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B0 3 HHK Ha da 38 p a 3 JiHHHÄ, BeoBMa A axew x Äpyr- o t jipyra no npouoxoatueHBio. Hcxoähhm MaTepaaJioM jijih nocTpoeHBa napaJuiejstHux *opM
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bmohbh, rpaMMaTBKa tsm cömhm saBeaoMo JuunaeT c e ö a
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c . 1 0 4 - 1 0 5 ) , CymecTByoT. o'isbb äh o , ;cbs cnocoda npeoucutsTj,
ero :
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pasHux pa3p>max msotohmshbH - jirhhmx b npttTHKaTejrbmnc. 3to
HHt npouaco, oxBaTBBtBBft CHCTöMy JIM u hcjiom h odycjiOBJieHHMS BHyTD6 HHBMH S9 S 0 B0 M6 pB 0 CTflMB 60 paRBBTHJI KHK e.'tüHOi* CBCTftMH, ’ASASBffi«8 c a n s jie s H H e $ o p m h y o jb h h x JIM b ^ o iie rK '-io cftH o n ap K rm T H y s p y r a x
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waTB'iecrcaa CTpyKTypa JIM — ae KoHauuuä pauyiiBTaT «nyx
nponecnoB; H a o d o p o T , cb m b b t b n p o t i e c .- ;« h b b j ib c b n m h «B y»uc
18
p aasu -
söuhhmb e.uHHoro npoixecca $opmupobshüh hoboS napa^HrMH aHrjiHficKHX
JIM.
12.
Euhhctbo chct6mh JIM ECTopnêcKH ynpenaanoci. nyTeu M
fiojorHêcKoro oöocoöm m n BKJwraeHHHX b Hee moctohmshbS o t cy aecTEHTejrbHHX b npBJiaraTejiBHHX, o t ä p jtb x KnaccoB MecTOHMeHHft.Bnaswe saKOHowepHo, qro onHcaHnaH BHtne 4 - ,meHKaK napaflBmua M cnerw fy'mß Km BToro puiacca cjiob b He BMeeT napajLÄej(iefi b
napaasirwax
jipyrBx nacTefi p e ia . OflHBKO npoqecc HHTerpanjuj cBCTema JIM He mo~
steT c 'i B T a T t c s
aaKoirseHHHM .
Ha pydeace cpe^He- a HOBoaHraaßcKoro nepHOÄOB bo 3hhkjib höbe®
JJfiPHBSTH JIM - B 0 3 Bp8 THH8 MeCTOBMeHBH. Hx HOHBJieHBe COBDaflaOT
C
oönwM HanpaM em eM pasBHTHH oBCTeMH JIM - jiosbuhohhoä ;ia®jtepeHOTtiHHeß $opw. Ho ,n.M aarjiBilcKHx bo3bpbthhx MecTOBveHBÄ xapaKTepHa
MOpfOJIOT'KMeCKaH BBOÄOTBeKHOCTfc, OTpaXßHHaa B BX MOp$6 MHOM C 0 CT 8 n e, flepBHft KOMimHeuT BiunraaeT bx b cacTeMy JIJ41 coxpaBfui
y hbx
;5oe ceMaHTtiKo-rpaMMaTB^öCKHe p a sO T U is no y ^ sc T B » / HeyâcTB»
b
0KT© KOMMyHFKailBB, DO MBCJiy B HOJiy K0MMyHBK8HT0B B HeKOMMyHBKflH—
to b , npHcywae JIM. 3 to näe-i ooHosaRBii c i b t s t b BosBpaTHue m o ro m ie -
w k ehtkm qjieHOM napa.narMH JIM. Ho hx BHTerpanjiB b cBCTewe JIM n peHHTCTByeT BTOPOÜ KOMJIOHeHT - s e i f / - a e l v e s ,
COXpaHHKTOBä BHOJffie
oTêraBBy» Mop$o.iior0qecKyio Öotisoctb k cytnectbssto jibhhw. B coBpeMeaHOM aHTJIBÄCKOM H3HK6 CXejI,y8T, O'ieBBÄBO, CHBT8TB B09BpaTHH6 M8CTO"
0M6HBS CTOB8MB, CTOJOTHMB HS nopore CHCT6MH JIM. GpOReCO IX BHTerpauhb b 8 T0ft CBCT0 M6 jrceuHT, pspyweoTCfi» 3a npejcejiaMB oöoapuMoro ö y iju ie r o .
J I H T E P A T 7 PA
E 6 H B 8 H B C T 3,OÖ0jaH JMHT’BBCTBKa. M ., 1 9 7 4 .
E p y H H e p
K. Hctopbh aHi'JiBficKoro aau R a, t . I I , M .,1 9 5 6 .
B y j i H r B H a
T . B . rpeMMaTB’iecKBe onnosBrcra. - B c<1.:Hc
caeaoBaHBH nn oömefl Teopaa rpaMMaTBKH. M ., 1 9 6 8 .
H n B B S! B . A . CBCT 9 M8 JMTOHX MeCTOHMQHBÜ B aHTJüHflOKOM m nK8 . - B c ö . :
H 31 B B
H ^ h b
npoöJieira
0
hi
cpaBHBTejiBHOß $ b ü o Jo rB H . M . - S . , 1 9 6 4 .
E . A . HCTOpBfl aHTÄBÜCKOrO H 3 HK8 . M ., 1 9 6 8 .
E . A.
CTpoK coBpeMeHHoro aHTJiBflcKoron su ica . J i . .
1971.
Ma f t TBHCKa f l
T 6 M. M ., 1 9 6 9 .
C M B p H E I J K B f i
K. B . MecTOBMeHBH B
h sh m x
pnBH«
«>»»■
A. H. MopfOJIOrBH aHTJIHÄOROT’O M i m n n . M
1959.
19
X a S M O B B i
B . C ., P o r O B C K a s
cK aa rpaMMßTHKa aH rjiaäcK oro h3ükb. M ,f 1 9 6 7 .
E . H. TeopeTane-
E . A . neaêHKo
OCOBEHHOCTH ÄMEPMKAHCKörO BAPHAHTA
AHrMMCKOK) fiSÜKA B nPOHSBEJtEHHSX 3.Xa®HLT3H
I , Oöme03Bec:TKo, mto aHTÄHficmsiS hsuk cjkmkhjich hs octpobb
BejMKOöpBTaraia. O.naaKO b cm y iscTopH'jeoKHx, »K0H0im<iecKBX h n o jiKTüHecKiax npiRHH sa nGCJieauHe c to jj6 tk h oh no/tyran miapoKoe pae~
npocTpaH6BB8 bo mhodhx qacTax aewaoro laapa. Mm nojifcsys.vrcH
ksk
cpe^cTBOM oöüiSHaa Meatßy jihubms! & p ass rocyâpcrB a kühm höhtob BejäBKodpüTaKHB, CJLI3A» KaHage, A sc T p a JM , HoboB SejiaRM B » «p .
ByuyHH nepeHßceHHHM aHrjuanaHaMS s a hobhö sesuta m a o n a s
b
Äpyrae np)gpo,i?HHe» iuiaMaTHêcKBe H oongaiibw e y am m si, aHrjsHSoKBä
m m b CB06« j&nbmMBu pasBHTisa npBoöpeji, ecT ecT B eim o, ocodae
«lepra, b Toä a m kkoü creneHB of-sHâsomKe e r o o t affl-jinMcicuro mu~
s a BejBSRoöpBTaHHJS.
Bonpoc oö occdeHHOcTHs: atayusäcK oro hsurq sa npeaejiawi
JJBKöäpJäTSHBIä HpSBJieKßJI BHHMaHES MHOX’BX COBÖTCKMX H
Be~
aapyöejKHUX
JJ.BHTBSSCTOB, ÖCödOB SSÖGTO Cpe/.!B HCCJI8,f{ÖBBHH$ SailBMaET paÖOTH.nOC“
BJBüeHHae üsyêm äs aHraBflcKoro m m a a CIA» b h o to p h x pacoMatpHBa—
BTCH Bonpoc O HDMpOHe RaHHGI’O HBÄ6HBH, T .e * 0 TOM, HBJIH0TCH
«Sä
aKTJIÄCSgfi fi"3US B CU1A. CaMOCTOjSTe®HHM S3HKOM, B8p»aHT0M aHTJiHfiC-
so ro
s jis e ro z 'ü bm k t o u ,
Mb B o ss p a ö o t, BayneHHHX &atm, HaadOJiMmi SHTepeo npescTaBjta m Koc.TOaoBaH*fß ooBöToitoro jautrBHöfa A.fl.ittBfäfiuepa, a «oropox w ?op Eay'äHQ odocHOBUBaeT tohky apeHH«; o tom, vco aHraHiScsM h3ük
s CIA itszss t c h anwu aa bbphbhtob oospeMeHiioro jiBTepaTypKoro aHrÄSÄCEoro h sh k ö . B noc-mwieR e ro padote (lllBailnep, 1 9 7 1 }
paccm rpm sm cji, pasjrs'iHTe.ntHHe nepiu aMopiiKancKoro a dpBTaHCKoro s a paaaTOB coBpeweHHoro aHi’JiafloKoro hsukh b eu ere odduax npodaeM na~
tpoHa»HHX BapaaHTOB M TepaTypaoro hbukb^ b <jom, na Ham BarjiHfl,
3aKas«aeTca ochobhsh k sh ho ctb A&HHoro MccjieHOBan»«. Abtopo« npo-
jmxma ÖOÄtmaa p aöota no bmhbjiöhbw ocodemtocToK hhivjkhgkoi'o a s h 1 TssnojjorBH cxo.iictb b pas^fl^BR b rpy/uie djmrntopOÄCTBöHHüx
Ä3HKOB. T esB ca jioioiaaoB HayraoR KOHirepoinyjn. Khichhcb, 1972,
20
Ka b CllUv b odaacTB $oH6THKa, rpauMaamH h aeKcHKa. Euy
yâJioct.
ooöpa?B öoraTeäaiaÄ âitTM^öCKMä w aTepaa«, uoÄTBepsyiaioiiuiä a c e tb o peTHêcKise nojjoaeHHa, Koxopue aecaeHOBaTe-HB a s -ia ra e x b cbobx pa~
o o rax.
IIojihoctbio p asaeiia» w u s y 3peHBa AJj.H Jaeänepa no noßOMj upa
poüu aHTÄUficKoi'O Hstuta b CillA, Mii nocTßBMJiiH uepe,a c o d o ft
aa.nany
npüOJieflBTi), KaKHM oöpasoM Brnm/ienme A.JLÜiBaBnepoM h upjtümh üjc—
c.«e.iioBSTejiaMK oeocSeHHOcra aH rafllcK oro hshkä b CIUA Häxo;(HT
o ip a -
»enae b coapeMennoM awepiUKaHCKoß xy;toxecTBeHKoü JäHTepaiype,
'laCTHOCTB, B TBOpnecrBe
b
OJIHOI’O BBTOpa.
MaTepHaaoM accjiejjüBahjäH ü ocjiysjm i upo»3B0ÄeiiBa B n n am ero ca
aMepBKaHCKoro aiscaTc.üH 3pH8c*ra X«ifflHT.yoa: powana "IIpotuaä.apyaajQ’'
( 1 9 2 9 r . , ) h "Oo k o k 3Buekt k o j i o k o ü *’ ( 1 9 4 0 r . 5 , Haara " 3 e ^ e H H e xuü
ms Ä$jJMKH" (1 9 3 5 r . ) , noBec-ri. "C tspbk b Mope" (1 9 5 2 r . ) % "H söpaBHHe p a cctcasu ", Ky.ua BoaiÄis 2 8 ayqiuBi paccK asos n acaT ejia, bsh
tue a s HeoKCjjBKSx cöüphbkob: "B aams spei/w" (1 9 2 4 r . ) , "MjnreHBH
o«s seHittHM" (1 9 2 9 r . ) , ”node,itHTe.uB ae no.ny'-iaeT HHiero" (1 9 3 3 r . )
0 Äp,
jlHTepafypHoe MactepcTBO a.XeMHiu'yefl a^ yH aaoot a
a a y ’iaöT ca
MhoraiM jißTepaiypoBejiaJsB. E ro npoaa osöhb jA am o xapaK T epasyexca
o'tKBM a a hbx ksk ” BHeauie ap o cT aa a BHyrpi-aHa c a o a n a a , Tomaafl
«aM6j)0HHo MHoroana^HaH, acH aa a yxojitHiuaü » rn y ö a a y , o ay iiaa,
a
kbk
asHK T e aerp o ^ a, a acuo^HeHHaa aaraeHHoru cMuRJsa a a e opasy oTKpaliSÖHetca 0 0 8 3 8 8 * f .
Ana Kaiaeä paöOTH oojn.-mcÄ «rrepec npejioTaBJiHeT asax xyôxecrf ■
B6HHHX npoaaBeaeHaM 3.XeMHHry8H. Oh coBpeMeaeH, ochobük aa kbboM
pasroBopaofl peaa a xapaKTepasyeTca a u&ftOM npocroä
CTpyKTypofi
tipöfljioseBHii. "JCaKoasäHKooTb, CflepaaBHooTb h npootora aooöoß xapa«-;
TopHH fljwt XeiMiBryBfl, ho ata npocrroTa ~ Kaxymaaca: oua kpssxoäbt B
[)Ä3yaBTaTe •matsaBHoro GTöopa hshkobjo: cpe.ji.cTB, kpobomeboB pa~
ö o t h iwcamsa hsä cjiobom" . IIohtb0 päbm cxaaaHHoe xoia da
oanbm
UpBMapOM.’
...when I woke ther-s was (iarrlck, waarluft a largUjVery Qop&iL»*i3& s f e ^ a * i s ^ ^
(üha, p. n ) .
orpoMHow paSB9BaßmeMCfl i ’ojiobhom ytüope B 3 êpanx orpaycoflux im
p te a ),
ib
V K l!,;
^ <B b h n e ji j> ui t e ü h
M. "0 p a e c K a s a x O.XaMam-y<»>i*
s e l * c t » d ‘J t o r l a a . M o s o o * , 1 9 7 1 ,
C. II,
* H h v a ji
K . « i'J h a p b ii a
B . KoMMeu'r:.|mii.
■ . ‘rfcn U i l in o f
At'i-i oh . ; , t . f i l n g i * a i i , P.CiS» C . 6 0 .
u r
H a a .n e e :
Garrick, un-head-dre8Bed, appeared,
( noffBBjc h T bphk yace de 3 rojioBHoro y d o p a ).
2.
IlepeftaeM k ocHOBHOMy coiiepKaHBD HameÄ paöoTH - ocoöeH
hocthm aMepuKancKoro BapaaHTa amviHflcKoro H3tiKa, BHJtBJieHHMM
b
BiraieynoMflHyTHi npo03BeaeH0HX B.XeMHitryeH. CodpaHHHÄ H3HK0B0ft « a Tepaa^ no3Bo;raeT ocTaHOBHTtcH na ocodeHHOCTax b od.naoTB JieiccB—
rca, op$orpa$H0 » rpaMMaTBKH, OjiHaKo paMKB .naHnoft paöoTH ne uo3-BOJIJ5BT OCBeTBT't- BCe TpB aCneKTB. ÜOBTOMy B CT8TB9 dyiiyr
cwoTpeHH
JieKCH'iecKHe
b
p ac-
op(porpa$BHecKHe ocoöennocTH.
Ha^HeM c ocodeHHOOTeft b odJiacTH jiskchkh. Ilpesma s c e r o
bh-
sejiiiM rpyrniy aiOB, nono/iHBBiBBx wiOBapirafl coctsb HSHKa fiaoeoaneaIJ6B B XJII B XYIII B6K8X B OTpaataBlBBT (10BH8 JCJIOEBB BX JO!:-Hfl. T{
hbm othochtch T8KB6 cjiobs , KaK
atipuB, yTec; underbrush
gap - nrydoKoe ymejn>e;
b] uff -
- nwwe c o K , nopoc**; Clearing- yw-.Tois
jêon, oHBoieHinjK ;yw odpadOTKB 3eiMB.
The road came out into a Clearing (SS , p . 41)•
Kan bhjjho b s npBMepoB, npKpoaa noatêiffi« s tjix cjiob p as/rsw jK rrep BHe ÄBa cywecTBosajiB b 8htjib$ckom jjshko, b um öhjic npBjiauo
büp pnaêHBe; o crajib m e cosuaiiu no siKnaaM o.ôBoodpasopfiiran
no-
na
'läge H3BecTHoro jia.UKCBoro MaTepBaâ.
K » to 0 ae rpyune mokho o t h s c t b hfj 3DaHKH mhovbx BBV'n foiopn
■ $ a y n u , Koxopwe nepecejieHim y3Ha.*B o t BJwefcisB: maoe«? -•
KaFCKBä
jiocb;
Ub; fllbarta
aMepa-
okunk - CKy H C ; tamaraok - aMPpBKEHC'.aB ;u i c t s « h h »- BMepBKaHCKBä .necHofl o p e x .
In a anowstorm you rode up to a mcoae and hf>
horae for another mooaa (Bf, p. 176),
miptoek
jr?«r
I saw two skunka last night, Nick, said (SS, p.41).
Thqre was water or botb eidaa of the traok, then
taaarack
awamp (S S , p. 5 2 ) .
I ’ll take one i»ith fllberta. Catherine said (?A, p. 2 1 } ) ,
HenoepefleTBeHHoe odmeHBe c BnaeftuaMB od ycjoß B ao 3anMCTB0B8HB9 MHOrBX CJIOB B3 H3HK0B BlfflefiCKBX lUieven. Hau* BCTpeTB^BCB TOJT6ko flBa BnneßcKBx CJiOBa: aqua« ~
kscbh
; mocwaein « «o-
( oöyBb BHaeÄueB).
Dick oweB rae a lot of money for pulllng bis
pneuoonia (33, p. 38).
aquaw
thim’gh
^ Chbook yc.noBHHX coKpameHBä HasBaiiFi^ npoB3Be^PHa?l npn.?flÄ0H B KOHlje CT0TBB.
22
Do you remembar the cabinet in your father'B Office...
the faal of the beaded mocoaelne? (BT, p.317).
and
TaK KaK ceBepoaMepuKaHOKHfl KOHTHHeHT sacejuu iea ae to jü k o a n i .uuHäHauB, ho a HapoaaMH »3 ^pyrax eBponeflCKBX rocyaapcTB ,
to ,
OCTeCTB6HHO, B aHTJIHijCKHÄ H3HK IipOHHKaJM CJI0B8 H3 MHOrBX 0BpO(leÜOKBX H3UK0B.
B npoH3BejiöHHHX j.X e u iia i'y s a BCTpeHaeioa ocoöeHHo mhoto cjiob,
yaaMcTBOBaHHux «3 HcnaacKoro
h
3u k s , 3 t o
ranch - cKOTOBOuêcKaH
corral - saroH rjih cKOTa; paon - öaTpaK, noflemnaK; poncho - ttflam, HaKBflKa; cauyon - K8HB0H; plaza - puHosBafl nnouiaÄL.
#han they came back to the ranch ha'd been dead a ureek, fro
sen in the sorral (33, p. 296).
Back of hirn and to one aide was a peon with a oape(S3,p.211).
êpvia;
A man came out of t h e
tlmber, a blanket
worn
over hin Uead
.Like a »oncho (Bl’, p.7J),
Balow at the bofctom of the cany o n , we could aee the topa
large treea
(GUA, p,
of
I?).
And we went up into ths town to the pleja (BT, p. 100),
Ahbjims npaBeaeHHux .upauepoB noKaaHBaeT,
hto
nonojmeHHe c j i o -
üapHüro cocTaBa aiiTJtHficKoro flSHKa b ÄMepüice s ücutee paHHHfl nepao^
ero pa3B0TBfl nponcxomsjro uyiew paemapeHBH ceMaHTB>?acKoro
nojm
HM^yfflHxca b a 3 m e c a o a , cjroBOoöpaaoBaHua h saaMCTBOßauBfl cjiob bs
n n y r»! hshkob.
McnojSbsoBaHise b th x cjiob S.XaMBHry&eM b cbohx npoaaBejteHBax
cEsyteTeaBCTsyeT o tom , mto ohm n p o w o bouuib b tuiOBaprafi c o c ts b aHiviaScKoro H3UK& b CHiA. Boaee T o ro , s t » CJIOBa npHHajtyxexa® r
«i-:rÄHÄcKOMy JieKcaêcKOMy $oaray.
ortme-
ÜHTepeOHO 0TM6TMTL, tf'IO CJIOBa STOß rpynilU, ?.<1K UpSBBJIO, 110«e j m d t c h b Tex paocKa3ax hjib snasosax, b k o t o p u x onaoHBaeTca aMePHKaHOKa« JüeßCTBHTSJlIiHOCTi: MH HaXOÄüJM BX B B 8BT0pCK0M II0B6CTB0—
ium?h b .
Cj'ejxyiüiuyio dojiBiuy» rpyany cjiob moxho oöteÄHHBTB hoä HasBaaaeM
rt'i-9KBHflajICHTH0M JI8KCBKB, KJ,X& BXOJlHT JIOKOHqeCKMe e.aKHBUH.He BM6BWc* SKBBBS.-ieHTOB B ÖpBTaHülCOM BapUaHT6 aHTJIBÄCKOrO A3UR8«
SfleCb
l,; :ho BUÄgjiBTi. naß nenrpyumu nojiHue & qaciBWue
a&jepHKaiü.aMu
'i; ^ftnep, D63, c.102), R nepaoß acarpyrue oTMece« oaBOSHaTOue c m .
,,fi
a a n p R tra p :
ln te r n C s )
c^ y ^ e H T «eflüH BH C K oro
i:o ju ie .a * 3
bäh
iC''u; Bpn’-j; rooming*hû., •
- MeÖ.;iBpo»aHHi.'e KOM-'iaTU; coiumniat
pit-'-ptöPj , o r t o s p o B ^ T e i i o v n t o v r a
-- „yenopfia 'lactB ropojia.
m h-
-
How d o
jon l i k e
b e lu g
an in t e r a ?
(3 3 ,
p .3 2 ) .
He lives up et Hirsch’s rooming-house (SS, p.71).
And aa s aociety columriiat put it,.. (33, p.253).
In
th e
s v e n ir ig h e
s tr o lle d
dommtown
(S S ,
p.
1 0 5 ),
Ko BTopoS noÄrpyxrae m m o o th g c tb mkox'oshs'jhhs cjioBa»
k o to -
PH« BXOflHT B aMepHK8HCKHfi B8pH8HT aHWtBßCKOrO H3HK9 TOSBKO B 0 3 hoh HS cbohx 3Ha«e;raÄ. 9 t o tb k b r GJtOBa „ KaK fraternity
~
CT,y-HöHuecKaÄ M.ptcKaH opraKHsauBH;
eaboosse -
ß,!iyseÖHH{t
BapnoM noesne;
dresser - TyaaeTHHfl cto jih k j
M6TKB e inKOJse;
1umber ~ öpeBHa;
BaroH b t o -
grade ~ iu ia c c ,
o t-
up-town ~ xjjjaje KBapraJiH ro p o -
m ; shuckn - epyiäfla, cTBopica ycT punu;
broad - ( r p v ö . ) .iieBKa,
Ibers 1s a picture wttlch ahows bim areo ng hie fraternlty- br o~
thers (SS, p.103).
He l o o k e d
o f s lg h t
up t h e
tra c k
st
th e
0rcu n d th e c u rv e
(S S ,
lig h ta
of
th e
c abooao
g o in g
o » .1:
p. 5 2 ) .
Sh« lald the mlrror down on the dresser (SS, p . 162),
Ona o f
the glrls Its in 6ha fourtb grade (38, p , y y , ,
The house was re bullt in ths »aste plec» mit of liwiber nor(o'*.
p.292).
She lired qp-town in 8ew York (SS, p-1!?0)«.
"Oood-by, Mra.Cfarner? Siek ssid ,'-'T n w k~ in -r taJHng
,
"Ob
shucke, Blokie” (S S , p« 43)«
Th ©re wer» » coup.se of broadfi sltting st th* »»st tabl« (SB,
p.116)*
B oTjxe.ai.Hy» rpynny b«r85»m c a o s a ,
& kbsb8jk-hth b
kom BapaaHfe aHraBftcKoro j m K a . Baeci, mh m e m
pu (pejjKO necKojTBKo c ji o b ) , w p a w m m
«»TOft rp y m te ’ mojkho b hu p ^ rti. ä b s
s .) H o ju m e sM ß p isK arb?m h s
Street— aar
-
Tpaifflai
noKKf®w,
:—
m -
Jf p
;:o.:r-p.’nwtJ-
a u a p eM er*
(BR ~ tram);
hh! noesÄ (BK- goods train);
roH--EaaTqjopMa
( BB- bruck1!$
w rr<5 m
onm
ö p is w w
o m o im m ie c K m
- i jo s t 'b r k h (
b
freight-train
f
-
:
;
TOj’.'-J
flat-;ar - *9.toshojk>poj>ciw6
nn
bartender
- tfv|>enjBK, «temww
(BE-baman, barmald),
I
had s t a r t e d
t b e m o u tb t o
to
say
a a B p e n d e r s and c h a n g e d
k e e p my E a g . l t B h c h a r a c t n r
1 Baw a street-car oroee
Sick had swang on to the
(SS, p.53).
,..lying on the floor of
IM
to
b ra o ea
tu
1 8 0 ).
a bririge VFA, p . '03;.
freight train =*!■•'! f.' «i}owed down.
...... .
the Jp.at.~cer. I ras '«'*!, -jo.ld
and
very hangry (FA, p . 1 6 6 ).
T h e bartender came back
lt
(r>r>, p .
{'PA, p . IV 1»; ,
- B r i t i o :i K s g l i p h .
2-i
Ö) âCTü'iHHe 0MepH5caHH3MH: elevator - jhj$t (BE -lift);can-KOHcepBHafl ÖaHKa (BE ~tin); gasoline- Ö6HSHH ( B E - p e t r o l ) j p h o nograph
- rpaMMO$OH» naT6$ 0H
(BE - grammophone) j
tr u c k
-
T'pysoBoS aBTOMOÖMii (BE ~ lorry).
. . . a n d he s te p p e d i n t o e l e v a t o r (B T , p , 3 3 7 ) .
I l i k e th e b e e r in cana b e s t (OMS, p . 1 9 ) .
I f I had a baby b o t t l e f u l l o f g a s o l i n e . I would
clim b
up
t h e r e (B T , p . 4 2 7 ) .
There was a lo n g l i n e o f abandoned tru o k a and c a r t e
ro ad (PA , p » 1 4 9 ) .
oh
th «
3 aM 6 THM, ’ITO B 8 Mep 8 K8 HCK 0M BapHaHTB aHTJIMÜCKOrO H 3HK 8 CJIObo oan npHoöpejio nejiHit p«a hobhx sHaêEisfi, b kotophx oho yuoTiiedraeTCH b pasroBopHoft p e ™ - "TioptMa” , "TyaJiei", "ce0$", "rosoBa" H ap. Cjicbo gasoline HMee-T opforpa$ 0 MecK 0 ü BapaaHT gaeolene,
0 b pasroBopHo® pe'-r» oTaaeTCH npeanomeHHe sapjiaHTy g a s . O co ö at
HHtepec npeucTaBATOT MHorosHa*raoe ca o s o
t r u o k . Oho
HBJweTca
■la'JTSRHHM aMepBKailHSMOM Jä B 3HÖ'-ieHHH "rpySOBOÖ aBTOMDÖHJU»" KM3 6 T
ohhohbm B öpHTaHCKOM rapiuaHTe aHTJiMcKoro H3HKS — o tob o
lo rry .
()ÄH0BpeM6HH0 C SJTKM B iipjrOM 3H0 TOHHH BTO Xß CJIOBO HBJLK6 TC8
OB-
hohmmom riojiHoro aj'JiepiutaHHiäMa
fla t-o a r.
CBHOHHMaMH
nojmoro
)MepHKaiffl3Ma b a r te n d e r B ÖpBTaKi KOM BapESHTS flBJIOTTCfl ÄB8 CJIOBa
- barman
»
barm aid.H uTepecH o, h to b CMA xemiHHaM He paspem aeiv
ch npoflaBaTB cnwpTinie HaraiTKH, a n08T0My, QêBSiaHO, He ynoTpeÖJie
ß tc s cjiobo
barm aid 0JiK EaKoe—jffldo a p y ro e ca o B o , Ho b aMepHKaHO-
kok sapnaHTe aHr.rafioKoro asHKa e c tB a p y ro e cbobo
b
SHaneiffig
"iipojiaBeu MyTKCKoro nojia" - b a rk e e p e r h e r o pasroBopHHÄ
sapaaH i
liarkeep.
OseayeT 0 TM6 THTB, DflHaKO, h to b HQK0 T0 prac cjiyTia/ix
HaÖJinnaeT-
c« naparaejiBHoe Ecn0JtB30B8Hne oöobx chhohbmob b aMepHKaHCKOM
l’üaHTe aHTJiBÄcitoro hsuks b oshom b tom ace SHaqeHM. TaK, b
bh -
aHa -
jiH3»pyeMHX npoiäSBeaeHBjDc öhjeh odHapyxeHH aße cuKOHBMBiecKHe napK;
nuHp“ n d e r e
- bracea
0
b a r te n d e r -
banaan.
O c o ö y o rpynriy c o c t b b j i h b t aMopsucaHBsmh ( n o ju a i e ft q acT H ’iH H e) ,
l'UWWWe SKBHBaJieHTH~CBHOH0MH B ÖpHTaHCKOM B ap B 8 H T 6
m:<hk0, K O T op ae t s k s r
v<:, ho b
ap y rn x
n -fr'n e nap H c
3H8MejWHx. llpmeR8M h b c k o jib k o apHMepoB. CBHOHBMJI”
iio jih hm h aM epnK am isM aM H :
AE1 ~ B i d e w a l k
1
aH T JiateO rt
y n o T p e d a n o T C H K b aMepHKaHCKOM a ttrJiB 0C K O H jn :»
(T p O T v a p )
B E~pavem ent
Wp walked along tog^ther, along the aidewalk. p a s t
„stsäsg. (VA, p .1 02 ) .
•• American Knglieh.
'',i .-"i’D
25
th e »ln-
Cjiobo paveiMnt ynoTpecSJweTC« b ae b SHaneHBH "rip o e sa a a
ac#a«.TBpoBaHHofl sopori " (BB - roadway).
AB - railroad (x8ae3Hafl Ä opora) BB - railway
A Han dropped down the railroad embankaent and
« la c r t
camö acroas
the olearing to the fire (SS, p.55)•
B anepBKaHCKOM bspbbhto amviBlicKoro Hanna Hcnojo>3y»TCH
ÄBa
cjioBa, ho cymoaTBye’t onpejiejieHHoe pa3rpaHiiqeHHe c$ e p a hx y n o rp e d jieH ia. Tbk, railroad - b to oonoBHafi warHCTpa.ni., npeflHasHaêHHaa
a ÖojH.moro n accaxB p cK oro b TosapHoro a R E x e m a , a railway~ nyTfc
BTopoc?eneHHHfi. HanpBMep,elevated railway b n p . OnHaKO oTMeTHM,
M
qTO S.XewiHryBfi ynoTpeÖJwet oöa cjioB a, ne pasrpaHHHBBaa
jtaHHue
cuucüOBue OTTemca. CpaBHBM npe,ztu.nymBfl npBuep co caa,uyi>mjäM:
Wiek walked away froni the fire aerose the Clearing
railway tracks (SS, p. 62).
to
the
Oöa npsuepa bshtu bs ojtaoro a T oro a e p accK a a a 'T h e B a t t l e r *
B peHB BA6T od oähoü fl toö x s xeêaHofi Ä op ore.
CHHOHKMKMSCKHe liapU 0 H0nOA>Ii«vQi 8M6pHK6JJVI3üKiMM :
AB - cracker (T0 HK0 6 , cyxoe ne'teHBe) BE - biseuit
She brought oraokera and we ate thera (FA, p,73).
B ab cjiobo
biaeuit oöo 3 H a â et -lenemKy, acneqeHHyw aa
A po*-
x ä z , ne cjiaHKyio, JcoTopan noqTB Bcar.ua nojieetCH k. c tn jiy b r o p m e m
BBH9 (BE - scone).
AE - baggage (ÖaraK) BE - luggage
It le leas of baggage to carry with you on tha
(BT, p.10).
other
aldfl
B nocaejiBee Bpoua cjiobo luggageôBOJibHo h ö c to Bciiü/ibsybrca
akiepBKaHEiaM« b pe^H» ocoöeHHo b c o c r a s e cjioxhhx cjtob % cjioboco<j»
Tatfflö TBna luggage oompartment, luggage rack.
My ruekaaok and mussettsa märe above hia head on the luKKaa
raok (PA, p.112).
AB-atore (Mara3BH, JiaBKa) BS-Bhop
It waa Don Federico Gonzalez, who owned the
atore (BT, p.107).
B ODA ynoTpeÖJiHeTCH cjiobo
ini.ll and
feed
ahop äjw oöosHaieHHa MarasüHOB m-
pOT'OOTOffltBX TOBapOB, HeKOTOpHJf. CHSUBaJIB3HpOBaHHHX MaraSHHOH
0 TÄea0B öojimibx yrasepM aroB .
Be were atanding in front of Ehe leather
Kooila
p.103)»
AS-mail
( n o ir a ) BE-post
»,,h-1.a sioter brought ln fche maii
(;>?>, p. 100)«
3 hop
um
(FA
B ab cjjobo » a l l npeAno’iTHTeju.Hee p o s t bo s c e x 3Ha'ieEouxl cB s-
:t8HHHX C IIO'TTOBHMH 0Tnp8BJI8HBHMB, 38 BCKJ[OTeHB8M COTOTaEHH
osi
poat. B fyHKmi* onpesejieHHfl cjiobo m a il
p » r-
ynoTpeöaseTCH n o r a
no scex c-iynanx, Kpowe, nosaJiyä, oflHoro - P o s t Office.
Th ay came to the p o e t - o f f l c e near wh e r e
sh «
lired
p.180),
( SS»
VfHTepecHO OTMeTHTB, tto cjiobo mail Bce qawe b qame ynoTpeöJia»
eTca b coBpeMesnroM ödbtöhckom BapaaHTe anraaftCKoro hshkb,ocoÖ«h~
no b TaKKi ojioxhhx CJiOBax, KBK mail-bag, mail-van.
Onpe;te;ieHi?ufl BHTepec npeacTaBJiaeT eine oana rpynna TOoTirana
MMepBKaHB3M 0B, MMßKXU0I BKBflBSJieHTH B BE,
nOBpeiTOHHOM aKTJIB0 CKOM H 3 HK0 C M B
HO ynOTpeÖJIHMRBXCa
3 HaHeHBflX, KOTOpHB B BB
B
yCT8~
ppjiB h buhijib B 3 ynoTpeöMHiifl. K btoU rpynne cjiob othochtoh:
to giieas - .nyiraTJj, nojraraTi.
I gueaa I've don« rsy good deed for to-day (BT, p.287).
fall - ocera.
Then Ln the fall the i-'ittle a r e brought d o w n to the lo we r
r a n g s s (B T , p.2C').
timber
-- J18C
Behlnd the house wer» fleide and bahind the fields w u th«
timber (SS, p.29!).
IlapajuiejiiHo c sthmb cjioBaMH b npoH3 Be,n;eHBÄX S.XewiHryBa Harcwbm b oömeaHTÄHftcitBe CJiOBa - chhohbmh: to think,autui»affo rest,
no yiioTpeOjiHKiTCH ohb 3 Hatf»TejrbH0 pexe, neM to g u e e s , f « l l , t i » b e r .
He,man He ogt8Hobhti>ch na MHoroMBCjreHHHx npaMepai
otoh b
vinToro
ynoTpeöJieHBfl aBTopoM HeKOTopux cjiob, t h r b i , ita*
bet, to fix, kld, bit, me s s , p r et ty , gr an d, r o tt en , »well,
to
sure
h Jip. B ce ohb raapoKO Bcnojub3y»TCH b pa3roBopHofi pe»M nepcoBEUrat,
üpKoöpeTaH aan acT y» Hosue oTTemta 0ÖmeB3B60THHZ 3Ha*ieHBft.
T bk,
•'f-npHMep, cjiobo pretty ynoTpeöJifleTca b 3Ha«ieHBH "oêH B".
the man s a i d (S S , p . 1 6 3 ) .
rop a3flo qame cjiobo p r e t t y ocJiaÖJiHeT Ka’iecTBO onpeflejwenoro
"It,e Pretty hotj
vnOBa B CTaHOBUTCH CHHOHHMOM CJI0B3 ratheri
I tnought the whole thing was a pretty
good
s to ry
(SS,
p .3 2 1 ).
Hs MHoroMHcjteHHoro CHHOHBMBHecKoro pnua cjiob ,
osHaâmoR
"ipeKpacHHil, nneBocxonHuS, oneHJj xoponraä” , b pa3roBopHofl penn ak
oTaaeTCH npe^noMTeraie npBJtaraTejibHHM e w e ll b grand»
T ha3 a Bwell time (SS, p. 43)«
f.yl '
p ßLraIll
(M)
p » 211).
27
üoêpKHyTO OTpHuaTejiBHyi) kohhotbuhks
rotton
iipHoOpeiaioT
CJiOBa
- yxacHHü 0 ®eaa - HenpusTHocTB.
It*£i a rotten day (SS, p,173).
It was an ewful meas to put you through (SS, p.33).
HaHöoatniaä HHTepec cp e^ a BHjiejisHHHx cjiob npeflCTaanHei
ra a -
to fix, KOTOpHÄ He tojibko âcTo Bcnojn.3yeTCß aBTopoM,
ho
n e p e a a e t sHaneHHH m komx jupyrax ra a r o jto B . Eme tLflBKKeHC H93HB8JI
e ro "yHasepcaaiHUM rjiarojioM " (fltoeflnep, 1 9 6 3 , c . 3 7 ) .
roa
nojXTBepuHM CKa3aHHoe ripHuepaMH?
If I can fix it so that I get an evan break,that'b all I wairt
(SS, p. 198).
I had an old order of movement. I flxed tha dates on it
in
Keatre (FA, p.180).
I'll fix thoae sandbagB better (FA, p.80).
"1*11 get well'
I said,"Valentin! will fix me” {FA, p,75).
