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____________ Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 11, No. 1, January 2016___________
This volume is dedicated to the lovely memory
of the chief-editor Hüseyin Özdikmen’s khoja
MEVLÂNÂ CELALEDDİN-İ RUMİ
MUNIS
ENTOMOLOGY & ZOOLOGY
Ankara / Turkey
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_____________Mun. Ent. Zool. Vol. 11, No. 1, January 2016__________
1
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS COPTOSIA (S.L.)
FAIRMAIRE, 1864 FROM CENTRAL GEORGIA
(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
David Navrátil* and Milan Rozsíval**
* Smetanovo náměstí 56, CZ-57001 Litomyšl, CZECH REPUBLIC. E-mail: [email protected]
** 1 máje 557, CZ-51761 Rokytnice v Orlických horách, CZECH REPUBLIC. E-mail:
[email protected]
[Navrátil, D. & Rozsíval, M. 2016. A new species of the genus Coptosia (s.l.) Fairmaire,
1864 from Central Georgia (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11
(1): 1-3]
ABSTRACT: Coptosia (s.l.) georgiana sp. n. from Shida Kartli region in the central part of
the Georgia is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to the Coptosia (s.l.)
species group.
KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, Coptosia, new species, Georgia, West Palaearctic region.
The genus Coptosia (s.l.) Fairmaire, 1864 contains nearly 23 known species in
West Palaearctic region. In the present paper, the authors described a new species
of Coptosia recently collected in Georgia.
Coptosia (s.l.) georgiana sp. n.
(Figs. 1-2)
Type material. Holotype ♂: Georgia, Shida Kartli reg., 4km NE of Gori,
42°00Ń 44°10É, 950-1050 m. a. s. l., 16.5.2015, lgt. D. Navrátil (coll. D.
Navrátil); 18 paratypes: 1♂ the same collection data as the holotype, lgt. D.
Navrátil (coll. D. Navrátil); 3♂♂ and 1♀ the same locality, 21.5.2015, lgt. D.
Navrátil (coll. D. Navrátil); 1♂ the same collection data as the holotype, lgt. M.
Rozsíval (coll. M. Rozsíval); 1♀ the same locality, 21.5.2015, lgt. M. Rozsíval (coll.
M. Rozsíval); 1♂ and 3♀♀ the same collection data as the holotype, lgt. L. Havlík
(coll. L. Havlík); 4♂♂ and 1♀ the same collection data as the holotype, lgt. P. Turek
(coll. P. Turek); 2♂♂ the same locality, 21.5.2015, lgt. P. Turek (coll. P. Turek).
Description. Males body length: 12.2-14.2 mm, females: 12.2-13.6 mm; males
body width: 3.5-4.4 mm, females: 3.6-4.6 mm. Body is black with distinct bronze
lustre. Head, pronotum and elytra have a white-grey tomentum. Head and
pronotum also have a distinct protruding white pubescence. Pronotum is
transverse with three condensed white hairy longitudinal stripes. One is at the
centre, two are on sides of the pronotum. The area between the stripes has only a
sparse pubescence. Males occassionaly have little round black glossy spots in the
middle of this area. Females median stripe crosswise widens from its middle.
Scutellum also has the condensed white pubescence. Male elytra have a whitegrey pubescence over the entire surface with very light marbling which does not
create stripes. Female elytra have the marbling more distinctive. Whole body
bottom has a long white-grey tomentum with distinct protruding hairs. No stripes
or spots. All abdominal sterna have no teeth, last sternum has a deep impression
before apex. Male antennae almost reach the end of the elytra, female reach their
last third. Antennae are thick in their whole length. Their second segment is short
and round. The third segment is longer than the first and the fourth one. The
fourth segment has the same length as the first one. Antennae also have an
2
equally spread thight white-grey pubescence without distinct ringing. Head and
pronotum are heavily dotted. Spaces between punctures are smaller than their
diameter. The punctures are often connected. The first third of the elytra is
heavily dotted, but the spaces are more distinctive and the punctures not doubled.
The punctures get thinner and flatter towards the apex of the elytra. Eyes are
strongly carved, not separated. Mandibular apex is unidentate, not bidentate.
Elytra are elongated, from their second third narrowing gradually, more in the
last third. Apex of the elytra is rounded.
Differential diagnosis. Coptosia (s.l.) georgiana sp. n. mostly looks like
species from the subgenus Barbarina Sama, 2010. It mainly differs in clearly
thicker white-grey tomentum of the elytra, which covers their marbling. The
marbling is spread equally and does not create any visible longitudinal stripes on
the elytra.
Remark on bionomy. Develops unknown. Host plants unknown. Adults were
caught in flight or sitting on the ground only.
Etymology. Toponymic. Adjective derived from the name of the country where
the type specimens was collected.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to thank to Petr Kabátek (Praha, Czech Republic) for valuable
information for the description of the new species; Lubor Havlík (Jedlová, Czech
Republic) and Pavel Turek (Lanškroun, Czech Republic) for providing all
specimens of the study. Special thanks to Stanislav Krejčík (Tvrdkov, Czech
Republic) for taking excellent digital photographs. We also thank to Vít Rozsíval
(Rokytnice v Orlických horách, Czech Republic) for English text review and
translation assistance. Last but not least, big thanks to our wives (Martina
Navrátilová and Šárka Rozsívalová) for their endless patience with our hobby.
LITERATURE CITED
Breuning, S. 1943. Nouveaux cérambycides paléarctiques (2e note). Miscellanea Entomologica, 40: 89-104.
Breuning, S. 1951. Révision du genre Phytoecia Mulsant (Col. Cerambycidae). Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem
Museum G. Frey, 2: 1-103, 353-460.
Danilevsky, M. L. 1992. New species of Cerambycidae from Transcaucasia with some new data (Insecta: Coleoptera).
Senckenbergiana Biologica, 72 [1991]: 107-117.
Holzschuh, C. 1984. Beschreibung von 21 neuen Bockkäfern aus Europa und Asien (Col., Cerambycidae).
Koleopterologische Rundschau, 57: 141-165.
Holzschuh, C. 1991 - Neue Bockkäfer aus Europa ud Asien II., 63 neue Bockkäfer aus Asien vorwiegend aus China und
Thailand (Coleoptera: Disteniidae und Cerambycidae). FBVA Berichte–Schriftenreihe der Forstlichen
Bundesversuchsanhalt in Wien, 60: 1-71.
Kraatz, G. 1882. In: Heyden L. F. J. D. von & Kraatz G: Käfer um Samarkand gesammelt von Haberhauer. Deutsche
Entomologische Zeitschrift, 26 (2): 297-338.
Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. 2010. Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Volume 6. Chrysomeloidea. Stenstrup, Apollo Books,
924 pp.
Rejzek, M. & Kakiopoulos, G. 2004. Phytoecia (s.l.) nausicae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Phytoecini) a new
species from continental Greece. Lambillionea, 104: 405-409.
Sama, G. 1997. Nouveaux longicornes de Grèce et du Proche Orient avec la description de trois espèces nouvelles.
Biocosme Mésogéen, 13 [1996]: 97-105.
Sama, G. & Rejzek, M. 1999. Phytoecia (s.l.) behen spec. nov. from north-eastern Anatolia (Turkey)(Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae: Phytoecini). Entomologische Zeitschrift, 109: 330-333.
Semenov, A. P. 1891. Diagnoses Coleopterorum novorum ex Asia centrali et orientali. III. Horae Societatis
Entomologicae Rossicae, 25 [1890-1891]: 262-382.
3
Figure 1. Coptosia (s.l.) georgiana sp. n.: Holotype, male (left) and paratype, female (right).
A
B
Figure 2. A. Lateral lobes, B. Subgenital plate, C. Aedeagus.
Figure 3. Type locality (the slopes 4 km NE of Gori).
C
4
TWO NEW SPECIES GROUP TAXA OF CORTODERA
(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE: LEPTURINAE) FROM
TURKEY WITH UPDATED SPECIES GROUP LIST
Hüseyin Özdikmen*
* Gazi University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, 06500 Ankara, TURKEY. E-mail:
[email protected]
[Özdikmen, H. 2016. Two new species group taxa of Cortodera (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae: Lepturinae) from Turkey with updated species group list. Munis Entomology
& Zoology, 11 (1): 4-17]
ABSTRACT: A new species of the genus Cortodera Mulsant, 1863 (Cerambycidae:
Lepturinae: Rhagiini) is described as Cortodera neslihanae sp. nov. from Çankırı province
(Turkey). Also a new subspecies of Cortodera orientalis Adlbauer, 1988 from Mardin
province is described as Cortodera orientalis didemae ssp. nov.. Accordingly, all Turkish
members of Cortodera Mulsant, 1863 are updated with their type information and known
distribution data in Turkey.
KEY WORDS: Cortodera, Cortodera neslihanae, Cortodera orientalis didemae, new species
and subspecies, updated species group list, Turkey.
Although Turkey is adjacent to large bodies of water to the south, west, and
north, it has continental properties. Turkey is the center of origin of many taxa,
and its exceptionally diverse topography has provided refugia in which many
species have survived in spite of harsh geological and climatic changes. The great
biological importance of Turkey is evident from the remarkable variety of
arthropods in Turkey. Nevertheless, the fauna of Turkey has not been thoroughly
studied and documented.
The genus Cortodera was described by Mulsant (1863) with the type species
Grammoptera spinosula Mulsant, 1839 from Rhône: Monts-d’Or lyonnais
(France). Grammoptera spinosula Mulsant, 1839 is a synonym of Leptura
humeralis Schaller, 1783 from Halle (Germany). So the type species of genus
Cortodera is Cortodera humeralis (Schaller, 1783). The genus belongs to the tribe
Rhagiini of the subfamily Lepturinae (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).
Cortodera Mulsant, 1863 is distributed in Holarctic region. According to
Bezark & Monné (2013), the genus includes a total of 20 species (22 species group
taxa) in Nearctic region (America, Canada and Mexico). Löbl & Smetana (2010)
mentioned 45 species (69 species group taxa) for Palaearctic Region except North
Africa. According to the latest work of Danilevsky (2015a), the genus includes a
total of 53 species (135 species group taxa) in Palaearctic Region. So, the genus
contains a total of 73 species (157 species group taxa) worldwide.
Chiefly, there was no work focused on Cortodera in Turkey until 2003.
Özdikmen (2003a,b) included the lists of known species group taxa of Cortodera
in Turkey as a total of 25 taxa. Özdikmen & Turgut (2008) stated Cortodera
differens is a new taxon for Turkey. Löbl & Smetana (2010) mentioned 19 species
(21 species group taxa) for Turkey. So, the catalogic list of Löbl & Smetana (2010)
was not reflected the real status of Cortodera in Turkey. For example, Cortodera
rosinae Pic, 1902, Cortodera zoiai Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2009 and Cortodera
flavimana corallipes Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2009 were not included in their
Palaearctic catalogue. Cortodera rosinae was described by Pic from Turkey
(Konya province) in 1902. Cortodera zoiai and Cortodera flavimana corallipes
were described by Pesarini & Sabbadini from Turkey (İzmir province) in 2009. In
addition, the subspecies Cortodera pumila meltemae was described by Özdikmen
et al. (2012) from Turkey (Ankara province), and Cortodera aksarayensis was
5
described by Özdikmen & Özbek (2012) from Turkey (Aksaray province) as new
taxa after Löbl & Smetana (2010). Recently, Cortodera rufipes (Kraatz, 1876) that
was described from Turkey (İzmir province), was accepted by Özdikmen et al.
(2014) as a separate species. Cortodera flavimana corallipes that was described
by Pesarini & Sabbadini (2009) from Turkey (İzmir province), was regarded by
Özdikmen & Cihan (2015) as a synonym of Cortodera rufipes (Kraatz, 1876).
Recently Danilevsky (2015b) described 2 new species and 18 new subspecies from
Turkey.
According to the latest work of Danilevsky (2015a), the genus includes a total
of 24 species (51 species group taxa) in Turkey. Some opinions of Danilevsky
(2015a) about acception as species or subspecies of known species group taxa in
Turkey, however, do not accept according to findings of the present work.
Moreover, during the study of the collected Cerambycidae specimens in my
collection, I identified two female specimens belonging to a new species that
collected from Çankırı province in Northern part of Central Anatolian Region of
Turkey, and a male specimen belonging to a new subspecies that collected from
Mardin province in Dicle part of South Eastern Anatolian Region of Turkey, of
Cortodera Mulsant, 1863 which will be described in the present text.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Samples were carried out among 1966 and 1997–2015 in various parts of
Turkey. Two females among them are measured and described as C. neslihanae
sp. nov. from Çankırı province in Northern part of Central Anatolian Region of
Turkey. Also a male among them is measured and described as C. orientalis
didemae ssp. nov. from Mardin province in Dicle part of South Eastern Anatolian
Region of Turkey.
Information in the present text is given in following order:
Species reported from Turkey are given alphabetically within the genus. The
Turkish distribution patterns for each species are given only concerning
provinces. Turkish endemic taxa are marked with the sign (*).
The type information for each species is arranged according to Tavakilian
(2015). For distributional data of the species, Özdikmen (2007, 2008a, b, 2011,
2013) for Turkey, and Löbl & Smetana (2010) and Danilevsky (2015a) for
Palaearctic region are chiefly used in the text. All specimens are deposited at Gazi
University of Ankara (Turkey).
RESULTS
Cortodera neslihanae sp. nov. (Fig. 1)
Type material. Holotype ♀: Turkey: Anatolia: Çankırı: Orta: Elden village, 40°
39' 22" N; 32° 58' 21" E, 21.V.2014, 1446 m, leg. N. Silkin. Paratype ♀: The same
as holotype. The specimens were deposited in Gazi University in Ankara (Turkey).
Description. Female (holotype): Body length: 9 mm.
Coloration: Some parts of legs (fore femora and tibiae completely, middle and
hind femora except for apical parts) and elytra except for black sutural and lateral
stripes dark reddish-brown. The remaining parts of the body quite black.
Pubescence: Body clothed with golden-yellow hairs. Head and pronotum with
rather dense and long, semi-recumbent and sometimes erect hairs. First antennal
segment with rather dense, semi-recumbent hairs. 2-4th and even 5th antennal
segments with rather dense, less long, recumbent hairs. The remaining antennal
segments with dense, short and recumbent hairs. Elytra and scutellum with rather
dense, semi-recumbent hairs that less longer than the pubescence of head and
6
pronotum. Underside of the body clothed with dense, recumbent hairs
completely.
Punctation: Head and pronotum with very dense, distinct punctation.
Pronotum with a glabrous and impunctate, small area on the posterior half of
median line. Elytra with rather regular, deeply punctate. The punctation of head
and pronotum denser but smaller than that of elytra. Elytra with robust
punctation in basal portion, gradually weakened but still distinct to apex.
Scutellum distinctly punctate.
Moreover, apical segment of maxillary palp broader towards the apex,
flattened, slightly securiforme. 3rd antennal segment smaller than 5th segment.
Male. Unknown.
Remarks. This new species is closely related to C. flavimana that described
from İstanbul province in Turkey (Figs. 1-2). It is easily distinguished from C.
flavimana by the coloration of the legs (only profemora and protibiae entirely
reddish in C. flavimana, while profemora and protibiae entirely dark reddishbrown, and also most parts of middle and hind femora except for black apical
parts dark reddish-brown in the new species) and coloration of elytra: (yellowish
in C. flavimana, dark reddish-brown in C. neslihanae). In addition, the third
antennal segment is as long as the fifth segment in C. flavimana, while the third
antennal segment is shorter than fifth segment in the new species.
Etymology. The specific epithet is dedicated to my student Neslihan Silkin
(Turkey) who collected the holotype specimen of the new species.
Cortodera orientalis didemae ssp. nov. (Fig. 4)
Type material. Holotype ♂: Turkey: Anatolia: Mardin prov., 4.V.1966, leg. A.
Demirtola. The specimen was deposited in Nazife Tuatay Plant Protection
Museum (Turkey, Ankara).
Description. Male (holotype): Body length: 9,25 mm.
Coloration: Mouth parts (except for dark colored apical parts of mandibles,
and black colored last segments of maxillary and labial palpes), labrum, clypeus,
some parts of legs (fore femora completely, middle and hind femora except for
black colored apical parts, all tibiae, fore tarsi completely, middle and hind tarsi
except for darker colored claw segments) and elytra completely reddish-brown.
The remaining parts of the body quite black.
Pubescence: Body clothed with golden-yellow hairs. Head and pronotum with
rather dense and long, semi-recumbent and sometimes erect hairs. First antennal
segment with rather dense, semi-recumbent hairs. 2-3rd antennal segments with
rather dense, less long, recumbent hairs. The remaining antennal segments with
densely, short and recumbent hairs. Scutellum glabrous. Elytra with rather dense,
long, semi-recumbent hairs that less longer than the pubescence of head and
pronotum. Underside of the body clothed with dense, recumbent hairs
completely.
Punctation: Head and pronotum with very dense, distinct punctation.
Pronotum with a glabrous and impunctate median line. Elytra with rather regular,
deeply punctate. The punctation of head and pronotum denser but smaller than
that of elytra. Scutellum impunctate. Elytra with robust punctation in basal
portion, gradually weakened but still distinct to apex.
Moreover, apical segment of maxillary palp broader towards the apex,
flattened, slightly securiforme. 3rd antennal segment as long as 5th segment.
Female. Unknown.
Remarks. This new subspecies is a geographical race of Cortodera orientalis
that was described by Adlbauer (1988) from Central Taurus (Osmaniye province)
in Southern Anatolia (Figs. 3-4). It is easily distinguished from C. orientalis
7
orientalis by the coloration of legs: black colored apical parts of middle and hind
femora are smaller than that of C. orientalis orientalis, all tibiae are reddishbrown completely (middle and hind tibiae are black completely in C. orientalis
orientalis), and almost all tarsi (except for darker colored claw segments of
middle and hind tarsi) are reddish-brown (all tarsi are black completely in C.
orientalis orientalis), and the coloration of antennae: first four antennal segments
are reddish-brown completely, and 5-11th segments are dark colored completely
(first two antennal segments are reddish-brown completely, and 3rd and 4th
antennal segments are black in basal half, and 5-11th segments are black
completely in C. orientalis orientalis).
Etymology. The subspecific epithet is dedicated to my student Didem Coral
Şahin (Turkey).
The updated list of Cortodera species from Turkey is provided below. Also,
information of type material, range and Turkish distribution are given. Turkish
endemic taxa are marked with the sign (*).
Subfamily Lepturinae Latreille, 1802
Tribe Rhagiini Kirby, 1837
Genus Cortodera Mulsant, 1863: 572
Type species: Grammoptera spinosula Mulsant, 1839: 290 (= Leptura humeralis
Schaller, 1783)
*C. aksarayensis Özdikmen & Özbek, 2012: 931
Type material information: Holotype ♂, collection H. Özdikmen, Zoological Museum of
Gazi University, Ankara [Type locality “Aksaray” (Turkey)].
Range: Asia: Turkey.
Turkish distribution: Aksaray, Antalya, İçel, Konya, Malatya, Muş and Sivas provinces.
Remarks: This species is endemic to Turkey now. It is regarded by Danilevsky (2015) as a
subspecies of C. colchica Reitter, 1890.
C. alpina Ménétriés, 1832: 230 (Pachyta)
C. alpina armeniaca Pic, 1898a: 114 (umbripennis var.)
Type material information: Lectotype ♀, ex collection M. Pic, Muséum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [Type locality “Arax Valley” (Armenia)].
Range: Asia: Armenia, Turkey.
Turkish distribution: Ardahan, Artvin, Erzincan, Erzurum, Iğdır, Kars, Muş, Tunceli and
Van provinces.
*C. alpina rosinae Pic, 1902: 8 (xanthoptera var.)
Type material information: Holotype, ex collection M. Pic, Muséum National d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris [Type locality “Akşehir” (Turkey: Konya)].
Turkish distribution: İçel and Konya provinces.
Remarks: This subspecies is endemic to Turkey now.
*C. alpina xanthoptera Pic, 1898a: 114 [RN] (umbripennis var.)
Type material information: Syntypes, ex collection K. L. Escherich, Deutsches
Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde as Cortodera flavimana var. flavipennis Ganglbauer,
1897 [Type locality “Ankara” (Turkey)].
Turkish distribution: Ankara province.
*C. alpina tatvanensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1065
Type material information: Holotype ♂, collection M. Danilevsky, Moscow [Type
locality “Tatvan env.” (Turkey: Bitlis)].
Turkish distribution: Bitlis province.
8
Known other subspecies of C. alpina:
C. alpina alpina Ménétriés, 1832: 230 (Pachyta) Europe: Russia: South European
Territory (Dagestan) Asia: Azerbaijan, Georgia. C. alpina baksaniensis Danilevsky,
2014: 199 Europe: Russia: South European Territory. C. alpina fischtensis Starck,
1894: 11 Europe: Russia: South European Territory (Kavkaz). C. alpina gudissensis
Danilevsky, 2013: 28 Asia: Georgia. C. alpina matusiaki Danilevsky, 2014: 200
Europe: Russia: South European Territory Asia: Georgia. C. alpina rosti Pic, 1892:
lxxxiii Europe: Russia: South European Territory (Kavkaz). C. alpina starcki Reitter,
1888: 280 Europe: Russia: South European Territory (Kavkaz) Asia: Georgia. C. alpina
svanorum Danilevsky, 2014: 203 Asia: Georgia. C. alpina umbripennis Reitter, 1890:
245 Europe: Russia: South European Territory Asia: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia, Iran.
C. alpina zekarensis Danilevsky, 2014: 203 Asia: Georgia.
*C. cirsii Holzschuh, 1975: 82
Type material information: Holotype ♂, collection C. Holzschuh, Villach [Type locality
“Nurdağı pass” (Turkey: Adana)].
Turkish distribution: Adana, Konya, Niğde and Osmaniye provinces.
Remarks: This species is endemic to Turkey now.
C. colchica Reitter, 1890: 246 (Cartodera)
*C. colchica aestiva Sama & Rapuzzi, 1999: 466 (Cortodera aestiva)
Type material information: Holotype ♂, collection G. Sama, Cesena [Type locality
“Sarıkamış” (Turkey: Kars)].
Turkish distribution: Kars province.
C. colchica colchica Reitter, 1890: 246 (Cartodera)
Type material information: Syntypes, ex collection Edmund Reitter, Magyar
Természettudományi Mûzeum, Budapest [Type locality “Ordubad” (Armenia: Nakhchivan)].
Synonyms: ordubadensis Reitter, 1890: 246 (Cartodera colchica var.) [Armenia:
Nakhichevan: Ordubad]; rutilipes Reitter, 1890: 246 (Cartodera colchica var.) [Armenia:
Nakhichevan: Ordubad]; pygidialis Reitter, 1890: 246 (Cartodera colchica var.) [Armenia:
Nakhichevan: Ordubad]; truncatipennis Pic, 1929: 119 [DA] [Turkey: Trabzon]; atropyga
Pic, 1929: 119 [DA] (Cortodera trucatipennis var.) [Turkey: Trabzon]; distincta Pic, 1933: 6
(Cortodera colchica var.) [Caucasus]; lederi Pic, 1933: 6 (Cortodera colchica var.)
[Armenia: Nakhichevan: Araxesthal].
Range: Europe: Russia: South European Territory Asia: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia,
Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey.
Turkish distribution: Adana, Adıyaman, Aksaray, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Bayburt,
Bingöl, Burdur, Erzurum, Hakkari, Isparta, İçel, Kayseri, Konya and Sivas provinces.
*C. colchica erzurumensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1058
Type material information: Holotype ♀, collection M. Danilevsky, Moscow [Type
locality “Palandöken Mts.: Tekederesi village” (Turkey: Erzurum)].
Turkish distribution: Erzurum province.
*C. colchica porsukensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1060
locality “Porsuk Dam” (Turkey: Eskişehir)].
Turkish distribution: Eskişehir province.
Known other subspecies of C. colchica:
C. colchica aishkha Danilevsky, 2014: 180 Europe: Russia: South European Territory.
C. colchica bulungensis Danilevsky, 2014: 181 Europe: Russia: South European
Territory. C. colchica danczenkoi Danilevsky, 1985: 139 [1987: 615] Asia: Azerbaijan
(Talysh). C. colchica deyrollei Pic, 1894: 66 Asia: Georgia. C. colchica dilizhanica
Danilevsky, 2014: 178 Asia: Armenia. C. colchica erevanica Danilevsky, 2014: 177 Asia:
9
Armenia. C. colchica kalashiani Danilevsky, 2000: 39 Asia: Armenia. C. colchica
murzini Danilevsky, 2014: 181 Europe: Russia: South European Territory. C. colchica
ossetica Danilevsky, 2014: 181 Europe: Russia: South European Territory. C. colchica
ponomarenkoi Danilevsky, 2014: 179 Asia: Azerbaijan. C. colchica psebayensis
Danilevsky, 2014: 180 Europe: Russia: South European Territory. C. colchica
pseudalpina Plavilstshikov, 1936: 278 Asia: Georgia.
C. differens Pic, 1898b: 50
C. differens magdae Danilevsky, 2012: 916
locality “Eminska Planina” (Bulgaria)].
Range: Europe: Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey Asia: Turkey.
Turkish distribution: European Turkey, Ankara, Antalya and Konya provinces.
Known other subspecies of C. differens:
C. differens differens Pic, 1898: 50 Europe: Greece, Romania.
*C. discolor Fairmaire, 1866: 277
*C. discolor ankarensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1063
locality “Çamlıdere” (Turkey: Ankara)].
*C. discolor bitlisiensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1065
locality “Tatvan env.” (Turkey: Bitlis)].
Turkish distribution: Bitlis province.
*C. discolor discolor Fairmaire, 1866: 277
Type material information: Syntypes, ex collection L. Fairmaire, Muséum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [Type locality “Bozdağ” (Turkey: İzmir)].
Synonyms: testaceipes Pic, 1898: 112 (Cortodera discolor var.) [?Turkey: İzmir: Bozdağ].
Turkish distribution: Aksaray, Antalya, Hatay, İçel, İzmir, Konya, Malatya, Manisa and
Niğde provinces.
*C. discolor gumushanensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1064
locality “Pass SW Yeniyol” (Turkey: Gümüşhane)].
Turkish distribution: Gümüşhane province.
C. flavimana Waltl, 1838: 471 (Leptura villosa var.) (Fig. 2)
*C. flavimana angorensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1051
locality “Çamlıdere” (Turkey: Ankara)].
C. flavimana flavimana Waltl, 1838: 471 (Leptura villosa var.)
Type material information: Syntypes ♂ & ♀, ex collection Joseph Waltl,
Naturhistorisches Museum Wien [Type locality “İstanbul env.” (Turkey)].
Range: Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania, Slovakia,
Turkey, Serbia & Montenegro Asia: Turkey.
Turkish distribution: Adana, Afyon, Aksaray, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Bayburt, Bolu,
Bursa, Çankırı, Düzce, Erzurum, Gümüşhane, Isparta, İçel, İstanbul, İzmir,
10
Kahramanmaraş, Karabük, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırıkkale, Kırklareli, Kocaeli, Konya,
Niğde, Rize, Samsun, Sinop, Sivas, Yozgat and Zonguldak provinces.
*C. flavimana inonuensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1050
locality “İnönü” (Turkey: Eskişehir)].
Turkish distribution: Bursa, Eskişehir and Kütahya provinces.
*C. flavimana karsensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1052
locality “Sarıkamış env.” (Turkey: Kars)].
Turkish distribution: Ardahan and Kars provinces.
*C. flavimana oezdikmeni Danilevsky, 2015: 1053
locality “Çağlayancerit” (Turkey: Kahramanmaraş)].
Turkish distribution: Kahramanmaraş province.
*C. flavimana sergeyi Danilevsky, 2015: 1053
locality “Pülümür env.” (Turkey: Tunceli)].
Turkish distribution: Tunceli province.
*C. flavimana sultanensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1055
locality “Sultan Mts.” (Turkey: Afyonkarahisar and Konya)].
Turkish distribution: Afyonkarahisar and Konya provinces.
*C. flavimana torosensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1055
locality “Mut env.” (Turkey: İçel)].
Turkish distribution: Adana and İçel provinces.
*C. flavimana zoiai Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2009: 16 (Cortodera zoiai)
Type material information: Holotype ♂, collection Carlo Pesarini & Andrea Sabbadini,
Milano [Type locality “Kozak” (Turkey: İzmir)].
Turkish distribution: İzmir province.
Known other subspecies of C. flavimana:
C. flavimana schurmanni Sama, 1997: 107 Europe: Greece (Peloponnese).
C. humeralis Schaller, 1783: 297 (Leptura)
C. humeralis humeralis Schaller, 1783: 297 (Leptura)
Type material information: Holotype, ex collection Johann Gottlob Schaller
(Waisenhaus Halle a. S.) [Type locality “Halle” (Germany)].
Synonyms: quadriguttata Herbst, 1786: 171 (Leptura) [Germany: Saxe-Anhalt: Halle];
suturalis Fabricius, 1787: 159 (Leptura) [Germany: Saxe-Anhalt: Halle]; quadrinotata
Gmelin, 1790: 1873 (Leptura) [Germany: Brandenburg: Berlin]; schalleri Gmelin, 1790:
1874 (Leptura) [Germany: Saxe-Anhalt: Halle]; spinosula Mulsant, 1839: 290
(Grammoptera) [France: Rhone: Monts-d'Or lyonnais]; inhumeralis Pic, 1892: 140
(Cortodera humeralis var.) [France: Auvergne (Puy-de-Dôme)]; nicolasi Bedel, 1901: 369
(Cortodera humeralis var.) [France: Yvelines]; discoidalis Pic, 1931: 6 (Cortodera
11
humeralis var.) [France: Auvergne (Puy-de-Dôme): Royat]; apicenotata G. Schmidt, 1951:
12 (Cortodera humeralis f.) [Austria: Tyrol].
Range: Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Russia: Central
European Territory, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Macedonia,
Moldavia, Netherland, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Russia: South European Territory,
Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, Serbia & Montenegro Asia: Turkey.
Turkish distribution: Ankara, Artvin, Bolu, Kırklareli and Rize provinces.
Known other subspecies of C. humeralis:
C. humeralis aspromontana G. Müller, 1948: 61 Europe: Italy, Greece.
*C. imrasanica Sama & Rapuzzi, 1999: 464
Type material information: Holotype ♂, collection G. Sama, Cesena [Type locality
“Çakıllı pass” (Turkey: Antalya)].
Turkish distribution: Antalya, Burdur and Isparta provinces.
*C. kadleci Danilevsky, 2015: 1061
locality “Tercan” (Turkey: Erzincan)].
Turkish distribution: Erzincan province.
*C. longipilis Pic, 1898: 50
Type material information: Holotype ♂, ex collection G. Kraatz > M. Pic, Muséum
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [Type locality “Syria” but undoubtedly mislabeled,
should be Turkey: ?Hatay].
Synonyms: rubrofemorata Pic, 1898: 113 (Cortodera longipilis var.) [not Syria, should be
Turkey]; tauricola Pic, 1908: 3 (Cortodera longipilis var.) [Turkey: Taurus Mts.].
Turkish distribution: ?Hatay province.
*C. napolovi Danilevsky, 2015: 1061
locality “Buğlan pass” (Turkey: Muş)].
Turkish distribution: Muş province.
*C. neslihanae Özdikmen sp. nov. (Fig. 1)
Type material information: Holotype ♀, collection H. Özdikmen, Zoological Museum of
Gazi University, Ankara [Type locality “Orta: Elden village” (Turkey: Çankırı)].
Turkish distribution: Çankırı province.
*C. obscurans Pic, 1894: 116 (semilivida var.)
Naturelle, Paris [Type locality “Akbez” (Turkey: Hatay)].
Synonyms: flavescens Pic, 1894: 116 (Cortodera obscurans var.) [Turkey: Hatay: Akbez];
fulvipennis Pic, 1898: 50 (Cortodera obscurans var.) [Turkey: Hatay: Akbez].
Turkish distribution: Hatay province.
