Isolated Splenic Metastasis In Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer
Transcription
Isolated Splenic Metastasis In Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer
World Journal of Colorectal Surgery Volume 4, Issue 2 2014 Article 2 Isolated Splenic Metastasis In Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer With Suspicious Liver Lesions: Combined Multi-Organ Resection Is Safe And Feasible. A Case Report And Review Of Literature Caroline C H Siew∗ Kon Voi Tay† Surendra Kumar Mantoo‡ ∗ National Healthcare Group, Singapore, [email protected] National University Hospital, Singapore ‡ Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore † c Copyright 2014 The Berkeley Electronic Press. All rights reserved. Isolated Splenic Metastasis In Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer With Suspicious Liver Lesions: Combined Multi-Organ Resection Is Safe And Feasible. A Case Report And Review Of Literature Caroline C H Siew, Kon Voi Tay, and Surendra Kumar Mantoo Abstract Isolated splenic metastases are rare, with only 26 cases reported in English literature to date. We describe a case of locally advanced sigmoid colon mucinous adenocarcinoma with suspicious liver and splenic lesions seen on preoperative imaging. Resection of liver and extrahepatic disease has been shown to improve survival in metastatic colorectal cancer, with combined resection recently demonstrated to be a feasible and safe option. Combined multi-organ resection involving resection of primary colonic tumor with enbloc resection of the involved cuff of bladder, wedge resection of the liver lesion and splenectomy was performed uneventfully in our patient. Histology revealed splenic metastasis but benign liver lesions. She was discharged home well on postoperative day 7 and subsequently received adjuvant chemotherapy. Current literature is reviewed and discussed. Definite conclusions regarding the management of synchronous splenic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma are not available due to paucity of evidence. Therapeutic options of splenectomy and possibly adjuvant chemotherapy appear to have a positive impact on long term survival. Simultaneous multiorgan resection for metastatic colorectal carcinoma is a reasonable option in selected cases with multidisciplinary support. KEYWORDS: Colorectal cancer, Splenic metastasis, Multi-organ resection Siew et al.: Isolated Splenic Metastasis In Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer 1 Isolated Splenic Metastasis In Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer With Suspicious Liver Lesions: Combined Multi-Organ Resection Is Safe And Feasible. A Case Report And Review Of Literature Introduction: Isolated splenic metastases remain a rare entity in colorectal cancer. The presence of splenic metastases usually represents widely disseminated disease. Autopsy studies reveal a 2% incidence of splenic metastases in colorectal cancer [1, 2]. Anatomical, histological, functional and immunological features of the spleen may explain the low prevalence of splenic metastases [3-6]. Synchronous splenic metastases are infrequent, with most studies describing metachronous lesions [7]. All reported patients underwent splenectomy, although the role of resection on long term survival is not yet well defined for synchronous isolated splenic metastasis. We present a case of locally advanced colorectal cancer with possible liver and splenic metastases at presentation. The patient underwent open simultaneous major resection uneventfully - resection of the sigmoid colon, en-bloc resection of a cuff of bladder involved, wedge resection of the liver lesion and a splenectomy. The final histology revealed benign liver lesions and isolated splenic metastasis. The final pathologic stage was T4aN0M1a, Stage IVa. Case Presentation: A 67-year-old woman presented in November 2013 with painless per rectal bleeding associated with symptomatic anemia. Haemoglobin was 8.6 g/dL on admission with a deranged coagulation profile (INR 3.1) due to warfarin treatment for atrial fibrillation. Warfarin was withheld and she received a blood transfusion. Colonoscopy revealed a circumferential tumour at the sigmoid colon with impending obstruction (Figure 1) and biopsies confirmed adenocarcinoma. Further preoperative investigations showed a locally advanced sigmoid tumour with bladder involvement, liver lesions suspicious for metastases at segment 4B and 7, and a splenic lesion on abdominal computed tomography (CT). No lung lesions were identified (Figure 2). Preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was high at 88 ug/L. Intraoperative findings at the time of laparotomy were that of a bulky sigmoid tumour invading into the dome of the bladder. Intraoperative liver ultrasound showed a 1cm solid lesion in segment 6 and cystic lesion in segment 7 (Figure 3). Intraoperative ultrasound of the spleen showed a solid component located peripherally, close to the left hemidiaphragm (Figure 4). There was no obvious peritoneal disease. We proceeded to perform a sigmoid colectomy with enbloc resection of the cuff of bladder involved, wedge resection of the segment 6 liver lesion and a splenectomy. A cuff of diaphragm