But 1*11 fix everything to be together (FA, p.96).
tha other wir« and come back (BT, p.413).
Bo B cex b t h x npsiMepax r;ia ro ji to fix ynoTpedJieH b cjie;nyraiinx
saaêHHffx: "y o T p o iT i, yjra&0T& h to -jik ö o , «cnpaBBTB a a T y , yaosBTB
'ITO-TO, BMeiHTB KOrO-TO, CfleJIßTB (ß C e ), npHCOe/tfJHJSTB
JIdbojjbho âcTH cjiy<iaH ynoTpeÖJieHHfl rjia ro a a to f i x
ap
c
(npOBOfl)",
noonejioroM
b 3HaqeHBHx "peamTi,, y n a ja m ., yperyjsrapoBara".
That just flxea everything all u£, I aupposs (SS, p«122)„
BHBMaTSJiBKo HayOTB npKMspH, npHBeßeHime Bume, a Tarafte Bce o c -
töjibhhg c-nyân ynoTpeßjieHBH rjiaroâ to fix, BhumaeuHHe b aHaji03H—
pyeMsx xysoseoTB®HHHx nposssböäshhhx, H o m o HpeÄii0 Ji0 M T B , q T 0 /tanm l raaroji, kbk n p a B M o # s t m e i m e i ' nepexoaime raarora. Ito m
caeTOH s c e x cjiob stoI ncc.xe,a;H8Ä rpycnH, mosho otmsthtb m .
ks~
.m m y v
TSBÄ8IffiJBB K paCaUapeHMD MHOrOSHfl'IHOCTH •
CpeBH aMepBKöHHbmob, HcnojiBsoBaHKnx aBTopoM, BaaejiaeToa
6om>m,n rpyiraa bb$8Mhsmob. K khm npeawe s c e r o o th o ck tc h
ä a r a , HBJünxueecJi canoisswoM pyraTeaBOTBa
'You look pretty d a m nica'j be
ne-
cjiobo
dämm
said-KSS, p.162).
Bo btopom npBMepe bu gcto caoBa dunßj b sim eH M "rflyim fi" KaxojcEM
CÄOBOCO'teTaHSie a four-letter m a n :
So he la a four-latter man (SS, p.235).
Ocoöaft HHTepec BHSHBaet ynoTpeöjiem ie cjiob obaoene .a b a c a n e i y ,
e b e o a n ity
( n . v . ) swecTo KaKEß.-TO os' bh b rpyriax öpaHHax c jio b . B ce
7i6PKB3TKBH OÖpaSOBaHH OT obsoone, Koxopoe D3HaU3eT "UftüfSfUTOriHUß,
öeCCTH.SHHR, PenpM,’«R'«!U?.",
That we blow up an obecena bridge and then have to obaee
ne ly well obacenlty ourselvoe off out of theae mountains?
(BT, p.47).
L e t th e f i l t h - f a c e d o b a o a a lty blow i t
and bo done(Brf ,
p.417).
tuieeTca
Hapauy c bb$8mbsMaMH b npoH3BefleHHffit S.XeMBHryefl
sHa^HTejibHoe K O Ju necrB o Byjm>rapH3M0B, xapaKTepH ux a m
p a 3 ro B o p -
hoä penn h HcruMBsyeMux b odoHX. Bap aaH T ax a m v iM c K o ro h sh k b .
3. nepeEtneM k Bonpocy o ca0B00dpa30BaHHH. ycTaHoanafio, h t o
ÄJIH 0Öpa30BaHHH H0BHX JieKCH'ieCKBX CÄHHiq B
aM6 püK3 HCK0M B8p
Te aHTJiBäcKoro A3HK8 Hcnojn.3yioTCH TaKHe ae cnocoda, KaK h b dputöhckom BapaaHTe. Pa3jmmui HaÖJiKfflaioTQH jusnit b tom, w o ojihh epe«oi'Ba hbjihkjTCh dewee npojjyKTHBHHMH, apyrae - MeHee.
BHmec.KaaaHKoe ueJiHKOM h hojihoctbb noflTBepawaeTCH npHMapam H3 npo03BefleHHft 3,XeMBHryBH. B hbx npejtCTaBJisHH Bce npouyicTHBHH8 enoeoöu CJIOBOOÖpaSOBäKM COBpeMeHHOrO BHTJlMCKOrO JI3üKa:
(;ÄüBonpoH3Bo.ücTBo, cjioBccjioseHBe, KOHBepcaß u coKpameHBH. O cta HOBBMca na caMHX HHTepecHtix, Ha Ham Bsrjura. ripfiMepax.
B odjiacTH c,i0B0np0H3B0flCTBa aBTop HoüOJiBayeT jiepBBaTHBH, oöitasoBftHHHe npa noMoua npo,uyKTBBHbix b ae
Droopy was a real aavage, handsorae,
s $ $ » kco b .
afine hunter
and
a
beaut.iful tracker (GHA, p.9).
3;aecb cjiobo tracker - cJieflonHT
odpaaoBaao ot nnspoKO kcnoîayeMoro B CM CJiOBa track :> to track - OOTaBüHTB CJiesH.
I am not a defeafciet t you understand (BT, p,229).
3na*ieHHe npoB3Bo,KHoro oymect eh t eJitnoro - "nopa*eHen".
Hfi i s « h o o ta b le - B H0ro MOSHO CTpeJLSTB.
Then came the rldaleas horse (BT, js.308).
3'IOX npHMep' MOKHO CHJ5T9TI> BBTOpCKEM CJIOEOTBOpMSCTBOM,
kpk up0ß3B0ÄH0e npKJiaraT6JJBKoe
nrtpasoBöHü He o t r i d e r -
rld e le s a
la s
- j/oiiiam-. des BcaßHHKa
BcaaHHK, a o t i’JiaroJia t o r i d e ,
.«.bulking like eoraa super-rfalno
(SS, p,245).
B »tom cjiy’iae upou3 Bo.fiHoe cymecTBiiTejr&Hoe oöpasoBaHO up» no
«oaj» ohchb 11p ojxykth bkot o b ae npe$HKca super-,
enow-
CjiOBoojjoxeHvie b a e iipe.iicxaBJieHO dojEfeEBM KOJuraecTBOM
nux jieKCH'ieoKHx ean m n. Mh ynoM.HHa.ra panee ts k h s aMepBKamiflMH, »'■
'5t:'set-c<ir, railroad, roomiag-heus«,
bartender, eidewnlk
M ne
'!ri.::-:euer,'! e;:!« HecK0Jfi.R0 osoxhux cjiob, komsqhöHTamh K0T0pin -innu
■ r; ■'.(wry-'LiKrtjiiKi.wy; i..■■u’o
;;k .
■; ü p r& B e r,
m;
- jreoopydj, ^ponoceK vi ................... .
P o re -b o y
-
n05p0C T0K ->piif>(n
iiwi
:
But the lumberman might never come for them (SS, p.35).
About the half-wit chore-boy, who was left et tha
ranob
that time (SS, p»296).
B n o c jie ju ie M
c jjy ^ a e
nepBH fi k o m u o h s h t c ji o k h o i 'o
aMepBKaHCKHfi B a p u a H T a H r jif iö c K o r o
ch a re
-
c jt o ß a
ch o re
-
neriojiBDiafr flOMaumjtH pa
d o x a , O öp aaoB aH H e b t b x ji a y x c,no*H H !t cy m eo T B B T ejfb H H x n p 0H 30!n .i0 n e
H a n o o Jie e npo;cyK TH BK olt m j i e m
p o fl KOMnOHeHT - m a n
(n + n ) ,
b to
MOSHO paCCMaTpHBÖTB JB KaK nO JiycytJ$H K O .
0<i8Hi> m upoKo np eßC T aBJieH H
n a e n p B Jia ra T e jtL H b ie T « n a
b o d ie d ,
x r r r a b nepBOM c ji y q a e
b r o w n -a p la o h e d
n p o a s B e jie H Jiflii c a o iH O -n p o B S B o u
b
( a / a d j.
+ n)
+ e<i
s b o w -3.«»j?g «d ,
io » -
yi J I P .
B o jim io ä H H T ep ec n p e jic T a B Ju n o T a B T o p c K B e
cjfciB o o (5p a3r> B au jifj
-
a b }' 0 0 CT 8 BHH6 tt M H o ro co cT B B H H e. H an p B M ep :
..„and in the last long-acking. lafi-dead,mouth~dry,bullet
buIlet-cracking.bullet-BinRlnp: n m up the final
ßlope of the hill (BT, p.291).
b pattlng.
’S jie c h a c n o jn .3 0 B a H H aB T opoM c a u w e p a a n o o ö p a s H H e Mo/ie-iiB oOp«30B3HH.fi CJ30XHHX OHOB,
CBOflOTBeHHH? CflOBOCaOWHHr CO BpPW FH O rO n n
r.wiSoKoro H3HKa.
..„ a n d th an th e o ld b a ld , a p e c t a c le d ,c o n o a lt e d ,p t upid--a sa n -o w l, u n ln te l l i g e a t - l n -co n v e rB a t l.e .t:b r a v e - a m 1-aa-dumb■■
a e - a - b u l l , p ro p a^ an d a-b u llt-u p d eferu'^r o f Madrid
< BT,
p .2 2 4 ) .
B aaHHOM npnwepe b b to p TpaHofopMwr^Ba-’’ b 0J»nnHMe ojiobb
ne-
•TOR <|ipa3H H OJIOBOCOêTaHBH.
Kan b <yieaoBa.no oan w ara, b aHa®H3apyc,.‘ ttflc *5 noaenTBew m x npo
HaBe.cteHHBX HaxoAHM d e c w c a e H i i o e
ilp jraeM KOHBspcuH n o jiB e p r a w r c ü
M H oxecT B o K o frB ep T Jip o B au m rx c jio b ,
caM He p a sw o o ^ p a a sH fi *ro cbo<3(* c t p v k -
Type jieKCHMSoKiie euBwaua.
O p o crae
to
bunk
cym 80TB »T 8Ä BH H e b u n k 0
~ c n a T B Ha K o im e ,
tru c k
np eBpaw em ; B
tw o .™
to truck - nepesosKTi Ha rpywBOM rb-
T r'M o rtn a e, a b HatneM npHMepe -
nepeBO SBTt r n js
You night ae well bunk »ith me, Je r r y
’ia T e u e r e .
(SP, p.114).
We trucked freight across the mountain wtth big carte (PT,
p.176).
HBHHM aBTOpCKDM CÄOBOTBOp'ieCTBOM JtlKÜSfiTCJ? <lCH 0JJ*30BaPH ft Cj'~
aß0 tBHTe.TOH0 r 0 diotionary B 4'yHKCFH M l t i E :
Me, dl c t i on a r . y l h e a v i l y . « . ('JHA , p. V;).
(51, y e a JieH H o p ^jic ii > b c,n o B a p e ., . )
K.OHBep-TBpy!DTC« C lO ’iHtiO C JIO P S.
•■!: - '.-ZI '
älltöpKKBHB3M
downtowii B CJIOBapfiX OCOüHäMBH KaK Cyu|ttUtllHT«Jll.lltii
0 H ap ere.
Hau: You« 11 left-hand hi» to death ( SS,p» 116), ras
to
n p u i a r a T e jiB H o e
left-hand
- HaHOCHTi yaapu jieBoil pyicoä.
All tue advertiaeaente wera blacked out«suppoaadly to pra
vant communication ln that »ay wlth the enemy (PA, p.209).
3aM6TMM, 1T0 B AK to blaolc out IM66T H0B06 SHaêHHe - "3d
c.eK pa'iH B aT fc” ,
KoEBepcaa no^BepraioTCH Tawte b coKpauieHHHe CJiOBa, k b k > uaupauep.to pic - BHCTyaaTB b KaqecTBe naKaaopa (picador > pic(n).-fco plo).
Would you plo two bulle for aa to-morrow nigbt?(SS,p>198).
C p eaa cjiob , oöpasosaH H U x no KüHBepcHH, odpauiaiiT
Ha
ceö ji
BKauauße cyöcraHTHBHpoBaHHHe cjioBocüM eTaHM Tana "rjia ro .u
i u p ea
/lüätHoe H a p e 'm e ", 3 t o t rip o u ecc moxho B3odpa3«Ti> cjieayaiiiHM
odpa-
30M; £( y + prep.adv,) + courersionj,
üo.jlTBepjiHM bto npuMepaMH.
We heard thot Genna na und Austriana tiad broksn tiirough Ji
tlio north (PA, p-133).
Suppos« we got u break-througü to-day (BT, p.405),
ß nepBOM cjiy q ae mh hmbom coêTaanie r.;ia ro jia c npeaJioatHUM tia
p e^ aeM ,
bo btopom -
od p aso B aim o e o t H ero no KOHsepcHB c y m e c r a a -
TäjifcKoe. IIOflOÖHUMM OCipaaOBaHflHMB ilBJMBTCii: flar8-up (BT, P.410)
ÜB8TOBO0 carHaji, BcriiiaiKa; turn-off (PA, p.33) - noBopoi (aopora)
söii.-out (B T , p. 16)
~ p a c n p o a a & a ; a t e c a m i s BHCTöBKa, n o jita y nuiaaca dojihuuaM yonexow 0 a p .
HeoKOJibKO cjiob 0 coKpauieHBiTX, B aHaji»3BpyeMK2 apoaaBeaeHaax
Maxo4*M ooKpa’itsHHHf) oyioBa 1 adöpeBBarypa, ho ix kojuwbctbo
ae
■wem. bg.jibko. RalipHMep:
Don't gefc huffy, l)oc (SS, p.37).
I'd rather get anothor buff (GHA, p.t/).
He waa chaaed by a huge rhlno to-day (GHA, p.17).
H ü 'b «aariog a awöater and an old po.ir of panta and bcxing
Bhoee ( S S , p. 119),
I've got to hava one good plo (SS, p.193).
Th«
aprtnted and vaultad red fance (SS, p.205).
D fn .ix upuMepax wj bhjisim ooKpameHHa o au oro Tana - anoKony,
i.e. v c e ' s s m o itoana «JioBa H coxpaaeuMe a a v a x a : doctor>doo, imf
ta io >• b u ff, rhiuor.ero» ~> rh in o , pactaloons ■>> panta, picador
;u ? , f-;;vpn.y
gyp.
HaKonen yjcaseM Ha t o , mto aBTop üübq.’ibho qacTO 0cn oJtt3yeT aö~
dpeBHaiypy O . K . , cto jib THrocrayB
r o BapKaHTa am vuiöcK oro H3HKa,
4.
pa3roBopHoft peâ aMepHKaHOKO-
AHaji03HpyH codpaHHufl
Marae Ha HecKOJiBKO HeoöHTOue
äjih
h
3h k o b o ü MaTepaaji,
mh
oöpamaeM
coBpeMeimoro aHrmjßcKoro
Hsmca
cjiyraH .ynoipeÖJieHHH npejuioroB. 0 c t 8H o b b m c h npe^jte soero Ha npen™
Jiorax BpeMeHB, yxaaHBaß napaJUiejii>Ho odmeaHrjMÄcKHe
ae
hopmh.
BB
on the mornlng (PA, p.220)
in the night (GHA, p.13)
on time (BT, p.214)
ten minutes after five
in the morning (yTpOM)
at night (ho'IBK))
in time (BOBpewm.)
ten minutaa paat fire
(PA, p.212)
to gst pomethlng Monday
to get smth on Monday
(..UeCHTB MHHyT lUGCTOTo)
(SS, p.36)
lIpeaJiorH Mecxa:
AE
BB
...and have a drink in comfort
on the bed ( S S , p,315)
in
...threw my explodero in the
in to
bed
( b n n cro ,3 0 j
the rtver
river (BT, p .411)
...looking out the window
to Jook put qf the win'.ti
(SS, p.277)
Xhere were apartments tbere that
face on park (BT, p.328).
( BWiv&s!i:n?oTT. fl? cirnn'i
t o f n c e srstf!
C TOHKB 3peHHfl HOpM aKWlKßCKOrO X1 UK?, HSO^HIHO yJlOTpefisrp™
Hue npeiflJtoroB noojie hohotopnx maro-iro?-:
AE
to knook on (upon) the docr
(SS, p.72)
to dLe on pneumonia
(33, p. B 'i)
BS
to knock at the door
(CT,yr!STB B Ä B 0P*)
to die of, i’rom enith
( yMHpSTB OT KaKOS-flfJÖO
öo xo sm )
to join up mith the Italiens
(PA, p. 16)
to join eiab/smth
(npacoeaHHHTöcfl
k
r.cMy-ÄRl»
hjih
'ie?{v-;i'!0(>)
to narne for smb
to naas after smb
(H83aBQTJ> 'ITO-JIHÖO BMSHSll)
Boe upsiBe.aoHHse bh!öö npnwepH c.nna'PTC.at.oTByrcT o tos/, mtc pc >
<39HBoct» ynoTpeÖÄSHBi npejyjoroB b aMepKi'aucKOH BoppiaHTS am\ra.V!/>
(BT, P. »80)
b
10 H3HK8 118 BaeKyT 38 COÖOt KaKBX-JIBdG CMHCJIOBIfX paOXOTOSKüK . B
rtojiBEHHCTBe c^yMaes mh oT&senaeM saMeny oahhx n p ew o ro s BE Äpyr»*~
mi b . a e , a b neKOTopHDt cjsyqaHX - OTcyTOTBae npe&noroB b BK *
Hßjffl'100 HX B AE (to join U£ with).
5 , B Bcojie^yewux. npoRSBeneifflHX S.XeMBHryefl buhbsbho SHaTOTe.'iBHoe KOJiss'iecTBO $pa3e0jf0rsi3M 0B (öojiee 1 0 0 npHMepoß) .IIOÄaaa»Kitiee öojannjHCTBO - b tg $pa3eojiorB'iecKSte öabhbiju, Hcnojn>syeMH8 b
oöokx BapsiöHTax ßHTOTüicKoro j33hkö . OflHaKO cpejta oöraero KOJDSêcTR8 npHMepos ecTii ycToMHBHe coêTamsH, KOTopae otm öishh b
yeojtoruHecKHx cJioBapffx ksk awepHKaHCKHe (KyHBH, 1967?
and Dixson, 1963). HanpBMep: t o g iv s a b ig
no riiM0;ij»p0BaTi; on th e houaa -
- npo,a<MiKBT8.ff&-
hand
3a oneT hubhoA, decrwaTHOjmonkey
buainüas ~ ruiynoe noBeßeraie, jiypanecTBo; o u t i t
p e cT a ro ;
$pa~
w h it f o n l
o u t - dpoci», iie -
cernt - ijeJlBKOM, nOJlHOCTBK), BHOJlHe;
to
have got th« gute - jiMBTi» MyseoTBQ c;i;eaaTl> hto~J01Öo; old tlmer s a B c e ra a ia f l, cboR w jioBeF.; in single filo - rycBKOM, no oxsoMy;
to g iv s b rids - noaKHTB Ha ouex, m öp am rh ; t o bs oressy a « *
coot -
s hundred per
cnaxaTb,
p exfiy - b c h ,
Tha crowd Rave hi® a big band (S3, p.188).
Have a drink on the hpuse (SS, p,325)*
Wo roonkey bu aineae ( S S , p . 2 0 0 ) .
Cut it oat and takö it (BT, p.175)*
...ne was a true party man, ft him&red per oent
they
aa.ld(
proud to itse the Ameri. o&nia.» {BX, p,221),
Of course you hären’t ^qt th» ffuta to just go baok
P, 173).
You raust be
an old tiner
( Sä,
out here $}BAp.5$,
Tha five of ue ln single i’lla (GHA, p.13).
3ha 1b glrl g g hia a rlda
X 'la oraay a» & coot
(SS, p.239).
(SS, p»290),
CirpyKTypaHä aH8Ä83 ynoMHuyTwx $pa3e<wrc>rB3M0B noKasuBaer, hto
OHB H0 6 u m
C03.K8BH OCOÖHM OHOCOÖOM, CB0ÜCTB6KHUW TOJl&KO aWepJBKSK
scMy BapaaaTy aHraüScKoro asHKa. Saeci., ksk b b oöiaeasrjraftcKBX
öpaTaucKsx f|paseojj.or33Max,
mh hbxojihm
oaeÄ yw *e oTpyicyypaHe
NiouejiB:
AS
! } [ v+ smb + aothj
BE
to glva »mb a rlda
to gire 8»b a lacture
jja a 0öp330BaiiB.a ^paaeoJiorjisMOB » to » moaojui BCBoxusym ca rxa~
rojiu , oÖJtanaiMUHe b oöohx BepHaHttuc HpeaarmltHo ö o x m oit c o m r a e u o c ib ic
(to gi'T® s to get., to taka, to hav«, ato»).
;<aK.B7b
33
AE
2)
3)
4)
5)
[n +
[adj
[t +
fadj
BE
njmonkey busineo«
+n] old timer
n
] to have the guta
+aa + nj craay ae a coot
toy dog
old atayer
to have the heela
close as an oyster
B aMepHKaHOKüx $pa3eo.nor03M ax, KaK b b dpBTaHCKBx, ao n y cK a6TCH 3SMeHa CJHOrO 0 3 K0MH0H8HT0B, H6 BHSHBaMHafl CeMaHTHHBCKBX0 3 MeHeHHfi. Hanpawap:
to Klye smb a rlde
craey aa a coot
in aingle file
OJieaoBaTeafcHo, b
to take amb for a rlde
crazy as a bedbug
ln Indian file
aanHOM cjiynae aeni3Si roBopHTt, o KaKax-JiBdo
paCXOKUeHBHX B CaMOfl CBCTSMe H3UK8. MOXHO TOJIBKO 0TM6TBTB H8JQ1—
qjje HOBUX $pa3G0JI0rH3M0B, C03aaHHHX B aMepHK8HCK0M BapaaHTe 8HTJIBßCKOrO H3UK3 HO OdffleaHTJIBiScKHM MOA&JIHM.
6 . OcTaHOBHMCfl Ha HcnojEbsoBaHüH caeH ra B anajiu3KpyeMHX n p o 03B6jt6HiiHX 3.XeMHHryeff. "K onaHry o t h o c h t BMOoHOHajiBRo
oKpameH-
Hue MOBa M ycTOliiHBHe c.noBoco'ieTaHBH, öHTyiomBe b pa3roBopHoft p e b HaxoflfluuHecs BH8 npe.ne.noB M TepaTypH oro h3hkb" (IU Beftu ep.1963,
O .I 5 3 ) .
HCXOÄfl B3 BTOrO CT8H0BBTCH HCHO, ^TO JieKCBKa b $pa3eojiorB flr
OTHOcaauaecH k cjiBHry, umpe Bcnoju.3yD xca b ycTHoS pa3r0B0pH 0ß p e <13, ie u b nacBMeHHofi.
TaK KaK Jieöoe xyaosecTBeHHoe npoH3Beaeraie BKJnoqaeT p a 3 ro B o p Hyn peMt nepcoHaxett ( npHMyc b HecoödBeHRo-npHMyw), t o BMeimo
■
H6Ä H MOXHO OÖHapyXBTB OIipeÄeJieHHOe KOJIBHeCTBO CJ1BHTH3MOB.0HH BHOT
na npoHBKaioT a b aBTopoKoe noBecTBOBaHne,
ycTaHOBJieHO, «ito cjibht Hameji hoboje &ho mapoKoe pacnpocT paH ehhö b aMepBKaHCKOM BapaaHTe am viBücK oro fl3HKa b HMeeT 3H a ™ T e^ tHo ÖojiBiue xapaKTepHHX <jepT, ^gm b BE
(lU B e ä u e p ,I9 6 3 , c . 1 5 2 ) .
B xyaoxecTBeHHHX npoasBeaeHBHX MHorax cobp@mghhux aMspBKaH—
ckbx HBcaTeaefi ( JteftMOH P arao H , JXmo Ce^HHjyttep 0 x p . ) moxho hbüth
ÖOÄbmoe K0JIBH6CTB0 CJIOB B yCTOÜ'IBBHX CJIQBOCOHeTaHHfi, OTHOCHIIIBXCa
K cjiBHry.
Ha OCHOBaHHB B 3yMeHHHX H8MH npOH3BeaeHBÜ MOJKHO CKa3 aT B , *ITO
S.XeMBHryeH H exh3a npB'iBCJiMTB k TeM im caTejisM , KOTopue urapoKo n o -
nojiBsyDT cjid h t b CBoeM TBopnecTBe, 0 neM cBHêTejibCTByeT
k o jih -
qecTBO coöpaHHiix npBMepoB (okojio 5 0 ) . 3 to oöctoht0.z!I>ctbo ne 1103B oraeT caeâTB ÄßTajibHufi aHajiH3 ßaHHoro h3hkobox'o MaTepaaâ.
üpHBeaeM npiiMepa cjidhth3 mob, M0n0Jif-30BaHiiHX ö.XeMHHryaeM b
cbqbx iipoasBeueiiHÄK.
34
[ , CJiOBa, OTHOcaamecH k aMep*KaHCKOMy C JiB H ry :d re e e *r - W J0 B 6 K ,
oneB8rraaÄcH co BKycoMjrunt - 38MopHffl, a lo b - H ep axa, cjichthH ; p a n jiiiho; oan - ro jio B a ;
nojiJiapoB;
to
so ck -
sh o t - HepasöaBjietffloe b u ck e ; g ran d -
THcjna
buck - aojuiap; dough - êHtra; n u t - iy s a K , cyMacöpoaj
ö » t b , ÄyÖacHTt; t o
g a sa - Ö0JIT8TB; t o gyp -
t o t b , JKyjUbHBâTtjkidder - niyTHBKjBhinor -
MomeHHH*
CHHHK H AP»
Stainfelt and Morgan wore draaaera (SS, p.126).
You know wiiat I*m batting on him? Pifty grand.
That ' s a lot of dough (SS, p.130).
Give me another ahot of that (SS, p.195).
He's a lousy runt (GHA, p.15).
Tha government «ypa us (PA, p.134).
Where did you get the shlner? (SS, p.121).
I lay away and worry my can off (SS, p.130).
2 . yoTOÜMBBae CJlOBOCO’ieTaHBH:
to ba at half cook - noÄBbirTHTB, ö n t b Ha B 3 B Q n e ; to giye «ab
s rid* - yÖHTB, npHKOH^BTB; aa crazy ae
a bedbug - C0BC6M cnwt b t b , p e x H y T B o n ; hot
sketch - H a ju m o c o K jw i s e boy H a p y iM T e m .
c i i o k o K g t b b h , C M yTM H ; to be
cooked - nonacTB b TpyuHOB,Ö« 3bhzo,zi>
n o e n o jio x e H ii e ,
n p o tir p a T B m t o - ji b ö o ,
Ö h tb noöeameHHHM.
You are a hot aketch (SS, p.59).
But he ia aa crazy aa a bedbug (BT,p.393).
Ifthoae baatarda let them through we are cooked(PA.p.132).
They're what you call wlee boya (S3, p.125).
JlaHHHe npuMepa moxho oxapaKTepH30BaTi> onejtymaM oöpasoiiJBO iiepBux, ohh , KaK npaBH.io, hbjihetch cHHOHBMaMB cymeciBycm ax b Häu
fte êKctmecKux ejiiaHHu; bo- bto pw x , hm CBofioTBCHHa rpyÖ 0BaT0-$aM »-
jitapHciH, npeueöpeKKTe^bHBH, npe s p a re jtbHaji, ByjiBrapHaH,
nywiBBa«
OKpacKa; B -x p e T ta x , ohb co 3bshh Ha ö a 3 e »MeBmerocÄ b S3HKe ashro i-oro Ma to du a.na; B-HeTBep’m x , c$ e p a jüx ynoTpeö/ieHHH orp aran eH a
b
OOHOBHOM paSI'OBOpHOß pe«BK>.
7 . Menbüie Bcero b npoHSBeueiöifnc S.XeMBKryBH
npeflCTaBJiOHK
p a o x o x a e H B H M e x iy aMepanaHCKHM b ö p e t8 h c k k im BapaaH TaM B b o Ö jiacT K
op<porpa$H H,
Ms 12 cjjy-iaeB OTiuioHSHHfi o t rtpHTancKoü opröorpaftiRecKott Hopvh b naniicaHHH npocrfjx r, npciHBO^HHX c.tob (lUBeftcep, 1 9 6 3 ,
d
aHaÄHSHpyeMHx npo0336jiGHHflx Haxo^BM Haiiöojiee
hojiho
c .7 7 npea-
■"raB'ieHHuii xojibKo ojwh wiyiaK - HaiirioaHHe oymecTBHreaBHHX ( a hx
•;r>on33 ou iaix) poMaHCKoro nponcxcsuieHHH Ha -our, B aMepiRaHOKOM b u •s.'j*rr<» b 9 tom C5yKBonohsT0 hhH onycKaeTCH "u", HanpDMep: labor,p»r
!-ir, hnrbor, favor, odor, armor (S3, pp, 30, 105, 115, 175, 257,
35
2 7 9 ) i d i f f e r e n t o e i o r ed cap au lea ( S S ; p . 2 2 7 ) , o f t an £umoröd
p .2 5 3 ) .
3aM8THM{ vso H0 bo s o e x upoüj±ie,tt8HBflx BB'rop
apBxepsBBaeich'
BTOÄ HOpMH HailHßaHHfl. T öK , HailpBiSÖp, B DOfctäHe "HO KGM 3B0HH? KO~
ao kox *
noÄOÖHae c a o B a ramyTCH c *u »
» dy kbo c o i e t s h m s
o u r .T .e .
T8K , Kalt npHHÄTO B ÖpBTaHCKOM BfipaaH'i‘8 .
Ix o Kacßiri jä orcyTCTBöH yflsosHHa öyKBH n ° uapea ca o ß o o ö p a sytxiuua is $opMooöpaaykmibmh cy$$iwcaM H, moxho cjcasarfe,
'im
b t«
0C0Ö8HH0CXB HOHTä H6 HaÖJÜQUai: TCa, B-'.TpeTÜJICff TOJH.KO o.uaH ilpBMOp;
t r a v e l i n g o lo th e e
( S S , p . 1 4 7 ) , a KOTOpOM ” 1 “ HO y<S8a»ßööT**
c h , h to co o tb atcT ß y ©t op$orpa$inaoKoä HopMe a b . Bo Bcex uot&»£>~
hhx cayHaax aBTop npanepKHBaeTca dpisTaacKOß aopMa op$orpa$«B .Hanpw iep: t r a v o l l e d
(BT, p . 3 7 3 ) ,
t r a v e l l i n g .- c o a t
H M eerca n p a a ä p y t b x c jx y ia e B ,
(S S , i> „180).
b k o to p u k aB T op n p H a e p K a s a e r-
c a -öp*TaH 0K0fl o p $ o rp a $ 0 in , a hmokho : f u l f i l ,
w o o li.» ,
ls t-d o w n ,
e to .
B cJieaywimäx npHMepax BCTpenaeTCH Kau aMepaKaKCRoe,
ÖpBTQHCKOa HÔTOöHSüS H8K01’0pHX
b
Biä
AE
I t was a
ta n
c jio e :
i»«t rsonting,
Hs nae a shor-s and eolia
(OHA, p.36).
old maa iti.....«ray lron-
Tha g,y£gy. was very good
with the handarllios (58
Whör-a in that f.tltby plp-
etiff troueera (91% p.5).
sv ?
(B T ,
s . 2 7 ? ).
p.212).
B osaom 03 ilpOl!3BS.IJ6HHM Mii HaXOaBM 8M6p3KäHCRBft BfipBaH* MB”
(iMcainw cjiosa ourfe odo^HHa spotryapa (BE - kerb).*
» ,,« n d w a lk a d ..» to th e c a r r ia g « at th e curb ( i’A, p .1 1 1 ) ,
Hau BCTpeTH.nca a 0B0ja.H0 jnoöommaifi cay'iafl HanacaEsa caosa
s-ooä-by (S S , *»,43)
(bmbcto BE g o o d - h je ), B KOTOPO« äbho lipo-^ÄHaftsoa •reiuteHuaH 8«ep»KaHCK0ö op$oripa$M» k ynpouteaH».
B OTBOB»H»H aaOSHUX CJIOB HaÖJUQRaeTCa BSpiüÖKTHOOTB P83JIÖJIBH0r o , ae^BCHoro » caKTHoro nanacaaisa, aonyoKaeMas b o,uhh:x h Tex se
ca o sa x m» b oähjsx fl Tex s e Moaeaax caosHax cjio b . K eoxaaeHisi&.BTrt
aeycTOg’qaiBOOTB npisoxoiT ic to n y , w o Tpyaao ycsroTpen, KßKyFj-jfKöo
CKOTeMy »aa aaKOHOMepHOctpi» b opuiorpacpK c a o m rx cjiob ,
M tss, m
3auoH<JBJia paccMOTpeHBe oßoöemiooT&ii sMepHKaiicKoro
Bapsanxa öKrajfäoKoro asiiKo b oö/iacra aeKcimt i or^'orpatpa« s bhhb~
söhhhx 8 xsraoKecTBeHHHX npoB3BeasaHax D.XeMKHryeH.
üpe?48 aeM nepe3.TR ;c saiunuiKTeaBUCB nac?» paÖOTH,
CJBaaysv
jraasau'fc Ha s o , to o b ockobhom b aHaaH3apye«ttDC HpoHSBeaeHBrn o a a cHBam’Cji coöwTaH, npoHcxoflamHe He Ha aMepBKaHctcofi n o a s e : “Ilpomafi,
upyxHe" - HTaJiBfl h lüBeäxiapBH, "5Io kom sbohht K0a 0K0Ji" - Hc-iiahmh,
"3enemie xomau A$phkh* - AiJjpHKa, "CTapaK a Mope“ -- Kyöa, T o ä k o
HhHcTBSse 10 paccKasoB (na 2 8 b "HsdpaHHUx p a c cK a sa x ") npoicxojtHT
b ClfiA« fIpaB.ua, cpeaa ,ae8osBy»u»x ja i« m s c e x npoMsaeaeHHax (öojii»bjbx a MaJiux) ö c t s awepHKaHim.
9 to odcToamntOTBO, na Hais b s t x m , b KaKofi-ro CTeneaa cripe~
irmer Hajusqjse npisMöpoB, xapaKTepasymmax ocoö6Hhoc*b aMepatcaacKo ■
ro sapaaMTa aHTJUriicKoro flsaaa b äshhux n p o im e
.Ha.no
caari-sTb, HTO B OÖWeM-l'O HX Hfc O’iöHB MH0F0 0 paCfipa,Ue.ME'fCH OHM H8-“
(HiaaßKOBO, T a « , HaapiiMep, b hoböctb "OsapuK a wope" (Kyöa)
hx
sca ro oko7io 10 (8 3 OTpaHMua), a b pacoKaae "fiaTwcecHT tuchv moju.sapoB" ( CilJA) - 36 npawepoB (3 0 CTpaHBq). t o BOSBtaeM "MsdpaaHue
y a c c a a s u ". B FO p a c ca a sa x ( m e t o .uettoTBsa - CUIA) 117
npjsMepos
(05 cTpfiHMu), a b j'ü p accaaaax (ivieoto «eiloTsaa - ap y rae ci'paau)
95 np«M»poB (191 crpaHHoa). OjseÄOBatsJikHO, fi cpeAHen aa crpatuiuy
rsacTa» ouacHBawaaro coöhtkh b C M , rpbxoabtq# öojiee oaHoro n p am p a ; oa*K upBMep a tö k c tö "O'rapjsK h Mope" upwxoÄHTCfl aa bocsmb
:'rpaaüa, a b "HsdpaMßHX paocK asax" - aa ab « e-vpammu.
HeMa.nobshho a t o , m aB x m m H ja» »Kop^ff.aHsoua b ßpaaoä
um
aeooßcTBeffiio-npja«o8 pe«?n m b sbtopckom noBscvsoBaHBa. B s to ä cbh*
aa aHamisy öhjw noKueprayw ”H8öpaaHue p accscasu ", npaieM Hadji«>«e«»a BOJiacib no a sy « rpynaa« paccsaso s,- passejieHHHX b sasHCHMooI * OT M6CTS AeäCTBHJK
1 -8 rpyaua « s .10 paccKösoB o C1M;
2 -« rpyima »3 18 paocaasoB o jupyrax C Tpatax,
PöayaBTaTH aHajrasa;
Koji- bo
OTpaHKn
B cero
npaMepoB
IIpaMaji pe«£b
HeoodcraeHHO-npa-"
m n peil» a asTopcKoe DOBecTBOBaHHe
9-h i'pynriü
95
117
?.~h X’pynna
191
95
Bce.ro
286
212
75
2S
104
C.êAOBaT6Ä6HO, b nepsoiä rpyime paccicaso»
;'«3 mob b npHMoft penn rjKau«T-03i.no Biß»e, neM no
42
66
108
ko.'B3,;!6 ctbo
btoog H
aMspa&a(7 5 - 2 9 ) ,
! ro oöi-,'TC)ifreTCH Haiu>0 :-:»i-n ao ii npHHOH-ifeHtHOSTB» ÄeftOTKywiwx Jraq
p.
uöoax Cv'iyjaHX,
Odpa:i;aw-
m caSu
ri^ ifn ü in ! d;ai:.iKof: no R o -ia a e c s B y >i«c.iic a u s ; .« -
KaHH3M0B
B H9COÖCTBeHHO-IIpflMO0
peMH H SBTOpGKOM ÜOBeCTBOBaHBH.
CoraacHO le o p a a b sp o h th o cth npa paBHOM KOjmHecTBe oTpanjm b o ß e hx
i'pynnax npo03BejueH0ü k o j i h t o c t b o jmhhhx npawepoB Morjio da dHTB
paeHUM, 3 t o t $aKT CBiweTejibcTByeT o tom , h to XeMBHryB», kak aNiepHKöimy, CBO0CTBeHHO ynoTpedJieHHe awepHKauBSMOB, npuneM b o ch o b HDM T 6 I ,
K0T0PH8 npOHHO BOI1W0 B C-HOBapHHÜ C0 CT8 B H3HK3.
HeöeswHTepecHO b odmee KOJURecTBO aHajmsapyeMrac c j i o b : b n p a Moß pe^n - 1 0 4 , b necoöcTBeifflo-npflMofi b aBT0pcK0M nOBeCTBOBaHHH
1 0 8 , T .e . no^TH paBH oe. OjiHaKo paBHOBecne sa e cB Kaxymeecfl,
KSK Kaiman odmajr cyMMa c o c t o b t
sis
Tau
pasnosnaHHax K0Mn0HeHT0B.