*C. omophloides Holzschuh, 1975: 77
Type material information: Holotype ♀, collection C. Holzschuh, Villach [Type locality
“Çamlıyayla” (Turkey: İçel)].
12
Turkish distribution: Antalya, İçel and Osmaniye provinces.
*C. orientalis Adlbauer, 1988: 264 (humeralis ssp.) (Fig. 3)
*Cortodera orientalis didemae ssp. nov. (Fig. 4)
Type material information: Holotype ♂, Nazife Tuatay Plant Protection Museum,
Ankara [Type locality “Mardin” (Turkey)].
Turkish distribution: Mardin.
*C. orientalis orientalis Adlbauer, 1988: 264 (humeralis ssp.)
Type material information: Holotype ♂, collection K. Adlbauer, Graz [Type locality
“Nurdağı pass” (Turkey: Osmaniye)].
Turkish distribution: Ankara, Antalya, Bolu, Burdur, Isparta and Osmaniye provinces.
C. pseudomophlus Reitter, 1889: 40
Type material information: Syntypes ♂ & ♀, ex collection Edmund Reitter, Magyar
Természettudományi Mûzeum, Budapest [Type locality “Ordubad” (Armenia: Nakhchivan)].
Range: Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Turkey.
Turkish distribution: Erzurum, Kahramanmaraş and Van provinces.
C. pumila Ganglbauer, 1882: 710
*C. pumila meltemae Özdikmen, Mercan & Cihan, 2012: 746
Type material information: Holotype ♂, collection H. Özdikmen, Zoological Museum of
Gazi University, Ankara [Type locality “Kızılcahamam” (Turkey: Ankara)].
Turkish distribution: Aksaray, Ankara, Bilecik, Bolu, Eskişehir, Kars, Kastamonu, Sivas,
Tokat and Zonguldak provinces.
C. pumila tournieri Pic, 1895: 75 (Cortodera tournieri)
Type material information: Syntypes ♂ & ♀, ex collection H. Tournier > M. Pic, Muséum
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [Type locality “Persati” (Caucasus: Georgia)].
Range: Asia: Armenia, Georgia, Turkey.
Turkish distribution: Artvin and Kars provinces.
Known other subspecies of C. pumila:
C. pumila crataegi Holzschuh, 1986: 121 Asia: Iran. C. pumila pumila Ganglbauer,
1882: 710 Europe: Russia: South European Territory Asia: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia.
*C. ranunculi Holzschuh, 1975: 80
“Varto” (Turkey: Muş].
Turkish distribution: Muş province.
*C. rubripennis Pic, 1891: 102 (discolor var.)
Naturelle, Paris [Type locality “Akbez” (Turkey: Hatay)].
Synonyms: obscura Pic, 1898: 49 (Cortodera rubripennis var.) [Turkey: Hatay: Akbez].
Turkish distribution: Adana, Adıyaman, Hatay and Konya provinces.
*C. rufipes Kraatz, 1876: 344 (Grammoptera)
Type material information: Holotype, ex collection G. Kraatz,
Entomologisches Institut, Eberswalde [Type locality “Smyrna” (Turkey: İzmir)].
Deutsches
13
Synonyms: corallipes Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2009: 17 (Cortodera flavimana ssp.) [Turkey:
Erzurum: Aşkale].
Turkish distribution: Aksaray, Ankara, Artvin, Bursa, Çankırı, Erzurum, İzmir,
Kahramanmaraş, Kayseri and Konya provinces.
Remarks: This species is endemic to Turkey now. It is regarded as a subspecies of C.
flavimana Waltl, 1838.
*C. semilivida Pic, 1892: cxciii
Type material information: Syntypes ♂♂ & ♀♀, ex collection M. Pic, Muséum National
d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris [Type locality “Akbez” (Turkey: Hatay)].
Turkish distribution: Hatay province.
*C. simulatrix Holzschuh, 1975: 83
“Şavşat” (Turkey: Artvin)].
Turkish distribution: Artvin province.
C. syriaca Pic, 1901: 90
C. syriaca nigroapicalis Holzschuh, 1981: 95
“Uludere, Tanin pass” (Turkey: Hakkâri)].
Range: Asia: Iran, Turkey.
Turkish distribution: Hakkâri province.
C. syriaca syriaca Pic, 1901: 90
Naturelle, Paris [Type locality “Syria”].
Synonyms: aureopubens Pic, 1913: 178 (Cortodera syriaca var.) [Lebanon: Lebanon
Mts.]; korbi Pic, 1914: 4 [DA] (Cortodera syriaca var.) [Turkey: Konya: Akşehir].
Range: Asia: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey.
Turkish distribution: Adıyaman, Aksaray, Ankara, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Muş provinces.
*C. uniformis Holzschuh, 1975: 79
“Gümüşhane” (Turkey)].
Turkish distribution: Erzurum and Gümüşhane provinces.
*C. wewalkai Holzschuh, 1995: 9
“Tekir” (Turkey: İçel)].
Turkish distribution: İçel province.
*C. wittmeri Holzschuh, 1995: 9
*C. wittmeri akshehirensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1043
locality “Akşehir: Yeşilköy env.” (Turkey: Konya)].
Turkish distribution: Konya province.
14
*C. wittmeri gevashensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1046
locality “Gevaş” (Turkey: Van)].
Turkish distribution: Van province.
*C. wittmeri malatyaensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1045
locality “Eskiköy village” (Turkey: Malatya)].
Turkish distribution: Malatya province.
*C. wittmeri sivasensis Danilevsky, 2015: 1044
locality “Karabayır pass” (Turkey: Sivas)].
Turkish distribution: Erzurum and Sivas provinces.
*C. wittmeri wittmeri Holzschuh, 1995: 9
“Ulukışla” (Turkey: Niğde)].
Turkish distribution: Aksaray, Antalya, İçel, Konya and Niğde provinces.
DISCUSSION
Löbl & Smetana (2010) mentioned 45 species (69 species group taxa) for
Palaearctic Region and thereby 19 species (21 species group taxa) for Turkey. As
the latest work for Palaearctic catalogue, Danilevsky (2015a) stated 53 species
(135 species group taxa) for Palaearctic Region and thereby 24 species (51 species
group taxa) for Turkey.
The present work showed that all members of updated Turkish Cortodera
consist of 27 species (52 species group taxa) with the new species and subspecies.
Danilevsky (2015a) accepted C. aksarayensis as a subspecies of C. colchica
and C. rufipes as a subspecies of C. flavimana. Both taxa are separate species
certainly. Also he gave C. flavimana corallipes of which synonymy with C. rufipes
was published by Özdikmen & Cihan (2015) recently, as a valid subspecies of C.
flavimana.
According to present work, 19 of 27 species are endemic to Turkey. In other
words, endemism ratio of the known species of Turkish Cortodera is high (70%).
According to Danilevsky (2015), only 16 species of the known species of
Palaearctic Cortodera except the members of Turkish Cortodera are endemic to
different countries. These are: C. bamiyana Danilevsky, 2014: 256 Asia:
Afghanistan. C. farsensis Danilevsky, 2014: 255 Asia: Iran. C. hroni
Danilevsky, 2012: 1 Europe: Bulgaria. C. ivanovi Danilevsky, 2013: 218 Asia:
Kazakhstan. C. kazaryani Danilevsky, 2014: 163 Asia: Armenia. C.
khatchikovi Danilevsky, 2001: 13 Europe: Russia: South European Territory.
C. kochi Pic, 1935: 4 Asia: Israel. C. kokpektensis Danilevsky, 2007: 47 Asia:
Kazakhstan. C. komarovi Danilevsky, 1996: 63 Asia: Kazakhstan. C.
metallica Holzschuh, 2003: 152 Asia: China: Sichuan. C. moldovana
Danilevsky, 1996: 64 Europe: Moldavia. C. neali Danilevsky, 2004: 2 Asia:
Iran. C. tatianae Miroshnikov, 2011: 53 Asia: Azerbaijan. C. turgaica
Danilevsky, 2001: 9 Asia: Kazakhstan. C. ussuriensis Tsherepanov, 1978: 101
Asia: Russia: Far East. C. vicina Pic, 1914: 4 Asia: Lebanon. Accordingly, real
endemism ratio of the known species of Palaearctic Cortodera with the Turkish
members is high (66%).
15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank to Neslihan Silkin (Turkey) for the donation of the type
material described in this work.
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partie. Saint-Amand (Cher): Imprimerie Bussière, 36 pp.
Reitter, E. 1889. Neue Coleopteren aus Europa, den angrenzenden Ländern und Sibirien, mit Bemerkungen über
bekannte Arten. Sechster Theil. Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift, Berlin, 33: 17-44.
Reitter, E. 1890. Uebersicht der mir bekannten Cartodera-Arten aus Europa und den angrenzenden Ländern. Wiener
Entomologische Zeitung, 9: 243-246.
Sama, G. & Rapuzzi, P. 1999. Cerambycidae nuovi o poco noti di Turchia e Medio Oriente (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).
Lambillionea, 99: 461-468.
16
Schaller, J. G. 1783. Neue Insekten beschrieben. Schriften der naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Halle, 1: 217-328.
Waltl, J. 1838. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Coleopteren der Türken. Isis von Oken, Leipzig, 31: 449-472.
Figure 1. Cortodera neslihanae sp. nov. (holotype ♀) from Çankırı prov.: Orta, Elden village.
Figure 2. Cortodera flavimana flavimana from Çankırı prov.: Şabanözü, Orta road.
Figure 3. Cortodera orientalis orientalis Adlbauer, 1988 (holotype
1988).
Figure 4. Cortodera orientalis didemae ssp. nov. (holotype ♂).
17
♂, from Adlbauer,
18
NOTES ON ORIENTAL GALERUCINAE LATREILLE, 1802
WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS
PALPOXENA BALY, 1861 (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Igor V. Kizub*
* Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology of
National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, 14 Eugene Pottier Str., 03680, Kiev,
UKRAINE. E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]
[Kizub, I. V. 2016. Notes on Oriental Galerucinae Latreille, 1802 with description of a new
species of the genus Palpoxena Baly, 1861 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Munis Entomology
& Zoology, 11 (1): 18-25]
ABSTRACT: The paper contains new faunistic information and taxonomic notes regarding
several Galerucinae species from the Oriental Region, namely Altica aenea (Olivier, 1808),
Chaloenus apicicornis (Jacoby, 1884A), and Mimastra jelineki Bezděk, 2009. Updated
maps of these species distribution in the Oriental Regions are represented. Also, Palpoxena
shayakhmetovai, a new species of chrysomelid beetle of the subfamily Galerucinae, is
described from Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia.
KEY WORDS: Altica, Chaloenus, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae, Mimastra, Oriental Region,
Palpoxena.
Oriental beetles of the subfamily Galerucinae Latreille, 1802 have been
studied extensively for a long time. However, the subfamily still remains to be
largely unexplored. The subfamily Alticinae Newman, 1835 is closely related to
the subfamily Galerucinae and recently many authors subordinated this group as
a tribe Alticini Newman, 1835 within the Galerucinae subfamily (Biondi &
D’Alessandro, 2012; Konstantinov et al., 2013). In the present paper, new data
related to the faunistic records of several Galerucine beetles from the Oriental
Region, namely Altica aenea (Olivier, 1808), Chaloenus apicicornis (Jacoby,
1884A), and Mimastra jelineki Bezděk, 2009 are reported, and a new species
Palpoxena shayakhmetovai sp. nov. from Peninsular Malaysia is described.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The insects were collected manually in the daytime. The material used for this
study is deposited in the author`s private collection in Kiev, Ukraine. The
following keys were used for the identification of the specimens: Mohamedsaid,
1997; Medvedev, 2004; Bezděk, 2009; Bezděk & Lee, 2011; Takizawa, 2012; Reid
& Beatson, 2015. Photographs were taken by Canon EOS 5D Mark III camera with
Canon Macro Lens EF 100 mm 1:2.8 L IS USM and flash Nissin MF18 Macro.
Author of photographs is Maksym Leshchenko (Kiev, Ukraine).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Altica aenea (Olivier, 1808) (Fig. 1).
= australis (Blackburn 1889);
= bicolora (Jacoby 1904);
= cyanea sensu Maulik 1926;
= coerulea sensu Weise 1923;
= corrusca sensu Bryant & Gressitt 1957;
= jussiaeae Gressitt, 1955.
All synonyms are given according to Reid & Beatson (2015).
19
Material examined: 4 males and 8 females, Sri Lanka, Southern Province,
Matara district, Kananke vill. environs, 04. 03. 2011, Kizub I.V. leg. et det.; 4
males and 8 females, Southern Andaman Isl., Wandoor, Wandoor vill. environs,
25. 02 - 10. 03. 2012, Kizub I.V. leg. et det. The studied material is deposited in
the author`s private collection in Kiev, Ukraine.
Taxonomic notes: The genus Altica Geoffroy, 1762 has recently been revised
for the Indomalayan Archipelago, the Western Pacific region and Australia by
Reid & Beatson (2015), who reported 6 valid species: A. aenea (Olivier, 1808), A.
birmanensis (Jacoby, 1896), A. caerulea (Olivier, 1791), A. corrusca (Erichson,
1842), A. cyanea Weber, 1801, and A. gravida (Blackburn, 1896). According to
this review, A. aenea from South Asia and the central Pacific has, until recently,
often been misidentified by different authors as various other species, including
A. corusca, A. gravida, and A. cyanea (Reid & Beatson, 2015). Based on the
external and internal morphology, A. aenea belongs to “A. aenea” species-group,
which also includes A. birmanensis, A. corrusca, and A. cyanea. Specimens of
Oriental Altica, including A. aenea, can best be reliably distinguished by careful
examination of primarily male genitalia, as some females may be completely
indistinguishable. The species A. aenea is characterized by the external face of the
midtibia at the midpoint convex and the apical quarter of the first antennomere
which is orange to reddish-brown or dark brown (Reid & Beatson, 2015). The
penis long (1.65–2.15 mm), straight in lateral view, shallowly transversely ridged
on the middle of the dorsal surface, with the apicoventer with a short pair of
depressions and the apex abruptly bent in lateral view (Reid & Beatson, 2015 and
Figs. 1B-D).
Geographical distribution: According to Reid & Beatson (2015) A. aenea is
widely distributed in the Oriental and the Australian geographic Regions.
However, so far A. aenea has not been reported neither from Sri Lanka nor the
Andaman Islands (Reid & Beatson, 2015). 8 males and 16 females of A. aenea
were collected in Sri Lanka and the Andaman Islands by the author. Based on the
data reported by Reid & Beatson (2015) and the author’s records, an updated map
of A. aenea distribution in the Oriental Region is presented in Fig. 4.
Chaloenus (Chaloenus) apicicornis (Jacoby, 1884A) (Figs. 2A, B).
= Delocephala apicicornis Jacoby, 1884B
Material examined: 1 male, Malaysia, Sarawak, Bako National Park, 04 - 14.
03. 2014, Tkachenko I.B. leg., Kizub I.V. det. The studied material is deposited in
the author`s private collection in Kiev, Ukraine.
Taxonomic notes: Chalaenus Westwood, 1861, is a genus that occurs only in
the Oriental Region, and incorporates 44 known species (Takizawa, 2012; Nadein,
2013; Reid & Beatson, 2013). The genus is now placed by most of authors in the
tribe Alticini Newman, 1835 (Kimoto, 2001; Medvedev, 2004; Takizawa, 2012;
Nadein, 2013; Reid & Beatson, 2013). The majority of species are described from
Borneo. The peculiar to this genus is that males of many species in the nominate
subgenus have heads transversely widened with the eyes protruding laterally (Fig.
2B). Recently a number of revisions of the genus hav been published (Medvedev,
2004; Takizawa, 2011; Takizawa, 2012) and several new species have been
described (Medvedev, 2004; Takizawa, 2012; Nadein, 2013). The genus
Chalaenus used to be synonymised with the genus Priostomus Jacoby, 1884
(Konstantinov & Prathapan, 2008), but later Chalaenus was divided into two
subgenera, the nominate one and the subgenus Priostomus (Takizawa, 2011,
2012).
20
Chalaenus apicicornis (Jacoby, 1884A) originally was described as a genus
Delocephala Jacoby, 1884B and placed in the subfamily Galerucinae Latreille,
1802, but was later united with the genus Chalaenus (Wilcox, 1975). Also, Ch.
apicicornis was later synonymized with Ch. matangensis Bryant, 1943
(Mohamedsaid, 2004), but the synonymy was not recognized by other researchers
(Medvedev, 2004; Takizawa, 2012). According to Medvedev (2004) and Takizawa
(2012), Ch. apicicornis can be easily distinguished from the rest of Chalaenus
species by the following characteristics: elytra densely and confusedly punctated,
upper side entirely metallic, legs and underside blackish blue to black, basal 6
antennal segments piceous, 5 apical antennal segments pale fulvous. In males, the
head is broader than the prothorax. It is important to note, that Ch. apicicornis is
a very poorly known species and its specimens have not been available for
personal examination neither to Medvedev (2004) nor Takizawa (2012) who have
revised the genus. In the present paper, I have an opportunity to illustrate the
general appearance of the Ch. apicicornis male (Figs. 2A, B).
Geographical distribution: Ch. apicicornis is known only from Sumatra
(Lebong, Indonesia) (Medvedev, 2004; Mohamedsaid, 2004; Takizawa, 2012),
from where it was described, and Borneo (Sarawak, Malaysia) (Mohamedsaid,
2004; Takizawa, 2012). In the present study, I reported a new record of Ch.
apicicornis from Sarawak (Bako National Park). The distributional map and the
location of the new record site of Ch. apicicornis are given in Fig. 4.
Mimastra jelineki Bezděk, 2009 (Fig. 2C).
Material examined: 1 male and 1 female, Indonesia, Bali, Gerokgak Province,
Pemuteran vill. environs, 26. 02. – 08. 03. 2015, Kizub I.V. leg. et det. The studied
material is deposited in the author`s private collection in Kiev, Ukraine.
Taxonomic notes: The genus Mimastra Baly, 1865 currently comprises at least
65 described species and is widely spread in the Oriental Region (Mohamedsaid,
1992; Zhang et al., 2006; Bezděk, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013; Bezděk & Lee, 2011). A
number of publications report Mimastra from different geographical areas
(Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963; Kimoto, 1989; Mohamedsaid, 1992; Zhang et al., 2006),
and the genus has recently been completely revised by Bezděk in a series of
publications (Bezděk, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013; Bezděk & Lee, 2011). Following
this revision, a new species, Mimastra jelineki Bezděk, 2009, has been described
from Bali Island (Indonesia) (Bezděk, 2009; Bezděk & Lee, 2011). M. jelineki can
be distinguished from other Mimastra species which have a longitudinal metallic
stripe on the elytra (M. limbata Baly, 1879, M. kremitovskyi Bezděk, 2009, M.
maai Gressitt & Kimoto, 1963, and M. malvi Chen, 1942) by a very narrow
metallic green stripe extending from the humeral callus to before apex. All the
other above-mentioned species have a much broader stripe which covers most of
the elytral disc, with only elytral margins remaining pale (Bezděk, 2009).
Geographical distribution: So far, M. jelineki has only been reported from the
eastern extremity of Java and from Bali, Indonesia (Bezděk, 2009). In this paper,
I report a new record of M. jelineki in Bali, based on my collected material. One
male and one female specimens were collected by me in Gerokgak Province of Bali
Island (Fig. 4).
Palpoxena shayakhmetovai sp. nov. (Fig. 3).
Material examined: Holotype 1 male, Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Fraser`s
Hill, Silver Park Resort Hotel, h = 1300 m., 22. 03 - 01. 04. 2013, Azarov A. leg.,
21
Kizub I.V. det. The studied material is deposited in the author`s private collection
in Kiev, Ukraine.
Taxonomic notes: The genus Palpoxena Baly, 1861 is widely distributed in
Southeast Asia, India and Africa and represented by approximately 54 species
(Mohamedsaid, 1997). Malaysian species of Palpoxena have been reviewed by
Mohamedsaid (1997) and in Malaysia the genus is represented by five species,
including one described in the present paper: P. jacobyi (Baly, 1888), P. laeta
Baly, 1861, P. variabllis (Jacoby, 1886), P. sabahensis Mohamedsaid, 1997
(Mohamedsaid, 1997, 2004), and Palpoxena shayakhmetovai sp. nov.
The representatives of the genus can be distinguished by maxillary palpi with
a dilated third segment, as well as by expressed secondary sexual characteristics
in males. In males of the genus Palpoxena the clypeus is strongly depressed or
concave, the first segment of the protarsus with a pad on its ventral surface, and
the apical sternite usually trilobed (Maulik, 1936; Mohamedsaid, 1997;
Mohamedsaid & Furth, 2011). In contrast, the female clypeus is depressed, the
first segment of the protarsus without a pad on its ventral surface, and the apical
sternite entire (Mohamedsaid, 1997).
Description: Male (Fig. 3). Body reddish brown. Elytra bluish black with apical
extremity reddish. Body length 8.0 mm.
Head together with eyes slightly broader than prothorax, vertex smooth,
minutely shagreened and its surface covered with sparse and minute punctures,
frontal tubercles elongated and flattened; vertex with rounded deep groove
between frontal tubercles and two setiferous pores bearing long setae; clypeus
broadly and deeply excavated, smooth and shining; labrum moderate,
trapezoidal, glabrous, does not conceal sides of mandibles as seen from above;
maxillary palpi with third segment greatly enlarged and swollen, cup-shaped,
convex on underside and concave above; apical segment very small, conical,
embedded slightly on one side near apex. Eyes moderately large, shortly-oval,
convex; interocular space approximately 2 times as broad as the transverse
diameter of each eye.
Antennal sockets moderately separated, with interantennal space 2 times as
broad as the transverse diameter of each antennal socket. Antennae moderately
slender, long, extended a slightly beyond the apex of elytra, entirely brownish;
antennomere 1 club-shaped, slightly shorter than antennomere 3; antennomere 2
the shortest, as long as broad; antennomere 3 slightly longer than 1 and equal in
length to 4; antennomeres 4-10 filiform, gradually shortened; antennomeres 3-6
covered with long hairs on the ventral surface; antennomere 11 leaf-shaped,
flattened behind middle, and thickened and darkened toward apex.
Pronotum reddish brown, transverse, width 1.5 times greater than length,
narrowed towards the base; sides straight and oblique from the base to apex;
anterior border with no margins, lateral and posterior borders margined. Pronotal
disc minutely shagreened, sparsely and minutely punctated, dull; transversely
depressed slightly behind the middle, the depression being less prominent in the
middle of the disc; anterior and posterior angles with seta-bearing pore.
Scutellum reddish brown, smooth, shagreened more coarsely than pronotum
and elytra; its surface without punctures; triangular, with width greater than
length, rounded at apex.
Elytra bluish black with the apical extremity reddish; broader at base than
prothorax and broader at apex than at base, finely shagreened and densely
punctated, dull; elytral punctures larger and deeper than those of pronotum;
humerus convex, basal area on each side of scutellum slightly convex; elytra
slightly widened behind middle and rounded at apical margins; transversely
22
depressed beyond meddle and with postscutellar elevations; elytral epipleuron
broad extended toward apex.
Ventral surfaces reddish brown, sparsely covered with pale hairs. Apical
sternite conical, rounded at apex. Legs entirely brownish with protarsomer 1
dilated and with a pad on its ventral surface. Aedeagus is shown in Figs. 3C-E.
Diagnosis: The new species resembles P. coerulipennis (Baly, 1888) and P.
sabahensis Mohamedsaid, 1997 by its coloration only: head, pronotum and
ventral surfaces entirely reddish brown, and elytra bluish black, with the apical
extremity reddish (Mohamedsaid, 1997). However, male P. shayakhmetovai do
not have such prominent secondary sexual structures on the head as P.
coerulipennis and P. sabahensis (Mohamedsaid, 1997). On the other hand, P.
shayakhmetovai resembles P. jacobyi (Baly, 1888) males by large eyes, narrow
interocular and interantennal space; broadly depressed clypeus, and maxillary
palpi with the third segment broadened and swollen. Also, P. shayakhmetovai is
similar to P. violaceipennis (Jacoby, 1896) described from Burma with the
clypeus broadly depressed, the penultimate segments of the maxillary palpi
profoundly convex and the apical bluntly conical (Maulik, 1936). It is important to
note, that the male of the new species has entire abdominal apical sternite, not the
modified trilobed sternite characteristic of males of the other Palpoxena species
(Mohamedsaid, 1997). Based on external morphology, P. shayakhmetovai can be
categorized into the “P. laeta” species-group (Dr. Jan Bezděk personal
communication).
Derivatio nominis: The new species` name is dedicated to my friend and
colleague Dr. Ganna M. Shayakhmetova.
Geographical distribution: P. shayakhmetovai is known form Fraser`s Hill,
Pahang, Peninsular Malaysia (Fig. 4).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author thanks Ievgen B. Tkachenko (Kiev, Ukraine) for collecting the
study material, Jan Bezděk (Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic) and
Mohamed S. Mohamedsaid (Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia) for consultation,
Maksym Leshchenko (Kiev, Ukraine) for taking the photographs, and Andrii
Rozhok (The University of Colorado, Denver, USA) for editing of the paper draft.
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24
Figure 1. Altica aenea (Olivier, 1808), male: A) habitus; B) aedeagus, dorsal view; C)
aedeagus, lateral view; D) aedeagus, ventral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 2. Habitus: A, B) Chaloenus apicicornis (Jacoby, 1884A), male; C) Mimastra jelineki
Bezděk, 2009, male. Scale bars = 2 mm.
25
Figure 3. Palpoxena shayakhmetovai sp. nov, male holotype: A) habitus, dorsal view; B)
head, dorsal view; C) aedeagus, dorsal view; D) aedeagus, lateral view; E) aedeagus, ventral
view. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 4. Distributional map of Altica aenea (Olivier, 1808), Chaloenus apicicornis (Jacoby,
1884A), Mimastra jelineki Bezděk, 2009, and Palpoxena shayakhmetovai sp. nov. Colored
circles – newly recorded localities of the species; colored lines – known borders of the
species distribution.
26
EFFECTS OF SOME PLANTS SEED EXTRACTS ON
HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA HÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA:
NOCTUIDAE) MIDGUT PROTEASE ACTIVITY
Narjes Askari*, Reza Farshbaf Pourabad*, Davoud
Mohammadi** and Samad Khaghaninia*
* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz-IRAN.
E-mail: [email protected]
** Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahd Madani
University, Tabriz-IRAN.
[Askari, N., Pourabad, R. F., Mohammadi, D. & Khaghaninia, S. 2016. Effects of
some plants seed extracts on Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
midgut protease activity. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 26-32]
ABSTRACT: Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most important pests of crops, such as
cotton, cereals and vegetables. Using plant derived enzyme inhibitors in transgenic plants is
one of the safe methods in IPM programs. In this study protease inhibitory activity of some
plants seed extracts from poaceae and fabaceae family were studied. Insects reared in
controlled condition and the last larval instars alimentary canal were used in enzymatic
assays. The crude seed extracts were subjected for ammonium sulfate precipitation. The
seed extracts of six plants were fractionated into four fractions (0-30 %, 30-50, 50-70 and
70-80%). The percentage of inhibition to cotton bollworm midgut protease activity obtained
in crude and each protein fraction of ammonium sulfate. Proteolytic activity of midgut
enzyme extracts was evaluated using the azocasein as substrate. The results revealed that
seed extracts of Phasaeolus vulgaris and Cicer arietinum are potentially effective in
inhibiting the proteolytic activity of cotton bollworm (54.5 and 53.2% respectively). Also
total extracts of Triticum aestivum, Hordeum vuIgare, Zea mays, and sophora
alopecuroides inhibited HGP activity by 17.7, 18.74, 20.62 and 29.31% respectively. Results
revealed that the F1 fraction protein of all studied plants showed less than 20% inhibitory
activity against HGP, and the F2 and F3 fraction exhibited the same inhibitory activity in the
range of 10-20% in poaceae species. The legume plants especially in F1, F2 and F3 fractions
exhibited near 15-50% inhibitory activity on HGP. In over all, among studied plants, Z.
mays, P. vulgaris and C. arietinum have strong inhibitory activity in compare with others.
KEY WORDS: Inhibitory activity, poacea, fabacea, azocasein, ammonium sulfate, cotton
bollworm
Cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), is one of the most
important pests worldwide. It is polyphagous insect with a wide range of host
plants including cultivated and wild plants such as cotton, mays, chickpea,
tomato, vegetables, and other crops (Harsulkar et al., 1999; Nair et al., 2013). The
wide application of chemical insecticides has been the main strategy for the
control of H. armigera in different parts of the world. High levels of resistance to
conventional insecticides also harmful effects on the environment and human
health were developed due to improper use of insecticides (Giri et al., 1998;
Parde et al., 2010).
Pests such as cotton bollworm rely on a proteinases enzymes present in their
guts to digest protease present in seeds, leaves and flowers of host plants (Shukla
et al., 2005; Mohammadi et al., 2010). Insect pests depend on peptides obtained
from proteolytic digestion for growth and development. Disruption in an insect’s
ability to digest protein by transgenic plants expressing proteinase inhibitors,
seems to be an alternative approach to conventional insecticides (Fan & Wu,
2005).
Proteinase inhibitors are generally small proteins (less than 20 kDa) that
mainly have been identified in storage tissues, such as tubers, seeds and aerial
parts of plants such as flowers and leaves (Grover et al., 2014; Ryan, 2006). They
27
are also inducible in plants in response to attack by herbivores (Ryan, 2006).
Protease inhibitors have been isolated and characterized from a large number of
organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms (Christeller, 2005;
Nair et al., 2013). A useful strategy for enhancing plant defense systems is to
identify PIs with high activity against the target pests.
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are compounds that form complexes with proteases
and inhibit their proteolytic activity and suppression of the normal assimilation of
food proteins (Ryan, 1990; Fan & Wu, 2005). Plants utilize proteinase inhibitors
in order to moderate the adverse effects from attacking herbivores.
So many studies have been carried on protease inhibitors, which active against
different insect species, both in in vitro and in in vivo (Dorrah, 2004; Shukla,
2005).
Reduction in fecundity and fertility, reducing larval growth and development
and delay in pupation period after feeding of C. annum leaf extracts to H.
armigera larvae through artificial diet has reported by Tamhane et al. (2005).
Also they observed that about 91-98% of protease activity of H. armigera gut
protease was inhibited by extracts of C. annum.
Protein proteinase inhibitors extracted from the seeds of Momordica
charantia L. were identified as effective inhibitor of cotton bollworm gut
proteinases (Telong et al., 2003).
Five plants including Arachis hypogaea, Vigna sinensis, Dolichos lablab,
Phaseolus aureus and Cassia siamea reported inhibitory active plants with 22.91
to 58.33 % inhibition against H. armigera protease activity (Padul, 2012).
Serine protease activities of S. littoralis midgut were inhibited by soybean
trypsin inhibitor in vitro. Consumption of SBI by the larvae, causes variable
effects such as reduction in weight gain and survival of the larvae (Dorrah, 2004).
Partially purified inhibitor from soybean seeds extracts inhibiting cotton
bollworm total protease activity by 91%. While inhibition of trypsin and
chymotrypsin like proteases were found near 65 and 40% respectively (Ghodke,
2013).
In a study aimed to test the efficacy of pigeonpea genotypes against H.
armigera development were observed that, insects fed with diet containing seed
powder exhibited larval and pupal weight reduction. also certain abnormalities
such as larval-pupal intermediates were reported (Grover, 2014). Grover et al.
(2014) reported that cotton bollworm fed with diet containing pigeon pea seed
powder exhibited larval and pupal weight reduction and certain abnormalities.
Some studies about screening of host and non-host plant-derived inhibitors
has resulted in effective proteins that demonstrated high levels of inhibitory and
biological effects against various insects. Some researchers reported that non-host
plant PIs showed more inhibitory activity than host plants (Gruden et al., 1998;
Harsulkar et al., 1999; Jamal et al., 2013). Parde et al. (2010) in their studies
reported that, in vivo studies indicated that non-host plant PIs were good
candidates as inhibitors of the HaGPs. The PIs from the non-host plants can be
expressed in transgenic plants to confer resistance to insect pests.
