u b lis h e r a ,
Books,
1955.
B.r.Ky3HeuoB
n0flCHHTEJM0-K0HKPETH3HPyi0IlHE OTHOMEHHH
B TEKCTE H HX nEPEHAMA I1PH nEPEBOJlE
HHTepeC K H3JTMeHMB HOHCHUTeJIbHO—KOHKpeTH3HpyiOtUHX CBHSeÄ B
npe*nO*eHHH B03HHK B COBeTCKOM H3UK03HaHMl IipHMepHO 30 Ü6T.
paMKOX
H aaaju
B HacTonm ee BpeMH h b jih 6 tc h aK TyajitH U M H3yHeHHe oTHouieHHtt
to ü * e
n p a p o a H Ha yp oB H e t b k o t b
c yêTOM e r o
kommyHHKaTMBHux h
nparMaTHHecKKX o c o ö e H H o c T e ft. E ojibiuoä H H T ep ec jy m T eo p u n h npaKTH—
kb nepeB'oaa npeacTaBJweT conocTaBMTeJitHHÖ acneKT BHyTpHTeKCTOBux
OTHOmeHHÄ.
ÜOHCHHTeJIBHO—K0HKpeTH3HpyK3tUHe
OTHOmeHHH B TeK C T e
OTpaXHDT
CBH8H M e a u y npeÄMeTBMM H HBJ16HHHMH OdieKTHBHOÖ ÄeWCTBHTeJItHOCTIT,
KOTOpue b H a H Ö o jie e odm eM
h
OTBJieMeHHOM B n u e B u c T y n a jo T
m ecTBOBaHne. IlpeHMymecTBeHHaH ci^ ep a y n o T p e d J ie H H H
-
K0M n03HU]!0H H 0-pe'ieBue $ o p « H
3t h x
KaK
cocy-
oTHomeHHft
on H ca raie h p a c c y r o e m i e .
ÜOHCHHTeJIiHO—KOHKpeTH31ipyDI5He 0TH0UI6HHH
XapaKTepH3yiOTCH odm -
HOCTM) JieHOTaTHBHOrO COflepJItaHHH BHCKa3UBafiMft,
CBHaaHHHX
bhuom OTHom em iö. OdmHOCTt ÄeH O TaTH BH oro coa ep xaH H H
n p e * n e B c e r o COOTH6C6HHOCTI> c o ä h o ä h t o ä s e
3THM
u p e jw o J ia r a e T
cM Tyau vieti.
O codeH -
HOCTfcn nOHCHHTeJIiHO—KOHKpeTH3HpyBU(HX OTHOiaeHHÖ HBJIH6TCH HX
KyjtbTaTHBHuft x a p a K T e p .
ycTaHOBJieHHe Meamy S B y m
$a-
B u cK a su B a m o n oi
rjOÄOÖHHX oTHomeHHH odycjio B J ieH o ycjiobh h m h kommyhmKariüH h n p a r a a T n e C K O Ä yCTaHOBKO# COOÖmeHHH. Il0flCHH6MHfi H nOHCHHJOUHlt KOMnOHeHTH
(n o c jie Ä H H f BU CTynaeT b K aîecTB e opraH H 3 yiom ero cTepxH H )
c o o th o t
CATCH KaK aBTOCCMSlHTHneCKOe H CHHC eMEHTHMe CI Oe BHCKH3 UBEHH6
- 55 -
H
'
oöpa3yx)T cKHTaKTHKo—cMucjioBoe ejwHCTBo. $opMajn>HHM noKasaTeJieM .
eaHHCTBa CJiyaiHT Hajiinrae aHai$opOT;ecKHx CBH3eft M eawy jfflyMH
aT oro
BHCKa3MBaHHHMH, rpaMMaTinecKoro napaxnajrn3Ma
mhx. AKTyajm3HpyeTCH,
MOrO
KaK npasmio,
rJiaroJttHiix C K a 3 y e -
peMaTmecKan t o c t b n o H c fm e -
BUCKa3HBaHHÜ.
B pajvncax noHCHHTeJitHo-KOHKpeTH3Hpyiomiix OTnomeraft BiweJimoTCH
coöcTBeHHo noHCitHTeJiLHHe h npHcoeÄHHHTeJtbHue OTHomeHHH. B KaêcTBe Mewfipa30BbDC cpejjcTB BupasceraiH noHCHHTeJEbHux OTHoiueHHfl b pyccKOM
H3HKe HcnoJiLsyroTCH peJWTHBu
"to ecTi, hjih, a HMeHHO, Bepnee, ksk-
öy^B-To", a Tarace b dojn>me8 Mepe xapaKTepmie a m khhxhoö p e -
-to ,
hh cJioßa h cJioBocoMeTaHHH b cfiyHKUHH yTOHHeHRH: ToîHee, To^Hee r o Bopn, HHaê roB opa, apyrnMH cjiOBaMH,
TaK
HanpHMep, b tom hh-
CJie. Bo $paHuyscKOM HsttKe b to ä xe pojih BiiCTynaioT: c 'e s t k d ire ,
ou, p lu t ö t ,
p lu s pr^ciaement, plua exactement, prinoipalem ent, y
compria, p a r exemple, a ln s i; c e la s i g n i f i e , ce qul vaut d i r « que,
autreraent d i t ,
en d 'a u tre s termes.
BttHH H $0PMH nOHCHHTeJttHHX OTHODieHHfi pa3JIIFiaETCfl B 3aBHCH—
mocth
o t (JyHratHH noBTopHoro oöosHa'ieHHH: KomcpeTnsamw,
samw, TOJiKOBame,
mothb8uhh,
aeTajm -
ocBememe $aKTa ncm apyrHM yrJioii
aperaw.
noncHeioie
CMHCJie ,
mto
hocht
CTaTmecraifl peTpocneKTKBHKÖ xapaKTep
npejtcTaBJineT coöoli B03BpaT cyöteK Ta p era
BynmeMy TeKCTy. Ecjih
b
k
b
tom
npeamecT-
HayMimr TeKCTax TaKoä B03BpaT ocymecTBJm-
eTCH Mame B cero c u eja n yTO^HeHUH HOMKHaTHBHoro coaepnaHEH n oacHHeMoro
BucicasHBaHHH,
to b
nyöJiHUHCTHHecKHX - jyifl BtrpaxeHHH
MyHHKaTHBHo—nparMaTHêcKHX ycTaHOBOK
cyöieK Ta peHH, TaK,
b
kom-
cJie-
AynmeM npHMepe co.nep*HTCH oiieHKa cyöieKTOM penn coaepxam a noncHHeMoro BucKa3tmaraiH.
Dans ces oon d ltlon s, 11 ne r e s t e r a it pour le P a rti oonmmniate
...
que 14 ou 15 aifegea. C 'e s t k d ire h peine un peu p lu s, en p ro -
p o rtio n , que oe q u 'i l a v a it obtenu en 1977 du f a i t du mode de
ao ru tin impos6 par l a dro ite et de l'absen ce d'Union (L'Humanitd,
1982, 14 X I ).
B ärhhux ycJioBHHx KoMMyHncTHMecKaa napTHH öyaeT pacnoJiaraTB
TOJÜ.KO 14 HJIH 15 MeCTaMH. B np0n0ptIH0Hajn>H0M, OTHOCD0HHH 3T0 H6MHoro ÖOJiee,
M6M oHa pacnoJiaraJia
b
1977 rojiy « 3 - s a npoueztypu
- 56 -
bh-
öopoB ,
HaBH3aHHHX npaB aM H ,
a
T a race H 3 - a a o T c y r c T B K H
c o D 3 a JieBHX
CHJI.
K bk BimHO H3 nepeBO.ua jjaH H o ro npHMepa,
HecMOTpn Ha h x KaJtymyxcfl n p o c T O T y ,
noHCHHTeJttHHe
cbh sh,
He Bcer.ua nepeaanT&H cJioBapHH-
MH 3KBHB8JieHTaMH noflCHHTeJILHHX C0B30B. IIOCKOJIBKy B pyCCKOM H3HK0
noMemeHHe noflCHHTeJn>Horo c o D 3 a
HBJweTCH
o t h o c KTeJibho
"to
b c t i . " b H a s a r o rrpejuioseHUH
HBJieHHeM, BCTpeânnKMCH npeHMymecT-
hobhm
B6HHO B 0$HUHaJn>H0-,HeJI0BUX TeK C TaX ,
TeKCTe nepeBoaa n e p e ^ a m
B
oTJnpm e
B
nOHCHHTeJCbHHe OTHOmeHÜH
oöpasoM.
kmiuimukthum
o t noHCHHTeJn>Hia OTHOuieHüä npucoeiW HHTeJitHHe
ro-
p a3 flo ö o jie e pa3H00<5pa3HH h BupaxaioTCH öojimihm KOJureecTBOM peJW THbob:
KpoMe Toro
'ieM, n p «
BCeM TOM,
(a io r o ),
tom h t o ,
BM0CT6 C TeM,
flOBepmeHHe B c e ro ,
iiomhmo T o ro
k TOMy x e ,
aa
h,
(s T o r o ),
CBepx Toro,
a a eme, npireeM, npHTOM,
H apfW y C 3THM, ÖOJiee T o r o ,
B npo-
npa
M8JI0 T o r o ,
BmoöaBOK. Bo $paHicr3CKOM hhuko jy w
B
BHpaaceHHH
npHcoeÄHHHTeJiBHHX oTHomeHHft HcnojnsyriTCfl c/ieuynoiHe pejiHTHBH: en
outre, encore, de p lu s, en p lu s, bien p lu s, au surplus,
plus e s t , 11 y a p lu s, par a i lle u r s , de s u rc ro lt,
par dessus tout
d 'a u tre p a rt,
par dessus le march6,
d'un autre cSt6,
et qui
par su re ro it,
du reste, au
aveo c e la , aveo tout
re ste ,
c e la , ce
fa is a n t.
O ö p a m a eT
Ha c e ö « BHHMaHHe
to ,
hto bo
*e m iH npncoejuiHHTejn>HHx oTHouieradl
30BaHHHX BupaseHHÄ
$paHuy3CKOM nsuKe jyin BHpa-
öojiw ue H diojii>3yeTC fl J ie K c in ta ra -
(p a r d essu a to u t,
p a r d e s s u s l e m areh Ä ,
il
y
a p lu s ).
B o w u ra e
ot
noHCHHTeJiiHtix OTHotnemift,
ko to ph m
npucyma (fiy-HK—
UKH yTOHHeHHfl pa3JlKHHHX CTOpOH ÄeHOTaTKBHOrO cojjepsaHHH noHCHne—
M oro
BtiCKaSHBaHUfl, npHCOejmHHTeJIbHHM
OTHOraeHHHM CBOftCTBCHHH a o -
noJiHeHHe h pacurwpeHHe cojiepxaH H H noncH H eM oro KOMnoHeHTa. Hejn>3fl
He corâcH TB C H c M .B J b m o H b t o m , h t o " b rpaMMaTJraecKrac onncaH H hx,
a a *e
e c jim ohh c t p o h t c h
e ju iH ero w He n o j m a e T
Ha (fyHKUH0HaJii>H0ft 0CH0Be, c $ e p a n p n c ö -
yaoB JieTBopH TeJiiH olt HHTepnpeTamra . . , " [ l . C . 5 5 |
CKa3aHHoe o t h o c h t c h n p e x u e B c e r o k Hepa3paÖOTaHHOCTH CTpyKTypHO—
ceM aH TiPtecK ofl KJiaccmfatKamm npncoejwHHTeJH>Hia p 6j w t h b o b b pyccKOM
h
ocoöeH H O bo (fpaHuyscKOM H3HKe.
3 t o saTpyÄH H eT ycTaHOBJieHHe s k b h -
BaJieHTHHX COOTBeTCTBHfl M e M y npHCOeJIHHHTeJTbHHMH peJWTHBaMH pyCCKOro
h
$ p a H u y3 C K oro H3Hk o b .
- 57 -
üpHBOAHMUe HHX6 3KBHBaJteHTHH6 COOTB6TCTBIW npHC06AHHHT8JQ>HHX
peJiHTHBOB pycoKoro h $panny3CKoro h3hkob cocTaBJieHu Ha ochobb ähhuux napaJuieJüHux h tojikobhx CJioBapeit, rpaMMaTHK, a Tarace c o n o o TaBJieHüH nepeBoaoB.
Ha ynoTpeÖJieHH8 npncoeAHHüT6JQ>Hux
peJiHTHBOB HawiaAHBaer o n -
pweJieHHoe orparareem ie hx 4)yHKUnoHajn.Ho-cTHJmcTiniecKaH npuH aiw exHOCTb. KHH^HaH
ro
(3 T o r o ),
OKpaOKa npacyma peJlHTHBäM "C B e p i Toro, fiomhmo t o -
b ÄOBepuieHHe B c e r o ,
.s u c r o lt, p ar a u r c r o lt,
au aurplua,
BMecTe c TeM,
oe fa ia a n t .
de
"Pa3r0B0pHyn OKpacKy HM6BT
peJWTHBH" Bfl0ÖaB0K, ooh tb x e , MaJto T o r o , p ar deaaus la m archd."
'lyHKu.HOHaaiHO-CTHJDioTirqecKyio npuHajyiexHOCTfc
jty e r yHHTUBaTb npn n ep eB oae. B
iipothbhom
peJWTKBOB CJie-
c y iy ia e HapyiuaeTCH odman
CTHüHCTHMecKaH TOHaffibHocTB TeKCTa. HanpHMep:
...
Bo Beeil BKOHOMHMÖCKOlt XH3HH
( KaMOpCKHX OOTpOBOB )
TOC-
noacTBOBaji HHocTpaHHufl, upeHMymecTBeHHo $paHuy3CKHll xanHT&i,
K TOMy x e b cooTaB pecnyöJiHKH bohuih He Bce ocTpoBa apxaneJia-
ra : ® pam iM c o x p a m u a aa codofl
BHymHTejEbHaH BoeHHaa öaaa
...
MaöoTTy, Ha KOTopo# pacncuioxeHa
(H oB oe BpeMH,
29 ) .
Toute la v le d t a it dominê par le c a p it a l dtrangejr,
avant tout fr a n ja ia ,
Par deasua l e marohi, l a rdpublique fu t tronquäe d'une t l e i
l a Pranoe conaerva Mayotte oü se trou ve une Im portante base m l-'
llta lr e
(Temps nouveaux,
2 9 ).
y’iHTUBaH khhkhuö xapaKTep T8KCTa, 8Äeci. yMecTHee öiwo du ynoTpeÖBTh peJIHTHB de a u rc ro lt
Iliuce npHBOÄHTCH conocTaBMTeJüHaH KJiaccn$KKaiuiH
J1HTHB0B p yc o K o ro H (JpaHIiyaCKOrO H3HK0B,
ochobhhx
pe-
OCHOBaHHaH Ha 0Ö1U6M c e -
MaHTWJeCKOM COflepXaHHH.
KpoMe T o r o , BfloäaBQK.
iip h t o m .
npn
tom
xe
b bo äh t äoiiojihji—
TeJitHHÄ, KaK npaBHJio, cyuiecTBeHHHfl apryvteHT, noaKpenJuautHt o ö o c HOBaHHOCTb
CyxaeHHH, 3aKJDOM6HHOrO B ÜOflCHHeMOM BHCKaaHBaHHH. A k -
ueHTHpytomaa (pyHKmw ö o jiee BupaxeHa y peJWTHBa
’ ieM cBnneTeJtbCTByeT BHaeJiemie BBojiKMoro
hhä
hm
"npoMe T o r o " ,
BucKasHBaraw
aöaart. $paHuy3CKne aKBHBaneHTH 3T üx peJWTHBOB:
aurplua,
en oore.
Hemöojiee 'tacTO
ptdl Ha^HHaeT BucKa3 m ann e a m
BCTpeâeTCfl
o
0TfleJa>-
en o u tre , ou
en o u tre,
noMemaeTCH b e r o m n e ^ e .
- 58 -
b
k o to -
iU w npuBJie'ieHHH BHüMamw *uiTaTeJM k ÄonojiHHTeJiLHoÄ aH$opMaUHH BHCKB3UBaHHe C peJIHTHBOM
en o u t r e
BüHeJlHeTCH B OTÄ0JÜHHÄ
äö3au :
D 'a u t r «
p a rt,
t io n du l a r y n x e t
1 'a r t io u la t io n
En o u t r e
nous a a v o n s
la
que 1 ’ e x p i r a t i o n ,
rä a o n n a n c e n a a a le
b u c c a le
11 f a u t
oom porte d e s v a r i ^ t ^ a
p h o n a tio ire
" C Äpyroit c t o p o h h , mh y * e
...
t e n d i s que
in fin ie s .
se B o u v e n ir q u 'u n phon&me e s t
quand on a d ö te rm in ^ l ’ a c t e
l a V ib r a
so n t u n ifo r m e s ,
id e n t ifid
(S a u s s u re ,
. .
6 9 ).
anaeM, h to 3Kcnnpaunfl, BHÖpamw
t’OJIOCOBHX CBH30K H HOCOBOlt pe30HaHC, no cyuieCTBy OÄHOOÖpa3HH, TOMia KaK poTOBaH apTHKywm iw B iu im ae T öec^HCJieHHue pa3 h o b h h h o c t h .
KpoMe T o ro ,
Heji£3H 3aöuBaTi>,
h to a m
ä o c t s t o h h o onpeaeJiHTt cooTBeTCTByromnft a m
En o u t r e
aneHTH^HKamra $0HeMH
$ 0 H a m r a ..." ( C o c c r p ,7 9 ).
Mo*eT nepeaaBaTLCH Ha pyccrart h 3h k h peJWTHB0M"an0-
ÖaBOK",
KOTopoMy (ftrHKimH aKneHTHpoBaHHH npucyma b Mettioiea CTene
HH, H0M
"KpoMe T o r o " .
B Ka'iecTBe 3KBHB3JieHTa
SUB t o u t .
ÜOnOJIHHT0JH»KHM
"KpoMe T o ro "
HcnoJii3yeTCH
p a r des-
CpeÄCTBOM aMieHTHpOBaHHH MOryT BHCTy—
n a T B * c iiH T a K c m e c K H e c p e a c T B a B hw eJieH M . 3 t o t npneM Hapany c b h aeJieraeM b OTJisJttHHfl aÖ3aii
CBRneTeJn>CTByeT o nparMaTiraecKOM a c -
neKTe HcnojiBaoBamiH peJWTHBOB.
Quand au f r a n s a i a
e n t re p l u s i e u r s
Ce q u i ,
p a r dessu s
un syat&me o o h ^ r e n t ,
des s i g n e s
(B a ily ,
e t h l 'a l l e m a n d ,
te n d a n o e s en p a r t i e
et
to u t,
o 'e a t
le u r y a le u r ,
le
no u s l e s
v e r r o n s p a rta g rfs
e o n t r a d ic t o ir e s .
sem ble in c o m p a t ib le av e c l ' i d ^ e
co n stan t
e n tre
le s
dö saco ord e n tre
a ig n ifia n t s
e t le a
d'
l a form e
s ig n ifi£ s
1 8 ).
"H t o K acaercH
$paH qy3CKoro h HeMeijKoro h s h k o b , t o mh yBauHM,
<ITO OHH pa3ÄHpa»TCH HeCKOJIiKMMH,
OTTOCTH npOTHBOpeHHBHMH TeRHeH-
UHHMH . . .
KpoMe T o r o ,
tömh
coBepmeHHo He coBMecTHMHM c a n e e ft c b h 3hoä c h c -
HBJweTCH h nocTOHHHoe pasH orjiacH e Menwy $opMott 3HaKa h
sHaêHHeM,
Me^wy 03Ha<ia]fflUKMH h osHavaeMHMH"
HapeMne
en c o re
b BHCKasHBaüKH,
nojHHiomyio coêpKaHHe npeaTeK CTa,
(EaJUtn,
.
ero
4 7 -4 8 ).
co;iepxameM HHdfopMaipaio, r o -
Mo»eT cooTBeTCTBOBan» "KpoMe t o -
ro ".
On l a
v o i t a l o r a p e r s i s t e r dans d e s e n se m b le a p h r a s ^ o lo g iq u e a
- 50 -
usuela aveo le s q u e la e i l e
f a i t eorps ou dana oea ensembles synth<-
tiq u ea h v a le u r le x io o lo g lq u e
...
A moins
enoore que c e t jl& n en t
de langue ne trou ve dans c e r t a in e de aea em p lols une a i g n i f i o a tio n s p ä c ia le . . . (Sechehaye, 174) .
Hawraie coio3Horo CJiOBa k moins que,
jioBHe c orpaHirjeimeM,
0öycJi0BJinBaeT
co'teTaranero
aeraTHBHoe y c -
Hcncwii30BaH iie aHTOHiannecKO-
r o nepeBoaa.
" B 3tom cjq n ae
ÖHTeJUbHUX
mh
BCTpeiaeM ee (
SByKOByn eaHHimy)
b
$pa360J10rH3MaX HJIH B JleKCHHeCKUX ejoiHCTBax . . .
ynoTpeKpoMe
Toro, 8TO H3UKOBO0 HBJIBHMe M0K6T yUepJtaTLCfl B peHH, 6CJIH B K8KHX—
t o H3 e ro jmoTpeöJieHHö oho noJiy'iHT cneuaajiLHoe aHaême . . . "
me,
(C e -
83 ) .
Eapeniie
e n s u ite
h e ro chhohhm
pu ls
b noHCHHnuieM BuoKaau-
BaHHH, coaepisaHHe KOToporo hoxoahtch b rpananHOHHOM oTHomeHHH^
k npeATeKCTy hjih BKJDonaeT cymecTBeHHyn jionoJiHHTeJiiHyr) HH$opMamro,
nepOBOAHTCH
"KpoMe T o ro ".
cjiyx au iee a o n ojihhtgjühhm apxyMeHTOM,
IloflCHHiomee B u cxaau B aH iie,
MO*eT npHcoejmRHTtCH ronunayiTHO. M n pyccnoro n am ca s t o HBJieraie
MeHee xapaK TepH O ,
n03T0M y npH n e p e B o a e npHcoe.HHHHTejn>HaH c b h sb
9KC0JiHUHpyeTCH. Hanpiotep:
A e e t t e d a te , l a S tfo u r ltf m l l i t a l r e ne c o n fia q u a it paa enoo
r e ayat&natlquement mon o o u r r ie r , e t j '^ t a i a inforind par ma fa m ill e . Je l i e a i a L'O eu vre, e t Je o o n a ta ta ia aveo ätonnement que 1 *
e n t r le o f f l o i e l l e de l a ?ranoe dana la gu erre ne ae r e f K t a i t n i
aur l a p o lit iq u e des m ilie u x d lr lp e a n ts n i aur l e ooura de l a v ie
dana l e paya (C o g n lo t,
456) .
"B t o BpeMH cJiyxöa de30iteCH0CTH eme He Tporajia mod no^Ty, s •
'lepea nnctMa poähhx « diui o MHoroM ocBeôwneH. KpoMe T oro, h p e ryJwpHo HHTaJi
o$imHajn>Hoe
raaeT y "JI,3bp" (
"ilejio ") h Mor KOHCTSTapoBaTt, hto
BCTymieHHe SpaHqnH b BoöHy He orpasanoci. hh Ha nojm -
THKe npaBHmicc KpyroB,
hh Ha noBcejmeBHofl xhshk b CTpaHe"( K ohlo,
132 ) .
K TQMy » e . j a
h
bboäht
iomH# 0d0CH0BaHH0CTi oiieHKH (
aonojiHHTeJiBHHÄ apryM em , no,mcpeiuMHepejuco OTpHuaTeJtbHoft), oo,nepxameÄCÄ
B nOHCHHOMOM BHCKflSHBaHHH• B HOHCHflXm6M BUCKaaUBaHKH npeAHKST odm *
I
TpauaimoHHHe
hx
odieflHHHeT HepaBHa« ,3HaHHMOCTi> ’uieHOB"
h
npHcoeÄHHHTeJttHHe oTHomeHHH dJmsKH ap yr k jroyrys
- 60 -
2 . C. 172] o
.
HO COÄepJKHT 3J16M6HTH OU0HOHHOCTH. 3KBHBaJieHTHHe peJWTHBH (JjpaHIiySC K oro H 3UKa: de p lu s , de s u r c r o lt , par dessus to u t,
le marc h i , du r e s t e .
par dessus
M exn y coflepjicaHHeM n o H ca a e M o ro h noncHHnm ero BucKasuBaiorit H e peflKO HM6DT M6CT0 rpajl&IIH0HHH6 OTHOmeHKH ( H6 T O J ttK O ...,
HO H ) .
En to u t oas, mes s o ld a ts a v a ie a t le sentim ent J u s t ifi^ de 1*
i n u t i l i t d de le u r t r a v ä l l p e n ib le . Et de s u r c r o lt ,
11b s o u f f r a ient du f r o i d , trfcs v i f o e t h iv e r s - lk (C o g n io t, 458).
"B o bchkom cJijrqae,
y mokx coJ w aT Oujio BnoJiHe onpaanaHHoe om y-
«eH H e öecn oJ ie3 H ocT H mc TnxeJioÄ p aöO Tu . K TOMy me ohh c x p a n a jo i o t
BSCBMa CHJIBHHX B T y 3HMy XOJIOflOB"
ripH H s u im m
( K ohbo,
1 3 3 ).
o n p eaeJ ieH H o ro KOHTeKCTa H apany c BunoJiHeroieM n p u -
COeOTHHTeJttHOÄ (fsyHKUHH nÖHCHHBmee : BUCK33UBEHHS MOXHO HCTOJIKOBaTB
kek
c o a e p ^ a m e e o n p ea eJ ieH H y » n p ira tn y hjih ycJioBH© n o othoihqhhd k c o -
ÄepjKaHHio npeam ecTB yiom ero
II
T eK C Ta:
fa u t ch erch er l 'u n i t ^ conor&te a i l l e u r s que dans le mot.
Du r e s t e beaucoup de mots sont des u n itd s complexes . . .
(Saussure,
1 4 8 ).
" Ht e k , KOHKpeTHyn ejxHHKuy cJ iejiyeT ncnaTB He
My * a
M H orae w io b h npeacTaBJunoT
b
cjiob 6 .
K
to-
c o ö o B cjio xh h b b o t h h u h " (C o c c n p ,
1 3 8 ).
BnponeM ,
peHHioio
itph tom h t o
n ep eaaioT yTOHHeHHe,
BiimJiHiomee
B iiyT—
H ecorJiacoB aH H ocT b c o a e p s a m tfi n o n c a fie M o ro h noncHHxm ero b h -
CKa 3 HBaHiift. TaKHM
o ö p a so M ,
Ha npHCoejwHHTeJiBHHe oTHonieHHfl H am ia-
BHBanTCH orpaHimHTeJLbHHe.5paHuy3CKHe aKBHBaJieHTH: d 'a i l l e u r s ,
re s te ,
du
au r e s t e .
UpHCOejIHHHTeJIBHO—OrpaHHHHTeJIiHHe OTHOmeHHfl BO fpaH iiyscK O M
H3HKe M o ry T BupaitaTBCH HMnjiMXHTHo. IIpH n ep eso .n e Ha pyCCKHÄ Ha HK
ohh
3KCiuumHpyioTCH c noMomBio peJWTHBa. B u p h b o ä h m o m npHMepe H M eet
MecTO etqe h pac^JieHeHHe n p e ;u io *e H jrit.
P lu s E vidente enoore e s t son importanoe pour l a e u ltu re g 6 ~
n ^ ra le . . .
II
s e r a it in a d m is s ib le que son 6tude re s tftt l ' a f f a i r e
de quelques s p ^ c ia lis t e s ; en f a i t ,
ou prou . . .
(Saussure,
tou t le monde s 'e n oooupe peu
2 1 -2 2 ).
"Q lte nuPM iTHn 3HEH0HH0 JmHTBHCTHKH ßflH 0<5mefi KyJD.TypH.. .
ÜO-
3TOMy HeMHCJIHMO, HTpÖH 06 H3JTqeHH0 OCT8BaJIOCB B pyKSX H0MHOrHX
-
61
-
cneiiHaracTOB. Bnpo’ieM,
b ä 6ä c t b h t &7Q,h octh
meB CTenera 3£lhum£udtca
bco
..."
ripOTOM. ITPH 3TOM. H nPH 3TOM
en
öOJumeö
b
CJtyXHT AJM BUpaJKOHHÄ IIQHCHH—
npHC06ÄHHMTejn>Hue oTHomeHHH MoryT Hac.naiiBaTi.CH
nyscKue
rpa n yaaiH H e, n p u -
npoTHBi»Te.ii>Ho-ycTyniiT0jn>HHe
h
3KBHBaneHTu: aveo o e l a ,
M em -
C OTT6HKOM OAHOBpeMBHHOCTH. Ha
T6J1BHO—KOHKpeTH3HpynmiX OTHOUieHMä
'umHO-cJieÄCTBeHHue
hjui
45 ) .
(C o c c b p ,
av eo
to u t
oTHomeHHH.®paH-
c e la .
3 th
oTHomeHHH
BO $paHUy3CKOM JJ3UK0 ''laCTO BtipanaiDTCH npinaCTHUM OÖOpOTOM.
La mdcanlame l l n g u i a t l q u e
t y s a t <Jea d i f f Ä r e n c e s ,
o e lle a -l&
(S a u s s u re ,
r o u le
t o u t e n t i e r a u r daa
o a l l a a - o l n 'd t a n t
que l a
Id e n ti
o o n t r e -p a r t le
de
1 5 1 ).
’ "Beci> MexaHM3M nsuna 3ioaieTCH ne kjdo^tht e jh>ho Ha ToxAecTBax
pa3Jmmuc, npm eM
sth
nepBmt " ( C occnp,
141 ) .
h
noc.rce.UHMt HBJunorcfl Jumii oöopoTHoll CTopoHoft
npn 3T0M. npn TOM
BHnOJIHOTT H31116 BCerO npHCOeAHHHTeJÜHO-KOH-.
(fyHKUHn, He 0CJI0*H6HHyB ApyTMMM OTHOmeHHHMH. IIp n c o -
KpBTH3Hpy*XUy»
eAHHHeMa/i HHifopMaiyiH -
T o ro x e nopaUKa,
h to h b noacHHeMOM BticKa-
SUBaHHH H OTHOCHTCH KO BC6My COAepxaHHB npeATOKCTa. OcHOBHaH II AOnojinKTeJUHaH HHiJopMamw âcTO c o o th o c h tc h no npHHuany "o ö iu e e -^ a c T H o e ". 'X’parajysCKHe cooTBeTCTBHH:
aveo c e l a ,
aveo
tou t c e la ,
oa
fa ls a n t .
Bo $paHuy3CK0M TeKCTe oTHomeHHH, nepeAaBaeMNB
mh ,
PacûeneHHe
peJWTtfBa-
$paHuy3CKofl $pa3u npn nepeBOAa Ha pyccKnö hsuk
h BBeflerae peJWTHBa
faa
stumm
HepeAKo Bnpa*a»TCH MMnjtimMTHo,
"npn stom " MoxeT öuTb oöywioBJieHo paoxoxABHH-
b njiaHe cyöT>eKTHO-oöi>eKTHtix oTHomeHKfi.
Lea d < p u t6 a du P . C . P .
dana l e
vern em en t,
sur l a
a ’ a b s t e n i r que l e
p o llt iq u e
q u l a v a l t am algam l k d e a a e ln
4oonomlque e t
e e lle
ne d e v a le n t
a o r u t i n de o o n fla n o e
s o c ia le ,
d 'A l g ^ r i e
oü son a t t l t u d e
(C o g n io t,
le s
< t a it
5 ju ln ,
d 'a n a e m b le du g o u -
q u e s t io n a de p o l l t l q u «
aaset p o s itiv e ,
3 4 0 ).
" ilenyTaTu-KOMMyhhcth Jmna> 5 mbhh
j
"BosAepxajm cL" npn rcurocoBa*
Hm , KorAa BOTyu AOBepiw dun nocTaBJieH b ubaom no bco# nojuramte
npaBHTe/ttCTBa. ITpa 3tom npeAHaMepeHHO 6mm oöieAiweHH H couBaJüHO»
»KOHOWReCKHO BOnpOCH
TaTOîHO nosHTKBHHM )
( K KOTOpUM OTHOH16HH6 HBUlefi napTHM öiÜIO A00l|
h aJumpcKa« npoÖJieMa " ( Kanto, .252 ) .
- 62 -
■
et
BMecTe o TeM. Hapamr c sthm . Hanöojiee ynoTpeöHTeJiBHNft p e jw thb
"BM ecxe c TeM"
npeüCTaBJLaeT coöoft CKHTe3 nonc hhteJU>ho—koh—
KpeTHSHpyromm h BpeMeHracc OTHomeHHft. CHTyaTHBHiie $parMeHTU o c h o b hoä h ÄonanHipreJiiHoft 'lacT eß t o k c t b aneHTiraai vum öjih3kk bo BpeMeH—
hom nJiaHe. $pamiy3CKHe SKBHBaJieHTH:
d'un
par a i l l e u r s , d’ autre p a rt,
a u tre c ö tä .
Ecjih noHCHHTeJEbHo—KOHKpeTH3npyiomH6
IipOTHBHTeJUHUMH,
uhtho .
ko
oT H om ew w He ocJioxueHH
OHH MOryT B U pa*aTtC H BO (|;paimy3CKOÜ $ p a 3 e HMnJEB-
IIpH n ep eB O fle s t h OTHomeHM BKciuumHpyioTCH,
ho
peJWTHB' Jier—
o n ycK a eT C H .
...
quand on prononoe un groupe appa, on p e r ? o it une d i f f d -
renoe e n tre l e s deux j>, dont l'u n corespond & une ferm etu re,
1*
Becond & une o u vertu re. Ces deux im pressions sont aasez analogues
pour qu 'on a l t repr4sent6 l a s u ite ££ par un seu l j> (Saussure, 8 0 ).
" ...
Korjta np0H3H0CHTCH sByKocoHeTaHHH
uiaeTCH pasJiHMHe Meauty
oöohmh
p,
hs k o t o p u x
Tiina
appa,
omy-
nepßoe cooTBeTCTByeT
CMKKaHHIO, a BTOpOe - paSMHKaHHD. BM6CT6 C T6M STH ÄB3 BnenaTJleHHH
HHCTOJIBKO CXOflHH, ’ITO IIOHHTHH CJIâH HSOÖpaxeHHJI COêTaHHfl pp QU—
KHM-eÄHHCTBeHHHM CHMBOJIOM " (
COCCIOP,
88 ) .
B cjiyq a e, Kor.na Ha nepBiifl iu ie h BuuBuraioTCH npoTHBHTeJn>HHe
OTHoraeHHH, b K an ecT B e peJiHTHBa b o $paHuyacKOM TeK C Te B CTpeiaeT& H
p o u rta n t,
Hape^He
HepeaKO n pew n ecT B yeM oe coiosom e t b (jfiyHKura
npHcoeAHHeHHH.