SaMeTHM TaKKe, »5TO CJIOBa B CJIOBOCOHeT8HHH, BHHBJieHHWe B npHmoB
pe^H, npHHaflJiexaT b CBoeM noflaBJumneM öojiBinHHCTBe k
p aaro -
BopnoMy JieKOHHecKOMy lu ia c r y , a cjioBa aBTopcfcoro nOBeCTBOBaHHH b ochobhom
Hei5TpajiBH«e.
HouBOiui BTOi" B c e ro BtraecKaaaHHoro, m okho ca e jia rb
b w b o jih
cjieayraiBe
:
1 . 0COÖ6HHOCTH aMepBKaHCKoro BapnaHTa aHTJDBßcKoro nawKa
oÖjibctp JieKCHKH
B
b
op$orpa$HB BnoJiHe bosmosho npocjieaHTt Ha MaTe-
p a a jie cospeMaHHux xy,noy.ecTBeHHHx npoBSBeêraft tojibko ojihoi’o
as-
T opa.
2 . KoJiH'iecTBO cjty'iaeB
ynoTpeöJieraia aMepj»KanB3MOB saBBCBT o t
Manepu B3JI0K6HBH (npHMafl, HeCOÖCTBGHBO—npflMa.H pe^B HJD3 aBTOpCKOe
n o B e c T B O B S H H e ),
H am soH ajiB H oit n p H H aflJieaaio cT H
n e p c o H a s c e fl
b
M eoT a
OIIHCHBaeMHX COÖHT0Ä.
3.
AMepBKaHHSMH b H ccjie ^ o B a H H H X x y ^ o s e c T B e m t t i x
h x n p eflC T aB jreH H
ne
b
oaB H aK O BoK M ep e
3 jie K C B K e , M enw ue b o $ p a 3 e o jio rH H
no acn eK T aM
b M au re
a
npoH 3 B e n e im ~
H3 H K a :n x dojii>ras
ooB cew
m sjio b
op4 o -
rp a $ B H .
4 . AMepHK8HH3MH, 0CIlOJIJ>3OBaHHiie aBTOpOM, p a 3 3 8 JLHKJTCH Ha
r p y u n « : nojiH ne a ueno-Tinue. IlenojiHHe
Bmomaiw-jm onem>
am
(? 8 C 'o
ynoTpeöaH »TCH aBropoM napajuiejiBH O c od aeaH T JiM cK o il jig e c b k o R ,
h
b o MHornx cjiy a a ra c npH h 8jiii'ik f! ch h o h h m u ih h x nap aB T op OTiiae-T n p e n n cm e H B e odmeaHTJiBßcKOMy B a p n a m y .
5 . B anaJiB30poBaHi!HX np0H3Be,neHHjix conepatHTca
3Ha’« T ejn > i« fl
KOJiüHecTBO npHMepoB aBTopcKoro cjioBOTBop’iecTBa. Cosâwae aBTopCKHX He0.T10I’B3M0B 0CH0B8H0 T0JK.KÜ B8 CymGCTByKHJlHX B
aHTJtMOKCM
^ 3 HKe
CJiOBOOdpaayKTUHx Mo.aejiax. H e Hdürm sita bosmoxhoctje. T o ro .T ra
HeKOTcpue jieKCH«iecKBe eaurauH, cosuamiwe itHcaTejieM, co 3p emp hgm
BOftnyT B CÄOBapllHÖ. COCTaB H3WKÖ PI CTa Hy T HOBHMH aMOpBKöIiB?l,:aMB.
Bce s t o jiaeT bosmoxhoctb no-aoran., « to aPTop zs-w k o t m c,.m
o c y w e c T B O B 3 HJiK B B y x
c a K o c T O fiT e .n > T i« x ,
38
p o a K o c rjn w a f o u iH x c ti / i p y r
o r
upyra s 3 uk ü b . Cbobm TBopnecTBOM S.XeMBHrysä noflTBepwaeT
efiHH-
CTB6HH0 npaBBÄBHHÄ, HayHHO OdOCHOBBHHHfi T63BC 0 TOM, HTO aHTJIflftCKHfl H3UK B C M -
BTO B8PB3HT ÖHTJIBÜCKOrO H3UK8, OT-WnS T6JIBHH0
0Ü0Ö6HH0CTH K 0T0p0r0 H6 3aTparBB8DT MaKpOCBCTBMy, a OTHOCHTCH K
paaJIH^HUM MBKp0CBCTBM8M aflTJIHÄCKOrO Ä3HKa.
O T E P A T y P A
Ul b e ü 5 e p
A . J l . O'ropit coBpeMeHHoro aHrauiäcKoro fiSHKa b
CUIA. M ., 1 9 6 3 .
lllBeliqep
Ahtjihh . M ., 1 9 7 1 .
A. fl. JlBTepaTypnafi aHrjiBitoKBfl h3hk
b CUIA
h
C J I O B A P H
Webstep's New World Dictionary of the AmericanLanguage(Col*
lege Edition). Cleveland and New York, 1959.
The American College Dictionary, edited by C .L .Bamhart and
Josü Stein. N.Y., 1966.
A Dictionary of Contemporary American Usage, by Bergman and
Cornelia Evans. N.Y., 1957.
Handbook of American Idioms and Idioinatic ftsage by H .C.Whi t*
ford and R.J.Dixson. H.Y., 1953.
The Pocket Dictionary of American Slang compiled
»orth and S.B.Elexner. H.Y.,1969.
by H.Went-
English-Russian Dictionary by V,K.liuller, Moscow, 1970.
New English-Russian Dictionary by I.R.Oalperin in II
mes, Moscow, 1972.
K y h b h
A. B . AHivio-pyccKBäi fp a se a n o n n ie cK B i! an o B a p t.M ,,
T9 6 7 .
COKPAIUEHHUE OEOSHA’ffiHHH
HASBAHMti nPOICTEJJEHHli
VA
Tolu»
- A Farewell to Arme. Leningrad, 1971.
BT - For Whoca the Bell Tolls. Penguin Books, 1969.
GHA - (ireen Hills of Africa. Leningrad, 1962.
39
OMS - The Old Mars and the Sea, Mossow,
33 - Selectsd Stories, Moscow,
197t.
197!«
r.M.BypfleHWK
CTEIIEUb 3ABHCHM0CTH
yilöTPEEJIEHHfl ÜPEJÜIOrOB AHTMllCKOro H3MKA
OT ROMMyHHKATHBHOM MHTEHIJJ1H rOBOPflJIIETO
C.iyjcedHHe cjjobö , rbk fisBecTHO, b Hsmcax sHaJiHTinecKoro oipcu!
HecyT na ceö e öoffbmyiD kommstrbksTBBByn Harpy3Ky,CT8THOTBwecK0enan~
cMera iroKaSHBaiDT, b to b 100 aHi’JiüMcKHX npejpioKeHHKX b npe^Hew
MOKST BCTpeTHTiOa OKOJIO 3()0 npejMOI’OB, 200 MeOTOBMeHHg H 100 Mpyr a x cj^y.TtedHHX cjiqb ($peHH, 1 9 6 7 , c . I 3 6 ) . Hx nponyc« bjib nenpsBHJibHoe ynoTpeÖJieMHe tfy.neT m a a t h noracne b to h h o cth nepejtaBae-MOfi BJIH BOCnpHHBWaeMOfi BH$OpMamiB. riOOKO.iJ,f-Ky nofl 06M3HTB^6CKH 3BRihmoII BHôpnaiflieft nojtpasyMeBaeTCA HHfopMaman, oKasuBarauafl
nnwr-
HBe na noBeneiuie Toro, k to ee BocnpHHHMaeT, b nocKoa&fcy ne co o tfma»T HBJtaKofl BBjopMauBH toäb k o ikmihoctb» n pejicK esyem e cjjo b b ,to
upeflJior, HanpHMcp, "a e c e T a»$opManjJOHHp) H arpyasy g öomv'-rv”{]:m ~
m s a , 1 9 6 6 , c . 1 1 2 ) , T8K r s k b CBOÖeaHOM ynoTpeö.nfeKBB- e ro Hfvw-’ r Äß MOJKHO npCftyCMOTpöTB Ji C TOMKB SpeHHS Bepe.HaBOOMOfl BW
TW * oh "Mewee noasepsen bosji8»otbhb Kornencre* (übotpobokhB,1368,
c. 94).
T a « , b npoaacce p e w jtsxSoe co«eT8HHe cjiob k OMMyHHKBTBbk*.: h*>npaBJieHO, a o^ymaHBWft, ö ctsctbshh o , BocnpHBHMaeT ero ksk cm oo6~
pasHüft cHrwaa k naaBHePmeMy pssbhtb*) mkojih roBopHetero, B rr* <-V!vs a ca HB no oeöe tojibko ycnosm ie bbbbb, ”0hb oaHa'iarar t o ; c w o i ,
R8KOÜ b hbx BK.na.wPaeT roBopm K ä, a t o , m R wr, .to-raan ••ob!V?'T
tnawjBi;.” (S m ith , 1 9 6 3 , p . f H ) . Bsnpawep, ycnwcsoB
"*»« ?*«»»
w o r k . . . " , cjiymaenuJft eme ne m p k ? npe;iyranöTB, r;re , K a K .r c *w.nc •
Bewy a npB k s khx otfcTOKTeaBCTBax rtyêr eoBcpwrr.oH jtofSeTBBe.Uo-ijBJißHHs * e npejw oroB opasy KstrpaBaftsT tviynia wert» b onpe^CAemia»
pjroao a B i i ü s n s n b ü. noArordBABBseT ero k BOcnpsHi-ar
Ä8Jii.HeRnie8 mucjih b k sk h x -to 0)tpeaeseHHH3 orpaiiBBSHMfix, rau kok nnHBJceHae npsasoroB c-yiweT 3oay öocEpjw rBJj. üpfvyior ln dyjxor v.v.v~
x B a s K K O M C T a x t e a e h b ö y a e T wrrss tojibko o c b o ö o u h o m yiioT-
pedaeHBH npeâoroB.
40
H a j iE s j j p o B a T h
O BpeM eHH ,
soM ,
o M ecTe
w lt h
n p e a jio r
ssn u B J ä
-
KaK
O
öh
ro B o p a m e ro .
n p e jy io r a
a e fic T B * a ,
fo r
CO BM eCTH OCTH
" p y K O B O f lH T "
o
t je a »
c B T y a n j i e f i*
C yra e c rB e H H O ,
H H T e H q B fl B r p a e T
-
h to
s a ftc ra a s ,
HJIH O p V H B B
npa
d u rtn g
0 T .Ä .T a K B M
33B b cb m o ctb
b
c b o ö o jc h o m
-
o<5p a ot
bh-
y n o T p e Ö J ie r a »
pem antuyro p o jo » .
B CRH3H c 8THM HHTepecHofi DpeÄCTaBJifleTOH paÖOTa M.BpaliaHT
(Bryant, 1930, pp.45-46), b KOTOpOÖ aBTOp, npoaHajiH3HpoBaB
poMHoe KojiaqecTBo cyseöm nc j i e n a BccjieÄOBaB Bonpoc o
or-
bjiehhbb
pa3JunH0Ü HHTepnpeTanjäH SHaqeHHii apTBKJieß, npejyioroB b
co » 3 0 b
Ha x o ä npontecoa h Ha BHueceHae cyaoM n paroB op a, npHxojiBT k
bh-
Bojiy, t t o cJiyniaraiHft m osbi no-paanoMy bcto^kobhb8ti> PHaêmse o a Horo a T oro s e npeajiora b cooTBe'rcTBHH c KOMMyHHKaTBBHoä HHT6Hmseii. [[poHjuiiDCTpHpyeM cKa3aHHoe m npHNiepax.
Case 1. In Alabama, in 1879, Powe11 waa working with othere
in another man'a field, which waB located more than a tnile front
hia own house. There ho eold liquor from a jug which he had with
him. He had no licenee as a retailer from a proper legal authority, Thus he was convlcted for selling liquor without a licenee
aooording to ths law which etated that one was guilty of a misdeaeanor who aold liquor in small quantitiea which was drunk"on
or about the premlseB". Powell pleaded that the liquor was not
drunk on or about h i a
( paapfl/uca Hasua. - P .E . ) premises,but
it was decided that the liquor was
a b o u t
the
premi388«
BToro
M ir r e p it p e T a i iH H
csm o m K e f lS J ie Cyay
no
nyxH o
cB o eM .y
püTopHB,
ß ra o
b
H axojXM JiCH
"about the
E c m iK O B a J i
rrp e a e jia x
j
i
ö
o
r
o
hb
m'iemxnn c y a a . Ha
"on or about the premiaea",
ho,uo< 5h h 6 a e ä c T B H H
rtp e ce 'H b
K e / ra s « ™
(5a 3 n p o B 8 ;iao.B
s e jia
HanHTOK n e
b
ö y ^ y m e M . IIO B T O n y o h
premises"
KaK
"H a
Tep~
x osH Ö C TB a".
Cane 2. In tQßbaiaa, Diffey carried a pistol ooncealed in a
hand basket, which he carried in hie hand or in hia a m
from
h ie home to the S t a t io n on the atreet railway, a iiatanoe of
three or four hundrsd yards. After he entered the car he
put
the banket on the eeat beeide him. He was c o n T l c t e d for oarrjing
a weapon concealed "on or about the person".
B
ö u jio
"
«aH H ou
b
o j iv v a o
n p e a e it a x
opyänn
hs
flr n o
"aa"
a o c n r a e u o o T Ä " .H H T e m u iH
h jih
c jf la
"n pn "
ÄM & pjjä
o o c io m ia
b
ho
so h
1 Iloa csaTyausäeä, BCJiea 3a JIbohtböbum (1 9 6 8 ) .noHHMaexcfl
.
oho
v jc
J;
cg
BOKyUHOCTis yCJIO BBÄ , p e 'ie B H X 0 H e p e ^ G B H I, HeOÖXOflHMHX 0 ÄOCTaTO’ i
hhx & n a T o r o , ^ T o ö a o c . n n e c T B B T t p e - i e s o e jte iä c T B H e n o H aM eneH H O M ”
ru iaH y .
S a K -8 75
noflêpKayTi. $aKT,
Mfl HCnOJCb30BaHO.
hto
opysme
öhjio phaom h
Morjio
öutb b
jnoöoe Bpe-
IIpiiB6A3HUU6 npHMepii nOK83HBaK)T, HTO B 38BHCBM0CTH OT
KaK HHTepnpeTHpyeTCH 3Ha«ieH0e EpeaJiora about , no-paaHomy
TOrO,
hctoju-
KOBHBaeTCH B CBTyaUBfl, <2TO OBHfleT6 JIBCTByeT 0 pOJUl BHT6HUHH
npB
BcnojtbsoBaHBB npeanoroB b pe^B. B cbob on epeab , npa b ctojiko BaHBh
T6KCT8 Ö63 3H 3HEH BHTeHTCBB POBOpHmerO <18CTO TpyflHO UOHHTfc Ha 3HaTOHB8 npe^nora b apeaejiaz tojibko oflHoro npejuroseHBfl bjib jiaate ysKOrO K0HT6KCT8.
HanpaMep:
1 . 1 kiseed all the glrls at the Town Hall.
(Ü3 npBMepa HöflCHO "kiseed at the Town Hall" bjib "girle
at the
Town Hall").
2. I orled at my ausio leseons.
(B03M0HHH6 BapHaHTH BHTepnpoTBllHB -
w here? HJIH w h en ?).
3. The dootor saw a group of natives Standing round eome
Object at the water'e edge (3.Maugham^).
("natives Standing at the water's edge" hjih "object at the wa
ter' s edge").
B T3KBX CJiyâflX MOXHO BOCCT8HOBHTB KOMMyHBKaTHBHSD
iJtKio 03 Öojiee umpoKoro KOHT6KCT8 .
HHTeH—
1. I'd gone to the Theapians' Christmas party4and been the
back end of a horae in the. children's play» and kissed all the
girls at the Town Hall after the traditionel lunch - time booasup (J.Braina),
(B saHHOM cjiyâe hm&oci» b m n y sce ÄeBymicB, KOTopne
SÄaHBa paTyHffl).
2. I cx-ied at ay music lesaon that day - how
agoi (K.Mansfisld).
ömb
many
(B ÄaHHüM KOHTeKCTe noHHepKBBaeTCH Bpaws ÄeücTBiaa) „
B TpoTibeM »e npjiMepe tojibko aHaniie Bcefi CHTyaipiB
b
years
noMoraeT
HSW OÖpaTHTB BH0MBHJJ6 HM6HU0 Ha HpeflMeT, KOTOpHÄ JiesaJI y CaMOÄBOm , a He Ha ctqhüuo: BOKpyr jow efl. Tbkem oöpaaoM, HHreHUHH
cn ocoöcTByeT npaBBJtbHOMy onpeêjemnü xapaKTepa BupaxeHHUX b npejuioX6HBB oTHomeHHü, T . e , b jtaHHOM cjiyâe b CBJiy BCTynacT
apryMeHTH
SKCTpaJIHHTBBCTBMeCKOro rüiaHa.
KaK CJieayeT H3 npBMepoB, HCTOJiKOBarae h ynoTpeöJieHBe npeaaorüB TecHefcuBM 0Öpa30M yBHsaHo c KOMMyHBKaTHBHOii HHTenmieii r o BopHiaero z Menee s c e ro odycjioBJiBBaeTCfl ceMaHTHKOß OKpyxaMmx npoa1 CnacoK H a3BaH Bß npoH SBeêHHJi n p B B e jte n
42
b
Koraje
ctstbü
,
Jior KOMDOHeHTOB. Mcxona b s cymecTByijmeB to to b 3peHBH, h to
paMMa BucKa3UB8HHa "cKjiaflHBaeTca H3 cB o e ro p o sa
n p o r-
" B e x " ,T .e . bkjcp
MaeT b ceöH KoppejiaTH OTÄejiLHUx, ocoöshho BasHux w a buck33hbö—
hhh e ro KOMiioHeHTOB" (JleoHTBeB, 1 9 6 9 a , c . 1 5 9 ) , n p eju io ra, OHeBBUHO,
MOKHO npH'^HCJIHTI) BMÖHHO K TSKHM CMHCJIOBbIM "B exaM ", T3K KaK "CJTTB
ü3HKa jieraäT c K o p e e ... b CBH3B noHHTBii" (C 8 n n p ,I 9 3 3 , c . I 8 ) , a »Ta
CBH3B b H3UK6 ocymecTBJweTca b 3H3HHTeJiBHofl cTenena H npejyioraiiB.
TaKofi noflxoa k HHTepnpeTamaa pojua npefljiora b H3aKe n o3B an aeT 3arjiHHyTt 3 a npejiem rpaMMaimn 0 yBüjeTB b n pe/w ore cB o e o ö pasHufl carHaî mhcjih, a He npocTo cjiyKeÖHoe cjiobo, ocymecTBjmnnee
CBH3B panOM CTOHIUHX KOMnOHeHTOB B npe.HJI03KeHBB, ynOTpeÖJI8HBe KOTOr
poro 3aBUCHT OT 8T0X KOMnOHeHTOB.
B CBH3 B C 8 TBM Iipe,UCT8 BJLHeTCfI yH3BHM0Ö TO'UCH 3peHBH, COIUiaCho KOTopofi, nanpaMep, b KOHCTpyKDjm Y -P r -n
"rjia ro ji npejicKa3HBaeT
c oripejteêHHoK CTeneHB® bsp o h th o ctb noHBJieHHe Toro hjih BHoro npqd-
jto ra ; hmh, b cboid o 'jep eflt, np eacK a 3 UBaeT noaBJieHBe
*a
oflHoro
B03M0KHHX npeaJioroB , a npeûior, b cBJiy CBoero cpeaBHHoro noaoace-1
hhh b KOHCTpyKiiBH, npeucKa3HBaeT KaK nomneHBe rjiaro.u a, Tau
B
3MeHH: rjiaroji «-------------- * npe;yior <— 1— > HMHn(K o c ce K C ,I9 6 7 ,c .IC ;
EapxynapoB, 1 9 6 7 ; lB ra ;w o f 1 9 4 9 ) .
Bbb^v T o ro , t t o 3HaqeHHe CJiOBa asJiaeTca
k h m
n c a x H ^ e c -
0öpa30BaHneM, ocHOBaHHhiM Ha odoömeHHOM OTpaseHBB b Kame*i
co3HaHBH npeju/ieTa, hbjirhhh 0 t . h . , jiom'iHee cMOTpeTB
Ha
ra a r o a
b co'teTaHBB v -P r -N
kbk Ha yKaaaTejiB xapaKTepa coBepmaeMoro JtefiCTEBH ( t o d r iv e - to walk - t o d ig - t o ta k e - t o p u t ) . Ero yilOT~
peÖJiemie #BKTyeTca HQMepeHneM roßopam ero no^'iepKHyTB, h to
MeT, HBJieHHe
z
t .a .
npeji-
( t? b CTpyKType) noaßepraeTca KaKOMy-TO b o s-
HeftcTBHsa. B Bccjie.uyeMoii; CTpyKType rJiaro a yKa3HBaeT Ha npeflMST,
SBJieHae 0 t . a . , Ha K0T0pHß pacnpocTpaHaeTca aeßcTBHe, npe^cTaBaa^
ranee coöofi HanpaBJieHHoe bäh HenanpaBJieHHoe .oBBseHae Ha oöteKT, b
ero n p eaejm , BHyTpB e r o . üpeajiory se b saHHofi CTpyKType o tb o ä h tc a ocoöaa p o jil. IteHHO npeajior noKa3HBaeT, icaKaa t o c t b ,
OTopoHa
0 T . a . oöieKTa iiOÄBepaceHa BosaeäcTBBn, h ynoTpedaeHBe Toro
bjth
HHoro npe^Jiora b CTpyKType V -P r-N
3aBBCHT o t KOMMyitBKaTBBHoft h h TeHtiHH roBopam ero atmeomTB »Ty rrpocTpaHCTBeHHyn
xapaKTepucTHiiy
oöieKTa. B o t noêMy c ojtnn.MH ü Tewm Ke K0Mn0H6HTaMB b
BQ3M0SH0 ynoTpeöjieHHe pa3HHX n p e ^ o ro B :
1.
( J . Jerome).
CTpyKType
I d « c lii i8 to l i v e any lo n g e r in th e same houao w ith tb
He l i v e a in a d in gy house (W .S a ro y a a ).
(UoflqepKBBaeTca BHyTpeHHee npocTpancTBO,
43
0 <3 1 . e u
a o u b ).
2. He also feit a pleasant glow at the knowledge that Hr.
R.H. was in town and ataying at hia brothar'a houae (K.Watherhouae). I failad to find him at hi« house (A.Weaker),
(BHÄeJweTca tojibko
t
o «i k a
b
np0CTpaHCTBe, MecTonojioxeHHe
oÖ ieKTa).
3 . And from one houae on which th e netw ork o f w ire a
coaj o i n e d , came the even ti c k i n g o f a te le g r a p h a p p a ra tu a ( f i .P o e ) .
Monday you nail np the a h u t t s r a on th e houae and g e t e v e ry th in g
movable in a id e (W .U o r r i a ).
(OöpamaeTOfl bhhm8 hhö Ha
d i d c i o c i i
kphejh bäh
CTemj
a o m ).
1* Jjn the market the flamea burnt palely in the
(Cr.Greene).
(Ha pKHKe, T .e . Ha TeppHTopjaa pm oca,
b h y t p b
aunlight
orpaaa'ieHHO-
r o npocipaH CTBa).
2, I wrote a poem while I was at the Market yasterday (J.
London),
(Ha puHKe, T .e . b tüö
t o h k e,
l a o i a ro p o jia, KOTopan HaanBaeTCH phhkom) .
3. Sunflower sasd oil bscama t h a moat populär adible oil
on the Argentine market (W.Morrie).
(Ha apreHTHHCKOM pHHfte, T .e . Ha TeppaiopHa BceS ApreHTHHa).
Bo B cex KpsMepax noa homcpom oäjbh hetchichs ro so p aw ero
coc-
vom a b tom , Miodu BH,ne;i0 Tfc b oöteK Te e r o odteMHyio xapaKTepHCTHKy„ saMKHyrocTB rpaHai*. B cooT se tc tb h h c HHTeimBeii b npejuxoseHH-:
■Hx ynoTpedaeH npejuior in, BupasatouBft üohhtbs Hako^neHBft m h Biuinor
'56HHH B OOJIHOCTB8} fl«M HöCTH'iHQ Orp8HK10 KHO8 HpOCTpaHOTBO pa3Jt»tIHHX paaMepOB B $a3BH6CK0M XJVH H8p 6 K0 CH0M CMKCWie.
B np'BMepax
jiqä
HowepoM
abs
roBopHasaö cTpeM M cn
npeacTaBHTB
Od'teKT KSK HeKJlO 'L'OMKy B HpOOTpaHOTBS, y K a S 8 T B TOJIBKO Ha M6CT0~
HoaoaeHHe odseKTa. GoeTöMy b npeasoaeasiKE ynoTpeö/xen npeajjor a t ,
BupasaBuaaS hohsth s t m x o m & m s s i npa odtöK te mab hs aponecca
bjiis
HaapaBaeiiHOcra joteflcTBs h Ha odseKT b jö s e r o -q a c T t \$jm k o h ts k ts ) ,
paccMaTpaßaeMHe ksk, Heitas peaxbHaa M mh&jimmsi« •ro'i.Ka hpmoh8hmä
asficTBa fl (odteKT MHCJ1STCS K 6 S 0npe,H8JI8BH 8H TG'iKS» MSCTO HSXouie~
MM B npoCTpaHCTBe, HyHKT AettCTBKa, TGTiMl OOnpBKOCHOBÖHaH, TO«lKa
Bo BpöMSHB, T0?K8 BBHepSHHfl, CT6QSHB & T .J i .5 .
B upuMepax iioä HüwepoM Tpjs atmeHT aeaae-TOfi na
nnocxocTuoli
xapaKrep odteKTa. 3 ta HpooTpaHCTBetiHaa xapaKrspHCTiuta noAêpicHBastch npeajioroM on, kotopmB su p a sa et hohrtiiq KOHTSKta jielleTBwi o
aaoöoü pea;i&Kofi
m c u s m o i noBepxHöCTi-fö oöiöKTa.
44
M3 npn«epoB bewho, mto bmöhho
Dp e u
o r
cooöm aeT, Ka
mi« npocTpaHCTBeHHaH xapaKTepacTUKa upeflweTa nojxbepraeTCH
ßüa-t
ÄeücTBH», h He "reoMeTpHH o ö ieK T a "^ npe;tcKa3UBaeT noaBJtem ie iipe,5 *
tiura, a iipe&nor npeACTaBJLHeT "reoMeTpmo o ö ie K T a " b KaK0M-T0 o n peaejieHHOM paKypce c iiomoium) CBoero ceMaHTBHeeKoro aupa*%
KaK
c ta o n0KS3aH0 Buiue. B o t noêmy n p e a jio r upa B c e x
TpaHcôpMauanx
upe,nJio*eH0 fl b öojiBfflHHCTBe c;iyMaeB He OTuejw eTcn ot cymecTBBTejttu c ro . B ueüOM x e ynoTpeöaeHBe HMeHiio aaHHoro npe/iJiora 3aBHCHT o t
U0JIH BUCKaSiffiaHUH, OT KOMMyHHKSTHBHOK HHTeHUHH rOBOpflUierO. nojiy:iaeTCÄ, cjieao B aT e^ b n o , h to c b t y a q b h ,
a He BemecTBeHHoe
p asaB 'iae "csmbx cywecTBBTejijbHKx" (E y n a ro B , 1 9 4 6 , c . 1 6 0 )
flHKTyer
.ynoTpeöaeHHe np ejyiora b acc;ie,n;yeMoii CTpyKType. TaK, P.A.KynaroB
nasieT, h t o "KOHCTpykixhh "a a c T y jie " y s e coBceM BCKMiaaeT bo3mox-~
hootb napajuiejtLHoM $opMU "b C T y jie ": caMO n o h h t b e
ct y
n a
(paapHÄKa H aina,- r « E . ) jie a a e T Heso3moxhhm b to c a o B o c o a e 'ia -
usie, "B CT.yjie", pa3yweeTCH, moäho oönapyauaTL TopaamBÄ ib o h u b , uo
'■'öJioBeK oKasHBaeTGü chäHüibm to jib k o "n a C T y jie ", a hbkbk He "b c-ry
a e " . OneBMÄHO, aBTopy moxho BoapasH TB. B r a s a a cHTyaqHH
B C T y jie "
''cH .uert
BOSMOÄHß -• eC T B BUC0KB6 flCTCKHe CTyJIi'J.HKJB, SaiipH TU e
00
B«ex c to p o h , htoÖu orpaAüTj» peöeiöta o t naneHHß. B tukoK cMTyaiam
B03M03KHa napajujejj&Hafl $opvra "b CTyaM BKe". fOBopa tb k , mh odpaisaeM BHBMaHBe m
oöietm yB xapaKTepucTHKy c'i'yiitHHRa u ne nojmepKB
BseM e ro nnocKoosH.yio ^ ao T t. Man npeaciaiäw« o ed s CHTyanato,
Kor.ua
cswamsro Ha CTyae leaoBetca n u ia o T . E«y öo.kbho, oh cxauaeTCfl »ech
b k o m o k , luioTHee npBÄiäMaü'rca h eT yay, ksk öh nbiTaflct cnpH’r aTBo«
B H6M (11 B CTy.»J8"). l’SKBH CHTyaRBfl TOXe BHOJtHe B03M0EH8, I JU H
öS onHcaHHfl roBopameMy HOTp8ÖOBfutca du hmshho iipejyior "b",
tsr
äök T0Jii.R0 ok h aaHHofi eöTysuBH n o a H o oTpasaeT peaabHyi)
TBBy
3 , TäRBM 0Ö pfl3üM , C 0 0 T B 6 T C T B y 6 T HHTeHt«B« rOBOpHDierO.
Hu
ynoTpeÖJUieM " h ü
cT yae"
n e uoi'O M y,
^ to
oh n a o cK B Ö ,
craB B M n e p e a cocoS n e « b o n a c a T t o ö tr a o e
n o Jto x e H tie
a
noTOMy,
's e a o B e K a ,
w o
c,b;w -
mero n a naocKOCTH G T y a a , a a«0CK0CTHy» xapaK-repBCTHKy o ö te K ra n o»MepKHBaeT a » e a n o n p e iu io r " H a " , TaKUM oöpasoM, y n o T p e t f m a , a a n p B ~
»ep, nspRjiJiojiBKH;-
"Bepi'OJieT onycTaaca aa (b) Bony", mh on».
•' HHctftM nue c B T y a u a n :
I.
Kom a BepTo( >' i . ycr «i <i eH na noBepxnnp-rf. tiona, a ns
tIGBepXHOCITfe 36M M .
' TfpMHH "reoMe'i'pMH oöi,«f.-ra" •laHMCTum'üJH y Apanoim 1
"
flua. ceM ai!Ti!<(ecK «M aupoM np (;i(.no[■;< nuHn»M.t<!rcn t o ( m u
ssuiWifti uoiiony ei'o siuiuciimh a uyM<;yu;« «My » pa'-.'iB'im a ^
cJiyâitx 'iiyHiataoimpoBaHBrf.
•15
.., iius
2 . Kor.ua BepTOJieT Bouiejr no B3BecTHoro ypoBHa b B o a y .
EcTecTBeHHuß H3HK cnocoöeH ouHcaTB ßecKOHeTOoe hhcjio C H Tya-
uflii c noMomtio KOHeraoro w c jia cjio b , TaK Kaie noTemiuaJiBHHG
b os-
moxhoctb ceMaHTHHecKHx oHCTeM HCKUB'iHTeJiBHo BejMKH. "Oöhtho npqaMeTOM H3HK0B0r0 onHcaHHH cjiyjMT orpannqeHHHÄ Haöop cHTyamiß.'ieM■ro cymecTBeHHHX n m eoBMecTHofi fleHTeJii>HOctb jnoflefi. Ho b
o th o c h -
TejiLHo pejjKHX cjiyManx, Koraa noaoÖHHe orpaHB'ieHHa ne 3aaaH H ,B03mokhocth H3HKa peajm3yraTca b öojiee DiHpoKHx MacinTaöax.npH'ieM
ce-
MaHTHêcKHß acneKT TaKoro po.ua peaJiH3aiiB0 saanyOTBaer cneixHaJt&HOro aHajinsa (Taic, HeKoraa öimb oiracaHH KOHKpeTHue KüaccH cHTyauHfl
BepOHTHOCTB CyiiteCTBOBaHUH KOTOpHX B TO BpeMH OUeHBEaJKiCB KaK ÖOT3“
icaa K Hyjiio, B ;;aJiiHefuneM aH ajiorjram e CHTyatxHH Öujib odnapy&eHH
B
fleÄCTBHTe^bHOCTU)” (BpyÄHHH, 1 3 7 2 , c . 5 ) .
B ce bt o , cxiiHaKO, ho sH a'iB T , h to ro a o p H T t mojeho .xok jto m h o b
B c e BapHaHTH dyayT npabj/ibhhm h ( x o t h b npuHUHue 3 t o t b k , böo e c -
m CKa3aHHoe oooTBeTCTByeT to ü mhcjih, KOTopyio Hysiio öimo
jxhtBj b peixHiineHT noH aji e e , 3 H a w r } oho öim o n paB M B H o
nepe-
(JleoHTBBB
I 9 6 9 Ö ) . CpaBHKTe nopMaTBBiioe yno TpednenB e a yiiOTpeÖJie-nie na a p ro
B cooTBexCTBymueH c$ e p e odaieHBa oöa ynoTpeöJioHBH npaBKUBHH) .
B
HaraeM CJiyâe BMeioTca b BHjiy to jib k o HcpMaTüBnue ynoTpeÖJiem»i„B c s Jiy Toro ’it o M3H6HHHe cBTyanHH Hajuajj.yBaioT k s b s c t h h s
h e h h a
o r p a H
Ha CBOöOÄy ynoTpeÖJieHjaa, b a 3 une ?aKpenJw ioTCfl
tojjb ko
Hauöojiee iipHBtriHne c o Ti9TaHHa, cooTBeTeTByraeze Taioice m wöojiee n p a bu'ihhm eiiTyamiaM.
Ha accoiiHaTHBHHX BKcnepHareHTOB (Koö 3 ;j-peßa, jia x .?™ , I9 7 .I) B a BecTHO,
mto
cym ecTByeT ne
to ; ibko
aopwa ynoTpeÖJieHBH,
ho
b
Hop«*a
noHHMaHHa, T .e . HaBöoaoe iipaeM eM aa c to to b apeHBH aatopMaHTa c b T yaq aa, K 0T0paat
MoryT
öh tb,
ksk
npaBBJio, nepnoii iiphxo.uht Ha yM,
no Kpafeefi Mepe, Tpa cHTyaTBBHHe
HanpBMep,
bjuikjcxpaubh k
u.pe<i-
ÄoaeHHE "A$Bina Ha CTeHe":
1 ) a$nma jieKHT Ha xopne cTeHH;
2 ) a$ama upaKpeimena k BepTBKajiBHoä noBepxHoeTB
3 ) a$Hma jiojkht Ha noBaJieHHofl cteiic .
Hs
s t h x CBTyauHä BTopaa öyÔT HopMoii noHBMaHiia, t s k KaK oaa h a a -
Öojiee iipHBHHHaj? h 'iacTO BCTpeMaiouiaaca b khshk.
TaKBM 06pa30M , KaJWHä HOCHTeJIB H3iJKa n0ÄC03HaTPJIBH0 OTÖBpa« —
ceManTHiecKae a ^ p a , CBoKcTBeHHtie e ro a s u iv /. Ha oäbh HocBxe^B p y c cK oro H3HKa He cKa®eT "Oh x o jih t öocbkom qepes iioji" .
H3HK6 eoTB a ip o " ÄBiiraTBca
n o m o c k o c tb "
Jiro» no ÄBopy, njtotiiaaB, yjBixe" b t . ä .
46
noTor.iy ’-rro
- oTCiDfla "x o ä k tb no r r
3axo HocH're.'iB
aHTjiBfioKoro
Huuica MOxeT npoB 3 Heci’H TaKoe npe.iyioxeHBe
" ...o r a n g e a
s p iit
out
- "anejIBCBHH paCKaTHJIBCB Hepe 3 ncui", qTO
HBJifleTCH h o p m ok jiJifl sH T JiH ö cK o ro H 3 HK3 H coBepmeHHO
HenpHeMJieNo
juih p y c c K o r o . Moxho npBBecTB etne ohhh npBMep. ynoTpectaeHHe n p e a floroB nocjie rjia ro jio B h npBJiaraTejLBHHX y aHrjum au 0 aMepaKarnjeB
<iacro pa3^HTO0. IIojjTBepâeHHeM TOMy cjxpcbt ynoTpeöJieHae a H TJU • cro ss
th e
f lo o r ..."
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mh
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hjih n p e j y i o r a t o c o cjiobom d i f f e r e n t , b t o B p e -
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m a ynoTpeöjiöHBH B c e x Tpex cjio b ; t h » n noAMepKBBaeT cpaB-
0 f r o m noji'iepKBBa*ltaatnoe cjiobo c tb h o b h tch sefictbshhum ( e f f e c t i v e ) b c$epe e io yn o Tp e neHHe ( c o m p a r i a o n ) , t o -
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( co n tra st
)
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ita
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(B ry a n t).
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h e
s a B B C M T
o t BUTenuHH roBopHuiero, HÖO OHO o d y c jiQß.TieHü BfjyTpeioiHMH aaKoiiaMH H 3 uita h , cjiex. .B 3 T 6 JIBH0 , rpaMMaTsraeckbm CTepeoTanoM roBopamero. Mh He OKaacew 'MoJituiofi cTOJia", bto
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JIBCJofi
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KOMMyHBKaTBBHaH BHT6 HIXBH He H3MeH0 JiaCB (p a 3 B6 'JTO
npHÖBBHJIOCB
yKaaairae Ha t o , < ito roßopHT HHOCTpaHeu).