Most of plants proteinase inhibitors that have been characterized are from the
poaceae, fabaceae, and solanaceae families.
Usually seed extracts of plants showed more inhibitory activity than leaf and
flower tissues and this may be due to higher accumulation of proteins in seeds
than leaves and flowers (Qutchkourov et al., 2003; Harrison et al., 2012;
Chougule et al., 2005). Currently, the main emphasis of plant proteinase inhibitor
studies is on identifying potential inhibitors of digestive proteinases of the target
insects and present study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro assays of the
some poaceae and fabaceae family crude seed extracts and partial purified
fractions proteins against the cotton bollworm gut proteases activity.
28
Insect rearing
Cotton bollworm larvae were provided by a colony in plant protection
department of Tabriz University. Larvae were reared on artificial diets based on
cowpea (Shorey & Hall, 1965) in controlled condition of 26±2°C, 50±5% relative
humidity and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h.
Enzyme preparation
One day old last-larval instars of cotton bollworm were selected for gut
extraction. The individuals were chilled and dissected in cold petri dishes. Each
gut with lumen contents was moved to 1.5 ml micro tubes containing 1 ml cold
Glycine-NaOH, pH 10, buffer. The collected guts were then homogenized using
Ultra turrax T8 homogenizer then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 10000 rpm and
4°C. The supernatant was used as enzyme solution (Mohammadi et al., 2015).
Crude extracts and protein fractions preparing of Inhibitors
Plant seeds were prewashed with distilled water and dried in room
temperature then ground using mortar and pestle. The prepared flour was soaked
in Glycine-NaOH buffer, pH 10.0 for 90 minutes in 6°C. The homogenates were
centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 30 minutes at 4°C.The proteins collected from the
supernatant were used for protease inhibition assay (Baker, 1987; Melo et al.,
1999).
For partial purification of proteins, crude extracts obtained from the seeds of
studied plants were precipitated at 0-30, 30-50, 50-70 and 70-80% saturation
with ammonium sulfate and four protein fractions (F1 – F4) were obtained
(Mohammadi et al., 2010).
Determination of protein concentration
Protein concentration was estimated by the method of Bradford (1976) using
bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the standard.
Enzyme activity and inhibitory assays
Total protease activity determined using azocaseinolytic assay. Azocasein at
final concentration of 1% (w/v) was incubated with the enzyme fraction in
Glycine-NaOH 200 mM buffer, pH 10, containing 5 mM CaCl2, at 37°C for 60
min. The reaction was terminated by the addition of 300 μl of TCA (10% v/v) and
the sample was centrifuged for 10 min at 10000 rpm. The supernatant was added
to 1M NaOH in equal volumes. And the absorbance of the supernatant was read at
450 nm. Protease and inhibitory activity was defined as the amount of enzyme
that increased the absorbance by 1.0 OD under the given assay condition.
For the inhibitory assays, a suitable volume of seed extract was added to the
gut proteinase extract and incubated at room temperature (27°C) for 15 min. The
residual proteinase activity was then estimated for every assay.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyses were done using SPSS 15 software. The effects of PIs from
plant materials on H. armigera last larval instars. enzyme activity analysed using
one way-ANOVA. When a significant effect was found the Duncan’s multiple
range test was performed to compare the means (P=0.05). All experiments
carried out in three replications.
Efficiency of crude seed extracts against HGP inhibitory activity
The crude extracts possess activities in the range between 18.11 to 55.33 %
which are considered to have strong inhibitory activity (Fig. 1). The fabaceae
species showed strong inhibitory activity against HGP (mean 45%) in while
poaceae family species showed a moderate inhibitory activity (mean 19%).
29
All the species showed inhibitory activity in vitro against HGP activity while P.
vulgaris crude seed extract showed a strong inhibitory activity of 55% against
HGP among studied plant species.
HGP inhibitory activity of different protein fractions of Poaceae species
In different fractions of Poaceae species, inhibitory activity without significant
differences was observed. Only Z. mays F4 fraction protein significantly affected HGP
activity more than other fractions by 30% (Fig. 2).
HGP inhibitory activity of different protein fractions of Fabaceae species
Analysis of variances showed significant differences among F1 to F4 protein
fractions in Fabaceae species. HGP activity strongly affected by F. vulgaris fractions
and specially 70-80% fraction inhibited HGP activity more than 45%. About C.
arietinum 70-80% protein fraction has more efficiency than other ones. The first
fraction in all plants showed moderately to weak inhibitory activity in the range of 1016%. The most inhibitory activity in S. alopecuroides was measured in 50-70%
fraction by 26% (Fig. 3).
The use of conventional insecticides to control insect pests poses hazards to
human health, non-target species, beneficial insects and environment.
Indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides can also select insecticide resistance
populations of pests (Harrison & Bonning, 2010). The digestive enzymes such as
proteolytic and amylolytic enzymes are a target for insect pest management
programs that are safe and environmentally friend method. Digestive enzymes
play important roles in insect growth, development and reproduction; other
functions including enzyme activation and detoxification are in relation with
protease enzymes in insects digestive system (Christeller et al., 1992; Terra et al.,
1996). Digestive systems of the lepidopteran larva contain proteases such as
trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase. Özgur et al. (2009) studies on H. armigera
digestive protease showed that, serine proteases are dominant protease in the H.
armigera midgut.
Several families of proteinase inhibitors has recognized among the animal and
plant kingdom. Majority of proteinase inhibitors studied in plant kingdom
originates from three main families namely Fabaceae, Solanaceae and Poaceae
(Wee, 2000). Many investigators have isolated and characterized enzyme
inhibitors from poaceae species such as barley, wheat and maize. Divya et al.
(2014), reported that Z. mays contains PIs with trypsin and chymotrypsin
inhibitory activity and these enzymes are abundant in cotton bollworm gut (Ozgur
et al., 2009). Also Gourinath et al. (2000) reported that the members of Poaceae
family have serine protease inhibitors. Odani et al. (1983) has reported that a
large number of inhibitors in poaceae family have only α-amylase-inhibitory
activity; however inhibitors from barley, rye and tall fescue are active against
trypsin.
Maize and ragi inhibitors showed dual activities and can inhibit serine
proteinases as well as α-amylase (Mahoney et al., 1984; Shivraj & Pattabiraman,
1981; Habib & Fazili, 2007). Boisen (1983), reported that, Inhibitors of trypsin,
chymotrypsin and microbial proteases are the most common PIs in barley and are
present mostly in seeds also trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity was
detected in barley by Casaretto et al. (2004). Constantin et al. (2008) and Poerio
et al. (2003) demonstrated that protease inhibitors are present in leaf and seeds
of wheat. In present study protease inhibitory activity of different poaceae species
has observed and all fractions with minor differences contains HGP inhibitory
activity which is in agreement above mentioned reports. The present study
concluded that all the species possess the potential to inhibitory H. armigera gut
protease activity. Results revealed that the F1 fraction protein of all studied plants
30
showed less than 20% inhibitory activity against HGP, and the F2 and F3 fraction
exhibited the same inhibitory activity in the range of 10-20% in Poaceae species.
Fabaceae species are rich of proteins and protease inhibitors and plenty of
studies isolated and characterized different PIs from leaves, seeds and foliage of
different Fabaceae species (Giri et al., 1998; Franco, 2003; Fan & Wu, 2005;
Kansal, 2008; Abd El-latif, 2015). The PIs from the wild relatives of pigeonpea
showed considerable potential against the HaGPs (Parde et al., 2012).
Our results were concurrent with those by Nair et al. (2013), C. arietinum
(chickpea) seeds are known to contain, inhibitors of proteases. This study has
shown that P. vulgaris and C. arietinum protease inhibitor caused a significant
decrease in proteolytic activity in the gut of H. armigera compared to the other
inhibitors. The legume plants especially in F1, F2 and F3 fractions exhibited near
15-50% inhibitory activity on HGP. In over all, among studied plants, Z. mays, P.
vulgaris and C. arietinum have strong inhibitory activity in compare with other
plants that are in agreement with above mentioned reports.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Mr. A. vatankhah for his technical support.
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Figure 1. PI activity of different plant species crude seed extracts on H. armigera midgut
protease activity (The means followed by different letters are significantly different, p=0.01).
32
Figure 2. HGPI activity of different protein fractions of Poaceae family plants prepared with
saturation in Ammonium sulfate (The means followed by different letters in each plant are
significantly different, p=0.01).
Figure 3. PI activity of different protein fractions of Fabaceae family plants prepared with
saturation in Ammonium sulfate (The means followed by different letters in each plant are
significantly different, p=0.01).
33
AN ASSESSMENT ON POPULATION DENSITY OF
SAN JOSE SCALE QUADRASPIDIOTUS PERNICIOSUS
(COMSTOCK) (HEMIPTERA: DIASPIDIDAE) AND ITS
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL IN KASHMIR
Abdul A. Buhroo*, Farak N. Rasheed and Abdul L. Khanday
* P. G. Department of Zoology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, INDIA.
E-mail: [email protected]
[Buhroo, A. A., Rasheed, F. N. & Khanday, A. L. 2016. An assessment on population
density of San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Hemiptera:
Diaspididae) and its biological control in Kashmir. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 3338]
ABSTRACT: San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus is a key pest of apple crop in the
northern states of India. An assessment on its population density was carried out in five
districts of Kashmir Valley. In district Baramulla, the pooled mean scale population ranged
from 10.29 per cm2 area to 37.32 /cm2 over the course of its active period from April to
October. This population range was 10.74–36.45 scales /cm2 area in district Bandipora,
11.39–37.48 /cm2 area in district Srinagar, 10.22–35.57 /cm2 area in district Anantnag, and
10.14–33.72 /cm2 area in district Budgam. The efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi–
Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato and Lecanicillium lecanii at three
concentrations against the pest was examined in an experimental orchard. Mortality of the
pest was monitored at 2-day intervals until 30 days after application and the maximum
mortality was used for data analysis. All three fungal pathogens caused mortality of the pest
particularly with the increase of treatment concentration. High mortality (77%) was
determined with B. bassiana at 15 × 105 conidia /ml. concentration followed by L. lecanii at
the same concentration (mortality 75%). However, M. anisopliae sensu lato was
significantly less effective (mortality 53–68%) among the three concentrations tested during
field trial. The results demonstrate the suitability of entomopathogenic fungi for controlling
San Jose scale.
KEY WORDS: Population density, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, Hemiptera, Diaspididae,
biological control.
San Jose scale Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) (Hemiptera:
Diaspididae) is a key pest of apple in certain hilly tracts of India (Malik et al.,
1972; Masoodi et al., 1993). Its distribution throughout the temperate regions of
the world and its expansion to additional host species make this insect a serious
pest. Female San Jose scales produce crawlers which settle on the bark, leaves and
fruit and because of their small size are difficult to detect visually. A single female
produces up to 500 crawlers (Korchagin, 1987) and crawler emergence continues
from middle of May to middle of October in Kashmir apple orchards (Masoodi &
Trali, 1987; Buhroo et al., 2000). If crawlers from heavy infestations are left
untreated, they may cause appreciable fruit damage.
Biological control based on parasites and predators have been tested with
variable success (Masoodi & Trali, 1987; Rawat et al., 1988; Masoodi et al.,
1989a,b; Thakur et al., 1989; Thakur et al., 1993; Masoodi et al., 1996). Among the
causal agents of diseases in insects such as protozoans, bacteria, viruses, rickettsia
and nematodes, the entomogenous fungi also play a relevant role. There are
minimal effects of entomopathogenic fungi on non-targets and they offer a safer
alternative for use in IPM than chemical insecticides (Goettel & Hajek, 2000; Pell
et al., 2001; Hajek & Delalibera, 2010; Khan et al., 2012).
The objective of this study was to assess the population density of San Jose
scale in Kashmir and to test the effectiveness of various concentrations of
entomopathogenic fungi– Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill, Metarhizium
34
anisopliae sensu lato (Metsch.) Sorokin, and Lecanicillium lecanii (Zimm.) Zare
& Gams against the pest during field trial.
Population density
San Jose scale population density was assessed in five districts of Kashmir viz.
Baramulla, Bandipora, Srinagar, Anantnag and Budgam during the year 2008. At
each district three orchards were taken and from each orchard ten apple trees
(Red Delicious cultivar) were randomly selected. Orchards were categorized as
high, medium and least infested on visual basis taking into account live scale
population. The twigs of selected trees were examined for recording scales per
square centimeter area on five spots in each tree. The observations were recorded
at fortnightly intervals from last week of March to October.
Field trial
The field trial for determining efficacy of fungal applications was carried out in
an apple orchard located at Pulwama district in Kashmir. At the trial site, the
orchard had many apple cultivars but Red Delicious was the predominant
cultivar. The orchard was spread over 0.81 hectares having 15-20 year old trees
and the rows planted at a distance of 5 meters from each other. The average
height of the trees was 3.5 meters (±1.5 SD) and trees were infested with San Jose
scale. The orchard was taken mainly on the basis of heavy infestation caused by
the pest during the preceding years and 30 infested apple trees were labeled for
different applications.
Fungal treatment
The commercial forms of insect pathogenic fungi were obtained from Varsha
Bioscience and Technology, Vinay Nagar, Saidabad, Hyderabad-500 059. They
included Beauveria bassiana NCIM 1216 (spore count 1 × 108 CFU /g.),
Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato NCIM 1311 (CFU 1 × 108 /g.) and
Lecanicillium lecanii NCIM 1312 (CFU 1 × 108 /g.). Each product also contained
Talc as a dispersant. The products were stored under cryogenic conditions.
Conidial suspensions of each fungus for bioassays were made in distilled water at
three concentrations – low (5 × 105 conidia /ml.), medium (1 × 106 conidia /ml.)
and high (15 × 105 conidia /ml.). The fungal treatments (5 litres of each
formulation) were applied with the help of a foot sprayer to the complete tree.
Treatments consisted of application to three replicate trees with each of the three
fungi at each of 3 concentrations (low, medium and high). Beauveria bassiana at
low concentration was applied to three trees, medium concentration to three trees
and high concentration to three trees (and the same was done for M. anisopliae
and L. lecanii). In the vicinity of these applications, three infested apple trees
were sprayed with distilled water which served as control trees during the course
of experimentation.
At the treatment site, the treatments were started 10 days after the emergence
of first crawlers. This helped to provide the additional host material (fresh as well
as old scales) to the fungal pathogen.
Live San Jose scales were counted on the surface of the bark on five, 1 cm2
areas per tree (= 1 replicate). The areas selected for counting were based on large
insect population presence. This was done one day before treatment (one spray
only) and at subsequent interval of 2-days after treatment for a period of 30 days.
During counting, the waxy covers of the scales were carefully removed with the
help of a scalpel. The shrunk and flaccid scales under the waxy cover were treated
as dead. The percentage mortality of San Jose scale was calculated at the
experimental site.
35
Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 20.0 for Windows. All
data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and the percentage mortalities
after applications were separated using Tukey’s HSD test. The treatment effects
were statistically significant at P ≤ 0.05.
The data collected on population density of San Jose scale in district
Baramulla is presented in Figure 1. The results revealed that the pooled mean of
live scale population was 10.29 per cm2 area at the end of March which increased
to a peak of 37.32 /cm2 at the end of July and from there onwards it gradually
declined to 26.48 /cm2 area in the first fortnight of October. The data collected in
district Bandipora (Figure 2) revealed that the pooled mean population of the
scales was 10.74 /cm2 area in the 1st week of April which reached to a maximum of
36.45 /cm2 area at the end of July and thereafter slowly declined to a low of 25.45
/cm2 area until the middle of October. In district Srinagar (Figure 3) the live scale
population was 11.39 /cm2 area in the first week of April which gradually
increased to a maximum of 37.48 /cm2 area up to the first week of August. Then
the population declined to a low of 26.32 /cm2 area up to the middle of October.
The data collected in district Anantnag (Figure 4) revealed that the population of
the scales was 10.22 /cm2 area in the first week of April which increased to a
maximum of 35.57 /cm2 area in the first week of August and then it came down to
24.17 /cm2 area in the third week of October. The data collected at district
Budgam (Figure 5) showed a population of 10.14 scales /cm2 area in the first
fortnight of April which gradually increased to 33.72 /cm2 area in the first week of
August and then it again declined to 24.39 /cm2 area in the second fortnight of
October.
The above observations showed that the sequence of population level of San
Jose scale in different apple orchards remained more or less the same throughout
the districts surveyed in Kashmir. The peak population was always observed in
August in all the districts surveyed. However, the maximum population was
observed in districts Srinagar and Baramulla followed by districts Bandipora,
Anantnag and Budgam.
The data collected on percentage mortality at the Awantipora experimental
site is presented in Figure 6. The treatments showed that the scales infesting
apple trees were highly susceptible to the fungal species tested and the high
mortality was achieved on 30th day after treatment. At low concentration (5 × 10 5
conidia /ml.), the mortality of scales reached a maximum of 61.66% (±1.15 SD)
with B. bassiana, 53.16% (±1.58 SD) with M. anisopliae, and 62.56% (±1.41 SD)
with L. lecanii. At medium concentration (1 × 106 conidia /ml.), mortality reached
a maximum of 69.33% (±2.19 SD) with B. bassiana, 57.10% (±1.47 SD) with M.
anisopliae, and 65.93% (±1.61 SD) with L. lecanii. At high concentration (15 × 105
conidia /ml.), mortality reached a maximum of 77.23% (±2.85 SD) with B.
bassiana, 67.60% (±1.55 SD) with M. anisopliae, and 74.80% (±0.90 SD) with L.
lecanii. The data also revealed that there were no significant differences between
B. bassiana and L. lecanii among the fungal species at each of the three treatment
concentrations (P = 0.723 for low concentration; P = 0.127 for medium
concentration; and P = 0.343 for high concentration). However, both the species
produced significantly higher mortality than M. anisopliae at each treatment
concentration (P ≤ 0.001 for low concentration; P ≤ 0.002 for medium
concentration; and P ≤ 0.009 for high concentration). The overall maximum
mortality was produced by B. bassiana at high conidial (15 × 105 conidia /ml.)
concentration.
36
In control trees, there was almost negligible mortality (3.58% ±0.72 SD) of
San Jose scale during the experimental period. This natural mortality occurs due
to environmental factors including parasitic wasps and predators.
This work demonstrates that entomopathogenic fungi are capable of infecting
San Jose scale and killing the early settled crawlers and nymphs on the bark of the
apple tree. All three fungal pathogens used in the present study showed high
efficacy against the pest especially with the increase of treatment concentration.
The fungal pathogen B. bassiana has been tested and developed as a commercial
mycoinsecticide by a number of researchers in the USA (e.g. Bradley et al., 1992;
Poprawski et al., 1999; Vandenberg et al., 1998). Finally it was allowed for
commercial use in 1999 by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. It is a
promising biocontrol candidate used on a large variety of tree and field crops for
control of grasshoppers, whiteflies, thrips, aphids and many other insect pests in
North America (Shah & Pell, 2003). The present results showed that among the
three species of entomopathogenic fungi, the highest mortality– 77.25% was
caused by B. bassiana at 15 × 105 conidia /ml. concentration followed by L. lecanii
(with same concentration) during the field trial. This high mortality obtained with
B. bassiana is similar to the mortality observed by Sheeba et al. (2001) in rice
weevils where B. bassiana produced mortality up to 75.8% when monitored at 5day intervals until 25 days. In similar experiments, B. bassiana caused maximum
mortality of 71.10% in plant bug (Liu et al., 2003) and 80% in broad mite
(Nugroho & Ibrahim, 2004). In addition commercial preparations of B. bassiana
are infective even after more than 12 months’ storage at 25 °C (Wraight et al.,
2001). L. lecanii also produced better results and caused more than 70% mortality
of the scale pest in the present experiment. This pathogen has already been
recommended for control of aphids and related insects in Europe (Shah & Pell,
2003) and good efficacy against a number of aphid species has been
demonstrated (Hall, 1981; Milner, 1997; Burges, 2000; Yeo et al., 2003). It was
also observed that among the three species of entomopathogenic fungi used, M.
anisopliae was significantly less effective than the other two against San Jose
scale.
CONCLUSION
The aim of this study was to find an alternative for synthetic insecticides so as
to formulate the ecofriendly management strategies against San Jose scale. It has
been noted (Shah and Pell 2003) that most entomopathogenic fungi are best used
when total eradication of a pest is not required, but instead insect populations are
controlled below an economic threshold, with some crop damage being
acceptable. Therefore, entomopathogenic fungi could be used against the scale
pests in conjunction with other conventional and cultural methods in IPM.
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Figure 1. Pooled mean population of San José scale on Red Delicious cultivar of apple in
district Baramulla.
district Bandipora.
38
district Srinagar.
district Anantnag.
district Budgam.
Figure 6. Pooled mean percentage mortality of San Jose scale due to entomopathogenic
fungi at three different concentrations. Different letters above bars (mean ± 1SD) indicate
statistical significance (Tukey’s test).
39
A CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE OF TURKISH
LONGHORNED BEETLES FAUNA FROM ÇORUM PROVINCE
IN NORTHERN ANATOLIA (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE)
Gamze Özdikmen* and Hüseyin Özdikmen*
* Gazi Üniversitesi, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi, Biyoloji Bölümü, 06500 Ankara / TÜRKİYE. Emails: [email protected]; [email protected]
[Özdikmen, G. & Özdikmen, H. 2016. A contribution to knowledge of Turkish
longhorned beetles fauna from Çorum province in Northern Anatolia (Coleoptera:
Cerambycidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 39-51]
ABSTRACT: The work presents new faunistical data for Turkish longhorned beetles fauna
from Çorum province in N Anatolia. The fauna of Çorum province is also given with old and
newly recorded species in the text.
KEY WORDS: Cerambycidae, new data, Çorum, Turkey.
Çorum province is in Central Black Sea Part of Black Sea Region in N Anatolia.
It is located between 40°33′00″ N longitude and 34°57′14″ E latitude. It is limited
Sinop province in the North, Kastamonu province in the North-West, Samsun
province in the North-East, Amasya province in the East, Yozgat province in the
South, Kırıkkale province in the South-West and Çankırı province in the West.
Çorum has 13 counties as Alaca, Bayat, Boğazkale, Dodurga, İskilip, Kargı,
Laçin, Mecitözü, Oğuzlar, Ortaköy, Osmancık, Sungurlu and Uğurludağ (Fig. 1).
Knowledge about longicorn beetles of Çorum province is far from satisfaction.
The planned work on this subject is also absent. In any work, the recorded
information has not also been reviwed yet. Besides even information related
faunistical composition of Çorum province has not been determined yet. This
scattered information can be obtained from cited references (Breuning, 1966;
Perissinotto & Luchini, 1966; Breuning & Villiers, 1967; Gfeller, 1972; Braun,
1975, 1978, 1979; Sama, 1982; Öymen, 1987; Adlbauer, 1992; Pesarini &
Sabbadini, 1999; Tauzin, 2000; Özdikmen & Çağlar, 2004; Özdikmen et al., 2005;
Özdikmen, 2007).
Clearly, there is no any work on Cerambycidae of Çorum province related the
whole territories of it. Previous works were either short notes on shortlived
expeditions. Also, works including description of new taxons are sometimes
encountered.
In this study, longicorn beetles specimens belong to the family Cerambycidae
that collected in the year of 2013 from various localities of Çorum province are
evaluated. On the results of identification of these specimens are determined a
total of 52 species belonging to 19 genera and 5 subfamilies. 33 of them are the
first records to Çorum province. Moreover, four new species for science were
described from Çorum province on the base of the specimens in the present work
as Subfamily Dorcadioninae: Dorcadion dombilicoides, Dorcadion erdemi,
Dorcadion yılmazi and Subfamily Lamiinae: Phytoecia aligamgami. The
remaining 19 species are known from the research areas.
Thus, known Çorum’s fauna that consisted of a total of 33 species belonging to
14 genera and 5 subfamilies according to old references, was determined as a total
of 66 species belonging to 25 genera and 5 subfamilies. With the present work,
known number of species in Cerambycidae fauna of Çorum province is rised up
the ratio 100 % (33 to 66 species).
In the following list, known taxa from Çorum province are only given the
taxon name simply.
40
LONGHORNED BEETLES FAUNA OF ÇORUM PROVINCE
SUPERFAMILY CERAMBYCOIDEA Latreille, 1802
FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE Latreille, 1802: 211
SUBFAMILY LEPTURINAE Latreille, 1802: 218
GENUS DINOPTERA Mulsant, 1863: 494
SUBGENUS DINOPTERA Mulsant, 1863: 494
SPECIES D. collaris (Linnaeus, 1758: 398)
Material examined: Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village, 40˚ 19’ N - 34˚ 49’ E,
02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 1 ♂ and 1 ♀.
Remarks: The species is the first record for Çorum province.
GENUS VADONIA Mulsant, 1863: 559
SPECIES V. monostigma (Ganglbauer, 1882: 29)
02.VI.2013, 1025 m, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀; Alaca-Sungurlu road, entry of Gökçam village, 40˚ 08’ N
- 34˚ 34’ E, 02.VI.2013, 954 m, 1 ♂; Boğazkale-Alacahöyük National Park (Hattuşa), 40˚ 1’
N - 34˚ 37’ E, 02.VI.2013, 1234 m, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀.
Remarks: The Turkish endemic species is the first record for Çorum province.
SPECIES V. unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787: 157)
SUBSPECIES V. unipunctata unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787: 157)
Material examined: Çorum-Alaca road, 40 km to Çorum, Alaca Dam env., 40˚ 14’ N - 34˚
47’ E, 22.VI.2013, 1 ♀.
GENUS PSEUDOVADONIA Lobanov, Danilevsky & Murzin, 1981: 787
SPECIES P. livida (Fabricius, 1777: 233)
SUBSPECIES P. livida bicarinata (N. Arnold, 1869: 137)
Material examined: Entry of Dodurga, 40˚ 49’ N - 34˚ 50’ E, 01.VI.2013, 522 m, on flowers,
1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀; Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village, 40˚ 19’ N - 34˚ 49’ E, 02.VI.2013,
1025 m, on flowers, 29 ♂♂ and 26 ♀♀ and 24.VI.2013, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 2 ♀♀;
Çorum-Ortaköy, Mollahasan village, 40˚ 17’ N - 35˚ 03’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 4 ♂♂ and
2 ♀♀.
GENUS STICTOLEPTURA Casey, 1924: 280
SUBGENUS STICTOLEPTURA Casey, 1924: 280
SPECIES S. cordigera (Fuessly, 1775: 14)
SUBSPECIES S. cordigera cordigera (Fuessly, 1775: 14)
Material examined: İskilip-Bayat, 31 km to Bayat, 40˚ 41’ N - 34˚ 29’ E, 01.VI.2013, 685 m,
on flowers, 1 ♀; Çorum-Ortaköy, Mollahasan village, 40˚ 17’ N - 35˚ 03’ E, 22.VI.2013, on
flowers, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Çorum-Alaca road, 40 km to Çorum, Alaca Dam env., 40˚ 14’ N - 34˚
47’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♂; Çorum-Ortaköy road, pass to Amasya return, 22.VI.2013,
on flowers, 1 ♂; Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village, 40˚ 19’ N - 34˚ 49’ E, 24.VI.2013,
1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 1 ♀.
GENUS ANASTRANGALIA Casey, 1924: 280
SPECIES A. dubia (Scopoli, 1763: 47)
SUBSPECIES A. dubia dubia (Scopoli, 1763: 47)
Remarks: The species was reported only by Özdikmen (2007) from Çorum province.
GENUS JUDOLIA Mulsant, 1863: 496
SPECIES J. erratica (Dalman, 1817: 490)
02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 18 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀ and 24.VI.2013, 2 ♀♀;
Çorum-Osmancık road, Çorum-Ortaköy, Mollahasan village, 40˚ 17’ N - 35˚ 03’ E,
41
22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♀; Çorum-Osmancık road, Gölünyazı district, 40˚ 42’ N - 34˚ 54’ E,
23.VI.2013, on flowers, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀.
Remarks: The species was reported only by Sama (1982) and Özdikmen (2007) from Çorum
province.
GENUS STENURELLA Villiers, 1974: 214
SUBGENUS PRISCOSTENURELLA Özdikmen, 2013: 516
SPECIES S. bifasciata (O. F. Müller, 1776: 93)
SUBSPECIES S. bifasciata bifasciata (O. F. Müller, 1776: 93)
02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 3 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀ and 24.VI.2013, 3 ♀♀; ÇorumOrtaköy road, pass to Amasya return, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 3 ♂♂; Ankara-Çorum road,
exit of Sungurlu, 22.VI.2013, 40˚ 10’ N - 34˚ 25’ E, on flowers, 1 ♂; Çorum-Ortaköy,
Mollahasan village, 40˚ 17’ N - 35˚ 03’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 6 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀; OrtaköyGöynücek road, pass to İncesu Canyon, 40˚ 18’ N - 35˚ 19’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♀;
Göynücek-Mecitözü road, 13 km to Mecitözü, 40˚ 26’ N - 35˚ 16’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers,
2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀; Çorum-Osmancık road, Gölünyazı district, 40˚ 42’ N - 34˚ 54’ E, 23.VI.2013,
on flowers, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀; Çamlıca road, entry of Laçin, 40˚ 46’ N - 34˚ 55’ E, 23.VI.2013, on
flowers, 2 ♀♀.
SPECIES S. septempunctata (Fabricius, 1793: 346)
SUBSPECIES S. septempunctata latenigra (Pic, 1915: 5)
02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 2 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀.
SUBFAMILY CERAMBYCINAE Latreille, 1802: 211
GENUS PURPURICENUS Dejean, 1821: 105
SPECIES P. budensis (Götz, 1783: 72)
3 ♂♂ and 23.VI.2013, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀; İskilip-Bayat return, 31 km to Bayat, 40˚ 41’ N - 34˚ 29’
E, 01.VI.2013, 685 m, on Carduus sp., 2 ♀♀ and 23.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♀; Çorum-Ortaköy,
Mollahasan village, 40˚ 17’ N - 35˚ 03’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀; Çamlıca
road, entry of Laçin, 40˚ 46’ N - 34˚ 55’ E, 23.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♂; Dodurga-İskilip
road, pass to Oğuzlar return, 23.VI.2013, on flowers, 9 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀; Alpagut, 40˚ 52’ N 34˚ 44’ E, 23.VI.2013, on flowers, 2 ♂♂; Ayva village, 40˚ 48’ N - 34˚ 51’ E, 23.VI.2013, on
flowers, 1 ♂.
GENUS CERTALLUM Dejean, 1821: 111
SPECIES C. ebulinum (Linnaeus, 1767: 637)
Material examined: Kırıkkale-Çorum road, 40˚ 8’ N - 34˚ 14’ E, 27.IV.2013, 705 m, on
flowers with net, 1 ♀; Çorum-Sungurlu road, 25 km to Sungurlu, 27.IV.2013, 660 m, on
Carduus sp., 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Kırıkkale-Çorum road, 20 km to Sungurlu, 40˚ 05’ N - 34˚ 07’ E,
27.IV.2013, 665 m, on Carduus sp. with net, 7 ♂♂ and 6 ♀♀; Oğuzlar-Dodurga road, 5 km to
Dodurga, 40˚ 50’ N - 34˚ 46’ E, 28.IV.2013, 742 m, on Carduus sp., 2 ♂♂ and 5 ♀♀; İskilipBayat return, 31 km to Bayat, 40˚ 41’ N - 34˚ 29’ E, 28.IV.2013, 685 m, on Carduus sp., 3
♂♂; Entry of Oğuzlar, 40˚ 45’ N - 34˚ 42’ E, 28.IV.2013, 671 m, on flowers with net, 2 ♂♂
and 2 ♀♀; Sungurlu-Çorum road, 25 km to Çorum, 40˚ 23’ N - 34˚ 43’ E, 01.VI.2013, 878 m,
on flowers, 1 ♀; Çorum-Laçin road, Buharevler, 40˚ 34’ N - 34˚ 55’ E, 01.VI.2013, 843 m, 1
♂; Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village, 40˚ 19’ N - 34˚ 49’ E, 02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on
flowers (Umbelliferae), 1 ♀; Kırıkkale-Çorum road, 40˚ 6’ N - 34˚ 8’ E, 02.VI.2013, 758 m,
on herbs, 1 ♀.