Toutea l e s f o i s que le s mfimea c o n d ltio n s sont r ä a lis ^ e s , on
ob tien t l e s raSmes e n t it ö s . Bt pourtant c e l l e a - o i ne sont p a a 'a b «t r a it e s ,
puisqu'une rue ou un exp ress ne se con $oiven t pas en de-
hora d'urfe r d a lis a t io n
m/uotch
oähh
m a t e r ie lle (Saussure,
151-152).
Kan ocymecTBJUnoTCH o ä h h h Te xe ycjiOBHH, nojiy-
"B c h k h ä p a s .
h T e * e cyuiHOCTH. H BM ecTe c TeM
bth
cynH ocTH He a ö c iv
paicTHH, n0T0M y h t o y jn m y hjih cK op u fl noesa HeJ ü a n c e ö e npeflCTBBHTB
une MaTepHa/iBHOü p ea jm sa u H H "
E o jie e T o r o .
Majio T o r o :
liymTCH c rpauyaJüHHMH.
iipiiiyieK afl BHHMaHHe
(Cocciop,
3 th peJiHTHBH b hiiojih h iot n p a rM a T ira e cK y » p oJ tt,
a n p e c a T a k 3Ha^HM0CTH npncoeÄHKHeMofl HH$opMa-
Uhh. 'X'paHyyscKHe SKBHBajieHTH i l
plus.
141 ) .
npHcoejoiHHTeJiBHHe 0TH0ineHHH kom öhhh-
y a p lu s, b ien p lu s , de p lu s, en
Cp.H anpH M ep:
- 63 -
"B 9tom Hauuia OTpaxeHHe oöieKTHBHaH saK0H0MepH0CTi> s n o x ii n o cT en eH H oe H3MeHeHue mhpobux chji b noJn>3y coiiH aiiH SM a.
Eonee Toro,
CTpaHH BUHyxAeHH
kek h
npeacKaauBaji B.M.IeHHH, KanaTaracTinecKHe
öujih
noÄTH Ha pasBimie
Ä6JI0BUX
OBHaeÄ c coioia-
JIHCTKMeCKHMH CTpaHaMH B H6BIWaHHHX paHee MaCttlTaöax"
( HOBOe Bpe
MH. 1 9 ).
C 'e a t .lb le r e f le t
d'une l o i objeotive de notre Ipoquei le
ohangement graduel du rapport des force s mondiales h l'avan tage
du ■ooiallam e.
I I y a plua: oomme Lfnlne 1 'a v a lt pr<vu, le a paya c a p lt a lia tea ont < t 4 o b llg la de d4velopper des re la tlo n a d 'a f f a i r e s
le a Etats s o c ia lis t o a aur une lo h e lle aana pr4o<dent
aveo
(Tempa nou
veau«, T9).
B onpeaeJieHHOM KOHTeKOTe Hape que mime
am w em w ,
n piicynm e peJMTHBaM aaH H ofl
A l 'l g a r d du Plan M arahall,
moxbt
npuoöpsTaTB
rp y iu iN :
dont toutea le a im plloatlona n '
tftalent paa enoore m anifestes, Maurioe Thorei usa d'une o rltlq u e
pnidente. I I f i t mfime une mlae au point publique pour dlsarouer
le Bureau du prease du p a r t l du congria qul, dana aon räauml,
»▼alt a o u a -titr4 "Le Plan U arah all pl&ge oociden tal" un paaaage
de rapport (Cogniot, 161).
"Mopiic Tope3 caeputaHHO KpHTHKOB&n "njiaH MapuiaJUia",
Bce
ac-
neKTH KOToporo no Koraja eine He öujih hchh. BoJiee T o r o , oh nydjnniHo
yTOTHM obok) no3numo h aesaByHpoBaji npecc-Öiopo cte3.ua,
KpTopoe
CB06M pesDMe oooTBeTCTByiomero pa3,uejia aomiaua najio nojisarojiOBOK
"3anajuw" njiaHa Mapoiajma" ( Kohbo, 2 0 7 ) .
b
MsyêHHe ceMaHTirtecKoro h ocoöeHHo nparM anraecK oro acneKTa
BHyTpHTeKCTOBux OTHomeHHft npeACTaBJweT ÖoJ&mofl HHTepeo He to jib k o
äjm npaKTHKH, ho h ju w TeopHH nepeBOAa, nepecTpanBajoute#
c b o r Me-
TOAOJiorinecKyn Öa3y Ha ochobö jih h tbhcth kh t o k c t b h KOMMyrantaTHB—
HOft JIHHTBHCTHKH.
CCHJIKH HA JWTEPATypy
1 . M .B .J n n o H . CMHCJiOBas C T p yK T yp a cjioähoto n p e ju io K e m w
T6KCT. -
M ,:H a y K a ,
1986. -
i
200 o .
2. PyccKan rpaMMaTrtKa. CHHTaKCHo. B 2 -x TOMax. - M .: Hayna,
1982. - T.2r 709 c .
■
J ß(1 _
UHTHpyeMan jnrrepaTypa
Cl.EaJuiH. OömaH
jihhtbhcthk £i h
$pa;njy3CKaH JiHHrBHCTHKa. BB&ne—
Hae //PtCTOpUH H3UK03HEHKfl XIX-XX BeKOB B OHepKaX H HSBJmeKKflX /
B.A.3BBTHHiieB. H .2. - M., 1965.
K.K o h b o . MaöpaHHHft n y T t. -
M .: üporpecc, 1980.
HoBoe BpeMH. - M., 1978. - #46.
A .C em e. TpH COOCIOPOBCKHO jih h tbh c th k h / / Hc t o p k h HSUKosHaHHrf
XIX-XX B e k o b
b
onepicax h HSBJie'teHHüx /B .A,3B8THHneB. H.2. -
.
1965.
fl.jje Coocnp. Kypc oömefl
jmhtbhcthkh
// TpyjH no H3HK03HaHm>.
- M. , 1977.
C h .B a lly . Llngulatlqua g4n4rala at lln g u la tlq u a fr a n c a la «. Barns, 1944.
O.Cognlot. P a rti p r la .' V o l.2. — P a ria i S oolalaa, 1978.
F.da Sauaaura. Coura da lln g u la tlq u a
gln tfrala. - P ariai
Payot, 1965.
A.Saohahaya. Laa t r o la lln g u la tlq u e a aauasurlennaa // A Gan«va Sohool Raadar ln L ln g u la tlo a . - Bloomington-London , 1969.
Tampa nouvaaux. - K, 1978. - N 4 6 .
E.fl.ripocKypHHa
CMHCJlOBOfl BUBOÄ H PABHOUEHHOCTb IIEPEBO.HA OPHTHHAJDr
• ■
Bonpocu BocnpHHTHH HHtJopMaiyiH T eca o cbhbehh c irpodJieMoft noHMMaHRH eMHeJia cooömeHHH, rioHHwaHne CMHCJia Bcer.ua npejwoJiaraeT
HSBJieêHHe cMHCJioBoro BUBO.ua, ocyuiecTBJmeMoe nepeboothkom Ha
HOBe 3HaHHH HHOCTpaHHOrO H3UKa
a TäKÄte 3HaHHH KOHTOKCTa
TeM, t t o
Hfl
00-
CBOJDC $OHOBbDC 3HEHHÄ H OIIHTa,.
COOdmeHHfl L i j Ilp o a ecc 3T0T SaTpyÄHHeTOÄ
He bcö b t ö k c t ö n o .'iy v a e T S K C iim tH T H oe B u p a x e im e ,
MHoroe
QCTaeTCH no^pasyMeBaeMUM, hmtuihuhthhm. CJie/iOBaTeJiBHo, H3BJieêKiie
CMHCJia
coodm em w
Hfl
h Bocnpopi3Be,aeHne ero cpeacTBaMH IIH np au-
noJiara»T aneKBaTHHil aHajina Toro, 'i t o coaepraiTCH b coodmemra
He T0JD.K0 B HBHOfl $ 0 p M 6 ,
HO H B HeHBHOÜ,
- 65 -
HMmiHUHTHOit.
Hfl
npn HCCJieAOBaHHH npoÖJieMH KMII-IIHiaiTHOCTH nOHBJmeTCH HeOÖXOÄHu o c T b npHöerHyTb k JiornKe, KOTopa« csasuBaeT UMnJimoiTHoe c noHfl-
THeM
HMiuiHKauHH, JioriraecKoll onepauKH, KOTopaa CHMBOJunecKH H30Ö—
pa*aeTCH "A — B ", r a e A - ajiTeiieaeH T, B -
KOHceKBeHT, 3naK —
oa-
HanaeT OTHOuieHne HMiumKauira.
ripHBJie'reHHe jio rm u t k a H a ra a y KOMMyHHKaixHH nosBOJnuio b b o c t h
B H3UK03Hal)He JIHHTBHCTlTWeCKMe ITOHHTHH HMTUIHKaTypH
( CMUCJlOBOrO
BUBOjia )
u npecynnoanuHM
KOTOpue,
ojiH aK o, npHHuminaJiiHo O T Jiina»TC fl o t J io n r e e c K o r o iio h h th h
(y c J io B iw o c m h c jic h h o c th BUCKa3UBaiaia ) ,
mouiHKauHH hjih ywo3aKJnoHemw. H M njm K am « n p e a n c u ia ra e T H aju rm e 3 K cnjtHiiHTHux MJieHOB A h B eTCH KaK J io rin ec K a H
aH T eu eaeH Ta h KOHceKBeHTa, b o n p e a e J M -
on ep au aa,
"cBHSUBaxmaH ABa bhcKa3UBam m b
oäh o c jio ä h o b BucKaauBaHHe c noMouiin J io r in e c K o fi cbhskm ,
KOTopofl
B OÖHMHOM fl3hlK6 B 3HaHHTeJIiHOtl M8p6 COOTBeTCTByBT COB3" 6 C J IH ...,
TO . . . "
: 8CJIH A ,
TO B " [ 2 l .
B OTJDIMHe OT JIOrHKH H3KK03HaHHe paCCMaTpHBaeT
(fopM yjry A —
HoiuennH,
B —
T peX 'U eH H yB
C, n ie B _ enKHCTBeHHufl 3KcmumnTHult hjibh o t -
Biipa*eHHull b coodm ew iH B epdaJü H o. A n p e c y n n o 3 H io w ,
Top an HMKoraa He aaeTC Ä b coodm em ra,
a jihuib n oap asyw eB aeT C H
xou
n03B0JliieT OCMUCJlHTb BKClUIJmHTHUfl HJleH B H CaeJiaTb H3 H e ro CMUOJIOBOft BUBOA C .
BnojiHe aaKoHOMepHuMH npeaciaBJUDOTCH
MJieHOB
3Toft
cJieaynuiie
onpeaeJiemw
(fopMyjiu: "... npecynno 3jmiw - b to 3KCiuuayipyeMHfl,noÄ-
pasyMeBaeMult OTnpaBHTeJieM cooömeHun
TaBJLHeT yCJIOBHß OCMUCJI6HHOCTH
iiMeoaerocH b hbhom Bnae b tckcto
a HMruiHKaTypa -
8?o"...
aHTeueaeHT (A),kotopu11 coo-
(CMUCJTOBOft ÜOJIHOTU)
BKCIUIHUHTHOrO,
KOHceKBeHTa B ( B oneayeT ns A ) f
KOMMymucaTUBHO peJieBaHTHH# cmhcjioboH bu-
boä npn Hajunmi sKciuumHTHoro aHTimeaeHTa h m a u m u H p y e M o r o (noapaayyeBaeMoro ) KOHceKBeHTa,
BUBoa, K 0T 0puÄ aeJiaeTCH noJiyâTeJieM
peneBoro cooöneHHH Kax Buöop H3 Toro Haöopa npecynnoaKuat, kotopue co 3 HaTeju>Ho hjih name noacosHaTeJüHo
;ow
OOOÖmeHHH H KOTOpue COCTBBJIHBT yCJIOBM
Ha 8tkx onpeaeJiemift cjieayeT,
-
hto
laauraKaTHBHOCTi cooö memm
b to "T e o p e n n e c K H bosmoxhuA Haöop npecynnosumilt", onpeaejwnuidl
" t o noTemmaJiBHoe m hoxbctbo mnuumaTyp, xoTopoe
H aTe«. c n o c o ö e H H3BJie<u> 13 naH H oro c o o ö m e m w
- 66 -
laeaaiHHfl nojiy-
I lo jiy H a T e J iB
fe n .io ,
cooötn era w
Ha WH a e J ia e T
n 0 Ä C 0 3 H a T 6 J n > H 0 . ü ep eB O O T H K x e ,
na ü 3 u k n e p e B o a a
Iruft n a d o p
(I lfl),
h octo h h h o
n p e c y n n o s H m r ft,
t e CMHCJI0BH6 BbfflOÄU,
H ou.eH H oro n oH H M a n iw
KaK irp a c
HMeeT B B i u y k b k m o jch o d o j i e e
noa pa syM eB aeM u x aB T opoM ,
Hfl
n os-
h B ep darasyeT
KOTOpUS HeOÖXOÄHMH J.IW K a K MOKHO d o j i e e p a B T eK C T a h o b u m
u c jiy v a r e ie u t h
PUBHOÄ CBH3H MeJUiy O Tpe3K aM H T e K C T a
T aK HanpuMep,
cM u cJ io B u e b u b o ä u ,
ocym ecT am u om n Ä n e p e B o a
od ecn en eH H H
H enpe-
I lfl.
mojcho npeanoJio*H Ti>, ^ t o
b H u secJ ieÄ yn qee BHCKa-
»HBaHHe:
"The miaslon haa been in Charge of native luiaaionariea
l ’ra t e r r ib ly norvoua that, they've le t thinga B ild e "
g h a m , 17).
aBTopoM
3 a jio *e H p an n p ecyn n o 3 n m rit -
feejieHira x e j i " ,
"MecTHHe MHCCHOHepu He c n o -
"o h h HeflocTaTO^HO TBepuw u C T p o ra b
ynpaBJWTB HaceJieHHeM ",
coöhu
"a H T J in flcra e MMccuoHepu He jiojukhu öh jih ocTaBJiHTb mh-
tcjno Ha CTOJii aoJiTHÄ c p o K "
h t.a . , m
SisBJieKaeT ojjH y HMnjiHKaTypy,
to
6h b o ä ,
K O T o p oro Kajondt nepeBcurunc
e c T t 3Kcruam npyeT KaKOÄ—t o
bo
noJiHOTe.
"M h c c o h o c T a M e H a Ha M H ccH O H epoB-TyseM iieB,
T fo
oähh
KOTopufl nosBOJiaeT noJijniaTe.flB o cm h cjd itb BHCKasHBaiuie
Bceft e r o
and
(W.S.Mau
ohh B c e 3anycTHJUi" (C .M 0 3 M .
h h
oêret ö o d c b ,
24).
"H oêm onacajocB, KaK du b mhccjm, yiipaBJiHeMoft Ty36MHUMH cbhmeHHHKaMH, He nojopBaJiact jmcmnuimia" ( B.C.Mora»«, 75 ) .
"HaM npm roci. nopjnaTt mhcchjo TyseMHHM MHCCHOHepaM, h MeHH
crpaJUHO BOJiHyeT mhcjü, vto ohh He CMor.ro yjepacaTL b n0BHH0BeHHH
nacoMHX" .
(C.Mosm, 6 0 ) .
OcTambHue iipecyTmo3mxHH,
nepeJieBajJTHHMH m h
n o MHeHmo n ep eB O ^ H K O B ,
0 K a 3 a racB
aKciunncainiH h o c T a r a c t b t b k c t g n ep e B o a a
b
HMTUIHUHTHOM BJUie.
Bnpa*eHH6 "to get ona'a own board" BO $pa36
"She haa
taken the room, th a t'a a l l " - answered the tra d e r. "She'a gettln g
her own baard"
(W .3 .Maugham, 16).
npejuiojiaraeT b KanecTBe A
MyjiH,
npecynno3imHH )
hjih xo jottb b pecTopaH ,
-
( KMn;mmiTHoro *uieua Tpex’UieHHofl $ o p -
He M TaTBCH y x o 3 hhhe,
roTOBHTi. caMOMy
HMeHHO TaKyx H3HKOByTO peaJiH3aipn) noJiyqaeT
CMHCJioBofi BUBoa b ÄByx n epeB o,u ax:
- 67 -
"OHa TOJOjKO OHHJla KOMHaTy,
y MeHH OHa He O yjeT"
0TB6THJI TOpTOBOH. " CTOflOBaTbOfl
(C.M oöm, 23 ) .
"OHa T0JtbK0 cHHJia KOMHaTy, a odeA dyneT r0T0Bnn> caM a", OTBeHaji ToproBeu"
( B .C .M o ra «, 73 ) .
üpa aHajraae nepeBOAOB hboÖxoähmo npHHHMaTb bo BHHMaHHe t o t
$4Kt, h to ecjrn JiorinecKHfl
bhboa B ceraa xo ctk o AeTepMHHHpoBaH, t o
nnuomaTypu, nepeaaBaeMue BepdaittHHMH cpeacTBaMH, ho MoryT duTb
BupaxeHu c TaKofl xe HeTKocTbD b cimy ocoöeHHOcTefl ecTecTBSHHoro
.HeJioBeMecKoro Hansa, ra e rpaHHKH mbxay hohhthhmh B ceraa pasMHTU
i
He onpeaejieHHH [_4 ~ ] . OTcnAa, b h bcthocth, oJieayeT, hto a d o o -
JDOTHO TOHHOrO, 0AHHCTB0HHO BOSMOXHOrO CnOCOÖa
BHpaXÖHHfl CMHCJla
ooodmeHHH MH cpeacTBaMH I1H He cymecTByeT. Id a0&ctbht6JQ>ho, n e p e boahhkh h bcto npeAJiara»T
paBHoueHHue, ho pasjurauue no BepdaJCbHO-
My o4«p»4JieHHD BapHaHTu nepeaann cMucJioBoro BHBoaa. Ananasoh p a o -
Z0U6HHH M0X6T ÖUTt PB3HKM B 3&BHCHM0CTH OT BO3M0XH0CT6# I1H, CT6nerai ododmeHHocTH tun kohkpbthocth CHTyaura, onxcaHHofl HH,
oco-
ÖeHHOCTefl ({XDHOBbDt SHaHHfl ÜOJlyMaTeJIH H T .n .
A H & U 3 paaJiHMHttx nepeBOAOB c>ÄHoro h T o r o x e
noxaau B aeT,
h t o c no3ioiHfl
noJW$HHaJCbHoro
orpesK a t s k c t b
ncuoroAa x KOHeHHOMy
BapüaHTy b napeBOAe AonycTHM a JDodafl cmohb AeHOTaTOB npn ycJiOBUü,
HTO OMHCJIOBOtt BUBOA, KOTOpHÄ ABJiaeT nOJlyHaTeJtb npH BOCnpUHTHH
pasHux Bap»aHTOB nepeBO Aa, o c T a e T c n H6H3MeHHO Taiuni x e xax b Hfl1
,
CpaBHHBaH ABa n epeB O Aa:
" I aekad Hati "You thlnk l s tru « a l l th la talk Kddoaa g iv in g
u ( about how women ruitnlng a f t e r hlm?"(V .S .N a lp a u l. 93).
"K s lk -to h cn p o c iu X o tb :
"KaK tu Ayuaemb, s t o npaana,
h to
xbmbhhu 3 a a o cy n p o x o jy He AaPT?" ( B.C.HaftnoA, noBecTH, 9 9 ).
"KaK-TO h cnpauiHBaio XBaTa: "CJiyiaafl, a 3 aaoc ho aarH öaeT, d y A t o xeHiiiHHM K H6MY t b k
h JiiuiHyT?"(B.C.HaftnoJi. y jim ia . 77 ) .
moxho saMBTHTb, h to npecynnosiim iH "S ahoc nonyjw peH , HpaBHTCfl xa x —
Binhem" 3KcnJimmpyeTCfl b nepeBOAaz npn noMoui» p asH oro AsuxoB oro MaTepaaJia. OAHaxo
b AaHHofl cHTyaium "He AaBaTb npoxoAy - .ranHyTb"
MOXHO CHHTfiTb KOHTOKCTyaJIbHO CHHOHHMHHHUMH, B3aHM03aU6HHeMUMH B a -
pHEHTaMH BepdajiBHoro 0(Jx)pMJieHHfl OAHoro a Toro xe CMHCJioBoro buboaa«
KOHTBKCTyaJIbHafl CHHOHHMHfl KaK HBJI8HM8 nepeBOOTeCKH 8HHHHM08,
XOBO^bHO HacTO HadJiBAaeTCfl b nepeB oaax, HanpHMep:
- 68 -
"...I
naver trla d
”...
oöxoakj
h
to bacome frla n d ly with h im "(V .3 .Ia lp a u l,2 2 ).
e ro
" . . . fl A e p x a jic f l
ctopohoB
n ero
ot
"<
B .C .lia fln o J i.;io B e c T H ,
n o A a jih u ie "
(
3 1 ).
D .C .H a W iio J i.y jm u a f/ jrre ju ., 2 4 ) .
B cJie^ymmeM npuMepe HcnojibaoBaHHe KOKBepcuBa "KynwTb - npounTb"
"Oaorge Bold a l l h l « oowa to H a t'’ ( V . 3 . N alpaul , 2 5 ) .
"jjKopjDS
"H
•’? )
TyT * e
X3T
n e-n aeT
'y n y T
iipoAHJi K opoB
v
k y iik ji
neptJHO/iu
no
kath
,.ôp^!K a
X sTy
Bcex
p aB H o n e
hhkmh,
C'THaiieHne
C -fle-raa"
KoHBepcHH
b
xopoB"
(
IIoßecT H ,
3 4 ).
B .C J la t t n n jiH.y jiH iia .
TaK Kax a c c o u n a n H H
Biinîne oiipejiflJieHnoM y
KynJLfl-iipojiwua —
(B .O .H a fln c u i.
e ro
uoJiyHaTeJW
nanpaBJieKwo"
-
Kynmi
n e p e n o ji a x .
oöohx
xafjaK T ep vtayxT
h äb«
riepeno-aa B n p u M e p e:
"tfhen *ra so» Nathanlal h« would Juat nay" Juat been beatlng
äome aenae lnto that woman" ( V.S .Nalpaul , 37 ) j
"IIo to m
H aT an n :u ib
Jty" ( B .l'.M a H n o J i.
"tlaTHHunJib
CMHC.ioBHe
hkh
aB ycTopoH H eB
n p yra ,
"r> < n Tb
roro,
K TOMy E e
no
KpH&uefl
cnoHaJiOM
y v y -p n ^ y v y
to,
m to
x o T a fl
"I
a ll
M epe,
the time"
rao o K n ab i.
^ypb
h to
n ep eB O A n B c
okh
ape-
HMiuirampyiOT j i p y r
BUKOJUW HBaTh".
BHCK/i?uBaHHH n o JiBycTopoHitefl
k oh k p öth om
3TKX
to m k »
C B e j i e iw «
K O H T eK cre
noHMMnerc.fl n p e jw e T
hx
nu cK a3kiB aH H H .
KOMMyHHKauHM,
H B T o p ,n i o .i y n n p y f l
KMmai-
K 0.nH0My H H T eH cw oH aJiy,
ee
( H o ä H R T eH c o jie p x a H n e ,
iiam ibifl c m u c j i ) .T a K ,b
npu M epe
( V . S . N nlpaul, H7 ) .
ni/M
on
ii1 .uiuwaeT? ( B .C .H a fln o J l.
xboct
i’IoBecTH I
'.O )
,
;!aJlno.n, J '.'im ia
kiv, ;.h ... ;>>i p>u;om,
M iire .ib ,
71 '
".■ 'o h t c h ",
THMIV
b ÄamiOM n p u M e p e ,
m to C H Tyaunn yn o T p eö J ieK U H
p a c c M O T p e m ie
B osM ox H O C T b
C K «:tH Tb
M3 nee RHKOJia-
tMnk when he wlth I.aura he pot hla t a l l between hla la g a
"M n.aaTb,
■
b
’. ia e c b
" OriBTb flypb
H O K asu naeT,
HMnjrHKanjm
i i p e J in o J ia r a e T
MaJiocTb y w y - p a 3 y -
'*;•<>.
71).
! aBHi'URHHocTb nepeB<'ÄOB
k s iih h
" ioym ui e e
H 3BJieKaeM w e n o jiy v a T e J ie M
u 3a c s e T
0 ;iH H a K 0 B a ,
:
p iw u :
yîm ia
n u n o jiu ,
T a io ite
a u p a x e m ifl
h /i m
vs p ac c ica n H ,
n0T0M HeOpexHO
iiigaJi" ( B .O .Ü a ttn o J i.
■oR nauanr
o Ov h c i u u i
.loB ecT H
>'• -XNUHeH,
«
xoth
2.
He r o
n 'i e i‘ii.:;iio ,
mypmunm
»to
T p H c y T c a ". ( B .C .
n n p re n n in x
h nepnoM n e ^ B O A e
Bl! BTO[<tM 3AMeH6H nOJIHOCTbB.
-
tVJ -
c o rrw n e H
lia ö o p jieHOTaTOB
B JipyTOM K0HT6K—
ot «
sth x e
"noAXHMaTi
am
nepeBOAH Moroni du OKaaaTicfl HepasHoiteHHUMH, Tax KaK
xboct"
iweeT AouoJiHHTeJiiHHfl OTTeHOK "yH iixaT ica",
hto
AaHHoro KouTexoTa hbjih6tch coBepmeHHo orrpaBAaHHUM cmucjiobum
buboaom .
An» paBHQueHHofl nepeAau« cxucôBoro b u b o a b
He
nepeBOA^HWi
paak o c 'm t a b t bosmoxhum saMeHHTB oakh oöpa3 Ha Apyrott ( Kax b n p e AunymeM npmiepe)
T ax,
HanpuMep,
hjih b b o c t h odpas tsm ,
"Thia lady d ld n 't f i t
a tra a t"
s t o noACKaaaHO I1H,
tab
«not to f i t
nepesoAe Bupaxerow
b
in *
in with the r a »t of ua in Hlgual
(V .3 .Nalpaul, 102);
"3Ta AaMa hbho Btineûmach
cpbam
hhc. odHTaTeJie# M u reJa-O T jai*
(B.C.HaftnoJi. ÜOBecTH ...1 0 9 ) »
"Ha yjiime MureJii-CTpHT xemiHHa dmia deJioil bodohoA"
HaftnoJi. yju m a.. . ,
( B.C.
85 ) .
oda nepeBOAa, hocmotph Ha apyrott cpaarntTeJüHO c Hfl Haöop AeHOTaTOB, HBHO yxasUBaDT Ha OAKH HHTBHCHOHaJI "ÖUTk H6 TEKO& KaK B O «,
He BnHCUBaTbcü", CkteHa AeHOTaTOB np« saweHe odpaaa, Hanpiwep:
1
"Wa a l l knaw that Bddoaa waan't a man to ba playad w ith ". (V .
3 .Nalpaul, 94).
"Bce mu 3Hajm, h to 3aaoyc He H3 podKoro AecHTKa" t B.C.Ha#-
1
nom, IloBecTH. , , ,
"Mu
78)
sh & iu i :
bbao t
100 ) .
3m o y c -
x noflBJieHHB
to
3a ceda ü o c t o h t". (B.C.HaftnoJi. y jn m a..'.
h obux ,
j
He CBottcTBeHHUx odpaay opicrHHajia
aoooQxam il, KOTopue HeflTpaJU!3yi>TCH
tbm ,
hto cmucjiobu 6 bhboau
Ha
Ilfl OCT8JOTCH B C$ep« A6ÜCTBHH HHT6HCHOH£Ula BUCKa3UBaHKfl - "o STKM
êJIOBSKOM H8AO ÖHTB OCTOpOXHee, myTHTb C HHM He CJieAyeT” .
HepeAKo npn nepepadoTxe HmJwpMaiyw no jiorinecKOHjr napaiaerpy ■
moxho
HadJmaaTk
b
nepeBOAe n e p e io «
odoaHananoHz npeAMem,
a o Bctbh /i ,
b
Apyr Apyra cMexHux noHHTrt,
npusnaKB,
"Ha t o l d a y m o t h a n " T h ia boy b r lu h t
c octoüh k x .
Hanpooiept
11k« a n y t h in g , m a'am " (V.
S.H aipaul, 7 4 ).
■y MBJtLHHKa CBOTJiaH roJioBa. msm " . - ooodmxji
C.HataoJi, rioBCCTH.. . ,
oh
uo et uaTepH (B ,
I
8 0 ).
"HpesBinaflHo cnocodHuft
hbjo^ h k ,
" - oxasa*
oh uh «
” (B.C .H ainoJi, '
J jo o » , . . 5 8 ) .
IIpxsHax «HTJüdioxoro opuriHaJia " b r l g h t "
70
-
ooxpaimeTCJi
bo
n o p o ii
nepeBoae "cn ocod H H # ", a b nepBOM saMeiwoTCH Ha o ö ib k t , h t o t o t «
flBJWeTOÄ BOSMQXHHM BapHBHTOM, ÖJiaTOÄapH JtOTHKO—CeMaHTHHBOKO# C M —
SB noHHTHfl "cnocodH H Ä" HIBaeTCH K
OdiBKIJ,
"cBeTJiaH rcuioB a". IIpasHaK 8Äeci> npnpa&-
HO KOHeHHOfl HMTUDJKaUIIH 8TO H8 HapymaeT, TaK
khk coêTarate npii3HaKa h oO teK Ta KMHeTCfl chmhm pacnpocTpaiieHHHM
coêTaimeM
b oKpyxajouie# neJioBeica ae0CTBi!TeJLi>HOCTH: c tohkh a p o -
b h josycTopoHHeft HMnjiHKaiuiH
"cBewraH roJioß a"
uenoKKa " b r i g h t "
-
npm epe noÄOÖHan uenoMKa HaHHHaeTCH c " b r a in s "
"rcuioBa" -
"cnocoOHutt" -
tom öoaoe He BusimaeT coMHemw. B CJieAjrameM
"cnocoöH H Ä"
"I always say i t ,
Ha HH -
" b r a ln ■ ',-
:
and X aaylng i t agaln now, thia boy E lla «
have too muoh b raln a"
(V.S.NaipauX, 33).
"fl Bcerjia roBopHJi h oimtb noBTopn : y aToro napHH rojioBa
H840b
(B.C.Hafinoji, ÜOBecTH
"Hto
h
roBopHJi : cnocoÖHeftnmfl MEün>HHK". (B .C .H a Ä n o J i,y jn m a ...3 5 )
IIpn nepeBOAe MoryT peajrn30BaTLCfl
OOCTOHHH0
h
A p y n ie OTHomemw, Hanpmiap
( opHTHHaJi) - n pouecc (nepeBoa.)
"But DoXIy waan't dead"
:
(V.S.NaipauX, 163).
"K cnacTM ) ilojum BtamJia " (
B.C.HaftnoJi, IloBecTH . . . 167).
"Ho Aojudt BMKUia" (B .C .H a to o J i, yjiim a . . .
hjih C0 CT0HHH6
"It
w a a n 't
( opHTHHaJi) -
ÄeflcTBHe
noBecTH . . .
M aHro eme hb n o cn eJ m " .
(B .C .H a M n o ji,
K o r a a yM epjia Muco Xh j it o h "
(B .C .H a itn a J i,
8 5 ).
E wjH oaym ife
ch
144 ) .
nepeBoa ) :
, 1 0 7 ).
'T U o ju j eme hb c03 peJin .
....
(
the mango a e aa o n when M iaa H iX to n d i e d " ( V . S . N a i p a u X ,
T O ifK o r a a Mhcc X h jito h y w e p jia ,
Yjinua
hto
41 ).
n ep eb oäm h k ob b npHHHTira pem eH iw m o m t o ö m c h h t v -
oco ö e>m o cT H M « Ilfl.
ycJioBHO npHHHMELH 3a TOHKy (JopMHpoBaHon nepeBoaa t o coctohhh b
CHTyaUHH, KOTOPOB 38AaH0 BHCKa3UBaHH6M opHTHHaJia, nepeBOAHHK
*e? pa3BHBöTB CHTyaumo, rrpoHrptiBafl eS b paaHHX HanpaMBHHHx
MOno
och npHHHHa-CJieACTBHe, Hanpwnep :
"She knocked him about a Xot and dld ao qulte openly now" (V.
S.KatpauX, 8 9 ).
"OHa He pa3 KcuioTHJia b t o n p in e M T e n e p t y B c e x Ha b h j y " ( B.C.
MftitnoJi. IloB ecTH ... 9 5 ) .
- 71 -
"KojioTiua oHa ero H e m a jn o ,
C .HAflnoJi, y jiim a
oö
btq m
T e n e p t b c h y jim ia 3 H ajia" ( B,
73)*
B nepBOM BapaaHTe nepeBOOTHK He paaBHBaeT cHTyamno Hfl, o o TaBJum nepeßoa b JiorviKO-ceMaHTiriecKOM ncuie aeftCTBHH HHTeHCHOHaJia
opKTHHajia nyTew HcnoJiksoBamiH cxo/woro no oökeMy iiohhthh " t o knoo,
about o p en ly" - "KojioTUTk y Bcex na Bmiy", KüTopoe BusuBaer coot-.
»«TCTRyHny» uMnJiHKaTyyij', to ecTk, anaJiorirMHbitt cmuc-hoboA buboa.
Bo btoi'OM BapnatiTe Vpaaa "bch yjiima 3Ha/ia", oaHa>iaeT ripuMeHUTeJihHO k TeKCTy op«mHajia y * e pesy^HTaT, w ieacT B iie ns toM CHTy-
aium, mto Koro-To
"k o jioth t y Bcex Ha B uny". PaBHoarmocTb a o c t * -
raeT o« ne pebojimmkom na ocuonaHH« JiorHMecKoro pa3BHTHH CHTyaium
KH
b
I1H -
"ecju i MeJioßeKa otkputo kojiotat ( y Bcex Ha B iw y),
to
o<1
•TOM SHaeT BCfl yJIHUa".
Tax,
npuMepe:
b
"Soraeona ln the a tr e e t (n o t me) poleCined the A la a te a n a ".
( V .3 .Nalpaul, 2b).
"K to-
to
I
hs
n ) QTpaBHJi
OBMapoK"
( B.C.HaflnoJi, IIobocth . . ,3 4 ),
"O bhhpKH C.HOXJ1M, BH4HMO, KTO-TO QTpaBHJi" ( B. C.HaflnOJI, yjIH U a...