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cede
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n o T p e ö y e 'r Ä onojiH BTeJiBBH X pasM C H eH H i? a m
T oro,
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■'enpoBKJiMioe noHHwaHse scet? cBTyanjJB, ? t o , C00TB8TCTBeHH0, HapyES9T 3KT KOMMyHBKailHH. 3TO Cê^yeT yneCTB IIpH pa3paöOTK6 M6T0ÄH“
KH oöyqeuBH. üocKOJibKy oanaaemse npeanoraMH TpeöyeT noHBMaHMH cn~
ux HsyqeHBe « ojiäho ctpohtbch Ha
c i r y s T i B H o l
oc-
iTOBe.
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47
decKcme'iHOM MHosecTBe npefl-aoxHux nepemieTeHBä, coBnaaeHBü 0 K aKymeücH HejiorjnHocTH b ynoTpedjieHHU. üa&e peöeHOK c nepBHX mato b oöyqeHHH pyccKOMy H3HK.y ycTanaMfflBaex JiornTiecKiie OTHOiueHBa
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c a m o e
n o h a t a e , hom
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e ro
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ro k KOHKpeTHOMy" (flaB«flOB, 1 9 6 6 , c . 4 9 ) .
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KpuBaeTGK h x ceMaHTHKa, t o
HanpBMep, oöyaaiotiiBMCH
ne pac~*
tic jiy ’-iaeMHO anaHHa h o c h t "x ap aK T e p $np^
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cjiy<ia~
a x HanpaBJKTOT cboid ji c h t o ji b h o c t b na $H Kcaii0io b n p e fljto r a x
caM oro
$aKxa ex pa3â^HH 0 os5ocodjieHHocTii b m 6 c to t ü i-o , m toö h
nanpaFHTi»
cB Jiy MHCJiHTejiBHoä aeH TejitH ocTH Ha y ji3B ,™ ß airae 0 ycraH O B êiüie
ceMaHTHKe n p e a n o r o s oöm ero b c t o h h h k s , reH ß T iraecK o ü o ch o b h
b
hx
p a 3 ;ra 'ra a x KOHKpeTHHX n p cra a e H H ll. ITobtomv npji otfy'reH M y n o rp e ö jre hbid n p e jy io r o B Heoöxo/tBwo noMhHTB, <jto Bwejmo o t T o r o ,
no.aiieceHO c jio b o
b n e p b h e
ksk
npe-
tn p a yojiosHH saK peim eH m i e r o
cosH aH H H ), 38B0CKT cooTH eceH fse e i'o c noHfiTweM, HanpBMep,
b
HUKTO
n e ayM aeT 0 o y m e , npoH3Hocfl $»mhjoho BejJH vaüm ero p y n o K o ro noB T a3 B y X » , 03 KOTOPHX COCTOHT $3M B a *a n 0 8 T 3 , npaOÖpOJIH HOBOS Jfm eC T bo EOTOMy, n r o b c o s a a H M
m bjubiohob O Tßeä bo3HHkjso h o b o ? aBTom M *
hoo noK STH e, HOBHä HHTerp8Jn>iarä o ö p a s , K
aoBoro
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saBBcnMOOTB o *
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cmcna 0 iioBoro oöpasa no-apBoaiy BocnpuHüMaeM im yi '!:j-yroa
$ 0 mhotiii "IlyinKHK’' (Mapnm, 1 964, 0 .1 3 2 ) . A w t ,
isanpisvoD, « caoae
"COJEb", KaK ÖH HB Ö U W p»J3HOOÖpa3HK 6 T 0 3Hä’it?HBH ( 3 a BCJWB’-iSflBeM
"COJUj" - HQTa
&
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ow oro c * h c x o b o r o
c t e p s n « COJtH, BeoöXOflHMOÄ COOVMBHOÜ BaCTB nSBJI 51 XEMH«J8CK0r0
npojiyKxa,
Wmöhho B io n e m ’p&Äi.Koe oeM uejieHBe uxoaa o n p e x e m e r ti s c e
noo,te~
rp y n riB p y B T ca BOKpvr
flywM C e r o 3 H a ie H « a -
KowcpeTHHe h aöerpaK TH H e,
öyKBa,’iBH«'? 0 $ h -
rypaatbrnie. Ot "coara" kbk cyuiecTBeiiEoä cocTaBHoS qacTa m m
Brcyr
0 Bce aocÄeajwnwe e r o 3 n a TieH B a; t o , h x o n p a s a e T o co ö k u h h ü cm h c ä ,
B B T e p e c , ocxpoTy MeMy-HBöy^B (H a n p B M e p ,p a s ro ß o p y ). P g s r o a o p
c 'o s
"co a fl" Kait öh y n o n o ö a a e T c a raaie ö e s c o a a » f>.octipiiHBA»a<?TCB
"npecBH ä", Ö9Ccoxtep2caTe.>iBHuÄ ( B y a a r o B , 1 3 4 7 ) ,
ksk
Hs npKBejsceHRHX npuMepos k o h o ^ t o cjiobo irpaoöpeTaeT t o s im e s B e ,
KoTopaM e r o HajxejifieT 0ötr,ecTB0 . H r t o eg öhô öh bosmoähhm,
hcjib
Öh 3Hat?eir.Ba cîobs Öhjio to-’ibko a r c »BTerpaJrbHoÄ naoTBr
valus W9J'<?
i n h 9 r e n t
1963, p. 60/.
( )f
th e
in ths rord) / R o b e r t s ( \ t ,
48
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aKCTpa.uHHTBHCTH’iecKHe $aKTopH (KopoÖeilHBKOB, I 9 6 0 ) .
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onpejeaHTB e r o CMHcaoByiD 0CH0By ( e r o ceiuaH TH H ecKoe a a p o ) , TaK K aK
OT TOI'O, H 8CK0JIBK0 nOJIHO MH paCKpH BaeM GMHCJIOBJTO CTOpOHy HBJ10HB8,
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hx odmee sna'ieHHe,
PUB,
äshhoM poaoBoä K a T ero -
38BH CBT yCIieEHOCTB B HpOHHOOTB yCBOQHHJI B H 0fl3m H 0ft
JtSKCHKI
(E8JIH6B, 1 9 6 4 ) .
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tipsflcTaBjraoT cH cxem a o Tex nop.noK a ohh h s yansaHH c c o o i B e t c r oyaneß hm
c H T y a u a e ä
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pe*iB.
J I H T E P A T 7 PA
A x w a H O B a
A p a n o B
0 . C. 0 ncaxo-OTHrBBCTBKe,
M. B.
M.,
1957.
CTpyKTypa CJi0B0C0'ieTaHHH h npoÖJieua r x a -
roJiBHoro ynoTpeÖJieHBa b pyccKOM H3HK6. M ., 1 9 6 8 .
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ä
a p o b
3ü c ji o b b n p e flJio x e H B B . -
£
e ji
a
E.B.
e b
vH ocT paH H oro H3HKa. M . ,
E x a ^
b b
J I . C. O
£ B y x T B n a x CBHTaKCBHBCKOÄ
cbh-
"MHOOTpaHHHe H3HKB b n iK O Jie" , 1 9 6 7 , Ä 4 .
I I c H x o jio r B 'je c K B e ochobh y cB O SH Bfl
jiö k c b k b
1964.
a K.T. ncaxoasrHa ycTaHOBKB a KBöepHeTBKa. M.
!9 6 6 .
A. A. HeKOTopae $ h jo c o $ c k b 8 npoÖJEeim
T e o p ii
otfmeHHH. - B k h .: MaTepaajiH IY B cecon3H oro cBMnoaByiia no
ü
h cb xo-
B p y i H a
/IHHrBBCTBKe B TeopBB KOMHyHBEaHBB. M. , 1 9 7 2 .
B y j t a r o B
P . A. C e u a m m a cjioBa B CTpyKTypa n p e ja o s e ia ß
"ytie H .3 a n . P o c t o b c k . yn-Ta", 1 9 4 6 , b h h .IO .
B y j a r o i
H a
ik .to . I
b h ä
o b
P . A. C jio b o b e r o 3Ha»ieHHe. M ., 1 9 4 7 .
B .B . ü p o ö ^ eM a oöoöraeHBH
b Tpyaax
J I.C .B h t o t c -
"BonpocH ncBXOJiorBH", 1 9 6 6 , Ji 6 .
a b m
d b
B . B . K
n p otfJieM e co o T H o m eH M ad cT p aK T H n x
'"■'IltcpeTHHX 3HSHHÄ B OrtyHeittH?, -
"BOHpOCH EC H X O JJO rB B* ,1 9 6 8 ,
ft 6 ,
x
I i r a s J o B . H . P oju. npejutoroB b CHHTaKCUHeoKHx kohctpysm ua aHTJtBäcKoro asuKa. - "ÜHocTpaHmie H3UKH b niKoae", 1 9 4 9 ,
* I.
K o ö a a p e B a
T . D ., JI a x y t h JI. r .
0
CTpyKType
A6H0T8TBBHoro 3HaH6HHH npejworoB. - B c d . : CeMaHTHêcKaa CTpyK
Typa caoB a. M ., 1 9 7 1 .
K o p o ä f ü h i k o b
B . C . AHajm3 coaepataiiHa MaccoBofi
KOMHyHHKauHH. - "Bonpocn $ajtoco$U 0 " , 1 9 6 9 , H 4 .
K o c c e k c H. B. flpe,iyio}tcHue ejioBoco'ieTaHim c ivxaroJioM b
öojarapcKOM H3HK6, ABTope$epaT Kanal, Ä0 e . J I . , 1 9 6 7 .
l e o H T B e B
A . A . O peqeBoä cuTyanjiii b npBHmme peqe-'
bhx fleficTBHfi. ~ "PyccKHü H3UK 3a pyöeatoM", 1 9 6 8 , Ji 2 .
j ü e o H T t e B
A. A. ncHxo.MHrBBCTH'iecKiie eflMHBua a Teopaa nopoiaeHHH peêBoro BHCKa3UBaHHa, M ., 1 9 6 9 a .
I c o B T i e B
A. A. fl3 U K , p e ^ i i , p e ^ e B a a Ä e a T e ^ B H o c T b .M .,
I969Ö.
II a p n a e C. fl. BoctmTaHae cjiobom. M ., 1 9 6 4 .
Ü H O T p O B C K B Ä
P. I .
HH$OpMaUHOHHije B3M6p6HHH H 3H ita . I I ., 1 968.
C 8 nb p 3 .
H3hk. M ., 1 9 3 3 .
$ p
e h n <£„n p e u o ^ a B a m a e a H iv iM c K o r o a3U K a
3a
pyciencoM. ß k h . : MeTOflBKa n p e n o a a B a H a a B H üC T p am rax h 3 u k o b 3 a pydeKOM .
M .,
JE967.
B r y a n t H. M. Engliah in the Law Courta (tha Part that
jlrtlolea, Prepositione and Conjunotiona Play in Legal Dacisiona).
1930.
R o b e r t s o n
S., O a e s i d y
F. V. Changing Meatlng and Values of Words. "Esaays on Language and Waage". N.Y.,
*963.
___
Smith 3.3. Tha Oominand of W o r d s . N.Y., 1963.
T E
KC T bl
B r ai n e
G r e e n e
J. .Room at the Top.Moeoow, 1961,
G r . The Quiet American. Moscow, 1959,
J e r o n e
J. Three Ben in a Boat. M o b c o w , 1963,
L o n d o n
J. Martin Eden. Moscow, 1956.
M a n 0 f i e 1 d K. The Wind Blows. H.Y., 1969.
M a u g h a *
S. Rain. Moecow, 1963.
M o r r i s
w. The Pilgrim« of Hope. N.Y., 1969.
Poe
E, Diddllng Oonsidered as One of the Rxact jcisnoes.
H .Y., 1966.
S a r o y a n
W. Prelude to an American Symphony.I.T,1969*
W a t h e r h o u s e
K. Billy Liar. Mosoow, 1966.
W e s k e r A. Roots. Moscow, 1966.
E.J. nejtam
0 HEKOTOPHX J E E K G M O ^ T a M C O T E B C K H X
O C O E E H H D C T H X P O M A H A P .OJUDtHTTOHA " C M E P T L rEPOfl"
B oömeü xapaKTepacTHKe BnnBBH,nyajiBHo-xyÄO»ecTBeHHoro ctbjih
iracaTejia öo.n&myro cMiicjioByw h Bupa3BTejitHyio pojrb mojkot urpaTB bhrtop cjio b , 3 t o sHa^HT, ^ to cjio sa b npejuioxeraiB äojixhh nojtöHpaTS-
CH C y TI6TOM COOTBeTCTBymefi CMHCJIOBOÖ H CTHJIHCTHêCKOit
COTOTa-
3M0CTH. JleKCHHecKas coqeTaeMoeTB onpe,nejiaeTca ceMaHTHKofi
cjiob,
ms npunaiyiesHOCTbra k tomy hjih HHOMy ctbjiio p e r a , hx sKcnpeccHBHOBMoqnoHajiBHofi OKpacKofl, rpaMMaTB'aecKBMH ocgöch hocthm h.
CTBO CJIOB, COCTaBJIHKKMX JieKCHKy H3U.K8, CTHJIBCTBieCKB
Eojn>mHBHeftTpaJEbHU.
Ohh F/ioryr ö h tb Bcnoj&soBaHH b jiioöom otpure pe<iB. ^ to KacaeTcn cjkib
c to S hjih BHoß cTHJiiicTK'iecKoä oKpacKoit, OTHOCHDieft hx k onpe,uejaeffBOMy cthjik) pe<na, to npa hx ynoTpectaSHHH, KaK npasnuio, .coÖJnwaOTc s yoJioBBH oaHocmaBHocTH. 3 t o ne siia^BT, ohhhko, »rro cjioBa p a a
M'WOX CTHJERCTHHeCKBX HJiaCTOB HG MOl’yT 0Ka38TBCH B OflHOII KOHT8K
"Te,
B jiaiffloS CT9TB8 Ha 0CH0B8 CTjujrBOTB'iecKoro aHajiB3a
pouaaa
P.OJWiHHrTOHa "CMepTB rep o fl" ( R . A l d l n g t o n . " D ea th of a Hero".lloscow, 1 9 5 8 ) paccMaTpaBaioTcfi ao n p o ca BsaHMojießCTBHa
c tb jih c th to c e b
oEparaeHiarx cjiob c kohtskctom ,
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to b e ) b
”pa3roBopHHe" ( cjiob? " ohh.®?khopo" cTHflHCTHêoKoro to b b ) .
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OBBHOCTB. OHa BOSHEKaöT H8 00H0B6 peSKOBO GOBßTaRÜB KOHTpaOTOE:
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1 PC0H8XB, HDCTpoeroia, 1’ OHT'pSCTH‘i H $OpMH BHpa*8HBH. CJSBHOBgf SJE»-*'
! 10, BH0JIH8 3 5 KOHOMßpHO BCnr>J!B30BaHHe Bt?OaT0.H9.M JieKCHKH, UpEHajIJie-'
k paanHHHHM iraacTsM , jk5o oho onpabube? s t c h coflftpssaHiie*, t*rri
-o ’raeT e ro TBOpBecKOMy ?aMrrcjcy,
HanpHwep, cooömaa v6 oTTtoHieHwn c s o o r o re p o a k cwepTB. Oatjnc-'--
51
ttoh HcnoütfesyeT pa3H0CTHJH>ny!D JieKcnKy, Kofopaa cos^ aeT
BêK T
MffTKOÖ HßOHBB.
Winterboume had rather hoped he would be killed, and icnew
that hie prematura demisa in tha middle twentiea would be borna
with easy atoicism by thoat» «ho survived him /p.26/,
B a p y ra x c a y 'ia a x ynorpaÖJieHiäe khbjkhhx cjiob b
Hö&TpajEbHOM
K0HTQKCT8 nOMüiaöT COSÄSTI. KOMBHeCKlää 8$$eKT.
M r.Upjohn was s r i d e n t l y a v e ry c le a n man» a t le a B t in th o a «
p o r ti o n s
of
h i«
body expoaed t o th e p u b lic g a se / p . 131/ «
PaaroBopnue cjioBa, ö h to b sh ifjpaseojioraß ( T . e . c a o s a "cHHaeH—
Horo" cTBJiacTBHecKoro to h s ) m $OHe HeftTpajz&HOü JteKCBras osusBJiasiT
H0B6CTB0BaHH6.
B EtpHBOJXaMOM HH3K6 HpHMQpe SBTOp K3K ÖH CJJBBaeTCH CO
repoew ; BTOMy cnocoöcrB yeT BHÖop jisk c b o t » xapaiwepHofi
C30BM
jim pe^M
nepcoH ase2t a ne äjih aBTopcKoro noBsoTBOBanHH,
But by TJoveajber, 18 poor o ld Goorgs was whaeked, w h a e k e d to
th 6 w id e, He was & bifc off h ia h e a d , , , , he had l i v e d
cm
h is
nerves,ftnd when I aaw him a t th a B i v i s i o n a l H ast Camp in Oeiwbsr
10 ha s tr u c k a e aa & a a a who was dona fo r» used up»
to
b it
have
gone
to
th e
B rig a d ie r
and
got
aent
He
ought
d a » fo r
a
(p.39).
\\m Apyroä u p m e p , Koi\na BHöop cso b to^ho n e p e s a e i c o o to si
nne 3oui3aä6T, p sm aiaeä, h to o m öepeMQHHa, B aBTopcKoia ü o b 8o tb o BSHHH m CHHIH53M 60 rO.ÜOC,
But in 1914 somsthing went wrang with Elizabeth*a period
and she thought aha was going to have a batsy. And thon isy bat»
what a potfeer 1 Elisabeth lost har head ent Ire ly. Freud «nd 81»
lie »ent to tha cievil in a twinkling... Well,, ehe went at Geor
ge in n way whioh threw him on his
besm-ends (p.41),
ÖJiOBa "caßsoH H oro” C T M acm qecK oro tohs b HeßTpaja&aoM
kok-
TeKCTG M oryt B u sm a T i oöaee craHHeT8«tsoKoe OHH*eaae BwcJcaanBaHJut.
" to npeawte B c e ro « io a a o $aMBjiMpHoS oscpacKoä.
T ax, Kopo-sosa BejüHKodpHTaa»» fysmabapw H assan s psew>mTeAbBM6 H6 M «Good Quses. Y ik y “ , 0 HTJSSSo RHft r 0 OyuapC TBÖ HHH8
:i<iR'VeJVh
JlHspaajra - " B iz s y ” , s asecTHHii aHTJEsScKBü asca'rejiB C tb b sk co k y.!io~
fcrosH johul BHEiiajioB R . L . s . f,It3top,nx yaHTepöopH HaaejieH t s i c m
»nEreram k «essôpaMH, khk an s s a , a f i l t h y , l i t t i e aa«ak-, poor
Wd ta g o f deeaying bones, M-p BOÖÖ - a so aeth in g loue.v ape,
a
l i t l l ; - e n ia e . » l i t t i e oheess wora« J5«<ipjis OrecT
a d u ll a « ,,n
<'O.K-n r.ucker, & tfiträb - ttv id d ler, s »ero of no v a lu e .
CO
KJAl
B CBoeu powsHe Ojiäuiii't o h »
puöM TeaBHoa •'I8KCHK0. H e o m
ochobhom
npuAepKMBaeTca oömeyuoT--
Mu B C T p en aeM Ha C T p a n a u a x poMaHa ap-»
IÜM8MB, TO OHSIj HBJUÄHCB CpeflGTBOU COSBaHHfl IQMOJMCTHêüKOrO 3(|xjbeKTU» CJiyiSaT MGKJISDMÜTeJJjbiiÖ Ü6JMM HpQHHH.
0ÖUTOO UOXOÖHH'M 8i$<|seKT ÄÖCTHraeTCH HCnOÄBOBaHHÖM
apxaH3-
MOB Ha $OHe ÖHTOBOfi EM CHMeHHOß Ä6KCBKH.
Rummy old England. Pox on you, you old bitch* you've
raade
wona’fl meat of us,( We've made n o r m 1a sseat of aurselvas ).
But
aiillf leb me laofc upon thee. Timon knew the« (p.54).
So ha prayed sarnestly for ßuidanoe» and all tha way
the South Coaat to Sheffield urged Isabel to remember that
from
thöjr
must ba e loving and United family, that they had 'Luv* but muet
ncquire Forbsaranee„ I don't wish ~ Haaven f'orfsnd 2 - thst I had
been ln Isabel'B place (p.72).
Kaxerccfl, caM
ko h tbkct
B T o p o ro KpMwepa o n p a s a H B a e t
ö a ö jre ß -
CKos BKpaiuieH Be Heaven forfendKynaoB dose!).
KontMBsoBäHae apxaHSMOB b xioBoe«seBHoa p&'üs b
onpea&jeHHax
K p y rax A k t o t h C T aao ü o w b ycM O Bam n p m w K o u m iä s m io r o d e s p a a jn -
m « , HeysaseHM k otopum spajDHgun«. HojtTBepwenae »tomst toi Haxob aaponaTO
«eöpesBofi pe'-ffl M~pa AmosoHa, Kor.rta oh n p e ju a ra e ? jä x o p w "b s k tb
B odopot TCJICTHK8 ffiOÖÖa", ’STOÖH TOT 8aK83SJI ÖMJ OtäTMO 0 B6M, 8
BOT *?TD iTSGBTB:
j m Ha c-fpaasmax poMaHa OJOTHrsoaa, B es^ssoBaHHOä
!'We ahould go fco the Zoo »ore oftea, and watch
roßopHT A jCUISCOK. " ,
Jcaya
the moa&eya” *
Änd tha perpatual chatter of the »mall mon-
how like auraelwal What aoetatio olIcking about nothing*
öo to the ape» thou post!"(p.134).
B pe^B a sT cp a:
fimong the things Isabel did not know » e » , ., how fco produce
the soi't anewer whioh turneth am&f wrath».« (p.-&4)«
0 Timon» Timor», had 1 thy rhstoricJ Cp.65)*
The change wrought in Elisabeth’s o utlook i» a
femasinjg. C p . 2 1 1 ) ,
Sem
days was
B CTHÄacTB'iecKOM miase npeac?aaffiie? KHTepec besmskeö jcjjo-t
bbü a aejiecoodpaaHocTH Hcn0JJB30BaHaa KHOCTpaHKHX c«obs B pomsh«
mh BCTpsqaew npHMepw HcnojasoBamw «HOCTpaHHUX cjiob »ßcmi hsukob:
fpamtyacKoro, jistühckcipo, BTaasaHCKoro, rpeêcKoro,HeMenjtoro, mc ■
n an cK o ro-
T n ?., n c B s c :•
i.tatcxß ;! ispyxde, ..oTopan so tpasHjsR
du-
up enn e, -äe?i b A h i m t ' T C - h pho.i;ht o iib o i p p a i u i y z c u c e
csioimi
’
tg.-ii e f 'Kaö&^îv.: fv:.
,-,us i'3'ie) st
ca?.sHw jiOCissaeTCH c . •
![3KKK "MCüTHOrO ’C O ^ O . p .
0 KaKOÜ-TO CTeiieHH BTO CJIOBO CJiyOTT H CpeflCTBOM
KOCBeHHOfl
peMeBoü xapaKTepncT0KB.
They'd go on fatigues and patrola together, march
behind
each other on trench reliefa, booze at the eame estaminet* and
Bhow eaoh other the 'photos' of 'Ma' and 'my tart* (p.47).
CpeflCTBOM KOCBeHHOü pe'ieBOH xapaKTepacTHKH
M-pa AiwatOHa
CJiyJKaT HH0CTpaHHH8 CJIOBa B aBTOpCKOM nOBeCTBOBaHHH.
But Mr.Upjohn delivered hia obiter dicta with so much aplomb that a boy of twenty might be excused for failing t,o see
t.heir complete abaurdity (p.133).
obiter dicta (jiaT.) - CJiyâiiHue 3aMeq:aHHfl.
fpaimy3CKoe c j i o b o
b pe'in aBTopa
K o c B e ir a o
xapaKTepuayeT
pe^B fa H H n .
Not that ehe wanted to 'talce George awuy' f r o n
hie inii>treae.
OhJ not at all. Fanny did not want hiia as a perrnanence - Eliza
beth tob welcome to that. I<ut ehe feit, he might do exoellantly
ae a lociim tenens... (p.:i07).
( pennanence (ip.) - H6HT0 rCüCTOJDTHOö
locum tenens (.tot.) - BpeMeinruü 3a,v.soiHTejri>
HOMMHaTHBH.y» H CTÜJIilCTHêCKyW
pacTa BHnojimnoT cjio sa H3
B:
.ipaS«T'3JIBH0r0
KORT-
ü t? o x I'Emkob LaeBaain;:/. s s p f s b :
$paHUJäH, repMBHKH, AhTJiHH. fipOH3HOOi2-.i;
pynicHHHX i’üMOB nocejuta.
Jl-COp.aX B O.niHO?.! BH
n.=)?~
He stood, with hie head benl., iooking st this pafchetio Hen
r v \y y .-i, "
ris of ruined lives, . , !La CJJ.oira’ .’.f:
!.vJ uh-''
alias, God aavo the K i u g ! (p.330).
Hpico xapaKTöpHsysr :;jk
m ic c ia v
. V, i r r :
3jUü3aööT oriMC8HB3 n.x ;:3p ef-p i'r: £ no rn i?
Jlsopasa. Mhcchc JfiviTrj-oopH
pöopn
ciapiv^Ter.
T.s,ijRorr
y -.-y r ,
«
"H ac^ ^ toT n ?”
n>
öeT ace, ’-ito o ucL
-
wUieh, i i
beliaveä, .neant t;;«t puor £1.1 . s ,o r ^ ‘A\ v.r-
P o s i t i o n of Catherine of TUtssia, lu^ri si • Sorgi?,
viiliers, Moll
‘5;ne
Flaaders, a
c( a
: tv in-
*•:j ;g t
from the ourrey side (p.37).
HspH.ij c iineHoU-s iiCTopHqccK:::'
^
H aaeii,K 070p ae, Gy/iy Vfl ynospnojicuu
t
»i s t „ : v
no nr.'ie"
h
aaöö5', p a3odjia;iawT e a nopcK» (EKa'rapMci:) !: avcws i.iiicu-oMKo.seHKHX$aBopHTOfl, repuorjiHH J>eppapcKa« cv ia B ^ ^ c :.
-.npoKaM;;
» up«-
cryixneH;5;-i;/i*;Jr,B*iu Ae rpeH.BH.ni.s - oxi>aBarv:jJi.fi«aa, ocSear.^vrêiaârr r
I Tf C v . , ifoiib T'Jiaimepc, iepof'itj; u- - i ; ei i KLi : v jrynu-, j p i j i i i c : . r .
n p o^ asao«
»enuajKa ji BopoBKa), r h c { ; 2xv :e bbo/ipt miocTpaimn?
54
bo Toro ae ceinaHTHiecKoro onaHa
tric o te u B e (i]b p .) -
BasaaBiaima
( "BH3aj(n>m0UH" - y<iacTHHim $panuy3CK0H öyp*ya3H0H peBOJUGuaa
B0Kaf TeH,neHmao3Ho asodpasaeMue KaK KpoBOxamme "$ypBB
XYI1I
rajitoTB-
HH").
AHaJioraHHyB, BiccnpeccaBHyio $yHKUHio Hecei cjiobo
emigres -
BMHrpHpOBaBfflaH apHCTDKpaTHH^. TaK 0Öpa3H0 Ha3UBaUT UBTOP pOflHrejiefi ÄaopÄxa.
T o me . . .
n ie to ric
as
the B o u r b o n s ,
w ar,
th ey
th e
seem ed a s
retu rn in g
th e
and f o r g o t
e ld e r
fa n ta stic ,
e m ig re s
seem ed
W in terb ou rn es
as
rid ic u lo u s ,
to
P a ris
le a rn e d
in
as
p re-
1815.
L i 'k e
n o th in g
from
the
( p . 38) .
n o th in g
MHor.ua O j k h h t t o h npaöeraeT k BHOCTpaHHHM cjiOBaM.HTOöu
Hjiei o
"Bulletin des
co3-
B .hühhom cjiyâe peni.
H ä T i BneâTêHKe penn Ha HHOCTpaHHOM H3HKe.
Ecrivaina"- "BioJUieTeHe nHoaTejieö", cojiep-
K3BU1BM CnUCOK yÖBTHX H paneHHX $paHUy3CK0X JIBTßpaTOpOB JI xysoKHilKOB B BeCTH o Tex, k t o na (fjpoKTe.
A paasage had been inarked in blue penei 1 - it contained the
aoiaewhat belated news that M. Georges Winter bourne, le jeurie peintre anglaie, was in camp in England ( p . 3 3 3 ) .
BnojiHe onpaanaHU JiaTHHCKBe cjioBa b Mo.wiTBe M-pa yBHTepöopHa
. . . rnea c u l p a ,
m ea c u l p a ,
m ea m a x i m a c u l p ; . ,
Ave M a r i a
rperneH, h ip e rn e n , BejiüKHH h rpeuiH BK), böo b to $opMa
(p ._ 3 1 ) (
xiokshhhh
H
y
K3T0JIBK0B.
O npaBsaHa aööpeBM aTypa R . I . P .
in
p a c e (jia T .)
-
öHÖJieiicKoM $ p a s u
Map n p a x y T B o e w y ,
aa
IBih . a p y r o e JiaTHHCKoe Bspe'ieHBe
nonaex
b
Mape
R e q u ie sca t
(p .3 3 0 ).
Hic incipit vita nova. C a e -
Ayioiueä $ p a s o ä O j u b k t t o h p a c K p u B a e T e r o .
T h u s waa George,
young
George, generated ( p . 5 7 ) .
HMeHHO TaK O e BCn0JI£>30BaHHe HHOCTpaHBUX CJiOB HBJlHeTCfl
CTHaDB~
CTHêCKB OIipaBflaHHUM.
OnnaKO b p o t ju& m oxhq cHHTaTB u ejiecooöp asu H M TO OÖHâe
UJT3CK0X H JI8TBHCKHX CJIOB B aBTOpCKOM n 0 B 6 C T B 0 B 8 H B H , A M
c ^ O B a . W3 $ p a H u y 3 CK0X’ o
cy uiecTByioT paBHOca JibH ue a u r j i M c K a e
au fo n d
(fiOHTH),
(b
au
cymHOCTB),
tan t
co n tra ire
jia ru H C K o ro :
pl(), e t a l .
(m T . i u ,
cum
^ IteeöToh
(o ,
que m al
(naoöop O T),
np ouMM). Ha
oyme c T ß y ) ,
b ien
v iz
T.H.),
(K o e -K a x ),
en p aaaan t
» v id e lice t
ip so
(JpaH ~
KOTOptDC
H 3 iu ca ;
a peu
prea
(«MMOXOflOM,
Meawy
( a a u e m -io ), vide
(c m o t-
fa cto (T eM
caM U M ),
in
esaa
(n o
u w ec i-e ) .
h p,h'ry r-'-c r-iB p a u iiii ; ; n i ; a c : n n EypCiOHOß. hm-mj.;,.! 117 r*.,.
ii’paHuybcKOii öypxyeaHol? posc.iicujjeH ö 'lil BeKa.BuecTä c bypou-sMH
nupBOÄ PecraBpaaKH no
Uti■:» ucpuy/inob 3Mi?rpnpoB::u'-.;..îi
t ü h - e a .ii;re 8 .B y n C o iiii. ko H..-r:.neK!uae vpro-.a a;3 neiiCJiniHH. üpi.
,'i« ü p o B O p e a R u a o s ü i .
v •: Hujih
C5
ih k /
7
i<
1
Hjih eaHHB'rane npus/iepH cjiob a ijppas 0s r p e '<ecKo.ro (hubris -
p a cn y -
B jeim O C TB, ÖS3HpaSCTB8IIH0CTb) .
One might thlnk that happinese was »hubris* «th» «!x c <?sb which
calla down the vengesnce of Fate (p,205),
Hs 3Ta;ibHHCKoro (ir. petto
- b ayine),
Reserring in petto a denunciation of the gui.l tatricken
and
coust*rnated father and so» ln. the aatter of thelr deception o w
the € 200, sha direoted a akilful enfilsde f'rs on fche
Isabel (p.f'3).
diaarraed
He HBJWBxca m ohh jieMOBC'epaqBeä spyuBHJ?« rm ca T ejis, 0
«*eM
oh caM sanBJiaeT, npoi»THpoBas »3 pe«JH BoHanai;»-j r jk ss^ b m ccto,
r.ne rtujra npoH3Hec8Ea » th c p o s a .
J'nurais pu mourir; r i - t n ne m'aüt etd plus fae-lle, J ’ai an-
cors k eririra ce qua nouo avons falt... (Bonaparte & Fontaineb
leau - admirez l ’eruditicn de l'auteur) (p.1 7 3 ).
llp e.sn iw iaraa o n p e fla r a T t xaHpoBHtf oöjujk C B o e ro poM arts, Ojuö kt *
t o h R aaB an e r o p0M aH 0M -asa30M ( J a z z - m u r e l ) , a ne <5es ocH O BaH aa. B
ye?
new
naoB H o ro n o se cT B O B aH n a. C o ö h tb k n p e a c T a w n e p e .i nBTa-Tejiert
b xpoH O Jtora’ie cK B od paraoM n o p a m te . JU>nojiKHTejtt->HNM uitphxom HBJsaeT--
on
BcnojiBsoBaH H e aBTopoM c jio b MysHKaJi&HOfl TßpMHHOJioraa;
a a c T i poMana o ö o s H a i e s a MysHKajiBHUM rcpf/ano*. t onpejiejuroranM
re« n :
rrp ojior -
Ka.m,naa
ee
a l l e g r e t t o - He oaera> Ö a c r p o ;
'lacT i I - T iv a c e - cTpeMHTejiBHO, tfpaBypHo;
r/acTB II - andante cantabile - Me,UJiein.'C, neBy'ie;
’jacTt i - adagio- MejweHHO, cnoKofiHo.
HeoÄHOKparao aBTop a c n o jiB s y e r MysuKajiinyto TepMBHOJioraio 0 m
oTpaHKqax poMaHa. HaaöoJiee aHTepecKoß b btom oTHomeHBH fiBJiHRTcr
KapTHHa aprajuiepHßcKcro Ö oa, y s a c a e a ie ro 3peJiama, ne nepeaaBaeMoro cjioBaMH, T 0M dojiee MyetucaJiBBHMi) TepMHHaf/a,
TpyaHO npe,ucTaBBTB, ’itoöh TaKHe a i o s a , rate syraphony.rhyth®in hannony, druma, jazz, e ride of tbss Walkyrie, asotif, Vibra
t i o n » , Moraa n e p e a a n . apTM aepirttaKjfT KapoHaay. ft to jib k o ö jia ro a a pn yMejioMy OTÖopy cjio b a cjioBOCo'iexaHHä, BapTyoanoft odpaanocTH,
aBTop M acTepcM n e p e a a ji b c b ca.ny
a
pespynaTejiBHHx
op y-
JOB«.
The whole thing was indeaeribable - a terrific apeotacle, a
atupendoua eymphony of sound. The devil - artist who had etaged
it was a master, in comparieon with whom all other artiata of tat
Sublime and terrible were babies. The roar of the guna was fceyo.id
olaroour - it was an lnmenae rhythasio havraony,a super - , ) ^ 2 of t re«endoua drumo, a ride of the Wa.l»:yr:i.e plnyad b.v fchree
th-'-mai»'!
56
cannon. The intense rattla of the machine-guns played
raotif of terror (p.342).
a
SMomioHajiBHo B03ae3cTB yeT Ha TOTaTejm M8Ta$opH»nioe
ainor
y n o rp eö -
jieHiae JWHTBHCTH'iecKofi TepMHHOJiorDH. S n e c t BHCTynaeT Ojwhhttoh nOBT.
On foggy nights the prolonged anapaeet of the Poreland Llghtshlp foghorn anawered the hoarae spondee of the passing ahlpa
groping thelr way up Channel (p.116).
riHTancB "peniHTB Tpy^Hyro 3 a a a q y " : KaKaa xe qeTa H3 Tpex npoaujjia x h 3 h l Jiynme, c^ acx^ B B ee, O juiohttoh npHderaeT k uaTe«aW i«iec-
KOM TepMHHOJIOrHH, KOTOpaH CJiyJKBT CpejICTBOM C03ÄaHHfl KOMHêCKOrO
B(|4®KTa.
The problem may be stated thua: Let X equal the menage dear
Mamma - dear Papa, or a typlcal couple of the 'aeventiea and'elgfr-
tiee,
And let Y equal the menage George Augustus and Isabel, or •
typical couple of the »nineties and ’noughta.
And further, let Z equal Elizabeth and George, or a typlcal
young palr of the Georgian or European War epoch. Then it renains
t o be proved whether Z is equal to, or greater than, or less thaa
X and/ or Y .
A pretty theorem, not to be eolved mathematically- too aany
untcnown quantitiea involved (p.171).
Mponn3Bpyfl najx nepeMCHQfi, npoHcme^meÄ b 3Ji23adeT c MOMewra
ee jioxhoü öepeMeHHOcTH, Ojuubhttoh acnoja>3yeT BoeHtiyu TepMHHOJio-
7’HiO.
But perhape the most amazing circumstance in thia peculiai
epieoda was the Bpeed with which Elizabeth once more evacuatsd
t h e old familiar Hindenburg line, and reoccupied the mostadvanoed positiona of Sexual Frsedom (p.214).
Cpe^H pa3H00Öpa3HHX JUüHTBHCTBHeCKBX CpajtCTB, K0T0PH6 OJUCBHT'
toh npKMeHHeT a j m
BHpaxeHHs Bponaa, mh HaxoÄ0M mötkhö
HeojiorBS-
mh. OcodeHHo Bupa3HTeju.HH Hoojiorasmh, oöpasoBaHHae cnocoöoii CJIOBOCJIOSeHBH.
HpoHH'iecKoü xapaKTepacTHKoß oTMeveH oöpa3 BHKTopaaHCKoS AhrjiHH. B caaTOü $opMe O jw hhttoh paccKa3HBaeT oö A h tjim , "oKyraHhoä
TyManaMH ÖJiaroÄynraa, jiH neM epaa
KaK öynTO
o t o im o
b nponiJioe n b
to
b
aemeBKH", oö o
boom to m ,
hti
x e B p e m TaK ö joisk o.