42
GENUS HYLOTRUPES Audinet-Serville, 1834: 77
SPECIES H. bajulus (Linnaeus, 1758: 396)
Material examined: Gölünyazı, VI.2013, 1 ♀.
GENUS PHYMATODES Mulsant, 1839: 47
SUBGENUS PHYMATODES Mulsant, 1839: 47
SPECIES P. testaceus (Linnaeus, 1758: 396)
Material examined: İskilip-Bayat return, 31 km to Bayat, 40˚ 41’ N - 34˚ 29’ E, 01.VI.2013,
685 m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♂.
GENUS PLAGIONOTUS Mulsant, 1842: 1
SUBGENUS ECHINOCERUS Mulsant, 1862: 143
SPECIES P. floralis (Pallas, 1773: 724)
3 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀; Sungurlu-Çorum road, 25 km to Çorum, 40˚ 23’ N - 34˚ 43’ E, 01.VI.2013,
878 m, on flowers, 5 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀; Çorum-Alaca road, 30 km to Alaca, 40˚ 24’ N - 34˚ 48’ E,
02.VI.2013, 834 m, on flowers, 3 ♂♂; Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village, 40˚ 19’ N 34˚ 49’ E, 02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 3 ♂♂; Alaca-Sungurlu road, entry
of Gökçam village, 40˚ 08’ N - 34˚ 34’ E, 02.VI.2013, 954 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 21
♂♂ and 12 ♀♀; Çorum-Ortaköy, pass to Cemilbey, 22 km to Ortaköy, 40˚ 18’ N - 35˚ 04’ E,
22.VI.2013, on flowers, 2 ♀♀; Ortaköy-Göynücek road, pass to İncesu Canyon, 40˚ 18’ N 35˚ 19’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Çorum-Ortaköy, Mollahasan village, 40˚ 17’ N
- 35˚ 03’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♂; Sungurlu-Alaca road, pass to Alaca return, 40˚ 10’
N - 34˚ 28’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 4 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀; Ankara-Çorum road, exit of Sungurlu,
40˚ 10’ N - 34˚ 25’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♂ and 3 ♀♀; Alaca-Çorum road, 49 km to
Çorum, 40˚ 11’ N - 34˚ 49’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♀; Çorum-Ortaköy road, pass to
Amasya return, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀; Çorum-Ortaköy, Mollahasan village,
40˚ 17’ N - 35˚ 03’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 11 ♂♂ and 10 ♀♀; Çorum-Alaca road, 40 km to
Çorum, Alaca Dam env., 40˚ 14’ N - 34˚ 47’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 3 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀;
Göynücek-Mecitözü road, 13 km to Mecitözü, 40˚ 26’ N - 35˚ 16’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers,
10 ♂♂ and 7 ♀♀; Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village, 40˚ 19’ N - 34˚ 49’ E, 24.VI.2013,
1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 3 ♂♂.
Remarks: The species was reported only by Sama (1982) and Özdikmen & Çağlar (2004)
from Çorum province.
SUBGENUS NEOPLAGIONOTUS Kasatkin, 2005: 51
SPECIES P. bobelayei (Brullé, 1832: 253)
Material examined: Çamlıca road, entry of Lâçin, 40˚ 46’ N - 34˚ 55’ E, 23.VI.2013, on
flowers, 1 ♂; İskilip-Bayat return, 31 km to Bayat, 40˚ 41’ N - 34˚ 29’ E, 23.VI.2013, 685 m,
on flowers, 2 ♂♂.
GENUS CHLOROPHORUS Chevrolat, 1863: 290
SUBGENUS CHLOROPHORUS Chevrolat, 1863: 290
SPECIES C. damascenus (Chevrolat, 1854: 483)
Material examined: Çorum-Ortaköy road, pass to Amasya return, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1
♀.
SPECIES C. varius (O. F. Müller, 1766: 188)
Material examined: Ortaköy-Göynücek road, pass to İncesu Canyon, 40˚ 18’ N - 35˚ 19’ E,
22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♀.
SUBGENUS CRASSOFASCIATUS Özdikmen, 2011: 538
SPECIES C. aegyptiacus (Fabricius, 1775: 194)
Material examined: Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village, 40˚ 19ˈ N - 34˚ 49ˈ E,
02.06.2013, 1025 m, on herbs and flowers (Umbelliferae), 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀; Alaca-Sungurlu
road, entry of Gökçam village, 40˚ 08ˈ N - 34˚ 34ˈ E, 02.06.2013, 954 m, on herbs and
43
flowers (Umbelliferae), 2 ♀♀; Çorum-Ortaköy road, pass to Amasya return, 22.06.2013, on
flowers, 1 ♀; Göynücek-Mecitözü road, 13 km to Mecitözü, 40˚ 26ˈ N - 35˚ 16ˈ E, 22.06.2013,
on flowers, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀.
SPECIES C. trifasciatus (Fabricius, 1781: 244)
Material examined: Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village, 40˚ 19ˈ N - 34˚ 49ˈ E,
02.06.2013, 1025 m, on herbs and flowers (Umbelliferae), 1 ♂; Alaca-Çorum road, 49 km to
Çorum, 40˚ 11ˈ N - 34˚ 49ˈ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers 1 ♂; Alaca-Sungurlu road, entry of
Gökçam village, 40˚ 08ˈ N - 34˚ 34ˈ E, 02.VI.2013, 954 m, on herbs and flowers
(Umbelliferae), 4 ♀♀; Çorum-Ortaköy, pass to Cemilbey, 22 km to Ortaköy, 40˚ 18ˈ N - 35˚
04ˈ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Göynücek-Mecitözü road, 13 km to Mecitözü, 40˚
26ˈ N - 35˚ 16ˈ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 3 ♀♀.
GENUS XYLOTRECHUS Chevrolat, 1860: 456
SUBGENUS XYLOTRECHUS Chevrolat, 1860: 456
SPECIES X. arvicola (Olivier, 1795: 64)
SUBSPECIES X. arvicola arvicola (Olivier, 1795: 64)
Material examined: İskilip-Bayat return, 31 km to Bayat, 40˚ 41’ N - 34˚ 29’ E, 23.VI.2013,
685 m, on flowers, 1 ♀.
GENUS CLYTUS Laicharting, 1784: 88
SUBGENUS CLYTUS Laicharting, 1784: 88
SPECIES C. rhamni Germar, 1817: 223
SUBSPECIES C. rhamni temesiensis (Germar, 1824: 519)
Material examined: Çorum-Ortaköy, Mollahasan village, 40˚ 17’ N - 35˚ 03’ E, 22.VI.2013,
on flowers, 2 ♂♂ and 9 ♀♀.
SPECIES C. schurmanni Sama, 1996: 108
02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 14 ♂♂ and 25 ♀♀, and 24.VI.2013, 1 ♂.
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported only by Özdikmen (2007) from
Çorum province.
SUBFAMILY STENOPTERINAE Gistel, 1848: [9] (unnum. section)
GENUS STENOPTERUS Illiger, 1804: 120
SPECIES S. rufus (Linnaeus, 1767: 642)
SUBSPECIES S. rufus geniculatus Kraatz, 1863: 104
02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 10 ♂♂ and 15 ♀♀; Çorum-Ortaköy,
Mollahasan village, 40˚ 17’ N - 35˚ 03’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 2 ♂♂ and 5 ♀♀; ÇorumOsmancık road, Gölünyazı district, 40˚ 42’ N - 34˚ 54’ E, 23.VI.2013, on flowers, 9 ♂♂ and 7
♀♀; Çorum-Alaca road, Pempecik village, 40˚ 20’ N - 34˚ 48’ E, 24.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♂.
SUBFAMILY DORCADIONINAE Swainson, 1840: 290
GENUS DORCADION Dalman, 1817: 397
SUBGENUS CRIBRIDORCADION Pic, 1901: 12
SPECIES D. afflictum Pesarini & Sabbadini, 1999: 54
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported only by Pesarini & Sabbadini
(1999) and Özdikmen (2010) from Çorum province.
SPECIES D. bangi Heyden, 1894: 89
SUBSPECIES D. bangi heinzorum Braun, 1975: 17
Material examined: Gölünyazı, VI.2004, 1 ♀ and 18.IV.2004, 3 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀; BoğazkaleAlacahöyük National Park (Hattuşa), 40˚ 12’ N - 34˚ 37’ E, 27.IV.2013, 1234 m, on
Graminae, 21 ♂♂ and 9 ♀♀.
44
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported by Braun (1975, 1978, 1979),
Adlbauer (1992) and Özdikmen (2010) from Çorum province.
SPECIES D. enricisturanii Breuning & Ruspoli, 1971: 127
SUBSPECIES D. enricisturanii enricisturanii Breuning & Ruspoli, 1971: 127
Material examined: 7 km pass to Oğuzlar, İskilip return, 40˚ 48’ N - 34˚ 40’ E, 31.III.2013,
1020 m, under stones and on Graminae, 24 ♂♂ and 13 ♀♀, and 28.IV.2013, on the ground, 6
♂♂ and 6 ♀♀.
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported by Braun (1978), Adlbauer
SPECIES D. erdemi Özdikmen, Kaya & Al-Hamadani, 2014: 179
Material examined: Çorum-Sungurlu road, Kemallı return, 30.III.2013, 774 m, under
stones, 1 ♂ and 1 ♀; Çorum-Laçin road, exit of Sarmaşa village, 40˚ 39’ N - 34˚ 55’ E,
31.III.2013, 987 m, under stones, 1 ♀.
Remarks: The new species was described on the base of the specimens in the present work.
It is endemic to Turkey.
SPECIES D. hampii Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 157
SUBSPECIES D. hampii hampii Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 157
Material examined: Oğuzlar road, near Kızılırmak, from Dodurga-Osmancık return to
Oğuzlar, 40˚ 48’ N - 34˚ 48’ E, 31.III.2013, 496 m, on Graminae, 1 ♂.
SPECIES D. iconiense K. Daniel, 1900: 140
Material examined: Boğazkale-Alacahöyük National Park (Hattuşa), 40˚ 1’ N - 34˚ 37’ E,
30.III.2013, 1234 m, under stones, on the ground and on Graminae, 1 ♂ and 6 ♀♀; ÇorumSungurlu road, 25 km to Sungurlu, 30.III.2013, 660 m, under stones, 1 ♂.
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported by Braun (1979) and Özdikmen
(2010) from Çorum province.
SPECIES D. infernale Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 158
SUBSPECIES D. infernale infernale Mulsant & Rey, 1863: 158
Material examined: Gölünyazı, VI.2013, 7 ♂♂ and 5 ♀♀; 7 km pass to Oğuzlar, İskilip return,
40˚ 48’ N - 34˚ 40’ E, 01.VI.2013, 1020 m, under stones and on Graminae, 4 ♂♂.
SPECIES D. linderi Tournier, 1872: 285
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported by Breuning (1966),
Perissinotto & Luchini (1966) and Özdikmen (2010) from Çorum province.
SPECIES D. micans J. Thomson, 1867: 61
SUBSPECIES D. micans micans J. Thomson, 1867: 61
Material examined: Gölünyazı, 18.IV.2013, 26 ♂♂ and 15 ♀♀, and VI.2013, 1 ♂.
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported by Perissinotto & Luchini
SPECIES D. muchei Breuning, 1962: 38
Material examined: Çorum-Sungurlu road, 25 km to Sungurlu, 30.III.2013, 660 m, under
stones, 1 ♂; Çorum-Sungurlu road, Kemallı return, 30.III.2013, 774 m, under stones, 1 ♂;
Boğazkale-Alacahöyük National Park (Hattuşa), 40˚ 1’ N - 34˚ 37’ E, 30.III.2013, 1234 m,
under stones, on the ground and on Graminae, 3 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀; Çorum-Laçin road, exit of
Sarmaşa village, 40˚ 39’ N - 34˚ 55’ E, 31.III.2013, 987 m, on Graminae, 1 ♂ and 3 ♀♀;
Çorum-Çankırı road, Bayat-Hacıbayram village, 40˚ 37’ N - 34˚ 23’ E, 31.III.2013, 688 m,
on Graminae,1 ♂.
SPECIES D. piochardi Kraatz, 1873: 85
Material examined: Gölünyazı district, 18.IV.2013, 57 ♂♂ and 10 ♀♀; Boğazkale-Alacahöyük
National Park (Hattuşa), 40˚ 12’ N - 34˚ 37’ E, 27.IV.2013, 1234 m, on Graminae, 5 ♂♂.
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported by Braun (1978, 1979) and
Özdikmen (2010) from Çorum province.
SPECIES D. pittinorum Pesarini & Sabbadini, 1999: 48
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported only by Pesarini & Sabbadini
45
SPECIES D. rigattii Breuning, 1966: 145
SPECIES D. scabricolle (Dalman, 1817: 174)
SUBSPECIES D. scabricolle scabricolle (Dalman, 1817: 174)
30.III.2013, 1234 m, under stones, on the ground and on Graminae, 44 ♂♂ and 27 ♀♀, and
27.IV.2013, 14 ♂♂ and 5 ♀♀; Yazılıkaya to Alaca, 20 km to Alaca, 40˚ 14’ N - 34˚ 47’ E,
30.III.2013, 1138 m, under stones, 1 ♂.
Remarks: The species was reported by Perissinotto & Luchini (1966), Braun (1978) and
SPECIES D. subatritarse Breuning, 1966: 146
30.III.2013, 1234 m, under stones, on the ground and on Graminae, 7 ♂♂ and 3 ♀♀, and
27.IV.2013, 5 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀; Exit of Laçin, Osmancık road, 40˚ 47ˈ N - 34˚ 52ˈ E, 28.IV.2013,
677 m, on Graminae, 1 ♀.
SPECIES D. sulcipenne Küster, 1847: 87
SUBSPECIES D. sulcipenne argonauta Suvorov, 1913: 74
Remarks: The species was recorded by Perissinotto & Luchini (1966) from Çorum as D.
caucasicum Küster, 1847. However, the species D. sulcipenne is represented only by the
subspecies D. sulcipenne argonauta in Turkey. D. sulcipenne caucasicum occurs only in
Armenia and Georgia. It was reported only by Perissinotto & Luchini (1966) and Özdikmen
SPECIES D. yilmazi Özdikmen & Kaya, 2015
Material examined: Exit of Laçin, Osmancık road, 40˚ 47ˈ N - 34˚ 52ˈ E, 31.III.2013, 677 m,
under stones and on Graminae, 15 ♂♂ and 4 ♀♀; Çorum-Laçin road, exit of Sarmaşa village,
40˚ 39’ N - 34˚ 55’ E, 31.III.2013, 987 m, under stones, 1 ♂; Boğazkale-Alacahöyük National
Park (Hattuşa), 40˚ 12’ N - 34˚ 37’ E, 27.IV.2013, 1234 m, on Graminae, 2 ♂♂ and 1 ♀.
GENUS MEGALODORCADION Pesarini & Sabbadini, 1999: 58
SUBGENUS ANATOLODORCADION Özdikmen & Kaya, 2015: 3
SPECIES M. dombilicoides (Özdikmen & Kaya, 2013: 494)
Material examined: Gölünyazı, VI.2013, 1 ♂ and 2 ♀♀.
SUBGENUS FUSODORCADION Özdikmen & Kaya, 2015: 3
SPECIES M. parallelum (Küster, 1847: 79)
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported by Braun (1978), Adlbauer
SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE Latreille, 1825: 401
GENUS ANAESTHETIS Dejean, 1835: 348
SPECIES A. testacea (Fabricius, 1781: 235)
SUBSPECIES A. testacea testacea (Fabricius, 1781: 235)
Remarks: The species was reported only by Gfeller (1972) from Çorum province.
GENUS TETROPS Kirby, 1826 (in Kirby & Spence 1826: 498)
SPECIES T. praeustus (Linnaeus, 1758: 399)
SUBSPECIES T. praeustus angorensis Pic, 1918: 11
Remarks: The subspecies is endemic to Turkey. It was reported only by Breuning & Villiers
(1967) and Öymen (1987) from Çorum province.
GENUS OBEREA Dejean, 1835: 351
SUBGENUS AMAUROSTOMA J. Müller, 1906: 223
46
SPECIES O. erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776: 67)
SUBSPECIES O. erythrocephala erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776: 67)
GENUS OXYLIA Mulsant, 1863: 398
SPECIES O. argentata (Ménétriés, 1832: 227)
SUBSPECIES O. argentata argentata (Ménétriés, 1832: 227)
02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on herbs, 2 ♀♀; Göynücek-Mecitözü road, 13 km to Mecitözü, 40˚ 26’ N
- 35˚ 16’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 2 ♂♂; Çorum-Ortaköy, Mollahasan village, 40˚ 17’ N 35˚ 03’ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♀; Çorum-Osmancık road, Gölünyazı district, 40˚ 41ˈ N 34˚ 54ˈ E, 23.VI.2013, on herbs, 3 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀; Çorum-Alaca road, entry of DSİ Dam, 40˚
22’ N - 34˚ 48’ E, 24.VI.2013, on herbs, 2 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀; Çorum-Alaca road, Pempecik village,
40˚ 20’ N - 34˚ 48’ E, 24.VI.2013, on herbs, 1 ♀.
Remarks: The species was reported only by Gfeller (1972) from Çorum province.
GENUS PHYTOECIA Dejean, 1835: 351
SUBGENUS HELLADIA Fairmaire, 1864: 176
SPECIES P. humeralis (Waltl, 1838: 471)
SUBSPECIES P. humeralis humeralis (Waltl, 1838: 471)
Material examined: Kırıkkale-Çorum road, 40˚ 8’ N - 34˚ 14’ E, 27.IV.2013, 705 m, on
flowers with net, 2 ♀♀; Çorum-Sungurlu road, Kemallı return, 27.IV.2013, 774 m, on
Carduus sp., 3 ♀♀; Çorum-Sungurlu road, 25 km to Sungurlu, 27.IV.2013, 660 m, on
Carduus sp., 3 ♂♂; Boğazkale road, 40˚ 75’ N - 34˚ 28’ E, 27.IV.2013, 814 m, on Carduus
sp., 5 ♀♀; Boğazkale-Alaca road, 40˚ 8’ N - 34˚ 34’ E, 27.IV.2013, 953 m, with net, 1 ♀; 7 km
pass to Oğuzlar, İskilip return, 40˚ 48’ N - 34˚ 40’ E, 28.IV.2013, 1020 m, on Carduus sp., 1
♂; Oğuzlar-Dodurga road, 5 km to Dodurga, 40˚ 50’ N - 34˚ 46’ E, 28.IV.2013, 742 m, on
Carduus sp., 2 ♂♂; İskilip-Bayat return, 31 km to Bayat, 40˚ 41’ N - 34˚ 29’ E, 28.IV.2013,
685 m, on Carduus sp., 14 ♂♂, and 01.VI.2013, 1 ♂; Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village,
40˚ 19’ N - 34˚ 49’ E, 02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 1 ♂ and 1 ♀.
SUBGENUS NEOMUSARIA Plavilstshikov, 1928: 123
SPECIES P. aligamgami Özdikmen & Kaya, 2015
Material examined: Sungurlu-Çorum road, Koparan II bridge env., 30 km to Çorum, N
40˚22’ N- 34˚43’ E, 01.VI.2013, 910 m, on Carduus sp., 2 ♀♀.
SPECIES P. balcanica (Frivaldszky von Frivald, 1835: 268)
Material examined: Dodurga-İskilip road, 40˚ 50ˈ N - 34˚ 47ˈ E, 01.VI.2013, 680 m, 2 ♂♂.
SPECIES P. pauliraputii (Sama, 1993: 295)
Material examined: Sungurlu-Çorum road, 25 km to Çorum, 40˚ 23ˈ N - 34˚ 43ˈ E,
01.VI.2013, 878 m, on flowers, 1 ♂.
SUBGENUS PHYTOECIA Dejean, 1835: 351
SPECIES P. baccueti (Brullé, 1832: 262)
Material examined: Kırıkkale-Çorum road, 20 km to Sungurlu, 40˚ 05ˈ N - 34˚ 07ˈ E,
27.IV.2013, 665 m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♂ and 1 ♀.
SPECIES P. caerulea (Scopoli, 1772: 102)
SUBSPECIES P. caerulea caerulea (Scopoli, 1772: 102)
Material examined: Çorum-Osmancık road, 40˚ 49ˈ N - 34˚ 51ˈ E, 28.IV.2013, 480 m, on
herbs, 2 ♂♂; Gölünyazı district, 40˚ 41ˈ N - 34˚ 54ˈ E, 01.VI.2013, 1140 m, on Carduus sp., 1
♀.
SPECIES P. gamzeae Özdikmen, 2015
27.IV.2013, 665 m, on Carduus sp. with net, 1 ♂; Çorum-Osmancık road, 40˚ 49ˈ N - 34˚ 51ˈ
47
E, 28.IV.2013, 480 m, 1 ♂; Oğuzlar-Dodurga road, 5 km to Dodurga, 40˚ 50ˈ N - 34˚ 46ˈ E,
28.IV.2013, 742 m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♀; Exit of Laçin, 40˚ 46ˈ N - 34˚ 52ˈ E, 01.VI.2013, 695
m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♀; Sungurlu-Çorum road, 25 km to Çorum, 40˚ 23ˈ N - 34˚ 43ˈ E,
01.VI.2013, 878 m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♀.
Remarks: The new species was described on the base of the specimens from Çankırı, Çorum,
Kırıkkale and Konya. The specimens in the present work are paratypes. It is endemic to
Turkey.
SPECIES P. geniculata Mulsant, 1863: 420
SUBSPECIES P. geniculata geniculata Mulsant, 1863: 420
Material examined: Oğuzlar-Dodurga road, 5 km to Dodurga, 40˚ 50ˈ N - 34˚ 46ˈ E,
28.IV.2013, 742 m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♀; Osmancık-Dodurga road, 6 km to Dodurga, 40˚ 50ˈ
N - 34˚ 50ˈ E, 28.IV.2013, 512 m, 1 ♂.
SPECIES P. icterica (Schaller, 1783: 292)
Remarks: The species was reported only by Özdikmen et al. (2005) from Çorum province.
SPECIES P. pubescens Pic, 1895: 64
27.IV.2013, 665 m, on Carduus sp. with net, 1 ♂.
SPECIES P. virgula (Charpentier, 1825: 225)
Material examined: İskilip-Bayat return, 31 km to Bayat, 40˚ 41ˈ N - 34˚ 29ˈ E, 01.VI.2013,
685 m, on Carduus sp., 3 ♀♀; Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village, 40˚ 19ˈ N - 34˚ 49ˈ
E, 02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on flowers (Umbelliferae), 3 ♀♀.
SUBGENUS OPSILIA Mulsant, 1863: 387
SPECIES P. coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763: 49)
Material examined: Entry of Oğuzlar, 40˚ 45ˈ N - 34˚ 42ˈ E, 28.IV.2013, 671 m, on flowers
with net, 1 ♀; Osmancık-Dodurga road, 6 km to Dodurga, 40˚ 50ˈ N - 34˚ 50ˈ E, 01.VI.2013,
512 m, 4 ♀♀; Sungurlu-Çorum road, Koparan 2 bridge env., 30 km to Çorum, 40˚ 22ˈ N 34˚ 43ˈ E, 01.VI.2013, 910 m, on Carduus sp., 2 ♂♂; Gölünyazı district, 40˚ 41ˈ N - 34˚ 54ˈ
E, 01.VI.2013, 1140 m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♀; İskilip-Bayat return, 31 km to Bayat, 40˚ 41ˈ N 34˚ 29ˈ E, 01.VI.2013, 685 m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♂; Central-Alaca road, 5 km to Küre village,
40˚ 19ˈ N - 34˚ 49ˈ E, 02.VI.2013, 1025 m, on herbs, 1 ♂; Boğazkale-Alacahöyük National
Park (Hattuşa), 40˚ 1ˈ N - 34˚ 37ˈ E, 02.VI.2013, 1234 m, on herbs, 2 ♀♀; Sungurlu-Alaca
road, Alaca return env., 40˚ 10ˈ N - 34˚ 28ˈ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♀; Çorum-Alaca
road, 40 km to Çorum, Alaca Dam env., 40˚ 14ˈ N - 34˚ 47ˈ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 2 ♂♂;
Çorum-Alaca road, entry of DSİ Dam, 40˚ 22ˈ N - 34˚ 48ˈ E, 24.VI.2013, on herbs, 8 ♂♂;
Çorum-Alaca road, Pempecik village, 40˚ 20ˈ N - 34˚ 48ˈ E, 24.VI.2013, on herbs, 1 ♀.
Remarks: The species was reported by Breuning & Villiers (1967), Gfeller (1972) and
GENUS AGAPANTHIA Audinet-Serville, 1835: 35
SUBGENUS SYNTHAPSIA Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2004: 121
SPECIES A. kirbyi (Gyllenhal, 1817: 186)
SUBGENUS EPOPTES Gistel, 1857a: 93 [1857b: 605]
SPECIES A. cynarae (Germar, 1817: 222)
SUBSPECIES A. cynarae cynarae (Germar, 1817: 222)
SPECIES A. lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884: 541
01.VI.2013, 878 m, on flowers and Carduus sp., 3 ♂♂ and 6 ♀♀; İskilip-Çorum road, exit of
İskilip, 40˚ 42ˈ N - 34˚ 29ˈ E, 01.VI.2013, 735 m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♂; Çorum-Laçin road,
40˚ 37ˈ N - 34˚ 54ˈ E, 01.VI.2013, 907 m, on Carduus sp., 2 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀; OsmancıkDodurga road, 6 km to Dodurga, 40˚ 50ˈ N - 34˚ 50ˈ E, 01.VI.2013, 512 m, 1 ♂ and 3 ♀♀;
Sungurlu-Çorum road, Koparan 2 bridge env., 30 km to Çorum, 40˚ 22ˈ N - 34˚ 43ˈ E,
01.VI.2013, 910 m, on Carduus sp., 2 ♂♂; Entry of Dodurga, 40˚ 49ˈ N - 34˚ 50ˈ E,
48
01.VI.2013, 522 m, on flowers, 11 ♂♂ and 2 ♀♀; Alaca-Sungurlu road, entry of Gökçam
village, 40˚ 08ˈ N - 34˚ 34ˈ E, 02.VI.2013, 954 m, on herbs, 2 ♂♂; Göynücek-Mecitözü road,
13 km to Mecitözü, 40˚ 26ˈ N - 35˚ 16ˈ E, 22.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♂; Çorum-Osmancık
road, Gölünyazı district, 40˚ 42ˈ N - 34˚ 54ˈ E, 23.VI.2013, on flowers, 1 ♂.
Remarks: The species is endemic to Turkey. It was reported only by Özdikmen (2007) from
Çorum province.
SUBGENUS AGAPANTHIA Audinet-Serville, 1835: 35
SPECIES A. cardui (Linnaeus, 1767: 632)
Material examined: Çorum-Sungurlu road, 25 km to Sungurlu, 27.IV.2013, 660 m, on
Carduus sp., 1 ♂; Oğuzlar-Dodurga road, 5 km to Dodurga, 40˚ 50ˈ N - 34˚ 46ˈ E,
28.IV.2013, 742 m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♂; Çorum-Alaca road, 30 km to Alaca, 40˚ 24ˈ N - 34˚
48ˈ E, 02.VI.2013, 834 m, on flowers, 1 ♂.
SPECIES A. suturalis (Fabricius, 1787: 149)
01.VI.2013, 878 m, on Carduus sp., 1 ♂.
SUBGENUS SMARAGDULA Pesarini & Sabbadini, 2004: 128
SPECIES A. frivaldszkyi Ganglbauer, 1884: 546
Material examined: Alaca-Çorum road, 49 km to Çorum, 40˚ 11ˈ N - 34˚ 49ˈ E, 22.VI.2013,
on flowers, 1 ♀.
SPECIES A. violacea (Fabricius, 1775: 187)
Material examined: Çorum-Alaca road, entry of DSİ Dam, 40˚ 22ˈ N - 34˚ 48ˈ E,
24.VI.2013, on herbs, 1 ♂.
GENUS AGAPANTHIOLA Ganglbauer, 1900: 139
SPECIES A. leucaspis (Steven, 1817: 184)
Remarks: The species was reported only by Tauzin (2000) from Çorum province.
CONCLUSION
Consequently, fauna of longhorned beetles of Çorum province with additional
taxa in the present work comprises of 66 species belonging to 25 genera of 5
subfamilies. 33 of them are old records. Among the old records, 14 species are
only known from available references. And 19 of them, are known from both the
available references and the present work. 33 of 66 species are new records to the
fauna according to the present work. 24 of 66 taxa are endemic to Turkey. So
endemism ratio for fauna of Çorum province is high (approximately 37%).
With the present work, known number of species in Cerambycidae fauna of
Çorum province is rised up in ratio 100 % (33 to 66 species).
Note: This work is derived a part of master thesis of the first author. It supported
by BAP project of Gazi University (05/2012-02).
LITERATURE CITED
Adlbauer, K. 1992. Zur Faunistik und Taxonomie der Bockkäferfauna der Türkei II (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae).
Entomofauna, 13: 485-509.
Braun, W. 1975. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Dorcadion (Col., Cerambycidae, Lamiinae). Entomologische
Zeitschrift, 85: 17-21.
Braun, W. 1978. Ein neue Art der Gattung Dorcadion aus Anatolien (Col.: Cerambycidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift,
Stuttgart, 88: 185-187.
Braun, W. 1979. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Dorcadion Systematisch neu bewertete Dorcadion-Formen (Col.,
Cerambycidae). Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen, 28: 81-86.
Breuning, S. 1966. Deux nouvelles espèces du genre Dorcadion Dalm. d'Anatolie (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Bollettino
della Società Entomologica Italiana, Genova, 96: 145-147.
Breuning, S. & Villiers, A. 1967. Cérambycides de Turquie (2. note). L’ Entomologiste, 23: 59-63.
Gfeller, W. 1972. Cerambycidae (Coleoptera) der Türkei-Persienexpedition 1970 der Herren Dr. H. c. W. Wittmer und U.
v. Botmer. Mitteilungen der Entomologischen Geselschaft Basel, 22: 1-8.
49
Öymen, T. 1987. The Forest Cerambycidae of Turkey. İ. Ü. Forest Faculty, İstanbul, 146 pp.
Özdikmen, H. 2007. The Longicorn Beetles of Turkey (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) Part I - Black Sea Region. Munis
Özdikmen, H. 2010. The Turkish Dorcadiini with zoogeographical remarks (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Lamiinae).
Özdikmen, H. & Çağlar, Ü. 2004. Contribution to the knowledge of longhorned bettles (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae)
from Turkey, Subfamilies Prioninae, Lepturinae, Spondylidinae and Cerambycinae. J. Ent. Res. Soc., 6 (1): 39-69.
Özdikmen, H., Özdemir, Y. & Turgut, S. 2005. Longhorned Beetles Collection of the Nazife Tuatay Plant Protection
Museum, Ankara, Turkey (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). J. Ent. Res. Soc., 7: 1-33.
Perissinotto, A. & Luchini, S. R. 1966. Coleotteri Raccolti Nel Vicino e Medio Oriente Nota I. Dorcadion Dalm.
(Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana, 96: 147-149.
Pesarini, C. & Sabbadini, A. 1999. Osservazioni sistematiche su alcuni Dorcadion della fauna anatolica, con descrizione
di 9 nuovi taxa (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae). Annali del Museo civico di Storia naturale di Ferrara, 1: 45-61.
Sama, G. 1982. Contributo allo studio dei coleotteri Cerambycidae di Grecia e Asia Minore. Fragmenta Entomologica,
Roma, 16: 205-227.