28)
b
nepBOM iiöpenojie cHTyamw opnrnnajia coxpajifleTCfl. Cmhcjiobo#
■uboa noJiyMaTeJik AeJiaeT na ocHoaaHHM SHaHioi
hm
peajitHofl ÄeBcTB«-
T6JU.H0CTH [ "9CJ1M KTO-TO OTpaBMJI OOÖaK, 3H&MMT OHM CJIOXJIH". I 00ofluieHMe " kto - to oTpaßiu ooflax" HeHsrtexHO oaHaxaeT " cjioxjih* .
bTopo# nepeBon oojiepxHT Ty * e cauyv uenoMicy, ho oöa «8 HJeHa
aupaxeHU BepOankHo, npiwMHa m cji«jictbh6 npHcyTCTByx>T b oahom npefl—
JtoxeHUi : "OBMapKH cjioxjim —
kt o - t o kx OTpaBVUl".
IlepeBojiMMK MoxeT n p o H riM M T k cwTyauwo «
ojiHy *3 npecymio-jKunÄ
H asan ,
sKciL/uaufpy«
aBTopa, opnmHaji *e b tbkom c-nynae npeji-
CTa&JiROT no OTHotoeHMD k TöKt'Ty nepeBoaa cJioJicTBHe, HanpMMep:
" I d o n 't thlnk an* o f ua undtratood what Hat m e a n f
paul, kh ) .
"Jlwi Hac 8TQ
Omjio c^kiiikom My^peHo"
(V .S .N a l
(B .C .H a fln o ji.y jn m a .. . ,5 0 )
Haeck oMenmiHo h&k traue upimiiHHO—cji6Jictb6hhux OTHOuieHHlI mox-
Mf
OTpesKaMH TeKCTa Hfl m llfl
• "none o f ua underatood"
: " t b k khk öujio MyapoHo" - npmjHHa,
- "HMMoro He HÖH/UM* - CJiejlCTBMe.
(UiHano nojiwfiHHajbHiJt nojuoa k nep«Boay
npeJinojiaraeT,
mto
TdXOt peUIBHH« He MOXA! paCCMaTpMBaTkC* Kax SJIUHCTBeHHO BOSMOXHOa
- 72 -
i oKOinaTeJüHoe. Ä pyro# BapaaHT nepeBOAa noATBepxAaeT
bto:
JU KTO-HHdyjQ> H3 HaC nOHHÜ TOTAa, HTO X0T6JI CKa3aTI> Xs t "
Hataoji, ÜOBecTH . . . ,
JUw n o jq n a T e jn
jTAepxHBasT e r o
"B p w
(B .C .
72 )•
b th
nepeBOAH öyayT paBHoiieHHii,
cmhcjiobo 8 b u b o a b
t b k kok ohh
AonycTHMHX npeAQJiäic onncHBaewot
öxTyaimH.
HeoÄHOSHa'iHOCTL, BapnaöeJU>HOCTi> nepeBOOTecKoro pememw
AOU KOHKpSTHOM
a,
CJ^pi&e
Koraa Ha Tpex cooömeHHfl -
opHTHHaJia h AByx nepeBOÄOB - moxho
nocTpoHTB JiomKO—HMiuiHKaTHBHoe coodqeHHe A — »- B — * £ ,
tb k c t oparHHajia
puö
x a*-
b
TQX CJlyHar-
0C0Ö6HH0 OTêTJIHBO npOHMHBTCfl B
( TO'uca oTC êTa
jvw
rfle B -
$opMHpoBamm n ep eB O A a),
koto -
BCTynaeT b JiormieoKiie oTHomeHHH c TeKCTaMU nepeBOÄOB no AByii
npoTHBonojio*HHM HanpaBJieHaHM : ocjih 3T0 HanpaBJieroie " s n e p e A " ,
to
OAHH H3 nepeBOÄOB COAepjRHT 9KCIUmiXHTHO BUpaXeHHUtt CMHCJIOBOÄ BHBOA
C, t o ect l B HMoraniHpyeT C . Ecjih x e s t o HanpaBJiemie
"H a a a fl" -
TorAa cau ’uieH othoiushha B c te h o b u tc h cmucjiobum bhboaom H3
JöttWTHO BupaxeHHoro
aHTeueAeHTa A . TaK,
bkcii -
npuMepe:
b
"The oreaBea on hie trouaera wer* ftlwava eharp and clean and
•traight" (V.S.Nalpaul, 27).
"0 npflMue ocTpye cTpeJiKH e r o dpnx
moxho
diuio nope3BTBCH"
(B .
C.HaflnoA, ÜOBecTH, 36 ) .
"Epotxh OTVTPKeHH. Oes eAHHoro nHTHuniKa" (B.C.Hattnoji, yjuma...
29 ) coOTOflHHe ÖpioK • "aharp and clean and atraight "
HBJiaeTCH pe-
syjitTaTOM Toro, hto ohh "oTyTBxeHu" h oTyraxemj TaK xopomo,
hto
mokho cAeJiaTB buboa - " o npHMue CTpeJiKH moxho nope3aTLCH". ’LneH
oTHomeHHH A
"öpnKH OTyTKnieHu" He A8H b TeKCTe opHTHHaJia, ho ne-
P6B0AHHK BHAHT, HTO T8K8H npeCynn03HUHH 6CTB H CHHTaOT B03M0XHHM
•B 3KciuiHUHpoBaTB,
npoBBA« JiornHecKy»
cbhsb "npiiHHHa—cji6Actbh6 " .
Bt ®p o # nepeBOA^HK hsbjiök cmhcjioboä bhboa hs SKCiuumiiTHoro B,
npuHHB sa aHTeueAeHT "eharp"
opHTHHaJia -
"ecjm octpho cTpeJotH,
ma'iHT moxho nopesaT& cfi".
H^cm otpr Ha
to ,
6t T&KCTa opHTHHaJia
oboähtch
ih t b
)
hto
b
oda nepeBOAa xax du pa3BeAeHH
Jiormecxoft nocjianoBaTeJiBHocTH,
x HHTeHCHOHajiy "aicxypaiHO
He noTpeöynT co
cto po h u
oaot" ,
h
(
b
ohh
k e k moxho
cto po h u
Jierxo
npeanoao-,
noJiyqaTeJM Aon ojihhtsjibhhx ycHJnrtf
- 73 -
JVK OCMHCJieHHH BHCKa3HBaHHfl; KaatHHÄ nepflBOfl M 6 T flOCTaTO’IHO n o » «
hob
npeacTaBJieHHe od orwcmaeMoft cHTyaipm.
IIOÄOdHMe OTHOineHHH Me*Äy COOÖmeHHHMH
JieOTTb h Ha cJieaynueM npuMepe:
MH H UH
MOXHO n poo-
"We saw a ehanged man in the oourt" (V .S .N a lp a u l, 6 3 ).
mh
y B iw e .m Kax o h C X3t ) HSM eHm tca" (B .C .H a to o a ,
■ "B cyjte
BecTH
Ilq-
167).
"Ha cyn e mh He y3Ham XBaTa" ( B.C.HaÄncui, yjmiia..., 144 ) , r * |
nepBHll nepeBoa npejmoJiaraeT, hto "eora êJioBeK hsmöhmch, to a
cyae mh yBnne.ra apyrorö, He noxoxero Ha npexHero, *ieJiOBeKa « (a
ohanged man), a BTopofl nepeßoa pasBHBaeT cHTyamro xanune no JiorinecKOMy npn3HaKy "TaK KaK afo dun 'lejioBeK, Henoxomril na cedn,
mh ero He y3HanHn. Xoth cHTyamw 3jteci> onncHBaeTGH o pa3Hux toMeK apeHHH, BocnpHHTKe nepeBoaoB noJiynaTeJieM 6 y x e r cxoähhm,TaK
kbk TeKCTH nepeBOÄOB coBnauawr c npeweTHo-TeuaTinecKHM noneu u h
CKaSHBaHHH OpHTHHaJia, ÄBJIfTOTCH paSHOBHUHOCTHMH OJXHO# H TOft xe
C H T yau H ».
H3JtoxeHHue b p a d o T e pe3y;n>TaTH a H a jo is a noaBcuunoT cfleJiaT b sa>m araeH H e o t o m , h t o npH n e p e a a q e cM u cJioB oro BHBO,na n e p e B o j m r a M H
pe#KO Hcnojn>3yioT pa3H idl h 3 h k o b o ö M aT ep aa n ,
0 jm aK 0 B o c n p u rrH e b h -
CKaauBaHKH ncuiynaTeJin UH o c t b ö t o h Heii3MeHHO t o m m e, h t o i
nepeBO.ua o j w o r o
I )
BHCKa3HBaHKH M o ry T c w r a r a c Ä
ohh HMnjiHunpy»T
itpyr
K p y ra ,
HH. ü m
paBHotieHHHMH,
noAnaoTCH npoBepne no
e o jm
asy-
CTopoHHe# HMtumKaroDi;
2)
HeH8M6HHHM OCTaÖTCfl
3)
XOTH H C pa3HHX TOHeK 3 P 6 H M ,
HHT6HCH0HaJI BHCKa3UB8HHH HH J
BaeTCH 8KCTpanHHTBHCTHHeCKaA CHTyaiptH,
HO flOCTaTOHHO HOJIHO
OOHOIH
SattaHHfl HH.
CCUIKM HA JWTEPATypy
1. JI.A.HepHaxoBCKaa. MH$opMaiiHOHHHfl HHBapHaHT cmhcjib TeKCTa
BapHaHTHocTB ero nsuKOBoro BupameHHa: ABTope$. äh cc ...aoKTopa
(ftuicui.HayK/MTTWJlfl HM.M.Topesa. - H., 1983. - 34 c.
2 . H.H.KoHgaKQB. J lo m e c ia ril cJioBapi. - M .: HayKa, 1971. h
655 c .
3.
niKOJia,
r.B.êpHOB. Ochobh CHHxpoHHoro nepeBoaa. - M .: Buciuaa
1987. - 256 o .
- 74 -
4t B.B.Hajnnnnw. BepoHTHoeTHaH MOAeJDb H3UKa. - M. : Hayxa,
1979 - 271 c .
UüTHpyeMaH JiHTepaTypa
V .S .N a ip a u l. Miguel S t r e e t .- L i Penguin booka, 1959.
B.C.Hafinan. ü ob cc t h h paccKaaH. - M .: Panyra, 1984.
B.C.Hataooi. yjnma MareJü. - M .: M3BecTHH, 1984.
W.S.Maugham.Collected Short S t o r ie s . - LsPenguin boolts,1966. •
C.M03M.
äox ab h
apyTHe paccKaaH. - M .: XyAoxecTBeHHa« jaiTepa-
rypa, 1964.
B.C.MoraM. IlpaBHTOJn. ooTpoBa Tanya. - JI. :3euna
h
jodäh,
1927.
C.MoraM. KopoJü Tanya. - JI.: Heßa, 1927.
JI.Ü.BaranoBa
COIIOCTABMTEIILHHtl AHAJM3
$OPM/UMO-CMUCJIOBOH CTPyKTyPU BblCKA3HBAHMtt
IIPH ÄByH3kWH0li KOMMYHUKALtM
Oahoä H3 BaxaettmHX aaAan Teopira nepeBo.ua, KaK h sb octh o, h b JiHeTOA pacxpHTBe cymHOOTH BKBHBaJieHTHHx oTHCwieHMÄ MexAy c o A e p x a hh6m oparHHajia h nepeBOAa. SKBHBaJieHTHOCTB oaHaMaeT, npeaw e b c ö r o , HAeHTHHHOCTB OMUOJIOBUX 9A6M6HT0B, COCTaBJIfDOaUOC COAepxaHHe
T6KCT0BHX eAHHKll.X, CJ16AOBaT6JIBHO, 3£Waâ 3aKJD0HaeTCH B TOM, HTO—
ÖH BHHeJDITB OMHOJIOBUe 8JI8M6HTH B OpHTMHaJIÖ H BHÖpaTB eAHHHUH n e peBOAHOTO flauKa, Bupaxanque T a w ie x e sJieMeHTU cMucJia b nepeB O A e.
B HacTOflmeft CTaTBe paccMaTpHBaeTcn oahh hs cn o co öo B y c T a n o B JleHHH OTHOmeHHfl CMUOJIOBOft
( aHTJIHÄCKH# H3HK )
SKBHBaneHTHOCTH B TeKCTe OpHTHHema
H T6KCT6 nepeBOAa
( pyCCKüfl H3HK )
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BHCKa3HB8HHH - BHHBJI8HH6 KOppeJlflTHBHOCTH eTO CMHCJIOBHX KOMnOHBH—
TOB. '
OCHOBOft A M BUA6JI0HBH BHCKaSUBEHHlt B T6KCT6 CJiyXHT
MßTOA
CMHCJiOBoro a iu u n sa TCKCTa, paspaöOTaHHHfl JI.A.MepHftxoBCKott [ 1^ .
OAHHM H3 JUDOHeBHX nOHHTHÄ STOTO MOTOAa HBJIH6TCH II0HHTH6
- 75 -
CMHCJla
TeKCTa, onpeueJweMoro rem n cm m ecK o o oToöpajteHne cerMSHTa BHeH3HKOBO# CHTyaiOIH B C03HEHHH HHUHBIWa IipH BSaHMOAeltCTBHH «PO $0HOBOrO 3HaHHH ( H3HKOBOÄ KOMII6T6HIIHH, KOMneT6HUHH B OdJIECTH OÖcyawaeMoro npe^MeTa) h ynopwioHeHHoro Haöopa hshkobhjc ewuam.
B KaîecTBe CTawiapTHoit to k cto b o ä
aiiBaHHe" xy
npeAnaraeTCH "bhoksm
TeKCTOBO# 0Tpe30K, BimeHHeMHft H3
tö k cte
no uejioMy pn—
CMUCJIOBHX H $OpM£Un>HHX KpHTepHCB. TaKOft T0KCTOBHÄ 0TP680K, d y -
ÄSTlJt BHJleJleHHHM H3 TeKCTa, COXpaHHOT 0CH0BHU6 e r o CBOÄCTBa,
TO
eCTB HBJ1H6TCH OCMHCJleHHOÄ KOMMyHHKETHBHOft eÄHHHUeft, COeÄHHHOTeft
b ced e rpaMMaTinecKHfl,
c m h c jio b o ä h n p a rM a T in ecK H Ö npHSHarai. BuoKa-
auBOHHe KaK coaepacaTeJiBHaH e a iiH im a T eK C T a HMeeT cbohmh cocTaBJMDuihmh
eMHeJioBue m m HH$0pMaiiH0HHHe k om cio h o h th : hmh "n p e ^ M e T a " p e -
dUTH&HHft, npOCTpaHCTBeHHHÄ, BpeMeHHOfl, MOAaJtbHHfl K0MI10H6HTH,
a Tarate k o m ü o h c h t " c b o U c t b o " , coodmatomuft KanecTBeHHue xapaKTepHCth k h
"npeÄMeTy" pe^H. KpHTepneM, onpeaeJwuqHM rpaHHuy M ew y bhcke-
bhbehhhmh, HBJiHeTCH CMena x o t h du oiw o ro hs BumeHasBaHHux HH$opMaimOHHHX KOMÜOHeHTOB, 38 HCKJIBH0HH6M KOMÜOHeHTa
H H $0 pM aijH 0 H H u e KOMIlOHeHTU B u c K a su B a H H H ,
jio B y w
cTpyK Typy,
p a x e ro a e
He B c e r it a
b n p e a e J ia x a a H H o r o
KOMIlOHeHTU M o r y T
cm u c-
h H e 0 d H 3S T eJiB H 0 n o J iy ^ a n T H 3 U K 0 B 0 e b h bu ckeshbeh hh.
H eK orop u e
HH$ 0 pM auH 0 HHue
ÖHTB n p eflC T B B JieH U MMIU1HUHTHO H BOCnOJIHHBTCH JIHH-
rB H C T H ^ eC K H M K 0 H T 6 K C T 0 M ,
n o J iy M a T eJ M
"CBOftCTBO".
od pasyxm H e e r o
C H T y a ilH e #
0dUJ6HHH,
(fOHOBHMH SHaHHHMH
H H $ o p M a iy m .
B CBH3H C T6M, KTO MeTOÄ CMHCJIOBOrO EHaJIM3S T6KCTB COêpXHT
*16TKH6 KpHTepHH BUAeJieHHH KOMMyHHKaTHBHOfl eÄHHHUH TBKCTE, KOTOpBH
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OCHOBy BHUeJieHHH TeKCTOBOÜ eJWHHmi, Ha3HBaeMOß "BUCKaaHBEHHeM",
KOTopan He od HsaTeJiBHo coothochtch o npejyioxceHHeM, a MOxeT hmotb
pasHoodpa3Hoe
cHHTaKCHêcKoe o<$opMJieHHe.
B cBoeM aHaJiH3e mh h c x o jih m H3 cjiejiyianero:
I.
npn nepeBoae nponcxoOTT saMeHa eAHHim njiaHa BupaxceHHH,
I.
"ripeAM eT" onpeaeJineTCH no buhbjiohhio t e k HS3HBEeMorö ä o MHHHpymmero MMeHH. 3 t o hmh "npeÄM eTs" Jindo btophmho BCTpe^fliomeeCH B TeKCTe ( CSMO HJIH B BHUe CydCTHTyTE) , JlHdO BBeaeHHOe B KOHTeKCT
k sk y * e
n3BecTHoe
HHTETeJDo hjih cjiymsTeJDo
dJiaro;;apn
e r o (Jmdhobum 3HEHMHM.
- 76 -
TO e C T l BAHHim H3HXa, HO COXpaHHOTCfl H6H3MeHHHM
Hen3M6HKHu )
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ecTb
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2.
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a Tarate yMeraw npon3BoanTt pa3airiHHe nepeBoanecKHe TpaHc$opMaUHH.
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K0BaaeB0Ä
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h "The Dark G la s s e s "
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penn, KOTopaa,
M.CnapK B nepeBoae B .ro jm m eB o l.
b hck &3uBaHHfi
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(M . Spark» ? 8 )
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anajiHaiipyeMux BUCKaauBaaufl-,
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3. "A re you a l l r ig h t , M uriöl?"
['I 'm f i n e . I'm h o t » ]
- Hy KaK
-
tu,
(J .S a lin g e r , 43)
MropueJO)?
plyaecHo.J [ tojibko x a p a
yxacanmaH.]
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HawniHh y hhx pa3rajr
- i
aoMHHHpyrouiHX hmoh: c y d c m ry T a hmohh M u riel
npeacTaBJieHHoro hmiijihqhtho
TeJüHoro
ABa
bbkjqt
( nepBoe npoanoxoHHo)
h cymecTBH-
"x a p a " bo btopom npeAnoxeram. B opitrHHaJie xe pe*n>
häst
ho o x a p e , a o caMO^yBCTBHH, t o octb KaêcTBeHHoß xapaKTepHcraxe
"npe^M eTa", HMeHyeMoro 3£ecB " I " . Bapa3HTeJieM HMeHHO btoU xapaitTepHCTHKH, HO HHKBK H0 AOMHHHpynQHM HM6H6M H HBJIH0TCH npHJlaraTeJÜH oe
" h o t ".
Oidhökh npn nepeBoae KOMnoHeHTa
b tom
cJiynae, Koraa ÄOMHHHpyranee
rneHHo apyTHM HMeHeM
b
hmh
" hmh npeaMeTa" BoaraiKaioT
opicrnH8Jia aaMeHaeTCH
nepeBOê. PaccMOTpHM «yieayiotHHÄ
■
coB ep-
npHMep:
" I t was in German!"
"Y es, dear.
That d o e sn 't make ony d iffe r e n o e ",a a id the g i r l «
- Ho KHHra HeMeüKa«!
- Jia, MaMO^Ka.
A eiBce
(J .S a lin g e r • 62)
paBHO - CKa3aua
äohb.
B aHTJWftcKOM BncKa3HBaHHH yKaaareJiBHoe MecTOHMerae that
jineTCH cydcTHTyTOM uejioro npe;vioxeHHH - i t was in German i ,
Toporo cJie^yeT,
hto
npejweTOM pa3roBopa
- 78 -
HBJMeTCfl KHHra,
hb-
aa
a
kohb
oäho h 3
rJiaBHHX AeficTBjrBmHX jmu; p accK aaa,
HH$opM am w , cojiepücamaHCH
b
HecMOTpn Ha
to ,
aHTJmftcKOM BHCKaauBaHHH, HMeeT
hto
HeMy
k
H enocpeÄC TBeH H oe OTHoaiem ie.
üpHBejieM jp y r o Ä npraviep, HJunocTpupyiauidt
nepeBO.ua ouihöohho
IHHX HMeH
"y n y cK a e T C H H3 B n n y"
BHCKESHBEHHfl
KaK b n p o u e cc e
to ,
o ä h o H3 « B y x ä o m h h k p jt»-
0PMTHH8JIEJ
"A u n tie Baya to t r y them p r o p e r ly " , I a a id .
" You*11 o n ly want them f o r you r e t u d ie s " ,
B a a il s a id .
(M .Spark, 28)
- T eT fl BeJieJia
npoBepHTB
Ohh ace t o jib k o j v w
-
CoBepmeHHO OHeBHÄHO,
ih tch flBa aoMHHHpyiomHX
hx
xopoweHBKO, -
saH H Tiift,
h to
HMeHH,
(repoH H H p a o c K E 3 a ) h them
-
b bu g ke 3hbehhh
.
nojyuiHHHKa c o fle p -
npeiicTaBJieHHHe cyöcTHTyTaMH
you
ocSteKT BJianeHHH. B pyccK O M b u c k e —
3HBEHHH P6HB H fleT TOJIBKO OÖ OflHOM H3 HHX oÖ OHKax äjih saH flTH fl,
h
( oh kh ), KOTOpue hexoahtch M eawy c o -
öoö b o B3aHMOCB«3n: BJiaaeJieu K ax,
CKa3aJia
CKa3aJi B 3 3 h ji.
a He o to m , h t o
them, TO eCTB
OÖ O H - '
ohh n pH roflH T C fl fleByuiKe
TOJIBKO BO BpeMH 3aHHTHfl. Ü3 p ycC K O rO BUCK&3UBHHHH MOXHO 3aKJD0HHTB,
<ITO HMeCTCH B BHÄy KaKH6—TO CneiJHaJIBHHe OMKH, HTO B0BC6 He COOTBeTCTByeT
T eK C T y opHTHHaJia, HeonpaBJiaHHUM s a e c B
Tarace HBJweTCH
nepeBOfl ö y ^ y m e r o bpbmshh hectootihm.
B cjieflyianeM npm iepe
mh
HEÖJmnaeM nojm oe OTCTynJiemie
ot
tbk-
CTa opHTHHaJia:
"And w ith the mother b edridden u p a t a ir s " - my grandm other a a id .
" - aha muat be a a a in t" a a id my aunt.
- IlpHTOM,
-
...
h to hx mbtb
e e B03BMyT
npHKOBaHa
jkhboH
k
Ha H eöo,
B EHTJlHltCKOM BHCKa3HBEHHH
(M .S park, 31)
nocTeJiH . . .
-
-
CKa3EJia öaöym Ka.
CKa3aJia TeTH.
HH$OpMEUHOHHUe KOMnOHeHTH p E C Iip e -
ÄeJieHu cjieÄyrauKM o ö p a so M : aoMHHHpyiotuee hmh
rip eflcTaB JieH o c y ö c T H -
She (Mra.Simrnonda); KOMnOHeHT ÖHTHÜHOCTH COJepXHTCH B T JIS bes
OÖieKTHBHEH MOÄSJIBHOCTB 3aKJD0MeHa B H3BHBHT6JIBHOM H a K -
TyTOM
TOJie
JioHeHHH C K a 3 y e M o ro ;
hhm rviaroJioM
cyöBeKTH BH an
M0,najiBH0CTB n peiiCTaBJieH a MOâJiB-
must. CjioKHoe CKE3yeMoe
hmh no C B o flc T B y , IIpocTpaHCTBeHHHli
x a p a K T e p H 3 y e T AOMHHnpyiouiee
KOMnoHeHT, K0T0puü pejuco
jiy n a e T B u p a * e m ie b b h c k e s h b e h h h x jw ajiora,
hm iu ih u h p obeh .
no-
Oh H 3 - '
BecTeH H3 KOHTeKCTa p a c c K a s a .
PaCCMOTpHM, KEK HepejlSHH 3TH HHlJopMElCHOHHHe KOMnOHeHTH
- 79 -
B
.
nepeBoae. ÄoMHHHpjnauee hmh, (BepHee, e r o cydC TH Tyr
HBJIH6TCH CyöI.eKTOM
CH
s h e ),
KOTopo«
jeftaTBJW B aHTJmltCKOM BHCKa3HBaHHH, CTaHOBHT-
OÖteKTOM aeÄCTBHH B pyCCKOM BHCK&3HB&HHH, a C8M CyÖT>eKT H6
BHpaateH s k ciijik iih th o , h o HeM moxho to jib k o joramraaTiCfl. BpeMeHHoi
KOMHOHeHT p y c o K o ro bhcKa3UBaHHfl
( dynymee BpeMH )
BpeMeHHOMy KoimoHeHTy aHrJmftcKoro
BucKa3UBaHHfl
He cooTB eTCTayar
(nacTOHmee Bpeitwl
KoMnoHeHT cyöteKTKBH oÄ MOflaJüHocTH ocTajicH HenepeflaHHUM BOBce. B
nepeB oae,
o ä h b k o , noHBiwcfl npocTpaHCTBeHHuft KoMnoHeHT, B iipaxeH -
hmü aKcnjiHmiTHO. Pa3yMeeTCH, n e p e x o a HMruiHKamra b BKCiumKamno h
H aoöopoT -
HBJieHne ôb öjibh o oöiraHoe b n p o u e cc e n ep eB oaa,
OflHaKO
oh o flOJncHO ö h tb onpaBflaHHHM. B flaHHOM x e cJijniae TaKofl n e p e x o a He
to jib k o He onpaBaaH, ho h b KopHe oihhöctoh, uöo
KoMnoHeHT,
nepeâHHUö 3KcnjiHUHTHO b pyccKOM
npooTpaHCTBeHHHfl
nepeBoae,
He c o o t -
BeTCTByeT TaKOBOMy b TeKCTe opHTHHaJia.
B BHCKaatiBaHHHx nepeBoaa Ham oTMeêHH
Hoft saMeHU oaHoro
cJiyraH
HeonpaanaH-
HH$0 pMauH0 HH0 r 0 KOMnoHeHTa apyriiM:
"When did you get there?.
"I d o n 't know. Wedneaday moming, e a r l y . "
-
K om i
bh
- He noMHB.
(J .S a lln g e r , 12)
npnexajiM?
B cpeay yT p o M ,
hto
j ih .
AHarai3HpyeMoe BHCKa3HBaHiie nojyiHHHHKa HBJweTCH aJUfflUTnraeCKHM H npeaCTaBJieHO TOJIBKO OÄHHM, BpeMOHHUM
KOMnOHeHTOM, Blipa-
xeHHHM sb b x ah c iieJiBn KOHKpeTHsaiiHH aTOtt HH$opMauHH. B nepeBoae
xe BpeMeHHafl H H $opM am w ,
3aKJDraeHHafl b b h tjih ä c k o m Hapenra
n e p e a a e T C H oaHOBpeMeHHO c cyß ieK TU B H O —MoaaJiBHofl ouemcoft,
coaep-
xameÄoa b " ’ i t o j i h " . OTCTyiuieHHe o t opHTHHaJia, k b k b h o tm ,
3ä6CB
Hajnmo.
OcoöeHHo nOKa3aT6JIBHHM B 3T0M CMUCJI9 HaM npeaCT&BJtHCTCH CJleaywuH#
npHMep:
"M other", said the g i r l ,
"you ta lk about him aa though he
were a ravin g manlac
"I sa id nothing ot the klnd, M u r ie l."
"W e ll, you sound
-
that w ay."
(J .S a lln g e r • 18)
Cjiymaft, Maiaa, t h ro B o p m u t n p o H e r o ,
c jio b h o o h
MemaHHuft.
-
H ot ero
- Bo
noaoöHoro, MropneJiB, k t o t h !
bchkom
c jijn a e , roJioc y TedH T a K oft.
- 80 -
öyflHO n o -
sound,
AHrjmÄciaift i\naroji-~CKa3yeMoe
o
ö hthäh o cth,
MojtaJiBiiocTH
HMeHyeMoro 3jtecB y o u ,
TeJiiHHM
h
coaepscaiuHÜ HmJopMamno
BpeMeHHofl OTHeceHHOCTH
nepeâH
"n p e jiM e T a ",
b pyccKOM BHDKa3HBaHMH cymecTBH-
" r o j i o c " . IlepeBOOTecKHe Tpanc$opMamoi iipe,nycMaTpHBaioT Ta
nne cJijrqaH ( c p .:H e i s
a good sv, immer-Oh xopouio iu iaB aeT ) .
IlpH
3tom nepecTpoÄK a cnnTaKCvraeoKofl • cTpyK xypa BbicKasHBanna He ä o jijma
HCKastaTB e r o eMuejiOBOfl CTpyKTypH. CwnaKO viMeHHo c Taicmi
ho -
Ka»eHHeM mh cTajiKHBaeMOH b npHBeaeiiHOM npiw iepe. M3 npe.nuiecTByiomero KOHTeKCTa hcho, h to pe^B m ieT bobcö ne o r o J io c e ,
O TOM, KaK MBTB TOBOpHT,
coAepxamyiocH
b
a 0 TOM, HTO
t o ecTB He
OHa rOBOpHT. MH$OpMaiJH»,
aHr jtkttc kom BHCKa3UBaram, cJieÔBaJio ön nepeaaTB c j i e -
■HynmiM 0Öpa30M: " Ho Beffb HMeHHO Taic TedH mojkho n o m m ." .
Ilp H B e a e u H H e n p r a ie p n
H a r ju u H o .u eM o n c T p u p y io T n o T e H u m n B H H e
B03M05KH0CTH H 3 Ö p a H H 0 r0 HaMH M eTO ÄB CMHCJIOBOrO a H aJlH 3 a ;(ByH 3W qH H X
T6KCTOB OÄHOrO C O aepataH H H .
jio b o ö
KO M im eKC T e n c r a ,
3 T O T MeTOB II03B 0JIH 6T paCMJieUHTB CM UC-
coeTaBJiHioutJrtl e r o
c o a e p a c a iu ie ,
AaeT
h
K pu Te-
pm i jy ifl o u en rai K a ^ e c T B a n e p e B o ^ a ,
CCHMH I1A M TEPATyij y
1 . J.A.HepHHXOBCKaH. MH$opMaUHOHHHfl HHBapHaHT CMKCJia TeKCTa
a BapaaiHBHOciB e ro aauKOBoro BUpaKeuHa: Auiopeî. ämc. . . «
wn
ÄOK-pa ûaon.HayK/MTHHfl nu.M .Tope3a. - H . ,1983. - 34 c .
2.
J I.G .E a p x y a a p o B .
H 3H K k T ie p e B O fl.
-
M .:
H s a -b o
M eam ynap.
oTHomeHHH, 1975. - 238 c .
JI.r.£e3pyK0Ba
CEMAHTMECKAH JIByiUIAHOBOCTB M EE ÜEPEUWA IIPH ÜEPEBOÄE
(ka npuMepe ^BottHoft aKTyara3annn)
CeMaHTHMecKan ÄBynjiaHOBOCTB,
w a rn e jih h t b h c t o b ,
JlflÖT
coöofl
npHBJieKaiomaa n pvicxa jiB H oe bhh -,
H syqaram ix CTHJiHCTHKy a e K O O T p o B a m w ,
CJIOXHO0O MH0r0MepH08
H
H80ÄH0p0JIH0e HBJieHHe,
- 81 -
n p e flC T a B -
KOTOpOe
M0X6T npOHBJLHTtCH B pa3H00Öpa3HHX $0pM8X, TO
GCTB CJIOXHO MaHH$eO-
T H p y e T C fl.
C e M a H TH M e c K y w JiByiuiaHOBOCTt ( xaJiee CA)
na y p o B H e JieKceMH.
moxho paccMaTpuBaTl
Kor.ua oäho h to xe cjiobo noTeHUKaJüHo HaueJi©-
ho ÄB y M H s H a n e H H H M H : öyKBaJttHHM h nepeHOCHHM ( MeTaôpiraecKHM )*.
CJiOBaM, noTeHUHaJttHo naixeJieHHHM ÖyKBajitHHM h nepeHOCHHM 3 H a 'leHHHMH,
npucymH nenoTopue accouKaTUBHue npHSHaKH.
MernTB,
3a -
"Moxho
h t o b pane cJijnaeB accoioiaTHBHHe npH3HaKH noÄ5epxHBaioTO«
CJI0B00Öpa30BaTeJIBHHMM
CBH3KMH COOTBeTCTByKXIlUX c jio b " (j2 .C .2 9 j ,
t o ecTB Mestny aaH n tom cjioBaMH yoTaHaa/tuBajoTCH p a 3 BeTBJieHHue flepH—
BaUHOHHHe OTHOUieHUH.
HanpHMeTp: p.ycck. Jinca - XHTpo jib c th tb
M y - J i , ) ; B o p oH a - npoBopoHHTB
TBCH
( BXO.HHTB B 3aH 0p,
ycTyrrqH B uft
) -
ropHHHTBCH
epuiHCTOCTB
( nojmeJiHBaTBcr k k o -
( ynycTH Tb, n p o 3 e B a T B ); epni ) -
epülHCTHÄ
epnin-
( 3a50pHHfl,
H0-
(H e y c T y itk h b o c tb ) .
H6M. d e r Fuchs( JlHCa) - fü c h s e ln (B0p0BaTB KaK JlHca)
- fuohaen
(OÖMaHUBaTB ) i d er A al ( yropB) - g l a t t w ie e in A al ( CK0Jn>3KHÄ
KaK yropB)
a a la r t ig ,
a a lg la t t , a a lig
( HSBOpOTJIHBUfl).
Korfla accouHauKH oKasuBaroTCH HimHBunyaJiBHHMH,
tojibko
Ha BocnpHHTne
h
ynoTpeÖJieHHe
HHfl flaHHHM or;teJiLHHM HHUHBiwyyMOM,
oöiuhmh,
ho a c c o ijH a m m
3HaHHTeJiBH0Ä Mepe ycToifaHBHMH,
b
HHaJIBHüM OriblTOM KOJUieKTHBa,
ohh bjihhiot
cooTBeTCTByromero HaHMeHOBaMoryT
öhtb
h
npe,uonpe.neJieHHHMH c o -
STHHHeCKOÖ OÖOIHOOTH.