The wealth of that England, the maritime power ofthat Kiik
l a n d , itB worse than E.X..S. optimism, ita righteoua cantl VI ot»
LSaK.875
57
ria,
broad-bottomed
o n h e r p e o p l e ' s will;
the p o s s e s s i n g d a s s
h e a v y - b o t t o m e d o n the p e o p l e ' s n e c k (p,53).
Heoaor»3Mu, ortpaaosaHHHe nyTeM KOHBepcaa a jxepHBamm,onyaaT
cpeacTBOM ycHJieHBa HpoHHiecKoro h caTHpH*iecKoro a ^ e K T a . B hx oop*
hob6 - noHCKH jiaKOHinHoft 0 ßMKoit $op«H cosaamia oöpasa.
It w a s d e l i c i o u s to be c l e a n a n d d e - l o u a e d a g a i n (p.312)
SByraT rojioc Jt&opaxa b sbtopckom noBecTBOBaHHH.
H
O j w h h t t o h oö^HHaet MMByto
mo-
E l i z a b e t h b e c a m e i n o r d l n a t e l y p r o u d of b e i n g n o l o n g e r
a
hh
ÄP.yroS npiiwep,
b
kotopom
p a jn > :
Y i r g i n . Y o u m l g h t h a r e th o u g h t ehe w a s the o n l y d e v i r g i n a t e d youo—
w o m a n l n L o n d o n (p.191).
Cy$$HKC - dom npaoÖpeTaeT H0B0e 3Ha*t8HHe
(a ö c T p a K T H o e c y m e c T B B T e jiiH o e ,
jfflficK B fi c o J w a T ) .
G eorge had
a o te c b o h o 0 3 H a n a e T
d e g e n e ra te d
cjiob 6
b
oöpasoBaHHoe o t m o b b
"x y n m a e c t o p o h h
te r r ib ly
a in c e
jo in in g
ther e w as n o k n o w in g t o w h a t p r e p o s t e r o u s d e p t h a
M lg h t f a l l
aommydoai
Tommy • -a H r c c ^ a T > iH H i j" .
th e
of
arrn y , an d
'L'omiuydain he
( p .2 4 8 ) .
AHaoioriH'iHo oöpasoßaHu aöcTpaKTHne cymecTBjJTejiBHbie
H av yd om ,
A rm ydom .
a ..the E m p ir e w a s a y m b o l i a e d hy t h e K i n g - S m p e r o r ; a n d
p o o r m an2 - i s
K in g -
a ? i e l d ‘d a r s h £ l
th e re b y
a lw a y a
h a v in g
o r a b ra a s-h a t
a o q u ire d
a m y s tie
o f so m e k i n d .
im p o r ta n c e
th e
d r e a a up a a a n A d m i r a l
to
N a v y dom a n d
or
Annydora
( p ,3 5 0 ).
PaccMaTpBBaeMoe b aaHHoä cTarte BaaüMoêfioTBHe cTmiHCTHêo-
kh
oKpameHHux o jo b c k o h tsk cto m azurneren jihidl qacTbn
Kpyra .Min’BHCTBHecKHX cpeacTB, Hcnoji&3yeMHX
nmpoKoro
öbtopom
poMaHa
"CwepTB rep oh" , C m a H3JioxeHBa o tch b BuarpuBaeT ot tomhoto
OTBeTCTBBH ypOBHfl pe^S CSDSeTy H CTV.ÜO nOBOCTBOBaHHH. IHBOCT«
pa3Hooöpa3H» cnocoöcTByeT
racTaa
ooB
oweHa peqeBKx ypoBaeä. JlHTepa-
TypHaH pe<n> nepsMeaaeTOH c paaroBopHOft
h
aa*e c
$aMH.nr.apHo~pa3“
ro B o p ao ä.
B.K.ÜJieiUKo
K BOnPOCJ 0 BHPAXEHM MOflMtHOCTM
B AHrMKCKOM K MOJUIABCKOM H3UKAX
K a K n s e e c T H o , rp a M M S T H ^ e c K a it e r p o it x a js n o r o a a u it a x a p a K T e p n ~
a y e T c a p aa o M o c o ö e H n o c T e ii,
c a o x s t B z ia x c a
b
npouecce
e ro
r u t s iT e u m v -
10 P83B0T0H. HeKOTOpue 03 8THX OCOÖeHHOCTeÄ CBOflCTBeHHH H* TOJOrKO OÄHOMjr KaKOMy-TO H3HKy, BO H H3HJK3M, HS HSIOflHlUHMCH B ÖJIB3KOM pOÄCTBe.
TaK,
H ecM O TpH
h3h ko b ,
Ha
n p H H S flJ ie x H O C T B
a H T J iB Ä c ic o r o
H3H Ka
k rp y n n e
b
oöobx
BCTpeiauTCH a n y H a H a H a j io r B B K a K b o Ö p a s o B a H B B a H S J i H T B i e c K H i $ o p n ,,
T8K 0 b pfme j u p y r a x cpeacTB B H p a s e H B H r p a M M a T B n e c K B x S H a 'ie H B Ä .
Ilpa oöyqeHHH HHocTpaHHony H3HKy onpeflejteHHy» pojn>
0rpaeT
OpaBHBT6JIBH0—C0H0CT8BBT6JÜHH0 M0TOÄ, npBM0H6HB8 KOTOpOrO npH OÖVHCHeH00 rpaMMaTHHecKoro Maxepaajia cnocoöcTByei BHimneHB» cxoäctb
0 pa3JI0MHÜ Mexny pOÄHHM B BHOCTpaHHHM H3HK8MB, 8 T8KX9 ÖOJiee TXJ<6 o k o h j noHBMBHBs rpaMMaTBêcKoro CTpofl HsyuaeMoro H3HKa.
re p M a H C K H X
a
M O Jw a B C K o ro
-
k
poM aHCKoü
rp y rm e ,
Il3yHeHne cpe^cTB BupaateHBa Moaajn>HocTB b o ö o b x asuKax npeacTaB.nfleT onpeaejieHHHit HHTepec. üpa b t o m cêjxyeT o t m q t h t b .'ito an rjIBÜCKBfl 0 MOJWaBCKBÜ H3HKB XapaKTepB 3yE)TCH OflBHaKOBHMB CpeflCTB3MB BHpaieHBH MOflaJIBHOCTB, KOTOpue, OflHaKO, SJ3yM6HH H6 B OflBHSkoboK
cien eH B . K hbm o th o c h tc h : rpaMMaTBHecKae cpeacTBa (iio a a Jtt-
hhb rjia ro jiH b icaTerop rji Ha&noHeHBH) , jieKCH'iecKae cpeacTBa
(m o uaJibHue cjioBa), $OHeTBHecKHe cpeacTBa (BHTOHanBH).
OCTaHOBBMOH KpaTKO Ha J10KC0KO—rpaMMaTBêcKHx Cpe^CTBaX BH~
paacsHHH M0H3JIBH0CTH. Mojzajri>HH0 anoBa b shtjibückom h3hko (poauibly, surely, perhaps) B3yW-HH BOBOJIBHO IViyÖOKO, OHB MaCCBC&BDJjpOp.aiffl, onpeaeyieHH bx Mop$oôrHHecKBe b CBHTaKCBHecKBQ $ynKmaa.
E
rpaHMaTBKe MojmaBCKoro H3HKa M0.a8J£bHHe cjioBa He BHueaeHH B ot~
ne.ainyEi MopôJiorüHecKyio rpynny, k c-iosa c m o ä s j i b h h m SHaTOraeii apctfaöHJi", "docbcsbji", "$8pg h h h o m b " b apyrBe BmuraeHH b cociaB HapB'IBft BJIB Xe BCTpSTdCTCH B C0CT8Be ?aCT0rt, K8K, H8Qp0M8p,
CJIOBO
"iro aT e",
Cpnoc.'raBJieHHe Bcex $opM HamroHeHBH b
oöobx
HSHKax -
Bonpoc
‘"..•10IBKOM oöraBpHHü, T8K icaK ßaHaaÄ rpanw aT ireecK afl x a T s r o p i a
npea-
0X9BJ1BK3 0 S MO-HHaBCSOM H3HK6 0H6HB CJIOKHOfi CBCTBMOfi $0{M. 0CT8“
'JOBBMCJT vlBIHB Hfl T6X $OpMaX, npH OOMOHttl KOTOpMX BbipaKaBTCff OITflHKM BO3MOXHOCT0, IipeÄlIOJrOXeKHH 0 COBepmeHBI flefiCTBBfl. OT»
0TT6K-
•:<A MOHG.n&HO0 TB MOTyT ÖHTi .aßpejMHH B 8KTAS&CK0M B M0JW8BCKCM Ä3K■cax o noMOBBio ksk Mo.aaîBHHX cjio b , t s k b MOÄajitHHx rjrarojtOB:
P r o b a b l y , they
are approaching the.ir deatination.
ITpoöaöHJi, eß ce anpoaae ne jxecTHHaqHe.
Thsy raust be approaching their daBtination.
Eti Tpeöye ca ce anponne n.e aeoTKHanHe.
0.IH3KO OTTßHOK BepOflTHOCTB, COMHeHHfl npH JimmMCß
JUOflCTBHl'
'■'■■»jo>)no.ro j-a^ro.icf n*'psjW 6Tcs ö o a e e totoo npsi noMona» $opM»
59
Mtw-
A & B C K oro HaKJioH6HBH
"n p e s y M Q T B B "
ES (b )o p $b asyHTHHa m
(n o T e H iw a a ,
n p e n y H B T o p ).
flecTBHauae.
Koraa ze aeßcTBae ochobho:to rjiarojia o th o ch tch k npoioejEtmeior
BpeueHB, aHTJoiflcKoe coneTaHne MoaajiBHoro rjiarojia c nep$eKTHHM aa-»
$bhbtbbom uoxho nepeBecTü c noMonu>K) $opMu npomeflinero BpeMeHB b to ro
* e H aK aoH öH H H ,
T .e .
"n p e 3 y M n T B B —T p o K y T " .
She muat have grown old waiting for hie return.
(E a ) o d>a möBTPHHBT. auiTenTHHay-^.
AH8JIH3 n e j i o r o
0 T T 6H 0K COMH0HHH,
pw a
np nw epoB
MOSHO n e p e ß B T B
n o n a s a ji,
<i t o .u e ü c T B B e ,
H o cn m e «
Ha MOJIflaBCKOM H 3H K 6 T 3K Ä 0
H
C
nOMOtUBB $0PM H HaKJIOHeHHH "KOH*yHKTHB—T p e K y T " .
Cb-ji 4h nyc HHTpeöapji ms hh HeayMepape?
Could my questlon have taken him aback?
OcTaHOBBMca öojiee noflpoöiio Ha ocoöshhocthx ynoTpeÖJieraiH moAajQiHHZ rjiaro.noB b aHrjiHitcKOM b MOJinaBCKOM H3HKax, KaK H3BecTHO,
bto caiOBa ocoöoro Tana b a3UKe, h bx othocht k MOfla.ii.HHM rjia ro jibm no Mop$ojiorH,iecKBM b ceMaHTHHeoKHM npB3HaKaM. B
aHrnHiicKon»
H3UK6 BTB IVIßrOJUl M9TK0 BUfleJieffiJ B OTHeJIBHyK rpynny UHCJieHHOCTBl
b
8 -1 0 raarojiOB Ha 0CH0BaHBB
Mop$ojiorBqecKax npasHaKOB, otjih Ha
naus b x ot ocTa^BHofi MaccH rjia ro jio B , a TaKxe caMocTOHTejiBHux JieK~
CBHeCKBX 3Ha<?eHHÜ, npHÖJIHSaBUWX HX K KBTeropBB MOflaJIBHÜCTH.
B
MOjmaBCKOM Ke H3HKe bth rjiaro jra ne npeacTa&neEu o tjj 0 jibi!o 0
rpyxt-
nofi, nocKOJiBKy no cbobm Mop$ojiorHMeoK0M a cBHTaKCHHScitBM
cboK-
ctbbm ohb Majio OTJuaHaiöTGfl o t .npyrax rjia ro jio a . Ohb paccMaTpaBanToh JuiniB KaK KOMHOHeHTH co craB H o ro cxaayeM oro. CBoeoöpasKe JieKcB’iecKBX SHa'ieHHfi MOBa-ntma ra a ro /io B b oöobx asuKax c o c t o e t
b ne-
p e a a s e hmh pa3®0iHHx 0TTeHK0B mök8J]mk)ct0 , BHpajicaioinBx He
caMO
ÄejScTBüo, a OTHOinerae k flefiCTBaa, Kaie b bhivimhckom, TaK a b mojijaBCKOM a3UKe, btb rjiaro jm buhojihjuot b npejyiojKeHHB
x e OBHTSKCB'iecKyB $yHKKBB ~ JyHKixaio cjtyxedHoM qacT«
«oâjiBHoro CKasyeMoro.
o,uny
it
Ty
cocT asH oro
HmepeoHo 0TM6TBTB, »wo cooTBeTCTByBUüäe no 3Ha'ieH0Ki
iv ia ro -
jiau oan b must ra a r o ja j "a n y ra " 0 " a Tpeöya" MoryT xarate
y n o i-
peöfflaTBCH h KäK caM ocToareaBHHe iv iaro jm , ^ to h o b o sm o k h o b
3 h t-
Ä00CKOU JI3UK0:
E a $aMe TOTyji, .nana TPeö.ye,
tiBHO noaTe t a j j t r , n o a T e nua nynmi.
OnHaKo rjiaro ji "T poöye" b cömoctohtsjibhom sHa’ieiiMH o o d t b ö t c t *
byeT ne aHTJiaäcKOMy m u st, a rjiarojry nsed, ynoTpeÖJieHHOMy
KaK caMocToflTejcbHuji rjia ro ji:
Umb Tpeö.ve asyTop,
-
1 need help.
60
T&Kste
B COOTBeTCTBHH C OHHTaKCH'JeCKOH $yHKUH8H,
KOTOpyiO BUnOJIHfl-
u t MoaaJibHHe rjiarojiH b oÖohx H3HKax, hx moxho H83HBaTi> nojtyBcnouoraTejiBHUM H
( " c e M H a y K 3 H JiH a p e " ) .
M o^ ajiL H u e r jr a r o .a u ,
MÄCKOM H3UK6 0
B C T y n a a b C0H6T8HH6 c
C KüHXyHKTHBOM HJIH CyilHHOM ( p 6 X 6
m oj^ & b ck om H3UKe n p a 0öp a30B aH H H
c a " n p o n e c o y rpaM Ma t u 3aiiH H ,
jih "
(flp r ie B a ,
h h $ h h b th b o m b
1961,
e r o J ie K C H ie c K o r o
c .1 3 1 ) .
HH$HHHTHB0M ) B
oocT aBH H X C K a a y e M u x , n o a B e p r a io T -
K aK h
Bcmae
OflHaKo
ap y ra a
n p n e to m
cB H 3o «m u e
r jia r o -
o h h n e yrpaH H BaioT c b o -
a n a ^ e H a s d o jih o c t b io ö J i a r o a a p a TOMy, h t o
MaHTHKa M oaaJiBH H x r j i a r o ji o B
a m '--
caM a c e -
n p H Ö JiB s a e r h x k K aT erop H H MOâjitHOCTH.
ToBopH o rpaM M ath aau H H M o aajib H u x r jia r o jr o B ,E .A .K p a jie n iiH H M c o B a ( [ 9 5 8 )
n o Ä ^ ep K H B a eT ,
TaitKM c ö p a 3 0 M ,c y m e c T B 0 B a H n e r H3UKe c ji o x h o ä Ä H ajieK -
THÎBOKOfi CBJ53H MeXHY üeKCHKOß H rpaMMaTHKOÜ.
M 3B 9C T H 0,
hto
noM rp a M M a T 0 3 a u iie ä
mm s a a ^ e n M ,
ayMeBaeTCH npnoöpeTeaae
TeropßH M B p e M e iiB ,
3 a .n o r a ,
flHaneHHH x a p a K T e p u s y m T
H aim oH enKH
uojiajibme
K o n a jit m o c r ji a r o ji o B
öjih3 khx k
n o jt p a -
rpai.iMaTHHecKHM Ka~
0 t . i u B ß ü jitm e fl Mepe
b th
b w oju aB C K ow H3HKe h p
r ji a r o ji H
ViSHBuieü Mepe b aHTJiHMcKOM.
Ey nor ca B0H, - I can coiae.
Ty noiXB CB B3Ü.- You can c o m e .
Hoii nvTeM ce BeHMM. - We can come.
Ey n.VTHM C8 B0H, - I coulfi come.
Hoä BOM nyTfl 08 BOHHM» - We'll be able to come.
3fleci) (JopMH raarcw a. " a oyTH" BapaxaioT rpajAMaya'iecKae KaieropHH jinua, q ncjia, speMeira. 15 ara'JiiHßcKOM xe aauKe rjiaro ji can Moxei
B upaxatb tojibko npo.ine.muee Bpewji $opmoü
isaTB KöTsropHH jiHya h
couid, ho He MoxeT Bupa*
ne hmöbt $opMH öy.nyuiero BpsweHH,
KaK jijih aHP/'KHCKüro, t s k 0 n m MOJiuaBOKoro Hsuita xapaKTepHO
HBJieHHe aeceM aH'j:0 3 an n ii Mo.uaJiBHHX r jia r o jio B 0 h x npeBpameHiaa
bo
BcnoMoraTejibHNe, npBMepoM 9 T o ro aBJiefma b aHTJiaficKOM a stw e MoryT
oayxHTb rjiaro jiu
shall B will, npeBpaTHBmaeca 03 MOflajiBHux
bo
BcnoMoraTejifeHHe äjih öynytiero BpeMeit», a ahould 0 vrould äjih
c o cjia ra T e jiB H o ro höiuiohshmh. B m ojw 3 b ck o m h s h k q b t o
HBJieirae aa~
öJimjiaeTca y rjiarojioB "a aB a" ( jia T . habäre ) u "a b o b " ,
" a B pa"
(jiaT . veile, H ap .Jiax. volere). Eme b jib t h h c k o m n s u n e rjiaro/iu habSre
i! velle(vol5re) B COTOTailHH C.
tghkh
BUpaXflJIH MO«a^H!ie
w n , a r a rjiarojiu OTa.® bouomoratoJiBHUUH 11 aimjiw; iviocniix
B äp s'âio'iEJx ö y a y iu f ja
a p e M >:: c o i i
p o .fijin .ia cB n a p a ji.- ie .it iü j
'G^1
OT-
. üpoiiHH aJiKve/iBim ü np üueo c jnoceManTHyauüH « rpaM vaTH Kajui3a~
■' j’ rpd'te .MCi:
Ü anpuM ep:
a kuhtj , a?.i .-i K iiir r f e .K o t o p iio
'■ w m
. r,..,yL
noa»yHKTMBOM
f::Hj VJyfi ,'iclH:
61
lij Vi*
$opMux,
ynoTk
.
ü r -u a e r a
* . -0
M 'ay HHTpeöaT, khhb afl c b Te J i v m a K o j i o .
M' a y HHTpeöaT, khha tb Beft m ree aKo.no.
I was aak ed when you would ko t h e r e .
OaHaKO, e c JU& " a aB g" KaK MoaajifcHHit rjia ro ji imeeT $opmhpa3JiiHHHX
rpaMMaTHqecKHX KaTeropafl (aM cb b b h , bbhm cb bhh b t. ä . ) ,
hto
T arne xapaKTepHO fljia rjia ro jia t o b e , " a a s a " KaK BcnoMoraTejiBHHä
rjia ro ji npa 0dpa30BaHBB öynytaero BpeMeroi mokot c t o h t b tojibko
b
$ opiie HacroHmero'BpoiieHH: ey au c a bhh , i y att oa b b K, aa age oa
BHH3 H T .fl,
üpeacTaBJLHeT HHTepec conocTaBJieHHe npefljioxeHBJi I am t o p r e p a re a r e p o r t
h " E.y aM ne nperBTHT yH p anop T ". JleiicTBHe,
seHHoe MOflajiLHHMH rJiarcwiaMH to b e h " a a B a " , HMeeT,
B upa-
Heco.wieHHO,
o tt8H ok öynym ero, x o th coneTaHiie t o be c bbpbhhthbom hb
>uyrtreTCff
$opMofl öyaym ero BpeMeHH. 3KB0BaJieHT aaKHoro MoâJitHoro ^jiarojiBHor o co>ieTaHHfl b MOJwaBCKOM hshkb He tojibko h o c h t 0TTeH0K ö y a p ie ro
ho B HfleHTuneH c aHaJiHTHHecKoli $opMoM öyayinero BpeMeHH " am oBnpere T e cK " . b KOTopoli r a a r o ji "a a s a " hbjih 6tch hhcto BcnoMoraTß.Tf)HHM
h KOTopan HeceT b ce ö e öojiee öoraTHÄ CTBJiHCT0<jecKH0 s>#eKT,
$opiwa " BOfi n p eraT g " .
B COBpeMCHHOM aHTJIBÜCKOM £1 M0JLH8BCK0M flSHKHX
rjiaroaBHHe coneTaHHa THna "a a B f i" (to h a v e )
iew
BGTpeâBTCH
+ hh$b h h th b, n e p e a a -
rouuie MoaajEbHHfi OTTeHOK HeoöxoOTMocTH coBepmeHBß .itetfeTT?sv«.K8npHMep:
A ao y a 3H AhäPSä a s a a c e gyqe jis pe/taKime Hywatf .ixyne
am -
38 (A .Ko3M ecK y),
S te v e had t o le a v e t h a t o o rn in g f.Gordon),
OflHaKO 0TT6H0K H 9 0 Ö X 0 Ä H M 0 C T H , n e p e n s a s a M H Ö
ooobm h
r J ia r o .n e t/iH , p a s -
JiH'jeH, a BM6HH0: " a s a g t bhBbhbthb" BwpssaeT H8H3(5e*nyic aeorfxcAüm octb, " t o have
+ aa^HHBTMß” - BHHyaseraty» ueo6xo.iw v.oc7h.
CpeacTBOM nepeBOJta aHTJiHiicKoro c o ^ e r a n m modal
nuoua I n f i n i t i v e
r^rh i c o m im
Ha MOOWaBCKRfi aSHK MOJK6T CtyssiTh tfiOpM;? > o f t iji
+ repyBKBfl", KOTopaa b «peBHCMOJuaBCKOM m i m m v b o^koS
«s
iih t*
$opM öyaym ero BpeMeHH b KOTopaa, y rp a w B o ttc h o k öj/joyrne. o , o o x p a m n a c h b H3HKe c moasji&hhm ott6hk om npejjno;tc*eRBff. Hanpv'wop:
They must be d iacu B slr.K an urgenr. pr.ifc.lep,
EK ( b ) op <Sh üHOKVTHHii o npoöjriewv» ypftenTB.
4 t o KacaeTOfl nepe'-iaa u o m x b m x r a a r o n o v s oöokx a ^ a 'ta x .c a « 1ÄyeT 38M6TBTB, HTO.ecjiH ? 8HTJwßcK0M «3HK6 k s to ß rprnnn r n s r o r '-a
O TH O C Ä T
TOXhBO r.n a rO Ü U C MOOTaBHNM O T T P H K O K , B M0JI;T.'i? C '
n o c K O J iM ty
T8KaH rp y n n e
w o p d flJio r'K ’fe c K B
n*» u u .r p ^ u a . ;; t r / .
,
’ -;rr-- -
1'aTöJO.HHM rJiaroüaM moasjibhhx CKasyeMax o th o c h t He tojibko roiarojiti,
ho
b uejujfi pftu rjaarojiBHHX coqeTaHHfi o MoaaJiBHHM
o tt6h k o m .
B n p o u ecce conocTaBJieHBH MOflaJiBHux M a ro a o B oöobx
h3hkob
cjieayeT oöpaTHTB bhbManne Ha hx coqeTaeMocTB c onpeaejieHHUMH $ o p MaMH CMHCJioBoro r jia ro jia . B aHrJiHäcKOM H3HKe, Kau B 3 B 6 c th o ,
(f)OpMOfl M0X6T ÖHTB HH$BHBTBB. B MOJWaBCKOM K6 H3HK6 BC6
ynoTpeÖHTejieH KOHxyHKTBB (cb $aK, c e BeHBm>)Kotopus b
b to ä
00,7166
coêTa*
Hua c MOflajiBHUM rJiarojioM n p 03H aexca HopMofl jiBTepaTypHoro c t h j w .
CoqeTaHHH xe c bh$bhbtbbom o t h o c h t k apxaBnecKHM ( e y noT a
(fiane
a ia c T a ).
b
1.
y B o p
M osaJiBH H e r ji a r c u m
pasJnaâioTcfl no
cbohm
b
aurJiH ftcKOM
b
MOJinaBCKOM a a u K a x p e 3 K 0
MopiftojoraêcKHM HpasnaKaM.
2 . fhm m ch nojiyBcnoMoraTejibHuMH KOMDOHanTaMH cocTaBHoro ivia: ojiBHoro cK asyeM oro, MOflaaBHae r,n aro.ra b aHPJiaiicKOM hslikö coneTa-
CTCÜ TOJLbKO C BH$MHBTHBOM CMHCJIOBOrO IViarOJia; B M0JW3BCK0M H3HK6
4-ops«aM0 ocHosHoro rjia ro a a MoryT ö h tb kohk.v ü k th b , cynBH.npavacTBe
8 , O'ieHB pejIKO, 51Hl|)KH«THB.
3 . Rn.h oöobx h3ukob xapaKTapen tipou ecj [vaMMaTHKa,,i038U8B mo
jjft-iBHHx rjiaro iio B .
4 . B OÖOBX H3HK8X BMeCTCH X'JiarCJOJ, KOTOpue, flBJIHHCb
HHMH, B CO^ÖTaUHB C BH$HHBTHBOM (B SHIVlläKCKOM H3HK8)
OCHOB-
BJIB C KOH-
KJHKT0BOM (B MOJWaBCKOM H3HK6) Up0,itatOT CKaSyeWIOMy Möfla^bHiJÖ
T6H0K: to heva (a a B a ); t o be (a $ B ) , t o need
5.
OT-
( a T p e ö y a ).
M oKaJiBH ue ooM eTaniiH M o r y r nepejiaBaTi. o tts h o k
Öyaymero B f »
MSHH B odoax H3HKaX.
6 . C0CT8B MOaajIbHHX raarOJJOB BMeCTO C BX. BKEHB3JI6HTAMH
öo~
jtee raapoK ß mojimbckom H sa s e .
7 . B oöobx h suksx KJiacoHfliaK.aimr MojrajiBHHX rjiarojioB
0CH0Ba-
H8 Ha HX MOJiaJtBHHX 0TT6HK8X,
JI M T E P A T
V PA
K p a !ii e n
a nh
nraiu;
-Ka»
h
k
o ti a
E. A.Mo.uan&Hije
rnar-MU H Ha~
MsweuKOM « « w , M ., I ‘j 5 b .
ii p Ms b s
b, H., •/•ßTopswecKHi! cmmn<^«cßnr««acK oro
1961..
b
jtju -
C.C.IIeTpoB
CJromonOOTHEHHOE IPEJürOlEHME
C KOCBEHHUM BOnPOCOM B COBPEMEHHÖM
AHTMßCKOM H3UKE
I. C.noj5Hono,2iHBHeHHoe npeanoseHBe,
hb jihhcb
nanMeHee pa3pa<5o-
T3HHUM pa33ej[OM aHTJIH0CKOro CHHTaKCHCa, üpUBJIQKaeT BHBMaHHe BCcjienoBaTejieii. Ho osHocTopoHHBil noaxoa k B3yHeHHio b t o K
h 3h k o b o ü
eaHHHIXH HBAHeTCH tipHTOHOM TOrO, HTO npOÖJieMH CJIOXHOnOÄ'IBHeHHOrO
npeanoiseHHfl aaJieKo He nojmocTb® pememi. flo c b x nop,
HanpHi/iep,
Her eflBHoro m h g h h s b Bonpoce o npapoae b cooTHomeHBH qacTaä cjiox —
HonoflHüneHHoro npeflôxeHBH, B Bonpoce o iuiaccK$BKaioiB npBaaTO'ih u x npejuiomeHHfl.
B .H . ü jiotkbh ( 1 9 6 9 , c . 1 6 ) yKa3HBaeT na HeaocTaTo^HocTb
cy —
niecTByiomHX KJiaccH$BKaii0K cjioxRonojiMBHeHHHx npejwojReHM no $ym tUBOHambHOMy b KOMMyHHKaTBBHOMy npH3K3K8M, a TaKxe no
xapaKTepy
cBflsyioujero B-ieweHTa n npejuiaraeT bkucjihtb ’- ierupe cTpyKTypno-ceMaHTB'iecKux Tana npBjiaTOTOHX npejuioseimK: onpeae.nBTejii-.HHe, oÖ ctoHTeJDbCTBeHHHe , KMeHHhIS, 03T»fiCHETejTBHHe , B TOM HHCJie KOCB6HHyfD pfftt.
nocjieflHHü, qeTBepTirß Tun noapa3jieMeTCH Ha npHaaTOHHHe k ocbck h onoBecTBOBaTejtBHHe a KocBeHHO-BonpocHTejjbHue,
B saaany HacToauieii paöoTH bxouht acc-ieroBaHne cjiojaioiii.viHBHBHHNX npejMOÄQHUa C 0 3MCH0Te,TBHHMü npBflaTO'JHHMB K0CB5HH0-B0np0C2TejJbHHMH. KaK H3B6CTH0, OHH COflepaßT JIBÖO C-r^nft BOUpOC (BBOflrtTCfl
C0SR33MH w h e th e r, i f ) , jlJAÖO CnenjiaTIBHHf: (BBOU/TTCfl CO03HHMB CJIOBr)"
K l w h at, w h ere, when, why, »h io h «
»vho, how ). HaupüMep:
Whether the art of scandal-mongerlng has suffered by
thia
new social activity ia hard to aay (A ld in g to n , p . 1 3 7 ) .
I ask ed what th e y w ers g o in g t o de srith t b e i r c a p ta iu (Sord—
h o ff
and Hall, p .2 0 7 ) «
KaK BMJIHM, KOOB0HHO—BOlipOCBTeJTbHSH npHJiaTO^Hafl HaCTB
MOJKST
Bünojuaaii pa3Hue $yHKU00. TaK, npn.na TO'inafi H a c r i , B3HTaH e s cjto k H0na®,SeH9HH0r0 np0,!UtO»eHJ5.H He wondered w h eth er he co u ld wr 1t e
paem 1*o a x p re a s h i s id e a (The E s s e n t i a l ,
p .^ O ),
B8GT B pojffl aOHWIHeHHfl, MOX0T, COXpaHHH CBOfO CTpyKTypy B
TBKy, BunojtHHTB Tarose BHue $yHKHBB;
a
r a e OHa BHOTy-
noaaeKaraero (W hether
C0f«iHhe
could w r ite a poem t o expreQ a h i s id e a was a q u e s tio n
to h im j,
npeaHKaTHBa (The q u e a tio n was w h eth er fie co u ld w r i t e
a poem to
e x p r e s s h i s i d e a ) , onpeflaJiemi.fi (He co u ld not an sw er th e q u e a tio n
w h eth er he co u ld w r i t e a poem to e x p re s s h in i d e a ) .
64
$yHKE[H0H3JIBH3H KJiaCCH$BKaigaH pa31>eH0HHeT nOJIOÖHHe npHÄSTOHHue HacTU, Tom caMHM npeiwTCTBya hx BcecTopoHHeMy H3yqeHHB.
B HacToameö CTaTte paocMaTpHBaioTCH cjiosHonoÄ'iHHeHHHe n p e jj j i o -
*6KHH C KOCBeHHO—BOIipOCHTejIiHHMH HaCTHMH B P83JUJHHHX CHHTaKCHêckhx
iJjymmHflx. Ohh oöieaBHHBTca no ceMaHTBêcKOMy npB3HaKy
( bh -
pameHHe KocEeHHoro B onpoca) h no cTpyKTypHHM npa3H3K8M ( cob 3 h
b
oömeBonpocBTejiBHux npMBTO^Hnx, coio3HHe cjioBa b cnertHa^tHO-BonpOCHTejiBHHX npHJtaTOHHUX ) .
2.
IIOCKOJIBKy K0CB6HHHÜ BOHpOC HBJIHeTCH OpSÄCTaBHTeJieM oö
KaTeropHH BOnpOCHTeJTBHOCTB, KOTOpBH B TpaflBIJHOHHOii jih htbb cTH'iec—
Kofi M TepaType TpaKTyercn äobojibho y3K 0, HeoöxOÄHMO KocHyTBcn np»poaa Bonpoca Booöme.
Bonpoc ksk jiorHHecKafl KaTeropswi h BonpocaTejiBHoe npeM osem B
K3K JIKHTBHCTBêCKaH KaTeropHH ÄOJDKHH B3yH8TBCH B Hepa3pHBH0M ejUHH—
CTB8. "E e 3 MccjiejiüBaHBfl ôrHMecKoü cymHooTB m OTpyKTypu BonpocoB
KSB03M03CHH KaK JBJHTBIiCTH'ieCKMÜ 8Ha.TlH3 BOnpOCHTejIBHHX npeÛIOSeHBÄ,
rav. 0 hx MaccHipHKanHfl" (ÄJaHTOB, 1 9 7 1 , c.5). OsnaKo Bonpoc mir
/iorHMecKSH KaTeropHH, KaK KaTeropHH no3H3BaTe:iiHoft
fleHTeJiBHOCTB
oymecTBeHHo oTJiß'iaeTCH o t jniHrBHCTH'ieCKoii K aTeropaa BonpocHTejn—
noro n peôseH B H ; oh "npeacTaejineT coöoii tpopr-iy jibhkgiieh mhcjib, b
HGM HPKO B H p a se H M0M6HT HepOXC/ta OT H83HaH.P!H K 3IiaHHiO,. OT HeHOJI-
K oro, HeTOTOoro sHairaa k öoj;ee nojntoMy a öcuiee TO^HOMy"
tob,
(JlHMaH-
c.2).
KaTeropHH BonpocBTe-iiBHocTE no^yqaeT pasune OTpaxeHHH b
H3ü~
Ke, opeacTBa itoToporo oxBaTHBaaT owe^bHue sb sh bh , OTaflHa, acn eK th BonpocHT8.T2.Horo npoEtecca., üosHaHJie - jyiHTe.iBKui5 s k t , KOTopowy
jipefliuecTByioT H0ÄT&TaBaBBa*3m«e e r o MMWEHTejEbHue s k tu h s a kotophmb
ojre;tyroT
.npynae,
saBeptoasyauie e ro MtjcjiHTejiBHUö aKTH. 3 t o ne ob
«enoope^CTBeHHO mr» onocpeaoBaHHO CBH3aRHHX Mex,ny codoß mhcjib; rjibhux onepaHBii, Koiopwe MoryT ö u tb BupaseiiH (hjm ho BHpaaeHu )
H3 HK0BUME!
epeflCTBöMH. SXOT npOIjeCC KH HB30B8M B0Hp0CBT6JttHHM.OB
BKJimaeT b ceöH ocoajjaKBe h ssh sh h h , noacK BHipopMaKHH,
nojiyqeHHo
SH$0pMaiIHB B (J»KOai{MM nO3H0BH81M cyÖBeKTOM HOJiyMeHHHX 3HaHHft.BonpocKTeJiiiHoe npeOTOxeHE© 0T pa*aeT ojihh B3 BTanoB BonpocaTejn>Horo
n p o n e cca , a HMeiffio oßpauieiraa k coöeceÄHHKy. 3 t o , HecoMHenno, b«mirnii, (JoKycapyioiuBfi
b
ce ö e B o e a p y rn e , ho He eÄHHCTBöHHHä BTan non-
pocHTejrbHoro n p o u e cca . "Bonpoc - s t o ocoöhü cjiyHaii BonpocHTOJiMi"
c t h , HO He eflHHCTBeHHhUi" (H u d d le sto n , 1 9 7 1 , p . 4 0 - 4 1 ) .
C yö'beK T B o n p o c H T e jü H o r o
n p o 'n e c c a n p e ^ B a p n e T
cboü
bo h po o
o.yi
êHBHMH, OTpamaKiiiinMji noflTOTOBBT6<m>HU6 BTanu k B onpocy: uyiuvruoii
iioe BOCIipiIHTHe (I aee
that y o u are H o l d i n g somefching bnforrt y o m
3-.ik .8 7 5
65
e y e a ) , yuo3afunoH6HB6
( I th in k t h a t you a r e re a d in g
a o m e th in g ),
xeüaHBe JiBKBHaBpoBatb npoöeji b sh&hbax ( I want t o know what you
a re re a d in g ),
oöpameMe k codeceaHBKy c uejiBB noJiyHeHHH HH TepecynmeÄ BH$opMaijHH ( I sh o u ld l i k e you t o t e i l
me « h a t you a r *
r e a d i n g ) , b ecjiK cnpamBBaraiuaii, 3 a a a B a a Bonpoc
(What
are
you
r e a d in g ? ),H 6 npOH3H6C BCJiyX 8THX BHCK83HB8HH&, TO BT0 H6 3Ha'IBT,
h to hoäoÖhhx cyjtaeHHö: y Hero He d a a o . CnpamBBauuailt Mor
npocTO
orpaHH«uiTBCH BHyTpeHHeü pe»n>B, a cyaneHBH MoryT ö h tb bmqjibqbthh—
HB B BKCIWBnjJTHHMB.
TaKBM 0Öpa30M, Bonpoc - 8 to np0H3B0flH0e o t cyaaeH BH.ßonpocy
Boeraa npeflinecTByeT cyxaemie, KOTopoe H80ÖH3aT6JiBH0 nojiynaeT H3H-
K0B0e BupaseHBe.
C noJiyêHBeM oiB eT a
b jb
c ycTpaneHneM HeonpeaejieHHocTB c y x -
Ä6HBH no3HBDiaero cyöieK Ta npoaoOTaraT oipascaTB nocjieayKfflwe BTana
BonpocBTejiBHoro n p o u e cca : $BKcauBB noJiyêHBH 3HaHHä ( You have
t o l d me what you a r e r e a d in g ; I h av e found ou t what you a r e r a a d i n g ) , $HKcaUHB C3MHX 3HaHHä
( I know what you a r e reading; How
I know t h a t you a r e re a d in g a b o o k ).