Tauzin, P. 2000. Complement a l’inventaire des Coleopteres Cerambycidae de Turquie. L’Entomologiste, 56 (4): 151-153.
APPENDIX. A simple list of longhorned beetles fauna of Çorum province.
In the following list,
 known taxa from only cited literatures for Çorum province are marked
with the sign (*),
 known taxa from both cited literatures and the present work for Çorum
province are marked with the sign (**),
 firstly recorded taxa for Çorum province are marked with the sign (***),
 endemic taxa for Turkey are marked with the sign (+),
 newly described taxa for science are marked with the sign (x).
A SIMPLE LIST OF LONGHORNED BEETLES FAUNA OF
ÇORUM PROVINCE
FAMILY CERAMBYCIDAE Latreille, 1802
SUBFAMILY LEPTURINAE Latreille, 1802
Dinoptera (Dinoptera) collaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (***)
Vadonia monostigma (Ganglbauer, 1882) (***+)
Vadonia unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787) (***)
Vadonia unipunctata unipunctata (Fabricius, 1787)
Pseudovadonia livida (Fabricius, 1777) (***)
Pseudovadonia livida bicarinata (N. Arnold, 1869)
Stictoleptura (Stictoleptura) cordigera (Fuessly, 1775) (***)
Stictoleptura (Stictoleptura) cordigera cordigera (Fuessly, 1775)
Anastrangalia dubia (Scopoli, 1763) (*)
Anastrangalia dubia dubia (Scopoli, 1763)
Judolia erratica (Dalman, 1817) (**)
Stenurella (Priscostenurella) bifasciata (O. F. Müller, 1776) (**)
Stenurella (Priscostenurella) bifasciata bifasciata (O. F. Müller, 1776)
Stenurella (Priscostenurella) septempunctata (Fabricius, 1793) (***)
Stenurella (Priscostenurella) septempunctata latenigra (Pic, 1915)
SUBFAMILY CERAMBYCINAE Latreille, 1802
Purpuricenus budensis (Götz, 1783) (**)
Certallum ebulinum (Linnaeus, 1767) (***)
Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus, 1758) (***)
Phymatodes (Phymatodes) testaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) (***)
Plagionotus (Echinocerus) floralis (Pallas, 1773) (**)
Plagionotus (Neoplagionotus) bobelayei (Brullé, 1832) (***)
Chlorophorus (Chlorophorus) damascenus (Chevrolat, 1854) (***)
Chlorophorus (Chlorophorus) varius (O. F. Müller, 1766) (***)
Chlorophorus (Crassofasciatus) aegyptiacus (Fabricius, 1775) (***)
Chlorophorus (Crassofasciatus) trifasciatus (Fabricius, 1781) (***)
Xylotrechus (Xylotrechus) arvicola (Olivier, 1795) (***)
Xylotrechus (Xylotrechus) arvicola arvicola (Olivier, 1795)
50
Clytus (Clytus) rhamni Germar, 1817 (***)
Clytus (Clytus) rhamni temesiensis (Germar, 1824)
Clytus (Clytus) schurmanni Sama, 1996 (**+)
SUBFAMILY STENOPTERINAE Gistel, 1848
Stenopterus rufus (Linnaeus, 1767) (**)
Stenopterus rufus geniculatus Kraatz, 1863
SUBFAMILY DORCADIONINAE Swainson, 1840
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) afflictum Pesarini & Sabbadini, 1999 (*+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) bangi Heyden, 1894 (**+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) bangi heinzorum Braun, 1975
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) enricisturanii Breuning & Ruspoli, 1971 (**+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) enricisturanii enricisturanii Breuning & Ruspoli, 1971
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) erdemi Özdikmen, Kaya & Al-Hamadani, 2014 (***+x)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) hampii Mulsant & Rey, 1863 (***+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) hampii hampii Mulsant & Rey, 1863
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) iconiense K. Daniel, 1900 (**+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) infernale Mulsant & Rey, 1863 (**+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) infernale infernale Mulsant & Rey, 1863
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) linderi Tournier, 1872 (*+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) micans J. Thomson, 1867 (**+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) micans micans J. Thomson, 1867
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) muchei Breuning, 1962 (**+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) piochardi Kraatz, 1873 (**+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) pittinorum Pesarini & Sabbadini, 1999 (*+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) rigattii Breuning, 1966 (*+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle (Dalman, 1817) (**)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) scabricolle scabricolle (Dalman, 1817)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) subatritarse Breuning, 1966 (**+)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) sulcipenne Küster, 1847 (*)
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) sulcipenne argonauta Suvorov, 1913
Dorcadion (Cribridorcadion) yilmazi Özdikmen & Kaya, 2015 (***+x)
Megalodorcadion (Anatolodorcadion) dombilicoides (Özdikmen & Kaya, 2013) (***+x)
Megalodorcadion (Fusodorcadion) parallelum (Küster, 1847) (*+)
SUBFAMILY LAMIINAE Latreille, 1825
Anaesthetis testacea (Fabricius, 1781) (*)
Anaesthetis testacea testacea (Fabricius, 1781)
Tetrops praeustus (Linnaeus, 1758) (*)
Tetrops praeustus angorensis Pic, 1918 (+)
Oberea (Amaurostoma) erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776) (*)
Oberea (Amaurostoma) erythrocephala erythrocephala (Schrank, 1776)
Oxylia argentata (Ménétriés, 1832) (**)
Oxylia argentata argentata (Ménétriés, 1832)
Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis (Waltl, 1838) (***)
Phytoecia (Helladia) humeralis humeralis (Waltl, 1838)
Phytoecia (Neomusaria) aligamgami Özdikmen & Kaya, 2015 (***+x)
Phytoecia (Neomusaria) balcanica (Frivaldszky von Frivald, 1835) (***)
Phytoecia (Neomusaria) pauliraputii (Sama, 1993) (***+)
Phytoecia (Phytoecia) baccueti (Brullé, 1832) (***)
Phytoecia (Phytoecia) caerulea (Scopoli, 1772) (***)
Phytoecia (Phytoecia) caerulea caerulea (Scopoli, 1772)
Phytoecia (Phytoecia) gamzeae Özdikmen, 2015 (***+)
Phytoecia (Phytoecia) geniculata Mulsant, 1863 (***)
Phytoecia (Phytoecia) geniculata geniculata Mulsant, 1863
Phytoecia (Phytoecia) icterica (Schaller, 1783) (*)
Phytoecia (Phytoecia) pubescens Pic, 1895 (***)
Phytoecia (Phytoecia) virgula (Charpentier, 1825) (***)
Phytoecia (Opsilia) coerulescens (Scopoli, 1763) (**)
Agapanthia (Synthapsia) kirbyi (Gyllenhal, 1817) (*)
51
Agapanthia (Epoptes) cynarae (Germar, 1817) (*)
Agapanthia (Epoptes) cynarae cynarae (Germar, 1817)
Agapanthia (Epoptes) lateralis Ganglbauer, 1884 (**+)
Agapanthia (Agapanthia) cardui (Linnaeus, 1767) (***)
Agapanthia (Agapanthia) suturalis (Fabricius, 1787) (***)
Agapanthia (Smaragdula) frivaldszkyi Ganglbauer, 1884 (***)
Agapanthia (Smaragdula) violacea (Fabricius, 1775) (**)
Agapanthiola leucaspis (Steven, 1817) (*)
Figure 1. The counties of Çorum province and the location of Çorum province in N Turkey.
52
TEMPORAL SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS OF
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES
(HETERORHABDITIDAE AND STEINERNEMATIDAE) WITH
PROVIDENCIA RETTGERI AND PSEUDOCHROBACTRUM SP.
Reza Sharifi and Naser Eivazian Kary*
* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani
University, Tabriz, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]
[Sharifi, R. & Eivazian Kary, N. 2016. Temporal symbiotic relationships of
entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) with Providencia
rettgeri and Pseudochrobactrum sp.. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 52-62]
ABSTRACT: Phylogenetic analysis of 16S-rDNA sequences of isolated bacteria from
hemolymph of infected Galleria mellonella cadavers with entomopathogenic nematodes
revealed different strains of non-symbiont bacteria. Biochemical tests and phylogenetic
analysis using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Neighbor Joining methods
were done and two species including three strain of Providencia rettgeri and four strains of
Pseudochrobactrum sp. were identified to be associated with H. bacteriophora and S.
carpocapsae, respectively. As a supplementary tool, RNA secondary structure and
minimum free energy was involved in analysis for more confirmation.
KEY WORDS: Entomopathogenic nematodes, Providencia rettgeri, Pseudochrobactrum
Entomopathogenic nematodes from the families Heterorhabditidae Poinar,
1976 and Steinernematidae Travassos, 1927 families nematodes have proven to be
the most effective biological control organisms. They are soil-inhabiting
organisms and can be used effectively to control soil-borne insect pests (Kaya &
Gaugler, 1993). These nematodes are symbiotically associated with
entomopathogenic bacteria Photorhabdus (Boemare et al., 1993) and
Xenorhabdus (Thomas & Poinar, 1979). The bacterial symbionts are carried
monoxenically in a special vesicle in the infective stage of members of the
Steinernematidae and throughout the whole intestine of infective juveniles. Both
nematodes and bacteria are pathogenic for most insects when they are released
into the hemolymph. The bacterial symbionts contribute to the symbiotic
relationship by establishing and maintaining suitable conditions for nematode
reproduction, providing nutrients and antimicrobial substances that inhibit the
growth of a wide range of microorganisms (Boemare et al., 1993).
Until now several non-symbiotic bacteria have been reported from EPNs
infected cadaver, for example, Flavobacterium sp. was isolated from sawfly larvae
infected with S. kraussei (Mracek, 1977), Ochrobacterum cytisi and Schineria
larvae associating with Steinernema siamkayai and O. anthropic with H. indica
(Razia et al., 2011). For Steinernema carpocapsae several non-symbiotic bacteria
including Alcaligenes sp., Pseudomonas aureofaciens, Pseudomonas fluorescens,
Enterobacter agglomerans, Serratia liquefaciens and Acinetobacter sp. have
been reported as temporal associated bacteria (Gouge & Snyder, 2006a; Lysenko
& Weiser, 1974). Similarly, Ochrobactrum anthropi, Paracoccus denitrificans
and Pseudomonas maltophilia have been found to be associated in Steinernema
scapterisci (Aguillera, 1993; Aguillera & Smart, 1993), H. indica and H.
bacteriophora (Babic et al., 2000). Recently, the bacteria Flavobacterium sp.,
Providencia vermicola and Alcaligenes faecalis were isolated from the nematode
Rhabditis blumi (Park et al., 2011). Genes that encode proteins and enzymes that
are related to pathogenicity, toxicity, and host/environment interactions have
been recently reported in A. faecalis (Quiroz-Castaneda et al., 2015).
53
The current investigation was done to identify the bacteria from cadavers of G.
mellonella infected with different species of EPNs. Furthermore, we conducted
the phylogenetic analysis within the genus and species level and compared their
RNA secondary structure and minimum free energy of aligned16s-rDNA
sequences with the related ones.
EPN species
During a survey of entomopathogenic nematodes throughout north-west of
Iran in 2013, several entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated using Galleria
baiting method from soil samples and identified as H. bacteriophora and S.
carpocapsae based on morphology and morphometric characters, cross breeding
test, as well as molecular data (Eivazian Kary et al., 2009).
Isolation of bacterial non-symbionts from insect hemolymph
Surface sterilized infective juveniles were used to infect last instar great wax
moth larvae which have been already immersed in 70% alcohol to remove
putative bacterial contaminations. In each sealed Petri dishes 10 larvae exposed to
500 IJs for 24 hours at room temperature then transferred to sterile Petri dishes
for another 24 h. Hemolymph from infected cadavers with typical signs of EPNs
infection was chosen for bacterial isolation. Hemolymph were extracted by
dissecting larvae ventrally between the 5th and 6th abdomen segments and was
collected with a sterile loop and streaked on both MacConkey and NBTA agar.
Bergeyʼs manual was followed for primarily biochemical characteristics of the
strains (data not presented) (Krieg & Holt, 1984).
DNA extraction and PCR
Genomic DNA was purified from isolates in culture using the DNeasy tissue
kit (QIAgen) as per the manufacturer’s protocol. DNA was eluted from the column
into 20 µl of TE buffer and stored at -20° C.16s-rDNA gene amplification was
carried out by a standard PCR reaction mixture that included 10X Taq buffer, 1.25
mM of Mgcl2, 0.25 mM dNTPs, 1 mM of each primer and 1 µl of Taq polymerase
using forward primer 5´-GAAGAGTTTGATCATGGCTC and reverse primer 5′AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCGCA-3′. All amplifications were performed with an
initial denaturation at 95°C for 2 min, 30 cycles of 95°C for 45 s, 50°C for 45 s,
and 72°C for 90 s, and a final extension at 72°C for 10 min. PCR products were
purified using QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen) in order to remove the
salts, primers and unincorporated dNTPs then subjected to direct sequencing.
DNA sequences were analyzed and assembled using the SeqMan program of the
DNAstar Lasergene software. Sequence data generated for 16s-rDNA (accession
numbers KR091943, KR091944, KR091945, KR091946, KR091947, KR091948
and KR091949) have been deposited in GeneBank.
Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis
The entire 16S rRNA gene sequences from type strains of the genus were
obtained from NCBI databases linked in LPSN (List of Prokaryotic names with
Standing in Nomenclature) (http://www.bacterio.net). BLASTN software
(http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi) was also used to find the most closely
related sequences (Table 1). Two separate phylogenetic analyses were conducted
to show the genealogic relationships of studied strains within the genus and
phylogeographic relationships with other strains of species. Clustal X 2.0.11
(Thompson et al., 1997) with the default parameters (gap opening penalty 10 and
gap extension penalty 5) was used to align 16s-rRNA sequences strains along with
other homologous sequences obtained from GeneBank. MEGA6 with the
54
following settings were used for evolutionary analysis. The bootstrap consensus
tree inferred from 1000 replicates was taken to represent the evolutionary history
of the taxa analyzed. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa
clustered together in the bootstrap test (1000 replicates) are shown next to the
branches. The MP tree was obtained using the Subtree-Pruning-Regrafting (SPR)
algorithm with search level 1 in which the initial trees were obtained by the
random addition of sequences (10 replicates). For ML analysis, Initial tree(s) for
the heuristic search were obtained automatically by applying Neighbor-Join and
BioNJ algorithms to a matrix of pairwise distances estimated using the Maximum
Composite Likelihood (MCL) approach, and then selecting the topology with
superior log likelihood value. In the case of NJ, The evolutionary distances were
computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units
of the number of base substitutions per site. All positions containing gaps and
missing data were eliminated. Pairwise distances were conducted using the
Maximum Composite Likelihood model. All positions containing gaps and
missing data were eliminated. GeneBee-Net program (Brodsky et al. 1995;
Brodsky et al. 1992) using greedy algorithm was used to RNA secondary structure
prediction and minimum energy calculations of aligned sequences. The
parameters were set as: energy threshold= -4.0; cluster factor=2; conserved
factor=2; compensated factor=4 and conservativity=0.8.
RESULTS
Seven strains of non-symbiotic bacteria including two species were isolated
from the infected cadavers of G. mellonella. According to biochemical test, these
strains were identified as Providencia rettgeri strains IR14, IR16 and IR21 (nonsymbiont of H. bacteriophora) and Pseudochrobactrum sp. Isolates IR5, IR7,
IR13 and IR17 (non-symbiont of S. carpocapsae). Furthermore we conducted a
throughout 16S-rDNA based phylogenetic analysis within the genus with a
complete set of well-defined species in reconstructed MP, ML and NJ
phylogenetic trees.
Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Providencia
All constructed phylogenetic trees (MP, ML and NJ) yielded same hypothesis
of relationships between Providencia spp. Minor differences (not conflict) were
observed between ML (Fig. 1) and MP (Fig. 2) trees in depicting relationship
between P. burthodogranariea and P. heimbachae. In MP tree these species fall
into one monophyletic group albeit bootstrap MP analysis of the 16S-rDNA
dataset revealed moderate support for this clade. In all trees, P. rettgeri isolates
IR14, IR16, IR21 and P. rettgeri type strain appeared as members of monophyletic
group with relatively high support in which isolates IR16 and IR21 appeared as a
closest relatives (100% bootstrap value). Reconstructed phylogenetic trees on the
basis of 16S-rDNA sequences of 10 strains with different sources or geographic
origins yielded different topologies. Remarkable result was found for P. rettgeri
strain IR21 and P. rettgeri IR16, despite having EPN symbionts with different
geographic origins, these strains appeared as closest relatives in trees. P. rettgeri
strain IR14 appeared as different clade in all trees.
Free energy of secondary structures of ribosomal RNA offers an additional
source of information for genealogic study (Fig. 6). Compared to type strain (287.4 kcal/mol), free energy of secondary structures of ribosomal RNA of strains
IR14, IR16 and IR21 (-303.6, -299.4 and -298.9 kcal/mol respectively) were
significantly related, and correspond to intraspecific phylogenetic trees, IR16 and
IR21 strains were the closest ones.
55
Phylogenetic analysis of the genus Pseudochrobactrum
In MP, ML and NJ trees Pseudochrobactrum sp. strains IR5, IR13, IR7 and
IR17 grouped together with high bootstrap value (~100%) to make high supported
monophyletic group but in depicting relationship with sister group different
patterns were observed. In ML and NJ trees P. asaccharolyticum type strain
appeared as a most relative clade to mentioned monophyletic group, but in MP
tree polytomy were observed. In MP tree, terminal nodes received high bootstrap
supports: 100% (Pseudochrobactrum sp. strains IR5, Pseudochrobactrum sp.
strains IR13); 100% (Pseudochrobactrum sp. strains IR7, Pseudochrobactrum sp.
strains IR17); 80% (P. kiredjianiae, P. glaciei); 68% (P. saccharolyticum, P.
lubricantis) but polytomies were observed in deeper nodes. In depicting
intraspecific phylogenetic relationships (Fig. 10), similar hypothesis were
observed by ML and NJ trees. Two major monophyletic groups observed for
homologous sequences. Pseudochrobactrum sp. strains IR5, IR13, IR7 and IR17
grouped together with high bootstrap value (~100%) to make high supported
monophyletic group and other isolates made another clade in which the
relationships between lineages were unresolved. Predicted hypothesis by MP tree
was somewhat different from others but similar topology, ((strain IR15, strain
IR13)(strain IR7, strain IR17)), was observed (Fig. 11).
The free energy of secondary structures of ribosomal RNA in studied isolates
were too close to each other, among them strain IR13 with -302.7 kcal/mol was
different from strain IR5 (-295.7 kcal/mol), strain IR7 (-292.3 kcal/mol) and
strain IR17 (-295.7 kcal/mol) (Fig.12).
DISCUSSION
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus species are symbiotically associated with
entomopathogenic nematodes of the families Steinernematidae and
Heterorhabditidae respectively. The symbiotic bacteria are released in the host
hemolymph by infective juvenile where they proliferate and produce a wide range
of toxins and hydrolytic exoenzymes that are responsible for the death and
bioconversion of the insect larva into a nutrient soup that is ideal for nematode
growth and reproduction (Fodor et al., 1997).
In this study, seven isolates of non-symbiotic bacteria are reported from
hemolymph of insect G. mellonella infected by indigenous species of EPNs, H.
bacteriophora and S. carpocapsae. Although the isolation of non-symbiotic
bacteria from IJs may be the results of inadequate surface sterilization
procedures, a mechanism for the transmission of non-symbiotic bacteria into the
host insect has been detected. Bonifassi et al. (1999) proposed that the cuticular
space between J2 and J3 is the main penetration route for bacteria in the case of
S. scapterisci (Bedding & Molyneux, 1982). Gouge & Snyder (2006b) showed that
there was no difference in bacterial species identified from non-sterile or surface
sterilized nematodes, suggesting that the bacteria identified originated from
either inside the nematode or between the second and third stage juvenile
cuticles.
Providencia rettgeri is a Gram negative bacterium that is commonly found in
both water and land environments. It is a faculative anerobe, and is fairly
ubiquitous across a wide range of environments. P. rettgeri is known mainly for
its association in the gut microbiome with humans and insects, and can
potentially be the cause of oppurtunistic infections among these species. P.
rettgeri has been known to interact with a variety of organisms, including
loggerhead sea turtles, humans, insects (Galac & Lazzaro, 2011), nematodes
(Jackson et al., 1995), and frogs (Penner & Hennessy, 1979). Depending on
context, it can either function as a pathogen or a non-pathogenic symbiont.
Isolates of P. rettgeri have been prepared from a variety of insect types, such as
56
the oil fly Helaeomyia petrolei (Kadavy et al., 2000), the great wax moth Galleria
mellonella (Jackson et al., 1995), however, P. rettgeri may play a non-pathogenic
role, such as in Australian tropical fruit flies Bactrocera cacuminata and B. tryoni
(Thaochan et al., 2010). In these flies, P. rettgeri were found to occupy the midgut
region of the digestive system, along with a variety of other bacteria. While the
role of each member within this system is unknown, it is possible that in this
context, P. rettgeri might play a mutualistic role.
It is reported that the majority of Heterorhabditis spp. strains tested
contained a second bacterial species which was identified as Providencia rettgeri.
Injection of the bacteria into wax moth larvae has showed that P. rettgeri was at
least as pathogenic as Photorhabdus sp. K122. Both had LD50 values of less than
one bacterial cell/larva, but P. rettgeri killed the insects at a considerably faster
rate than K122 at both 28°C and 9°C. Since Photorhabdus kills very slowly at low
temperatures, it appeared that P. rettgeri might be a better pest control agent
under these conditions. However, P. rettgeri was not pathogenic when carried
into insect larvae by the nematode, indicating that the nematode suppressed
either its release or pathogenicity (Jackson et al., 1995).
Association of Pseudochrobactrum sp. with EPNs is reported here for the first
time. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of 16s-rDNA sequences, studied isolates
are differed from all other well defined species in the genus and form separate
monophyletic group, it is possible that these strains are representative of putative
new species. Complementary studies are undertaken for exact characterizations of
the isolates.
The evolutionary impact of this temporary tripartite association in InsectNematode-Bacteria triangle remains to be elucidated. Phylogenetically two
scenarios could be postulated, first, the non-symbiotic bacteria have shared
common ancestor and this mode of action is a plesiomorphic character belonged
to their ancestor tried to establish a permanent symbiotic association with
entomopathogenic nematodes which is obvious in its extreme form in
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus as an autapomorphic character. Second, these
characters are homoplasies shared by different taxa without having genealogic
relationships. Regardless to the evolutionary path, such temporary associations
could be assumed as an evolutionary novelty which temporarily enables bacteria
to access new host in interaction with phoretic nematodes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was financially supported by Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University.
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58
Table 1. Geographic origins and sources of different isolates of Providencia and
Pseudochrobactrum.
P. rustigianii AM040489
97
P. alcalifaciens AJ301684
P. burhodogranariea HM038004
65
P. heimbachae AM040490
P. thailandensis KC447298
74
P. stuartii AF008581
99
P. sneebia HM038003
P. vermicola AM040495
P. rettgeri AM040492
P. rettgeri IR14
P. rettgeri IR16
59
P. rettgeri IR21
100
Figure 1. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for Providencia based on 16S-rDNA
produced by maximum likelihood.
97
P. rustigianii AM040489
P. alcalifaciens AJ301684
P. burhodogranariea HM038004
63
52
P. heimbachae AM040490
P. thailandensis KC447298
100
P. stuartii AF008581
P. sneebia HM038003
P. vermicola AM040495
P. rettgeri AM040492
P. rettgeri IR14
69
P. rettgeri IR16
60
100
P. rettgeri IR21
Figure 2. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for Providencia based on 16S-rDNA
produced by maximum pars.
69
30
59
NR 042413 USA
AM040492 Type strain
64
KC456551 China
NR 115880 Italy
64
JN644625 India
KF923809 India
64
65
KC456550 China
IR14
IR21
100
IR16
Figure 3. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for Providencia rettgeri strains
on 16S-rDNA produced by maximum likelihood.
based
KF923809 India
70
48
KC456550 China
JN644625 India
35
IR14
IR21
48
IR16
99
NR 115880 Italy
27
KC456551 China
66
NR 042413 USA
68
25
based
NR 042413 USA
63
NR 115880 Italy
KC456551 China
63
JN644625 India
KF923809 India
68
63
KC456550 China
IR14
IR21
100
IR16
on 16S-rDNA produced by neighbor-joining.
based
60
A
B
C
D
Figure 6. Graphical depiction of the predicted minimum free energy secondary structure for
the 16S-rDNA sequences of Providencia rettgeri (A) IR14; (B) IR16; (C) IR21 and (D) type
strain.
100
Pseudochrobactrum sp. IR5
99
87
99
77
P. asaccharolyticum AM180485
P. saccharolyticum AM180484
71
P. lubricantis FM209496
P kiredjianiae AM263420
P. glaciei AB369864
Figure 7. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for Pseudochrobactrum based on 16SrDNA produced by maximum likelihood.
61
100
99
100
P kiredjianiae AM263420
P. glaciei AB369864
80
P. asaccharolyticum AM180485
P. saccharolyticum AM180484
P. lubricantis FM209496
68
Figure 8. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for Pseudochrobactrum sp. strains based
on 16S-rDNA produced by maximum parsimony.
85
58
KC618329 China
HQ406751 Mexico
87
KM488426 Mexico
JQ612518 Pakistan
NR 042474 USA
KF263562 China
KC456600 China
100
98
99
Figure 9. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for Pseudochrobactrum strains
87
based
KC618329 China
HQ406751 Mexico
88
KM488426 Mexico
50
54
100
JQ612518 Pakistan
98
100
NR 042474 USA
KF263562 China
KC456600 China
Figure 10. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships for Pseudochrobactrum sp. strains
based on 16S-rDNA produced by maximum parsimony.
62
A
C
B
D
Figure 11. Graphical depiction of the predicted minimum free energy secondary structure for
the 16S-rDNA sequences of Pseudochrobactrum sp. strains (A) IR5; (B) IR7; (C) IR13 and
(D) IR17.
63
DIVERSITY, ABUNDANCE AND TISSUE MINERAL
COMPOSITION OF INDIGENOUS EARTHWORM SPECIES OF
SAWMILLS OF ABEOKUTA, SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA
J. A. Bamidele*, A. B. Idowu, K. O. Ademolu and S. O. Bankole
* Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, P.M.B. 2240,
Abeokuta, NIGERIA. E-mail: [email protected]
[Bamidele, J. A., Idowu, A. B., Ademolu, K. O. & Bankole, S. O. 2016. Diversity,
abundance and tissue mineral composition of indigenous earthworm species of sawmills of
Abeokuta, South-Western Nigeria. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 63-67]
ABSTRACT: The influence of earthworm’s environment on its biology needs to be well
understood. This study investigated the impact of sawmilling activities on the diversity,
abundance and mineral composition of the tissues of earthworm species in Lafenwa, Sapon,
Isale-Ake and Kotopo sawmills of Abeokuta (7o9’12’’N-3o19’35’’E). The arboretum of the
Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta was used as control. Earthworms were sampled
in the morning hours from four random samples of 25x25x30cm and carefully counted.
Weight of the earthworms was taken and tissues mineral composition determined using
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Average population of earthworms were
significantly higher (P<0.05) (140–516 earthworms/m2) in the sawmill soils than in the soil
of the control site (96 earthworms/m2). A total of five earthworm species were identified
from the study locations. Mean weight of adult E. eugeniae from Sapon (1.18g) and Kotopo
(1.21g) sawmills were significantly higher than that of the control site (0.92g). K and Na
were higher in the tissues of earthworms from Sapon sawmill. Significantly lower (P<0.05)
Ca and Mg concentrations were recorded in the tissues of E. eugeniae from the control site
compared to those of Kotopo and Sapon sawmills. Sawmilling activities is therefore not
totally detrimental to earthworms’ habitation.
KEY WORDS: Earthworm species, population density, sawmill, tissue minerals, diversity,
soil, environment.
Earthworms have been reported to play important roles in the terrestrial
ecosystem. Some of these roles include soil aeration (Olayinka et al., 2011; Owa et
al., 2002), humus formation (Renu et al., 2006) and organic matter recycling
(Satchell, 1967). In the tropics, they are known to help in plant residue
decomposition (Tian et al., 1995) and also convert plant residue into soil organic
matter (Lavelle, 1988).
Sawmills are a very common industry in the south-western part of Nigeria
(Bamidele et al., 2014). This sawmills, over the years has been a major enterprise
providing direct and indirect employment for thousands of people in the tropical
rain forest region of Nigeria where there is abundance of trees (Ihekwaba et al.,
2009). Sawdust which is the major residue of sawmilling operations is a byproduct of wood processing and is generally regarded as waste (Lennox et al.,
2010). Bamidele et al. (2014) reported that the sawdust produced in the sawmills
are usually spread over the sawmill soils especially during the wet season.
Earthworms, being the most abundant and common soil fauna found around
sawmills (Bamidele et al., unpublished) has been reported to possess more gut
microflora diversity which could be needed to aid the digestion of wood particles
from the abundant sawdust in the sawmills, thereby serving as a cheap source of
nutrient for the earthworms’ use (Bamidele et al., 2014).
Type of vegetation was regarded as a major biotic factor which determines the
distribution and diversity of earthworms (Ramanujam et al., 2000). Lalthanzara
et al. (2011) submitted that different land use systems may affect the abundance
and diversity of soil and litter fauna. Although some literature has been
documented on earthworm ecology, there is still the need to monitor the
64
abundance, diversity and tissue mineral composition of earthworm species based
on land use system. This study therefore aims at evaluating the diversity,
abundance and mineral composition of the tissues of indigenous earthworm
species in major sawmills of Abeokuta, South-western Nigeria.
Experimental Site: Four major sawmills located in Abeokuta, south-western
Nigeria namely Lafenwa (7o09’44’’ N-3o19’35’’ E), Sapon (7o09’12’’ N-3o20’49’’ E),
Isale-Ake (7o09’48’’ N-3o21’23’’ E) and Kotopo (7o11’05’’ N-3o25’39’’ E) sawmills
were selected and used for this study. They are very busy in activities and supply
most of the processed wood and wood products used in Abeokuta and
neighbouring towns. Earthworm samples were collected from each of the study
sawmill respectively. Earthworms collected from the arboretum of the Federal
University of Agriculture, Alabata, Abeokuta (7010’00’’ N-3002’00’’ W) were used
as control.
Earthworm sample collection: Sexually mature earthworms as determined
by the presence of the clitellum (Oboh et al., 2007) were collected according to the
method described by Owa et al. (2013). The soil was carefully turned using a
spade while the earthworms were handpicked into containers and transported to
the laboratory where they were washed with distilled water. The worms were kept
under refrigeration for three to four hours in order to kill them without causing
any harm to them.The earthworm species were then identified to species level.
Earthworm abundance: Earthworms were collected in the morning hours
from four random samples of 25 x 25 x 30 cm (Lalthanzara et al., 2011).
Earthworms present in each of the sample points were carefully counted using
hand-sorting method. Density of the earthworms was calculated as the number of
earthworms present per meter square.
Earthworm species common to the both the control site and the study
sawmills was selected for weight measurement and tissue mineral analysis while
the available earthworm species was used where only one species was identified.
Weight measurement: Thirty (30) adult earthworms were randomly selected,
killed for 3 – 4 hours in the refrigerator and the weight of the earthworms was
taken using a sensitive electric weighing balance (Mettler PM11-K).
Mineral analysis: Earthworm samples were oven dried at the temperature of
60oC for 48 hours. Dry matters of each of the earthworms were weighed and
crushed to powder. To 1g each of the powdered samples, 7ml of hydrochloric acid
and 21ml of nitric acid was added and boiled on heating mantle until the colour
turns colourless. The mixture was allowed to cool, filtered, and then diluted with
distilled water to 100ml. An Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS Buck
210VGP System) was used to determine the concentration of magnesium while
flame photometer was used in the determination of calcium, sodium and
potassium in the digested samples.