C e M a H T in e cK H e c o o t b 6 t c t b h h nosBOJiHJOT b u h b h tb KaK cJiyMan c o b n a a e H iM ,
T aK h CJiynaH H eco B n a n e ro ifl b pa3H ux H3HKax npH3HaKOB h o m *»
HaitHH^. ripw 3T0M c o B n a n e m e npH3HaK0B homhh8hmh M oxeT ö h t b p e 3 y JIBTaTOM KaffibKHpOBaHHH,
HOMHHaUHH,
OÄH&KO HaÖJDOHaeTOH HHeHTHMHOCTB npH3HEKOB
He saBHCHMBH OT 3TOrO BJMHHHfl. KaK CnpaBeflJIHBO 0TM 6-
n a e T B .r .B a p H H a ,
n o cJ ieaH H » b j w c x o ^ C T B a
"H H T e p e ce H c to h k h s p e -
1. A.A.PaltxmTeflH onpeaeJmeT ceMaHTiraecKy» ÄByiuiaHOBOCTB kbk " c e MaHTiraeci^To ähxotomhio" h O T M e ^ a e T , hto b HeMeipcoM Hstnce btoHBJieHHe x a p a KTepHo rJiaBHHM oöpas om dfipaaeoJiorinecKHM eaHHCTBaM,
a Taraie cymecTBHTeJn>HHM, noJiyHeHHHM fiyTeM CJi0B 0CJi0xemiH ( thn a : d e r Goldzahn, der Kameltreiber) LJ.C. 15 ] .
2.
IlpHMepu coBnaueHHH h HecoBnaaemw MeTa$opHHecKHx sHaneHHlt
HeMeuKOM h pyccKO M flsiHtax C 3 .C .45—54] .
- 82 -
b
hhh BHHBÄeHHH
odmeêJioBeêcKio:
(
yHHBepcaJDbHHX)
och ob h h h »
MflTTww mm Tarese c tohkh apeHHH TiaioJiorHH npn3HaK0B,
homhb
JiaiKaiuioc
OCHOB6 'flSUKOBOrO 0Ö 03 HaHeHHHn [^4.C.295| .
OöpaTHMCH k npiraepy.
- Mh HaxoÄHMCH kbk du new nepenpecTHUM orHeM -
11 orHeM npoBQKauHfl.
HHoraa ueJit nocJieÄHero -
orHeM peain>HHM
Bti3BaTt nep ß u fl. I Io -
»TOMy BHflepotKa w u i Hac c to ju . x e Heodxo^KMoe KanecTBO,
T8Jn>HOCTi>, -
KaK h ö a h -
aaMeâeT nojmoJiKOBHHK TepMaH.
( Epam ieHÖyprcKiie
B op oT a.
"M sB ecT u n ", 1 0 .0 6 .8 7 ,
" W ir a te h e n w ie im K r e u z fe u e r -
in ein em r e a l e n
c .4
)
F eu er
und
einem F e u e r d e r P r o v o k a t io n e n . M it u n t e r w a r das Z i e l d e s l e t z t e
ren , das e r s t e r e
zu e n t fa c h e n . D e s h a lb i s t
genauso w i c h t i g w ie W a ch s a m k e it",
B eh e rrs ch u n g f ü r uns
b em erkt O b e r s t le u t n a n t H errm ann .
(D as B ra n d en b u rg e r T o r . " B e r l i n e r Z e it u n g " ,
1 2 .0 6 .8 7 ,2 )
B npHB6Ä8HHOM $parMeHTe cymecTBHTeJiBHoe " o r o H t "
BHHBJmeT cfflHO H3
cbohx
noTeKUiia/itHux 3HaêHnM]' :
(d a s F e u e r )
"p y»eftH aH ,
apTHJi-
jiepnÄCKaH CTpeJEböa" , KOTopoe 3aKpenjieno Tarace s a HeMeuKUM c y m e c TBHT6JIBHHM "d a s F e u e r " .
(d as F e u e r )
Hapfmy C 3THM CymeCTBHTeJIiHOe
0öpa3yfl CJIOBOCOMeTaHHe "orom > npOBOKaunil" ( e i n
t io n e n ).
" o r o m ."
b 3tom x e $parwieHTe odnapyxHBaeT nepeH ocH oe arn H eim e,
F eu er d e r P ro vok a
Ilep e a hemh npuMep TeKCTQBoft KOHTpacTHOCTH ( no B . r . B a -
pHHoft), t o
ecT L TaKoe n o c T p o e m e BucKa3HBaHHft b n p e^ ejiax HecKOJEb-
khx $ p a3 ,
onncuBaiommc KaKjoo-JiHÖo CHTyamno,
jiHioTCH ÄBa CMHCJia -
npHMoft
h
Kor.ua
np0THB0ii0CTaB-
nepeH oem Ä.
C.H mojkho HadJKwaTL Tarate Ha yp oB H e $pa3eo->iorn3M a.
v jie
3TO
«BJieHHe M3BecTH0 KaK ÄBoftHan aKTyaraaanHH . JlBoftnaH aKTyaJiHsamtH
iipeÄCTaBJiHeT cod ofi noJiutfyHKUHOHajtbHHft
cth jih c th ko —ceMaHTinecKMft
1. OTMeTHM, KTO M e w y pyCCKHM eymeCTBHTeJILHUM ” 0 r 0 H i" H HeMeUKHM
cymeciBHTeJiBHHM "d a s F e u e r "
HadJiioaaeTCH nacTHMHoe ceMaHTiraeCKoe C00TBeTCTBHe: cJioBapt C.OateroBa ({jHKCHpyeT Tpn 3HaMeiuiH
cym. " o r o H t " ; EojibuioB HeMenKo-pyccKHÄ CJioBapt - ceMB sHaêHHÖ
cym . "d a s F e u e r " .
2.
TepMHH npejuioace» JI.M.EoJmHpeBofl. ilo^podHee 0 jmhtboctiuiiicth—
MecKoft xapaKTepHCTHKe «BoftHoft aK T yarasau m i Ha MaTepaane
H e$pam iy3C K oro
"S U K oro H3HKa 15_) , araviHttcKoro H3biKa [ 6 ] ,
V•C.255-257j
- 83 -
'
npneMf ocuoBaHHHfi na oÖHrpHEaHHM 'Tpa3 eoJiornMecKoro h dyKBaJiBHoro
oJiejiCTBHeM * i e r o HBJweTCH 0flH0 BpeMeH-
sHaqeiraft .ijaHHoro co'ieTaHHH,
BocnpHHTne. IIpH 3 tom BHje 0 KKa 3 H 0 Hajn.H0 fl TpaHc$opMamoi npoi
H o e hx
hcxoott napajuieJüHoe BocnpnfiTne 3 HaqeHHh
($E )
mi
$ p a 3 eojiorHMecKotS e^Hini-
h 3 HaHeifflH ee reneTHHecicoro npoTOTHna,
e T ’ on pefleJieH H uü
d m oiuioh 8jibh o—CTHJiHCTHHecKitll
K aK n oK asaJi aHaJiH3 M aTepnaJia,
hto oöyc.noBJiiiBa-
3({)$eKT.
b raseTH o-stypH aJiB H oö n y ö J m m ic -
THKe ÄOBOJÜHO q a c T o BCTpe'iaJOTCfl npuM epa ä b o A h o ö aKTyaJiH3arptH,
jm c T H ^ e c K o r o
n p neM a,
hjui c o fle p m a iu ifl,
naM epeH n o
ecT B
c th -
y r J iy Ö J ie »
ö o jie e n ö J in o ro pacupuTHH o ö p a 3 a .
Ilp r a e ^ e M npjm iepH,
to
H c n o jn > 3 y e M o r o a B T op a n ra w x
HJUDocTpHpyraJuie CJX n a yp oB H e $ p a 3 eo J iorn 3 M a,
CJiynaH Ä s o M n o fi aKTyaJiK3an:nn,
B nyöJiHKam™, • nocBHuieHHoÄ depjmiicKofl napycnofl peraTe,
pe*a>
njieT o Tpenepe iOprene Itope h e ro cnne Maraace, mojioäom ÄXTCMeHe,
yonemiio BuoTyiiajomeM b
ü brigen s:
c iio p t h b h o m
coeTfl3aiain.
T r o t z g ro B e r Gemeinsamkeiten gab's in der Segler
f a m i l i e K i e r auch D i f f e r e n z e n .
"Im T r a in in g wollte ich oft
nen e i g e n e n Köpf d urchsetzen,
dachte, b e i Vater geht das leich-
tex'", e r z ä h l t e M atth ia s,
g l e i c h en B o o t " .
BaTT, COOÖina,
K e M - J i,)
h
jib h o
p y c c r a iJ I
6TCH
b
( i j K r y p a jf t H o .
ö h tb
paccw aTpH B aeM O M
c o i«",
B aeT
K o iiT e K C T O
ÖHTB CBH3aHHHM
M oxeT Ö u tl
( fleftCTBOßeJiOM 0
oÖoihm
i i o h a t ä b o h ic o :
IIpaBHJibHaH H H T e p n p e T a m ifl h n e p e B O Ä b t o A
n e n p e flO T a B J in e T
BKDHBaJIöHT
H3HK6 M o s e T
5)
"im gleichen Boot sitzen"
COBMeCTHO C KeM-JI. ,
n p H B e jie w io M
jis H K
"doch wenn’ s d rau f ankam, aaBen wir im
( B e r l i n e r Z e itu n g , 2 2.07.07,
H e MemaiM (]jpa3 eoJIorH3 M
"ÖHTB
ocoöhx
B OflHOÜ .TIOJIKe"
.
hhhm h CJioBaMH,
iio b o c
3 $ $ e it T
CJI,
Ü TMeTHM ,
oöpas,
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$E
Ha
HTO B pyCCKOM
T a r a ie
a H M eH H o:
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T a ic K a K b IIH HM e-
T W A H o c T e fi,
H cn o J iB so B a H h a p y r o f t
K o in ’ e K C T e
mei
co 3 ,iia ioq n fl
" iijih t b
B
oäh h m 3QT>-
p e m eH H e T a io s e
oöecne^H -
op H TK H aJia st n e p e B o a a .
JHpyrofl n p im e p .
B on epK e,
noBecTByianeM o coJw aTC K oÄ c -n y x ö e ,
K O Topaa
CTana
HacTO/inefi uiKOJioft wym ecTBa h rpasm aH CKoft a p e jro cT u jy m r a H c a A m r r u ma,
I
mh naxo,HHM cJieÄyiotmifl (JjparM enT:
C p .T a K x e aKTJIMficiCHÜ SKBHBaJieHT
with
sm b ’ : .
"R o w
(sail)
in
th e
sam e
boat
W irk lio h Farbe bekennen heiBt es f ü r Hans beim mehrtägigen
120-km-Marsoh. Oaer auch t lig lic h a ls P a rt e is e k r e t ä r . Da
g i l t ea
manchen zu h e lfe n , die Probleme haben.
(Junge W elt, 24.07.87,12)
B npuBefleHHOM
OTpuBKe cTpyKTypHo-ceMaHTimecKafl opraHH3auoH
TeKCTa C03flaeT ceMaHTireecKyn BByruiaHOBocTi. Ha ochob© HeMeuKofi 4E
"Farbe bekennen": X )
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lo p o -
10 opaeHTapoBaTBCÄ Ha mccthocth bo BpeMH yîeöHO—TpewipoBO'jHHX Mapmell;
2 ) otkphto sehbhtb o cBoeM oTHowemni k HeMy-Ji., o cbohx
yd em eH H H X ,
aaHHTb neTK yio noam uno n o KaKOM y-jr.
B onpocy.
Bo3moxhhü BapaaHT nepeBoâ:
"Bo Bpenw MHoroflHeBHHX
eHTiipoBaTiCÄ
kbk
b
Mapuieft Taue Auhtuju ÄOJmeH
ymotb
opa-
oöoTaHOBKe. Ho He TOJtbKO T oraa, a KajfuiojiHeBHo -
ceKpeTapL napTopraHH3amai. M noMoraTt
tom ,
HyxuaeTCfl
kto
b
nOMOUlH".^
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mto
Bupaxeme
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nepeH0CH0e 3HaHeHHfl. OöpaTHM BHHMamie Ha t o , k to Bupaxemie "op u eHTHpOBaTLCH Ha MeCTHOCTH", KOTOpOe Tawse B03M0ÄH0 B ÄaHHOÄ
TyaitHH, höo p e ^ i a u e i o npoBeêraiH yêöHo-TpeHnpoBo^HHX
b bohhckoä sacTH, HCKjnoMaeT nepeHocHoe 3HaHerae,
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to
CH-
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o c t l Cä. Oue-
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KOTopaH ponwaeTCfl na BsaaMojiettcTBHfl ÄByx ceMaHTirqecKiac njiaHOB"
[8 .C .I 0 4 ].
JlBoftHa« aK T ya m oau u fl, oöJttwaiomafl öoja.niHM
panoM
h
BmuDomaa
( nppajoipy»m aÄ)
raHHaamoo TeKCTa, -
o^Ha H3 ano*HeitiuHx 3aua^ c
BOfla. Hto ö h ycnemHO cnpaBHTtcs o
c th jm c to tb c k h m
aar-
Ha cTpyKTypHo—ceMaHTinecKyio o p -
b to ä
3 anaM e»,
t o ^ kh
ot
3pem w n e p e -
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[9 .C .2 6 8 ].
B CJiyqae, eojm 8$$eKT Cfl coxpaHHTB b IW He npeflCTaBJweTCH
B03M0XHHM, HCnCUüayDTCH paSJOTHHO CpeflCTBa CTIUIHCTJneCKofl
K0M-
neHcamm. CpeacTBa b tb MoryT öhtb cbmumk pa3Hooöpa3 humh : oKKasu— .
I
ü ep eB oa
aBTopa.
- 85 -
onajiLH oe ncnojiB30BaHne $pa3e0Ji0rn3M0B (
noHeHTHoro c o c T a B a ,
ceM hjih $pa3eoJiorH 3M O B,
ap.
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kom -
I
MHoro3Ha^HocTt JieK-
pa3Jnr^HHe ceM aH TiraecKH e c ä b h t h ,
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CHKa h
M3MeHeHHe CTpyKTypH,
:Jrpa3eoJiorH qecK oro o ö p a 3 a ),
a c c o im a -
CTHJOtCTITieCKH MapKHpOBaUHM J ie K - :
cneT cTiumcTHHecKoit KOMneHcaipni yaaeTCfl ÄOCTHTHyTi.
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h n epeB O Äa^.
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h
ycmiHBaTLCH 3a c^ eT JieKcm ecKoJ! «
TaK,
b
b
aKTyajtH3aijHH.
"der Sprung " 2 ynoTpeÖJLH6 TCH cHaâjia co 3 HaneHHeM "irpH-
BHTeJibHoe
jkok" ( c o jm a T BnepBtie
a 3 aTeM
bo S ho H
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b
c B o e ft * h 3 Kh coBepuiaeT npumoK c napaniiOTOM),
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TaeT nepeoc.MHCJieHHoe,
’paKTep n 3yxxueecH
K 0 HTeKCTyaJUbH 0
oöycJioBJiennoe 3 HaneHHe, x a -
öojüiuhm ceManTHêcKHM
juianasoHOM:
b
KOHTeKCTe
oho MosteT öhtb HHTepnpeTupoBaiio KaK "cMejrue peuiemiH", "MyxecTBeHHue £eflcTBHfl",
"HcnuTaHne Ha MyjicecT$o", "npoöa chji”, "yporai ähshh"
h np. CpaBHHTe jiaHHoe cymecTBHTeJTbHoe b 3 aroJioBKe
Sprüngen".
" Mut zu großen
KOTOpufi IIOCTpOeH Ha CTHJIHCTHqeCKOM 3<Jxf>eKTe CMHCJIOBOÄ
JlByiuiaHOBocTH,
h
b
c-neiiyioineM
npejyioateHHH:
"Mut und Kraft für alle Sprünge des Lebens h a b e n " .
AjvuiTanH-H T eK C T a BJieneT 3 a c o ö o ö ,
KaK npaBHJio,
HcnoJiLaoBaHHe necKOJn.Knx CTHJincTH’iecK H X npneMOB
3a c 'j e r
^ ero
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ojw oB peM eH H oe
( K OHBepreHum o) ,
o ö p a 3 ye T C H cjiostHaH cTHJTHCTiraecKaH noJiH$OHHH. ycJiuniaTi.
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nepeflaTfc b TpaHCJWTe -
cJioM iaH s a u a n a ,
a saT eM hx
d e s HCKaateHHÖ
Tpedyrau aa o t nepeBOOTHKa
T B op ^ ecK oro n o ^ x o ^ a .
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npneMOB: ;(B o tn y » aKTyajm sam co $E, ycHJieHHyn 3a cneT JieKcnqe-
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1 llo n p o d u e e
( cm. BnuienpHBejieHHHfi npH M ep), a Tarace
o i<oMMyHHKaTHBHoit paB iioneH H ocTH opHTHHaJia h nepeBOj-ia
[T0.C.3IJ .
2 lloTeHUHa/iBHHe 3 HaêHHH HeMeuKoro cymecTBHTejiBHoro
( E ojim ioH n e M e u K o -p y c c K iifl cJiOBapi., 377 ).
-
86
-
"d e r Sprung"
i
BBefleHHe HeMeiptoro $pa3e0Jl0rH3Ma "die Flinte ins Korn werfen"'
(p y c c K .ö y K B .
cjiojichtb opyacne; cnacoBaTt nepea T p yjmocTHMM,
n acTB
xyxou7
b TeK C T 0B 0 e oKpyjK eraie tskhm 0Öpa30M, kto npOHcxoAMT peMO-
TKBamiH
3HaqeHHH
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to ecTL BOCCTaHOBJieHne e e BHyTpeHHeü cjjopMU,
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üepeBOÄHHKy cJie^yeT y^HTHBaTB t o oöcTOHTeJiBCTBO, mto npaBHüLHoe ycBoeHHe aapecaTOM
3anporpaMMMpoBaHHoö
CJ[ ÄOGTKraeTCH 3a
c'ieT onpeêJieKHoä CTpyKTypHO-ceMaHTiwecKoö o p r a H H 3 a m m TeKCTa.
Tbk, BBeaeHMe b
tokct
OTêJüHUx JieKcireecKMX cpeacTB
n03B0JineT
B TeKCTOBOM $paTMeHTe TOT HO yCTaHOBHTB COOTHOHieHHe ÄByX nOTeHIXHeuibhhx imaHOB BOcnpuHTRH ( HanoateHHe öyKBajiBHoro n nepeHocHoro
nJianoB, BiiUBHJteHue OÄHoro ns njiaHOB BOcnpuHTmi Ha nepeÄHHÜ nJiaH,
HCKJiBTeHHe OÄHoro hs njiaHOB b o c iip h h th h ) .
OöpaTHMCH k npmiepaM Ha pyccKOM flauxe.
"Ecjih noBeJDJTB MeöeJü,
ÖJnwcathiiHe r o a u ,
K 0T 0pyw mh coöwpaeMCH npoH3Becra b
KOTopue njiannpyeM,
Ha HOBOceJüH,
t o Bpojie
öh
ÄOJDRHO X B 8THTB BCßM H eme OCTEHeTCH npHMepHO MHJUIHOHy ceMett, x e JiaXHUOJC npOCTO CMeHKTb OäCTaHOBKy
B öyKBaJIBHOM CMHCJie 3T0r0 CJtO-
Ba. Ha cbmom * e j i e MeöeJm He XBaTaeT peÄH B Mara3HHax . . . " (
C p .H eM .: Möbel wechseln;
"üyMBD,
o 'leM oBuneTeJiBCTBynT o n e -
M3BecTHH, 0 2 .0 9 .8 7 , 2 )
die Tapeten wechseln.
He CJimilKOM OÖHÄHTCH HÖ. M 6HH MOJIOÄHe CTpOHTeJIH H3 CeJIB-
CKoro CTpoHTeJiBHoro KOMÖHHaTa,
ecjm qecTHO npH3Ha»CB,
hto, npo-
öirpancB k hhm, h öojnbine Bcero ÄywaJi oö oähom : Kax ö h ne yjapuTB
JIHHOM B TPH3B
B npHMOM CMHCJie 3Toro BupaKeHHH. CorjiacHTecB: H 6-
Jieno butjihjuit êJioBeK b Ty<fuuix
comojibcKbh
npaB.ua, 2 1 .1 0 .8 7 ,3
nocpeuHHe rjmHHHoft juoth." ( Kom-
) Cp.HeM.Kajn.Ky: nicht mit dem
Gesicht in den Schmute schlagen,
HeM.aHanor: sein Bestes geben,
eich von d er besten Seite teigen.
I Otmothm nonyTHO, t t o n p o n e c c , oöppTHHÄ peMOTHBamni - 8 to aeMO—
THBaUHH, TO 6CTB CTHpBHHe,
3aÖB6HH6 BHyTpeHHeÄ $OpMH. JieMOTH— •
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- 87 -
"KannTaHH, aonycTHBiiwe CTOJiKHOBeHUH cyuoB ( penB iw eT o m ö e jm
napaxo.ua "AmrapaJi HaxuMOB" - a B T . ) ,
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mitt . . .
HcmaraeHH H3 napTHH h
sJieMeHTapHoe Hapyuiemie cb oh x äojih h octh u x hhctpjtk-
H to xe K acaeT cn IIpocBiipHHHa B .E .,
t o oh ,
ycTpaHHBniKCB
c b o h x 0ÖH3aHH0CTeä, BtaueJi nocJie KaTacTpo$H cyxhm h3 b ojm . KaK
01
b
nprawoM, TaK h b nepeH0CH0M cMucJie 3 T o ro CJiOBa. ITpaBocynHe e r o He
KOCHyjiooi.. "
( KoMCOMOJiLCKan npaBjia, 0 5 .1 2 .8 7 , 4 ) .
Cp.HeM.KaJIBKy: trock en aua dem Wasser s t e ig e n ,
HeM.aHaror:
mit heiler Haut davonkommen.
"Tpoe cyTOK c o mhoA b rocTHHiraHOM HOMepe jkhji HHxeHep H3 HeJWÖHHCKa, npnexaBUinö b MHHHOTepcTBO h to —t o
"y T p n ca T B ".
Oh ö y K -
BajtbHO 3 a TOJiOBy 'xBaTEUicn npn mhcjih, h t o n epe3 Kaiqno-To HeêJoo
npeiiCTOHT nepexoOTTB Ha x o 3 p a c n e T : mhjuihoh HepemeHHux BonpocoB,
H3JHHHKH chpbh,
KOTOpue HeKyaa c ö h tb , HeyBH3KH c sapnJiaTolt . . . "
( K 0 MC0 M0 Jn>CKafl npaana,
4 ).
0 7 .0 1 .8 8 ,
Cp.HeM.SKBHBaJieHTr s ic h an den Kopf g r e i f e n
(f a s s e n ),
HeM.CHHOHHM: s ic h d ie Haare ra u fen (a u sra u fen , a u s rre iB e n ).
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u
KaKott-jmdo nepcneKTHBu na öy^ym ee. IIp0THB03aK0HHHe
neftcTBHq npejmpHHHMaTeJiefl BH3BajiH peraHTeJttHuft n p oTecT cpejtH a a naniiorepMancKrac TpyÄfnumccH, KOTOpue HaMepeHH a o k o h i » 3amnmaTB
cb oh npaB a. EopBöy aanauHorepMaHCKorü
HJieHH npo$coro3a,
cpeÄK h ux -
npojieTapnaTa BosrJiaBJiHioT
PaflHep 3 m iep.
S e it 18 Jahren i s t R a in e r S ie .Ie r "im S t a h l" . Schon einm al
hat e r m it e r le b t , wie "e in e Bude", in d e r e r a r b e it e t e ,
te ,
zumach
Thyssen E d e ls ta h l in Bochum. 600 Wann f lo g e n au f d ie StraB a.
"A b e r damals gab es noch E r s a t z a r b e it s p lä t z e . Das i s t nun v o r b e i.
J e t z t l a t , n ic h t nur b u c h s tä b lic h ,
s ch la n d ,
d er Ofen aus?
( Neues Deut
2 . / 3 .01.88, 9)
B npHBejjeHHOM $parMeHTe Hcnojn>3yeTCfl (fpaaeoJiornH ecK oe
ÄaJtBHoe BtrpaxeHHe "d e r Ofen i s t
HeKy.ua!,
" s t o yme cjimukom!" ) ,
aus"
(
c p .p y c c K .p a 3 r .
mo-
"flaJiBnie
noTopoe b b o ä h tc h b TeKCT TaKHM
peaoM, h t o oh o BiiHBJiHeT cBoe ÖyKBaJtbHoe (aeHOTaTHBHoe)
-
88
-
oö-
h nepeH oc-
HOe 3HaHeHMH,
HTO npHBOÄHT K C iL
üpeflMeTHaH COOTHeceHHOCTB OSE,
noTemxHaJibHo aaJioxeHHaK b e e ceM aH TireecKofl C T pyK T yp e,
b
©fern
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p&fl Ö e3 fleÄ C T B yeT ,
pajicem ie,
3 je c i> -
p e a ra s y e T C H
ÄOMeHHaa, nJiaBHJitHSH n e^B ,
He ($y HKUHOHupyeT) .
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npHHTHÄ H M8CCOBUX yBOJIBHeHHÄ B PypCKOÜ OÖJiaCTH: "Im Ruhrgeblat
standen a l l e RSder s t i l l "
(B e r lin e r Zeitung, I I .1 2 .8 7 ,5 .).ÄpyTQÄ
"Die Schornsteine rauchen n ich t".
oflp a3 B HeMeilKOM flS H K e:
K a x noKa3HBaK)T BuiuenpHBeaeHHHe npuMepu, Ca
Ha ypoBHe $ p a 3 e o -
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CTeneHbio ceM aH TireecKoft cnaHHHocTH,
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KOMnOHeHTOB. MOKHO yCTEHOBHTB CJie^yiOtKyiO 3aBHCHMOCTB: $pa3eOJIOrH3mh,
oöJianaxxüHe Bucmeö cTen eH Lio ceM aH TireecKofl iie J io c T H o c ra ,
yTpaTHBume BHyrpeHHwn $ o p M y ,
ecTi>
to
He cnocoÖHU b TeKCTOBOM oKpyxeraiH
C03Ä8TB CTHJIHCTineCKHfl 3(H?eKT C iL
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3eoJiorH3Mu,
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CeHHOCTBIO ( HO He TOJWeCTBOM! ) C OÄHOSByHHHMH CJI0B8MH CBOÖOAHOrO
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c eM a H T in ec K o fl c n a n h h o c th KOMnOHeHTOB on peaeJ w eTC S m ctoäom
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( anmiHKauHH)
$ pa3 eo jiorH 3 M a Ha c b o ö o ä h o 6 cJioBocone-
TaHHe T aK oro xe c o c T a ß a . Ilpa "HajioxeHHn" $pa3eoJiom3Ma Ha c b o ö o ä -
Hoe cji0B0C0HeTaHHe B03M 0*eH noJioxHTeJiBHHÄ 3$$ eK T , b
cjryqae Hajm-
toh nepeMeHHoro cJioBocoHeTaHHH,
b cJiyqae o t -
hjih
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cyTOTBOH T a K o r o C JiO BO co'ieTaH iur'.
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npn nepeBoae ä b o ä h o ä aK T yajm 3 au jai b o 3 coxpaHeraie b I1H ceMaHTinecKoft .HByiuiaHOBOCTH
rioaB exeM H T o r . H TaK,
moxhu ÄBa c J iy q a fl :
I)
( K or^ a b [Ifl HMeeTCH $pa3eoJiorn3M-3KBHBaJieHT ;
hkh $E; M epe3 .npyrott o ö p a s ,
cnocoöHHfl
3a c ^ e T Ka/iiKHpoBa-
b KOHTeKCTe npHBecTK k
paJweJn>HOMy BocnpjW TH n ä b jtc 3Ha*ieHHÄ ®E) , 2 )
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napaJUieJiBHoe BocnpHHTHe äbjhc n jiaH O B ).
I n ospoO n ee o u enon e
CKOrO H3HK3 I l l J .
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-
89
-
;
\
b IIH ( K o r a a b IIH o r c y T -
c T B y e T $ p a 3 e o J io r ii 3 M - 3 KBHBaJieHTp a a p y r o it o ö p a 3 MCKJixraeT b
BaeMoö CHTyauHH
na-
cTHJUicTinecKH# &}>-
onncn-
B nocJiejiHeM
Ha MaTepaaJie
pyc-
j
cJiyqa e b osm oäh o ncn(wa>30BaHiie CTHJDicTireecKoä KOMneHcamm c yqeTO M
CTHJiHOTinecKmc p e c y p c o ß flfl.
OrpainneHHHÄ oöteM c t s t l h
He noaBonneT paccM OTpeTi KOHKpeT—
Hue npuMepu CTturacTirqecKOtl KOMneHcamai KaK npneMa BoenoJiHeHHH n o TepL
( "nepeBOOTecraa H eaodopoB ")
npn n ep eaaê CiL 3 to Mo*eT Ö h tl
npeÄMeTOM caMOCTOHTeJtbHoro nccJieaoBaHHH. JJyMaeTCfl, h t o nejn. TaKOr o HCCJleflOBaHHH -
He TOJÜKO H3jrqHTt H OÜHCaTB CpeflCTBa CTHJDICTH-
necKOtt KowneHcaiira, ho h onpeaeJniTB hx ^ b o t h o c t * npn n ep eB oae.
.üaHHue HccJieÄOBaHüH BoopyxaT nepeBoa^HKa peKOMeHaamiHMH, no3BcuiHixshmh eMy HaßTH onTHMaJüHoe nepeB oaêcKoe pemeHne npn nepeaane
CA c OÄHoro HsiiKa Ha a p y ro ft.
CCbUIKM HA ÄMTEPATypy
1.
A .Ü .P aftx m T eftH .
H eM em aie ycToitau B H e $ p a a u h ycTottaH B ue
npeAHKBTHBHue eÄHHmxH: iln c
M .T o p e a a . -
M .,
...
a o K T o p a $HJioJi.HayK /MIMMH h m .
1974. - 402 o .
2. C n o co d u HOMHHaUHH B COBpeMeHHOM pyccKOM H3HK6 / P e a . i l . H .
M. :H a yK a , 1982. - 295 c .
UlMeJieB. -
3. JI.r.Ee3pyK0Ba. JIeKcnKO-$pa3eoJiorinecKne npoöJieMH nepeBo
aa. TeKCT JieKUül! no Kypcy nepeBoaa. - M. : MTHMH HM.M.Topesa,
1985.
4.
81
c.
B .r .B a p K H a .
"B H y T p e H H a a $ o p M a " K aK KoM noH eH T c o a e p u t a T e J ii-
HO# C T p y K T y p H H3UKOBUX 6AHHHU / / B o iip o C U TpaM M aTO TeC K O rO CTPOH
H 3 H K a. -
M .,
1974.
-
C . 292-301
(
T p ./ M rn M M fl H M .M .T o p e 3a ;
B im .8 1 ) .
5 . J.M.EoJUiJt>eBa. CTHJLncTOTecKne ocoÖeHHocTH (JyHKutHOHnpoBahhh $pa3eojiorH3M0B ( Ha MaTepnaJie coBpeMeHHoft xyaoatecTBeHHofl H e- •
Meiwto# JiHTepaTypH h npeccu TüP ) . :
M o . . . Kanu.$HJi0Ji.HayK /MmMHH
mi.M.Topeaa. - M., 1967. - 306 c .
6 . E.M.IlYtfHHCKHft. JlrntTBOCTtUIMCTireeCKHe OCOÖeHHOCTH ÄBOftHOÄ
aKTyajraraaimH (JpaaeoJioriniecKiDc eaHram
Ha MaTepn&ue coBpeMeHHoro
aHTJUtflcKoro flsinta : JIh c . . . . K a n a . H a y n / MrnMMH HM.M.Topeaa.
-
M .,
1984,
-
205 o .
7 . A.T.HasapgH. 4pa3eoJoraH coBpeMeHHoro $paHuyacKoro flauxa.
- Me; Bwcmaa nwoJia; 1987. - 288 c .
8
A.J.KopajioBa. MH$opMaTHBHocTi> oöpaaHocTH
- 90 -
b
tokctb
h
npHH—
i;nnu nepeaa^H e e B .n epeB ojie // Cmhcji TeKCTa KaK o ö ie K T n ep eB osa.
- M .,
1986.
9.
-
C .9 4 ~ I0 5
p en a K T o p a . 10.
M .:
KHHra,
11.
M T H H H H M .M .T o p e 3 a ; b m i.2 7 8 ) .
h M ep TB oe.
1987. -
Ms onuTa nepeBOOTHKa h
272 c .
B .H .K oM H C cap oB . JbiKTBHCTHKa nepeBO.ua. -
Hue OTHOffleHHH, 1 9 8 0 . -
(T p ./
H.H.raJg.. C jiob o *H B o e
M .: MeatuyHapofl-
167 c .
B .n .S y K Q B . P y c c K a n $ p a 3 e o J io rn H . -
M .:
B ucnia« mKOJia, 1 9 8 6 .
M.:
P y c c r a fl «3 h k ,
310 c .
UüTupyeMHe cJioBapa
C .M .0 * e r o B .
CJioBapt p y c c K o ro HShiKa. -
EoJCbiiiofl H eM eu K o-pyccrarfl CJioBapt /Pe.u.O .M .M ocKaja>cKaH -
1986.
M .: P yccra ril
H3HK, 1 9 8 0 .
H e M e u K o -p y c c K K Ü f p a s e o J io r iw e c K iiJ ! cJioBapi. / C o c T . I. S . E K H O B j r q .
H .H .r p w n H H .
-
M .:
P y c c ra ift H 3 H K ,
1975.
KpaTKHÄ pyccKO-HeMemarit $pa3eoJioririecKnft CJioBapt / Co c t .B.T.IH kjihpoB, P .3K K ep T , X.9HreJH.Ke. -
M .:
Pyccraift H3u k , 1 9 7 7 .
AHTJio-pyccrarii (JpaseoJiorHMecrarit C J io B a p t / CocT.A.B .KyH H H . - M .:
PyCCKHÄ H3UK,
1984.
Russische idiomatische Redewendungen / M.Dubrowin, W.Schenk. M . : PyccK H Ü H3HK, 1 9 8 7 .