C^teflOBaTeJlBHO,Bonpoc 0XBa-
TH386T JIBIDi y'iaCTOK, 3B0HO B MHCJUäTeJIBHOM IipOD,eCCe , HaiipaBJI6HHÜM
Ha yacHeHfle Heti3BecTHoro, T . e . Ha 3anojraeHBe jisk / hu b
no3Haiomero cy ö teK T a. ÜOBTOMy Bonpoc CJieayeT a sy n a T i
ei
siraHHHX
paccM aTpa-
BaTB HMeHHo KaK 3BeH0 B Heim peqeBHX eaaHHEU OTpasammee npeamecT
Byomae b nocjieayiomHe MHCJiHTOJiBHae aKTu«
3.
Bhhchbb npapoay Bonpoca KaK JioraqecKoa KaTeropBB h
wec to b B0np0CBTejn>H0M npoqecce, mojkho nepeMTB k npoöJieMe
kocBeHHoro Bonpoca.
TpaUHUKOHHafl rpaMMarHKa npn3HaeT KaHOHBêcKoft $opwoft
kocBeHHoro Bonpoca b cjiosHonoa’iBHeHHOM npejwoKeHKK npHaaTorayio q a m »
BBOÄBMyiD COBSaMH whether, if suw C0K)3HHMH CJI0B3MH what, »he re,
when, why, who, which, how B oflysasuyio HononHeHKeM K
rJiaroJiy
to ask bäh ero CBHOHHMy to inquire (ICaymaHCKaH ü ap., 1967,c.307;
Ganshina,Vasilevskaya, 1964, p.4I0). Hhhmh CJI0B8MH,
KOCBeHHHM
CHBTaeToa Jiami TaicoS Bonpoc, KOTopafi coaepj®T b ceöe nepecK.as npnMoro Bonpoca. Ilpa tskom noaxoae anosHonoaHEHeiiHoe npeaîoseHBe na~
noaoöüe 3?he aervant came in to ask whare they would have
tea
(Lawrence, p.313) aenpaBOMepHO OTpaBaeTca ot MHOHecTBa cjjojkhonoaHBHeHHHX npeaôaefmii c npHaaTorao»? 'racTwo eonepmenHo raKoß me
ceMaHTHKB h CTpyKTypa, KOTopan BanoJDi.'reT, oanaKO, m 6 o
ftynKroiH
jjonoJiHSHBH He K rjiarojiaM to ask M B to inquire, jiköo hhnp
UHH.
TaK, HanpHMep, t pajsjsanOHHafl rpauMaTHKa He ycMaTpBBaei kocBeHHoro Bonpoca b cjioxHono.a'iHHeHHHX npe,iyioxeHHflx
He
weadered
where they would have tea; H e did not know where they would
have tea;They refused to teil bi m where they would have tea
(npHßäTOHHHe qacTH - x o n o m e m a R hhhm rjraro.HaM, Hexejm to aak,
to inquire); The queation where they would have tea
remained
unanswered (nßB,naTOHH3H HaCTB - onpefleJieHHe); Where they would
have tea remained a myetery to him (npHgäTOHHafl ’iaCTB - nO&Jie»am ee) .
OflHHaKOBOCTB CTpyKTypU B CßMaHTBKB flaHHHX npe,iyioxeHHfi saCTSBJIHeT Hac HCK3TB TO OdtQee, HT0, HeCOMHeHHO,OÖtejXBHfleT CJIO*Honoji'iBHeHHue npefljioseHBH c noflodmiMB npaaaTOHHHMH nacTHMH.PaaJIBHHHMB 0Ka3HBaroTCfl T0JIBK0 HX rjiaBHHe HaCTH. H o T8R KaK rJiaBHH#
qacTB üojitohhiot ce ö e coBepmeHHO 0,nBHaK0Bue npHjuaTO'iHHe qacTH.TO,
OHeBBÄHO, OHH TaKXe OÖââBT HeKOTOpUMB OÖUfflMB HepTaMH,KOTOpHe
hojdkhh öutb npeflMeTOM B3yqeHBH. Ecjib y ^ a cT ca oösapyxBTB hoäoöhh«
oduiBe n e p r a , t o rjiaBHue hbcth Tarace moxho dyaeT odieaBHHTB
b
OIBH OdUlBß TBH.
4.
DiaBHas nacTB M oser BupaxaTB, pa3yM eeTca, odparaeraie
coöecejiHHKy c uoji&d 3anojiHeHHH npodejia b 3HaHBnx oooTBeTCTBynueH
0H$opMaunefl. B törom cjy'jae, ,neßcTBBTejn>HO, rjiarojw to aek,
to
inquire, a TaJOfte to teil B nOBeJIHTflJIBHOM HamiOHGHBH HBJIHBTCH eflHH-CTBeHHHMB CJIOBaMH, OTpaKamiBMB npH3HB K COdeCeflHHKy B3B6CTHHU o6~
pasoM
pearapoBaTB na nojioöHoe odpameHBe. Ho, KpoMe Toro.rjiaBH an
âcn> Moxer BapasaTB He3HaHHe nero-To:
But neither you nor a n y b o d y el ee ... knew all the ti me w h o
did it (Stories, p.28);
I had not th e a l i g h t e e t c o n c e p t i o n
bow
Gilbert
aade
it
(Snow 1, p.218);
HeyBepeHHOCTB:
I oouldn't be quite Bure how it would go (Wilson, p.119);
HenoHHMaH7e:
I don't understand why Albra hasn't been here (Steinbeok 1.
p.509);
TpyflHOCTH
b
peiaeHHH Bonpoca:
...I c a n 1t think how thinga can have gone with you (Wilson,
p.282).
Kan BBjfflM, bo Bcex nptiBeaenHHX npHMepax rjiaBHHe ? a c n cxoxHonouMHHeHHHX npejyioaceHBtt KOHCTaTBpyxrr HaJiHHBe npoöe/ia (aajcyHH) *
aiuiHHHX cy<?teKTa od oKpyxa toilieft .ueöcTBHTe^BHOCTH, T .e . ôdmmbhk-
m h 3hkopumu cpe, 7,CTBa™ BupasaeTCH $ai<T "o c o 3HaHBH He3HaHHfl"(JTB-
67
MaHTOB, c . 2 0 ) . B Kaxuou oTaejüHOM CJiyâe rjiaBHaa HacTB c o a e p ä a x
yKa3aHHe Ha npoöeji b 3HaHBOT cydteK Ta BoapocBTejEtaoro n p o n e cca ,
x o th aajieao H6 B c e ra a o ip a a ae T apocBöy o 3anojmeHBB npodejia.
3 t o 3BeH0 B oömeü ueaa BHTe;uieKTyaJiBH0~a3UK0BHX npoueccoB
nosHaBaTejtBHoSi aeaTejiBaocTB HBJiaeTCfl BaxaHM, TaK KaK npeacTaBJw6T coöoü Ha'iajiBHuü 8Tan BoapocBTSJiBHoro rip o p ecca; k aeiwy apBMM—
aaBiflcfiT aocjieaymBe cTyneHB BToro n p o y e c c a .
Ha
BonpoozTejiBHoro n pou ecca e ro cydteKT euie H8 n o ÖyawaeT hb co ö e ce a a a K a , hu caMoro c e ö a 38Ho,jihbtb JiaicyHy b ero
3H3H0HX. HO ” 0C03HaHB8 H63HaHBH" flMHSTCfl CB060Öpa3EbIM BMnyjIB—
com k noaciiaM oTcyTCTBymefi anJopMamiH. 3to noaTBepaw ae'rca,
b
qacTHocTB, T6M, <ito b aa a Jio re oäho tojibko cooömeHBe roBopam ero o
He3HaHBB a e ro -T o MoseT bocapBHBMaTBca coöeceaaHKOM KaK bmuhbubt-
KaxjT b o t
Hsro
aaHHofi CTyneHB
Haa npocBöa o 3anojmeHBB JiaicyHH.
"I don't know how they are going to feod 'am".
"Maybe the Lord'll eea fit to take ’em to himself",Baid the
midwife (Maugham, p.700).
"I don',j; know how you get hold of th«m", 8aid Laweson furioualy.
"There18 no difficulty a'oout that, aonny”, answered
gan (Maugham, p.249).
flana-
B oöoüx cjjy 'iaax o t b s t cTHMyaBpoBaa ne BonpocoM b
ysitow
ojioBa (nepBue apea.ttoxeHJifl ne BonpociaTej.tLHH8),a cooömeHBeM
cmoÄQ
o HesHaiiKii. llpooBöa o aaiio/meHiiid aaxcyHH b SHaiiBax
npeaoTaBjiaeT
co ö o t cjieayioniy» CTyneHB sonpocBTeTiBHüro npoiiecoa. SaecB mokho ö ya e ? Biiue.fiHTB a sa nyTK jyia ycTpaHSHHH. JiaKyan. Bo-riepBHX, cyßêKT
caM naraeTCfl yaoHBTB aeB3BecTHoe» aeoapeaeaeHHoe oyTSM paamMHux
MHCJiBTejiBHUx OHeparuafö:
I «as trying to flgure out what she aeant by Nancy and Qhai»
ley, headsd for troubls (O'Hara 1, p.133).
"1 wonder why I did it", and suddenly he was silent (Steiubeck 1, p.523).
I don't underatand what's coae over *he children
gensration ( Lewis, p. 113 ).
Jtaoraa cydieKT OTKasuBaeTca o t tqkbx n o m m « ,
of
this
oötaans8T
o
CB08M HßKejiöiffiii peuiaTB Bonpoo:
If Johrmie were höre I don't like to think what would
pen to you (Allingh&m, p.183).
hap
Bo-BTopax, oyoteiw Bonpoca Te.ss.Horo npouecoa, iiuTaaci. aan aahhtxj jiaayay »HôpMauaefi, 3a;;.asT Bonpoc coöeceaHBKy, T .e .
ofopwjjaeT.C0ÖCTB8HK0 Bonpoc;
And they asked him why he remained in thia narrow bed alone
whan they
waited for him... (Baldwin 1, p.98).
B TpaaaiiEOHHHX rpamraTHKax
tojibkc btb C Tynem . B o a p o ca x e JE b -
hot'o n p o u e c c a p a ccM a T p B B a eT ca KaK KOCBeiiHufi B o n p o c , T . e . T o
3B6-
ho M u cJiiiT ejü H oro aK T a , KOTopoe nojiyM aeT B u p a x e im e b p e n n .
Hs h k , B a n o jin n a KOMMyHBKaTHBHyio u n o s H a B a T e ^ tn y a
,
M0E6T OTpflÄSTb CBOtfMH $OpM<äJIBHHMil CpeilCTBaMB JHOdüe yHaCTKH BOHp ocBTeflBH oro n p o u e c c a , CxpyK Typa oaH oro npejyioKeHBH hjih
CTpyK—
iy p a cepHH npejyioE eH Bß c T p a s a e t CTpyKTypy JiorBH ecK n cBHaaHHUx B
BSaHM03aBMCHMHX flHCJjefi. O.HHaKO n0JIH 03H a'IH 0r0
COOTBeTCTBHH MeÄ-
A j $0pMa;iBH0fi cip y K T y p o ü h s h k o b h x cpeflOTB h JiorH 'iecK oÄ cT p y K T y -
p oa BonpocHTeji£Horo n p o n e c c a H eT.
B CBH3B C fleäCTBBeM paSUBTOKK JIBHTBHCTB'ieCKHX H
JiMHI'BHCTHHeOKHX (paKTOPOB
S K C Tpa-
K BKOHOFffiB peHeBHX Cpe.flCTB,
uTcyTCTBHö codece.OTüKa ss t.ä.) roBopawuß MoxeT asderaTb BtipaxeJlüfl H3HK0BHMB CpeflCTBaMH 0?Se,!II>HhlX CTafflfift, mCJIHTejDE>HHX
aKTOB
HonpocBTe.nBH.oro uponecce. TaK, npoaecc uanojiHeHB/i JtaKynu HH$op~
Maqaeä moxst öhtb Bwpaxea hshkobumh cpencTBaME HG3aBHc«M0 ot to~
ro, dun J i s aaaaH aodOTBeHHO Bonpoc. npeAJioaceffflio I told him what
I had eeen
33Ti
in Hew Orleans (SteinbeoSc 2 rp»Z?0)M0r He rrpenmeCTBO-
BKCIUIHUBTKHÜ
BOHpOC. OflHaXO BTO m
SKaMHT, cITO npSÄHOae-
m s a TBKor-o Tana hs s o m h h pacoMaTpHBaTtca napauy c jipyrHMB bhc-
Ka3HBaHBHM2t oTpascaioiummb »Tann soEpocBTejiBHoro nportecea - CeNtant m 'kb
juaHHoro CÄOSHOtrojDfiHHeHHoro npejwioseimff b bbäom b ero
T eä I'OBOPBT 0 TOM, WO B on p oc CyuffiCTBOB0JI »MR,)lMimTHO
<iac-
0 xI T O
b&t Ha n e ro H atneu , T .e . JiaKyna sancw raei». 3 a » tim mojmst
OT-
cn eso -
saTB eme ojm a, nocxenw n c tb ä h h BoapocBTeabiroro n p o jiecca, Korjja
no3Ha;oaiii£*, cydteKT no.imocTt.fo o cosH ae? h BapasaeT fi3UK0EHMB c p e a OTBaMH $aKT "sn ä im n ": I know e x a c t l y how you must f e e l (W ilson «
p .3 3 3 ).T a io iM oöpasoM, se cB BonpocaTe;iBHuii npoqeco mosho ycaOBHO
B30öpa3BTB cjieayromeß cxömoM:
ocosnaHBe
He3HaHafl
- ^
noacK uh■$OpMai(ül)<!
noayneMHe
HH$opMama
-----1**
$HKcaoBH nojiyqeHHofi
Bffifopwarmii
------------------
-------
7ojiob h o ctb aaHHOü cxeMu 3aKaQiaeTCJi n p e w e Bcer-o b to m .h to
Kaswoe 06 3B6CI0 MOJKÖT ÖHTB B CBOB OH'epeflB H0Äpa3Ä8Jl6K0 H8
H 8-
cskcwibkü CTyueHefi b 3äßi!c»!MocTn o t ypoBHa "He3HaHHa", o t iryteft "no~
HCKa aüôpM aipa’' , "rro.fi.7'ieHHji HM$opMai(ifB" a o t ypoBHß
Ta x
"jiiaiiH ä".
naapHMep, liOsunc j.-vumii ocyiiecTBjm evc/i Afiywi nyTjaüi (c m .b u -
c e ) . B p.:jhom cj;.; ?f»f
-o
cyöxfKT c a u ivjieu paEuauaux
yao-
saiuiKHeHiifi, öea Bcn0.zrB30BaHBH h3hkobux cpeacTB 3anojiHHer npoöeji
b 3H3HHHX. Bo BTopoM - JiorB'iecKafl CTpyKTypa aamioro 3BeHa
Bon-
pocHTe^BHoro nponecca b MHnuieHHH BapasaeTCH $opMajiBHHM0 h3hkoBUMB CpeflCTBaMH. ÜMeHHO BTH $OpMaJIBHHe CpeßCTBa, T.e. T9 'iaCTb,
KOTopaa bhhocbtch "Hapyxy", BKcnjiHUHpyeTca, paccMaTpHBaeTca i p a ÄBUJ10HHHMB rpaMMaTHRaMB KaK Bonpoc (npflMOß B KOCBeHHyÜ),B BTOM ■
COCTOBT y30CTB nOHMMaHHH BOnpOCHTejIBHClCTH BOOÖme 0
KPfiEeHHOrO
Bonpoca B naCTHOCTH.
5.
mh
B o T Jiin a e
pacnmpHM paMKB B i o r o
Bonpoc b
jtoöom
ot
TpajmnHOHHoro B a r jia n a aa
dohathh h
k o c pt iih h ü
öyjieM ycM aTpaF^ ri»
Bo
KocBeHHHfi
anoraonon'öJHeHHOM n p e n jio *eH H H ,cn o c; ^ hom o x p a s a T B
KaKyj»-jiHöo c T a jiK c B onpocH T ejiBH oro n p o n e c c a .
KocBeHHHfi B o n p o c , T8KBM 0<5p330M, HBJIHeTCH
rpaMMaTBMeCKBM
Cpe^CTBOM, CIIOCOÖHHM O Tpa*aTB BT3IIH HHTejLaeKTyaJIBHOÄ u
bmoubo -
HajiBHO—b o jig b o k jteH T eJiB H o cT «, H anpaßJieinioit Ha JiHKBHâtuno npoöejxa
B SHaHHHX,
rtpHMOfl Ke B o n p o c HBJWeTCfl rpaMJ.0TE18C.KPIM CpeaCTBOM,
T & am m jibihb o jis h 8 T a n B o n p o c a T e jiB n o ro n p o i je c c a ,
a hm crho
O Tpaa jip o -
coEaHHoe ooöeceaH H K y no ö yay ieioie n p e ß o c T S B jm , neocizoOTMyw hh$&p~
Mamro ß j a
C $ep 8
sanoJiHeHHH jiaKyHH.
ynoTpeöjieiiM KocBenHoro Bonpoca Hawnoro DJnpe,êM npn-
Moro. IfOBTOMy npHMuR Bonpoc Eceivia Moxer duxB TpaHcôpMupoBaH b
KO CBeH KH Ä, OJIHSICO TpaHC'JopMaUHH KCCBCHHOrO BOüpOCa B IipilM Ofi BMf?'
e x wecTo ropa3.uo p e * 9 , uocjig HeöaajbBoro nucjia iviaru-iOB (üo a s k ,
to inquire) . CjtoxüonoüHBHGHHue npe;tw.'0*eKKH 0 KocêraniM B onpocow ,
rJWBHHe Mac tu k o to p h x coêpataT TnK.se, aanpBwop, v.woîH-cKsayeMU6, KaK to know, to underatar.d, to think, to havs no idea 0 3 f.y ~
rH e ,
BHpaxaiDiniie a k t h
m h d u io h rk , b o c t i p h h t h h ,
^ y B crsa,
pp w o ry T 6 m r:
TpgBC$npM 0POBaHU B npHMOM B o n p o c :
But I don't know whether you beliere mo (Chriefcis 1, p.14S>
I can't think why they don't separate (Wilson, p.loo).
O^Ha 03 HP0H0H COCTOHT B TOM, ^TO KOCBeHHHfi BOnpOC B OTJtKi a e o t np K w oro p e a a B 3 y e T C f i b pavKax öojiee caoatHofl CTpyKTypa npetojio *eH H H -
b caoxHonofl'iHHeHHOM n p e a a o & e H B ii , b k o to p o m b u ä q m b t c b
rji8B.H H e 0 npHxtaTOHHtie 'l a c T B .
7 Kaawoii 00 bth ?:
q a c r e t i c b o ji Koimy-
kbksT2BHas H arpy3K a, KawiaH H3 m ? peajiHsyeT oabh bs
B o n p o c H T e ^ B H o ro n p o i i e c c a ,
acneKTOB
TOi\na KaK b upbmom B o n p o c e b k c i w b i i b t -
Hoe Bnpa.seHBe no.'iy’ieeT joaraB oîbh b s e r o acneKTOB.
BonpooHTejiBHoe n p e n n n m e m e b npaAsoii peq» coflppswT
raiiioö
onBcatme HHfopMflioioHHoro npoößâ, asKymi, Kompoe cyöieiCT ßonpc.
cnTejiBiio.ro nponocco cooötnseT coöeceüHHKy vi.w;c r-^ n upocMcii i•
70
iiojLHeHHB JiaityHH HMeiMueäcii y Hero BHjopMauaefi. BaacHO, tto
Aaste
oöpameHHe k coöecejiHBKy c npocböoM 06 HH|>opMaiiHH (oT B eTe) He n o jiyqaeT cjioBecH oro BHpaxeiüifi b caMOM B0np 0CHTejn>H0M npe,zuioxeH00 npocböa BupasaeTCH Jianib BHTOHaijHOHHOü cTpyKTypoü BonpocaTejibHoro
upeÄJioKeHHH, oHa BHTeicaeT 03 HBajiorBHecKoB CHTyamin. Hmchho
BTOMy npocBÖa oö OTBeTe JierKO ycTpaHHMa Öe3 HapymeHaa
no-
CTpyKTypa
BonpocHTejüHoro npenJioxeHMfl. 3 t o BMeei MecTo b MOHojtorax.rne Bon
poc CT3B0TCH CaMOMy C0Ö6, a TaKJte B pHTOpHHeCKHX B o n p o cax.
KaK Öhjio noKa3aHo Bfcime, 3a paMKofl BonpocHTejiBHoro n p e w o x e HHfl, eCTeCTBeHHO, 0K33HBaeTCH KaK BGH nOflrOTOBBTeJIBHaH
qaCTb
BonpocHTejitHoro npoqecca, t s k h ero 3aBepmeHiie - jiBKEiuiaiiHfl h h ~
iJiopManBOHHoK JiaKyHH.
IIpB TpaHC$opMauHH npHMoro Bonpoca b kocbeiihhh c c e
coaep aa-
iase BonpocBTejiBHoro npejuioseHBfl ö e 3 ocTaTKa BMemaaicfl b
npaaa-
To^Hyio qacTB cjioKHOiioA'iHHeHHOio npeaJioxeHHH, KOTopaa b cjioBecHOM
BHpasceHBH toh h o oTpastaeT BecB npHMoß B onpoc, b tom nacjie
pocHTejibHoe cjio b o . Ho b GJiOÄHonoflHHHeHHOM npeftnoKeHBB c
a boiikocböh-
Ho-BonpocHTejibHoö npHÄaToqHOä qacTbiD HweeTCH eine rjiaBHaH nacTB,
oonepHaHBe KOTopofi He Bxojyuio b o o c ia B BonpoctiTejibHoro npemioacehhh, KaKDBo b to co/tepasaHiae? B THrarmcM c /iy ta e c rjiaroJioM to
aak
i’jiaBHaH nacTB b cooTBeTCTBHH c cewaHTBKoit r;ia ro Jia Btipaataet npoctöy k coöeceÄHBKy npejiocTaBHTb HCKOMyw HHcfiopMauKin jyw
3ö!io'ineHHH
npoöejia b 3H3hbhx.
I aaked them how they liked tlie play (Snow 1, p.200),
I asked her if she hadn't been very happy (Lawrence, p.313).
Ho Tanan npoctöa - ounn 03 BTanoB BonpocaTejrbHoro nponecca.
CjieaoBaTejibHo, b rjiaBHoä hscth coflepxBTefl aBjtopMauaft 0 BonpocBTeabHOM npoiteoce icaK tskobom.
TaKBM oöpasÖM, npKÄciTO"uaH la c T B OTpaasaei n m ih 04Hy CTopoHy
RonpocHTejibHoro nponecca - onacaBaeT 0M$opMaijinoHHyiö JiaKyHy. B t o pan oTopoHa BonpocHTejrbHoro ripouecca - yKasainae Ha t o t bjih ühoü
aro BTan ~ HaxoanT OTpaxenne b rjiaBHOii qacTB. HoeTOMy ajlh
k o cêmio-BonpocHTejibHoM npHitaToiHoti qacTH rjiaBHaa la c T b cjiojshohoämb-»eim oro npefljioxteHHH HBjifleroa "napTHepoM" b BupaxeHHB nojiKoro B o n nocHTeabHoro coflepsam iH.
S.
R c j i h n p n .s ;a T o m a t f n a c T b 0 3 y * i a e T C f l b r p a M M a t h k o
0 pas
:I!a TOqeK 3p8HBH ( OeMtlHTIVIPCKOO 31133611156 , HHTOH;n(HOHHIiii
•HHOHW’-TO 0 'lacmMH
i' o i’o np eA JiO Ä O H H H ,
e ro
tl T . ; u ) ,
K o y n o iic u T a ,
pMCyiiOK,
TO I’JiailHHfl 'WCTh
ot
k o to p u jc
h c iiü c p
^. i ü
t 'u-m i i o
3a-
n««HT npnaîTOHHOH "aoTb, ;i or.oiowrreflbHo. pii.n/rrrK’.'iHoot h
nir,7-;;i ~T: CKJ: nop
p :>VMO) ; I.£■. i.: :. ; C;r..i:.ii
’J i i / :: i' ‘i-
npoÖJieMa He tojibko B3aHM00TH0meHHH rjiaBHoä h npanaToaHoJi aacTefi
cjiojKHonoaHBHeHHoro npeßjioaceHHH c KocBeHHo-BonpocHTejiBHoß npajtaTOHHOÄ aaCTBffl, HO 0 B3aHM00TH0meHM nOCJIBÄHefi C OTßejIBHHMH BJieMeHTaMH rjiaBHOÄ 'laCTH.
B cocT aB e rjiaBHoß qacTH KocBeHHo—BonpocBTejiBHoro cjioscHono,uTOHeHHoro npeflJiosceHHH B cern a
m eeicsi
cjiobo hjih rp yn na cjiob, k o -
Topne Henocpe^CTBenHO yKaaHBaioT na Hajiaque HHpopMaquoHHoii Jian yHH H OT KOTOpaX CeMaHTHaeCKH 3aBHC0T IIpPWaWiHaH HaCTB,
EaraiaH JiaKyny. TaKoe cjiobo hjih rpynriy cjiob mh dyaeM
KocBeHHo-3oripocHTeJu»HHM aHTeueaeHTOM. B cjjeÄyiotuHx
OIIBCHHS3HBaTB
npejMoseHBflx
ßiiuejieHHHe cjioBa hbjuiiotch aHTeuejiem’aMH:
"SuKffeat where I oan live", Anna seid (Murdoch 1, p.44).
Teil ree where you’va bean... (Baldwin 2, p.310).
"ABk tham what they wsnt to know", 1 said (Graham, p.142),
B rpasaiaTHKax amviMoKoro hshkh kc paccM aTpraaeTca hh cymHooT.b KoeBeHHO-BonpoeBTeÄbHHr aHreqeaeHTOB, hh hx p o ja b cTpyiiTypHOM a 0C0Ö6HH0 B CeMSHTHTOCKOM Q6M8HTüpOB9KIII) BCei'O
,]tO&~
HonoOTHHeHHoro npe«Ji0S8HHS, B ce bto 0Öyca0B«eH0 t»m n>:jto,aoM k
H3y!jeHHB KaTeropHH BonpocHTeatHucTB :-i kocbchhoi’o Bcnpcca b m v rHOCTH, 0 KOTOPOM rOBOpMOCB Biffiie. B .neKCHKO-rpaMMaTH’ieOKOä npa~
pojte KOGBeHHO—BonpocHTejrbHoro aHTercsÄeBTa cuienye!? paDjrOTa-rB a s a
acneKTa. B o-nepB ux, aHTerrenen? gnoöofi apHaaTo^HcS a a c n ; i.. .sai —
noâHseHHoro npe&aoseHMH (ne tojibko RocBOHHO~BonpocHTe.rrimx) vgejtCTaBÄSOT COÖOM CJIOBO, C KOTOßUM npMaaTiJ’
-iHc’ä Haci-B COOTHRCeMB T [m MaTHaecKH. Tbk, c T m ^ ^ m to a » k , !; o k n o *, io wonder
n r .n .
KocBeano—BoapocHTejiBiiKe npHaaTOKiiae ••!*<- . ooc-Taeceas v m .sac nonojEieHKa; c cymecTBHTejiBHHM ijaesthn
- m s w a w e -iacra cootudCATCH K8K e r o OnpejrOJif!HT*H.
Bo-BTopjjx, kocb'.- '!?a:-j3onpocHT-e.aj,HHfi aHTeyeêHT oäH3aT«WL*.Ho
co a e p sa r onpeêaieE-tca yKa3airne na xon B onpcoii?«.-ior'.> npoirer;^.
B npHBefleHHKt assie cjJ0Bax--aHT0neaeHX8x.ßec0f.a{eH30, npnvy* cTByfDT oöa acn eK T a. PaccMOTpaM KocBeHHo-BonpocBTeJiBinjfi
neH T b
c jie a y s r iie M
aHTeip-
n p e fla o a e H U H :
I nad no idaa hon long I had elepi (Robertson, p.144).
rpaMMaTHêcitHM aHTeue;j8 HT0 M KocBeHHO-Bonpocn rejn>Koft npa&a»
TOWOfl H8CTH HEJlSeTCH CymeCTBHTejI&HOB idea, c KOTOpUM npH,rtaTOaHaH
qscTB rpaMMaraaecKB cooTHeceHa kbk e r o onpejicuieirae. O.nnaKc cyrnecTBHTejiBHoe idea, oTjtejiiHO B3HToe, ne n epe’o e T
BonpooiTe.cbHHv;
n p o n e co . Oh
o i p a s s s othib b öojtee hhpokom k ch tö k c t© - b c o n e r a -
ißjH had no id<»Rs BaKHyKi pojib b otoh nvpaev oipHuaTe^BHoe r .:e c T o m v ;~
72
HB8
ao
. To ae caMoe HMeeT MecTO b npejwoaeHHH " i d o n 't
know
why I'm h a v in g so much b o t h e r " , a a id he (M augham ,p.2 1 7 ) .
TpaM-
MaTHHecKHM aHTeqeaeHTOM npJwaT 0qH0ä âcTH A B aaeT ca 3 se cB
ram -
to ji t o know ,a cMu&noBofi aHTeiieaeHT BiureraaeT
Taiote
OTpBqaHBe
( d o n 't know ).
nojtoöHHe cjiy'iaH Renam nejiecooöpa3HHM pa3JoneH Be
a ffre q e -
aeHTa rpaMMaTHiecKoro ( cyiqecTBHTejn>Hoe i d e a ) a aHTeueêHTa cmuojiOBoro(had no i d e a ) .T o r a a cjiejiyeT MHTaTB, h to b rjia ro a a x
to
a s k , t o w onder, B cymeCTBHTejIBHOM q u e s tio n b x . n . oöa aHTeijefleaTa coBMemerai b paBHu no êKCHêcKOMy HanojmeHBio, a b cjijniaHX H anofloÖHe had no id e a hx oÖteMH He coBnajtaioT: aHTeuejiüHT cmhctoboA
mape, neu aHTeijefleHT rpaMMaTB’secKBß, npHêM nocjiejmHß B c e ra a a n v ä b t b co cTaB n epB oro.
AHTeqeaeHTU c OTêTjraBO BonpocBTejn>HHM 3HaneHneM
hbowbtch
OJIHOBpeMeHHO $OpMaJIBHHMB B CMHCJIOBHMH, IIOCKOJIBKy OHB MOryT BBO—
flHTB K0CB6HH0—BOnpOCHTejIBHyiO npHâTOHHyTO
qaCTB
Ö63 C00TB8T-
cTByrauero jjoncuraHTe^BHoro KOHTeKCTa • KoJMHecTBO cjio B -airreiieaeE TOB C HpKO BHpaaeHHOii BOnpOCBTeJIBHOfl CeMaHTHKOÄ HeB0JIBKO.K HHM
o th o c h tc h rjia ro jm t o ask s e ro cbhohhm t o i n q u i r e , t o
raecTBHTejiiHoe q u e s tio n B e r o cbhohbm p rob lem .
oy~
te il;
"Aek them what th e y want t o know", I e a id (O raham , p . 2 8 ) .
T e i l me what you do w ith y o u r e e l f a l l day ( C h r i s t i « 2 , p . 2 8 ) ,
T h ere i » a q u e a tio n w h eth er t h i e p ie o e o f e v id e n c e
sh ou ld
be h e a rd in cam era o r n o t (W illia m e , p . 3 3 8 ) .
Te sHTeueêHTH, b ceMaHTHêcitofi CTpyKType K0T0pta
BJieM6Hi‘
BOnpOCHTejEbHOCTH HesejIHK, HyJHHaBTCH B aOnOOTBTe^BHOM KOHTBKCTe.
Tskhm KOHTeKCTOM HacTo a w is ie t c h OTpHEcamie, noflHepicBBaDmee
MOMeHT HesHaHBH: d i d n 't know, had no i d e a , waa n o t e u r e , can n o t bs
certaiD..HoBOJii>HO nacTo b KOHTeKCTe oTpaaaeTcn noTpeöHoeTB b
sHa-
H»h: w an ts t o know, sh ould l i k e t o know, was c u r io u e t o know,
7.
C TOHita 3oeima MopJojiorH’iecKoro cocTaBa
rpaMMaTB<ie
aHTeiieêHTu, BBcuumuae KocBeimo—BonpocHTejH>HyB npHâTo^Hyi) t o c t b ,
jieJiflTCH na ®Be oc.HOBHue rp y ra m : aHTeqejieHTH rjraro.TBHHe b a irre u e jtsHTu HMeHHue (BupaaeHHae cymecTBHTejn>HHMB m h npHJiaraTejitHHMH) „
AÖcoTOTHoe öojibuibhctbo aHTeueaeHTOB - raarojiB H H e. 3 to
OÖ*-
HCHHeTCH TeM, h to BonpocHTSJiiHOMy n p oq eccy npacyma aBH8MHKa,noc~
'roHHHoe ÄßBxeHHe mhcjib, nanpaBJienHoe Ha no3HaHBe OKpyaaraueft n e ? CTBHTeJIBHOCTH.
Hauüojiee ynoTpedaTeJiBHUMM rjiaroâm -aH TeyeêH TaM H , bboähi® ;
KocBeHHuii B onp oc, /nyifnoTon cjioBa b rpynira cjiob: t o know, t o wor.
oaK.875
73
der, to teil, to ask, to inquire,, fco widerstand,to see(KaK C2H0HXM to underetand), to care.
They just didn't -taow who they wäre talking to ( Robbins,
p.66).
"I don't care what you believe",ahe B a l d {Steinbeck 1,p.289)
I just wonder why you do it (Steinbeck 1, p.333).
TanHTOaMH HMeauHMH anTeueaeHTaMH hbjihetck
cyaecTBHTejiiHHe
question, problew. OKI! odJia;;aiüT OTTOTJiHBOÖ BonpocHTOJlBHOfi oeMaHTHKO0 0 He HysaaioTca a fl0 n0 jnuiTe.111.H0 M kohtgkctö am
OTpaatsHBa
BonpocHTejüHoro n p o n ecea .
There is a question whether this piece of evidenca should h*
heard in camera or not (Williams, p.338).
He had pondered for twenty years the problem whether be
loved liquor beoause it made hi» talk (Maugham, p,234),
K BTofl rpynne anreneaeHTOB cjteayeT o th b ctb TaKse
TeJüHHe idea.knowledge,
cyujeoTBH-
KOTOpwe oTpaxacT BoripocHTejiBHHii npoqecc
tojebko b onpeaeaeHHOM JieKCHK0-rpaMMa,rH,iecK0M k o h tq k c tö
c
o tp h -
oaHneM.
I hadn't the idea v/hat I maant by it (Ohriatie 3, p,55).
...Miss Pateman stated that tney hadn’t any knowledge themaelves of what did happen to him (Snow 1, p,337).
HeKOTopK.e npHJiaraTeatHHe Taicse MoryT bmuojihhti , diyaKitiiH anTeueaeHTOB npu hsjib'ih» onpe.aeêHHoro jseKCHKo-rpaMMaTH'iecKoro k oh-
T0KCT8 C 0-TpH«aHB8M. K T8KHM DpHJSaraTeÄbHUM OTHOCHTCH clsar.sure,
certain.He HyawaeTCH b K0HT8KCTe SHTeaeaeHT doubtful«
He reached the door, still uncsrtaln what he was going to
say (Murdooh 2, p„255).
...it waen'fc at all olsar to me why 1 wes refusing it (Murdoch 1, p.177).
j..I »asn't quits sure where you wäre going to jump (Aldridge, 159).
...it's doubtful whether Aron had noticed that (ateinbock 1,
P.374).
B öojrbffiHHCTBG ojtyâes npHsaTO'iHae 'h c t b EaxojaaTCfl b oTJioaekbb noa'JKKSHHH k cboüsm aHreaeaaKTaM, BH ciynaa b KaêcTBö
ao n o jtH6HBH ajiji onpenejieHeh k hbm, CymecTsyioT Tarae aHTeneaöRTH,
k o to -
pae cBKsaKH c rrpKuaTo^HDä qacTBio oyö-beKTHo-npeaaKaTHBiihiMii oTHonieKBfflffl, 3TO BM68T M6CT0 npB BHnOjmeHUfl npüaaxOHHOiS MtaCTi»
noaaesamero h.ib iipeaBKaTHBa, Tbk, b upenitOKeHüiB what I oannot un
derstand ie how a Labour leader could givs eupport to a country
which
ie oraated und run by oapltaliata againut otfter count
r i e s in the Middle Saat (Morning Star.January 8 ,1 9 7 3 ) rpaUMaTHtcckhm b cmucjiobhm aHTeqeaeaTOM srnmeToa EMeHHoe
What I eannot anderstand.B npeftJloxeHHH
npjaaaTtraoe
The first thing to deci-
de ia ... whether it ie ths work of one of them only(Christie 1,
J5 .8 0 ) rpaMMath'jecKHM aHTeueaeHTOM HBJweTCH cymecTBBTejiBHoe thin«,
CMHCJIOBHM aHTeqeiieHTOM - The thing to decide.
B oöobx npMMepax K0CBeiiK0-B0iip0CHTejiBHHe npHaaTOTOue âcTH
BHn0JiHJiK)T c&ynKUHH npejjHKaTHBa. B noôöHHX ejiyqatfx rpaMMaTH<iecJ8B
0 CMHCuiosue aHTeineaeHTH jihöo coBnanaK>T ( nepsißi npHMep), jdböo cmhojioboü aHTeqejieHT Biw m aeT rpamiaTHêcKHM SHTeueaenT c saBHCBMu—
mh o t n e ro anoBaMa ( BTopoü xipm rap). B Tex me c.oyâflX,Korjta k o c BeHHO—BOnpOCHTeJIBHSfl npiWaTO'JHaH âCTB BünO-TIHHeT
$yHKE[HK>
EOfl-
jjestauiero, aH'reiiejjeHT HaxojtsiTCÄ b cKasyei.ioM. Oöhiho s t o CKa3yeno8
m 9HH06, H rp8MMSTHH6CK£IH aHT0L{67(8HTOM OTJXH8TCÄ npe/IHKSTHB.
B
upe^Jro*eHH»1
■»
Whsihe.r ahe inight have awerved as a r e e u l t
alight atroke remained
unc-ertain (Wilson, p.272)
HBJifleTCH npe«HKaTHB - npHJiaraTeJiLHoe
8.
of
aHTeijeêHTOM
uncertain.