Statistical analysis: Data collected were subjected to statistical analyses which
included descriptive statistics and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using the
Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. Post Hoc test was done
using S-N-K. P-value was set at 0.05.
RESULTS
Earthworm Species Identified
A total of five earthworm species were identified from all the study locations
(Table 1) which were Eudrilus eugeniae, Dichogaster modiglani, Alma millsoni,
Hyperiodrilus africanus and Libyodrilus violaceous. The greatest earthworm
diversity was found in Sapon sawmill with four different earthworm species while
65
only one earthworm species was discovered in Lafenwa and Isale Ake sawmills
respectively. Alma millsoni was only found in the control site (Table 1). H.
africanus and L. violaceous were found to be common among the earthworms of
the study sawmill sites but absent in the control site while E. eugeniae found in
the control site was also found both in Kotopo and Sapon sawmills.
Earthworm Abundance
The result of the population sampling of the earthworms on the sawmill soils
is presented in Table 1. Average population of earthworms were significantly
higher (140 – 516 earthworms/m2) in the sawmill soil than in the soil of the
control site (96 earthworms/m2).
Average population of the earthworms recorded in all the locations followed
the trend: Sapon sawmill > Lafenwa sawmill > Isale-Ake sawmill > Kotopo
sawmill > Control site. E. eugeniae occurred most in the control site, Sapon and
Kotopo sawmills, H. africanus in Isale Ake sawmill and L. violaceous in Lafenwa
sawmill.
Mean weight of the earthworm species
The mean weight (g) of the most abundant earthworm species found in all the
study location was presented in figure 1. The mean weight of adult E. eugeniae
from Sapon (1.18g) and Kotopo (1.21g) sawmills were significantly higher
(P<0.05) than that of the control site (0.92g) with those from Kotopo sawmill
recording the highest mean weight. Average weight of 1.03g and 1.14g respectively
were recorded for H. africanus and L. violaceous from Isale Ake and Lafenwa
sawmills respectively.
Mineral analysis
Na, K, Ca and Mg were detected in the tissues of the earthworms collected
from the sawmill locations and the control site (Table 2). Levels of Na and K
recorded in the tissues of E. eugeniae from the sawmills and the control site were
not significantly different (P > 0.05). However, Ca and Mg were significantly
different in the tissues of E. eugeniae from the study locations (Table 2).
K and Na concentration were recorded higher in the tissues of earthworms
collected from Sapon sawmill. Significantly lower (P < 0.05) levels of Ca and Mg
were recorded in the tissues of E. eugeniae collected from the control site
compared to those of Kotopo and Sapon sawmills.
DISCUSSION
This study revealed a higher population density of earthworms in the sawmills
than in the control site. The sawmill soils are usually moist, particularly under
sheds, beside and under piles of logs and planks awaiting processing most
especially during the wet season. This is conducive for the proliferation of
earthworms as clusters of earthworm casts were present there.
The activities of earthworms in sawmill soil were believed to be connected
with their role in the degradation of sawdust as well as soil humidification and
their pedobiological roles (Bamidele et al., 2014). Aina et al. (2006) estimated
about 2288m3 of wood waste as being generated daily from sawmills in Abeokuta.
However, Bamidele et al. (2014) reported that the high volume of wood wastes
released to the sawmill soils could make an enhanced litter composition of the
sawmill soils and this may serve as a cheap source of nutrient for the earthworms’
use. Mishra and Ramakrishnan (1988) earlier reported that the first factor
determining high values of earthworm population in an area is the litter
composition of the soil. Hence, the higher earthworm population recorded in the
66
sawmills than the control site might be due to the presence of more litter
composition in form of wood residue and wood dust in the sawmill soils.
The success of the earthworms from the sawmills than those of the control site
in term of mean weight could also be associated with the presence of more organic
matter from wood residue and wood dust on the soil of the study sawmills.
Bamidele et al. (2014) earlier reported higher microbial load in the gut of
earthworms from sawmills and this was assumed to be responsible for the
utilization of wood dust as a source of carbon and energy in the gut of these
earthworms.
Because of the constant disturbing activities and anthropogenic influence on
the sawmill soils, the earthworms of the sawmill areas may need to be more active
than those of the undisturbed location. This might be the reason for the higher
levels of Ca and Mg recorded in the tissues of E. eugeniae from the study sawmills
than those of the control site. In order to perform their various physiological
bioactivities, Dedeke et al. (2010) suggested that the earthworm must maintain a
constant electrical potential of the nerve and muscle cells and needed for this is
the higher calcium and magnesium concentration. Calcium and Magnesium have
been shown to be involved in regulating nervous excitability and muscular
contraction i.e. maintaining the electrical potential in nerve and muscle cells
(Ganong, 1995). The levels of Mg, K and Na recorded in for E. eugeniae in this
study were higher than those reported by Dedeke et al. (2010) for E. eugeniae.
The values of K and Mg recorded in the tissues of H. africanus and L. violaceous
in this study were also higher than those recorded for H. africanus and L.
violaceous by Dedeke et al. (2010).
LITERATURE CITED
Aina, O. M., Adetogun, A. C., Adedokun, M. O. & Onilude, M. A. 2006. Alternative Cooking Fuels From Sawmill
Wastes. Farm Management Association of Nigeria (FAMAN) Journal, 8 (1): 45-49.
Bamidele, J. A., Idowu, A. B., Ademolu, K. O. & Atayese, A. O. 2014. Microbial diversity and digestive enzyme
activities in the gut of earthworms found in sawmill industries in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Revista de Biologia Tropical, 62
(3): 1241-1249.
Dedeke, G. A., Owa, S. O. & Olurin, K. B. 2010. Macromineral Profile of Four Species of Earthworm Hyperiodrilus
africanus, Eudrilus eugeniae, Libyodrilus violaceus and Alma millsoni from Nigeria. Current Research Journal of
Biological Sciences, 2 (2): 103-106.
Ganong, W. F. 1995. A review of Medical Physiology. 7th Edn. Prentice Hall, New Jersey, USA.
Ihekwaba, A. E., Nwafor, A. & Adienbo, O. M. 2009. Lung Function Indices in Primary and Secondary Sawmill
Workers in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. African Journal of Applied Zoology & Environmental Biology, 11: 101-105.
Lalthanzara, H., Ramanujam, S. N. & Jha, L. K. 2011. Population dynamics of earthworms in relation to soil
physico-chemical parameters in agroforestry systems of Mizoram. India Journal of Environmental Biology, 32: 599605.
Lavelle, P. 1988. Earthworms and the soil system. Biol. Fertil. Soil, 6: 237-251.
Mishra, P. C. & Ramakrishnan, P. S. 1988. Earthworm population dynamics in different Jhum fallows developed after
slash and burn agriculture in north-eastern India. Proceedings: Animal Sciences, 97 (4): 309-318.
Olayinka, O. T., Idowu, A. B., Dedeke, G. A., Akinloye, O. A., Ademolu, K. O. & Bamgbola, A. A. 2011.
Earthworm as Bio-indicator of Heavy Metal Pollution around Lafarge, Wapco Cement Factory, Ewekoro, Nigeria.
Proceedings of the Environmental Management Conference, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria,
489-496 pp.
Owa, S. O., Dedeke, G. A. & Yeye, A. J. 2002. Earthworm cast characteristics under Bahama grass and the question of
why earthworms cast. African Journal of Science and Technology, 3 (1-2): 33-35.
Owa, S. O., Olowoparija, S. B., Aladesida, A. & Dedeke, G. A. 2013. Enteric bacteria and fungi of the Eudrilid
earthworm Libyodrilus violaceus. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8 (17): 1760-1766.
Ramanujam, S. N., Roy, B. & Jha, L. K. 2000. Inventory studies on the earthworm population in agroforestry systems
of Mizoram. Proceedings of International Workshop on Agroforestry and Forest Products, Aizawl, 191-194 pp.
Satchell, J. E. 1967. Lumbricidae. In A. Burges & F. Raw (eds.). Soil biology. Academic: London. 259-322 pp.
Tian, G., Brussard, L. & Kang, B. T. 1995. Breakdown of plant residues with contrasting chemical compositions: Effect
of earthworms and millipedes. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 27: 277-280.
67
Table 1. Earthworm species diversity and abundance (earthworm/m2) in the study locations,
Abeokuta, Nigeria.
EARTHWORM SPECIES
EARTHWORM
POPULATION
96d
Control
Eudrilus eugeniae, (Kinberg,1866)
Dichogaster modiglani (Rosa,1896)
Alma millsoni (Grube, 1855)
Kotopo sawmill
Hyperiodrilus africanus, (Beddard,1890)
140cd
Eudrilus eugeniae,
Libyodrilus violaceous (Beddard,1891)
Sapon sawmill
Hyperiodrilus africanus,
516a
Eudrilus eugeniae,
Libyorilus violaceous,
Dichogaster modiglani
Isale Ake sawmill
Hyperiodrilus africanus
264bc
Lafenwa sawmill
Libyorilus violaceous
364b
**Mean values of earthworm population having the same superscripts are not significantly
different (P >0.05)
Table 2. Mineral composition (mg/g) of the earthworm tissues.
Earthworm
species
Na
K
Ca
Mg
Control
E. eugeniae
1.50±0.30a
1.60±0.30ab
1.49±0.01c
1.98±0.00c
Kotopo
E. eugeniae
1.60±0.30a
1.30±0.30b
1.54±0.01b
2.11±0.01a
Sapon
E. eugeniae
2.00±0.20a
2.00±0.20a
1.87±0.01a
2.04±0.00b
Isale-Ake
H. africanus
2.30±0.30
2.00±0.20
1.93±0.00
2.45±0.00
Lafenwa
L. violaceous
1.20±0.20
1.20±0.20
1.83±0.00
2.16±0.01
*Mean values (±Standard Deviation) for E. eugeniae in the same column having the same
superscripts are not significantly different (P > 0.05)
Figure 1. Mean weight of the most abundance earthworm species in the study locations.
68
ENTOMOLOGICAL SURVEILLANCE FOR VECTOR OF PLAGUE
AND SCRUB TYPHUS AT CHENNAI PORT TRUST (CPT),
CHENNAI, INDIA
Abhay K. Sharma* and Kaushal Kumar
* Centre for Medical Entomology and Vector Management, National Centre for Diseases
Control, (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare) Govt. of India, 22-Sham Nath Marg, Delhi110054, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]
[Sharma, A. K. & Kumar, K. 2016. Entomological surveillance for vector of plague and
scrub typhus at Chennai Port Trust (Cpt), Chennai, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11
(1): 68-72]
ABSTRACT: Rodents are responsible for the transmission of many human diseases. The
diseases can be viral, bacterial or rickettsial e.g. lyssavirus, scrub typhus, plague and
hantavirus. These disease can be transmitted to humans in a number of ways including
animal bite, contact with animal waste, eating food or water contaminated by rodent waste
or through parasites that use rodents and humans as hosts e.g. fleas, mites and ticks.
Presence of rodents in and around port areas plays an important role in the transportation
of rodents and their ectoparasite from one country to another. In view of the seriousness of
the problem present study was undertaken at Chennai port area (CPT), Chennai (India).
Inside port area total 170 rodent traps were laid and 14 rodents were trapped. Rattus
rattus, R. norvegicus and Suncus murinus were the species collected from port area. Two
species of flea viz. Xenopsylla cheopis and X. astia were recovered from rodents and overall
flea index was recorded as 3.3. Larval trombiculid chigger mite (Leptotrombidium deliense)
and mesostigmatid mites (Laelaps sp.) were collected and 1.1 chigger index was recorded.
Present study confirm presence of rodents, vector of plague and scrub typhus in and around
CISF Barrack, Canteen CISF Barrack, M.O.H.P. Office, Dumper House, CISF ‘A’ Coy Barrack
and CISF ‘A’ Coy Mess. Result of the study suggests an urgent need to establish an
entomology unit at CPT for doing regular surveillance of vector-borne zoonotic and other
diseases.
KEY WORDS: Rodent, Plague, Scrub typhus, Xenopsylla cheopis, Leptotrombidium
deliense, Chennai port trust.
In the past century alone, more than 10 million people have died from rodentborne diseases. Rodents by their nature and design, make excellent “vehicles” for
harboring and rapidly transporting diseases to human being mainly Plague and
Scrub typhus along with several other diseases. Rodents can act as reservoirs of a
number of human diseases and as hosts for arthropod vectors such as fleas, mites
and ticks. In addition, rodent can also transmit Leptospirosis, Salmonellosis, ratbite fever, Chagas' disease, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Murine typhus, and Lassa
fever etc., which are non vector borne (Bell et al., 1988).
In India, flea species X. cheopis (Rothschild, 1903) and X. astia (Rothschild,
1911) are the principal vectors for plague which is caused by the bacterium
Yersinia pestis. In India, there was several plague episodes reporting millions of
deaths before 1940s; thereafter, morbidity and mortality due to plague among
human reduced greatly. During the resurgence of plague in 1994 a total of 454
cases and 54 deaths were reported from district Beed in Maharashtra and Surat in
Gujarat state (India). Thereafter, plague cases has been reported from Himachal
Pradesh in 2002 and Uttarkashi in 2004. Although, no human case of plague have
been reported so far from any part of Mumbai but the entire Maharashtra state
has the potential for plague and falls in the endemic zone (Agarwal, 2002;
Agarwal et al., 2005). The presence of rickettsial disease including scrub typhus
has been documented in different parts of Maharashtra and other states (Jammu
& Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttranchal, Rajasthan, Assam, West Bengal,
Kerala, and Tamil Nadu) of India (Padbidri & Gupta, 1978; Mahajan et al., 2006).
69
In the resent past scrub typhus cases have been reported from Chennai also. In
view of the emergence of ectoparasite borne diseases in different parts of country
and role of ports in introduction of diseases, vectors and rodents from one
country to another, we undertook the present study in April 2014 in Chennai Port
Trust, Chennai and determined the prevalence of rodent species, its association
with ectoparasites and potential for ectoparasite borne diseases.
Study area: Chennai Port, formerly known as Madras Port, is the largest port in
the Bay of Bengal. Port area is divided into north, central and south zones and
fishing harbours. The port has 26 alongside berths, including 21 deep-drafted
berths and 2 oil jetties, in the 3 docks, viz., Dr. Ambedkar Dock, Satabt Jawahar
Dock, and Bharathi Dock along with the container terminal, and draft ranging
from 12–16.5 m (39–54 ft). Dr. Ambedkar Dock has 12 berths, Jawahar Dock has
6 berths, Bharathi Dock has 3 berths (for oil and iron ore), the container terminal
has 3 berths and the moorings has 1 berth.
The port is situated on the thermal equator and is also coastal, which prevents
extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The climate is tropical,
specifically tropical wet and dry, and for most of the year, the weather is hot and
humid, with temperatures ranging from a maximum of 42 °C in May to a
minimum of 18 °C in January. The mean minimum temperature is 18 °C in
January and 26.8 °C in May. The mean highest temperature is 29.3 °C in
December and 39.6 °C in May. The port gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the
northeast monsoon winds, from mid-September to mid-December. Occasionally,
cyclones in the Bay of Bengal hit the coast. The average annual rainfall in the
region is about 1298.11 mm, with 443.5 mm during southwest monsoon (June–
September), 753.1 mm during northeast monsoon (October–December), 37.3 mm
during winter season (January–February) and 64.2 mm during hot weather
(March–May). The tides in the port area are semi-diurnal in nature, that is,
occurrence of two high and two low waters every day.
Rodents trapping locations: Chennai port has an area of 274 hectares and
divided into north, central and south zones and fishing harbours. During present
study nine sites were selected for trapping rodents in Chennai Port Trust (CPT)
areas: (i) CISF Barrack, (ii) Canteen CISF Barrack, (iii) M.O.H.P. Office, (iv) D P
Building, (v) Mechanical engineer Office, (vi) Dumper House, (vii) Electrical
Shop, (viii) CISF ‘A’ Coy Barrack (ix) CISF ‘A’ Coy Mess.
Rodent and ectoparasites collection & identification: Rodents were
collected using live traps. The traps were set at pre-selected sites. The traps were
baited with fried eatables smeared with butter and laid in the evening. Next
morning caught rodents were kept individually, and brought back to the
laboratory, where all rodents were anaesthetized, and identified after recording
their different morphological characteristics. The rodents were placed in a white
enamel tray and combed vigorously from the tail forward with a fine comb.
Dislodged ectoparasites that fell from the host to the bottom of the enamel tray
were collected with a fine pointed forceps, brush or stick. Ectoparasites on the
body of animal were also extracted. Ear and nasal canals were examined for
chiggers. All extracted ectoparasites were preserved in 70% alcohol labelled
collection tubes for further processing. A separate tube was used for each rodent
host. All ectoparasites were later mounted using clearing, dehydration and
mounting procedure for identification using the standard method described
earlier by Kumar et al. (1997a). Fleas and mites were mounted in
70
Hoyer’s medium. Mounted slides were then incubated at 40°C for a week and
identified under microscope.
A total 170 rodent trap were laid and 14 traps were found positive for rodent,
giving an overall trap positivity rate of 8.2 per cent. From positive traps, total 14
animals comprising three species of rodents were caught from port area. R. rattus
was the dominant rodent caught (50%) followed, R. norvegicus (35.7%) and S.
murinus (14.3%) with 71.4% male and 28.6% female. During the combing of
these rodents, total 46 fleas were recovered, giving an overall flea index as 3.3.
The maximum number of flea (12) retrieved from R. rattus trapped from CISF ‘A’
Coy Mess. The flea species collected from rodents were identified as X. cheopis
and X. astia (Table 1).
A total 15 vector larval trombiculid chigger mite (L. deliense) and 47
mesostigmatid mites (Laelaps sp.) were collected with 1.1 chigger index. Only one
S. murinus was found infested with chigger mites collected from Dumper House
in the port area. Laelaps mites were recovered from the rodents collected from
CISF ‘A’ Coy Mess and Barrack (Table 1).
There is not much data on rodent and ectoparasite surveillance from Chennai
or other port of India. Earlier in 2014 in a similar rodent ectoparasite surveillance
at Kolkata Port Trust, Kolkata (India) two species (Bandicota indica and R.
rattus) were collected with trap positivity rate 3.8 percent and flea index 1.53
(Sharma & Kumar, 2014). The threat of transportation and introduction of
diseases, vectors and rodents from one country to another from port is a
international problem (Goh & Kumarapathy, 1985; Jenkin et al., 1995; Song et al.,
2006).
In similar kind of study at different seaport of Indonesia the flea index was
calculated as 8.4 in R. norvegicus, 4.9 in R. r. diardii and 0.7 each of R. exulans
and S. murinu (Semarang seaport), 9.4 in R. norvegicus (Soekarno seaport) and
10.3 in R. norvegicus (Hatta seaport) (Megawe et al., 1987). In the present survey
flea index was 3.3, more than critical index (i.e. index 1.0) for plague transmission
(Dennis et al., 1999). This finding re-emphasizes the need of anti-fleas measure in
the port area. Earlier in other part of India, in a study in Maharashtra, trappositivity rate was found to be 49.0% and overall flea index of 2.34 with highest
16.5 in village Chinchoti and 8.5 in village Purshotampuri of Maharashtra (Kumar
et al., 1997a). However, in Beed district of Maharashtra and Gujarat, X. cheopis
was found as a main vector of plague with flea index ranging from 0.26-1.0 in
different district and examination of blood serum, tissue organ revealed no
evidence of plague pathogens (Kumar et al., 1997b). In other part of India flea
index was found 0.89 in Himachal Pradesh, which was below the critical index of
1.0 (Kumar et al., 2004) and in Shimoga district of Karnataka flea index was 1.64,
which was just above the critical limit (Kumar et al., 2008). In scrub typhus
affected areas of Meghalaya, (India) 43 rodents, and 28 fleas were collected with
trap positivity rate 24.8 per cent, and flea index 1.44 (Sharma, 2013a). In
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (India) flea index was recorded as 0.13 (Sharma,
2013b).
In the present study, the chigger infestation was found only on S. murinus and
B. indica. Earlier in Kolkata Port, India, a total 78 L. deliense were collected with
high chigger index (11.14) in B. indica (Sharma & Kumar, 2014). While in an
outbreak investigation in Himachal Pradesh (India) (Kumar et al., 2004) collected
same vector larval trombiculid mite chigger (L. deliense) with 2.46 chigger index.
In Meghalaya and Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala (India) chigger index was
calculated as 1.80 and 1.74 respectively (Sharma, 2013a,b). These earlier studies
confirm the wide spread of rodents and their ectoparasites in different parts of
71
India and inside port areas their presence is a serious problem. In our study
rodent activity was detected, rodents were trapped and ectoparasites were
retrieved in and around CISF Barrack, Canteen CISF Barrack, M.O.H.P. Office,
Dumper House, CISF ‘A’ Coy Barrack and CISF ‘A’ Coy Mess. Presence of rodent
rat flea and chigger mites in and around CISF Barracks and Canteen is a matter of
concern depicting potential for Scrub typhus. The present investigation
emphasized the importance of regular and continuous rodent and flea
surveillance to monitor the flea/chigger index. If any area reports flea
index/chigger index above critical limit, then vector control measures should be
carried out to maintain vector density below critical level and to prevent diseases
transmission, if any.
As per International Health Regulation Act (2005) there is an urgent need to
establish an entomology unit at Chennai Port Trust (CPT) for doing effective
regular surveillance for rodent and their arthropods ectoparasite to apply
appropriate control methods for controlling transmission and spreading of rodent
borne diseases.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors would like to thank Port Health Officer and their technical staff for
their active cooperation and help during the survey. Thanks are also due to Mr.
TC Pathak and Mr. BD Gupta of NCDC, Delhi, for the technical assistance during
the fieldwork. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
LITERATURE CITED
Agarwal, S. P. 2002. Plague: Surveillance and Control, National Institute of Communicable Diseases. C.D. Alert, 6 (2):
16.
Agarwal, S. P., Lal, S., Ichhpujani, R. L., Mittle, V. & Singh, J. 2005. Plague Control in India,” NICD (DGHS,
MoHFW), New Delhi. 125.
Bell, J. C., Plamer, S. R. & Payne, J. M. 1988. The zoonosis: infection transmitted from animal to man. Edward
Arnold Press London UK.
Dennis, D. T., Gratz, N., Poland, J. D. & Tikhomirov, E. 1999. Plague manual: epidemiology, distribution,
surveillance and control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Goh, K. T., Ng, S. K. & Kumarapathy, S. 1985. Disease-bearing insects brought in by international aircraft into
Singapore. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 16: 49-53.
Jenkin, G. A., Ritchie, S. A., Hanna, J. N. & Brown, G. V. 1995. Airport malaria in Cairns. Medical Journal
of Australia, 166: 307-308.
Kumar, K., Sharma, S. K., Gill, K. S., Katyal, R., Kaur, R., Thomas, T. G. & Baruah, K. 1997a. Entomological
and rodent prevalence in Plague suspected area during Sept. 1994 and thereafter. Japanese Journal of Medical
Science & Biology, 50 (3): 97-113.
Kumar, K., Sharma, S. K., Gill, K. S., Katyal, R., Biswas, S. & Lal, S. 1997b. Entomological and rodent
surveillance of suspected plague foci in agro-environmental and feral biotopes of a few districts in Maharashtra and
Gujarat states of India. Japanese Journal of Medical Science & Biology, 50 (6): 219-226.
Kumar, K., Saxena, V. K., Thomas, T. G. & Lal, S. 2004. Investigation of scrub typhus outbreak in Himachal
Pradesh, India. Journal of Communicable Diseases, 36 (4): 277-283.
Kumar, K., Saxena, V. K. & Lal, S. 2008. Prevalence of vectors of scrub typhus, plague and Kyasanur forest Disease
(KFD) in district Shimoga (Karnataka),” Vector Borne Disease: Epidemiology and Control, Edited by B K
Tyagi, Scientific Publishers, 205-211.
Mahajan, S. K., Kashyap, R., Kanga, A., Sharma, V., Prasher, B. S. & Pal, L. S. 2006. Relevance of Weil-Felix
test in diagnosis of scrub typhus in India. Journal of Association of Physicians of India, 54: 619-621.
Megawe, K. C., Hadi, T. R., Sarwadi, H., Santosa, M., Hadi, T. K. & Liat, L. B. 1987. Surveillance of seaport
rodents and its flea-indices in Cilacap, Central Java and Panjang, Sumatera, Indonesia. Bulletin Penelitian Kesehatan,
15 (1): 1-9.
Padbidri, V. S. & Gupta, N. P. 1978. Rickettsiosis in India: A review. Journal of Indian Medical Association, 71: 104107.
Song, M., Wang, B., Liu, J. & Gratz, N. 2006. Insect vectors and rodents arriving in China aboard international
transport. Journal of Travel Medicine, 4 (10): 241-244.
Sharma, A. K. 2013a. Entomological surveillance for rodent and their ectoparasites in Scrub typhus affected areas of
Meghalaya, (India). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 1 (6): 27-29.
Sharma, A. K. 2013b. Eco-entomological investigation in Scrub typhus affected area of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
(India) and their control/containment measures. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied
Sciences, 2 (11): 43-49.
Sharma, A. K. & Kumar, K. 2014. Entomological surveillance for rodent and their ectoparasites with special reference
to potential of scrub typhus at Kolkata Port Trust (KPT), Kolkata (India). Journal of Paramedical Sciences, 5 (2): 2-6.
72
Table 1. Details of the rodent and their ectoparasite collected from Chennai Port Trust,
Tamil Nadu (India) during April, 2014.
73
COREOIDEA (HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) OF ARAS FREE
ZONE AND VICINITY, NW IRAN
Mohammad Havaskary*, Reza Farshbaf Pourabad**,
Aras Rafiee*** and Somayeh Mohammadi****
* Young Researchers Club, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran-IRAN.
** Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, TabrizIRAN.
*** Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran-IRAN.
**** Kaleybar Branch, Islamic Azad University, East Azarbaijan province, IRAN.
[Havaskary, M., Pourabad, R. F., Rafiee, A. & Mohammadi, S. 2016. Coreoidea
(Hemiptera: Heteroptera) of Aras Free Zone and vicinity, NW Iran. Munis Entomology &
Zoology, 11 (1): 73-76]
ABSTRACT: Survey of Coreoidea fauna along southern side of Aras River in the Aras free
zone (East Azarbaijan province, North West of Iran) was conducted during 2011-2014. A
total of 27 species belonging to 4 families including Alydidae, Coreidae, Rhopalidae,
Stenocephalidae were identified.
KEY WORDS: Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Coreoidea, Fauna, Aras Free Zone, Iran.
The fauna of Iranian Coreoidea is studied by Askari et al. (2010), Khaganinia
et al. (2010a,b, 2011), Hoberlandt (1985, 1989), Hoberlandt & Švihla (1990a,b),
Hosseini & Linnavuori (2002), Linnavuori & Modarres (1998), Heiss (2002),
Dolling (2006), Linnavuori (2007), Farshbaf (2000), Hassanzadeh et al.
(2009a,b), Havaskary (2012), Havaskary et al. (2010), Modaress Awal (1996a,b,
1997a,b), but the Aras free zone is not studied so far.
Aras Free Zone with an area of 51,000 hectares including three parts of Jolfa ,
Nordoz and Khodafarin is located in northwest of Iran at the border neighboring
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia and Azerbaijan countries. This
reserve is adjoined with Arasbaran region in Khodafarin town (Fig. 1). Arasbaran
protected area contains mountains up to 2,200 meters (altitude between 250 and
2 887 meters above sea level), high alpine meadows, semi-arid steppes, meadows
and forests, rivers and springs.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
The specimens were collected by sweeping net, light trap and directly with
forceps from the various locations of Aras Free Zone and its neighborhood (East
Azarbaijan Province, North west Iran). Collected materials were put in ethanol
70% for identification in suitable time. Specific name, author and description
date, locality and date of collection are provided. The system and nomenclature
follow principally Aukema & Rieger (2006).
RESULTS
In the current study totally 27 species of 4 families were determined from Aras
free Zone and its adjacent area.
Family Alydidae Amyot & Serville, 1843
Subfamily Alydinae Amyot & Serville, 1843
Camptopus lateralis (Germar, 1817)
Material Examined: Golibaglo of Khodafarin (4 specimens) 22 May 2012; Oshtobin (4
specimens), 1 July 2011; Marand (5 specimens), Eshgali ojagi of Khodafarin (4 specimens),
10 July 2013; Golan (2 specimens), 12 June 2012; Oshtobin (3 specimens), 7 July, 2011.
74
Jolfa (7 specimen), 25 August 2011; Nordoz (7 specimens), ; Misan (2 specimen) 3 June
2012; 10 June 2012; Kordasht (5 specimens), 28 May 2011.
Camptopus tragacanthae (Kolenati, 1845)
Material Examined: Oshtobin (1 specimen), 1 July 2011.
Family Coreidae Leach, 1815
Subfamily Coreinae Leach, 1815
Centrocoris spiniger (Fabricius, 1781)
Material examined: Marand (2 specimens), Eshgali ojagi of Khodafarin (2 specimens), 10
July 2013; Misan (3 specimens) 3 June 2012; Kordasht (2 specimens), 28 May 2011. Misan
(2 specimen) 3 June 2012; 10 June 2012; Parsabad (4 specimens), 22 May 2011.
Centrocoris volxemi (Puton, 1878)
Material examined: Oshtobin (1 specimen), 7 July, 2011.
Coreus marginatus marginatus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material Examined: Marand (10 specimens), 2 August 2014; Alamdar (7 specimens), 5
June 2011; Scent Stepanus Church grasslands (2 specimens), 18 June 2013; Kordasht (8
specimens), 13 May 2011. Golibaglo of Khodafarin (5 specimens) 22 May 2012; Oshtobin (3
specimens), 1 July 2011; Golan (7 specimens), 12 June 2012; Jolfa (3 specimens), 25 August
2011; Nordoz (7 specimens), ; Parsabad (2 specimens) 6 June 2012; 10 June 2012; Kordasht
(2 specimens), 28 May 2011.
Enoplops disciger (Kolenati, 1845)
Material examined: Jananlo of Khodafarin (1 specimen), 6 August 2011; Golan (2
specimens), 12 June 2012; Khodafarin (1 specimen), Near of Scent Stepanus Church (1
specimen), 15 June 2013.
Haploprocta pustulifera (Stål, 1860)
Material Examined: Misan (1 specimen) 3 June 2012; Oshtobin (2 specimens), 1 July
2011; Marand (2 specimens), 10 July 2013; Khodafarin (1 specimen), Near of Scent Stepanus
Church (1 specimen), 15 June 2013.
Phyllomorpha lacerata Herrich-Schaeffer, 1835
Material examined: Eshgali ojagi of Khodafarin (1 specimens); Oshtobin (1 specimen), 1
July 2011; Siah Rod (2specimens), 30 May 2011; Misan (1 specimen) 3 June 2012; Eshgali
ojagi of Khodafarin (2 specimens), 7 July, 2011; Jolfa grasslands (2 specimens), 1 June 2013.
Spathocera lobata (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1840)
Material examined: Aynalo forests of Khodafarin (2 specimens), 20 May 2013; 12 June
2012; Oshtobin (1 specimen), 7 June, 2011.
Syromastus rhombeus (Linnaeus, 1767)
Material examined: Material Examined: Aynalo forests of Khodafarin (2 specimens),
20 May 2013; 12 June 2012; Eshgali ojagi of Khodafarin (6 specimens); Oshtobin (1
specimen), 1 July 2011; Siahrod (2 specimens), 2 July 2012; Golan (5 specimens), 1 June
2012.
Gonocerus acuteangulatus (Goeze, 1778)
Material Examined: Marand (2 specimens), 10 July 2013.
Ceraleptus gracilicornis (Herrish-Shaffer, 1833)
Material Examined: Haras (3 specimens) 4 June 2012.
Coriomeris affinis (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1839)
Material Examined: Parsabad (1 specimen), 8 May 2011; Haras (2 specimens) 4 June
2012; Oshtobin (1 specimen), 1 July 2011; Siah Rod (3 specimens), 5 May 2014; Alamdar (1
specimen), 5 June 2011; Marand (2 specimens), 26 May 2013.