B.K.ÜamHKOB
C y E C T A H M P T H A H ÜEKCM KA B IIP E C C E :
HPOEJffiMA OUEHOHHOCTH
OflHa H3 pacnpocTpaH eH H H X ouihöok,
Ha saH H T iw x n o n ep eB O ü y,
KOTopue Ä o n y c K a w CTyneHTH
3aKJDonaeTCH b to m ,
CTOB H3 aHTJI0H3bFIHOit npeCCH Ha pyCCKH# H3HK
k t o ripn n e p e s o a e t o k OUeHOTOHe x a p a K T e -
pHCTHKH B TeKCTe 3 Ha<?HTeJIBHO HCKaxaJOTCH. BCJieflCTBHe 3THX H C K a*ehhA coöHTHfl h $aKTH noJiyiaioT HeraTHBHyio oueH Ky hjih n p o ra n e c K o e
ocBemeHHe, k o to p h x He ötu io b opnrH H aJie. Ilpn a n a jm s e n ep eB oaoB
cTyêH T H ,
npaBHJiiHO,
KaK npaBHJio, ÄOKa3broajoT,
m to n e p e jia jm aB Top cK yn oueHKy
h b K a^ ecT B e $opMaJU.Horo n oK asaTeJW aB Top cK ofl oueHKH
-
91
-
npHBOÄHT BCTpeTHBllffleCH B T eK C Te *aprOHH3MH H KOJUIOKBHaJIH3MH. IIo
MHeraoo CTyfleHTOB, cm w eH H e c T iu u ic T H H e cK o ro p e m c T p a ,
pe3KO k o h t -
p acTH pyxm ee c odmeÄ c T iu m c T in e c K H HeftTpaJiBHoft o x p a c K o fl T eK C T a,
o npHBHeceHHH HeraTHBHOÄ ou eH o^ H ocT H . 3 a e c i.
mh
HBHO HMeeM R&JIO C SKCTpanOJIHXIHeÜ HOpM COBeTCKOÄ nyÖJlHUHCTHKH
CBoneTeJttCTB yeT
Ha
aKrJiOH3UHHyx) irp eccy,
nosTOMy Bonpoc od oeoöeHHoeTKx oueHOHHux
xapaKTepucTHK cydCTanHapTHolt JieKCHKH b pyccKoft h aHTJiOHsiRHoft n y d jimiHCTHKe Tp ed yeT cneioiaJiBHoro paccMOTpeHHfl.
HcnojiisoBaHHe Cü ( cyöcTaim apTHoit JieKCHKH)
THKH OdyCJIOBJieHO,
KaiiHH,
c OAHOfl CTOpOHH,
a c apyrofi -
pe. T a s e T a -
0öqaH3HK0B0ft CHTyaroieö b t o ä hjih hho# KyJibTy
c jp m ctb o nH$opMaiyoi
HHTaHa Ha M accosyn
b H3HKe nydJUmHc-
CneUH$HKOfl MaCCOBaÄ KOMMyHH—
m
h
cpeacTB o y d e j m e m w . OHa
hphtom BectM a
TQpyB OHa aojuuia yüepsaTB ,
Heo.miopo.zmy»
pac-
aynHTopra>, k o -
3acTaBKTb c e d « HHTaTt . . .
H3Jio*eHne
He äojuiho TpedoBaTB o t HHTaTeJiH npeABapHTeJüHol! nojtroTOBKH ..."
(c.264-265] . OTCKaa - äbb T ew tem ym ,
xapaK TepnaynuH e H3HK cpejicTB
uaccoBolt HH$opKajjHH: cTpeMJieHne k jieMOKpaTH3aiinn hsuka h odmrbHoe
Hcn0J0>30BaHHe l aseTHux UTaMnoB h KJunue ( npHMenaTeJiBHo, hto hhot-
Aa 3TH npOTHBOnOJIOZHHe - c TOHKH speHHfl HOpMaTHEHOft CTHJIMCTMKH TOKueHiuiH coBnauaioT: pasroBopHue h _na*e xaproHHue sji6M6hth n p ao d pexaBT cT aT yc noJiHoueHHHx raseTHHX w im n e ).
'I t o KacaeTcn odueflSHKOBott cHTyaiom b conocTaBJweMHi Kyja>Typ a i,
t o 3Meoh Ä0CTaT0HH0 dy.neT KOHCTaTHpoBaTB doJEbmee p acn p ocT -
paHeHHe cydcTaimapTHoft jibkchrh b £lhtjih#ckom H3HKe,
0C0deHH0 b
e r o aMepHKaHCKOM BapnaHTe: no a&hhhm cocTaBHTeJw CJioBap« aMepHxaHcK oro cjieH ra C.E.&neKCHepa,
to jib k o odm«# c jic h t
( general Slang)
cocTaBJweT IO/S aKTHBHoro cJioBapHoro 3anaca B 3p ocjioro aMepHKatma.
$jieKCHep npeOTOJiaraeT,
h t o b noBceÄHeBHoft XH3HH
•
aMepmcaHuu h c -
nojn>3yioT cjieHT name, neM « p y r a e Hamm. ITpraiehhtojibho k H3tiKy
epeJteTB MaccoBoft HH$opMaunH 3T0 03HaHaeT,
h t o BuraeynoMHHyTaH
ÄeMOKpaTHsamw HsuKa b aHTJioH3HHHoft n p e c c e C03,uaeTCfl
3a CH6T OdHJIBHOrO HCn0JIB30BaHHH
HHQ. CTaB XapaKTepHOÄ HepTOtt H3HKB npeCCH,
nax ( o t ra36THHX uiTaMnoB k x a p r o H y )
hhm HHTaTeJieu Kax c e p tes H o e
bo MHoroM
CjrÖCTSLHHapTHHX JI6KCHH6CKHX CJMCTHJtHCTKHeCKHfl
nepe-
He BOCiipHHHMaeTCH aHTJiotisuH-
Hapymemie peneBofi
Hopuu. KpoMe T o r o ,
OTHOCHTeJIBHO BHCOKEH ( HO CpaBHeHHD C CHTyailHeÄ B pyCCKOM H3UK6 )
-
92
-
'jacT O T H O C T B
th :
CJI
C K a 3itB aeT C H
npuBOjUHT k
H eK O T op oM y ocJ ia dJ ieH in o e e
T a 3aK O H O M epH O C Tt,
K O T op a n
COM B OTHOUieHHH HHBeKTHBHOft JieKCHKH:
C J i a Ö e e T " ( j . C .2 8 3 - 2 8 4 ]
CKOÖ eflHHHUH
.
ilp y r m r a
3 H re J n > -
"CUIICH jam ih K pen K H e B U p a seH R ff
n e B c e r .u a n p n n a io T a o c T a T O 'iH y io c m i y H 3 u i< y,
peHHH OflHKX H T 6 X X ß BHpajKeHHÖ,
3 K c n p e c c iiB H 0 c -
ö t u i a n o j w e 'f e i i a
h npn
ü octo a h h o m
B p O fle HerOÄHH H T . n .
CJioBaMH,
iio b to -
HX 3 $ $ e K T
S K cn p eccH B H O C T b J ie K C ir e e -
HaXOÄHTCH B OÖpaTHOft 3aBHCHMOCTH OT MaCTOTHOCTH e e
ynoTpeöJieRnn.
OjwaKO 3to HaöJuanerae cBMeTeJacTByeT jimuib o HepaBHosn&'iHocTH 3KCnpeCCHBHtQC XapaKTepuCTHK CJI B COBeTCKOÄ H aKTJI0H3tPIH0fi npecce h He oÖMCHHeT, noêMy xe Bce—tbkh nponcxow iT HCKaxeiuie oueraoi
Jim
b paöoTax HaMHHajouiKX nepeBOOTHKOB.
npuMHHax 3Tott oüihökh,
T oro,
cJiejiyeT nperae Bcero
'itoöu paaoöpaT&cH b
bciiomhhti. o B3anMO-
CM3H KaTeropnfl sKcnpeccHBHocTH h oueHOMHOCTJf. " . . . IIoÄaBJWioqee
ÖOJMMHCTBO JrHHTBHCTOB
npJtttepjKHBaeTCH TOft TOMKH 3peHHfl ( B pa3-
hhx BapnaHTax), k to b npramine b H3bitte sKcnpeccKBHa« to c ti. hbjiheTCH
COCTaBHOÄ HaCTBn,
CBOeOÖpa3HUM (JlHJDbTpOM,
Kepe3 KOTOpuft
npoiiyoKaeTCH KaKaa-KMöyai oöteKTHBHaH HHôpManM" [ 3 . C . 127-128] .
BTopoe npeÄBapHTeJüHoe 3aMeâHHe KacaeTcn 3aBHCHM0CTii
skc-
npeCCHBHOÖ XapaKTepHCTHKH TOÄ HJIH HHOÖ JieKCHHeCKOft eXHHHIIU
OT
KOHTeKCTa BUCKa3UBaHHH. B 3TOM OTHOUieHHH HMeeT CMHCJI B0Cn0JIB30BaTicH
H3BecTH0Ü onno3HUHeit "cHJiiHHfl KOHTeKCT" - "cJtaöufl KOH-
TeKCT" [4.C .I73~] . "CHJiBHHft" KOHTeKCT ÄaeT ÄOCTaTOKHO noJiHoe npeÄCTaBJieHHe 0 KOHHOTaTHBHoü ceMatiTHKe
paccMaTpHBaeMoß e;ufflnnH,
"cJiaöuü" Ke He cojiepjuHT KOMnOHeHTOB,
peaJiH3yioinHX KOHHOTaTHBHoe
coflepjKaHHe stoA ejiHHUUbi hjih iiaer mhhhmj^m HHiJiopManHH 0 ee kohhoTaTHBHOit xapaKT epHCTHKe .
Ecjih npHMeHHTb aTy onno3Humo
topMaUHH,
TO XaHpH,
(nepejioBaH craTBH,
TH K
«aHpaM cpejucTB
KOMMeHTapnü, $eJii.eT0H
"CHJIbHHM" K0HT6KCTQM, nOCKOJIBKy
npeOTOJiaraeT
h
k
hh-
h
T.n.)
CJieflyeT OTHec-
B03ÄeßCTBHe Ha noJiy'iaTeJiH
HcnojitsoBaHHe ueJioro apceHaJia cTHJiHCTmecKHx opeÄCTB
3th cpencTBa, noJiHee pacKpuBan aBTopcicyio
caMHM TovHee onpejiejitfTi.
Hac
MaccoBoit
B KOTOpUX JlOMHHHpyeT (JjyHKIIHH B03fle8CTBHH
noaimroo, ÖynyT
KOHHOTaTHBHoe coêpsaHHe
jieKciTHecKoil ejummiH.
KaK noKa3HBaeT npaKTHKa,
HCKaxeHHe oueHKH,
-
93
-
TeM
HHTepecyiomeft
0 kotopom
nuia
pe%
Burne,
npoH cxoÄH T name B c e r o
b
"a n a ö u x "
K om eK C Tax,
e c T t b x a H p a x c npeoöJiajiarameö $yH Kuneä cooöm em iH ,
« e
to
aB TopcnaH
Ü03KUHH He ÄOJUKHa BUHHTUBaTLCH H3 TeKCTB. IIOaTOMy 3ÄeCL y M e c m e e
roB op H TL He o ö HCKaxerara,
a
c K o p e e o npHBiieceHHH oueHKH b TeK C T,
r,ne $0pMajn>H0 Bupa*eH H aa o u en oK n o cT i. ^ o ju m a ö h t b CBeêHa k mhhhMyMjr.
CTOJlKHyBlflHCB C eÄHHMIjett CJI B "CJiaöOM" KOHTeKCTe,
HeOntlTHHÜ
nepeBO ^H K He MoxeT b noJiHofl Mepe onpe.neJuiTB K0HH0TaTHBH0e
Eamoe STOtl ejwrombi h opiieHTKpyeTtia Ha Ty KOHHOTamro,
c o jie p -
noTopofi o ö -
jianajia öu 3KBMBajieHTHaH eOTHima b TeKCTe aHaJioruHHoro xaHpa
Ha
H3HK nepeBoaa ( ÜH) hhhmm cjioBaMH, oh opueHTHpyeTCfl Ha ocoÖeHHoc
TH HcnoJibaoBaHHH CJI b OTenecTBeHHoft n p e c c e .
OflHa H3 3THX ocoöeH iiocTeö 3amiiOTaeTCH b tom ,
hto
6T B H3UK C0B6TCK0Ö npeCCU B OCHOBHOM KaK 3JieM6HT
CJI npoHHKa—
"HyKOÄ",
Hß
aBTopcKoß penn. ilfljice ecJin Taioie eiwum m BCTpeTOJOTCfl He b UHTaTax,
aBTopu npeOTo^HTaioT MapKwpoBaTB hx npHHajuieiRHocTB
"Hyxott" penn
KaBtnKaMH, H anp.:
"C HHBapfl CTpOÜOTpaUH " OTC&yTÖOJIHJlH" HOBOMy
B.3ejieHU0B0Ä. B h k toph h BHKTopoBHa " t o h c t "
jieHHjr» npoöJieMy eme h He öpaJiacB"
b
COTpyÄHHKy - B.
OTêTHOCTH, 3 a npoBa-
( M ock ob ckh ä KOMCOMOJieu, Jt 1 7 ,
1 9 8 7 ).
3 th cJiyqaH conocTaBHMU c ncnoJii>30BaHHeM peM eBoft Mac km b p a & roBopHoH p e^ H :
CÄeJiaTB cbok)
jie ra e x e
’TobophuihM .noflm aeTC H sKcnpeccHBHOCTH,
penh
HeoötraHott i m
SKcnpeccKBH ocTH
th oueHKH. Hano
ÄapTHHX JieKCHHeCKHX
h bo
BceM njiacTe
BJieneT 3 a c o ö o ft ycnJienne h h tc h c h b h o c —
o tm ö t h t b t
T araie
m to d o ju w a fl
ejXHHKU B nOÄOÖHHX
CJI)
CTapaHCB
aaHHoft CH Tyam üi" [ö. C.I80] . Y c h -
m b ctb
KOHTBKCTaX
oöJiaaaeT oTpmiaTe.ni.Hott
cyöcTaH -
( KOK,
BIlpOHeM,
oijeHOHHOCTBD.
B H3UKe aHTJioHsinHoft npeccu ezwHHUu 3 T oro njiacTa MoryT (JiyHKUHOHHpOBaTB KaK nOJIHOnpaBHHÖ 3JieMeHT aBTOpCKofl pe^H,
BHCKasuBaHHKi öojn.aiyio HenpHHyaweHHOCTB,
HOCTB.
npHflaJODlHÄ
nojm ac - uiyTJWByT) TOHaJü-
KHT6HCHBH0CTL OLteHKH nOBTOMy He yBeOTTOBaeTCH,
üpoeiuipyH cHTyaiiH»,
cJiowranyiocH
b
OTenecTBeHHott
n p ecce,
Ha T6KCT opHTHHaJia,
HaHHHaKXUHfl nepeBOOTHK CKJIOHeH yCHJIHBaTB HH-
TeHCHBHOCTB oueHKH,
h
xapaKTepHCTHKa JieKCOTeoKofl eÄHHHQH CMena-
-
94 -
eTCH b cmeHOHHOM cneKTpe ot myrrai k npno BupaxeHHo#
neftopaTHB-
h o c th . B o t npm iep TaK oro HenpaBHJn.Horo nepeBo.ua:
"In p a r t lc u la r , ehe (Corazon Aquino) faces pressure to J ettison
Arroyo
man-rights
oe
(p re s id e n tia l executive se c re ta ry ). A li b e r a l hu—
lawyer before the reyolution,
at Halacanang
hia access an in flu e n -
have earned him the moniker
"The l i t t l e P r e
s id e n t." (Newsweek, Peb. 16, 1987, 33 ) .
"OcoöeHHo HacToffaHBO pearaoioHepH
ÄOÖHBanTCH o t
KopacoH
Akhho cMemeHHH c n ocTa noMouiHHKa npe3iweHTa Appoflo. JlHdepaa A ppotto mo nepeB opoTa öuji aHBOKaTOM,
dopnoM sa np asa MeJioBeKa, c e ft-
<iac oh nojn>3yeTCH tokhm BJUWHMeM Ha Akhho, ^ t o nüOTHBHHKK OKpeotim h e r o
"ManeHBram irpesm eHTOM".
B TeKCTe opHTHHaJia aBTopcKan no3mpw ncmepKHyTO HeSTpantHa,
HeraTHBHaH ouewca noJWTinecKoÄ onno3Hwm ( "peaKUHOHepu") npHB—
nepeB0jrqnK0M. ripn aHajmse nepeBOjia oh odMCHHJi sto CJie,ny-
HeceHa
li b e r a l
tohm 0Öpa30M: bo—nepBHX,
npeanoJiaraeT,
h t o npoTHBHHKH
Appoflo npimep*MBaioTCH npoTHBonojiowaix, He jmdepajn>HiK bsivirhob,
a bo—BTopHX, aBTopcKoe OTHomeHHe k hhm xapaKTepH3yeTCH xaproHH3mom moniker ( pa3 aBTop npnderaeT k *aproHH3My,
axo osHa'iaeT,
kto oh KaK du jtHCKpejüiTHpyeT T e x , kto btot xaproHHSM ynoTpedJiaeT).
Pa3yMeeTCH,
Manx,
noôdHue wcKaKerafl
coBepmaioTcfl jnnm> b Tex c jiy -
K o m a ynoTpedJieHHaH ejtHHima CJI He odJiauaeT 0ÄH0 3 Ha'qH0 fi H e-
raTHBHOÄ OLieHOHHOCTJ>D.
O flaaK o ,
"c J ia d o c T b "
h
"c a jia "
KOHTeKCTa -
He ocHOBHas n p a -
Kiraa oiDHdoK n p » onpeaeJieKira 3M0m i0 Hajn>H0- 0i;eH 0HHU3c xapaKTepHCTHK
CJI. Beza, caiwa " c m i a " tum " c j i b ö o c t l " KOHTeKCTa - n p 0H3B0ÄH0e
nparwaTHMecKoft saaaMH,
K0T 0 pyw c t e b h t n e p e a c o d o ä
ot
aBTop T eK C T a.
IloaTOMy c'JieflyeT a e T a jü H e e paccM OTpeTB c b «3 b H cn0JiB30 BaHHH
CJI b
QiipejieJieHHOM BUCKa3 UBamin c nparMaTHKOft S T o r o B u cK aa u B a H M ,
CjieHT CKJiajxuBaeTCH b o c h o bh o m H3 aneMeHTOB npapeccHOHajiBHux
H KOpnopaTHBHUX JKaprOHOB, yTpaTHBlUHX CBH3B C nepBOHaMaJÜHOÄ c $ e - .
poft (JyHKUHOHKpOBaHM. ÜOHBJieHHe 3THX eÄKKHH B H3UKe MaCCOBOä KOMMyHKKaiJHH rOBOpHT O TOM, MTO OHH CTaHOBHTCH
h e c t o t h o c t I)
hx
ynoTpedJieHMH B ospacTaeT,
ohh
npadJirataTBCfl k HH3iueMy cjiob JiHTepaTypHoro cT am iapT a,
peCCHBHO-OIieHOTHUe XapaKTepHCTHKH COOTBeTCTBeHHO -
-
95
-
ECJIH
OdllienOHHTHH.
no c T a T y c y
a
Mory?
hx
3k c ü -
CTpeMHTBCH K
HefiTpa)H !3am tn. O.u h h k o ,
OHHpoBaHiw,
ohh
3To H M e m e
moxho
b
OKaaaBaiHCi. b nepB0HaHajn>H0ß c $ e p e cEjymapi-
oöpeTajoT
npexHMe K O H H O T a m m . npomunocTpHpoBaTB
Ha npHMepe ÖHBmero
aproTH3Ma
HacTonmee BpeMH HMeeT cKopee myTJiHBue,
"cop",
K0T0puä
neM HeraTHBHue KOHHOTa-
TaiXHH:
"Laat year, 13,534 c i v i l - r i g h t a Buita were f i l e d againat
lo o a l gove^nmenta
aalclng b i l l i o n in damagea - up from 270 au its
two decqdeB a g o ... The re a u ltt a few m u n icip alitiaa
with bankruptcy, and many othera face
out
aervicea or ra ia e
taxea . . .
Saya Randy Arndt of the N ational
League o f C it ie a : "The coata get put in the
re .
I t meana a few lesa
bought,
copa get h ired,
the pipea leak lon ger,
Newa & World Report,
are f l i r t i n g
in te n a ifie d pressure to
o it y
a fire
budget aomewheengine ia n 't
the etreete d e t e r io r a t e "■ (U .S .
Dec. 20, 1982, 60).
B t o x e BpeMH b penn npejicTaBHTeJieit np ecT yiiH oro MHpa pe3K0
HeraTHBHue KOHHOTaiiKH s r o r o CJiOBa coxpanraoTCfl:
"In many waya,
correo tio n al o ffio e r8
f o r t h e ir oocupation lacke many o f the
cea
of
Job aati8 faotion . . . Moreover,
aelf-im agea
hardly
ben efit
" p u ll"
time
aa w e ll,
a o c ia lly rewarding aourt h e ir
from pu blic
ocoupational
oonoeptiona of
the
kind of peraon who would work in a prison . Within the w alla der ia iv e referencea to o ffio e r a by inmatea aa "aorewa",
or "oopa" are v iv id and e x p lie it foima of
July/Aug., 1974, 58).
contempt"
"hacka"
(S ociety,
Ecjih b nepBOM cJiynae Ha nepBuft njiaH BHCTynaeT JieHOTaTHBHoe
SHaneHHe CJiOBa,
to bo btopom öojiee
BecoMHM OKaauBaeTCH KOHHOTa-
THBHoe sHaneHHe, hto kohohho 0Tpa3HTCH b nepeBoae:
"E cjih ÄBanuaTt JieT Hasan, nporaB MyHHUHnajiiHux BJiacTeä Öhjio
B03Öy*ÄeH0 B c e r o 270 aeJi,
13534 rpaamaHCKinc HCKa
a y jiiT a T e HecKOJiiKo
to
b npouuioM r o j i y hm Öujio npeatHBJieHo
Ha oömy» cyMMy
MymmHnanMTeTOB
Mmumap,« Äojuiapoß, B pe-
b o t - b o t cob cbm pa3opHTCH,
a
MH0xecTB0 Äpyrmc Bce name noroBapHBaeT o HeodxojutMocTn ccKpaiHTb
pacxoÄH Ha KOMMyHajithoe oöcJiyxHBaHHe hjih yBeJanHTt Hajiorn. "Thxö h öpjibHO ö b d t no ropoacKOMy diou*eTy, -
jtajiyeTCH HJieH HaimoHaJü-
HOÖ JtHTH rOpOÄOB P8HHH ApHAT. - A B6ß£ Ha 9TH CpeflCTBa . MOXHO ÖU
JIO öu h e h h tb eme H0ckojh>ko nojnmeftcKHX.
-
96 -
npHoöpecT» noxapHyn Ma-
i
•HHy,
ncräHHTB BOflonpoBOÄ, öJiaroycTpoHTb
"Mokho
Jo
ckebetb,
onyacamne
nojioneHHUMn, noTOMy
cbohmh
(jadOTOÄ . . .
tiopBMe
tto
h to
TnpeM
ohh
ymmii."
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3ehhmeiotch HedJiarojwpHoft
BoJiee T o r o , no MHemoD <5ojn.nmHCTBat CTOJfnnß qe.HOBeK
p &ö o t e t b
He CTaHeT,
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n 0 9 T 0 «y
ohh s ä b e jeh
CBoeft npo$eccH ett. 3aiüD0MeHHHe npespirreJiBHo HasuBaw^
h
b
MCTyT ropnuTLCH
" JiersBHMH"
hx
"JapaoHaMH".
IlpHBefleHHIJe npHMepU CBimeTeJItCTBy»T 0 TOM,
Haa xapaKTepHCTHKa
HTO KOHHOTaTHB-
xsproHHSMS BapwrpyeTCH b c o o tb 6 tc tb h h c n p a r -
MaTinecKHM acneKTOM B c e ro BHCKS3HBaHKfl, " t o o c tb OTHOineHHHMH v e x -
ffy peêBHM
npon3BefleHneM h y q a c t hhkemh kommyHKKaiWH. 3 th OTHOiue-
hkh onpexeJLHMTCH y x e He t o ju k o nparMaTinecKHM 3Haqeffi?eM shekob,
BXOÄHmHX B BUCKS3UBSHHe, HO H $aKTireeCK0tt CTOpOHOÄ
nepenaBaeMoft b coodmeHHH,
m
HH$OpMammf
couhsjibhhm CTETycoM h ncH?cojioriroecKH-
0C0Ö6HH0CTHMH KOMMyHHKaHTOB, cTeneHBio hx HenocpeacTBeHHoft a a -
HHTepecoBaHHocT*
b coodtqaeMOM, cTpeûieiraeM ä o ö h tb c h
npH noMooiH
KOMMyHHKaTHBHOrO SKTS KSKHX-TO IipEKTHMeCKHX pe3yJ!BTET0B H T.n.
yêT nojioöHHx coodpameHHü 0KE3HBaeT BJiiiHHHe h e Budop
h3hkobhx
cpeacTB hctokhhkom h Hfl cTenem . BOSÄeöcTBHH coodmeraw h e P e q e n -
Topa" (j3 . C .I05J .
B3SHMOCBH3B HHTeHCHBHOCTH 3M0UH0HaJIBH0Ö OIjeHKH,
opHeHTaipm
COIUiaJIBHOft
HCTO'JHHKS, Blldopa H3HKOBHX CpeÄCTB H KOMMyHHKSTHBHOfl
saHfl'iH BHCKaaHBEHHH, coaepKamero eÄKHmjy CJI, xopomo npoHBJiaeTCH
b cJieÄjnomeM
npHMepe:
"Ever slncs he took the management rein s o f Playboy Enter
p rise s In e .f iv e years ago, former newapaper executive D erick 'J;
D aniel has been fig h tin g to r e p a lr the danage oauaed by a poorly
exeouted d iv e r s ific a t io n oampaign. Playboy founder Hugh H.Hefner,
now chainnan, had created p r o fit a b le akln magatlnea. but he dropped the b a l l ln try ln g to aet up a f a r -flu n g entertainsent
em-
p ir e " (Business Week, March 16, T981, 154).
üpHMHHH HCIIOJIB3OBEHHH XSprOHHSMS CTEHyT HCHU, eCJIH MH 38M6HHM e r o XOTH du HS CTHJIHCTireeCKH
magaeine.
UHH, B
HeftTpEJIBHHft 3B$eMH3M
"CJISÖOM" KOHTeKCTe C03flEeT He COBCeM TOT KOMMyHHKSTHBHUß
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men'S
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S KOMMepêCKSH CTOpOHE BOnpOCE, HO SBTOpy npHXOJWTOH
-
97 -
ynoMHHan. HMerote npeÄ0cyOTTera>H0e c tohkh s p e m w oömenpHHHTHX
couaaniHux hojm, Hcn0Jn>30Bamie xe JieKciraecKoft woihmuh,
xoTopew
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paa 0TM6THM, HTO CJiyHBH XapaKTepHH ÄJIH "CJiaöUX" KOHTeKCTOB: C8M
0 CH 0 BaTeJii> aypHaJia
"ILneööoft" X.Xe$Hep b oahom H3 cbokx HHTepBMO
pa3HBaeT ero men'a
magazin»,
ho HHTepBi» hockt 0 TKp 0 BeHH 0 ano-
jioreTHMecKHlt xapaKrep, to ecTL no cymecTBy HBJineTCfl "chjiihhm kohT6KCT0M", KOTopiöl He ÄonycnaeT HeraTHBHoil ouchohhoctk , B npHBeaeHhom xe npHMepe HeraTHBHan oueHOHHocTt HeftTpajmsyeTCH KaK pas stapT0HK3M0M. Ilpn nepeBoae ueJiecooöpa3Hee Bcero BocnojiiaoBaTtcfl 3B$emh3mom, nycTt aaxe O T m m c T i w e c K H HeaneKBaTHHM
aHTJiHÜCKOMjr xapro-
HH3My:
"IIhtb J ie r na3an bo rJiaBe KOMnaHHH "ILneiiöoft 3HTepnpafl3H3"
bctbji öuBuiüft pejaKTop ra3eTH ÄepeK .HaHMeji. Bce 3th iw tb jio t oh
cTapaeTca npraecTH b nopanoK .uejia KOMnaHHH,
paccTpoeHHue bcjioh-
CTBHe HeyflaMHoit nonuTKn pasHooöpasHTb ee «eHTejiBHocTt. OcHOBaTeJti
KOMnaHHH Xiw Xe$Hep, mme ee npeaceaaTeJü, oTKpiui HecKOJiiKO npnöhjilhhx xypnajioB " He a m aaM". ho npanaTt ächtojibhocth KOMnaHHH
niHpoKHÄ
pasMax TaK h He cyMeJi."
3tb ocoöenHocTB CJI öiuia oTMeneHa JI.Chccm6 H 0 m,
K 0 T 0 puö onpe-
A6JIHJI ÄaprOH KaK "Bce Te CTHJIHCTHH6CKH CHKXeHHUe H CTOHU1H6 ocoö—
HflKOM OJIOBa H BUpaxeHHH pOAHOrO H3UKa, KOTOpue nHTaiOTCfl CKpUBETB
HenpHHTHue hcthhh h/hjih cnocoöcTBOBaTB ycnexy roBopauero
ycneuiHOMy npoABHxeHiuo T o ro B onpoca, A e m
roBopnmKfl npejtCTaBJineT)
nyTeM BepöaJitHux
hjih npoflyKTa,
MaHHnyjwyHfl,
KOTopux onasHBaeTCH HHTaieJib' hjih CJiymaTejtt" [7
6tch, sto onpeAeJieHHe
. C. 32]
( hjih x e
KOTopuft
xepTBOÄ
. Pa3yw&-
pacKpuBaeT npnpoay CJI hgckojüko oahoctopoh-
He, ho 9T0 HMeHHO Ta CTopoHa, K0T0paH HHTepecyeT Hac b HacTonmeft
CTBTte. IIpHMeMaTeJitHO, HTO 3TB $0pMyJIKp0BKa IipHHaUJIeXHT aMepHKaHCKOMy aBTopy h cnpaBeÄfflBa CKopee b OTHoweHMH h3hkoboä cHTyauHH
b C111A, neM b CCCP - H8-3a HecoBnajieHHH yaeJiLHoro Beca h (JyiiKUHOHajQ>Hux ocoöeHHOCTefl CJI b pyccKOM h aHTJinftcKOM H3HKax. TaKHM oöpa3om,
ajih
Hanöojiee TOHHoro onpeaeJieHHfl sKcnpeccHBito-oueHOHHux xa-
98 -
paKTepHCTHK CJI B KOHXpeTHOM TeKCTe
HeOÖXOÄHMO yTHTHBaTB OÄHOBpenparMaTHMecKHÄ acneKT b h CKa3HBaHHH H COÖCTBeHHHe np&TMaTHHeCKHe XapaKTepHCTHKH CyöCTaH“
Ä8PTHUX JieKCMMeCKHX ejQIHHU.
M6hho 0dmeH3HK0Byn cHTyaiuuo b [ffi h 1 ,
CCtUKH HA JMTEPATypy
1 . K.MapKC. $.3HreJg>c. IIhclmo ®.3HreJiLca 3.BepHiiiTe#Hy,
I I h m h 1882 r . 2 -o H3Ä.//CoÖp.co'W. - 1*35. -
ok .
C .280-28^.
2 . M .B.A ph o j &j . CramcTHKa coBpeMeHHoro aHr-raftcKoro HSHica. ü . : IIpocBemeHHe, 1981. -
296 c .
3 . r.B.KojnuaHCKüft. CooTHomeHHe cyöieKTHBHHX
(JaKTopoB
b
H3HKe. -
M .: Hayna, 1985. -
h o öisktubhh x
232 c .
4 . H.A.JtvKbHHOBa. 3KcnpeocHBHaH JieKCMta pa3roBopHoro ynoTpeö-
JieHHH. üpoöJieMH ceMaHTHKH. - Hobochöhpck: HayKa, 1986, n 232 c .
5. PyccK a« pa3roBopaaH pe^B. OoHeTHKa. Mop$ojioriw. JlexcKKa.
ÄecT. -
M .: Hayna, I9 8 3 .-2 4 0 c .
6 . B.H.KoMHCcapoB. ÜMHTBRCTHxa nepeBOjxa. - M .: MeimyHapoame
OTHomeHHH, 1980. -
168 c .
7 . L.E.Slseman. P la a tlo R ngllsh. - A tla n tic Monthly,
Oot.
1972. - 152p .
r.B.IIoposKHCKafl
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KQTopoe MomeT ö u t l Jierxo Bupa*eno oöuhhhmh
-
101 -
muioKyTHBHHMH TJisrcwiaMH" {^ 7 . 0 . 1 7 5 ] , TpyflHO c hhm He corjiacHTLCfl. OflHaKO STO H6 3HBMHT, 'TTO HJUOKyTHBHBH CHJla npeACTaBJLH6T
coöoö HeonpeÄeJweMyrc KaTeroprao. Jim Hamero HccJieAOBaHHH mh bshjh
M6TOA onHcaHHH HJUioKyTHBHoft chjih, npejyioxeHHHÄ Ä*.CepJI6M H A .B a a AopBeKeHOM. CorJiacHO sthm aBTopaM, hs üohhthh HJUioKyTHBHan caaa
MOXHO BmJIOKHTB C6MB KOMÜOH6HTOB: I) KJUOKJTTHBHafl 1I6JH., 2) CHOCOä AOCTHX6HHH lUUIOKyTHBHOtt uejffl, 3) HHT6HCHBH0CTB HJUOKJTTHBHOi
neJiH,
4)
ycJioBHH np0n03HUM0Haja>H0r0 co a ep o K u n w ,
5)
n pejtB ap H -
T6JQ>HUe yeJIOBHH, 6 ) yCJIOBHH HCKpOHHOCTH H 7 ) HHT6HCHBHOOTB y o jioBKfi zcKpeHHOcTH Qß. C.I ]. Tbkkm o ö p a ao M , b tom cjiyqae, xorjoa
BCe 3TH KOMnOHeHTH, COCTaMHBUtHe HJUIOKyTHBHjm OHJiy, Öy^yT TO*ASCTBOHHU B OÖOHX H3UKHX, MOXHO rOBOpHTi H 0 T0XÄ6CTB6HH0GTH Oftmhz muioKyuHft h, xax cJieACTBHe 3Toro, HJuioxyTHBKue râronu,
bu-
2
CTynanuH« b xanecTBe HHAHKaTopoB HJuioKyTHBHUx oh ji,
JieHTHH
öynyn
skbhba—
b t o k c tb x HH h I1H. Hanpraiep:
"ZeHaTU Bu?" - cnpocmia AenyniKa,
Tenjw saTaeHHyn yjwöny.
"Are you married?" «he aakal
with a aecretive emile.
( UIojioxob,
19 ) .
(Sholokhov, . 2 5 ) .
B 9tom npHMepe coBnananr Bce komiioh6Htu H-uioKyTUBHofl chjoi b
TeKCTax HH h IIH. Tax, muioKyTHBHafl ueju. - ( peraecTHBHaH) m e H TlWHa flJIH OÖOHX BUCKHSUBaHHÖ, cnocoö AOCTHXeHHfl HJUIOKyTMBHOtt ch jiu - (saoaBaKHe B onpoca) T a xx e oähhbkob juw oöoh x t o k c t o b , HHT'eHCKBHOCTB HJUIOKyTHBHO# CHJIH B OÖOHX BUCKaSUBaHHHX - peKB8CTHBHaX,
np0n03HUH0Hajn>H0e coflepxaraie 0AHHaK0B0e - BonpocHTeJitHoe o$op»wehxo nponosHUHH; npeABapHTeJüHue yeJIOBHH - saHHTepecoBaHHOOTB
roBopnmero b ocymecTBJieHHH A6Hctbhh, BupaxeHHoro nponoamjHefl,
Taxxe BunoJiHeHo b oöohx peneBux aKTax ; yeJIOBHH h ck p oh h octh , b h paxaimHecH b tom, h t o KOMMyHHKaHT AeftCTBHTeJtbHo saHHTepecoBan b
HKjopMaixHH, x o T o p y » oh sanpanncBaeT, npeacTaBJieHo b oöohx T e x c T a x .