B oT-HHTOe o : aHTeneaeHTOB, KOTopae ynoipedaflioTca
to j
ko b «MoaffioncwißieHHHX npe.iuio;?.eHii.ax c KOOBeaao-BoapocaTajxBHHMH i?**ÄaTO'ifäjMH iacTaMa,oymecTByicT aHTeneaeHTU, KOTopne MoryT
BUCTy-
naTB h bhö TaKHX npeÄaojsejöfü. B h o c th o c tb , sa hbmh MoryT c jie a o B3TB KOC.BRHHO—nOBGCTBOBaTejIBBHe DpiWSTO'iKHe TOCTB, BBOÄKMHe CO"
153OM t h a t , K HHM o th o c h tc h aHTeueaeHTH t o k n o w ,e u re , to f in d o u t ,
to d i a c o v s r , t o d e c id e , e l e a r H MHorae ÄpyPHS. H B OCEOBHOM
Bro
T 6, KüTopue HyssaioTC# b HojtsepKKe k o h to k o ts u m yKa3aHHH na B onpOCETMBHOÜTb, £ ‘3 3 T3K0r0 KOHTSKCTa OHK JMEEBTGHKOCBeHUO-BOUpOCJJTe^BHoro anaieHBH a bbojuit KDCKKHO-noBecrEOBaTaaiHHe qacxB c
co »~
aoM t h a t . Bo3bMSM b KS'ißCTBe npHMöps r a a r o ji t o know. B npejyiojseIIBH I d on ’ t know what öhe wanted (O'Hara 2,p.114) rJiaroa to know
b JieKcy!Ko-rpaf«iiv!aTH"eoKOM k o h ts k c to c otpuushhom BUEBBraoT Ha n » peaBHfl Haan npotf.nefciaTHWJCTB, coêpiRaiayiocH b npJwaTOTOofi *iacT a,B
yitaousaeT ua BMny.i&c k noHCKy snaHiw, k 3ano^HeHHto x a s s m BB$opMaipe;'!. yK33ü3aH ua jiaK yey, twütojl to know co 3 A a e r BonpocBTejn»HOCTb npR.itaTo^Hois 'sacT «. B a s s e oT’äeTÄHBO© yKasaHHe Ha BcapocareÄtrHOCT& rna rtw - w s e u w i m n axy^teer b êKCHSieoKOM k oht© k cto « a a T 8 a a ~
HOOTB: She wanted t o kno'v what was me aut (L a w r e n c e ,p. 96). 3j(8U%
coacpacBTcn ne tobbko yKaaasKe Ha Haranue npctöeaa, ko 0 Ha se.iiaH«e sanoJiHari. e r o .
T o t s e râroJi~aHTeu©iten? b npejaoaeffluj I th in ic 1 know » h a t
.c van t r.otoCBo.idwin 2 , p . ? * ö ) B ca ;iy jxpyroro aeKCB’iecK oro oxcpyjsew'H
n p o f lO jn t a e T y K a s i m a T B
Ha
0 H$opManHOHHy»
Hyr HH$opMauaeJi. rjia ro ji t o know
npH M O
j ia K y a y ,
ho
yKa3HBaeT,
sano^ H esa
0H $ o p M a m ü e fi
r o B o p a u a if i
He pacKpaBaeT codeceÄHHKy no^y'ieHHP) hm
ü o jm a fl
h,
c u ie j iO B a T e j ii H o ,
y x e 3anojmeHh to
JiaKyHa
0 0
jfflK B f l p o B a H a .
jfflKBBflaqHH 0H$opMauHOHHOö JiaKyHH 0
ä jih
O ähsko
0H$opMaiflSB.
coöece^HHKa BejjeT,
ocTecTBeHHo, k ycTpaHeHHio KocBeHHO-Bonpoc0Tejn>HOü CTpyKTypH 0
aaMeHe ee
...I
CTpyKTypoä
K0CBeHH0-n0BecTB0BaTejiBH0ß c cobd3om
am q u i te e u re t h a t in th e
fin a l
re a u lt
it
K
th a t.
w o u ld n 't
havehad the re m o te a t e f f e c t on th e S e n i o r s ' fin d in g s(S n o w 2 ,
p.88).
Ecjm a e HHjopMamioHHaß «aKyHa ripoôjDfcaeT cymecTBOBaTB
codec8ÄHHK8, oHa odo3HaqaeTCH BonpocuTejüHoM CTpyKTypoft b
mh
npn-
aaTCJHOa HaCTH (w hat I want t o b e ) .
9 . SaBepmeHHe BonpooBTejiKHoro npoutecca Haxo^HT pasHoe H3uK0B06 oTpaxenne m h oömero h cneijiiaJiiHoro KocBeiiHoro so n p o o a,
npa KQCBeHHOM odiueM Bonpoce n poq ecc saBepm aeTca c nojiyHei-meM oav
B eT a. OTBeT Ha odumK Bonpoc CBodoaeH o t yKaaaHBß na sarrojiHeHHyE)
JiaKyny. ÜOBTOMy CTpyKTypa KocBeHHo-BonpocHTeJiBHofi
npHflaTOMHofl
lacT B He BcriojiBayeTCH b npejuiosceHHax-oTseTax. HanpuMep:
The V i c a r o f B la c k s ta b le w ro te t o ask Mr. Nixon w h eth er i t
was a p r o f e a s i o n a u ite d t o g e n tle m e n ; and Mr. N ixon rap lied
th a t..«
men
w ere g o in g
s c h o o ls (Maugham, p , 1 6 8 ) ,
in to
i t who had been t o
p u b lic
BHCKa3HBaHHe-OTBeT BHXO^ZT T6M C3MHM 38 HpefleJIH BOnpOCHTejEE.H0i '0 n p o n e cca . B hgm pacKpuBaeTca HH$opMartHH, jüiKBH.napyramaa
HeonpeflejieHHocTB b 3Haf-uiHX cnpaufflsaioiuero, 3tkm oöycjioBJieH
jio -
bojibho pesKafi a vem n& nepexoB o t "HesHaHM" k "sHaHüto" npst o d uuax B onp ocax, B hshkobom BHpaKeHHH b t o t nepexoa oöosHaâH,
KaK
npaBBJio,' HOHBJieHHeM K0 GBeHH0"-n0BecTB 0 BaTeîH 0fi CTpyKTypa c
B30M that.
co-
Hhqü xapaKTep KMeeT 3aBepaiei£Be BonpooM'ejEbHoro n ponecca p.m
KocBeHHoro cnermairtHOTO B o n p o ca. B hxoä sa npeêjm B0np0CHTe;n>H0r o n poqecca iipoh cxoäh t nooTeneH H .onpa bjom npaaaTO'iHHe
qacTH
coxpaHfiDT H6K0T0pHe iepTU KOCBßHHOi’O Bonpoca a BMecre o tbm n p 0 DÖpeTSiOT qepTH, OTpaxaiDmKe Äpyrae acneKTH yMCTBeHHoJt .üö-htg./ibhocTE.
TnaTOJOt to know, t o e e e , t o teil, to d ie c o v e r
a gßyvae
b
yTBepflHTejiiiHoü (Jopjwe äbjihbdtch Tana?® asiTeuefleiiTa).®, Ko'ropue b h psKaKT nspexoaiiKe, riorpaHuqiiHe cryneHH soiipocHTejiBHoro n p o a e c c a .
o)tk iv ia ro jm b yTBepflKTe^BK oä (|>opMe (ocoöeHHO to know)
O TpasaeT
KOHeu BonpocHTejiBHoro n p o q e c c a , e r o n ep exo jt b « p y ra e $opmh
jiHTejiBHoa fleffreji&HocTa n ea o B eK a . KoMiuieKc h su k o bu x cp e^ cT B ,
paataomax b t o t n e p e x o fl, HBJifleTCH
m ucbh-
cjiojkhhm b cnopmiM. B qacTHOCTK,
öcwiBiiffle TpyflHOCTH npejicTaBJiHeT npoÖJieMa pa3rpaHHHen0H
npHflaTOH-
hhx 'lacT efi c KocBeHHUM boiipocom , KOTopue eme OTpaataroT
B o n p o ca -
TejiLHuü n p o a e c c , o t HMeHHUX npaaaTOHHHX q acT eii (HuddieBton,l97I,
P.39; Curme, 1931,p . 212?
r a n e e B , 1971, c . 5 ) . nocjieflHHe
OTpastaioT
ÄeüCTB0Teju>HocTi) b c 0BepmeHH0 hhom acneKTS. Kau öhjio D0Ka3aH0 Hi
rne, BOnpOCHTejLbHaH CTpyKTypa M0X 6T ynOTpeÖJIHTBCH ÄJIH
OIIHCaHBH
yxe 3anojmeHHoK JiaKyHH: He told har what was on his mind
(Sillitoe 1, p. 'i7) .B03MOJKHOCT£ HenOJIBSOBaHHfl KOCBGHHD—BOIipOCHTeJItHOH
CTpyKTypu b 3HaêHH0, ynajieHHOM o t c o G c tb 6hho B on p o oa, n o cjiy x a jia
OCHOBOÜ jy ia $opM0poBaHMfl o c o ö o ro cTpyKTypHO-ceMaHTü'iecKoro Tana
HMeHHux npmxaTOHifljx. Ohb odtraso bbo/ihtch coioshhm cjiobom «hat (ra
n e eB , c . 5 ) . P asrp am R e H ae KocBeHHO-BonpocHTejiBHux n HMeHHux n p a -
flaTOHHicx 'la cT e ß bo MHorux cjiy q a n x ne cocTaBJüieT T p y a a . Cp.i Teil
me what you have brought
(c KOCB8HHO—BönpoCHT0JII>HOit npHâTOH’.'C'A HaCTBK)) R Qive me what you have
brought ( c HM6HH0Ä
npHfla'ro'mofi 'la cT B io ). Hpa neKOTopux aHTene,n;em'axf o a h b k o , p a s rp a tiira e tffie äobojiIiHo 3aTpyÄHBTejiiHO. B npes-uoseHHH Sali me now what it
iS
(sillitoe 2„p,25) BOnpOCKTQJIBHOCTL : 'ünaTOHHOß qaCTH
H8
BH3HBaeT coMHeHaü, nocKo.uBKy s^ ecB aweeTCH KaK .yKasaiüie na a a K y a y , TaK 0 npocBöa o ee san ojin eH aa, Ho xapaKvepucTHKa
HO® liaCTH npe.iW0®8HHfl But p l e a a s t e i l me what you a a id
c lu b (Maugham, p«5SO) o tsm ace awrenößeMOM t e i l b
npan aT O tat
th e
noBejiBTejtfeHoü
$opMe aBjmeTCH cnopHofi. S s e c t mojkho ycMaTpHB8T£ K ocBeirnyt Bonpoc,
TpaHCôpMHpOBaHHHÜ B npHMOfö-*-But p l e a s e t e i l me» What d id you aay
a t th e o lu b ? Ho Bnojnie BoswojKHa h HHan TpaKTOBKa,
OTpasteHHaH
B
TpaHC(|iopMaUKB-*»But p le a s e t o l l ma a b o u t th a a ta te m a n t w hich
you
made a t th e c l u b . B btom c jjy ^ a e npaâTOHHafl liaCTB what you
aaid
a t th e c lu b
flOJOKna ouHCHBaTBCfl KaK HMeHHafl.
10 , H iaK , BonpoczTejiBHtfä n p o q ecc npe^cTaBJtseT coöofi
o th o cüTejjBHO OTKTejiBiiHä 0 cjiokhuS am? KBiCJiHTejQHot jteHTejiBHOcTH, HartpaBJieiniHfi na nosnasrae 0Kp.y3Eam8ä aeücTBBTejiBHOCTB, Kay^nß
ero
STan M0S 6T ötlTB BHpaseH COOTB0TCTByiOClEMH H3KKQBHMH CpCflCTBaMK, B
CJioKHOHOfl'iHHeHHOM npeMOMHHB c KOCBeHHO—BonpocBTejtBHofi npHAaTosHoii HacTBB 0Taana btopo up oueoca nojiyâMT Bupaxonpie b ero w iasaoö
'lacTH . Ha nepBOM BTsne iionpocHTe^Biioro n p o u ecca râBHue t o c t b o t paaaw r noaiioe x m
M acra'arae oT cy T crm ie HiuJ.opManHH, HeyBepeuHocTfc,
coMiiöime b v ew ~ To, h t o
Teye.'ien'rax.
.lo jiy n a e r nonocpe^ C T B eH iioe
su p eaew e s an -
B 3a$HKCHpOB8HHHX Ha Hü 7864 KOCBeHHO-EOnpOCHTe.’IIiHHX C./IOKHGno^HHHeHHHX npejuoaceHHflx HaHÖOviee ynoTpeöHTejiBHHMH atrreye;j;BHTawii
x jw
napsoß oTaflHH BonpocHTeaBHoro nponecca hb^hdtch
know
(2104 ynoTpedneHHa),to think
rjiarojiH
(168),to underatand
t»
(108)s
cooTBSTCTByroiHx KOHTeKCTax, Harne scero c OTpunaHiieM,a Tara» cjioBOCOHeTaHHe to have no idea (90).
I don't know why you stand up for him (Wilson, p.158).
"I can't think what mada you take it, Father", said
Char
lotte (Chriatia 4, p.175).
I oouldn’t underatand why ehe was so aure (Greene,p*140)„
She had no idea what he was talking about (Christ Ls 3«p.24)
Ha oê^yToneM BTarie B onppcH TeraH o.ro n p o n e c c a r jia B ir a e
oTpaxaioT na& *an K u e nyTB u oacK a kh$opm 3ixhb. Ochobhhm k
s a w j, BHpaxafflEHMii cTpeivjieK ao u o 3 H a m e r o c y ö t e K i a
$opManj!OH5iy!o jia K y n y , HfwunoTc.'i v - n s r o m
q a c iu
a iiT e n e a e H -
33noj>Hj*TL
hh-
to wonder (1552 yrtC 'Tpeöae-
hhh) h to s s a ( 5 0 0 ) .
I wonder what he was like bafore (Steinbsck 1, p.ZöO).
He wanted to see if you nesded anythirig (Snow 1, p.25fc).
OöpameHJie cy ö te K ia Bonpoc3TejjxHo.ro nponecca k
oodeceaHUKy
aa HHctopMaiiHei; BupaaeHO e rasBHoft stac-r» iiocpeacTBow airrsuejieHTOB
a*k (619) H teil (244).
On» boy asked him w hathsr he eouid piay c r l c k e t (W.s^;haa»tp.-MX
. . » I ' d l ik e you to t e i l a s who -•Me as er»* (B alr'v.la 2 #p .8 2 ) «
HaaÖOJiee ynoTpeöiämKfcHHMM
TßTH iioacKa HapopMSRHH, sauumm t o t e l i
see
, e-TpssaraaMH pepyjifcu . ’ ;; ynoTpcdaeiiafi}, to
(98),
She told me how you protected har from that blowfcop,
Srik-
eon (Bellow, p.123.),
Yes, I see exaetly what you aean (Christie 1, p. 121).
Ha nocae.’iBef/i a ia n e .oonpr.cETeÄ&H07'o n p o ^ c c a KMee'i aectro c a nojcaeHBe' aaxyma hckomoü aauiopMemiei* a cpEKcawas jisükobrmb ep e^ u tBaMH n&nyseHHHX snaHBfl. Tana'-rnuM anreus^sHTOM b >whhw cjiyâe <jb~
js a e ic a
chobs wiararr to know
(1552 yiiOTpecêaas). Oh uceivia
p a a a e t cooöaeHHe o HaxoamenuH OTBaxa, 3tot rjia ro ji no caoefi
Maai'HKe nepeaaeT asôpMaigaoHKae coo’r o a jm eyd teK ta - kak
H0ef T8K ii K0K6TO06, M 6 « W KCIOpHMB pa3B0pTHB36TCK
3h«
co -
nmmi-
BCCnroCKTe
HUK npouscc. IIpe/UOEeHE't h« didn»t know whero ha was (Baldwin 1,
p.170)j I know where there's a lot (Sillitoe 2, p. 96)
npoTHBono.noxraie
KOHe'JHJK).
OTpawr
OTajsBn BonpocnTeraHoro nponecca - na'iajif.Hy»
78
?■
I I , KocBeHHO-BonpocBTejuaHHe aHTeqeseHTH, aBJunauaeca c 'r e p x K 0 CB 6 HHHM
H8BHMH KOMnOHeHTaMH CJIOKHOHOÄ'IHHeHHHX npeflJIOXeHHÜ C
BOnpOCOM,
OKaSUBaS5TCfl OflHOTHnHHMM MJLfl Bcex KOCBBHHO-BOnpOCHTGJIB—
Ht£K c.üosnoiio^'iHHeHHiJX npsÄfloseHHH He3aBBC0Mo ot xapaKTepa
poca (oöiaaü 0 jin cnemäa^BHHH) h ot $yHKiyin npiwaTcmoli
MacTB no
OTHOEiöHHlO K I'JiaBHüfi. OlIB OTpaaaSOT enBHCTBO BOnpOCHTeJIBHOI’O
uecca na scex ero m a n a x ,
Bon
npo-
bo Bcex ero pasHOBHflHOCTHX.
yaejitH uä Beo coö ctb ö h h o B onp oca, paccMoipeHHeM KOToporo H6peaKo orpaiiH 'iH Barne« rpa»iaTHKH am v tM cK oro a s a ic a ,
oKaausaeTCH
cpaBHHTejiBHO HGöojEiiuiiM bo Bcew BonpoGHTejiBHOM n p o n e c c e .
OTCKaa BUTeKaei KsoöxoaaMocTB pacmnpeHMH noHHTKa k o c b 8h h o ro Bonpoca a BiuiKHemsa b e r o paMKa B cex h s h k o b i j x ep eflcT B ,
y ssm x . x m
JI
c jr y -
onacaH aa BoiipocHTejiBHoro n p o q e c c a .
M TE P A T Y P A
I
a n e e b B. B. MaeaHHe npswaTOHHHö npe/yioaseHKa oo t h o OaTCatHUM M6CT0f)M68M6M what B OOBpSMßKHOM aOTJIBÜCKOM R3HK6, Aß■rope$. KaK«. ÄHO. HOBOCMÖJäpCK, 1 9 7 1 .
K a y ® a r c k a a •B . Ji. b
H3UK8. J I . , 1 3 6 7 „
mp. T ,
»üntäKa
aHrumitcKoro
JE h ma h t o b Q. 0 . 0 nptipojje Bonpoca, - "J'qeH .3an .
HJüHi'p. n e « . HH-’ia hm, A .H .rep q eH a ” , 1 9 7 1 , t , 4 9 7 .
I£
o
t k h h
Jle -
B. H. K Bonpocy o iuiaccuiftHsianBH cJioxHono,!*-
M0 HeHHux npesaoaeiusfi b oobp@M6hhom shtjimäckom a s a s e . cu repMSHCKoii u pomaHCKOii $u;iojiornM .
K H -ia % 1 9 6 9 , ehii« 4 9 .
H ay^.
"B o n p o -
TpyflH H oboobö. n e « .
C u r m e
0,0» A Grammar of tha Engliah Language, v. 3,
Syntax. Boston, 1331.
OansEiiaa
M. A e, V a s i l e v a W a y a
S. it. En
glish Grammar. Moscow, 1964.
H u d d I a » t o r»
R o d n a y D , The Sentence in WrlVtan English, Cambridge, 19?1.
T E K C T H
Aldington - A I ci i n g t o u,
Hera, Moscow, 1958.
H i o h a r d.
Death of n
Aldridge - A l d r i d g e ,
James.
The Hunter.Moscow,
1958.
Allingham - A l l i n g h a m ,
Ghost. Penguin Books, 1970.
M a r g e r y.
Death of a
Baldwin 1 - B a l d w i n ,
James.
Oo Teil It on the
Mountain. N.Y., 1963.
Baldwin 2 - B a l d w i n ,
J a m e s . Another Country.
N.T., 1967.
Bellow - B e l l o w ,
Saul.
Herzog. N.Y., 1965.
Chrietie 1 - C h r i s t i e ,
Death. London, 1958.
A g a t h
a.Appolntment witt
N.Y.,1967.
Chrietie 3 - ß h r i s t i e ,
tana Booka, 1961.
A ga t h a .
The
A g a t h a .
Bürden.
The Hollow.Pon-
Christie 4 - C h r i s t i e ,
A g a t h a . The Hound of
Death. Pontana Booka, 1966.
Graham - G r a h a m ,
W i n e t o n .
Tha Sfalking Stick.
N.Y., 1967.
Greene - G r e e n e ,
G r a h a m .
Travels With My Aunt.
H.Y., 1969.
Lawrenoe - L a w r e n c e ,
D. H. The
Rainbow, N. T.,
H.Y.,
"1945.
Lewis - L e w i s ,
S i n c l a i r .
Maugham - M a u g h a m ,
dage. N.Y., 1961.
Babhitt,Moscow,1962.
W. S o m e r s e t .
Of Human Soß-
Murdoch 1 - M u r d o c h, I r i s. The Bell.?«nguin Booka,
1969.
Murdoch 2 - M u r d o a h ,
1962 .
I r i s.
linder tho TJet.Londotj,
Kordhoff and Normann - H ö r d h o f f .
C h a r l e s and
H o r m s n, J a m e s
H a l l , Mu.ti.ny on the Bounty, ff.Y.,
1965.
H a r a,
John.
Sexmcsna and Soda-Water,
H.Y., 1969.
O'Hara 2 - 0 * H a r a,
1966
John.
The
O ’Hara 1 - 0 '
.
Robertson - R o b e r t e o n ,
People, London, 1936.
80
Big
Ar not.
Laugh.
ff,Y.,
Four Frightened
Robbins -
R o b b i n s f H.
A Stone for Danny Fisher,
N.Y., 1966.
Sillitoe
1 - S i l l i t o e ,
A l l a n .
Saturday
Right
A l l a n .
Key to the Door«
and Sunday Morning. N.T., 1959.
Sillitoe 2 - S i l l i t o e ,
Moscow, 1969.
Snow 1 - S n o w
C. P.
Snow 2 - S n o w
C. P.
The Sleep
The
of
Affalr.
Steinbeck 1 - S t e i n b e c k ,
Reason. H.Y . , 1968.
H.t., 1960.
J o h n .
East
of Eden.
N . Y . , 1962.
J o h n .
Trarels
with
Stories - An Anthology of Dietinguiehed Contemporary
Ame
Oharley. N . Y . , 1963.
rican Short Stories. N.Y.,
1961.
The Eseential - The Essential.
Williame - W i l l i a m s ,
Penguin Books,
E a 1 y n.
1965.
Beyond
Belief.
N . Y . , 1968.
Wilson - W i l s o n ,
A n g u s.
No Laughing Matter.Lon
don, 1969.
C.C.IfeTpO B
KOCBEIiHO-BOlIPOCMTEJILHHE n P M J U T O m f f i
B C O B P E M E H H O M AHTJfflflCKOM H 3 H K E
I .
CJio)Kiiono;t'{BHeHHoe npejyioxeHHe ( b ÄajiBHeänieM ccaqpameHHO
c o c t o b t H3 nacreM (rjiaBHOü h npHaaTOHHOÄ), KOTopae b CTpyKTypHOM
h ceMaHTH'iecKOM miaue uMeioT do.in>iiiee hjih MeHtmee cxo äctbo c caMoOTOHTeJlbHöffiTK IIpeflJIOSeHHHMH. BsaHMOOTHOmeHEH MQKUy «laCTSMH cnn c
oxH oü CTopoHH 0 npejuioxeHiiHMK - c ßpyroft CKnaflHBaBTCH n0-pa3H0My
B 3aDHCEM0CTH OT $yHKmJ OHaJIBHOÄ 0 CTpyKTypHO—CeMaHTHHeCKOft XapaK
7epHOT0Kji npHaaTOHHUX n acT eü .
KocBeKHO-BonpocHTejiBHaH npHflaToraafl HacTi» coothochtcs c oamo
CTOHTeJlBHHW Iipe.WO.'SeHiieM - npHMMM BOnpOCOM. 3T0 COOTHOmeHHO II '
XO’IMT OTpaseHHe B 06H33Tejn>H0M 0,HH03HaTIH0M COOTBeTCTBHH M0JUI.V HJ'i,
rjHM II KOCBGKHIJM BOnpOCOM; KM CBOäCTBeHHH cnoCOÖHOOTfc K naOMMIIi»«
•-paiiC'i'opMeuni) „ipyr b x p y ra. OroBopBMca, w o p e u . m o t ho 0 ti>.u;:ai-:.675
81
$opMamiH B ce ro CIEI: He BcaKBfi KocseHHHfi Bonpoc MoaceT öutb noaHOCTB» OTpaxeH B C8M0CTOHTÖJIBHOM BOHpOCHTejIBHOM np6ft?I0KßHBU,T3K
KaK b HeM MoateT He hsütmcb cootbstctbhh äjw rjiaBHoß qacTH
cnn
(cm . c . 70 HacToamero cöopaaKa). Ho rrpnnaTOHHaa âcTL cnn B c e r a a cnocoöHa t o t o o nepeâTB co a e p sa ra ie h CTpyKTypy aioöoro n p m o ro Bonpoca.
JUa npaMuro Bonpoca b aHTJiKöcKOM H3HKe CBOüCTBeHHO
aeHHe Bonpoc0TejiiKocT0 cnHTaKc?/;ecKKMn cpeacTBaMH
otJopM—
( aH B ep caa);
aeKCHKo—rpat/MaTHneckbmh ( cnemjajr&HHe BonpocKTe^bHue cjioB a) , $ o HeTaêcKHMK ( KHTOHauBfi c noBHmeHJaew to h b ) . üpn stom 0Ka3H BaeTca,
^TO C0M8 TSHH6 BC8X TpeX MapKKpOBOK BOHpOCHTejIBHOCTH B OflHOM npEäHÄOXeHHH Bpan
JI0 B03M0KH0; OÖUHHO ÄOCTaTO^HO Äßyx 03 RHX,HHOr.ua -
oähoK. B stom OTHOffleHBH pe3Ko OTJiHHatoTCfl ,npyr o t .npyra
oöame h cneimaJiBHHe. B odmeM Bonpoce He ynoTpedJiaiOTca
Bonpocu
.neKCHKo~
rpaMMaTHTCCKne noKasai’ejra BorrpocHTejtkHocra; nxx He.ro
oÖHsa'rejifc-
Ha hhbcpchh b c o w f a H E H c noBKmeiaaeM TOHa. JIhh cneiyjaüBHHX
BOn-
docob oöKsaTeêH .leKCHKo-rpaMMaTH’iecKHH noKß3a?e;n> - BonpocBTeairHoe cjiobo. MHBepcHH y hmx pacnpocrpeHHeTOH jbhiib na HeKOTopHe p a s HOBjyiHOCTa (c p .:« w h o
see?"-
eaw you?" ~ des BHBepcHH; "Whom
d id
c HHBepcaeö). IIoBHaieHHe TOHa mjik cnemnaJiBHoro
you
aonpoca
He xapaK?epH0.
Moxho saKjiK'iH TB, ’i t o ju ih odo3Ha'JSHEfi npe,miOHeHiia icaK B o n p o c2Teju>HHX npa ncawoM B o n p o ce peiaafouiyiö po/jb ja rp a e T saucumeme n e p B cfj no35?i.[Ki5 b H 6 M K a K b odutax, Ta« K b cnei}isajiBiffiK Bonpocax u e p BSH n03HIiHH 0Ka3HBa6TCfI SaHOJIBeHHOfl TaKJJMH CJI0B3MB, KOTOpue o d u q ho He HaîHHaioT noBecTBO BaxejLBH oe npe/uiOKSiiüe, 3 t o jijiö o o j;h o
03
cnenj5a.Jii.Hyx BonpocB'rea& H iix c ä o b - who (whom,whos9)» what, whlch,
when, «nere, why» how, iüföo C£HH « 3 O^yseÖHUX rJia ro JID B (am - isara-was-ware, hava-has-had, äo-doaa-did, 8 h a H “8hauldtwill-would,
can-couid, may-taight,
must,
ough-fc,
naed,
dare).
Hhhmh
BäM 2, B oapocK TejiBH oe npe,zyiOKeHae o d o s H a n a e T ca Kaie TaKOBoe c
MOiUBB H edojiM ioro c n a cK a HaâaBHax M apnepoB, KOTopne mosho
BaTB BonpocaieaBKHM H 0HTponyK"’opar,ffl (c p .jr e p M H K "a H ip o a io c e p "
c ji o noh ss-
Kyjiüffi, 1972, c . 26; o^HaKo oh orpaHir'iKBaeTCH s o n p o cu t6 jib h ü m u c ä o BawE h He BKjnoqaeT c s « a GHy;sedRae r Jia r o jiH ) „
B K0CE6KH0M BOHDOOe 0Ö03Ha’ieHBe BOnpOCHTBÄtHOCTH H6 M0SE8T
ÖUTL TO'IHO T8KHM, KSK y CSMOCTOßTeJIbHürO npaMOX’O Bonpoca, T3K KaK
onpeêaeHsy» po.’u»
b
nepeaaê BocpocaTejiBHocTB npHHHMasT
hs
see cnn, bkäiumöh ra a sH y » <*acTB, IIosTOMy y npK.ua?craioi: nacT«
'"■c roTp :öK ccr» f) ;:'j:';>ooi5Tej[j,Kux uapKKpoBKax.
ceöa
mm>~
KaKOBa cnem3$0Ka MapKHpoBKK KoeBeHHoro Bonpoca b otjibhhc o t
npm ioro? B o-n ep B u x, oh nojmocTtio yipa^HBaeT BHTOHauBOHHfrii
HOK -
p acy-
CBOßCTBO OTßeiTBHOrO npejWtOJKBHHK, a H6 npHÄaTOHHOÜ
HaCTH.
ß o -B T o p ra , ycTpai-meTCH HHBepcB.fi, 0ÖH3aTejiLHaH u m odomx BonpoooB.
Moxho 38KJiio'iHTi>, h to oömae Bonpoca TepsioT
cboh uapKepu;
y cn e-
OTajtbHoro Bonpoca coxpaiweTcn rviaBHuß, oÖH3aTejiBiüiä MapKep - b o h -
pocHTejitHoe cjiobo • MHBepcHH Booöme He Moxex paccMaTpHBaTBCH
oöH3aTejibHHß Mapnep cneuHajiBHux BonpocoB KaK TaKOBux,
KaK
nocKOJiBKy
Ke BCTpenaeTCH b HeK0T0pux pasHOBBflHOCTfix BonpocoB - npa
bxox-
êHHH BonpocHTejibHHX MecTOHMeHHü b cocTaB rpym m n o w esam ero .O flH3K0 yTpaTa BonpocHTejibHtix MapKepoB - jibiub o n m cTopona
TpaHC-
j.opMaujiH. JTpaTHB cT aTyc caMocTOHTeJitHoro BonpocHTejitHoro
■TOXeHMH, KOCBeHHHH BOnpOC HpB0ÖpeT86T HOBUÜ CTaTyC
npea-
npjüflaTO'IHOä
•'jacTH CUTI, K0 T0pnii T arae H y raaeT ca b $0pMajrbH0M BupaxeHHH
c no-
MOUIBIO MapKepoB,
MapKepaMH npHASTOHHoit qacra
moxho
Ha3BaTt Tanne cpeflCTBa.KC-
Topae, BO-nepBux, OTwenaroT npBflaTOHHue qacTH,
hx
rpaHHim c
tjisb -
HHMB HaCTHMB, BO-BTOpJX, yKa 3HfBaiOT Ha XapaKTep CeMaHTHKO—CHHT8K—
GBHecKux OTHonieHHß npHflaTOHHOö b rjiaBHoß nacTB Clffl.TaKHMB MapnepaMB HBJIHiOTCH KOHHeKTOpH - C0I03H B G0K)3HHe CJIOBa. IIpB deCCOE3HOM
nofliHHeHHB HMeeT
b
mocto
onymeHBe MapKepa, CTaH0BHmer0CH
bsöhtohhü
onpejiejieKHHX KOHTeKCTax.
2.
TIpBOÖpeTeHBe KOCBöHHHM BOÜpOCOM MapKBpOBKB
npHflaTOHH
âcTB npoHcxoflHT n0-pa3H0My y odumx b cneujiajiBHHX BonpocoB. Ecjib
b
cneim aJiBHHX B o n p o c a x BonpocHTejitime cjioBa JierKO BunojraHBT
pojii. BonpocB TejiBHbDC BH xpojiyK TopoB, Taic b poja> MapKepa
ks .
npH.uaTOH-
HOK HflCTB , nOJIHOCTBB COXpailHH CBOK) BonpocBTeJiBHyio ceMaHTBKy, H aHajitHyio no3HUHfo H cfyHKimto b KocBeHHo—BonpocBTejiBHoii
npHflaT0TO02
qacTK, t o
ot
b
odumx KocBeHHux Bonpocax hh oflHH MapKep
npHMoro
Bonpoca He coxpaHneTCH. OTCio.ua BHTeKaeT HeoöxoÄHMocTB HOBoro Map
Kepa odmero KoeBeHHoro B o n p o ca . TaKBMM MapKepaMH cTaHOBHTca c o c 3U whether H if.
B BCCJieôBaHHux Hamb TeKCTax oÖuibm odteMOM okojio I I
th c o t
CTparam 0 3 npoB3BefleHüß xyztosecTBeHHOß jiBTepaTypu coBpeMeHHUX r>arjiHßcKBX b aMepBKaHCKHX aB iopoB oöHapyseHO B c e ro 1 4 6 4 CHI c
iiiBM KocHeiiHUM BonpocoM. M3 hhx b 8 0 6 cayn aflx ynoTpedJineTCH
oö~
co »3
whether,b 6 5 8 - C0W3 if.Coiö3 whether HB^fleTCfl 0ÄH03Ha«iHHM MapKepoM. Oh yKa3Hi?aeT ^nun> Ha o jk h acneKT ceMaHTHKO-cHHTaKCB'iecKHX o t
KonieHBfi wexny rjisBHoii a npHnaTOHHofl âcTtio, a hmchho Ha BwpaxeHEhdii'xdTO'iHO»! 'lecTBro odiuero KocneHHoro B onp oca.
83
B OTJuraae o t whether coios if M noro3im eH - ccpepoü e r o
ocHOBHoro ynoTpeöJiSHBH hbjihbtch ycjioBHue npüflaTOHHue. Whether ‘.KaK
cnenMajiH3HpoBaHHHiä c o b s äjih oöiumx KocBeHHO-BonpocHTejiBHux npja.ua-
TO^HHX M0S6T 33MeHHTB if B T8K0X npHflaTO^HUX, HO
Bcerâ b o 3u o k h o saMeiiHii, whether Ha if.
He
ÄSJieKO
I came back to eee if what I heard was true(Robbins, p.197).
— »I carae back to eee whether what I heard was true.
I wondered whether her mother knew her father was not ill
(Steinbeck 1 ,p.513).•—► I woridered i_i her mother knew ner
father was not ill.
OflHHM 0 3 (paKTopoB, onpa,nejißfou®x Buöop Meaay whether H if,
HBJiHftTCH jieKCHKo—ceMüHTBMecKaH xapaKTepBCTHita Bonpoc0Tejn.Horo aHTeneaeiiTa b r.iaBHoä nacTH CEDI. HaHdojiee mbcto cob3 if
BCipenaeT-
ch nocJie aHTeueAe.HTOB to aak a to wonder . Hs 658 aaperncTpispobshhhx yaoTped/ieraii if
b KocsfäiiHc— BonpocH'reiitHux npHÄaTO<iHux Ha
8TB ßBa aiIT6Iêfl8HTa IipHX0,HHTC.H 359, T .e . ÖOJlt.IU0 GOJiOBHHhi.
OÖMCItaeTCH, OêBHAHO, HpKO BLipaiKeHKUM BOnpOCHTe^tHHM
3T0
3HalieHB6M
8T0X rjiarojioB, kto . n e u a e v bo3mokhhm Bhiöop coiraa c MeHee apKo .bhpaseHHHM KocBenHo~BonpocBTe.iiBHUM aimenaeM. Iloejie aHTeueêHTa to
ask
npeoöJiaaaeT if,a ne cneiy5aJM3EpoBaHHH0 KocBeHHo-BonpocßTejiB-
Kuft cons whether: co'-ieraHEe aHTeneaema to aak c coiosom if aaperacTpfjpoBaHO b .165 ejiyaaax, a c cosgsom whether - tojtbko b 89 r . j y ianX; T.e, ijottss b^bos peae. XapaKTepno, «ito y
aiiTeiieêHTa
to
know, KOTopuö ae HMeeT crojub npKoro BonpocHTeJiBHoro sHanemiK, co-oTHOHieHKs oöpaTiioe: oh coêTaeTcn c comsoM if 9.1 pas, a c coiosom
whether 187, T.,e» BjiBoe qaiüe»
B h ö o p c o b s o b whether, if b CJITI aaBHCBT Tatose o t cpyKKmiB b b o äemmx npü.Diato^hmx ^ a c i e ü . npaâTO ^H ae ’- ia cT B , BHtiojiHiriDiiiEie $yHK.una
noMesamero „ npejiHKaTHBa hjib onpeaejisKüfi, b b o ä h t c h tojibko coioaoM
whether.
Whether tha art of eeandal-aongering hsa auffered by
thia
new social aotivity ia hard to say (Aldington, p.137).
The only question was whether his aleep was not aa
sleep (Bennet, p.48).
efcsrnal
Ke had pondered for twenty yeare the problem
whather he
loved liquor (Maugham, p.234).
HeBG3M02CH0CT£ ynOTpetfJteHHH if 0ÖMCHH6TCH T0M, UTO
r jia B iin e
hscth
TaKjäx C M , ica s n p a s m io , n e b kjiotskt b cb o ü c o c t q b aH -reue-
.UeHTH C KDKO B&fpaSteHHKM BOnpOCHTSJCnHUM SHaêHKeM. HeMa.üyiO
Taicse srrpaex t o t $aKT, h t o npimaTOMHoe npeasoseHste
POJXB
pacnoâraeT-
Cfl nepej c b o b m aHTeneêHTow. IlocTauoBxa oowsa if b h ö 'coäs npesJiosefii5.fr - xapaKTepiioe c b o ^ c t b o CfBl c ycjsoKH&MH np«maTo’«tHMa.