Coriomeris scabricornis scabricornis (Panzer, 1809)
Material Examined: Khodafarin (1 specimen), 12 August 2013.
Coriomeris scabricornis scabricornis (Panzer, 1809)
Material Examined: Mardanagum (1specimen), 30 June 2014.
Family Rhopalidae Amyot & Serville, 1843
Subfamily Rhopalinae Amyot & Serville, 1843
Agraphopus lethierryi Stål, 1872
Material Examined: Misan (1specimen), 3 July 2011.
75
Chorosoma schillingi (Schilling, 1829)
Material Examined: Marzabad (1 specimen); Siah Rod (1 specimen), 30 May 2011; Jolfa
grasslands (2 specimens), 1 July 2013; Aynalo forests of Khodafarin (1 specimen), 5 June
2012.
Brachycarenus tigrinus (Schilling, 1829)
Material Examined: Jolfa grasslands (2 specimens), 1 July 2013; Misan (1specimen), 3
July 2011. (2 specimens), 5 June 2012; Marzabad (3 specimens); Siah Rod (1 specimen), 30
May 2011; Aynalo forests of Khodafarin (2 specimens), 5 June 2012.
Corizus fenestella fenestella Horváth, 1917
Material Examined: Golan (2 specimens), 1 June 2012.
Corizus hyoscyami hyoscyami (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material Examined: Aynalo forests of Khodafarin (4 specimens), 20 August 2013;
Kiamaki (6 specimens), 15 June 2012. Golibaglo of Khodafarin (8 specimens) 22 May 2012;
Marand (5 specimens), Eshgali ojagi of Khodafarin (5 specimens), 10 July 2013; Golan (5
specimens), 12 June 2012; Oshtobin (5 specimens), 7 July, 2011. Jolfa (1 specimen), 25
August 2011; Nordoz (7 specimens), ; Misan (6specimen) 3 June 2012; 10 June 2012;
Kordasht (5 specimens), 28 May 2014.
Liorhyssus hyalinus (Fabricius, 1794)
Material Examined: Kordasht (3 specimens), 28 May 2011; Golibaglo of Khodafarin (4
specimens) 22 May 2012; Marand (7 specimens), Eshgali ojagi of Khodafarin (8 specimens),
10 July 2013; Golan (5 specimens), 2 June 2014; Oshtobin (4 specimens), 7 July, 2011. Jolfa
(1 specimen), 25 August 2011.
Maccevethus caucasicus (Kolenati, 1845)
Material Examined: Kordasht (2 specimens), 13 May 2011; Misan (1 specimen), 30 May
2011; Marand (5 specimens), 20 May 2012; Oshtobin (3 specimen), 7 July, 2011.
Rhopalus (Rhopalus) parumpunctatus Schilling, 1829
Material Examined: Ayanlo forests grasslands (2 specimens) 4 June 2013; Oshtobin (1
specimen), 7 July, 2011; Kordasht (3 specimens), 28 May 2011; Golibaglo of Khodafarin (4
specimens) 22 May 2012; Marand (5 specimens), Eshgali ojagi of Khodafarin (3 specimens),
10 July 2013; Golan (7 specimens), 12 June 2012; Oshtobin (5 specimens), 7 July 2011. Jolfa
(1 specimen), 25 August 2011.
Stictopleurus pictus (Fieber, 1861)
Material Examined: Ayanlo forest grasslands (1 specimen) 4 June 2013; Near of Scent
Stepanus Church (2 specimens) 18 June 2013.
Stictopleurus punctatonervosus (Goeze, 1778)
Material Examined: Jolfa (1 specimen) 25 August 2011.
Family Stenocephalidae Dallas, 1852
Dicranocephalus agilis (Scopoli, 1763)
Material examined: Aynalo grasslands (2 specimens), 3 May 2011; Jolfa grasslands (2
specimens), 1 June 2013. Eshgali ojagi of Khodafarin (2 specimens), 10 July 2013; Golan (3
specimens), 12 June 2012; Oshtobin (1 specimen), 7 July, 2011. Jolfa (1 specimen), 25
August 2011.
Dicranocephalus setulosus (Ferrari, 1874)
Material examined: Kordasht (specimen), 13 May 2011.
ACKNOWLEDGEMETS
The authors are grateful to Mr. Mohsen Arab Baghi (Managing Director of
Aras Free Zone organization) for their invaluable supports.
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Heteroptera of the Palaearctic Region. Vol. 5, Pentatomomorpha II. The Netherlands Entomological Society,
Amsterdam, xiii + 550 pp. [Stenocephalidae, pp. 2–7; Rhopalidae, pp. 8–27; Coreidae, pp. 43–101].
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Iranian Plant Protection Congress, Isfahan University of Technology, p. 232.
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Figure 1. Map of Aras Free Zone limited area in Jolfa, Nordoz and Khodafarin counties
(green portions) at the border of Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan, Armenia and
Azarbaijan countries with Islamic Republic of Iran.
77
TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON ACRIDIDAE
(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDOIDEA) OF GUJARAT REGION
UNDER WESTERN GHATS OF INDIA
Hirdesh Kumar* and Mohd. Kamil Usmani*
* Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh –
202002, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
[Kumar, H. & Usmani, M. K. 2016. Taxonomic studies on Acrididae (Orthoptera:
Acridoidea) of Gujarat region under Western Ghats of India. Munis Entomology & Zoology,
11 (1): 77-86]
ABSTRACT: Thirteen species of locusts and grasshoppers representing ten genera and seven
subfamilies belonging to the family Acrididae are reported from different localities of
Gujarat region under Western Ghats of India. Localities surveyed and distribution of each
species collected from Gujarat region under Western Ghats of India is discussed. A
comprehensive report of Acridoid fauna of this region is given for the first time.
KEY WORDS: Acrididae, Gujarat, Taxonomy, Diversity, Orthoptera.
Acrididae is a family of economically important species of Orthopterous pests.
It is not only the most diverse group in the superfamily Acridoidea but also have
the greater number of species. All the agriculturally important species of locusts
and grasshoppers belong to this family. They cause considerable damage to
agricultural crops, grasslands and pastures. Identifying features of these pests are
absence of fastigial furrow, frontal ridge wide and usually depressed at media
ocellus; antennae longer than fore femora; dorsum of pronotum usually with
median and lateral carinae; prosternal process present or absent; tympanum
usually present; tegmina and wings fully developed, reduced or absent; lower
basal lobe of hind femur mostly shorter or as long as upper one; Brunner’s organ
present, external apical spine of hind tibia mostly absent.
Bolivar (1902, 1914), Kirby (1914), Uvarov (1927, 1966), Henry (1937, 1940),
Tandon & Shishodia (1969, 1977), Usmani & Shafee (1983, 1984, 1990), Bhowmik
(1985), Shishodia & Mandal (1990), Shrinivasan & Muralirangan (1992), Hazra et
al. (1993), Shishodia (1997, 1999, 2000, 2008), Shishodia & Tandon (2000),
Shishodia et al. (2003), Ingrisch et al. (2004), Saini & Mehta (2007), Chandra et
al. (2007, 2010), Shishodia & Gupta (2009), Usmani et al. (2010), Usmani et al.
(2011), Usmani & Kumar (2011), Kumar & Usmani (2012a,b) and Kumar &
Usmani (2014) have contributed to the taxonomy of Indian Acridids.
Gujarat is a state in the western part of India. It has an area of
196,204 km2 (75,755 sq mi) with a coastline of 1,600 km (990 mi). The state is
bordered by Rajasthan to the north, Maharashtra to the south, Madhya
Pradesh to the east, and the Arabian Sea as well as the Pakistani province
of Sindh to the west. The great river Tapti, flowing in a deep trench from the east
cuts through Surat and the eastern country is mountainous. This is the northern
extension of the Western Ghats and further south, the Ghats are forested and the
small district of the Dangs is in this area. The west flowing rivers which originate
in the Western Ghats are: Purna, Auranga and Par. The districts of Gujarat in
Western Ghats ecoregion are The Dangs, Surat, Navsari and Valsad.
No survey work so far has been done exclusively for this group from Gujarat
region under Western Ghats of India. There are very few reports such as
Muralidharan & Patel (2007a,b) and Shishodia et al. (2010) on the taxonomy of
acridids from this region. Except for some sporadic reports there is no systematic
study on the locusts and grasshoppers belonging to the family Acrididae from this
region, a hot spot of Biodiversity. Keeping in view the above fact, the present work
78
is aimed at studying one of the families of Orthoptera which is most widely
distributed and shows a very high degree of biological diversity.
In the present study the authors uphold Orthoptera Species File (Eades et al.,
2015) in classifying Acrididae. Species identification is based on both the
conventional and genitalic characters. Most of the genera are represented by
single species.
The present authors collected new material (477 specimens) of adult
grasshoppers of both sexes from various localities of Gujarat region under
Western Ghats of India which served the basis for the present critical study. A
complete record was also maintained indicating the reference number, locality,
data of collection and name of host plants etc.
I) Collection of adult grasshoppers: The authors surveyed various
agricultural areas of various localities of Gujarat region under Western Ghats of
India during the period 2013-2014 for the collection of grasshoppers and locusts.
They were caught by hands, by forceps, and by the ordinary aerial insect net. The
net was used for catching insects individually or by sweeping on grasses, bushes
and other vegetables. Attempts were made to collect the specimens from their
host plants as well as those attracted to light during the night. They were captured
on different dates in different months from various crops. Different parts of crops
were examined. Attention was also given to fruits and vegetables. The collected
specimens were killed in cyanide bottles.
II) Preparation for morphological studies: Dry mounts were also prepared
for better understanding of certain characters like size, colour, texture etc. For
this purpose, the specimens were first relaxed, stretched and later, pinned and
labeled. Permanent collections of pinned specimens were kept in store boxes and
cabinets for further studies on their morphological structures.
III) Preparation for genitalic studies: For a detailed study of the various
components of genitalia, the permanent slides were prepared and examined
under the microscope in order to make a detailed study of the genitalic structures.
Drawings were initially made with the help of a camera lucida. Details were filled
in by conventional microscope examination.
The material collected during survey has been deposited in the Zoological
Museum of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India.
The present study included 477 specimens of family Acrididae from different
habitats of various cultivated and non-cultivated areas of Gujarat region under
Western Ghats of India. This captured material includes thirteen species over ten
genera and seven subfamilies. A key for their separation is given below:
Key to Acrididae of Gujarat region under Western Ghats of India
1. Prosternal process usually absent, if present, body strongly elongate and antennae
ensiform; hind tibia without external apical spine; epiphallus bridge shaped, bridge
undivided; spermatheca with apical diverticulum short or rudimentary, pre-apical
diverticulum sac like……………………………..………………………………………………………..…………..8
- Prosternal process present; hind tibia with or without external apical spine; epiphallus disc
or bridge shaped, bridge divided or undivided; spermatheca with apical and pre-apical
diverticula tubular……………….………………………………………………………………………..................2
79
2. Lower knee lobe of hind femur never spined; valves of ovipositor never serrate or spined;
hind tibia never flattened…………………………….…………………………………..................................5
- Lower knee lobe of hind femur spined; valves of ovipositor serrate or spined; hind tibia
flattened……................................................................................................................................3
3. Male supra-anal plate with a tubercle on each side of a median apical process, making the
plate appear weakly trilobate; posterior ventral basivalvular sclerites of ovipositor with one
or two tooth like spines on its inner ventral margin.................................................................4
- Male supra-anal plate without lateral tubercles; posterior ventral basivalvular sclerites of
ovipositor without any well defined spines on its lower inner margin.......................................
………………………….....................................................Oxya grandis grandis Willemse, 1925
4. Male cercus weakly bifurcate; ventral surface of subgenital plate with a broad median
longitudinal groove......................................................Oxya fuscovittata (Marschall, 1836)
- Male cercus obtuse or truncate; ventral surface of subgenital plate convex, flat or, at most,
with a weak apical concavity …................................................Oxya hyla hyla Serville, 1831
5. Radial area of tegmen without transverse stridulatory veinlets; valves of aedeagus
flexure…………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………...6
- Radial area of tegmen with a series of regular, parallel, thickened, transverse stridulatory
veinlets; valves of aedeagus divided or connected by small or indistinct flexure.......................
…………..............................Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum (Walker, 1871)
6. Mesosternal interspace open; external apical spine of hind tibia usually absent................7
- Mesosternal interspace closed; external apical spine of hind tibia present.............................
………………..............................................................Tropidopola longicornis (Fieber, 1853)
7. Last abdominal tergite in male without well developed furcula; bridge of epiphallus
usually undivided medially......................Eyprepocnemis alacris alacris (Serville, 1838)
- Last abdominal tergite in male with well developed furcula; bridge of epiphallus divided
medially........................................................................Eucoptacra praemorsa (Stal, 1860)
8. Frons usually oblique; medial area of tegmen usually without intercalary vein, if present,
never serrated in both sexes………..............................................................................................9
- Frons usually vertical; medial area of tegmen with intercalary vein usually serrated..........11
9. Head elongate; hind femur very long and slender..............................................................10
- Head never elongate; hind femur never very long and slender…………………………………………
………………………………….………………………………...……….Phlaeoba infumata Brunner, 1893
10. Lateral carina of pronotum not edged within with black line; apical diverticulum of
spermatheca with rounded apex……......……..…...……………..Acrida exaltata (Walker, 1859)
- Lateral carina of pronotum edged within with black line; apical diverticulum of
spermatheca with truncated apex...…………..................……Acrida gigantea (Herbst, 1786)
11. Dorsum of pronotum without longitudinal ridges…………………...………………...................12
- Dorsum of pronotum with numerous longitudinal parallel ridges…………………………………….
………………………………………………………………….……Morphacris fasciata (Thunberg, 1815)
12. Pronotum with median carina equally raised in prozona and metazona, not forming
tooth like projection………………………………….…………………………………………………………….....13
- Pronotum with median carina strongly raised in prozona forming two tooth like
projections, sharp in metazona...………...…………...Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg, 1815)
13. Frontal ridge of uniform width with nearly parallel margins; foveolae shorter...................
………………………….................……………….……A. thalassinus thalassinus (Fabricius, 1781)
- Frontal ridge gradually tapered towards the fastigium; foveolae longer..................................
……………………………………....................................A. thalassinus tamulus (Fabricius, 1798)
Oxya grandis grandis Willemse, 1925
Oxya grandis Willemse, 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 36.
Oxya grandis Willemse; Usmani & Shafee, 1985. Oriental insect, 19: 315.
Material examined: INDIA, Gujarat, Surat, 2♀, 06-XII-2013, on grasses; 3♀, 09-XII2013, on grasses; Navsari, 3♀, 10-XII-2013, on grasses; Valsad, 1♀, 10-X-2014, on grasses;
Navsari, 2♀, 11-X-2014, on grasses; The Danges, 1♀, 12-X-2014, on grasses; Surat, 2♀, 15-X2014, on grasses.
Measurements (length in mm): Female: Body: 26.17; Pronotum: 6.46; Antenna: 9.30;
Tegmina: 27.90; Hind Femur: 19.09.
Distribution: Assam, Punjab, Gujarat and Kerala.
Oxya fuscovittata (Marschall, 1836)
Gryllus fuscovittatus Marschall, 1836. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 1 (2): 211.
80
Oxya turanica Uvarov, 1912. Trudy Russk. Entomol. Obshch., 40 (3): 28. Syn. By Hollis,
1971. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., 26 (7): 289.
Oxya oryzivora Willemse, 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 25. Syn. By Hollis, 1971.
Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., 26 (7): 289.
Oxya uvarovi Willemse, 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 11, 22. Syn. By Hollis, 1971.
Oxya fuscovittata (Marschall); Kumar and Usmani, 2014. Journal of Entomology and
Zoology Studies, 2 (3): 133.
Material examined: INDIA, Gujarat, Surat, 1♂, 2♀, 07-XII-2013, on grasses; Navsari, 5♂,
4♀, 10-XII-2013, on Grasses; Valsad, 2♂, 4♀, 13-XII-2013, on grasses; 2♂, 1♀, 10-X-2014, on
grasses; The Danges, 2♂, 4♀, 12-X-2014, on grasses; 1♂, 3♀, 14-X-2014, on grasses; Surat,
2♂, 3♀, 1-X-2014, on grasses.
Measurements (length in mm): Male: Body: 21.91; Pronotum: 4.53; Antenna: 9.19;
Tegmina: 18.72; Hind Femur: 14.18. Female: Body: 26.28; Pronotum: 6.09; Antenna: 8.43;
Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi,
Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal.
Oxya hyla hyla Serville, 1831
Oxya hyla Serville, 1831. Ann. Sci. nat., 22 (86): 28-65, 134-167, 262-292.
Heteracris viridivitta Walker, 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera
Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum, 4: 605-801. Syn. By Bolivar, 1918. Trab.
Mus. Cienc. nat., Madrid (Ser. zool.), 34: 15.
Oxya acuminata Willemse, 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 42. Syn. By Hollis, 1971.
Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent, 26 (7): 282.
Oxya ebneri Willemse, 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 46. Syn. By Hollis, 1971. Bull.
Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., 26 (7): 282.
Oxya multidentata Willemse, 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 44. Syn. By Hollis,
Oxya hyla hyla Serville; Kumar and Usmani, 2014. Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Studies, 2 (3): 133.
Material examined: INDIA, Gujarat, Surat, 2♂, 3♀, 06-XII-2013, on grasses; 1♂, 2♀, 09XII-2013, on grasses; Navsari, 2♂, 3♀, 10-XII-2013, on Grasses; Tapi, 4♂, 7♀, 11-XII-2013,
on grasses; Valsad, 3♂, 5♀, 13-XII-2013, on grasses; 3♂, 4♀, 10-X-2014, on grasses; Navsari,
5♂, 3♀, 11-X-2014, on grasses; The Danges, 2♂, 5♀, 12-X-2014, on grasses; 2♂, 1♀, 13-X2014, on grasses; 1♂, 2♀, 14-X-2014, on grasses; Surat, 2♂, 4♀, 15-X-2014, on grasses.
Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan,
Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttrakhand, Goa, Delhi, Chhattisgarh, Kerala, Gujarat, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal.
Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum (Walker, 1871)
Heteracris prasinifera Walker, 1871. Cat. Derm. Salt. Br. Mus. London, 65.
Caloptenus caliginosus Walker, 1871. Cat. Derm. Salt. Br. Mus. London, 69. Syn. By
Bey-Bienko & Mishchenko, 1951. Locusts and Grasshoppers of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent
Countries, 1: 160[168].
Stenobothrus strigulatus Walker, 1871. Cat. Derm. Salt. Br. Mus. London, 82. Syn. By
Bey-Bienko & Mishchenko, 1951. Locusts and Grasshoppers of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent
Countries, 1: 160[168].
Stenobothrus simplex Walker, 1871. Cat. Derm. Salt. Br. Mus. London, 82. Syn. By
Bolivar, 1899. Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, 43: 589.
Stenobothrus rectuss Walker, 1871. Cat. Derm. Salt. Br. Mus. London, 83. Syn. By BeyBienko & Mishchenko, 1951. Locusts and Grasshoppers of the U.S.S.R. and Adjacent
Countries, 1: 160[168].
Spathosternum prasiniferum prasiniferum (Walker); Kumar and Usmani, 2014.
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2 (3): 134.
81
Material examined: INDIA, Gujarat, Surat, 6♂, 10♀, 06-XII-2013, on grasses; 2♂, 1♀, 07XII-2013, on grasses; 4♂, 2♀, 09-XII-2013, on grasses; Navsari, 12♂, 8♀, 10-XII-2013, on
Grasses; Tapi, 4♂, 2♀, 11-XII-2013, on grasses; Valsad, 3♂, 3♀, 13-XII-2013, on grasses; 4♂,
2♀, 10-X-2014, on grasses; Navsari, 2♂, 5♀, 11-X-2014, on grasses; The Danges, 4♂, 3♀, 12X-2014, on grasses; 5♂, 8♀, 13-X-2014, on grasses; 3♂, 6♀, 14-X-2014, on grasses; Surat, 7♂,
10♀, 15-X-2014, on grasses.
Distribution: Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat, Haryana, Delhi,
Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Goa.
Tropidopola longicornis (Fieber, 1853)
Opsomala longicornis Fieber, 1853. Lotos, 3: 98.
Opsomala syrica Walker, 1871. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in
the Collection of the British Museum Supplement: 51. Syn. By Mishchenko, 1965. Fauna of
Russia Orthopt., 190[164].
Opomala cylindrica Giglio-Tos, 1893. Boll. Musei Zool. Anat. Comp. R. Univ. Torino,
8(164): 11. Syn. By Massa & Fontana, 1998. Boll. Mus. civ. St. nat. Verona, 22: 76.
Tropidopola nigerica indica Uvarov, 1937. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 10 (19): 519. Syn. By
Mishchenko, 1965. Fauna of Russia Orthopt., 190[164].
Tropidopola longicornis (Fieber); Massa, 2009. Jour. Orth. Res., 18 (1): 81.
1♀, 11-X-2014, on grasses; The Danges, 1♂, 14-X-2014, on grasses.
Tegmina: 22.00; Hind Femur: 13.15. Female: Body: 46.43; Pronotum: 7.10; Antenna:
10.11; Tegmina: 31.05; Hind Femur: 17.32.
Distribution: Bihar, Maharashtra, Gujarat and Punjab.
Eyprepocnemis alacris alacris (Serville, 1838)
Acridium alacre Serville, 1838. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres, 682.
Acridium deponens Walker, 1859. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 3 (4): 222. Syn. By Willemse,
1957. Publ. natuurhist. Genootsch. Limburg, 10: 241.
Heteracris rudis Walker, 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in
the Collection of the British Museum, 4: 662, 664. Syn. By Willemse, 1957. Publ. natuurhist.
Genootsch. Limburg, 10: 241.
Caloptenus reductus Walker, 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria
in the Collection of the British Museum, 4: 714. Syn. By Dirsh, 1958. Proc. R. Ent. Soc.
London, (B) 27: 33-45.
Acridium scitulum Walker, 1871. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in
the Collection of the British Museum Supplement, 62. Syn. By Willemse, 1957. Publ.
natuurhist. Genootsch. Limburg, 10: 241.
Euprepocnemis plorans intermedia Bolivar, 1902. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 70: 630. Syn. By
Willemse, 1957. Publ. natuurhist. Genootsch. Limburg, 10: 241.
Eyprepocnemis alacris alacris (Serville); Kumar and Usmani, 2014. Journal of
Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2 (3): 136.
Material examined: INDIA, Gujarat, Surat, 2♂, 1♀, 06-XII-2013, on grasses; 2♂, 1♀, 09XII-2013, on grasses; Navsari, 1♂, 3♀, 10-XII-2013, on Grasses; Valsad, 3♂, 1♀, 13-XII-2013,
on grasses; 1♂, 2♀, 10-X-2014, on grasses; Navsari, 3♂, 2♀, 11-X-2014, on grasses; The
Danges, 1♀, 12-X-2014, on grasses; 2♂, 13-X-2014, on grasses; 1♀, 14-X-2014, on grasses;
Surat, 2♂, 5♀, 15-X-2014, on grasses.
Distribution: Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Kerala, Andhra
Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Arunachal
Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa,
Sikkim, Tripura, West Bengal and Maharashtra.
82
Eucoptacra praemorsa (Stal, 1860)
Acridium (Catantops) praemorsum Stal, 1860. Kongliga Svenska fregatten Eugenies
Resa omkring jorden under befal af C.A. Virgin aren 1851-1853 (Zoologi), 2 (1): 330.
Acridium saturatum Walker, 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria
in the Collection of the British Museum, 4: 704. Syn. By Bolivar, 1917. Rev. Real Acad. Cienc.
Exact., Fisic. Natur., 16: 404.
Caloptenus obliterans Walker, 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera
Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum, 4: 712. Syn. By Bolivar, 1917. Rev. Real
Acad. Cienc. Exact., Fisic. Natur., 16: 404.
Caloptenus sinensis Walker, 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria
in the Collection of the British Museum, 4: 704. Syn. By Bolivar, 1917. Rev. Real Acad. Cienc.
Exact., Fisic. Natur., 16: 404.
Caloptenus striqifer Walker, 1871. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria
in the Collection of the British Museum Supplement, 66. Syn. By Bolivar, 1917. Rev. Real
Acad. Cienc. Exact., Fisic. Natur., 16: 404.
Eucoptacra praemorsa (Stal); Nayeem & Usmani, 2012. Munis Entomology & Zoology,
7 (1): 401.
3♀, 10-XII-2013, on Grasses; Valsad, 3♂, 3♀, 13-XII-2013, on grasses; The Danges, 1♂, 1♀,
12-X-2014, on grasses; 2♂, 3♀, 14-X-2014, on grasses.
Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat,
Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtara, Manipur,
Meghalaya, Orissa, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West
Bengal.
Phlaeoba infumata Brunner, 1893
Phlaeoba infumata Brunner, 1893. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 2-13 (33): 124.
Phlaeoba infumata Brunner; Kumar and Usmani, 2014. Journal of Entomology and
Zoology Studies, 2 (3): 144.
1♀, 10-XII-2013, on Grasses; Valsad, 2♂, 4♀, 13-XII-2013, on grasses; 3♂, 10-X-2014, on
grasses; Navsari, 2♀, 11-X-2014, on grasses; The Danges, 3♂, 5♀, 12-X-2014, on grasses; 2♂,
1♀, 13-X-2014, on grasses; Surat, 3♂, 7♀, 15-X-2014, on grasses.
Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Bihar, Chhattisgarh,
Delhi, Goa, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Manipur, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
Acrida exaltata (Walker, 1859)
Truxalis exaltata Walker, 1859. Ann. Nat. Hist., (3) 4: 222.
Tryxalis brevicolis Bolivar, 1893. Feuille Jeunes Nat., 23: 162. Syn. By Dirsh and Uvarov,
1953. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 96: 232.
Acrida lugubris Burr, 1902. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 157. Syn. By Dirsh and Uvarov, 1953.
Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 96: 232.
Acrida exaltata (Walker); Kirby, 1910. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera
Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae), 3 (2): 94.
Acrida curta Uvarov, 1936. Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 39: 536. Syn. By Dirsh and Uvarov, 1953.
Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 96: 232.
Acrida lugubris astigmata Prasad, 1956. Proc. nation. Acad. Sci. India, B-26 (1): 22.
Syn. By Dirsh, 1961. Eos, 37: 398.
Acrida exaltata (Walker); Kumar and Usmani, 2014. Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Studies, 2 (3): 143.
Material examined: INDIA, Gujarat, Surat, 2♂, 1♀, 06-XII-2013, on grasses; Surat, 1♂,
1♀, 07-XII-2013, on grasses; Surat, 1♂, 1♀, 09-XII-2013, on grasses; Navsari, 2♂, 10-XII2013, on Grasses; Tapi, 2♂, 1♀, 11-XII-2013, on grasses; Valsad, 1♂, 13-XII-2013, on grasses;
83
2♀, 10-X-2014, on grasses; Navsari, 1♂, 11-X-2014, on grasses; The Danges, 3♂, 1♀, 12-X2014, on grasses; 2♂, 13-X-2014, on grasses; 1♂, 3♀, 14-X-2014, on grasses; Surat, 2♂, 15-X2014, on grasses.
Measurements (length in mm): Male: Body: 3; Pronotum: 5.10; Antenna: 12.81;
Distribution: Sikkim, Jammu & Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim,
Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttarakhand, West Bengal, Assam and Uttar Pradesh.
Acrida gigantea (Herbst, 1786)
Truxalis giganteus Herbst, 1786. Herausgegeben von Johan Caspar Fuessly, 7-8: 191.
Acrida gigantea (Herbst); Kirby, 1910. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera
(Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae), 3 (2): 93.
Acrida gigantea (Herbst); Kumar and Usmani, 2014. Journal of Entomology and Zoology
Studies, 2 (3): 143.
Material examined: INDIA, Gujarat, Surat, 2♂, 1♀, 09-XII-2013, on grasses; Tapi, 3♂, 2♀,
11-XII-2013, on grasses; Valsad, 1♂, 13-XII-2013, on grasses; Navsari, 2♂, 1♀, 11-X-2014, on
grasses; The Danges, 1♂, 2♀, 13-X-2014, on grasses; Surat, 2♀, 15-X-2014, on grasses.
Distribution: Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana, Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Uttarakhand.
Morphacris fasciata (Thunberg, 1815)
Gryllus fasciatus Thunberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg 5: 211-301.
Gryllus sanguineus Thunberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg, 5: 231. Syn. By
Johnston, 1956. Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers, 521.
Gryllus sulcatus Thunberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg, 5: 234. Syn. By
Dirsh, 1966. Publ. Cult. Comp. Diamant. Angola Ser. 3, Vol. 74: 437.
Oedipoda strigata Serville 1838. Histoire naturelle des insectes. Orthopteres, 726. Syn.
By Johnston, 1956. Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers, 522.
Morphacris adusta Walker, 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria
in the Collection of the British Museum, 3: 790. Syn. By Johnston, 1956. Annotated
catalogue of African grasshoppers, 522.
Cosmorhyssa costata Saussure, 1888. Mem. Soc. Phys. Hist. Nat. Geneve, 30 (1): 37.
Syn. By Dirsh, 1966. Publ. Cult. Comp. Diamant. Angola Ser. 3, Vol. 74: 437.
Morphacris fasciata (Thunberg); Nayeem and Usmani, 2012. Munis Entomology &
Zoology, 7 (1): 405.
Material examined: INDIA, Gujarat, Surat, 1♂, 1♀, 06-XII-2013, on grasses; 1♂, 07-XII2013, on grasses; Valsad, 4♂, 1♀, 13-XII-2013, on grasses; Navsari, 2♂, 1♀, 11-X-2014, on
grasses; The Danges, 3♂, 1♀, 14-X-2014, on grasses.
11.22; Tegmina: 22.71; Hind femur: 13.41.
Distribution: Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Kerala, Lakshadweep Island, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal.
Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg, 1815)
Gryllus annulatus Thunberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg, 5: 234.
Gryllus bidens Thunberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg, 5: 235. Syn. By
Willemse, 1930. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 73: 57.
Acridium vulnerata Haan, 1842. Verhandelingen over de natuurlijke geschiedenis der
Nederlandsche overzeesche bezittingen 16 Zoologie, 161. Syn. By Willemse, 1930. Tijdschr.
v. Entomologie, 73: 55.
Epacromia turpis Walker, 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in
the Collection of the British Museum, 4: 775. Syn. By Willemse, 1930. Tijdschr. v.
Entomologie, 73: 55.
84
Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg); Bolivar, 1902. Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 70: 604.
Trilophidia annulata (Thunberg); Kumar and Usmani, 2014. Journal of Entomology
and Zoology Studies, 2 (3): 139.
5♀, 07-XII-2013, on grasses; Navsari, 2♂, 1♀, 10-XII-2013, on Grasses; Tapi, 2♀, 11-XII2013, on grasses; Valsad, 3♂, 2♀, 10-X-2014, on grasses; The Danges, 4♂, 1♀, 13-X-2014, on
grasses; 5♂, 4♀, 14-X-2014, on grasses.
Distribution: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tripura, Uttarakhand, Goa,
Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala and West Bengal.
Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus (Fabricius, 1781)
Gryllus thalassinus Fabricius, 1781. Species Insectorum, 1: 367.
Acridium grossum Costa, 1836. Fauna del regno di Napoli. Ortotteri, 25. Syn. By
Johnston, 1956. Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers, 507.
Acridium laetum Brulle, 1840. In Webb, P.B. & Berthelot. Histoire naturelle des Iles
Canaries. 2(2): 77. Syn. By Kirby, 1910. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera
Saltatoria, Locustidae vel Acridiidae), 3 (2): 191.
Gryllus flavovirens Fischer, 1846. Nouv. mem. Soc. Imp. natur. Moscou, 8: 299. Syn. By
Kirby, 1910. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel
Acridiidae), 3 (2): 191.