TaKHM 0Öpa30M, HJUOKyTHBHbie CHJIU B Jtßyx TeKCTax 0Ka38JIHCI> OÄHHak o b u m h , Ha h t o yna3UBaioT
3KBHBaJieHTHue rJiaroJiu cnpocHJi h aaked.
OflHaxo
npn aH arase $aKTOJioJioriPiecKoro
MaTepaana,
HHTepec jww Hac npeACTaBJiHJm cjiyq aa HecoBnaneraH
rjia ro jioB b tb k c tb x Hfl h IIH. HanpHMep:
"PaccK axH , M HJiaxa",nonpocHJi
oh.
ocoöhä
hjuiokjtthbhhx
»C ooe on, t e i l me abou t i t " ,
kopotko
( UIojioxob , 62 )
he e u r t l y
;
(S h olokh ov,
-
102 -
69)
B onHcuBaeuoM peneBOM aK T e HJuioKyTHBHan jmpeKTHBHaH ueJO> x a paK TepnsyeTCH h h tc h c h b h o c tb io y r p o 3 u ,
oaho h s npeÄBapHTeJtbhhx ycwioBHft BunoJiHeHHH n p o c b ö H ;
KpoMe T o r o ,
3 ^ e c b HapyueHO
saHHTepecoBaHHOCTt a n p e c a T a
b
HapymeHU T a K x e ycJioBHH u cK p eH H ocT « npono3B m ni,
to ecT& caM roBopmuHÖ He HcnuTHBaeT HCKpeHHero x eJ ia m w b o c y m e c T w era H
CBoeft n p o c b ü u . üoaTOMy b c m iy Hapyuiemia p a u a ycJiOBidt y c n e n -
Horo BbdlOJIHeHHH HJUlOKyTHBHOÄ U6JIH,
B c e r o BU0Ka3UBaHKH
xoth
"c H M te H a "
p
HJUIOKyTHBHaH ÄHpeKTHBHaH CHJI8
6 k b 6 c t h b h u m rjia ro J ioM
" n o n p o c w i" ,
Mepe
CQixHanbHO-poJieBue o thocjo hiw c n o c o ö c T s y io T b kelkoä- t o
DpitpaBHHBaHHD (JyHKUMOHHpOBaHHfl peKB6CTHBHOrO rJiaTOJIa ÄHpeKTHBHO—
My npn n e p e B o a e . B äehhom onyâe npoctöa M yxa k npoBHHHBoieücfl x e He p a c c K a s a T b o<3 ee npocTymce b s to m KOHTeKCTe npon3HeceHeHfl paBHoaeHHa npHKasy,
HJUioKyTHBHue chjih o ö o h x n p eA n o x em d t moxho
c to -
TaTt> oAHHaKOBUMK. OTcnna HcnojiisoBaHHe ÄupeKTHBHoro rJiaroJia
d e
nOJIHOÄ Mepe COOTBeTCTByeT HJUIOKyTHBHOÜ CHJie Bcero
BU-
inanded
B
CKaa HBaHHH.
üpH oimcaHHH M aTepn an a b HeKOTopux,
jie H H ia ,
n p a a n a o 't e H i H eM H oroqn c-
c jiy q a H x n o n a o a m c ii n p m ie p u ’ noJiHofi 3aMeHH npon o3n m m
npi
n e p e fla ^ e B u cK aau B am w Ha aHTJiHÖcKHfl h 3 h k :
"
3 t o TeÖH h o ä P o c t o b o m
T aK yro p a3 Ä H J io ? ( ByfleHHHÄ,
" I d i d n ' t know
cnp ocu n h .
a bad t i m « o f
4 3 8 ).
I B a ld .
y o u 'd had euoh
it
a t R o a to v ",
(B u d y o n n y ,
-
4 3 5 ).
B n pnB6Aehhom npm/iepe b pyccKOM npejviaxeHHH peKBecTHBHaa
nponosHUHA n peO T O JiaraeT ,
h t o muioKyTHBHaH n e j i i bhc Ka3uBaHHH 3 a -
KJüovaeTCH b CTpeMJieHHH y3HaTb y a H p e c a T a HmepecyiomyD ro B o p n m ero
HHtfopMaiuno, KpoMe T o r o , peKBOCTUBHuft t jib t o ji c irp o c m i
Taiate
nau -
’jepKHBaeT cooTBeTCTBywuH Ä x a p a m e p muioKynHH. B eihtjikKckom
jioxeHHH accepTHBHaH npono3ituHH n o K a su ß a e T ,
npea-
h t o muioKyTHBHafl u e J t t .
BUCKa3HBaHHH 3aKJD0MaeTCfl B KOHCTaTaiWH $ a K T a H03HaHHH rOBOpHIUHM
onpefleJteHHHx CBeaeHHü. AccepTHBHiiH r jia r o ji aaid
cjiyxHT b stom CJiy-
i a e HHAHKaTOpOM aCCepTHBHOft KJUlOKyUKB aHTJlHÄCKOrO BbICKaSHBaHEH. '
BcJieÄCTBHe s t o t o He npeÄCTaBJweTCH bo3Moxhhm cpaBHHBaTb lüiaoK yniBHue c h jih
f ls y x >HCKa3UBaHHft,
T aK KaK Heuanue p a s h h x
npono3im H#
h pa3HHX HJuioKyTHBHux ueJie# yK a3H B aeT Ha p a s ju ro iie muiojqruHfl
no
s a id »
BceM napaMeTpaM. üosTOMy muioKyTHBHHe rJiaroJiH cnpocm i
h
KOTOpue B 3TOM npHMepe HenOCpe^CTBeHHO CBHSaHH KaJWHÖ
00 O K M ft
-
103 -
nponoaxuxeft, yxasHBanr Ha paaHHe
oähhbkobo #
peneBHX
tehh
axroa,
noropue
b
uepe orp azan r CHTyauHK.
HHor.na
b
pyccKOM peneBOM a m e d m a e t HapymeH p*m npeflBapH-
tm lh ux
ycjioBHt ycnenmoro BunaxHemui JuwoKymm,
» toto -
pyccKHft luuioKyTHBHHft rjia ro ji He cooTBercTsyer
h
x ax pesyju>TaT
b
cane
bh-
cicasHBaHHH. Hanpmtep:
FocjoA daTapeeu, no yjuriHOMy
A bu rly gunner, nloknamed
nposBKoy JtanHH, CTyxan ü p o x o -
S tru t, battered Prokofy'a
$ hh' rOJiOBOtt o CTöHy, yrOBaPHBaJi:
he ad againat the w a ll and
"Hb nyxs, He myio, usnero T y r ! . . "
told hin, "Don»t make a rowt"
( I
ojioxob,
(Sholokhor,
14)
.24)
3seoi> b pyccKOM npeAnoxemni aapymeHO ycJioBHe hckpchhocth nponosm aoH ajaH oro
coAepxaHKH, - ydejmemw aopecara b hckpohhocth
obokx HaiiepeHxi. HhohcthbhhA rjiarojr yroBapHBan
hbho He c o o t b ö t -
CTByer cnocoöy aocthxchhh hjuiojottheho# uejm Bucxasm aioiH. Orcuma
xaionyTEBHaa c u ta buckesHBaHHH c hhtshchbhootud
yroBapKBaHHH
h
onocod AOCTHxeHHfl HXnoKyTHBHoft iianx cosAanr onpeAaneHHHÄ c te x h o th H6CKKB S$$6KT. ACCepTHBHHÖ
rJWTOJI told
dOutfi« OOOTBÖTCTByBT W -
JIOigrTXBHOt QOJOI BHCKaSUBaHHH, HO OH CnOCOdCT^yeT CHKX6KKD
• CTHJtxcTHqecxoro
a$$exTa npa nepeBoae.
HapymeHHeM npeABapHTeaama ycJioBHÖ oTioraaeTCA x cJiwQTtmee
npajwoxeHHe.
iyjiepHaH Jä h b o yBepaeT,
bto
( EpeMBHKO,
B
hto
d u n "HedOJunme rpym iH ".
stom
nponosxmiH,
355)
He olalm e. however, «n ly "sm all
groups* nanaged to get out o f the
pooket.
(Brenenko, 246)
npHMepe HapymeHO npeÄBapHTeJtbHoe ycJioBHe
Koraa roBopamnfl sHaeT,
hto
hcthhhoctx
e ro BucxasuBaHHe
äoxho,
HO T6M HO MOHee OH HHTaeTCfl BUULTL e ro 3a OOOTBeTCTByimee A6ÄCTBHT6JO>HOMy nanoxeHKD jteai. nocpeacTBOM ,ne$eKTHott nponoamom roBopnnöiJ!
nuraeTOfl ydeÄHTi aspecaTa b npaBHJiiHocTH cbohx pemeindl h aeÄCTBit#,
ho HTOdu cjiynianitHS ue sanoxospiui, h to nponosxmiH HencTHHHa, r 0 B0 punpdl npm aeT BHCxaaHBaiono ,nonoJiHHTeJD>Hyr cany,
KOTopon BupaxeHa
KAAOKyTHBHUM HHCHCTKBKUM rjlÄTOJIOM yBflDHflT. B aHTJIHÄCKOM HpejWOXehhx Het yKaaaHHft Ha fle$eK TH oc» nponosim ra,
nosTOMy s ä s c l
He
TpedyeTCfl xonoJXHETeJtbHofl juuoKyTHBHo# ciihh, htocSh sacraBHTB cJiy-
-
104
-
marauero noBepH TB bhck£L3hb&hhi) . P e ^ e B o ft e k t b aH rjm ficKOM T eK C T e h o —
o h t accepTHBHHÖ x a p a K T e p ,
mero n e c T O ,
aaiunoHaKtuHÄCH b KOHCTaTamra $ a K T a ,
a accep T H B H u fl r j i a r o j i Claim s
HM eB-
c o o T B e T C T B y e T m uioKyTHB—
ho# c a n e Bcero aH T J m ftcK oro BHCKa3UBaHHH. OTCiona n p asJ n n H e b h h T8HCHBHOCTH HJMOKJTTHBHHX CHJI AByX npeÄJIOXeHHft .
EpTeCTBeHHO, TTO
uuioKyuHH o HHTeHCHBHOCTBK) yd ex a eH U H 0Ka3H BaeT öoJibm ee B n e q a T J ie HHe Ha c jjy m a n m e ro ,
êM m uioKyTHBHaH c m ia c HHTeHCHBHocTb» n p o cT O
yTBepnweHHH. üoaTO M y O T cyTC TB H e yK a3 ara ift Ha ,ne$eK TH ocTb n p o n o 3 H -
rnra b aHTJiHÖCKOM npe& noxeH H H ( h KaK cJiejicTB H e 3 T o r o aaMeHa h h c h c TKBHoro r j i a r a n a Ha a c c e p n iB H H lt n p a n ep e B O ^ e ) 0Ka3UBaeTCH He c o b o o m
KOHT0KCTyaJU>HO OÖyCJIOBJleHHOÖ.
ÜTHopHpoBaHHe $ a K T o p a ajtpecaTa, b HeKOTopux cJiyMaiix,
Be«eT
k
Tarate
saMeHe HJLioKyrHBHoro rJiaroJia np« nepeBoae:
"IIoTecHHTecL rocT e^ K H !" - ynpa-
"Squeeze up a b i t ! " P y t r d e -
rntTBaJl neTpo, TOJIKafl pa30npeB-
manded pushing the women
nme o t tuujca daÖBH jkhboth.
a s id e .
( IIIojioxob ,
(S h olok h ov, 10 7 ) .
99 ) .
B äehhom npuMepe jurpeKTHBHuH xapaKTep npono3imHH noOTepKHBaeTOH ÄHpeKTHBHHM rJIäTOJIOM demanded
OBHaKO 3AeCb He
B aKTJUliiCKOM BHCKa3HBaHHH,
y^TOH 3CKH3 ayflHTopHH. Be^b roBopflmuß HaxojWTCH b
oömecTBe pelbhhx eMy no counajibHOMy nojicuKerauo jmmeä, noaioMy xapaK
T e p couHaJüHO-poJieBHX OTHOfflemift T p e ö y e T ,
h to ö h
KOMMyHHKaHT npoHB—
ju u yB a x eH H e h onpeieJieHHH# t b k t no OTHouiemno k oKpyKarauMM,
c ko-
topum h o h B C T yn aeT b KOMMyhuksuhio , noaTOMy hhchcthbhh« rjia ro ji
ynpamHBaji öojrtüne oooTBeTCTByeT KOHTeKCTy
pe}CTHB demanded.
npoH3HeceHHH,
hbm j p -
HenpuHHTHe b o BramaHHe s c i o i a a ayA M Top m i noBJinHJio Ha m u io K y mao
aH T Jn dtcK oro b h c Ka 3 ttBaiotH
fl nOÄaJI KOManny "BOJUHO" H
OÖMBJUI,
'ITO
öySBT
cJie^yioneM
n p raaep e:
I commanded my men to stand a t
T0B0pnTb eaee and s a id th a t T ro ts k y c h a ir -
npeac6ÄBTeJEb PeBBOeHCOBeTa
pecnyÖJWKH TpoiJKHtt.
(ßyAeHHUft,
b
243)
man o f the R e p u b lio 's R e v o lu tio n a —
r y M i l i t a r y C ou n cil would speak to
them
(Budyonny,
.247 ) .
B npHB 6 A 6 H H 0 M p y C C K O M npejUIOXeHHH TJiarOJI O&fcHBIU OTHOCHTCÄ
K ÄOKJlapaTHBHUM TJIBTOM M , TO 6CTL rOBOpHmHÄ nOCpeflCTBOM CBOerO
-
105 -
npoH3HeceHHH p e a m 3 y e T noJioateHHe a e ji, npejtCTaBJieHHoe npono3nmreft.
HjUOKyTHBHtie CHJIH OÖOHX BHCKa3HBaHHÖ He TOXWeCTBeHHH no CJieÄyBOlHM
napaMeTpaM: BO-nepBux,
pa3JMMHH Taraie KOMnOHeHTH,
h o c tb HJUioKyTHBHoft u ejm ,
KaK HHTeHCHB—
TaK KaK roBopmuHÄ, .ueJian o ö ’bHBJieHHe n e -
p eji CTpoeM, npejuipuHHMaeT ö o jie e cmiLHyio nonHTKy .äoöhtbch B unojm ehhh KJDioKyTHBHoÄ u ejm ,
neM K o m a oh npocTO fleJiaeT cooömeHHe o K a -
KOM—JÖIÖO $ a K T e . BO-BTOPHX, He TOJfWeCTBeHHH c n o co öu ÄOCTHJteHIW HJIJioKyTHBHoft iie jih ,
n0T0My h to roBopflEjHÄ ö ep eT Ha cedn 0ÖH3aTeJüCTBa
■KOCTHHL JieKJlapaTHBHOft HJUIOKyTHBHOft UeJIH B COOTBeTCTBHH CO CBOHM
BHCOKHM nOJIO*eHHeM H npHHHTHeM BO BHHMaHHe KOHTeKCTa npOH3HeCeHHfl
( acKH3a ay^HTopHH -CTOHuiero n e p e ^ hhm MHOxecTBa
TJDHÜCKOM
anpecaTOB ).B a n -
npe^JIOJKeHHH fiaHHHÄ KOHTeKCT np0H3HeCeHHH He y^TeH , n 0 9 -
T O «y jieKJiapaTHBHaH muioKyiiHH O K a3ajiact npn n ep eân e Ha aHTJmflcKHfl
H3HK 3aMeHeHHoü Ha
accepTHBHuit peneBofl aKT, Ha h t o yKa3HBaeT a c -
cepTHBHHü r jia r o ji s a i d .
MHor.ua 3aMeHa HJuioKyTHBHoro rjiarojia npn nepeBoae oöycJioBJieHa
aKTyaJTH3aiineft pa3JDiHHHx ypoBiieft npeacTanAHeMoro
"n p o TO peHB, HTO BhWaBaTB,
KyÖHTB, H paHO, -
MHpOTBO—
her in marriage" master said
pm i X03HHH, JIOCRHCB yJlHÖKOÖ.
beaming with a smiLe. "It's
"He paHO! HcthhhhÄ öor,
He paHO! - yroBapHBaa ero
not early! Honest to God it's
not early" Panteley re.lolned
IlaHTeJieÄ IlpOKO<J)BeBHH.
( IIJojioxob,
cooömemifl:
"The point is it's early to give
Panteley re.lolned.
68 ).
(Shololthov,
> 74 ).
B npHBeaeHHOM pyccKOM upejuioxemM hhchcthbhhH rjiaroji yroBaPHBaJi 3KcnjiHunpyet muioKyTKBuyjo CHJiy Bceft HHTepaKUHH, to ecTb
PPHeBoro öjioke
eOTramu oömeHHH , b OTJMHHe ot peneBoro aKTa
(eOTHHUH cooömeHHü)^ 9
B peajiiHofl hshkoboä KOMMyhhk3uhh peneBue aKTH norpy*eHH b oömyw cTpyKTypy « 3 Hkoboä HHTeparaiHH, b kotopofl OTJieJILHHe peneBtie flKTU HBJLfDOTCfl B3aHMOCBH3aHHHMH. y.SAMOHCOH
YTBepümaeT, HTO CBH3H0CTB KOMMyHMKaTHBHOit JieHTeJIBHOCTH rOBOpnmHX
ortecneHHBaeTCH Ha MHTepaKunonaJiBHOM ypoBHe. KommyHHKaTHBHHft bkt ,
no e ro MHemno, AOJixeH xapaKTepn30B3TtcH KaK onnoBpeMeHHoe BunoJiHe™e OTyx aKTOB - HHTepaKUHOHaJtbHoro h HJuioKyTHBHoro; HHTepaK—
HHOHaJüHHe aKTH peaJiH3ywTCfl b <}>opMe oflHoro hjih HecKOJttKHX HJUioKyTHBHbDC aKTOB, TJiyÖHHHaH CTpyKTypa (JpaTMeHTOB KOMMyHHKailHH HBJIHeTCJ
-
106
-
»HTepaKUHOHaJüHott no x a p a K T e p y jÎO ] . Bo3Bpamanci. k npuMepy, CJieJtyeT 0TM6THTB, HTO HHCHCTHBHHÄ TJISTOJI YTOBapMBaJI 3KCIUIHL[HpyeT KOMnyHHKaTHBHyu ueJD> roB op sm ero
h e HHTepaKUHOHaJiLHOM
»peMH k ek accepTHBHufl r jia r o ji r e j oned
neJEb OÄHoro peêBoro aK Ta. CjieÄ0BaTeJtbH0,
repaKmra Bcei\ua öojiiiiie,
ro aKTa,
ypoB H e,
b to
noflnepiaiB aeT HJUioKyTHBHyn
m uioKyiiiBHaH c m ia h h -
qeM muioKyTHBHafl cmia OTjieJiiHoro peêBO-
BXOÄHiuero a HHTepsKUHOH&niHHft
e k t,
OTcnua 3awieHa
hh-
OHCTHBHoro rJiaroJDä Ha accepTHB npu nepeB oê yK a atm aeT Ha a K T ya im »amDO paaHHX KOMMyHHKaTHBHHX ypOBHeft
Top c noMoncbio rjiarcura yroBapHBaJi
Bceö HHTepaKUHH,
nepeBOOTHK * e
OTpraiaTeJtbHyn nponoamijno
H te k ,
aBTopoM H nepeBOÄHHKOM: aB
noflMepKHBaeT HHCHCTHBHyio
rJiarojioM
r e jo n e d
accepTH B H oro p e n e B o ro aK T a.
b 3aKJD0MeHHe cJiejayeT eme pas o t m c th tb ,
mto SH $$epeH -
imauiw b penpe3eHTam ra mmoKyTMBHUx rJiarcuioB b TeKCTax Hfl
oöycjioBJieHa HecoBnsmeHMeM pana KOMnOHeHTOB,
CHJiy peêBHX aKTOB b TeKCTax Ha
THBHy»
cm ty
anneHTiipyeT
h ITH
cocTaBJmioumx m u ioK y -
pa3Hux H 3 U K ax.
CCtüJKH HA JWTEPATypy
1 . itm.CepJEb. Hto TaKoe peêsoß aKT? / / J lo B o e b sap yöe*H oft
JiHHTBHCTHKe. - M .: ü p orp ecc, 1986. Brni.17. _ C . I 5 I - I 7 0 .
2. A .W lerzb ick a.A semantio metalanguage f o r a c ro a a c u ltu ra l
comparison of speech acta and speech genrea // Language in S o c ic ty.-Cambridge U n iv.Preaa. 1985, v o l . 14, N 4i:P.491-513
3. J . Verschueren. On Speech acta verba //Pragmatica and
Beyond.—Amsterdams Benjjamina, N 4, 1980. - P .8-40.
4. T .B . E y jm r u H a . 0 r p a r a m a x h coaepataHMH nparM aTHKH // Msb.
AH CCCP CepHfl JUiT-pn
h
H 3., 1981,
t
. 40, Jt 4. - G .333-341.
5. E .B .lIa g y q e B a . BHCKasHBaHHe h e r o c o o T H e c e H H o c T t c aettcTH—
TeJiBHOCTB». -
M .: HayKa, 1985. - 271 c .
6. D.Vanderveken. I llo c u t io n a r y lo g ic and a e lf-d e fe a t in g
apeeoh aota // Speech act theory and pragpiatics. - Dordreaht«
R eidel, 1980. - P . 247-272.
7» Q.N.Leech. P rin o ip le s o f pragm atics. « Longman,
250 p.
8.
k 6b ux
Bh h . 18
JtK.Cepmb. J.BangepBeKeH. Ochobhh 6
aKTOB / / HoBoe
-
b
T983. -
itohhthh hcthcjichhh
3apyöe*HoB JinHTBHCTHKe. - M ., lIp o rp e c c ,I9 8 6 .
Qo242-264.
-
107 -
p
9.
KoMMyHHKaTHBHo-nparMaTKHecKaH jm htbhcTHKa h e e
H .n .C y c o B .
eOTHima // IIparMaTHKa h ceMaHTHKa CHHTaKCJreecranc 6ähhku. - Kajm hhh
,
1984. - C .3 -1 2 .
10. ff.Edmondaon. Spoken diseourse.
A model f o r a n a ly s is . -
L .,N -4 j longman, 1981. - 217 p .
IlHTupyeMafl JiKTepaTypa
M.UIojioxob Tnxzit
üoh.
-
M .: BoeHH3,naT, 1964.
C.M.EyfleHHHft. npoäfleHHHft n y r i . A.H.EpeMeiuco. B Haâjre
boühh.
M .: BoeHH3,naT, 1958.
-
M .: Hayna, 1964.
M.Sholokhov. And quiet flo w s the Ddn. - M.t Coop.Publiah.
3 o eiety , 1939.
S.Budyonny. The path o f V e lo u r. - M.:
P rogress, 1972.
A.Eremenko. The Arduous Beginning - M .: P ro gress, 1966.
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Bonpoc:
A - How are you?
B — How are you?
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A -
How are you?
B -
H i.
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Mrs Eynsford H i l l (in tro d u o in g ) : My daughter C la ra .
L isa i How do you do?
C lara i How do you do?
(P i^ n a lio n , 57-58).
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Moh £ ohb KJiapa.
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KOTOpue MoryT BHCTynaTB
KaK C Boero p on a "$yHKUHOHajn>HHe M ecTO M M em w ", t o
x e $yHKC[HX), h t o
h
JiHHHHee MecTOHMemw I - r o ,
ecTB HecyT
Ty
2 - r o h 3 - r o jum a
b
eBponeücKHx H3Hicax. KpoMe 3 T o r o ,' cymecTByMT eme o k o jio jiecflTH M e c tohmqhhä
I-ro
jnm a h npHMepHO c to jib k o x e 2 - r o Jnma, a Tarace
KOTopue A p y rn e cymecTBHTeJiBHue, ynoTpedJweMHe
b
ü oh h th o, h t o HajiHHHe T aK oro öojn>inoro KOjmnecTBa MecTOHMemift,
Topue
k
TOMy x e neTKO ÄHtêpeminpyioTCH
H e-
s to m K anecTB e.
no npn3HaKaM
ko-
B 03pacTa,
nana, cfreneHH SHaKOMOTBa, counaJUHUM n a p y rm i aKCTparaHTBHCTHHeCKHM npH3H3KaM,
k
C0BC6M
H6 OÖJIerHaeT XH3HB nepeBOflHHKaM. B03BM6M,
npHMepy, H3B6c th o 6 CTmcoTBopeHHe nyuiKHHa
" Bh
"B h " CepêHHHM " t h " / OHa OÖMOJIBHCB 3aM6HHJia . . . " .
h th " :
3H6CB
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B • MH
chth & jiom nepeRflBHeraw oTHomeHHH2 BucTynaioT M ecTOHM eraw 2 - r o Jn m a.
1
0 nepeB one c aH M ü ftcK oro Ha pyccKHÄ
CKHft cm . [2 , 3 j .
2 ■ B ojiee
nospodHO
cm.
^1 ] .
-
113 -
h c
p y c o K o ro Ha aHTJmft-
,
OnHaKo b o bbetHaMckom H3UKe H3MeHeHHe MecTOHMemöt 2 - r o junja
He
B ee rn a HBJmeTCH ÄOCTaTOHHUM ycJiOBHeM, TaK KaK ohh äcuhchh H axoÄHTBCH B CTporOM COOTBeTCTBHH C MeCTOHMeHKHMK I - r O JIHLta, KOTOpHO
âme s c e r o u a b jo to tc b iioäoöhhm CKTHaJioM. üoaTOMy npH nepeBojie Ha
BI>eTH8MCKHÄ H3UK STOrO CTHXOTBOpeHHH pyccKHe
xtaranHMH
"e m " BHpUr
H
pa3Hyio CTenera, 3Hai<0MCTBa no niKaJre 0(|)HUHajn>H0CTi./He0$ii-
HH8J1BH0CTB,
ilOBepHTeJlBHOCTL,
HHTHMHOCTB.
K Borrpocy o nepeBO,ne MecTOHMenHÖ,
Jia. HsBecTH o,
w o
raeHira na " t h "
ecm
b pyccKOM H3HKe,
n p « ycTaHOBHBtneMCH o ö p a -
ajrpecaHT o ö p a m a c fl k ajrpecaTy Ha
jseT osHaâTB c c o p y ,
"b h ",
b to mo-
H3MeHeHiie OTHomemilt jmh x e nonuTKy cokphthh
hhtkmhhx OTHOttieraiÄ nepe.a TpeTBKM,
Hanpmwep,
BCKpuBaianHx x a p a ra e p
moäho OTHecTH npm iep Jtpyroro p o-
B3aHMO0THOweHKü KOMMyHKKaHTOB,
ecjra,
3aMe-
"B h " h " t u "
HHJOTCH BOKaTHBaMH B pOJIH MBCTOHMeHHÜ I- r O JDma " t o i "
npucyTCTByiaiiHM
jihkom. OflHaKO
c c o p s T c n cyn p yrH , y pyccK ux He npoHcxoOTT c ^ b h ts
B (JopMe OOÖpameHHH " t u " — «- " b h "
( OÖ aKTJUlJtCKOM H3HK6 MH He
BopuM, TaM cym ecTByeT B c e ro o;iHa $opMa "y o u "),
rt*
y BteTHaMueB xa
b TaKofi cuTyaUHH âme B ce ro s t o t c ä b h t nponcxoO TT: ycTaHOBHBiue—
een odpameroie na anh/em
(" e u / h " -
("th / h ",
ortpaineHHe xenu k M yx y)
anh/t8i
" h / t h " ) nepexo.miT Ha
o8/t3i
h
("b h / h " -
oöpame-
iw e Myma k » e H e ) • CjieÄOBaTeJiBHO n p « nepeBOê ua pyccraifi
ovtrufui nepemm weniiH oTnomeHHÖ,
tbch
no BceJt bhuhmocth,
TaKOÄ
öyiieT onycKar-
I'anpiTOep:
.
"
may.
-
Ngäy mai anh
(Ö y K B . " t h " )
KhSng chSt a i däu. Nhung em
xeH H
K
(
ehtia may ao
th i ngay
k la
ÖyKB. "fl" - HHTHMH06OÖpaiUeHHfl
Myxy) °&n phai noi v<5i anh diSu nay . . .
- D llu gl?
- Sao truo’c däy anh m§m mong th8?
-
Thi da sao?
v
Nhfin cü<4i nhat. Ny ou<ii anh khli 8. T8i th6t I6n:
- Sao trüdo k la anh ninh n jt to i (ÖyKB. "si" - C OTTeHKOM
OTTyXAeiiHfl)
-
Cü c h o
nhl8u the? Anh lü nguî g ia d8i . . .
th Ä
d i.C 8 (ö Y K B .
" bh" )
lüm g l
t 8 l n& o?"
(ChuySn tinh, 77)
üepeBOB MOseT
I
öhtb
npzMepno TaKin/i:*
lle p e B o j aB Topa.
-
114
-
" -
3 a B T p a He yc n ee m b c x o jx h tb b a T e jn > e ,
3 aB T p a, HHKyaa o h o He ^ e a e T C H . A
-
h ÄCumHa
T a K n o ftu e n it n o c j i e -
noroBopH Ti. c T oöoft . . .
0 tö m ?
- Be£b paHbffle TH
ÖHJI TaKHM
MHTKHM H HeXHU M .
- Hy TaK t t o » e ?
E ro ryÖH
- Hto Ke
ckphbhjihcl
th
b HarJioö y m H J iK e.fl He B H flep*ana h aaKpireana:
paHtme TaK n oamb 3HBaJicn
- Ily c T t TaK, Hy
h mto t h
KaK mh buhhm, CMeHa $opM oöpameHUH
qaHHe" p y c c K o ro TeKCTa He
jai
ko
MHe, otfMaHuiMK necHacTHiiit!
MHe cjieJiaemi. ceftn ac?
..."
nepeBOfle c iie jia jia Öh "3 B y -
b
oêm . ecTecTBeHHHM,
w nos'roM y mh
chh -
8T0T CÄBHT B OÖpameHHH.
H a p tw y c
BHiueHa3 B£LHHHMH n p n e M a m ,
CKOM H3HK6 TaCTOTHOCTB ynO TpeöJieH H fl
x in
chäo* -
P3
npM n e p e B O fle e jw m m
f«OKeT T a n x e Hcn0Jii30BaTBCfl floö a B J ieH K e. T a K ,
nanpw M ep,
b o BBeTHaM -
ejW Him U npHBeTCTBHH
3 flp a B C T B y ttT e! r o p a 3 jio M eH iiu e,
THna
C h io
mm
tb m T a c T O T —
»o c tb
ynoTpeöJieHaa e e sK B m ajieH TO B b pyccKO M n au rjm ticK O M H 3H K ax.
BM6CT0 3T0Ä OCHOpHOfl $OpMyJIH f (KOTOpaH B ÖOJILUlMHCTBe c jiy r a e B
fflT
B p eêB O ft
KOMHX, MaJi03HaK0MHX JiioueÄ)
paBTOfl'1 B03rJiacaM K p a n o cT H , yÄ H B Jiem w T H n a:
dfiy
-
a Tarate
MJiajunee h c p e A H e e noKO JieH ne,
paBHue b couHaJüHOM m iaH e h xopom o. 3HaK0MHe jdoah o ö h t h o
Tbm !" , " 0 »
BXO-
KOMnOHeHT npHBeTCTBHH CTapUIHX MJiaWUHMH HJIH H e 3 H a -
"0 ,
s to th ,
JlaH ?,"
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"3 A o p o -
a n h T8m !
-
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m m BonpocaMH
o
sÄopoBLe, aeJiax iwm x e Booöme He saopoBaioTCH. OjiHaKO s t o BOBce
He oaHaâeT, t t o BteTHaMUH He BeämuraHe jnaim ( c p . ,
naiipitMep,
aHTJUIÄCKHM H3HK0M, TÄ6 OTBBTHafl peiU IH Ka Ha npMBeTCTBHe
cyTCTBOBaTB: A - Oood moming. Can I
B no.noöHHX cjiyraHX, ÄyMaeTcn,
c
MOKeT O T-
help you? B - Yes, p l e a e e . . . ) ,
b nepeB oa
xa-
HyutHO b b o a h t b
paKTepHHO ÄÜH UH eÄHHHUH, HHaê HHTaTeJIt MOKeT BOCIipHHHTb OTCyT—
CTBH6 CBOÜCTBeHHHX
Ä8HHOÄ CHTyaiJHH eflHHHU KEK OTKJIOHeHHe
OT
HopMH. HanpHMep:
■
" . . . mftt ohu nh&t Nh&n d&o t ö i t o i oda hing bach hoa mua v ä l
b8ng gap Thu bÄo . . . t
I
npaKTHTecKH 9to eÄHHCTBeHHafl $opMaJii>HaH eAHHima P3, Hcnojii3yeMaH h j y w npHBeTCTBHH h jw h n p ou iara w . B OT-nmne o t p y c c K o r o h
aH TJatilcK oro H3HK0B, b o BbOTHaMCKOM He cym ecTByeT npHBeTCTBHH,
oTpaKajoqzx BpeMH, nm a "Jlortpoe yTpo, Jloöpufl JieHL/Benep . . . "
-
115
-
- 0 k ia , G iang! Nhfin! Chung may lfty nhau däy k? (Chyy8n .*t»h ,9 ) i
(ÖyKB. "...
b
ojiho
BOCKpeceHte R h h noBe3 MeHH
b
yHHBepMar
3a
TKaHBK), H BflpyT MH BCTpeTHJIH TOJICTyB Txy ...
- 0, 3h h t ! Hhh! Bu
noxemuiHCB? )
3KBHBaJieHTHuii nepesoa 3Toro $parMeHTa MoaceT
"OjHaxuH, Kor.ua ILh h noBe3 Mens
TcurcTyraKy Txy:
- 3aHr,
b
yHHBepMar,
Öh t b
mh
t 3k h m :
BCTpemra
Hhh! SjipaBCTByflTe! Bu mto, yjce noKemuiHCB?"