TaKMM 0Öpa30M, 8KBMBaJieHTHOC'I b whether - if ripOHBÄHeTCfl TOJIBko b flonojiH H T eatH H X K o cB eH H O -B o n p o cH T eaw iH X n p ii.u a t o h h h x :
His pax-ente warited to know whether anythlng could
(Maugham, p .511).
They want to know
if
you knew
about this
be
place
done
(Gard
ner, p.56).
C n e ix a a jiB H u e K ooasH H ue B o n p o c a
mtGE
(h s m e
s a p e r iic i'p jip o B a H O
6400
cneuHa®bHUM 0 K0 CBeHH 0 - B 0 n p 00 BTejii.HufciM npHÄaTo<iHUMH)
onn co
CJiOBaMB what -
which - 89,
3223
ynorpeduemn,
how - 1 4 7 2 , why - 6 8 4 , where - 561,
BH0 TpH H3 H0X aBJlHtOTCH MeCTOHM0HBaMH,
bbo-
who (whom, whose) - 259,
«hen - 112.1lep-
JIOCaö.ttHBe TOTHpe
npHIUTO
oT H ocH T t k HapetoifUsa« Ojw aKO n o jm a a aK a jiü rr-iH O C T b ax aaaTOHH a
i
ynaTpeöJieHHH no3BC «iaeT naw upHCoeflHHaTtCH k tom aßxop aM , K o io p u e
n p fi^ a c jis ic T r a n
HasHuaet/ius MecTOHMeHHiie H a p e y a a k
m g cto h m sh u h m
(Khaimovich, Rogovekaya, 1967, pp. 107-100).
3.
B KJiaCCIJlfcMKaUKffX M8CT0KM8HÜÄ R rpaMMÖTBKyX
aHTJlUÜCK
a-yuKö HaxoaHM» KaK möbbgtho , paapaaH Boiipocm'eaBHißc b oth o ch teJib -
hux. MecToHMSHHH. Oähbko upoöjiewa mx pasipaHBêiiUii b npeaao*eHHH
hbj.l a e r c a cao xH o ä. O/wa k3 npa'iKH c o c t o h t u to u ,
;ito MecTOHMsana
Hs.iiocraTOMHO jssyêau kök nojiH<|>yHKHBOHa,ai.^:•.1 Jta a c c cjiob.
MecroHMeHHfl,
pasÄir'iHue $yHKUBH
im k
b
m
cJio.B.a Ä p y ru x H a c t» n p e v a , MoryT
3aBHCMMOCTH
seH H a. T ö k , cM u cjioB oe coaep acaim e
TOHMeHBff who n e
maöhthhhm b
Who was thare?
I «reut Into the
was thars (Snow
3o would anyone
3T0 OÖ'fcaCHHSTCH
b h iio ju m t b
jie K c a jv O -rp a m a T ia 'ie c K o ro OKpy-
ot
jä
c u H T a K e irie cK a a Harpys.Ka
M ec-
c ae^ y ctiu ix T p e x np e.ajiosceroiax:
hall, picked up the receiver, and aaked who
1, p.391).
who knew him (Maugham, p.40).
T6M, 'ITO MCCTOHMeHlIG who HaXOASäTCB B
pa3-
jib h h h x JieK CH KO -rpaM M aTH 'iecKH x K O K T eK C T ax: b nepp,om npuM epe
oho
aB JiaeT C H K 0Mn0 HeHT 0 M n p o c 'r o r o
c ji o x -
n p e n jio a e H n a ,
a b a ß y x js p y r a x -
H o n o s«in H eH H oro.
B nepBOM c ji y q a e üh o M ap K B p y ex n p e a jio a te H a e
B onp ocü TeÄ B H oo,
y K a s i.'B a e T n a najiH H Be jia K y a u b
B o n p o cH T e .'iB H o ro n p o u e c c a ,
who
sk ö h m h x
Ha e e x a p a K T e p . T ew ca.»ahm
np K B juaK aeT bhhm qhbö a a p e c a x a
ÄOÖHUX OKpyStSHKHX MßCTOüMeHUe
KaK
cy ö te K T a
wecTOBM eHne
k nocTaBJieHH OM y B o n p o c y .
who HBJUaeTCH BOlIpOGBT6JIIiHliM
B no~
HH-
TpoÄyK'ropoM. Dto othocbtch b paBHOii creneHn u k ..ipyraM p a a e e n e -
peuBcaeHHHM ü s c
H a p a a y c ^ .y m u iieM
Q oiip o citT & iib H o ro M !rrpo;iy K T o p u , Hccê./tyoNwe
M ecToüueHKH M o r y r m m r,w t-\ ü h J t p y i n e
B o ß to p o ;.» u
io u tl-
eM npeaJiojReHBHX cjiobo who, k sk b b hphmux so n p o ca x , HBJißeTCH MapKepoM, ho He caMOGTOHTejiLHoro u p ejuiüK eraa, a npJinaTOHHHX q a c ie ä .
Ha nepBHÄ imaH BünanraeTCH y Hero $yHKima KOHHeKTopHaa.
Paara^H e BonpocHTejiBHHX » OTHOcHTejn>Hux MecTOHMeHBü
öa3H -
pyeTCH na tom , t t o BonpocHTejiBHO—HHTpoflyKTopHaH pojib s tb x
cjiob
OTaxpoHH’iecKii npe0Ö pa30B ajiaci b KOHHeKTopwyio (O n i o n s ,1 9 0 4 ,p .1 4 7 j
Pernald, 1 9 0 4 ,p . 281 J.H a ja ra se nocjieflHeß b qejioM p a je
k o h tb k cto b
aBTOMaTHqecKH HciurmaeT nepByio. C p .:
What w ere you d o in g t h e r e ?
(Maugham, p . 5 2 5 ) , lyie what BOII-
pOCHTeJIBHHH HHTpO,5yKTOp,
That is what I have to teil you (Snow 1,p.48}l\ne what KOH-
HBKTOp.
in?
When shall you be
(Maugham,
rne when Bon-
p. 467),
pOCBTeJIBHlrä HHTpOÄyKTOp.
When th e p la y was o y e r he had a n o th e r d rin k (M a u g h a m ,p .4 7 1 ) ,
r;ie when K0HHeKT0p.
B npHBeêHHHX npejuioatemifDc cymecTByeT oTêTjoiBoe
pa3Ji0H»e
Menny BOnpOCHTeJIBHHMB 0 OTHOCBTejIBHHMH MeCTOBMeHHHMH. 3 to
CHTCH Tarace H K MecTOHMeHHHM w h ich , who, w h ere,
why.
OTHO
nocKOJiBKy
HaJMno pe3yjiBTaT HCTopaêcKoß jiHBepreHiiRiJ, mokho oÖocHOBaHHO r o bo ph tb
oö oMOHHMuqecKHx n a p a x .
0 äH8ko n p ou ecc p a 3 bhtbh n0jm$yiiKitB0HajifcH0CTH y x a 3 3 hhhx cjiob
He B c e ra a ü pbbo u bt k qeTKo ycTaHOBJieHHOft ciiCTeMe
OMOHBMBHecKBx
n a p : He BCHKoe BonpocBTejiBHoe cjiobo HMeeT üTHocHTejn>Hoe cooTBeTCTBHe ( T a K O B O MeCTOJSMeHUe how ) H He BCHK06 OTHOCHTejIBHOe
CJIOBO
HMeeT BonpocHTejiBHyi) napaJuiejiB ( t 8 kobo wecTOHMeHne t h a t ) .
C0BepmeHH0 hhba KapTBaa B03HHKaer upa aHaJi03e
KonneKTopoB
B
npHflaTOHHm qacTefi co cneixnaJiBHHMH KOCBeHHHMH BonpocaMB.
Clin
CO CneuaaJIBHHMl! KOCBeHHHMH BOnpOCaHH ZHTpOÄyKTOpH npBOÖpeTaiOT HOByro, KOHHeKTopHyx» $yHKmiB, 0BH3HBaBT npunaTO'iHyK) nacTB c rjiaBHoü.
OflHaKO HOBaa $yHicrc0H hhckojibko He ymeMJweT nepBOHaqajiBHyB.
ÜHTpOflyKTOp,
K aK H 3BeCTH O,
I)
HaXOJUJTCH B HaTOJie BOnpOCHTeJIB-
Horo npewioxeHHH, 2 ) HMeeT B o n p o c B T e jitH y to ceM aH T H K y ,x ap aK T ep H 3y fl
HH$opMaimoHHyn Jia K y H y ,
3) BHnojiH HeT $yHKU0io o jy r o r o 03 qjieH OB Bon-
p o c H T e jiB H o ro n p e fljio *e H H H .
MecTOHMeHHHfi K0HHeKT0p HMeeT aHSJiorii'iHJbie cBcücTBa b cocTase
CUtl: I) HaxojHTCH b Hanajie npnaaTO'iHoä qacTU, 2) yKa3hisaeT Ha ceMaHTHKy UPHOTTOHHOÖ HaCTK, 3) BUIIOJIHH6T (IiyHKIXKHj OflHOrO
H3 qjdeHDI?
npHaaTornoä M a c T H . Tpn cboüctbs HHTpoj'ynTcpa cneimajiBHoro Bonpuc a jterno coBMecTBMH 0 t p e m
CBOüCTBaMB co'-siioro c jio B a :
86
I) Bonpo-
CHTeJibHoe cjiobo, GTOHiuee d HanaJie npaworo B o n p o ca, ecTecTBeHno,
coxpaHHSTCH b Ha<iaJie KoeseHHoro B onp oca; 2 ) Bonpoc BTejtBHoe
cjio
bo, yKa3unaonee Ha cc,uepxäHiie npHMoro B on p oca, h b Cffll yKa3HBaeT
na n a Jiira e Bonpoca 0 TeM caMHM ocymecTEjmer ceMaKTHKo—CHHTaKCM—
'lecKyta cbhsb weamy rjiaBHoä vtacTBio, xapaKTepH3yBüieli
BonpocaTejiB-
anfi n p o u e cc, b npH,ua to^hoS n a cT b c, onncuBam efi môpMaipoHHyB aa~
KyHy; 3 ) BonpocBTejntHoe cjiobo HBJiaeTca 'uieHOM npejuioaeiaifl KaK
b
apKMOM, TaK H B KOCBeifflOM B o n p o ce.
TaKBM odpasoM, b 0Tjrn«aje o t othocht8jh>hhx MecTOHMeHBü
H6KT0PH KOCBeHHO-BOnpOCHTejEbHUX npHÄaTO'tHUX '•ISCTeM CDU H6
kohTOJIB-
KO COXpaHÄlOT CBH3B C BOnpOCJJTSJIiiHBiMH CJIOB3M0, OHB liO/IHOCTbiQ COXpajüuoT Bce CBoMoTBa BonpocuTejiBHHX cjiob: ceMaHnnJSCKne,
Bonpo-
CBTejiBHO-UHTpoayKTopHae, cHUTaKCHêcKHe. T o t $aK T , '-ito ohb
aojiHHWT KOHHeKTOpHyK) pojib b Cffll, pasyM eeTca,
b
bh-
KaK0ä-T0 Mepe
CÖJIHJKaeT HX C 0TH0CHT6JIBHHMB MeCTOBMeHflflMH. OilHSKü RJiSl
0TH0CB-
T6JÜ.HHX MeCTOKMeHHfi KOHHeKTOpHaH pOJIB HBJIH8TCH eflHHCTBeHHOä, TOP-
Iia K8K u m BOnpOCHTejIBHUX MeCTOHMSHBli K0hti8KT0pHafl POJIB B
KOC-
B6HB.0M B onpoce Hen0CpeaCTB 8HH0 BHTeKaflT B3 HX EHTpoayKTOpHO-BOHpocBTejiBHoro ynoTpeöJieHHH.
ÜOJIH$yHKIIHOHaJIBHOCTB BOnpOCHTeJtBHH.V CJIOB , HX CnOCOÖHOCTB COB
MemaTB BOnpOCHTejn>HO-HHTpQ,ayKTOpHyTO S» KOHKCKTOpHyiO (|;yHKqBB B cnn
BH3HB3K5T SaTpyÄHÖHBH y a B T O p O E , MOJTCajIBBO KCXüÄfnmTX B3 HOCHJIKH,
coraacHO Kosopo® npHodpeTerae hoboü $ym caaa asTOMaTBêcKH jibkbh«BpyeT npesHae (Kvjinm, 1 9 7 2 , c . 2 9 ) , Ouhsko 03 o^Horo
coBepmeHHo
He BHTSKaeT jrtpyroe, KaK Öhjio üOKasaHO, BonpocBTejrBHO-BHTpoßyKTop-HHH (JyHKIlBH Jiei'KO COBMeCTHMa C K0 HH6KT0pHQÜ 0 6 S yiUSpÖa RJIR «SOX&~
JIJIÖO 0 3 HHX. TaK, B OÖUieM npKMOM Bonpoce POJIB BHTpOflyKTOpa
BH-
nojiHHST i'jiaro ji, OKHospeMSHHo $yHKuaoHHpynnjHfl ksk cKa3yeMoe
e ro qacTB,
ana
Vites h e p r ä s e n t
at
th e
m ee tin g ?
Has he any tickets for this
Ca« none of you da it?
perfonaaace?
TaKBM o Ö p a s o M , t i e r ochob ük k iH o T p r a a T B wecTOBMöHHfl w ho , w h a t ,
w h ich ,
w h e r e , when, w h y , how
TOHHNX OT T e x * e
B KOCB6HHO-BonpoCBTeJIBHHX
np Bfla-
MeCTOBMeHBÜ B CaMOCTOHTÖJTBHKX BOnpOCHTejIBHUXnpQS-
TOSeHHHX. 0ÖIUHOCTL HX OSMafITMKB,
CXOflCTBO HX ifiyHKIIBfl
MTOÖH OHB paCCMaTpHBft./LH0 b HO KSK
OMOHHMU, npHHaiUieKaiUHe
pa 3 lM W a « M6CTOHM6HJ5K,
TpeÖyiDT,
K
3ByM
H KaK UO/UKityilKiPOIiaJlliHUe B o n p o c s T 8 J I 6 J O W
CJ10~
b s , c n o c o ö H u e >3üo.suiti> n p .w o fi u KOOBeitituä B o n p o c i v .
4.
rt-H p a c c n o T [ V ’ iir '!
jOCi;.:.; j;t)HCTpyKUKH[;
i'
: n o f i ^ M ü fjrni o
OHHütJ
k o c i j ^ iihijm
-(XsJIMLki .'If
«onpocoM
l
bh ts-
No one can teil how to do it (Steinbeck 2, p.28).
Two yeara of not knowing who to believe, what to believe
(Robbins, p.242).
He was wondering whether to teil me that (Snow 1, p.233).
K aK b b a h m , p e q jb B u e T o n p e a J io s e H B n x ,
r^ e
n o c J ie B o n p o c B T e ju > -i
Horo HHTponyKTcpa ne cjieu y eT ü o jih o c t b io o$opMJieHHan
np0.uaToraafl
nacTB c noflJiejftaiuHM b CKa3yer*iM - jibhuhm raaroJioM .
K 0 Mn0 HeHT 0 M KOHC’rpyK U H B ,
Pom ,
c jie .n y m ie ß
EflUHCTBeHHHM
3 8 BonpocH TejiBH U M B H T p oay K T O -
0K a3H B aeT C H r a a r o j i b $op M e B H $H H 0T 0B a. B B ccjieflO BaH H H X T e K -
CTax 3aperncTpHp0BaH0 5 7 4 ynoTpeÖJieHHH tb k b x npeiyiomenKM. B ip a w MaTHtcax nocjieÄHHe q a c r o paccMaTpBBaioTCH He KaK CDU, a KaK n p o c TNe np eÄ JioxeH B H c bhc& hhbtbbhhm b cjiO B o co q eT au H flM B
1 9 5 9 , p .3 0 9 } Ganshina and
(
Sch eu rw eg h «,
1 9 6 4 , p p .2 6 6 - 2 6 7 ) .
VaBilevskaya,
C
HHCTO f.OpMaJIBHOÜ TOHKH 3peHHH TaKO e OCBeraeHHS K a x e T C fl OÖOCHOBaHh h m . OaH aKo noflodHHM n o u x o Ä k pemeHHK) B o n p o c a y c T p a ü a e T
ns
3peH Hii peaJiBH O cym ecT ByiouiB ft n a p a Ju ie jiB S M M esrcy cjie^yioatHMH
h o jih
npea-
aoaeHHHMH:
He doeen't know how I do it (Steinbeck !, p.410).
I don’t know how to do it (Steinbeck 1, p,434).
B npHBejieHHHX npeaaoateHHflx odHapyraBatoTCH B a jm iie c x o iirn je ie p TH. FJiaBHHe HaCTH HM6I0T OHHO H TO s e
JieKCKKO-CHHTaKCHHeCKOe CTPO-
eHHe h CDBepuieHHO o.nBHaKOBO yK asuBaioT Ha BonpocUTOiiLmre:
n p ou ecc.
B h e x Te me K ocB eH iio—BonpocH TejiBH uc an T eu ex teiiT u . O äh sk o no
ohh -
TaKGK'iecKofi cTp yK T yp e n p B Jia T o ra u x q a c T e fi paccMaTpHBaeMbie k o h c t pyraOTH cymecTBeHHo OT.mmaB'rcfl o t o ö h h k h x CITfl ts m ,
h t o b npHnaTO-* -
Hofi OTcyTOTByeT n o ju ie s a m e e , a t v ia r o ji HaxojiMTCH b HejjH'inoi-i fo p M e .
Töm caMHM n p H jja w iH a fi 'la c T B Jimuena HajutexamiiM 0öpa30M o$opMJieHHm
raaBH ux weHOB. Oöa BHCKasuBaHBH coBnanafoT no rjiaBHoä n scra h no
BonpocBTeabHOM y cuiOBy, i . e .
n o töm k b j m
k o m iio k sh tsm , KOTcpne n r -
paioT Ba3K.Heräuyio p o s t b oôpmieHUB K ocBeH H oro B o n p o c a .
AHajiH30p.yß npHjaTOHHHe nacTB b npejuioseHBax tbikj
I don’t
know how to thank you (Robbins, 240}» CJiezsyeT OÖpaTHTBCH K BX
amuoraM cpe;xn npocTHX npeanoseHBii. Taw mh Tarae HaxojiMM KOHcrpyKU b b , icoTopue BHCTynaioT b KanecTBe npocrux npHMux Bonpocon R
b
KOTopux onymeHO nojwieKamee, a CKa3yeMoe -- bhoEihhbthbhoo r
How to do it?
Where to go?
What to decide?
To be or not to be?
CTpyKuypa noaoöttax BHCKa3UBaHnii oöycjioBJiena caTyam ?e0.
co cT aB e OToyTCTBye-x noÄJieaawee, n0T0My i t o
Bm
oho cmyaTiiBHo jirtk o
BOcrioamBMD. Ilpa o tc .v tc tb h h aK niM m am ioro noit«e.«am6ro w ia ro n -cK -v
3yeM oe, s o t b c t b c r h o « itpiiHHMaeT
6op' j
88
Ta k a m 0öpa30M,
b
npHBeÄeHHHX BHme npeaJioaeHuax HMeeToa c*-
TyaTHBHO oöycjioBjeHHHü sjMjancHc.
IIpHAaToqHae t o c t h , b k o to p h x onymeHH nojuiemaimie
bo
«3Ö e-
saHHe noBTopeHHH Ha3B8Hhh jasna bjib npejiMeTa, y x e Ha3BaHBoro
râBHofi 'lacTH , moxho oxapaKTepn30Bsti> kbk BJumnTiinecKHe
b
n p an a-
T0 HHH8 HacTH c KOHTeKCTyajiBHO oöycjioBJieHBHM bjltbiicbcom. OnymeHnoe b npaflfiTOHHOö qacTH nojyiexaiaee JierKO BoccxaHaBJiHBaeTCB:
np*
noMomi! rjiaBHofl nacTH CIIIT, b KOTopofl oho BKcruramäpoBaHO.
But
he knew when to eut his loeaes (Snow 2, p.93).—
^But
he knew when he oould cut his loeaes.
I shall have to decide whether to let my name
(Snow 2, p , 2 5 ) . —
go
forward
I shall ha re to decide whether I can let
my name go forward.
nOflOÖHHfi BJUIUn ca c ItpBJiaTOHH£JX BaCTeft, pa3yMeeTCH, HeBOBMO»eH, ecjin caMo BonpocHTejisnoe cjiobo flBJiaeTCH noajiexaimiM
npuna-
TOBHOfi qaCTH . Ü08T0My C MeCTOHMeHHeM Who, KOTOpOe OÖHBHO ÖHB86T
noflJiexaoiBM, noaoöHue KOHCTpyKUBH peiyca. H e BCTpeâtoTCH ohb t b k s e c MecTOHMeHaeM whj-.B oöumx KocBeHHO-BonpocBTejrbHHX npea-noae-
HBHX C BJMHnCBCOM COS03OM M03E6T ÖUTfc T0JCBK0 whether.
5» HaKOHei;, o co ö o ro paccMOTpeHH.fi TpeöyeT CTpyKiypa npe^Jio-
tohhü, npejicTaBJieHHHX npHM epai«:
A very special need. I don't know what (Bellow, p.406).
And when will it really hit me?
I don't know when but I know how.
3 TB np 8,lM0)K8HH)I ({lOpMfiJIbHO JierKO OMCHBasOTCH KaK
npOOTHe c
BODpOCBTefliHKMH CJIOBaMä, 3 3 KOTOpUMH He CJIB^ÖT K0CB6HHHft
BOD-
p o c . OrjuaKo t a K o e p e in e a a e y n p o m a e x ceM aH TH êcK yio x a p a iw e p H c r a n y
»perotoaeHini ss He n o s B O Jt a e ? y B B a e i'fc b hkx k c c b b h h h S B o n p o c ,
K O T o p cro ifO B a c a e T b B 0 3 a y x s a
B o n p o c B T e jiB H o e
c jio b o .
.hoho, -!to iio cjie w e e hö y T p am ao ravrero 03 cso efi
d es
CoBepmeHHo
B o n p o c » T .e jü H o 8
apjjpOita: oho xap aK T ep nayet ampopMaiosoHayio jiaKyHy.CoBepmeBHO a c ~
ho TaK*o, h to npsjjBiecTBymaa eMy to c ti» n p e a a o s e w i a
know )
( I
don’t
ne o u ra -ia e T C H o t r ^ a E H i a ^ a e -r e ä k o c b s k h o —s o n p o c a ? ® ji b h o f o
TjR: oh3 o T p a s a e t xon BoupocHmj&Horo n p o u e c c a , npe»ao*8HHe
'{«»O M MM80T B OBOOM C 0 C T 3 B 6
%B3 OCHOBHHX KOMHOHeHTS
b
JtCOCBSHHO-
BonpocHTPJiBHoro HpejujoxeHiM: ou B can »e Bonpoca're.ar.Horo n p o n e cc a ,
oöyfiio co 5ep »3m eeca b rsaßHofi 'u icth O M , a BonpocMTSJfBHoe
c jio
bo,
C JW ~
cn O C O Ö K O e 3 S 0 U H T B ITpBaOTOM Hyift !ir iC T b .
m
üMjiycr, n p a iy c a , T p o T a ii k o m jm > h c » t K o c B e H H o -B o n p o c H T e jiiB n o -
rt> Oi'iu "■r.:
3a BO IipO CftTO JlM iH M
n p w .ifiT O H B a » ' -' a c r f -,
K o i'o p a f i,
,
Ki
c /u 'm k o ,
jt c j k o Bf>OTicjiHHMa R3
Cae^yeT yêcT B, hto BonpocaTejiBHoe cjiobo b CIIII HBJineTCH HJieHOM npHßaTOHHOÜ liaCTH, OCHOEHUM $OpMaJIBHHM npH3HaKOM 3aBKC0MOrO
KOMnoneHTa coqeTaHBH npeflBKaTHBHUx eaHium (Mo$ hk , 1 9 6 8 ,
c.
1 3 7 ).
Mosho CK33aTi>, hto BonpocaTejiBHoe cjiobo npejicTaBjmeT, penpe36H TBpyaT oTcyTcTByiomyio, onymeHHyio npHflaToiHy» nacTB . "ITpn
penpe-
seHTaifliH nacTB HeKOTopofi cHHTaKCHqecKoii eÄHHHuu "npe^cTaBJuieT"
u e a o e " (üoqeim oB, 1 9 7 1 , c . 1 7 0 ) . no.noÖHan penpe3eHTamiH
uejioro
qacTBD npejjnoJiaraeT b KanecxBe HeoöxoaHMoro ycjioBHH gbhsl c n p e a mecTBymiiM kohtbkctom , b kotopom Ha3UBaeTcn peripesefrrapyeM aflrfflco>
(noHeimoB, c . I 7 l ) . IIpHÄaTO'iHue qacTH b noaoöHux npeÄJiosteraiflx p e HymipoBaHH äo oflHoro BJieMeHTa, ncTOMy hto ohb nojmocTBto DKcrummipoBami b npe,nü,nymeM KOHTeKCTe.
I ought t o be eomewhere e i s e , but I d on ’ t know w h ere(C h r l a tie
1, p.193).
F o r eome re a s o n he was u n w ill io g . She wondered why ( C h r is -
tie 2, p. 171).
KaK bhäbm, rJiaBHue HjieHU iipn/r.aT0 HH0ß qacTB MoryT öu tb
ok c-
njmcpapoBaHH p tom s e npefljioxeHBB bjik b npeaa^ymeM. CiieôBaTejitHO,
b hoaoöhhx cjiynaßx HaJimio KOHTeKCTyaJiBHO odycjioBJieHHuii pjijihiichc
npBflaTO^HOii «acTH Gim, KOTopaa peupeseHTHpoBaHa cbohm
ochobhhm
$OpMaJIBHHM BHH0K8TOpOM. 3H8HBT, HHTpültyKTOpHafl pOJIB HCCê/ü'eMUX
MeCTOBMeHMft H8 BCH63aeT, B IipOCTHX BOHpOCKTeJlBHHX
ilpeÔJKeHHHX
Taitaco BOTpeqaeTca aHajiora'iHHii bjuihiichc. B CJieaytoiaHx npHMopax npoCTH9 BonpocüTejiBHue npejiJioxeHBß peaymapoBaHU n o o/tnoro
cjiosa,
KDTopoe ttEuuieTCH BonpocB'rejiBHHM HHTpojiyKTopoM a 'i.aenoM npe,ü./tfme~
RBfl.
"So i t ' s g o t t o ba one o.f u eB , Tora B a ld .
" l e s " , I re p lie d .
Tom O rb e ll s a id th e one words
"Who?" (Snow 2 , p . 2 6 6 ) .
" I th in k you a r e o b lig e d t o g iv e a ro d a o n ", he said.
"Why?” (Snow 2 , p . 1 5 8 ) .
B03M0TO0CTB peflyKUHH BOIlpOCä ,UO OflH&rO BonpocHT8JIBH010 OJIOD/CBHäKOBO XapaK TeD K fl 1C3K JWfl npflMOrOj T3K H /IJIH
K oeB eH H o ro Bonpoca. S i i o jm e ecT -ecT B eH H O , hto n o jio ö K o ö
pe^yiojHB
MoryT noflBepraTBCS jihbib cnertHajiBHiie BonpocR, T au k o k uömwti B o n
p o c n e co ,n e p x n T B o n p o o .B T e jiiH o r o cuiOBa, K C T opoe moi '
jic 6ti
p cn p e-
B3,
KaK BHÄHM,
seH T K p o B aT B e r o :
eosos w h e th e r.
«e flBJiflwomMcÄ vjieHOM ape;p!o*eHJ«i
b npBâTOHHOü u s c t u , ho mokbt encrynaTB kük penpeaeiraaHT.
B cero no/iocire-rx KOH>rr:<y;;nx;i e peuyiuipoßöHUUMK
n;;M:iaTO*WHMj|
sapevi'CTpijpOBaHO
. Oon't-Kho h s c t o j6ca-i)erir.r-Tcs ^ nrix
;:e';Torr~
Menne why - Ha Hero tipHxojUäTCH 1 4 8 ynoTpeÖJieHBft, T . e . öofltme n o JIOBHHH. Op0 MeCTOHMGHHH Why B03M0XH0 BKJIDH6HB6 B
peÄyUHpOBaHHO«
rippwaTOTOoe oTpHuaniw not.
I understood hie language too well to ask why not (Snow 2,
p*&4) •
B nonoöiüjx KOHCTpyKUHHX not npejiCTaBJiaeT b c b
npairnmniin
(Khaimovich and Rogovekaya, p.231), KOTOpafl BKCIMBUBpOBflHaB npßflmecTBymmeM K O H TeK C Te. C jieflO B a T ea B H O , n p m aT O H H afl ^ a c T B p en p e36H -
TitpoBaHa UByfAH cjioBaMH: o ä h h m rmeHOM Bceä h s c t h KaK TaKOBOfi(why)
H OfllMM KOMüOHeHTOM npejIHKBUHH (not) •IIpHÄaTO’JHaH H8CTB B IjejIOM
jierKü b o c c th Ha b jm Bae t ch npn noMoum npeamecTByiomero KOHTeKCTa.HaripHMep:
"Harry won't come, so we shan't have money for that".
"Why not?"
"I don't eee why not" (Maugham, p«466).
üonoöHuii npHMep xopocuo EJi;i»CTpBpyeT a H a jio r sro Mejyty npHMmo?
H KOCBeHHHMH BOnpOOflMB C B-MMIICBCOM.
TaKHM ortpasow, 9;üi01tchc o/moro iviaBHoro HJiena
Jipa/jaTO'iEöij
qacxH (naiurestattiero) hjik o Ö o h x xviaBHUx hjjsbob npBBOÄJäT K b o s h b k h g Benn/o cneaapa'iecKHx npnaaTOMHux 0Öpa30BaH»ä, npa k o t o p h x C M b h s niHe cö-nHJcaeTCH c npocruMH npexyjoxeHKflMK.
H SBeCTH S TO’iKa 3p eH 0H , COrJiaCHO KOTOpOÄ "KOMHOHeSTaMH n o jff lnpe.iiM KfiTHBHoro n p ejw o ateH B fi fr& ranoTc« He " c u tO B e c s a »
iiHKaxHaiiHe eaMHHuu"
(W o$ h k „
c
a np e-
.I 3 6 ) ,
OnnaKo apeÄHKaTHBHuR x a p a K ie p npnuaTOOTOH v a s e m
b o b co
Ht
oößsaxe.arjHD oöyc;ioiwieH bkciuijiuvsthhm B H p aaew ae« b e e n p eaejiax nojajiewamero b c K a sy e w o ro b üK^noi; $opM e. K m 6ötch npjytaTO'naie
o ö p a-
30BSHflii, b k o to p u x jihöo otikh K3 3T0X ’-iJieHOB npeanKauEH (n o jy iexa-■ aee), jthöo oöa
(noryierriamee h cK a3yeM oe) n o^B epraiorcH aHac&ope’i e c -
KoMy B .u u m c a c y . OiiusKo npe.uJio*8HHe b yeaoM c o x p a r a e T
CB0Ü0TB3 KocBeKHo—BonpocH TejiBKoro c n n 0T p a«aeT BonpocHTejibHuü n p o u e c c ,
ca,
ra a B H y » ’iacT B ,
Baraefim B?
K0T0pa.fi
k BHTpoflyKTop KoeBeHHoro Bonpo
KOToptiii y K a a u sa e T Ha xap aK T ep HH$opMaun0HH0ii JiaKyH U. [l03T 0M y
p a c c M o rp e H H a e sume npeajioKeifflfl c ;ie a y e T npnHnc;r0Tb k
BonpocHTe^BHHM Cnn. Hx npHaaTOMiiue la c r a nojiBepruyru
KOCBeHHO-
ejuianeacy
ITOZiOCiKO COOTBeTCTByKXilHM npHMKM BOIipOCaM.
JI H T E P A I 7 P A
H o i
i! k
JI. Ji. CJioraoe npejyioxeiwe b HOBoaHxaH0CKOM h s u k f.
196b.
91
K y ji a m O. n . O
t s k HaswBaeMux BonpocBTejitHtcc cjio ß a x
C<5.:
C 0 BP 8 M 6 H H 0 U SHTJIHfiCKOM H 3 U K 6 . - B
B O H p O C H T6 0 p H H B
rb n p e n o a a B a H B H B H O c T p a H H H X h 3 hkob, flnenponeTpoBCK,
b
M 6 TOSJ5—
1972.
T. P. KoHCTpyKTHBHHfl a H a j M 3 c r p y K T y p u npea-
D o i e n q o B
JtOXSHBä. K ü 6 B, 1 9 7 1 .
0 n i o n s
0. T.
G a n s h l n a
lish
An Advanced Engl1sh Syntax.London,1904.
M. A . , V a s i l e v 8 k s y a
H. M. Eng-
Grammar. Moeoow, 1964.
S c h e u r w e g h a
G.
Preaent-Day Engliah Syntax,Long-
■ana, 1959.
K h a i a o v i c h
B. S., R o g o v s k a y a
Courae in Bngliah Grammar. Moscow,
P e r n a l d ,
liah
Speech. H.Y.,
J a n
C,
• a
B. I.
A
1967.
L.R.D.
Connectivea of
Sng-
1904.
I E K C T B
Aldington - A l d i n g t o n ,
Hero. Moscow,
R i c h a r d .
Death of a
1958.
Bellow - B e l l o w ,
S a u l ,
Bennett. - B e n n e t t ,
Herzog. B.Y.,
A r n o l d .
1965.
fhe • Old
Wives '
Talea. Uoeoow, 1962,
Christi« 1 - C h r i s t
ie,
A g a t h a .
The Bürden. H.Y.,
A g a t h a .
The Hollow.Fon
1967.
tana Books, 1961.
Gardner - G a r d n e r ,
S t a n l e y
E r l e .
The Oase
of the Vagabond Virgin. London, 1968.
Maugham - M a u g h a m ,
dage, H.Y.,
H. A Stone for
Robbins - H o b b i n a ,
S .T .,
V,
S o m e r s e t
Of Htunan Bon-
1961.
Danny
Fisher,
Key to the
Door.
1966.
Sillitoe - S i l l i t o e ,
Moaoow,
AllUtn,
1969.
Snow 1 - S n o w
C. P.
The Sleep of Reason. N . Y . , 1 9 6 8 .
Snow 2 - S n o w
C. P.
The Affair, H . Y . ,
1960 .
of Eden,
1962.
J o h n .
Eaet
Charley, N . Y . , 1963 .
J o h n ,
Travels
H.Y.,
with
B. H. ILaoTKBH
o (JOHOJionfffiCKoii u phpoäe
JUMTEJILHOCTH SBYKOB B HGJIAliUCKOM H3UKE
I.
B ipoHOJiorBB HCJianncKoro h3uks , BeponTHo, HeT öoJiee Tp
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KcaaRUcicn
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i ep
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B . B . McjiaHÄCicafi npeacirapauKH
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I hö e p M B B
kbk cpencTBo y/i&
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A . C« ITcJiaTpicKaa npoco.uHKa (K cJjowojiorH'jee-
koü xapaKTepaoTHKe coB p eM em oro HCJiaHucicoro ji3HKa b e r o botophü !..
J I . , 1971a.
1 1 ’d e p n a s
A . C . $ 0HeMa m n pasjiB'iHTejrfcimi^
B c ö , ; $ 0H6THKa. $oHQjioruH. rpawu-raTBKa. M ., I9 7 I Ö .
104
M a K a e B
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Kaxr - B k h . : CpaBiiHTejiBHaH rpaMMathke repMaHCKHX h3hkob,
t.
II,
M., 1962.
M a K a e B
3 . A. OpyKTypa cÔBa b HHaoeBponeficrai l repMaHCKHX H3HK3X. M., 1970.
t ji.I ,
Ü J I O I K I H
B . f l . JlBHaMHKa aHTJIBflCKOft ÔHOJIOrBHeCKOll c « c -
T6MH. HOBOCBÖBpCK, 1967.
II I 0 T K I H
B.H.
CUCTOMa 3ByK0BUX ÄHCTHHKTOPOB
peMeHHOM am ’JiHiloKOM H3HKe, jiojiorBH.
Hayq.
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C
B
"B onpoca repMaHCKOö b poMaHOKOfi $ B -
H - K a
u
.c
h
k i
!
1955.
M. H. HcTopaa cränÄBHaB-
CKBX H3HK0B. M.-JI., 1953.
Ü T e Ö J I B H - K a M e H C K B f t
H3HK.
M. H.
^pOBHSBCJiaHÄCKB#
M., 1955.
C T e ö J i B H
-
K a M e H C K B Ä
M.
H.
Otopkb no
jw axpt*-
HB'ieCKOfl $OHOJIOrHB CKaHflBHaBCKBX H3UK0B. JI., 1966.
T p
7
ö e q K o ;i
H. C. Ochobh $ 0H0Ji0rH B. M., I960.
B e n e d i k t a a o n
Solutions:
H.
The Non-Uniqueneaa of Phoneaic
Quantity and Streas in Icelandic. "Phonetica",10,1963.
H a u g e n
E. The Phonemlca of
Modern
"la n -
Icelandic.
guage", 34, 1, 1958.
M a 1 o n e
K.
The Phonemes of Modern Icelandic.
In
his
"Studiea in Heroic Legend and in Current Speech".Copanhagen,1959M a r t i n e t
A.
La phonologie du *ot en danoia."Bull#-
tin de la Sooiötö de Linguistique de *ariB", 38, 1 - 2 ,
M a r t i n e t
tion phonologique.
A.
1937.
Du role de 2a gemination dana 1*Evolu
"Zeitschrift für Phonetik
und
allgeaeifie
Sprachwissenschaft", 12, 1959»
M a r t i n e t A .
ohronie.
Ind^termlnation phonologique et
dia-
"Phonetica", 12, 1965.
S t e b l i n - K a m e n s k i J
M. i.
Three
Type»
of
Sound Change. "Philologica Pragenaia", III, 4, 1960 a.
S t e b l i n - K a m e n a k i j
M. I.
o f Modern Icelandic. "Studia Linguietica",
The
Towel System
14, 1, 1960!»•
C O A E P X A H H E
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