was resected during splenectomy due to local involvement (Figure 5). Surgical duration was 5 hours with total blood loss of 500mls. Postoperative recovery was uneventful, warfarin was restarted inpatient and the patient was discharged th home on the 7 postoperative day. Histopathological examination of the specimen showed a poorly differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon with serosal invasion (T4a). Zero of the twelve regional lymph nodes were positive for metastatic carcinoma (N0). Resection margins were clear and there was no tumour invasion into the resected cuff of bladder. Histology of the spleen revealed metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma, but the splenic hilum and resected cuff of diaphragm were not involved by tumour. The final pathologic stage was T4aN0M1a, Stage IVa. The resected segment 6 lesion in liver was a biliary hamartoma, with no malignancy identified. Reduction of CEA levels to normal range was noted postoperatively and the patient completed adjuvant chemotherapy uneventfully. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2014 2 World Journal of Colorectal Surgery Vol. 4, Iss. 2 [2014], Art. 2 Discussion: Splenic metastases from colorectal cancer are rare and usually occur in disseminated disease. The common sites of colorectal cancer metastases are the liver, lung and peritoneum [8]. A study by Berge et al on splenic metastases involved a series of 7165 autopsies and reported the incidence of splenic metastasis in colon and rectal cancer patients to be 4.4% and 1.6% respectively. None of these cases were isolated metastases [1]. Another autopsy study by Warren and Davis found that only 2.2% of colon and rectal carcinomas had splenic metastases, none of which were solitary metastatic disease [2]. Since the first case report of isolated solitary splenic metastasis in colorectal cancer by Dunbar et al. in 1969 [9], there are only 26 cases reported in English-language medical literature. Twenty two cases are metachronous metastases and the remaining four cases are synchronous [7]. In all cases, primary tumor was at least T3 and above with variable lymph node involvement. Two cases of mucinous adenocarcinoma have been reported prior to our patient [10, 11]. The prognostic significance of mucinous adenocarcinoma is controversial. Patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma have been shown to present with larger tumors, deeper invasion and higher rates of nodal and distal metastases [12]. Mucinous adenocarcinoma is also known to spread preferentially to the peritoneum, possibly related to the production of mucus under pressure, which allows the tumor cells to gain access to the peritoneal cavity [13]. Splenic metastases are usually diagnosed on imaging done for staging in the workup of colorectal cancer or during oncological follow up. Patients are usually asymptomatic and may present solely with a rising (CEA) level. Symptomatic patients may present with splenomegaly, left hypochrondrial pain and non-specific symptoms of weight loss. Few patients presented with splenic abscess [10] or spontaneous rupture [14, 15]. Common imaging techniques include ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan of the abdomen or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These typically reveal hypodense splenic lesions which may be subcapsular or intraparenchymal in locations [16]. Gasent Blesa et al described a case where 2-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) scan was utilized to demonstrate an isolated splenic metastasis in a patient with rising CEA levels but negative radiological studies [17]. Gencosmanoglu et al describe a case where FDG PET-CT was used to further evaluate a splenic lesion identified on CT scan. They suggest that FDG-PET scanning allows better detection of metastatic deposits, especially if lesions are too small to be seen on other imaging techniques. In addition, FDG-PET scanning can assess if a lesion seen on CT is indeed tumor and also assess for involvement of other sites by metastatic disease [18]. Metastases from colorectal cancer may reach the spleen via the splenic artery, the splenic vein or lymphatics. A review of the literature found that the primary tumour was located in the left colon or rectum in 70%. [7] This suggests a possible retrograde spread of tumour deposits to the spleen via the inferior mesenteric vein to the splenic vein [19]. The spleen parenchyma lacks afferent lymphatics but these are present in the capsular, subcapsular and trabecular regions. The lymphatic distribution would explain the subcapsular location of isolated splenic metastases, while haematogenous metastases would be expected to be intraparenchymal. http://services.bepress.com/wjcs/vol4/iss2/art2 Siew et al.: Isolated Splenic Metastasis In Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer 3 In our patient, the peripheral location of the splenic metastasis and lack of splenic hilar involvement would suggest lymphatic rather than haematogeneous route of spread. However, the patient had T4 local disease of the left colon with no regional lymph node involvement. We postulate that lymphatic spread of tumour to the spleen was unlikely in our