IIoauToxiiBafl Bce Bume CKasannoe, xoTeJioct öh
eme pa3
p H T B , ^to sTHKeTHHe npaBiuia TecHO c b h 38 ü h c TpajumHHMH h
iiobto —
j
oöirca- M
HMH pa3HUX HapOflOB H MOiyT OTJünaTBCH' KaK B M3JIHX COUHaJIBHHX
rp yn n ax,
TaK h b H a m w x ,
Kyjaxypax. HecoMHeHHO, b KaawoM H3HKe
cym ecTB yioT JieKcireecKHe ejinumju,
CHTyam no,
tb c h
1
oöcJiyaaiBaiomHe Ty num hhjtd pe'ieByB
ho b Kaatuoft H3 CHTyaquä Haöop $opMyJi P3 MOJteT p a a -n re a - '
b p a s H ü x H3UKax
noJiHeHHocTH,
no KOJnnecTBy e^HHim, no ceMaHTHHecKoB na-
no cTHJmcTHêcKoÄ oKpacKe, no âcTOTHOcra ynoTpeÖ- i
JieHHJI H no HeKOTOpHM SKCTparatHTBHCTineCKIIM
(JöKTOpaM. S t o C03J5&-
e T AonoJiHHTeJiBHHe Tpy,m iocTH m s i nepeBOÄHHKa,
n e p e B o a e n m a m P3 c b o ä h t c h ,
b ochobhom,
xoth, n o cyTH a e J ia ,
'
!
k TBopêcKO M y n o n c K y $ yH R *
IIHOHaJIBHHX 3KBHBaJieHT0B HJIH CHTyaTHBHHX aHaJtOrOB
( C 0 0 T B 6TCTBHÖ).;
TaKHM 0Öpa30M, ejiHHHUH P3 b TeKCTe o ö o th o nepeBOÄHTCfl np»
'w
nOMOUIH aÖCOJUOTHHX H rpyHKUHOHaJIBHHX 3KBHBaJieHTOB, CHTyaTHBHO— 3KBH“ j
BaJieHTHOÜ H MHCTO CHTyaTHBHOfl 38M6HH, nyTeM KaJtbKHpOBaHUH, a TBK- i
xe
npn noMouiH to k h x nepeBOffiecKHx npneMOB, KaK ÄOöaBJierae h ony-
memie. npn 3tom BawHO Bceraa noMraiTB, h t o hh oähh CJioBapB He
B
COCTOflHHH npeJtBHJleTb Bce B03M0JKHHe BapHaHTH H CHTyaUHH, B KOTOpHX
■HaHHan e^HHKna
( 3aecB - e ^ H m m a P3)
MO*eT nepeBO^HTBCH TaK hjih
miaê. Il03T0My noncK HyxHoro c o o tb 6 t c t b h h TaKoft Ke TBopêciodt
npoaecc, KaK h Beci. nepeBOÄ b ijeJioM.
CCEÄKH HA JfflTEPATyPyy
1. H.H. flopMaHQBCKaa. ynoTpeöJieHne pyccKoro peêBoro 3THKeTa.
- M . : PyccKHM H3HK
1982. - 192 c.
2. C.RnaxoB. C.Ojiopkh. HenepeBojwMoe
b
nepeBoae. - M.: Meawy-
Hapo^HHe oTHomeHHH, 1986. - 352 c.
3. A.B.AejopoB. Ochobu oömefl Teopioi
inKOJia, 1983. - 303 c.
’
-
116
-
nepeB0.ua. -
M.
:BucraaH
:■
4 »JL.C.Bapx-vaapoB»HaHK h n ep esoa. - U» :M e w .o t- u a ,I9 7 5 « - 238 c «
5, B.H.KoimocapoB. JUmrBHCiHKa nepeBoaa. - J le x a .o t-H H ,I9 8 0 »-I6 6 o .
6.
E.Qoffm an. R e la tio n ln P u b lic . - Hannondaworth i M ld d 'x ,
1972.- 250 p.
UHTupyeMafl JiH TepaTypa
S.XeMHHryeÄ. $ aecT a. IteöpaHHoe. -
M .; Ilp o rp ecc , 1980.
E.Illoy. IThtmeuihoh. HaÖpaHHHe np0H3BeJieHJW
b
2 - x TOMax.
t
. 2.
- M., 1956.
S.Hemingway. F ie e t a r H .t 1981.
Ghuyln tin h - Duong Thu Huong - Chuyin tin h k6 tru oc luo
rang d&ng. NXB Hä n ö i, 1986.
EAPC - BoÄbino# AHTJio-PyccKHÄ CJioBapi..
C.H.UlMaKOB
CEKCH3M : H0BAH TEHUEHUMH B H3HKE
■ M ÜEPEBOJFIECKME HPOEJIMH
JaBHO H9B6CTHO, HTO OÄHH H3 KpyUJieltamC TOpOflOB EpHTaHHH HHmeTCH L iv e r p o o l,
a h h ts o tc a
M anchester,
llo x o m e ,
CKopo 3Ta T p a m m yltneT b npouuioe: M anchester
CHTBOa P era o n o h e s te r.
b Haft, Kax
h
o^HaKO,
3 to , KOHe<!HO, JHJHTBHCTftHecKafl myTKa,
b KaxHOÄ myTKe, e c T t
h to
ÖyueT np0H3H0-
h 3B6cth £lh äojih hcthhh .
ho
B HacTO-
amee bpbmh b BeJmKodpHTaHHH Bce öoJiBrake MacnjTaöu ncuiyraeT ö o p tö a
npoTHB
"cöKCHaMa" b H3UK0. B 1976 ro ^ y b CBH3H c yciweHHeM (JieMH-
HHCTCKOrO
ABHX6HUH IlapJlaMeHT CTpaHH npHHHJI TaK Ha3UBaeMHÄ "CeKC
ÄHCKpHuäHettanH A k t " ,
nanpaBJieHHutt npoTHB paaJimHux npoHBJieiaifl Ha-
pyneHKH npaB «eHimiH.
Ilpexne B cero,
t t o Taxoe cbkchsm? CeKCH3M -
s to npaxTHKa
OKpnamaoBB xeniuiH b coBpeMeHHom KaiurraJuiCTireecKOM
ot-
odmecTBe, s t o
- pa&uramie nyTH Bupaxaram npeBoexoAeTBa MyxmiH Hau cjiaöuM nojiou
bo BCex c$epax oOmecTBeHHofl xhshh - TpyuoycTpoftcTBe,
oeweftHUX OTHoaaHKJix,
noJUtTinca,
( op. "paoHsxT - ah c kphmhhbiqih no pacoBOwy
npH3 Hany K fla u x , ö y n y a sepxanoM peajitHofl xhshh,
-
1 17 -
OTpöxaeT h p o -
ÄOBHe pa3JIHMHÜ B OTHOUieHHH Homo Saplena. üeKCHKa aHTJIHÜCKOrO
HSUKa HMeeT KaTeropmo poâ. CymecTByioT napme noHHTiw: g ir l/b o y
woman/man; s is te r /b r o th e r ; huaband/wife| sp in ster/b ach elor» e t c .
Be3 nofloöHoro pa3JiirHKH H3HK nonpocTy He mokot JyHKUHOHHpoBaTi.
KaK H BO MHOrHX H3UKaX MHpa, B aHTJIHÜCKOM H3UK6 HOpMHpOBaHHHM,
TO -eCTB OÖtKKM POÄOM HBJItfeTCH MyjKCKOß.
B cJijrqaHX HeoÖxoAHMOCTH nojihepKHytb npraaiyie*HOCTb k xeHckomjt poay TpajiHiiHOHHO ncnoJiB3yeTCH cy$(pHKcaiaw - eaa; - ette«
m i s t r e s s , c o a m o n e t t e . JIpyTHM pacnpocTpaH eH H H M npneMOM MapKHpoBahhh meHCKoro poaa HBJweTcH HcnoJtbsoBaHHe cymecTBHTeJtbHHX b aTpHöyTHBHoft $yHKUHH. H a n p ro ie p :1 a d y d o a t o r , woman o e l l l s t ,
e tc .
B OÖUieM JXJW OÖOHX pOAOB SHaêHHH ynOTpeÖJUDOTCH M6CT0HM6HJUI
he; cymecTBHTejiiHoe man
h hx npoH3Bo^Hue. i o chx nop b aHTjimöckom H3HKe ateHCKHÖ p o a BnoJie ycneumo y*HBajicfj c sroft HopMofl,
H KaKHX—JIHÖO npOÖJieM B jaHHoit CBH3H He B03HHK8JI0. Ho Ka*H0e Bpe
MH OKa3HBaeT CBoe BJiHflHHe Ha npnopHTeTti b oötuecTBeHHux OTHomeHHKx
h hx H3UK0B0e BupaateHHe. C e ifa a c BecBMa o c t p o BCTaJi Bonpoc o Bupa-
*ceHHH poaoBHX pa 3JinMnti b penn npenMymecTBeHHo b TeKCTax, HMeumnc
t o hjih HHoe OTHouieHHe k noJiHTHKe: noJTHTHêcKHx jioKyMeHTax, *aHpax
ra3eTH o-n yöJD äH H C TH H eoK oro
h T.n.
c t h jih
O^HaKo jjB im eH H e npoTHB ceKCH3Ma n o p o x u a e T c b o h c n e u H $ m e c r a ie
hopmh h npaBHJia b H 3H Ke.
H ap an y c noHBJieHHeM b H sioce c jio b ,
JKaxxumc caMO H0B0e BeHHHe:
haraaament,
T eH jieH im H ,
gender ( b
sexlsm,
3HaHeHHH
O Tpa-
male ohauvinlam, sexual
" n o J l " ) , eisterh ood; HaÖJKWaeTCH
cBH 3aHHan n o p o ft c Mpe3MepHo öojie3H eH H olt peaK u nett x e H -
mHH Ha cym ecTByjoum e pojw B bie pa3JiHMKH b s a u n e .
CHHTaeTCH,
h to ö o -
JliUiHHCTBO CJIOB, OTHOCiUHHXCH K JKeHCKOMy JieH O TaTy, HMeiOT eme H
jtoöaBOHHoe neflopaTHBHoe oueHOHHoe sH aveH H e hjih HMeiOT ÖOJiee HH3KKÖ
CTHJIHCTHHeCKHÄ,
H COOTBeTCTBeHHO,
COUIiaJlBHHfl,
C T aT yC .
Cp. t maater / m istreas; manager / managereas.
Co Bceß cepBe3H0CTBK) CTaBHTCH Bonpoc o pe$opMe aHTJinflcKoro
HSblKa [i. C.4I]
, K0T0pafl, KaK noJiaraioT, öyneT cnocoöcTBOBaTB
rtoJiwiieMy paBHonpaBHio »emuMHu. AnojioreTU ü o jio ö h o ä pe$opM H ctpoht
cboh nosHUHH Ha cJieaywuHx yTBepaueHHHx:
~ "ceKCHCTCKHe”
CJIOBE 3BJHiaT OCKOpÖMTeJTbHO ÄJIH ÖOJtbUIHHCTBa
xeimiHH. ynoTpeöJieiffle cjiob Öe3 Btrpaxemw KaTeroprai po.ua He 0y.ueT
-
118
--
HaHocHTt
hm
MopaJUHHft
ymepd.
- 0TKS3 OT HCnCWn>30BaHHH MapKHpOBaHHOÜ JieKCHKH öyÄeT CKMBO—
jureecKH yTBepawaTt paBHonpaBHe xernmiH
h
m jh pih h
b
coBpeMeHHOM oö—
mecTBe.
T ekhm oÖpaaoM, np0B03rjiaiuaeTCH
panBHoro b
po äo bom
oTHomeHHH
c B o e o ö p a 3 H a « rioJiHTHKa HeftT-
hsukä.
IlepBUM KamomaTOM Ha saweHy HBJmeTCH oöiuepoôBoe MecTOHMemie
he.
Que 50 JieT Ha3aa cap Jöcoh AjuaMC npeivioaoui ncn0Jit30BaTB
b
KaêcTBe odm epofloßoro MecTOHMeHHH TpeTtero Jinua ejwHCTBeHHoro 'ih c jia
th lr f x o th np ejaaxeH H e b t o h ho noJiyMHJio n o *u ep *K ii [^ 2 .C . 9 3 ] .
PeaJitHO x e ejwHCTBeHHUM BapHaHTOM aaMeHH T aK oro MecTOHMeHHH noica
npeACTaanneTCH
they,
x o t k s t o ’iacTO HapymaeT npaBHJia. llojiodHoe
Hcn0Jit30BaHiie MecTOHMeHHfi eme He
ho
they
3aperncTpnpoßaH o b rpaMMaTHKax,
ninpoKO pacnpocTpaHHeTCH
b h sh kob oä npaKTHKe, JiOMan
bco npHBmHue npaBHJia h hopmu corJiacoBam iH,
Cp. sNobody want,s to be c a lla d se x ia t now, do they? [_ ). C .2 s ].
TaKoe x e coiyiacoBaHHe moxho b c o name BCTpeTHTb b cjiyâHx
ynoTpeÖJieHHH MeCTOHMeHHtt
everyon e,
oöpaaoM Hanimo ynoTpeÖJieHHe
th e y
an yon e,
som eone.
TäKHM
h cooTBeTCTByiomett jio t h o ö $ o p -
mu rjia ro jia b corJiacOBaHHH c MecTOHMeHHeM b eOTHCTBenHOM ^HCJie.
/oKycTBeHHo c o 3flaHHoe t h l r y cT y n m io m bcto ö o jie e 3HaKOMOMy th e y
C p .:
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a a u b a c r ib e r w an t8 t h e i r number ohanged
...
Doas your oh ild 'n eed extra tu itio n with t h e ir English?
Mot every drug addlct can adlve th e ir problem bo e a s ily .
' üpaBfla, noKa eme paHO roBopHTt o hobo# HopMe KaK yx e cjioxhb-
meftofl, TaK KaK hochtojui aHTJiHflcKoro Hamca b OBoeft Macce 0Ka3UBasT
ynopHoe conpoTHBJieHne TaKoll HerpaMMaTHHHoH KOHCTpyKmiH. üoJioxeHHe
ciuiasuBaoTCA hbckojilko meKOTJiHBoe: HHKOMy He xo'ieTCH npocjiHTL c e K chctom, ho
h
Ha npHMoe Hapyineroie 3£UioxeHHux eme b HanaJüHoft uiKOJie
T B e p w x npaBun He noAHHMaeTca p yn a. Bhxojw H3 sToro nojioxemifl H axoähtch
oaMue paaHOodpasHue h xHTpoyMHue, npejyiaraioTCH napHbie hjih
jtpoÖHue MecTOHMeHHH , nopanoK paonojioxeHiw kotophx BapBHpyeTCH Ha
npoTiixeHHH Bcero TOKCTa: he.or ahe; he/aha i
- (s)he.
ncnoJU>3y»TCH ckoökh
TaKoe ynoipeöJieHHe MecTOHMeHHÜ conocTaBKMO c HeKoiopuMH
-
1 19 -
CJIjrqaHMH HCn0JIB30BaHHfl pOJIOBfcCC OKOmamrit HM6H CytUeCTBHT&JUHHX B
pyccKOM H3tiKe
oöhtho
C p .:
o$HmiaJii>Ho-lneJiOBCM CTHJie ( Ha o n y x e ö H ia «taamcax
b
saJiOKeHH jtBa BapnaHTa oKOHraHnft - MyxcKoe
h
xeH C K oe) .
T p a a m a H ™ ..............................HanpaBJweTCH s a r p a i u m y ........................
ABTOpU HHCBMeHHMX TÖKCTOB npHÖeraiOT K ÄOBOJIiHO XHTpOyMHUM
c rio c o ö a M TepejiOBaHHH M ec T o m ie H H » h e
h
she
h h x npoHSBOJuncc.
Tan, b nepBOM n p e ju io K em iH , b kotopom p e ^ t h h o t o q& noB eKe B o o d a w l
d e s cn eijH aJ tb H o ro y K a s a m w Ha pojuoByio npH H ajyie*H 0C Ti>f yn oT p ed Jin ef*
ch,
H a n p H M e p ,h e .
B cJie^ywmeM -
s h e , h t b k JiaJiee.
Cjie^yeT otm cth tb, t t o flaute npn TaKoft ocTopoxHocTH Tpyjm o
;
H3de*aTB OdBHHeHHfi B C6KCH3M6. KaKOe'H3 MeCTOHMeHHÜ nOCTEBHTB
■
bum? Beju. Ä a x e n p « HcnoJiBsoBamiH apodHHX mcctohmqhhK npeodJiaflaef
MyxcKoft p cw . B r a io ix cjiyqam c HepeflKO npnderaioT onHTB-TaKH k q e p #
ÄOBaHmo:
b nepBOM npeflJioxeHHH, b one^ynmeM ahe/he h t.J<1
h e/sh e
Mojcho Tarace yn oT p ed H Tt h npocro MecTOHMemie M yxcK oro
poaa
ha
c nocê^ywoiHM-H3BHHeHHeM nepea flaMaMH b bhhb npHMeâHHÄ, c k o ö o r ,
CHOCOK H T . n .
CJieôBaTeJüHO,
Hajumo 3apoxneHne nanan hoboH hopmu b cobp«—
MeHHOM aHrJiHücKOM H3UKe, noKa euie 0$imnaJn.H0 He npH3HaHHoft,
ho
cymecTByiomeÄ b peaJn>Hoft xh b oä npaKTHKe. A norai. hobsh HopMa eute
ne MomeT CHHTaTtc« TaK0B0ft, ode TeHUemiHH - CTapan m hobbä - o o cym ecTBywT. BepoHTHo, odqHä c th jü h xaHp T6KCT8 m o*ot ÄHKTOBan.
Budop EapnaHTa.
C p .:
I.
2.
E veryo n e
lik e s
h er,
d o e e n 't h e?
E veryo n e
lik e s
h er,
d o n 't
When a p e r s o n h a s n o w i l l
to
d lffic u lt
to
he 1s o ft e n
to
liv e ,
th e y
Som eone
th re w h lm s e lf
th re w
üpH M eTaTeJüH O ,
o ff
th e m s e lv e s
tto
o fte n
very
a 'c llf f .
h o c m o tp h Ha p a c n p o cT p aH eH H e h o b h x hopm
c T a p u e T p a m m im ,
HanpHMep,
are
a c llff.
o ff
dJiarcw apH h x ,
hoü T eJion eM ecK oft n p u p o jie , npeoÖ Jianaw T,
c j io b o m ,
d lfflo u lt
h e lp .
S om eon e
h n p a B iu i,
liv e ,
h e lp .
W hen a p e r s o n h a s n o w i l l
3.
th e y ?
to
"p e rso n "
H3HKa k »eHCKO M y p o ^ y .
B epoH TH o,
ecxecT B eH -
h B c e H O B O oöpasoB aH M c ö
d e 3 o ro B o p o T H O o t h o c h t c h h o c h t eJiHMK
E cjih b C J iyra e c
-
120
-
"e h a lm a n "
peMB,
Ö e »-
,
I
^
ycJiOBHO, n n eT o M y a n ra e ,
"chairperaon" BOcnpHHUMaeTCfl o ä h o s -
to
Ha^HO KaK npeACTaBHTeJüHHua cJiadoro nojia. Uojib, nocTaBJieHHaH <5opiiaMH npoTHB ceKCHSMa, He AO C TuraeTC H ,
Bce ycmntn OKasuBacTCH H an -
pacHHMH. EteCB yMecTHo npuBecTH BucKasuBaHHe
ra36TH "CannH TaftMC?
Trua ju a tlo a to a ataamed pudding oan only ba dona by
tranohman; I uaa the term
abuaedly,
a
true .
f o r I have navar met
a
tranohparaon whoaa curreo oould axpand to aocumulate a aeoond
•h a lp ln g ". [ l J . •
HmepecHoe h npomreHoe saMeîaHne aejiaeT ®.roßapn £ 2 J
nOBOjy aHTHCeKCHCTCKHX
ninneT oh, 'it o BejQ, caMO CJiobo
coAepxnT
b
no •
TeHHeHUHÄ B aHTJUÖlCKOM H3HKe. jHeJIO B TOM,
"wometn"
(O ld E n gliah - "w lfm an")
ceöe cy<fxSnKC c qeTKO BtrpanteHHofl npHHajyiexHocTBD
k
MyJtcKOMy pojiy. He npHBeaeT jih aKTHBHocTB öopuoB aapojioByw HeftTp.ajiBHocTB
aHTJmficKoro flsinca k nonaaemoo Kaicoro—HHdyjcB "w oper-
■on"? [ 2 . P . 95J .
Hjm Hae, He HocHTeJielt h3hkb, aaiffloe HBJieraie co3aaeT HeMaJio
TpyjiHOCTeö b Hameft exeÄHeBHofl nepeBOOTecKoö h npenoâBaTeJüCKoft
Ä6HT6JIBH0CTH. Kohohho, npH nepeBoae nparMaTireecKafl
TpeöyeT yêTa B c e x coBpeMeHHux T etw eH m ift h ocoöeHHo
jie3H6HHoro Bonpoca, xax pa3JonHoro poaa
ananTamw
Taicoro ö o -
mcKpvMmauw,
Beja.
nojmTinecKHÄ. H oulhökh Moryr Btra-
bto Boirpoc, b nepayn o v e p e ja ,
BaTB BecBMa ÄaJieKO anymne nocJieacTBHH. IlpineM jn e T OTHomeraw
r
ceKGHSMy b cpeae ajp ecaT a He orpamraiBaeTCH oähhm HcnoJiBsoBaHHeM
MecTOHMeHHUx $opM , oh Mo*6T 3aTparnBaTB h $opMy, h coÄepxaHHe n epeBCOTMoro TeKCTa.
B CBH3H c 3thm HHTepec npeflCTaBJweT peauxoiH peaaKTopoB - hch<
CHTeJieft H3HKa Ha CTaTtn, onyöJiHKOBaHHyi) b r a 3 e T e "Mosoow n ew a".
CTaTBH nocBflmeHa
Xn BceumpHOMy $ecTHBaJin
M0Ji0ae*n h CTyneHTOB
b M ocrae. CoaepataHHe b to # CTaTBH npn3HaH0 nHTepecraai h bbähmm j m
dpirraHCKoro 'iHTaTeJin. OjwaKo O TAejam ie $opMyjuipoBKH 0Ka3HBa»TCH
HenpHeMJieMHMH
jy w coBpeMeHHux aHrJureaH 1 MoryT c b o c th Ha HeT b ccb
nponarawuicTCKHÄ
sapaii nydJiHKaumi.
SaMenaHHA KacaRTCS caM oro nepB oro ad3ana CTaTBH. 3to "le a d "
HJIH
"in t r o ",
KOTOpiIÜ, KaK M3B6CTH0, HBJItfeTCfl HaHÖOJiee BaiKHUM b
c T p y K T y p e ra 3 e T H o ft CTaTBH,
BceM coaepisaHHH
T aK KaK oh B K p a m e JiaeT HHiJopMaumo
CTaTBH h npHBJieKaeT BHHMaHHe HHTaTeJiH.
-
121
-
060
.
IlepBHÄ 0Öpa3en CT3TBH "G a ttin / ; t o Know Eaoh O th e r , We Oaln
HaMHHaeTCH $pa 30 tt :■ " A l l g i r l a
S tre n g th ",
but f a r fro m a l l lo o k i n t e l l i g e n t .
lo o k f r e s h and
lo v e ly ,
T h ia i s why p e o p le w ere so
lm p ressed by th e a l e r t and i n t e l l i g e n t e y e a o f th e g i r l a
a t th e F e s t i v a l ' s
d is e u s 8io n s
g a th a ra d
C e n tre f o r th e R ig h t s o f Young Women. T h e ir
o f th e r o l e
ln th e s a c i a l and p o l i t i c a l l i f e
of
t h e i r c o u n t r ie s e q u a l l y lm p re s se d me. Women d e le g a t e s w ere s p e a k in g abou t th e m s e lv e s , abou t th e o r g a n i z a t i ^ i s th e y r e p r e s e n t e d ,
and a b o u t■wom en's p ro b lem s .
(Mosoow news, 1 1 . 0 9 . 8 5 , M 3 2 , 13) .
HocJie npoTTeHHH noôdHott $pa3H, Bnojwe öesodmwo SByramefi b
pyccKOM OpHTHHaJle, aHTJIKÖCKHÄ THTSTeJIB Bpau JM 3HXOT6T 03HaK0mhtbch c ÄaJiLHefcuHM conepx&HHeM CTaTBH. Ho 9T0 eute nanöeAU. 'S
anpecaTa moxot Boodme cjioxmtbch HenpaBHJiBHoe BneqaTJieHHe o coimaracTmecKoft fleMOJcpaTira h noJioxeHHH kohiuhh b CCCP.
He roBopn o tom , t t o
oöoömeHHe
am
aravniftcKorö hshks HexapaKTepHO
( TparonpioHHo npe.mio’iTHTeJieH HwufBiMyaJiBHHft noÄXOÄ k
jd o«h m ), ynoTpeöJieHHe cJioBa
"g ir ls "
b äshhom cjiyn a e HenpHenuie-
MO no OTHOIlieHH» KO BC6M MOJIOÄHM KeHUJHHaM. Bo-nepBHX, 8T 0 H6B03MOXHO H3-3H CepB63HOrO CTHJLfl CTaTBH, 8 CepB63HUfl GTKJCb B 0TJDTIH6
o t cthjih MaccoBofl dypxyasHoft npeccu ä h k ty b t cboh TpedOBaHHH. B o BTOpHX, 3T0 CT8TBH 0 K6HCKOM ÄBHXeHHH, 0 ÖOpBÖe X6HHIHH 38 paBHOnpaBHe
po*HMM
h npoTHB ceKCH3Ma. SaecB ,
k
c n o co ö y BupaxeHHfl mkcjih.
kek
mn\ne, on e^yeT Öhtb o c t o -
( B nucBMe p e sa vp tH ra a eT u
«3 o -
▼iet Weekly" no noBo^y flaHHofl nyöJWKamm saMeêHO, h t o fi c e p B e s hoä np ecce Ha aHrjmflcKOM hsukö HHKorna He HcnojiBsyeTcn cjiob o "boy"
npHMeHHTeJÜHO KO BC6M MOJIOAHM
MyXMHH8M ) . 1
IlpoÔJUteHHe $pa3U " lo o k f r e s h and l o v e l y " ,
iiomhmo H6K0T0—
POÄ HTpKBOCTH, X&paKTOpHSySTCA HeCOOTBeTCTByBUieÄ P8 CCT8H0BK0Ö a K ueHTOB. IIoJiyqaeTCH, h t o bhciuhho JiaHHue saHUMajor npeodJiananuee n o-
JIOX6HH6 B XapaKTepHCTHKe MOJIOÄHX npeÄCTaBKTeJIBHHII ÄeMOKpaTHTeCKOÜ
MOJioAexH. 3t o oim tb xe HenpaewneMo a m ctvu w cepBesHott
r a a e n i.
CJieÄyTOHe CJiOBa " f a r f r o n a l l g i r l s
a sy ro r
lo o k i n t e l l i g e n t "
noTTK ocKopöHTeJitHO, TaK itax ohh nojtpa3yMeBa»T , t t o no nepBOMy
BHeniHeMy BnenaTJieHHD moxho caanaTB oKOHraTeJiBHutt bhboa o BHyrpeHHeft K yjü Type mojioaoM xohhihhh. BHemKHe (JawropH b HacTO/mee
I IIx c b m o Öiuio onyÖJiHKOBaHO B "Mosoow nawa"
-
122
-
BpeuH
( I I . Ö 9 . 8 5 , M 32).
HecKOJüKO yTpaTHJiH CBoe 3H a^ en n e jy m 3 an au H oro oöm ecT B a. KpoMe t o -
ro , ceKCHCTCKoe oTHoiuem ie
TaK k s k OHa n o n p a s yM eB a e T ,
b h t jlh ah t
uteHmHHe n p o on exü B aeTC fl b s t o ö $ p a s e ,
k
Ö o jie e coBepmeHHUMH
T e k h m o ö p a so M ,
M ojiojuje mjoicmhhu,
hto
BepoHTHo, B c e r fla
HHTeJureKTyajiiHOM OTHoniemtH.
b
aHrjioH3HMHHß HMTaTeJn> n ocJie caMux nepBux c t p o k
noJiyHaeT H eÖ Jiaronpiw TH oe BneH aT-nem e o ö
iw eflH u x no3HUHHX aB TopoB
CTBTBH.
HecKOJibKO b MeHLraefl CTeneHH,
Tarace HeyâHHHM 0Ka3HBaeTCfl’
ho
H BTOpoft a03an CTaTBH: "Beeauae of her cropped haireut
Sylvie
Dieu, a slim and unpretentiously dreased young woman from France,
resembles a boy. Aa i t turne out, however, ehe ia a aerioue
and
dedioated worker and an a e t iv ia t of the Communiat Youth movement".
(Hoecow newa.11.08.85, N 32, 13).
IIoAoöHoe onncaHHe xeHmHHH
boH
m oxho
bctpbth tb
b
3anaAHoft Macco-
npecce.
C p.: "J a n e S m ith , 43, b lo n d e , b u e t y m o th er o f f o u r " . (T he M i r r o r ,
4 .0 6 .8 6 ,4 ). Oho noA p a3 yM eB aeT o iih tb x e npeirnymecTBeHHO $H3HHecKHe .
xapaKTepHCTHKH xeHuiHHu. B c ep B e3 H o fl x e c T a T B e cepB esH oft ra s e T H
noÄOÖHufi n o a x o fl H eyM ecTeH .
B t b k o m xe Jünone pa3BKBaeTCH h npOflOJüteHHe $pasu: "Sylvie
Dleu, a 8lim ........ young woman from Pranoe, reaemblea a boy".
Bo H3ÖexaHHe oöBHHeiurfi b ceK cn sM e cJ ie^ yeT nocTaBHTB
MecTO t o ,
Ha nepBoe
h t o roB op H T k AeJiaeT 3Ta xemuHHa, a He e e BHemHocTB.
$ p a 3 a B M e c T e c ee n poaoJixeraieM
"Ae i t turne out, however,
ehe ie a eerioua and dedieated worker, an a c t iv ie t o f the Communiat Youth Hovement", n o MHeHH» aH TJim aH , HMeeT ABa bo3M oxhux
B a p H a m a n p o H T era w :
1).
xoth
X apaK Tep ncT H K a repoH H H noJioxHTeJiBHan, T aK k o k OHa xemuHHa,
BHeuiHe h n o x o x a Ha MajiBHHKa.
2 ).
HecMOTpn Ha c t p o ö h o c t b h n p o cT O T y repoH H H ,
ohe
MOxeT ö h t b cepBesHHM h npeAaHHHM AeJiy e k t h b h c t o m .
H to
0 A p yro e
TOJiKOBaHHe HenpnewneMo h jih
npeÄCTaBJweTCH ,
yjiHBHTeJiBHO, h t o
coB eT C K oö ra 3 e T H h ,
KaK
He O T pa xa eT 3aMHCJia cbmhx e b t o p o b CTaTBH.
B 3aKJH0HeHHe X 0T 6JI0CB 0h CKfl3aTB, HTO JU1H nepeBOAHHKa Hpe3-
BHHaftHO BaxeH yneT oömecTBeHHHx TeHnerajHft b XH3HH CTpaH HOCHTeJiefl
H 3HKa h hx JiHHTBHCTHHecKH onocpejoßaHHoe BupaxeHHe. Be3 yneTa
9thx
rfaKTopoB HeJiB3H roBopHTt oö aueKBaTHOCTH nepeBo.na.
-
123
-
CCUAKH HA MTEPATypy
1. J.Coates. Language and Sezeam. The B r it is h Association
f o r Applied L in g u is tic s . - N ew sletter, H 23, 1965* - F .41-65.
2. F.Howard. New Words f o r O ld .- L.-UNWIH Paperbacks, 1977,
125 p.
3. K.Wales. Probiens of Pronoun Concord or No o n e's S e x ist,
Are They? // UEA Papers in L in g u is tio s . - L .t UEA P re ss, 1984. -P . 28-45.
H.A.K hpotbhko
/ffiKCHKO-CEMAOTMECKAfl BAPMATMBHOCTB CJTOBOCOWAHHfl
B AMEPHKAHCKOM M BPMTAHCKOM BAPHAHTAX AHTJMKCKOrO H3UKA
KAK IIEPEBOOTBCKAfl HPOEJLEMA*
UeJU> nepeBo.na -
t o t h o h aneKBaTHO n e p e A a n
r o r o HaiiKa cMHCJioBoe coaepataHHe opü rnH aJia,
T e c ra ie xapaKTepHCTHKH, B tom c J iy r a e ,
HBJiaeTca HauHOHaJQ>HO—HeroMoreHHUM,
HOft, a HeCKOJIiKKMH
HaUHHMH
cpeAC TB ator a p y -
c o x p a ra re e r o c t h j i h c t h -
K o r jta H3HK nep eB O A a ( IIH )
to
b c t b HcnoJEbayeTca He o a -
( HanpHMep, aHTJtHÄCKHfl
H3UK BKJOWaeT
HaiiHOHam>Hue BapHawru BeJWKodpHTaHHH, CUIA, KanaAU, ABOTpaJDnt, Ho-
Boft 3eJianHHH h Äpyrnx amvioroBopHmHX CTpan ) b sanavy nepeBOjpmKa
bxoamt Tarate y reT ocoöeHHocTeü
Hanno HaJüHoro BapxaHTa UH, orp a -
xao aero cneuwjaixy nsirna x KyjiBTjrpu AaHHoft
Hamm.
OönmpHoe reorpa^tnecK oe pacnpocTpaHeme auvuiitcKoro
H3UKa,
a Taxxe sHaHHTeJCbHult odiew BunoJuweMux hm (JjyHwpilt oömchhkt
BU3UB8J0T CBOeoOpasne
k
(fyHKKHOHHpOBaHHH H3UK8 B K8XS0M B3 aHTJtO-
flsmHux rocyflapcTB. Ojmajco, no mhohhi) n. CTpHBOHca,
JVM KOTOpUX aHTJIHttCKHÄ
Boe CTpaHU,
HBJLH6TCA pOÄHHM, MOryT ÖHTB ÜOÄeJieHH Ha
k b b rpynnu: CTpaHU, TflroTemme k awepKKaHCKOMy BapaaHTy (American
Bngliah fa m ily ),
H CTpaHU,
THTOT60KHS X ÖpHTaHCKOMJT BapHHHTy
(B r it is h Bnglish f a m i l y )[l . C. 1ej . JlaHHaH KJiaccH$HKamw He 03HaTaeT HTHopHpoBaraw HauHOHaJttHoro
maopHTa aHrjixftcxoro Hanna
b
Kaxsoft .i s aoH pacnpocTpaHeHiw hjih noÄHHHeHHoro noJioxeraM Kaxoft-
-
.124
-
jihöo
H3 ero paanoBnuHOCTeü,
TBKOrO aeJieHHH BCJleflCTBHe
HJIH CIIIA
[i. C. 18]
ohs
jimub
yita3HBaeT Ha B03HHKHOBeHHe
"H3NKOBOrO KOHTaKTa" C BeJIMKOdpHTaHHett
.