patient and would like to consider transcoelomic spread instead. Peritoneal seeding typically results in metastases outside the splenic capsule rather than involving the parenchyma. In our patient, the adherence of the diaphragm to the splenic lesion further represents its outer location. Some explanations have been proposed regarding the low incidence of splenic metastasis. The sharp angle made by the splenic artery with the celiac axis and rhythmic contractions of the sinusoidal splenic architecture prevent tumor emboli from lodging in the spleen [3]. As the second largest organ of the reticuloendothelial system, good immune surveillance provided by the rich supply of immunocompetent cells within the spleen appears to inhibit tumor cell proliferation [3]. Experimental studies also suggest that the development of splenic metastases is limited by the destruction of malignant cells within the spleen [4]. Another experimental study by Miller and Milton demonstrated a much lower growth rate of adenocarcinoma cells after injection into the spleen as compared to the liver [5]. The absence of afferent splenic lymphatics is another possible reason [6]. Splenectomy is the treatment of choice for splenic metastasis and was performed in all reported cases of isolated splenic metastasis. Results appear optimistic but there is no long-term survival data to indicate the efficacy and benefit of splenectomy for isolated colorectal splenic metastasis. Current data indicate that long-term survival after splenectomy in patients with isolated metachronous splenic metastasis varies from 0.5 to 7 years and varies from 1 month to 6 years in patients with synchronous splenic metastases [7]. Laparoscopic approach for splenectomy has been described [17], but its use is controversial due to the risk of peritoneal dissemination during the procedure. To our knowledge, there are no previously described cases involving combined resection of the primary colorectal tumour, en bloc bladder resection, liver metastectomy, and splenectomy. A recent systematic review of outcomes of patients undergoing resection for colorectal liver metastases in the setting of extrahepatic disease suggests a benefit of resection of metastases despite multifocal disease. Hwang et al demonstrated an improved 5-year survival compared with patients excluded from resection – 42% vs 0% 5-year survival [20]. Improved median overall survival has also been demonstrated in metastatic colorectal cancer patients who had combined liver and extrahepatic disease resection (32-40 months) compared to those treated with only systemic chemotherapy (16-24 months) [21,22]. It is currently unclear whether primary colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases should be resected simultaneously or as a staged procedure. Simultaneous colon and liver resection is considered a high risk procedure, with quoted mortality rate of 7-12% [23,24]. However, recent studies have shown that simultaneous resection can be performed safely, with associated benefits of reduced total hospitalization stay by reducing the need for a second procedure and hence better cost effectiveness [2527]. Current opinion suggests that combined resection is safe and feasible in selected patients [28]. Our patient underwent resection of the primary sigmoid tumour with enbloc resection of the involved bladder, wedge resection of the segment 6 liver lesion, and a splenectomy uneventfully. The surgery was a concerted effort between the colorectal, hepatobiliary and urology surgical teams. Intraoperative ultrasound provided the additional benefit of allowing us to further evaluate as well as accurately delineate the liver and splenic lesions during surgery. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2014 4 World Journal of Colorectal Surgery Vol. 4, Iss. 2 [2014], Art. 2 The role of adjuvant therapy in colorectal cancer patients with splenic metastases is not clear. Of the 26 cases described prior in the literature, 12 patients are known to have received adjuvant chemotherapy [7]. Survival benefit of adjuvant therapy cannot be determined based on these case reports due to small patient numbers and lack of long term follow-up. Conclusion: Isolated splenic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma is rare, and synchronous metastases are infrequent. Therapeutic options are currently limited to splenectomy and possibly adjuvant chemotherapy due to paucity of evidence. Simultaneous multiorgan resection is feasible and safe in selected cases with multidisciplinary support. Figure 1: Colonoscopy showed a stenotic circumferential sigmoid tumour http://services.bepress.com/wjcs/vol4/iss2/art2 Siew et al.: Isolated Splenic Metastasis In Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer 5 Figure 2: Suspicious liver and splenic lesions with locally advanced sigmoid tumour Figure 3: Intraoperative ultrasound of liver showing 1cm solid lesion in segment 6 and cystic lesion in segment 7 Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2014 6 World Journal of Colorectal Surgery Figure 4: Intraoperative ultrasound of spleen showing peripherally located solid lesion Figure 5: Splenectomy specimen with cuff of diaphragm and tumour (circled) http://services.bepress.com/wjcs/vol4/iss2/art2 Vol. 4, Iss. 2 [2014], Art. 2 Siew et al.: Isolated Splenic Metastasis In Locally Advanced Colorectal Cancer 7 References: 1. Berge T (1974) Splenic metastases. Frequencies and patterns. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A 82:499–506 2. Warren S, Davis AH (1934) Studies on tumor metastasis: the metastases of carcinoma to the spleen. Am J Cancer 21:517–533 3. Kim JC, Jeong CS, Kim HC et al (2000) Isolated splenic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma: a case report. J Korean Med Sci 15:355–358 4. Eichner ER (1979) Splenic function, normal, too much and too little. Am J Med 66:311-320. 5. Miller JN, Milton GW (1965) An experimental comparison between tumor growth in spleen and liver. J Pathol Bacteriol 90:515–21. 6. Waller RM 3rd, Fajman WA (1982) An unusual cause of an isolated, focal splenic defect demonstrated by liver–spleen scintigraphy. Clin Nucl Med 7:5–7 7. Saad GSA, Hussein M, El-Saghir NS, Termos S, Sharara AI, Shamseddine A (2011) Isolated splenic metastasis from colorectal cancer. Int J Clin Oncol 16:306– 313 8. Feig BW, Ching CD (2012) Cancer of the Colon, Rectum, and Anus. The MD Anderson Surgical Oncology Handbook. 11:396-397 9. Dunbar WH, Beahrs OH, Morlock CG (1969) Solitary splenic metastasis incidental to rectal carcinoma: report of a case. Mayo Clin Proc 44:40–45 10. Pisanu A, Ravarino A, Nieddu R et al (2007) Synchronous isolated splenic metastasis from colon carcinoma and concomitant splenic abscess: a case report and review of the literature. World J Gastroenterol 13:5516–5520 11. Mainprize KS, Berry AR (1997) Solitary splenic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma. Br J Surg 84: 70 12. Numata M, Shiozawa M, Watanabe T, Tamagawa H, Yamamoto N, Morinaga S, Watanabe K, Godai T, Oshima T, Fujii S, Kunisaki C, Rino Y, Masuda M, Akaike M (2012) The clinicopathological features of colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma and a therapeutic strategy for the Disease. World J Surgical Oncology 10:109 13. Sugarbaker P (2001) Mucinous colorectal carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 77:282-283 14. Achuthan R, Joseph A, Haray PN (1999) Splenic metastasis from a rectal tumour: an unusual presentation. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 81: 139 15. Al-Obaidi SM (1989) Spontaneous rupture of the spleen due to metastatic carcinoma. Br J Clin Pract 43: 385-386 16. Imada H, Nataka H, Horie A (1991) Radiological diagnosis of splenic metastasis and its prevalence at autopsy. Nippon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 51(5):498-503. Produced by The Berkeley Electronic Press, 2014 8 World Journal of Colorectal Surgery Vol. 4, Iss. 2 [2014], Art. 2 17. Gasent Blesa JM, de la Morena E, Laforga Canales JB et al (2008) Clinical case report and literature review: metachronous colorectal splenic metastases. Clin Transl Oncol 10:445–457 18. Gencosmanoglu R, Aker F, Kir G, Tozun N (2006) Isolated metachronous splenic metastasis from synchronous colon cancer. World Journal of Surgical Oncology 4:42 19. Indudhara R, Vogt D, Levin HS et al (1997) Isolated splenic metastases from colon cancer. South Med J 90:633–636 20. Hwang M et al (2014) Systematic review of outcomes of patients undergoing resection for colorectal liver metastases in the setting of extra hepatic disease. Eur J Cancer (Article in press) 21. Kawano D, Takeo S, Tsukamoto S, Katsura M, Masuyama E, Nakaji Y (2012) Prediction of the prognosis and surgical indications for pulmonary metastectomy from colorectal carcinoma in patients with combined hepatic metastases. Lung Cancer 75(2): 209–12 22. Kornprat P, Jarnagin WR, Gonen M, DeMatteo RP, Fong Y, Blumgart LH, et al (2007) Outcome after hepatectomy for multiple (four or more) colorectal metastases in the era of effective chemotherapy. Ann Surg Oncol 4(3):1151–60 23. Nordlinger B, Guiguet M, Vaillant JC, Balladur P, Boudjema K, Bachellier P, et al (1996) Surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma metastases to the liver. A prognostic scoring system to improve case selection, based on 1568 patients. Association Francaise de Chirurgie. Cancer 77:1254-62 24. Bolton JS, Fuhrman GM (2000) Survival after resection of multiple bilobar hepatic metastases from colorectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 231:743-51 25. Martin R, Paty P, Fong Y et al (2003) Simultaneous liver and colorectal resections are safe for synchronous colorectal liver metastasis. J Am Coll Surg 197:233–242 26. Martin R, Augenstein V, Reuter N, Scoggins C, McMasters K (2009) Simultaneous versus staged resection for synchronous colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Am Coll Surg 208:842–852 27. Abbott DE, Cantor SB, Hu CY, Aloia TA, You YN, Nouyen S, Chang GJ (2012) Optimizing clinical and economic outcomes of surgical therapy for patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastases. J Am Coll Surg 215:262–70 28. McKenzie SP, Vargas HD, Evers BM, Davenport DL (2014) Selection criteria for combined resection of synchronous colorectal cancer hepatic metastases: a cautionary note. Int J Colorectal Dis (Online publication) http://services.bepress.com/wjcs/vol4/iss2/art2