IlepeBOflHecKaH cJiyxöa b Eßpone, 3aMenaeT H.EepJiim, np0B0AHT
êTKoe pa3rpaHmeHiie Mexny aMepHKaHCKMM h dpHTaHcram aHrraflcKHM:
"KraeHTa HenpeMeHHo cnpaniHBaioT, Ha KaKoll H3 bthx "h3mkob", no e r o
xeJiaHHio, CJiejyeT nepeBecTH MaTepnaJi" [ 2 . C. 292] .
B 3TOfl CBH3H ÖCOÖNfi HHTepec BU3UB36T H3jrq6HHe HepT CXOÄCTBa
H pa3JIHTOH
HMepUKaHCKOrO ( A E ) H ÖpHTaHCKOrO ( BE ) BapHaHTOB KaK
AByX OCHOBHHX BapHaHTOB aHTJIKÜCKOrO H3UK8, flJlH COBpeMeHHOrO 3Tana
pa3BHTHfl
KOTOpuX XapaKTepHO HX B3aHMOjeÜCTBHe Ha Bcex ypOBHHX H3U-
AE h B E
odHapyraiBaJOT paq pacxoauieHHÄ $OHeTireecKoro, Mop&o-
JiorinecKoro, JieKCHKO— ceMaHTinecKoro h cHHTaKciraecKoro xapaKTepa,
M H o rn e H3 K O T o p u x öhjih npeANteTOM cneuwaJDbHKX HccJieÔBarorit. H a H M e -
Hee HsyêHH
MexBapiiaHTHNe p a c x o w e m w b CTpyKType h JieKcmecKOM
HanOJIHeHHH CJIOBOCOêTaHHH, TO eCTB BapttaTKBHOCTB CJIOBOCOHeTaHJW
KBK OAHH H3 acneKTOB BapHaTHBHOCTH H3UKa BCJieACTBHS ero $yHKHHO-
HHpoBaHHH b pasmix apeajiax.
BaatHOCTB H s y i e m w cJioBocoHeTaraw odycJioBJieHa
b
cJioBoco’ieTaHHH JieKOHêcKaH ejoiHHua peajiH3yeT
B03MPXH0CTH,
HTO CJlOBOCOHeTcLHHe KaK
(TepMHH A.H.CMHpHHUKOrO)
pe^H Hepe3 npeafloaceroie
tob
t o m, hto
cboh
HMeHHO
noTeHum/iiKHe
"eÄMHima B CTpOeHHH peHH"
H KaK MHHKMaJIBHHÄ OCMHCJI6HHHÄ 0Tpe30K
bxoaht
b
c-Jiepy KOMMyHHKaunH,
oäkhm h3
aK-
KOTopoft HBJweTCH nepeBOA.
B CTETBe CTaBHTCH saABHa BUHBHTB CB0e0Öpa3H6 (JjyHKUHOHHpOBa-
hhh jieKcireecKHx ejiHHKii b AE h B E Ha ypoBHe cJi0 B 0 C 0 HeTaHHH, onpeAeJIHTB djäKTOptl
Me*BapnaHTHHX paCXOJIWeHHÄ H nOKa3aTB HeOÖXOAHMOCTb
h b£urhoctb yêTa sthx pacxoameradl ajih ocymecTBJieHHH aneKBaTHoro
nepeBOAa. OöteKTOM HccjieAOBaHHH nocJiyxiuiH CBOÖOAHne
cJioBocoHeTaHHH h ycToÄ^HBue coneTaHHH
( nepeMeHHiie)
He$pa3eoJiorHêcKoro xapaK-i
Tepa.
HoBue yeJIOBHH cymecTBOBaHiw aHTJUiiicKoro H3HKa Ha aMepHKaHCKOM
KOHTHHeHTe,
HenOCpeACTBeHHO CBH3aHHHe C OTAajieHHOCTBB H HSOJlHpO-
BaHHOCTBK) SMepHKaHCKIIX KOJIOHHft OT AHTJIHH, CneiIH$HKOtt aMepHKEHCKOft
AeftcTBHTeJiBHOCTH, a Tarate ninpoKHe KOHTaKTH c H3HitaMH aÖopKreHOB
-
125
-
H
K0J10HHCT0B
T eJliH H X T e p T
B
ApyTHX
H3
C Tp aH
aHT-MtÄCKOrO
CIIOCOÖCTBOBam $OpMHpOBaHHD OTJUTOI—
H3UKa
CUIA.
B
0CH0B6 OTKJIOHeHHÄ SM epHKaHCKOrO B ap H aH T a OT öpHTaHCKOrO
JiHTepaTypHoro oöpa3ua, HocmreJWMH KOToporo
öhjih n ep ß u e n e p e c e J ie H -
Uti K3 Ahtjihh, jie x a jio qacTHTHoe HecoBnaAeHHe h 3ukobhx HHHOBauHÖ,
B03HHKaBUlHX B AByX C T p a H a X .
A h t j ih h ,
ho
/laneKo
UeHTpOM
Bce HHHOBaijHH
He
HO HeperyJLHpHOCTi
HHK8JIH H B CUIA,
jio jiH e fi npHBOAHJia
k
TO M y,
OTJiHMHTeJiiHHft x a p a K T e p
b
m to
sth
A M epH Ke
■ Il03T0My oahhm H3 iteKTopoB,
HeTaeMOCTH
30BaHHe
H3U k o b k x
HHHOBaim Ä,
.n o c T K r a jw
C BH36ii
h b j ic h h ä
h
K a K npaBHJlO,
ö lü la
CLUA. Hh h o b 8 u h h
m xpy
h o c h j ih
bo3
pa3H 0B peM eH H u ft
h
A h t j ih h .
oöycJioBJiHBaiomHx pacxoaweHHH
ejw H H U M eaw y
-
KOJIOHHHMH H M 6TJI0-
AE h BE,
c J ie a y e T
OAHHM H3 BapHaHTOB H3UK3 B COCTaBB
B
C0-
CHHTaTB HcnoJib-
CJIOBOCO’ieTaHZH 3JleM6H-
tob, apxamHux äjih coBpeMeHHoro coctohhhji Ä p y r o r o BapHaHTa,
Bhxoädm h s ynoTpeÖJieHHH b A h tjih h h coxpaH eroieM b CUIA
B BHaMeHHH
"autumn"
fa ll
MU 0<5H3aHK T 8KHM CJlOBOCOHeTaHHHM B AE, KBK
f a l l faB hions, f a l l le a v e s , e t c .
(CJIOBOCOHeTaHHH autumn fa s h lo n s ,
autumn le a v e s , e t o . OTHOCHTCfl K OÖmeaHTJlHftCKOMy HJtpy (G K ).
The a l r was b r ls k ly o o o l,
f a l l le a v e a were b low in g in a
guBty wind . . . (A .H a ile y , 9 6 ).
C A p y r o ft ctopohh, b cJioBape BE bmbiotch bahmhuu,
TanujHeCH B AE -
fo r tn ig h t
( " t w o w eek B "),
y xe
hb BCTpo—
f o r t n i g h t l y , noanroMy c J lo -
BOCOTeTaHHH, B COCTaB KOTOpUX OHH bxoaht, x a p a K T e p r a JBHIII. ÄJIH BE:
a fo r tn ig h tly
v is it ,
fo r tn ig h tly
o rd era ,
s a llin g s
to
Bom bay.
B03HHKH0BeHHB B OÄHOM H3 BapHaHTOB J10K8JU.H0 MapKHpOBaHHOTO,
to een. TeppHTopHajQHo orpaHHHeHHoro, jibkchko—ceMaHTimecKoro
pHaHTa ( JICB)
Ba
b ceMaHTHMecKoß CTpyKType oömeaHTJiHÄcKoro CJioBa
BU3UB8JI0 pacXOXAeHHH B CJIOBOCOTBTaBMOCTH eAHHJm B AE H BE. Ü09T0My BTOPUM $aKTOpOM, OÖlHCHSWUtHM MBXBapHaHTHUB paCXOXKBHHH B CTPJTK—
Type H JieKCHTBCKOM HanOJlHBHHH CJIOBOCOTBTaHHH, HBJ1HBTCH HaJIHHHe
B AE h BE jiOKaJüHO MapKHpoBaHHoro JiCB b CTpyKType oJioßa, npHHait—
Jiexauiero k odmeaHTJinftcKOMy dupy.
Kbk rrpaBHJio, öojuuihhctbo 3HaMBHHfl s th x cjiob coBnanaeT b o ö o h x BapnauTax,
h jihuu, m sctb npH cym m c hm 3H aqeH H ft xapaK rep u a a m
AE K BE, HTO npOHBJlfleTCH B CnBUH$HKB
COTBTaBMOCTH 3THX. 6AHKHU B
KaKOM—jihöo BapHaHTe. TaK, HanpHMep, y «e p e x o A H o ro r jia r o jia
-
126
-
to
chefck -
OÖmeaHTJIHttCKHe
the f i r e ,
gures,
atatements,
temperature
"to fin d out
and
v e rtfy " - to cheok f i —
note" - to cheok
COcym eCTByiOT C SMepHKaHCKHMH :
on a t r a v e le r 's
my bag
"to atop, re s tra in " - to check
3H aH eH H fl
the enemy'a advance, "to te st,
I)
the
"to aend (baggage)
ticket to a p a rtic u la r p lace" - I a h a ll
check
through to Chicago [j5. P . 3 47 .
2) "to plaoe (something) somewhei^- t o be looked a ft e r " - In
the next club there was a s t r ip show. Eluine follow ed Benjamin
through the door, removed her ooat and checked i t
(C.Webb, 98).
B ceMHHTMHecKofl CTpyKType rjiarojia to h ire
Hapumy c oö m eaHTJmftCKHMH 3HaMeHKHMH "to get the uae of (something) fo r a
sp e c ia l occasion on payment o f a sum of money" - to hire a boat,
clo th eaj "to employ (someone) f o r a time fo r payment" - to hire
a teaoher, a consultant, a c a te re r HMeeTCfl 3HaHeHHe, cneumJälHHoe
JPUJ AE "to borrow money at in te re a t" - to h ire money.
PJiarcwi
to adopt b co n eT a H H H to adopt a candidate HcnojiBsyeTcn b 3 H a HeHHH "to accept as the candidate of a p o li t i c a l party fo r e le c tio n " t o j ib k o B BE.
AMepHKäHH3MaMH HJIH öpMTHUH3MaMH B ÄSHHHX COHeTaHHJDC HBJLHMTCH
TJiarojiH b cbohx ototjibhhx 3HaMennHX, a He bo Bceä noJiHOTe ceMaHTireecKoro oÖieMa, to eCTB JICB oöiiieaKTJizflcKioc cjiob, hto hhxoäht
c B o e npoHBJieHHe b ÄHCTpHöynHOHHHX pa3Junnüx,
noica3aTeJieM KOTopnx
cjijtkht nepeMetiHuü JieKCHHecrarit KOHTeKCT.
BoJiee fflHpoKyio coneTaeMocTB b AE HMe»T TaKHe rjiarojiu, Kan to
f i x , to ra ia e . nepeMeHHHÄ JieKCHHeCKH« KOHTeKCT KOHCTpyKUHH H o
f i x + c y m e c T B H T e J iB H o e " c B itu e T e J iB C T B y e T o peajiH3amm cepHH JICB
r j i a r o j i a , x a p a K T e p m c c MX AE - "to re p a ir, get ready, cook, oomb,
conooct, put in order" - to f i x break fast, o o ffe e , a drinki to
f i x one'a h a ir, one’ B fa c e .
B
KOHCTpyKUHH rjiaroji to ra is e
npeiaiymecTBeHHO
b AE B sHaêHMiDC " t o produoe, cause to grow or in crease, and look a ft e r ( l i v i n g th in g s ); bring up (c h ild re n )* to ra ls e a fa m ily ; to ra ia e horses, chickens; to raiae w h e a t,p o ta to ea . The farmer ra la es chickens and corn [j3. P . 1 7 2 5 ] .
a H a jio r s rc H o ß
pacn pocTpaH eH
O co Ö eH H o c T H JieK C H H ecK oli co n eT a e M O C T H r j i a r o j i a
-
127
-
to C h r is t e n g
BE bhhbjudotch H3 coHeTaHüft to Christen a oar, m otor-cycle, e t e .,
m e r jia r o ji HCiiaJiB3yeTCH b sHaneHHH "to use f o r the f i r s t
time":
Have you chriatened your
HH6
flpeHMymecTBeHHO b AE npmiaraTeJiBHoe cheap p eajm ayeT sH ane"ca refu l with money, tig h t" B cOHeTaHHHX a cheap man,boy,etc
He'a the cheapest man in town, h e'a never bought any of hia
frie n d s a drink |^4 . C. 175~j .
He3äBHCHMHfl nyTB p a 3BHTHH aH TJiüftcKoro Hsmca b ClllA h A h tjih h
cosjiaB aJi npeOTOcuJiKH ä jlh cBoeodpasH O tt p e a jm 3aunn b k b m o m H3 a p e a -
J10B B03MO*HOCTeÖ, 3aJI0*6HHUX B CHCTeMe aHTJIHÖCKOrO H3HKE, HTO HpOHBOflOCB, BO-nepBHX,
B ÔpMHpOBEHHH y OÖmeaHTJIHfiCKmC e^HHHIl CHH—
TaKCHHecKHX ocoöeHHOCTeft
protest
agalnst
(AE - to protest a d ecislon t GB - to
at a d e c is lo n ),
H, BO-BTOpux, B OÖpasOBfiHHH
JI0K8JIBHD MapKHpOBaHHHX JICB C OTJIHHHTeJliHHMH CHHTaKCHHeCKHMH nOTBHHühmh b CTpyKType oömeaHrjmflcKHX cjiob.
Mmshho cH H T a K cin ecK a fl MOJieJiB CJiOBocoHeTaHHH to v i s i t
aome place
in/at
b u h b jih s t npHcym ee JiHmi AE sHaneHHe "t o atay"«
w ho'a v ls lt in g ln Edinburgh ought
to go and see the
waya v i s i t at the Saroy Hotel when w e're in
o a s t le . Wea l -
London 4. C .1227
OcoöeHH O CTb» AE HBJWeTCH h HcnoJiBsoBaHne r j i a r o j i a t o
coHeTaHHH t o v i s i t
w it h
a p erso n -
"
to
ta lk
Anyone
.
v ia it
s o o i a l l y w it h
a o n ".
'
COBOKynHOCTB JlBKCHHeCKOrO
ro J ia to cloae
H. CHHTaKCHHeCKOrO
K0 HT6KCT0B TJia-
cnrHaJW 3n p y eT o peaJiH3a m m b AE b c o n e T a H io i to
oloae out gooda
sHaneHHH "to try and get r id o f
lin g at reduced
p ric e a "
(gooda) by s e l
BE B coHeTaHHHx to olose
h b
a person, an o f f e r
3HaHeHMÄ "to come to an agrewnent
person; to agree to an o f f e r " .
Thia ahop la oloaIng out everythlnn
The 2 m iniatera didn*t cloae
end of the meeting. | 4. C. 198~| .
TpeTBKM $aKTopoM,
KOTOpue npuBejm
jmftcKHX
cjiob
a
■
next week.
with each other u n t il near the
npeÄonpefleJwnuHM pacxoxaeHHH Mexny AE ■
cäbhth,
HecoBnaaeiono ceMaHTHHecraa odieMOB JICB oömeaHr-
b
B AE
with
with
EB Ha ypoBHe cjioBocoHeTajma, cJieflyeT HasBaTB ceMaHTinecKHe
h
BE. TaK, HanpHMep,
b
AE
03HanaeT to oomplete an educational oourse
ito
b
a p er-
c cymecTBHTeJiBHHMH e o lle g e , u n iv e ra ity ,
-
1 28 -
to
graduate (fr o n )
h ooneTaeTCH
KaK B BE,
He
ho
h
high
a o h o o l,
a a oh ool o f o ook ery,
yreöH oro
to
le a v e
3aB eAeH M
e tc .,
to
eCTB c HassaHiieM Jüodoro
( b BE eMy coo T B eT C T B yeT rJiarcui
to
le a r e —
a c h o o l).
You s t i l l look aa though you 're Just about to graduate from
high ach ool■( I.Shaw, 54.)
JICB r jia r o jia
to
( a n i m a l s and b i r d a )
hunt -
"to
e ith e r f o r
ch ase
fo o d
0Ö03HaHeHHH Juoöoro BHAa
B AE A M
BE oh ynoTpeöJweTCH junni, a m
in
o rd er to
oxoth
- Ha nTimy
homhhbioih oxoth
to shoot
geese,
AAfl 0Ö03HaqeHHH
o xo th
Ha nTimy -
HcnoJn>3yeTCH
Ha 3BepH, B
h
Ha 3Bepa (
BHJIO, Ha JioinaAHX C COÖaKaMH ) - t o h un t f o x e a ,
a
o a t o h and k i l l
o r f o r a p o rt"
h area,
to
KaK n p a-
d eer,
e tc .,
sh o o t d u ck *,
e tc .
BE -
to
go a h o o tin g -
to g o
a fte r
a n im a ls o r ' (m o re o f t e n )
BE -
t o g o h u n t in g -
t o ch a a e
b ir d a
th e
a n im a l u s i n g a num ber o f d og a
He goea to Scotland every year to ahoot w ild duck.l~4« P . 1029J.
to rent
b AE
Cobm6U16HH6m B c e M a H T in e c K O « odseM e r j i a r o j i a
3HaT6HHÄ to pay rent f o r the use o f a room, houae, e tc. h to
pay money f o r the use of a c a r, boat, s u ito r clothea oÖtHCHHeTCfl
ero öojiee umpoKan c o n e T a e M o c T t b AE no cpaBHeHmo c BE, r A e jt c io t peöJLfDOTCH AB a rJ ia ra n a
to rent
h to h ire
am
BiipaxeHHH c o o t b 6 t -
CTBJTOmHX nOHHTHll.
B yCJlOBHHX
CaMOCTOHTeJtbHOrO (JyHKIOIOHHpOBaHHH aHTJIHltCKOrO H3H-
Ka Ha aMepHKaHCKOM KOHTHHeHTe h EpjrraHCKHX ocTpoBax HOMKHarpiH ho- .
Bhx npeAMeTOB h hbjishhü oRpyrnameft aeftcTBHTeJtbHocTH b KajmoM ■m
BapHaHTOB ocymecTBMJiaci> KaK nyTeM HcnoJQ»3 oBaHHH uMeiooierocH JieKcmecKoro- MaTepn&na, TaK h nyTeM co3AaHHfl hobhx eAHran, cneipi$H,ihhx a m
ASHHoro apeana. Ü03T0My b KanecTBe neTBepToro $aKTopa pac- '
xojiweHHft
Mejttny ABynrn BapHaHTaMB
JIOTHHX CpeACTB HOMHHaUHZ A M
moxho yKa3aTi> Hcn0Jii.30BaHHe pas-
0Ö03HaTeHHH OAHHX h Tex *e npeAMeTOB
H HBJieHHÄ B A E H BE.
Hoßue Ji0KaJEbH0 MapicnpoBaHHue e Ä H H m m
CJioBocoqeTaHHlt,
bkjuonähmet b cocthb
K0T0pHe HHorAa odHapyxHBaJiH ncuiHHÄ napaJLneJiH3M
b abjtx BapnaHTax, HanpHMep, A E - to take the aubway : BE - to tak*
the tubej AE - to buy on (th e ) instalment plan : BE - to buy
on h ire purohase.
-
129
-
B apyrmc cJiynaflx npoHcxoÄJUio ncwmoe rix nacTUHHoe H3MeH6HH6
cTpyKTypu cJioBOcoMeTaHUH:
AE - to stand ln lin e i BE - to queue (u p ).
OcoÖeHHocTH n p o u e c c o B HOMHHamra b K axu o# h s 3 oh p a c n p o c T p a H6HHH «IHTJIKfiCKOrO H3HKH npOHBJlHJIHCi TSJOHe B HCII0Jn>3 0 BaHHH p a 3HHX
H3UX0 BHX CpeÄCTB A M
h o cth :
OÜHCaHHH OÄHHX H T6X * 6
0T p 6 3 K0 B JjeÄCTBHTani-
AE - to run f o r congreas s BE - to stand f o r parllam ent.
HaHdcutbiuHit HHTepec w
HccJiejiOBaHHH p acxaxueH H Ä b c o n e T a e -
.m octh M eaw yAE h BE npeflCTaBJiHBT T e CJiynaH,
K o r a a npH iweHTKHHOc-
t h cH H TaKcinecKO Ä MO,neJiH cJioBocoHeTaHHH h e e JieKCHMecKoro H an o ji-
HeHKH B OÖOHX BapHaHTBX CJIOBOCOHeTaHHe HMeeT PB3HH8, a HepeJXKO
n poTH BonojioxH iie sHaneraiH b AE h BE. CJioBocoHeTaHHH TaKaro
poaa
moxho od'bejiHHHTt b r p y n n y JieKCHKo—ceMaHTHHecKHX ÄKBepreHTOB,
y
KQTOpHX npH OÖIUHOCTH IUiaHa BUpaxeHHH HaÖJUtWaBTCH paCXOJMeHHfl B
njiaHe ccmepxaHHH.
F . Xopymui
b
npeOTCJioBHH
k
CBoeMy cJioBap» nmueT,
hto
"MHorne
aHaKOMue CJiOBa ynoTpeöJiraoTCH b AMepHKe b apyroM sH aneHm i hjih
nOÄTeKCTOM,
OTJIHHHHM
c
KOTOpUÄ OHH HM6I0T B AHrJIHH" [ 5 ,C .v j.
OT TOrO,
A homely woman b AE 03H anaeT "H e B s p a H H a «, HeKpacHBafl xemuHH a ",
b noHHMaHHH aHTJunaHHHa
a homely woman
-
"MHJiaa, n p o c T a «
b oöpameHHH xemoHHa". Hajurcne H eraT H B H oro KOMnoHeHTa b ceM aH TiraeckoJI C TpyK Type n pm iara TeJ iB H oro
homely
b AE onpejjeJiH eT C B o e o ö p ä -
8H6 CeMaHTHKH CJIOBOCOHeTaHHÄ, B COCTEBe KOTOpHX HMeDTCH CyiHÖCTBH—
TeJtbHue, 0Ö03HaHajauHe HeJioBeKa, e r o bhoiuhoctb hjih OKpyxeHHe, KaK
HanpHMep, a homely c h lld (u g ly ), homely household (not attr& etlve
ln appearanoe).
"The c h lld
was homely. brulsed ln the faoe and shoulders,
•oratched, daced. Hls 11p was sw ollen and d la c o lo re d ."
6 ,P . 290 .
"Thle household was p la ln , homely. evan a lo v e n ly ."
6 ,P . 330 .
B Tex x e cbmux coneTaHHHX b BE npHJiaraieJitHoe
hom ely
öyjjeT
ynoTpeöJLHTtcfl b SHaneHHH simple, p la ln , unpretentloua.
PasH ue 3HaH6HHfl p ea jiH sy e T n pm iara Tejn > H oe
coHSTaHHfix
ln o lln e d
to
ba
(fe e l)
s le k
» AB
"1 1 1 »
a io k
* BE
b AE h BE b
" v o m itln g
or
to v o m lt".
"The la s t man I was w ith ", aha aaid alowly, "waa alwaya fo ln g
to the dootor. but I t dldn’ t halp too «auch. He waa Alwaya lm aglnl n « ha waa s lo k ". [ß . P.-327J
-130
-
"In th« covered tunnel leadin g out of the olrcu s tent,
among th« puahing orowd o f people, Kingshaw waa
ß r.
P .209]
v io le n tly s le k "
.
CJie^yeT otmbthti., tt o pacxoamemw Meawy äbjtmh BapnaHTaMH HaÖJuanajoTCH tojibko np« (JyHiamoHHpoBaHHH eick
b KanecTBe npeÄHKathbe,
Bce spyrne cJi0B0C0HeTaHHH, rue
aick
BUCTynaeT
aTpadyTHBa, npHHamiejuaT k odmeaHrjuräcKCMy aupy
b
(^hkuhh
(a siok man, sick
thoughts, e t c . ) .
B ÖOJitmHHCTBe cJiyMaeB He
npHMep,
homely),
e B o fte T B a b
AE
h
oähh
KOMnoHeHT cJioBocoHeTamtH ( Ha
a Bce cjiOBOCOTeTaHHe oöHapyKHBaeT ÄraepreHTHue
BE.
Pa3Hoe coflepxaHHe BKJiamiBaeTCH
tion
b
tion r e s u lt "
d a t «s " .
oöntested e ie c -
coTeTaraie
b
ÄByx Bapwanrax aHTJiHßcKoro H3HKa - AE
"ohallenged e le o -
s BE "e le c tio n in which ther« are two or more candi-
KaK yTBepawaeT ae'GyHLHK, cchüianct
D iotionary, coBpeMeHHoe aMepuKaHCK o e
Ha
Oxford
jo io T p e d J ie H iie
English
.naHHoro
c jio b o -
BEj_8. C.22J .
CJioBocoHeTaHHe to stand in lin e (AE), dpuTaHCKHM aHajioroM
KOToporo HBJweTCH to queue (u p ), ynoTpedJweTCÄ b BE, no .uaHHiiM
coqeTaHKH dmio paHee CBOÄCTBeHHO
aHKeTHoro onpoca HHtJopMaiiTOB,
h
n poB eaen n oro
hsm h b
rofly,
1977
b
CJiyrae, Koraa pe*n> nneT 0 n o c T p o e H H H c o J w a T b SHaêum "to
stand side by s id e ": The so ld ie ra stood in lln e to be inapected.
tom
I n t
(H3 aHKeT HHtftOpMaHTOB—aKTJlHTaH)
a guy while I waa standlng ln lln e
at the movies.
( H3
H H T ep ecH b öt
H ue
an
c J iy r a Ä
aH K eT HHtbopMaHTOB—H M epHKaH IieB )
ä j ih
open town ( c i t y ) ,
aH aJM 3a n p e jc T a B J iß e T
rae
coöoä
n p oT H B on ocT aan eH H e,
B c e x BuueynoMHHyTttx Ä H B e p re H T O B ,
b
an oB ocogeT aO T Jurene
ot
npoxo^HT n o jikhkm GE s ae -
m erly) a town (c i t y ) without fo r t ific a t io n a ;
(fo r (modern use) a town •
( c i t y ) which, i t a inhabltanta d eclare, w i l l not be defended i f
attacked, e .g . P a ris , Rome in World War I I
: a town in which gaa-
b lin g , drinking saloona, e tc . are allowed without re s tric tio n s ,
e .g . LaB Vegas.
9. P . 598 .
coTeTamie an open
T okhm o d p a a o M ,
T e p n p e T n p o B a T iiC H
b
CKHft r o p o f l HMeeTCH
sebhchm octh
b
ot
T oro,
town
no-pa3HOMy dy.neT
e B p o n e ftciu ifl
hjih
hh-
aM epH kaH -
B nny.
Cyrydo aMepHKaHCKoe 3HaTeHMe cJioBocoveTaHHÄ to break up
-
131
-
a
pereon - "to amuse g re a tly " npHMO npoTHBonoJiOJKHO oömeaHTJmöcKOMy
"to (cause to ) B u ffer serere anxiety and p ain ",
TTO BUHBJIH6TCH
story broke me up.
TCWtbKO Ha $OHe B ce
Th* bad news w i l l
T a K o r o p o « a cJi0B0C0'ieTaHHfl M oryT cJiyxHTB h c to th h k o m H e a o p a iTOKCTax, r a e
O T c y rc T B y e T y u a -
npHBOÄHT npHMep HejionoHHMahhh, B03HHKiiier0 Ha leH eB C K o ö KOH$epeHUHH
n o paaopyiceHHio b 1 9 6 2 r .
M e M y aMepjfKaHCKoll h aHTJWßcKofl êJieraiXHHMH,
BeJraKOÖpHTaHHH npeßJiOKHJm to ta b le
Kor.ua npe^cTEBHTeJm
t h e ir motion,
<ito o ^ e m
ym -
BHJIO aMepHKBHUeB, TBK KEK OHH HaiMH np08KT aHTJIMTaH ÄOBOJtbHO
pa-
SyMHHM. HCTOMHMKOM HeÄ0pa3yM6HHH B ÄaHHOft CHTyamiH HBHJIOCB H a r a HH6 y r jia r o j i a
to table
b coTeTaHHH
to table a motion, (p ro p o sal)
npoTH Bonojio*H H x 3HaTeHHÄ B AE h BE : " o t j i o x h t b
xeH H fl"
oöcy a w eH H e n p e jy io -
( AE) h " b u c t e b h t l n p e A n o x e m ie Ha o ö c y j w e H H e "
(B E ).
ß jm KOHKpeTHsamra 3HaMQHHH cjiOBOCOTeTaHHH—ÄHBepreHTa TpeöyeTc a yKa3aTeJEbHHÄ mhhhmjtm, nosBOJMnmHfl on peêJoiTB ,
TeHHe p ea jm sy eT C H y .naHHoro cJioBocoqeTaHHH -
K a x o e hmbhho 3 H a -
aM epHKaHCKoe, öpH TaH -
CKoe hjih oöm eaHTJm ÄcKoe.
Ilp o B e je H H o e HccJieaoBaHHe n03B0JmeT cêJiaTB b u b o ä o to m , h t o jwu(
aueKBaTHoft n ep ea a T H c o A e p x a m M b n e p e B o ^ e Ha aHTJiHficKHfl hjih
c
aHTJinttcKoro H3UKa HeoöxoÄMMa ÄOCTaTOTHO HeTKaH o p a e H T a m w n e p e r io a HHKa b HopMaTHBHUx pacxoaweHHHx wenwy AE h BE Ha yp oB H e cJiOBooo’ i e TaHHH. IIpoöJieMa MexBapnaHTHHx pacxoam eH utt CBH3aHa n pn n e p e B o a e Ha
aHTJIHÜCKHä C BMÖOpOM OÄHOrO H3 KOHKypHpyKXUHX BapHaHTOB OJlOBOCOHeTaHHfl, a n pn n e p e B o a e c a m v u itic K o ro c k o ä H H TepnpeTauneft
c o cm hcjioboH h CTHJiHCTHHe-
h cxoäh o# $ pa3u .
CCRUKM HA JIMTEPATypy
1. P.D .Streven s. B ritis h and American B nglish. - C o lli e r Maemillan P u b lish ers, 1972. - 104 p.
2. C . B e r l l t » . Nativa Tongues. - Granada, 1983. - 340 p.
3. The World Book Dictionary Bd.by Barnhart C .L ., Barnhart
R.K. - Chioago i Doubleday & Co., 1976. - 2430 p.
C
Bnglish. - Longaan
5. H .W .H orw lll. A D ictionary o f Modern American Usage. Oxford Univ. P rass, 1935. - 360 p.
6. J . C .O ats. Wonderland. - Greenwich, Conn t Fawoett P u b lic atlons I n c ., 1973. - 480 p.
7. 3 .H i l l . I'm th« King o f the C astle. - Penguln Book«, 1974»
- 223 p.
8 . W .Q . de Funlak. Am erloan-Britlsh D iotlonary and H elp fu l.
Hlnta to T ra v e le rs, 3d. ed. - San Francisco: O rbit Graphic Arts-,
1967| -
188 p.
9. A .3 .Hornbv. Oxford Advanced L e a m e r's Diotlonary
Current
of
Engl ia h , 3d E d itio n . - Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press. 1977.
- 1055 p.
10. H.Moss. What's the D lfference? British/American D ictiona
ry . - 1973. - 153 p.
ÜHTHpyeMaH JMTepaTypa
A .H a ile y . Vheels. - L.
: Pan Book» LTD, 1976.
C.Webb. The Graduate. - L.
I . Shaw. Nightwork. - L.
: Penguln Books 1970.
: Pan Books LTD, 1976.
-
133
-
3AKJDD4EHME
IlpeflCTaBJieHHNe
nuBanr Tott cjioatHott
m
cöopHHKe MaTepnanu, paayvieeTC«, He Hcêp-
b
MHororpaHHoft npoöjiemi, KOTopan BUHeceHa b
aarojioBOK cöopHHKa. no cyTH, sce nepeBOflnecKHe npoöaenH cewaHT h u
h u , h Ö o a & bh o
y*e uHHOBano
nepeBOA -
Jiwab "aaMeHa 3HaKOBn . 4ew öojibme
sto
to
BpeMH, Korna
hhmbho
ioi
nojiarajiH,
uto
yrjiyöjwencji
ceMaHTH^y nepeBO.ua, TeM cJioxHee h MHoroacneKTHee Bupwc o b u b aeTc/i
sra npoö/ieua, h o h t o m iicHee cTaHOBHTcn t o t $aKT, w o Hayna o
b
nepeBOfle He MOxeT saMUKaTbc» Ha ero
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h
b
uerajfl pmA APyrmc Hayx, pa3HooÖpa3Huu
oäpasoM cB«3aHHWx c HsyueHtieM fleHTejibHocTM ueÔBOKa.
Hayna o n e p e s o fle - sto OAHa H3 Hayx o u e jio ß e n e c K o fl f l e m e a b nO-BHAHMOMy, MMeHHO 8 STOM p a jty p c e e il H npeACTOHT OÖ—
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h
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T.B.JIyflMHa
14
CTHJIHCTHMeCKHe TpflHC$OpMauHH TeKCTa npn
n ep eB O ^ e
..................................................................... 22
A.D.riaTpHKeeB
C T p y K T yp a o ö p a 3 a KaK KpnTepn{? BuÖQpa saMeHw
B .B . r y c e ß
CeMaHTHKa KOMMyHHKaTHBHoro HaMepeHtw h ee
HHTepnpeTauHfl b npouecce nepeBOâ .......... 37
M.D.ÄeMny*HHKOBa
CMwcJiOBbie cbh 3h b TeK CTe h n e p e B O «
B . r . K y 3HeuoB
IlOflCHHTeJIbHO—K0HKpeTH3HpyK)tHMe OTHOUieHHH B
npn noaTHwecKOM nepeBoae
TeKCTe
h hx
............................
28
45
nepeaaua npn nepeBOfle ..........
55
E.fl.H pocK ypH H a
Cmwc^ oboR
JI.B.Baranoßa
ConocTaBHTeflbHHR anajina (JopM ajibHo-cM ticjioBofi
bmboä h
paBHOueHHOCTb nepeBOfla
65
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o pn rH H a jiy
C T pyK T yp u BbicKa3HBaHM« n p « flByH3hWHofl
KOMMyHHKaUHH .................................................... 75
JI.r.BeapyKOBa
CeM aH Tiw ecKaH HByruiaHOBOCTb h ee nepeflawa
npn n ep eB O fle
sanHHt
B.K.JIaHWHKOB
(H a npHMepe ßBOÖHofl aK TyanH -
........................................................................ I 81
CyÖcraHUapTHafl jieKCHKa
b
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OUeHOTHOCTH ...................................................... 91
r.B .IloposH H C K aii
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cofleputaHHe p e M e a o ro aK T a,o
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hsukob )
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CeKCH3M: HOBafl TeHfleHUHH b H3hiKe h nepeBOfliiecKne npoÖJieMti ...................................
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