Epacromia angustifemur Ghiliani, 1869. Ann. Soc. Entom. Belgique, 12 C.R. 179. Syn.
By Kirby, 1910. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera (Orthoptera Saltatoria, Locustidae vel
Acridiidae), 3 (2): 191.
Epacromia rufipes Ivanov, 1888. Proc. nat. hist soc. Kharkov Univ., 21: 309-377. Syn. By
Benediktov, 2000. Vestnik Zoologii, 34 (3): 81.
Aiolopus thalassinus kivuensis Sjostedt, 1923. Ark. Zool., 15 (6): 18. Syn. By Johnston,
1956. Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers, 509.
Aiolopus acutus Uvarov, 1953. Publ. Cult. Comp. Diamant. Angola, 21: 111. Syn. By Hollis,
Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius); Hollis, 1968. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., 22 (7):
340.
Aiolopus thalassinus thalassinus (Fabricius); Bughio, Sultana, Rind and Wagan,
2014. J. Bio. & Env. Sci., 4 (4): 413.
3♀, 07-XII-2013, on grasses; Navsari, 1♀, 10-XII-2013, on Grasses; Tapi, 2♂, 1♀, 11-XII-2013,
on grasses; Valsad, 2♂, 10-X-2014, on grasses; Navsari, 3♀, 11-X-2014, on grasses; The
Danges, 3♂, 5♀, 12-X-2014, on grasses; 5♂, 2♀, 14-X-2014, on grasses; Surat, 1♂, 1♀, 15-X2014, on grasses.
Distribution: Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Rajasthan,
Gujarat, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
Aiolopus thalassinus tamulus (Fabricius, 1798)
Gryllus tamulus Fabricius, 1798. Supplementum Entomologiae Systematicae Suppl., 195.
Gomphocerus tricoloripes Burmeister, 1838. Handbuch der Entomologie, 2-2(I-VIII):
649. Syn. By Rehn, 1902. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 54: 631.
Epacromia rufostriata Kirby, 1888. Proc. zool. Soc. London, 1888 (4): 550. Syn. By
Hollis, 1968. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., 22 (7): 314.
Aiolopus thalassinus tumulus (Fabricius); Hollis, 1968. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)
Ent., 22 (7): 347.
Aiolopus thalassinus tumulus (Fabricius); Kumar and Usmani, 2014. Journal of
Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2 (3): 141.
85
Material examined: INDIA, Gujarat, Surat, 3♂, 7♀, 09-XII-2013, on grasses; Valsad, 2♂,
2♀, 10-X-2014, on grasses; Navsari, 1♂, 3♀, 11-X-2014, on grasses; The Danges, 3♂, 1♀, 13-X2014, on grasses; Surat, 2♂, 1♀, 15-X-2014, on grasses.
Distribution: Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Gujarat, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Karnataka, Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to extend our gratitude to Ministry of Environment and Forests, New
Delhi for providing financial assistance during the tenure of a major research
project (Ref. No. 23/14/2010 – RE; Dt: 23.01. 2012) being carried out on
“Diversity of Acridoidea (Orthoptera) in different parts of Western Ghats of
India”. Thanks are also due to Prof. Iqbal Parwez, Chairman, Department of
Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for providing necessary facilities.
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87
EFFECT OF ABIOTIC FACTORS ON INFESTATION OF UZIFLY
(EXORISTA SORBILLANS WIEDEMANN) IN DIFFERENT
INSTAR MUGA SILKWORM, ANTHERAEA ASSAMENSIS
Ranjana Das* and K. Das
* Central Muga Eri research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat,
Assam, INDIA.
[Das, R. & Das, K. 2016. Effect of abiotic factors on infestation of Uzifly (Exorista
sorbillans Wiedemann) in different instar muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis. Munis
Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 87-89]
ABSTRACT: Infestation of Uzi fly (Exorista sorbillans ) in muga silkworm was studied in six
different crop seasons. Though the infestation was made throughout the year but severity
was recorded during Chatua (Feb-Mar) and Jarua (Dec-Jan) crops with 89.3, and 61.4%
infestation and also infestation was started from the 3 rd instar silkworm larvae. During
Jethua (Apr-May) and Katia (Oct-Nov) crops, the infestation was recorded 11.3 and 13.3%
and infestation was observed in 4th and 5th instar silkworms. However, least number of
infestation was recorded in Aherua (Jun-Jul), Bhodia (Aug-Sep) with 4.7and 3.9%
infestation which were observed in 5th instar larvae only. Correlation coefficient analyses
between infestation and weather parameters in different crops seasons showed that low
temperature and high humidity were positively highly significant for infestation of Uzifly in
muga silkworms.
KEY WORDS: Antheraea assamensis, crop, Exorista sorbillans, Multivoltine, Polyphagous.
The golden silk producer muga silkworm, Antheraea assamensis Helfer, is a
multivoltine and polyphagous insect. The silkworm can be reared five to six times
in a year in different crop seasons (Choudhury, 1970). Due to out door nature of
rearing, the silkworm is exposed to various pests and predators in all the seasons
with varied intensity of effecting on cocoon production (Thangavalu et al., 1988).
The pest spectrum of muga silkworm is complex and plays a major role in limiting
the production of silk (Sahu, 2005). Negi & Sengupta (1993) reported that due to
infestation of Uzifly around 50-70% cocoons rejected inspire of good harvesting
during winter crop. Out of different pests, Uzifly (Exorista sorbillans,
Wiedemann) is one of the most serious endo-parasite of muga silkworm which
caused 20 to 90% crop lost (Anonymous, 2003). This fly has also been reported in
other silkworms such as Bombyx mori, Samia cynthia ricin and Antherea royali
and economically lost the crop production (Thompson, 1950; Sarkar, 1980; Patil
& Givindan, 1984). Literature survey revealed that no systematic approach has
been done on instar wise seasonal infestation of muga silkworm by Uzi-fly in
different crop seasons, hence the study was carried out to ascertain a concrete
results of infestation in different instar of silkworm in different crop seasons.
For studying the infestation of the Uzi-fly on muga silkworm, rearing was
conducted in six different crop seasons namely, Jethua (Apr-May), Aherua (JunJul), Bhodia (Aug-Sep), Katia (Oct-Nov), Jarua (Dec-Jan) and Chatua (Feb-Mar)
in experimental field of Central Muga Eri Research and Training
Institute,(CMER&TI) Lahdoigarh, Jorhat, Assam, India. In every rearing,
randomly 500 muga silkworms were selected in five different bamboo made
‘chalonies’ individually from the 10 different locations of rearing field. Percentage
of Uzi infestation as well as instar wise infestation was calculated out by using the
following formulae:
88
No of infection of worm
Percentage of infection = ---------------------------------- x 100
Total no worm considered
No of instar wise infested worm
Percentage of instar wise infestation = ------------------------------------------ x 100
Total no of worm infested
Data on infestation in instar wise in different crops seasons along with
meteorological parameters were recorded analyzed statistically and presented in
Table 1 & 2.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The results revealed that uzifly (Exorista sorbillans) infestation was recorded
throughout the year in muga growing areas but intensity of infestation was
variable (Table 1). Maximum infestation was recorded in Chatua (Feb-Mar) with
89.3% followed by Jarua (Dec-Jan) with 61.6%, Katia (Oct-Nov) 13.3% and
Jethua (Apr-May), 11.3% respectively. Least infestation was recorded during
Bhodia (Aug-Sep) and Aherua (Jun-Jul) crops with 3.4% and 4.7% only. Instar
wise higher infestation was recorded during Chatua (Feb-Mar) and Jarua (DecJan) crops. In both the crop seasons, infestation was recorded from third instar
on wards till ripening with different magnitude. In case of Jethua (Apr-May) and
Katia (Oct-Nov) crops, infestation was observed in fourth and fifth instar where
as in Aherua (Jun-Jul) and Bhodia (Aug-Sep) infestation was recorded in fifth
instar only. The results showed that abiotic factors played vital role for occurrence
of uzifly in different crop seasons. Heavy infestation was recorded during Chatua
(Feb-Mar) and Jarua (Dec-Jan) and temperature and relative humidity were
ranged from 07-29 OC and 63-81% respectively. However rainfall was recorded
59- 92 mm during that period. During Jethua (Apr-May) and Katia (Oct-Nov)
crops, temperature recorded from 22-33 OC, relative humidity was 64-88% and
rainfall raged from 104-109mm. Highest temperature, relative humidity and
rainfall were recorded during Bhodia (Aug-Sep) and Aherua (Jun-Jul) crops such
as, 23-37 OC, 65-91% and 580-989mm respectively. The results revealed that high
temperature, high relative humidity and high rainfall significantly negatively
effect on uzifly infestation on muga silkworm where as low temperature, low
humidity and low rainfall response positive effect on occurrence and infestation
of uzifly in muga silkworm.
From the Correlation coefficient between uzi infestation and different abiotic
factors revealed that maximum temperature during Jethua (Apr-May), Aherua
(Jun-Jul),Bhodia (Aug-Sep) and Katia (Oct-Nov) were negatively effect on
occurrence of uzifly (Table 2). Similarly trend of effect was observed in maximum
humidity also. On the other hand, rainfall is negatively significant in Aherua
(Jun-Jul) and Bhodia (Aug-Sep) crops. The results indicated that the fly could not
multiply during high temperature, high humidity and high rainfall. The
temperature both maximum and minimum in Chatua (Feb-Mar) and Jarua
(Dec-Jan) were highly significant on occurrence of Uzifly infestation. Besides this,
maximum relative humidity in Chatua (Feb-Mar) was highly significant but
during Jarua (Dec-Jan) was positively significant only. In case of minimum
temperature and rainfall during Chatua (Feb-Mar) crop was found negative effect
on occurrence of the pest.
From the result it was concluded that the environmental factors like
temperature, relative humidity and rainfall are main important physical factors
which are responsible for occurrence and infestation of Uzifly(Exorista sorbillans
Wiedemann) during different muga silkworm rearing seasons.
89
LITERATURE CITED
Anonymous. 2003. CMER&TI, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat. Assam.
Choudhury, S. N. 1970. Muga Silk Industry, Directorate of Sericulture and Weaving, Govt of Assam.
Negi, B. K. & Sengupta, A. K. 1993. Pest status associated with the muga silkworm. Jr. of pure and applied Zoology, 3:
189-193.
Patil, G. M. & Givindan, R. 1984. Biology of Uzifly (Exorista sorbillans) on Eri silkworm. Indian J. Seric., 23: 32-37.
Sahu, M. 2005. Pests of muga silkworm and their management. Workshop on Diseases and pests forewarning system for
muga silkworm and host plants, held at CMER&TI, Lahdoigarh.
Sarkar, D. C. 1980. Ericulture in India. Central Silk Board Bombay, pp. 51.
Thangavalu, K., Chakraborty, A., Bhagawati, A. K. & Md. Isa. 1988. Hand Book of Muga culture, Central Silk
Board, Bangalore.
Thompson, W. R. 1950. A catalogue of parasites and predtors of insect pests. Sect. 1. Part 10. Commonwealth
Agricultural Bureaux. Pp. 107.
Table 1. Effect of abiotic factors on infestation of uzifly in muga silkworm in different crop
seasons.
Crop season
Jethua (Apr-May)
Aherua (Jun-Jul)
Bhodia (Aug-Sep)
Katia (Oct-Nov)
Jarua (Dec-Jan)
Chatua (Feb-Mar)
Infestation in different Instar (%)
1st
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2nd
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3rd
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
10.5
16.4
4th
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.7
19.6
33.9
5th
10.9
4.7
3.9
12.6
31.3
39.0
Tem OC
Total
11.3
4.7
3.9
13.3
61.4
89.3
Max
33
36
37
31
19
29
R.H. (%)
Min
22
23
23
22
07
20
Max
88
91
89
85
81
81
Rainfall
(mm)
Min
68
70
65
64
63
64
Table 2. Correlation Coefficient between Uzifly infestation and weather parameters in
different crops seasons.
Crop season
Jethua (Apr-May)
Aherua (Jun-Jul)
Temperature OC
Max
Min
-0.3783
0.4627
-0.2983
0.4271
Relative Humidity (%)
Max
Min
-0.4287
0.3809
-0.3838
0.4792
Rainfall
(mm)
0.4927
-0.5326*
Bhodia (Aug-Sep)
-0.4962
0.4751
-0.4873
0.3921
-0.57843*
Katia (Oct-Nov)
-0.3982
0.4132
-0.4725
0.4623
0.4859
Jarua (Dec-Jan)
0.8199**
0.9843**
0.6239*
0.0473
0.2246
Chatua (Feb-Mar)
0.8652**
0.9936**
0.8341**
- 0.0584
-0.0413
190
580
989
104
92
59
90
STABILITY OF IRANIAN HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA
NUCLEOPOLYHEDROVIRUS FORMULATIONS UNDER
DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS
Ali Mehrvar*
University-5375171379, East-Azarbaijan, Tabriz, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]
[Mehrvar, A. 2016. Stability of Iranian Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus
formulations under different storage conditions. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 9095]
ABSTRACT: Impacts of storage on the shelf life of an Iranian Helicoverpa armigera
nucleopolyhedrovirus talc-based formulation under five sets of storage conditions has been
evaluated in room temperature (25-33°C) as well as refrigerated condition (3±2°C) over the
time. Monthly bioassays were conducted with all the treatments against early second instars
larvae of H. armigera. Results showed that the LC50 values increased gradually with time in
all the cases. The talc-based wettable powder formulation packed with nitrogen under
vacuum had the lowest LC50 value after 6 months of storage under both temperature
conditions. Also, the lowest LT50 value was seen in virus stored as unformulated suspension
at refrigerated condition after 6 months of storage (154.3 hours), whereas, it was the highest
(173.6 hours) when the unformulated virus was stored at room temperature. The present
study revealed the compatibility of the talc-based formulation with nitrogen under vacuum
condition in both the temperatures showing storage of the formulation could effectively
delay the virus inactivation. This would be crucial to marketing flexibility and timely supply
of good quality products.
KEY WORDS: HearNPV, Talc-based formulation, Nitrogen, Vacuum, Shelf life.
The nucleopolyhedrovirus has been found to be effective in the control of
Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) on several crops (Jayaraj et al., 1989). But,
inactivation of baculoviruses in storage and on plants has been recognized as a
major problem in the development of viral insecticides for use in insect pest
management systems (Burges, 1998; Moscardi, 1999). The occluded baculoviruses
can persist for years under normal environmental temperatures. This stability in
their storage and distribution is critical for development of bioinsecticides (Jones
and Burges, 1998). Factors affecting the stability of baculoviruses under storage
conditions have been listed by several authors (Couch and Ignoffo, 1981; Griffiths,
1982; Rhodes, 1993; Salama and Morris, 1993; Burges and Jones, 1997; Burges,
1998; Jones and Burges, 1998). However, of the factors affecting shelf life of
formulated and unformulated viruses in storage conditions can be stated as
temperature, pH, container quality, air condition, secondary contaminants and
some other factors (Burges, 1998). This study was, therefore, undertaken to
evaluate impacts of different set of storage conditions on the stability and
biological activity of Iranian Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus
(HearNPV) formulations.
Insect and virus: The insect culture used in the study was maintained on a
semi-synthetic diet based on Shorey and Hale (1965) for culturing H. armigera in
the Department of Plant Protection, University of Maragheh, Iran. The Iranian
isolate of HearNPV used in this study (EAZ-I) were collected from tomato fields of
Maragheh region of East-Azarbaijan province, Iran(Mehrvar, 2013a,b). The
isolate was passaged through early fifth instar larvae of host insect at 25±1˚C to
get uniformity in their virulence. All the experiments were performed in insect
91
research laboratory of the Department of Plant Protection, University of
Maragheh, and in a facility away from the colony.
Virus formulation: Mass multiplication of HearNPV was carried out using
early fifth instar larvae of H. armigera and semi-purification of crude NPV was
done based on Mehrvar (2011). Talc powder (145.5 g) was passed through 100
mesh sieve, heat sterilized and was thoroughly mixed with 4.5 g of Lissapol (D) as
a dispersant agent using a homogenizer. To this, 1×1010 OB was added and mixed
together to get a homogenate preparation and dried over CaCl2 in a desiccator.
The preparation was homogenized briefly in a blender and stored in sealed
polythene bags at 3±2°C until further use. The final product contained
6×109OB/g.
Experiments: Shelf life of the HearNPV in talc-based formulation was studied
under different laboratory conditions. The formulation was prepared and then
stored based on the following five methods:
i) Wettable powder under vacuum with Nitrogen (N2) in thick polythene
bags (wp. ptb+vac+N2)
ii) Wettable powder under vacuum in polythene bags (wp. ptb+vac)
iii) Wettable powder in polythene bags (wp. ptb)
iv) Wettable powder in poly-propylene containers (wp. ppc)
v) Water suspension in poly-propylene containers (ufs. ppc)
Two sets of each treatment were prepared of which, one was held under room
temperature (25-33°C) whereas the other was stored at 3±2°C. Vacuum packing
was done using a vacuum sealing machine with the ability of different gas
packing. In each polythene bag a quantity of 1.5 g of the formulation has been put
separately for each month of the assay. Laboratory assays were carried out
monthly for each treatment to evaluate the efficacy of the formulated NPV against
second instar larvae of H. armigera. For this purpose the viral concentration
range which has been inoculated into the glass vials containing the semi-synthetic
diet was from 1.9660 to 0.0006 OB/mm2with five times reduction in each
treatment. The semi-synthetic diet was prepared based on Shorey and Hale (1965)
and then filled in five ml glass vials up to one third of the vials height, and 10 µl of
the suspension was dispensed uniformly over the entire diet surface by a polished
blunt end of a glass rod (6 mm). Second instar larvae of uniform age and size were
released on to the diet 20 minutes after surface treatment. Each dose had 30
larvae. In each bioassay, an untreated control was also included. The larvae after
inoculation were incubated at 25±1˚C in a laboratory incubator. The observations
on larval settlements on the diet were checked out from the first day and
mortalities were recorded from third till tenth day at 24 hours interval. Each
treatment was replicated thrice.
The Probit analyses in various experiments (LC50 and LT50 values) were
carried out in a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 21 for
windows.
RESULTS
The shelf life of HearNPV formulations under either room temperature or
refrigerated condition was studied. Bioassays conducted at regular intervals
against second instar larvae of H. armigera revealed the LC50 values increased
gradually with time in all the cases. However, the increases were not significant as
the fiducial limits overlapped up to the fourth month. On the fifth month, there
was a significant drop in the activity of the wettable powder as well as the
unformulated virus when stored at refrigerated condition without vacuum.
Meanwhile, storage of the virus at room temperature showed that the virus
formulation recorded a significant drop in the LC50 value even when packed under
92
vacuum from the second months of storage onwards (Tables 1 and 2). The talcbased wettable powder formulation packed with nitrogen under vacuum had
however the lowest LC50 value after 6 months of storage under both temperature
conditions (Tables 1 and 2).
Probit analyses of time mortality responses of the larvae to the formulations
showed a progressive increase in the LT50 values as the period of storage
increased. The lowest LT50 value was seen in virus stored as unformulated
suspension at refrigerated condition after 6 months of storage (154.3 hours),
whereas, it was the highest (173.6 hours) when the unformulated virus was stored
at room temperature. However, unlike in the case of LC 50 the increase in the LT50
values was significant on the third month onwards of storage at refrigerated
condition with highest inactivation of wettable powder in polypropylene
containers (Table 3), and from the fourth month onwards in the case of storage at
room temperature with unformulated suspension in the same containers (Table
4). However, before the third month of storage, LT50 values of the formulations
under refrigerated condition did not vary significantly from that stored under
room temperature in the same month of storage(Tables 3 and 4).
DISCUSSION
The present study on the shelf life of HearNPV formulations under different
storage conditions at room temperature and refrigerated condition revealed that
the talc-based formulation packed with nitrogen under vacuum condition had the
lowest LC50 value after 6 months of storage showing the compatibility of nitrogen
with HearNPV wettable powder under both storage temperatures (Tables 1 and
2). The LC50 values increased gradually with time in all the cases. However, the
increases were not significant as the fiducial limits overlapped up to the fourth
month. The LT50 values were also showed same trends as seen in LC50 values
which approving that the refrigerated condition can effectively inhibit the virus
inactivity over the time (Tables 3 and 4). However, storage of the talc-based
HearNPV formulation packed with nitrogen under vacuum condition could
effectively delay the virus inactivation.
Thennarasan (1997) reported a decrease in the virulence of oil formulations of
HearNPV after five months of storage. Cherry et al. (1994) showed a seven
percent loss of H. armigera NPV activity on storage at 4°C for 18 months. Gopali
and Lingappa (2001) reported that HearNPV stored under refrigerated condition
did not lose virulence throughout the year. Similarly, Narabenchi (2004) found no
loss of virulence in the activity of HearNPV under refrigerated condition after 12
months of storage. Same results were also stated by Mehrvar (2012) for an Indian
HearNPV isolate which formulated as wettable powder.
The present study on the shelf life of HearNPV formulations could be an
effective pace to find out long-term storage impacts on the virulence of the virus.
This would be crucial to marketing flexibility and timely supply of good quality
products.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Thanks are extended to all my colleagues and officials at the Department of
Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Maragheh for their genuine
assistance and the facilities provided.
LITERATURE CITED
Burges, H. D. 1998.Formulation of microbial biopesticides, Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 412 pp.
93
Burges, H. D. & Jones, K. A. 1997. Formulation of bacteria, viruses and protozoa to control insects. In: Burges,
H.D.(Ed.), Formulation of microbial biopesticides, beneficial microorganisms and nematodes. Chapman and Hall,
London, 357-410.
Cherry, A. J., Parnell, M. A., Smith, D. & Jones, K. A. 1994. Oil formulation of insect viruses. IOBC Bulletin, 17:
254-257.
Couch, T. L. & Ignoffo, C. M. 1981. Formulation of insect pathogens. In: Burges, H.D.(Ed.), Microbial control of pests
and plant diseases. Academic Press, London, 621-634.
Gopali, J. B. & Lingappa, S. 2001. Evaluation of safety period for field use of virus (HaNPV) under different set of
storage conditions, Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 14: 1072-1074.
Griffiths, I. P. 1982. A new approach to the problem of identifying baculoviruses. In: Kurstak, E.(Ed.),Microbial and viral
pesticides. Marcel-Dekker, New York, 527-583.
Jayaraj, S., Rabindra, R. J. & Narayanan, K. 1989. Development and use of microbial agents for control of Heliothis
spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In: King, K.G. & Jackson, V. (Eds.), Proceeding of International Workshop on
Biological Control of Heliothis, increasing the effectiveness of natural enemies. New Delhi, India, 483-504.
Jones, K. A. & Burges, H. D. 1998. Technology of formulation and application. In: Burges, H. D. (Ed.), Formulation of
microbial biopesticides. Kluwer Academic Publishers, the Netherlands, 7-30.
Mehrvar, A. 2011. Entomopathogenic viruses, mass production technology. In: Borgio, J.F., Sahayaraj, K. & Susurluk,
A.(Eds.), Microbial insecticides, principles and applications. NOVA Science Publishers, USA, 281-305.
Mehrvar, A. 2012. Studies on the nucleopolyhedrovirus of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner),evaluation of its geographic
isolates, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 422 pp.
Mehrvar, A. 2013a. Synergistic effects of optical brighteners on the insecticidal activities of Iranian nucleopolyhedrovirus
isolates against Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 56 (6): 708-714.
Mehrvar, A. 2013b. Virus yield parameters in mass production of three Iranian geographic isolates of Helicoverpa
armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 56 (10): 1229-1234.
Moscardi, F. 1999. Assessment of the application of baculoviruses for control of Lepidoptera. Annual Review of
Entomology, 44: 257-289.
Narabenchi, G. B. 2004. Studies on nucleopolyhedrovirus of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae),
Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore, India, 105 pp.
Rhodes, D. J.1993. Formulation of biological control agents. In: Jones, D.G. (Ed.), Exploitation of microorganisms.
Chapman and Hall, London, 411-439.
Salama, H. S. & Morris, O. N. 1993. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis in developing countries. In: Entwistle, P.F., Cory,
J.S., Bailey, M.J. &Higgs, S.(Eds.),Bacillus thuringiensis, an environmental biopesticide, theory and practice. John
Wiley, Chichester, 237-253.
Shorey, H. H. & Hale, R. L. 1965. Mass rearing of the larvae of nine noctuid species on a simple artificial medium.
Journal of Economic Entomology, 58: 522-524.
Thennarasan, M. 1997. Studies on the development of oil formulations of nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa
armigera (Hbn.), M.Sc. Thesis, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India, 108 pp.
Table 1. Probit analyses of concentration-mortality response of second instar larvae of H.
armigera to HearNPV wettable powder formulation under different methods of storage at
3±2°C.
94
Table 2. Probit analyses of concentration-mortality response of second instar larvae of H.
armigera to HearNPV wettable powder formulation under different methods of storage at
room temperature.
Table 3. Probit analyses of time-mortality response of second instar larvae of H. armigera to
HearNPV‡ wettable powder formulation under different methods of storage at 3±2°C.
95
Table 4. Probit analyses of time-mortality response of second instar larvae of H. armigera to
HearNPV‡ wettable powder formulation under different methods of storage at room
temperature.
96
A REVIEW OF THE GENERA DIORHABDA WEISE AND
RADYMNA REITTER IN TURKEY AND THE COLOUR
VARIATIONS OF RADYMNA FISCHERI (FALDERMANN)
FROM TURKEY (CHRYSOMELIDAE: GALERUCINAE)
Hüseyin Özdikmen* and Neslihan Silkin*
* Gazi University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, 06500 Ankara, TURKEY. E-mail:
[email protected]
[Özdikmen, H. & Silkin, N. 2016. A review of the genera Diorhabda Weise and
Radymna Reitter in Turkey and the colour variations of Radymna fischeri (Faldermann)
from Turkey (Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 96-104]
ABSTRACT: Species of the genera Diorhabda Weise, 1883 and Radymna Reitter, 1913 in
Turkey are reviewed and a complete checklist with provincial distributions is presented.
Eight species are catalogued in total. Also the colour variations of Radymna fischeri
(Faldermann, 1837) from Turkey are described and photographed.
KEY WORDS: Radymna, Radymna fischeri, check-list, colour variations, Turkey.
The genus Diorhabda was erected by Weise (1883) with the type species
Galeruca elongata Brullé, 1832, by original designation. The genus Radymna was
introduced by Reitter (1913) with the type species Diorhabda rickmersi Weise,
1900, by monotypy, formerly included in Diorhabda.
After Beenen (2008), Radymna includes all former Diorhabda species except
for only Diorhabda elongata and the related species (D. elongata species-group)
that remain in the genus Diorhabda. D. elongata species-group was revised by
Tracy & Robbins (2009). These species are D. carinata (Faldermann, 1837), D.
carinulata (Desbrochers, 1870), D. elongata (Brullé, 1832), D. meridionalis Berti
& Rapilly, 1973 and D. sublineata (Lucas, 1849). Also D. octocostata Gahan, 1896
is correctly classified in Diorhabda according to Beenen (2014).
In addition some Chinese and Himalayan species have not been reviewed
recently and thus have remained in Diorhabda too (Beenen, 2010). Beenen
(2014) stated these species should also be included in Radymna. These species
are D. lusca Maulik, 1936, D. rybakowi Weise, 1890, D. tarsalis Weise, 1889 and
D. trirakha Maulik, 1936. However, key of Beenen (2014) did not included these
species.
Besides, Warchalowski (2010) gave 3 species for the genus Radymna as R.
fischeri (Faldermann, 1837), R. maculipennis (Chen, 1942) and R. persica
(Faldermann, 1837), and 8 species for the genus Diorhabda as D. carinulata
Desbrochers, 1870, D. elongata (Brullé, 1832), D. koltzei Weise, 1900, D.
octocostata Gahan, 1896, D. quadrimaculata (Redtenbacher, 1850), D. rickmersi
Weise, 1900, D. rybakowi Wesie, 1890 and D. tarsalis Weise, 1889.
However, Beenen (2014) stated the structure of antennal segments of Clitena
maculipennis Chen, 1942 does not correspond with any of the species in
Radymna. According to Beenen (2014), D. quadrimaculata (Redtenbacher, 1850)
and D. rickmersi Weise, 1900 are in the genus Radymna and Galerupipla
brunnea Maulik, 1936 is conspecific with Galeruca turcica Stierlin, 1867 and thus
it is a junior synonym of R. persica (Faldermann, 1837).
Consequently the genus Diorhabda can include 6 species as D. carinata
(Faldermann, 1837), D. carinulata (Desbrochers, 1870), D. octocostata Gahan,
1896, D. elongata (Brullé, 1832), D. meridionalis Berti & Rapilly, 1973 and D.
sublineata (Lucas, 1849). Also the genus Radymna can include 12 species as R.
damascena (Joannis, 1865), R. fischeri (Faldermann, 1837), R. latifrons Beenen,
2014, R. lusca (Maulik, 1936), R. maculicollis Beenen, 2014, R. nigrifrons
97
(Laboissière, 1914), R. persica (Faldermann, 1837), R. quadrimaculata
(Redtenbacher, 1850), R. rickmersi (Weise, 1900), R. rybakowi (Weise, 1890), R.
tarsalis (Weise, 1889) and R. trirakha (Maulik, 1936).
MATERIAL AND METHOD
A total of 44 Diorhabda specimens and 527 Radymna specimens were
collected from 6 different provinces in Turkey as Aksaray, Ankara, Çankırı,
Kayseri and Niğde in the years of 1993, 1997, 2013, 2014 and 2015. As a result of
identification of them, one species of the genus Diorhabda as Diorhabda
elongata and two species of the genus Radymna as Radymna fischeri and
Radymna persica were determined. Among the collected specimens from Çankırı
province, an aberrant variation of R. fischeri (Faldermann, 1837) was determined
on the base of two damaged male specimens. This variation is described and
illustrated in the present text. The available specimens for the present study are
deposited in Gazi University and Nazife Tuatay Plant Protection Museum (NTM)
(Turkey: Ankara).
Information in the present text is given in following order:
For the genus name, the type species is provided under the taxon name. For
each species, reported from Turkey, are given alphabetically within the genus. The
Turkish distribution patterns for each species are given only concerning
provinces. Turkish endemic taxa are marked with the sign (*).
For distribution data of the taxa, Tracy & Robbins (2009), Ekiz et al. (2013),
Özdikmen & Topcu (2014), Beenen (2014) for Turkey, and Döberl in Löbl &
Smetana (2010) for World are used in the text chiefly.
RESULTS
Turkish Diorhabda and Radymna species are reviewed on the base of 571
specimens of 7 species from 6 different provinces in Turkey with the present
work. All species of the genera Diorhabda Weise, 1883 and Radymna Reitter,
1913 in Turkey are presented as follows:
Genus DIORHABDA Weise, 1883
Type sp.: Galeruca elongata Brullé, 1836
The genus Diorhabda is represented by 2 species in Turkey as D. carinata
(Faldermann, 1837) and D. elongata (Brullé, 1832) according to Ekiz et al. (2013),
Özdikmen et al. (2014) and Özdikmen & Topcu (2014).
Diorhabda carinata (Faldermann, 1837)
Records in Turkey: Asian Turkey (Anatolia): Ağrı, Artvin, Erzurum, Iğdır and Siirt
provinces.
Range: Europe: Ukraine, Asia: Armenia, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, China, Georgia, Iran,
Kirgizia, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Syria, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan, and
introduced to Nearctic region.
Remarks: The record of Aralık (Iğdır province) in Tracy & Robbins (2009) is given for the
first time according to Ekiz et al. (2013), Özdikmen et al. (2014) and Özdikmen & Topcu
(2014).
Diorhabda elongata (Brullé, 1832)
Material examined: Çankırı prov.: Hasakça, Central, 27.VII.1993, 1 specimen;
Kayseri prov.: Süleymanlı, Central, 27.VII.1993, 39 specimens; Çankırı prov.: Central,
İnanç village, 761 m, 24.VII.2013, 2 specimens; Çerkeş, between Karaşar-Uluköy, 901 m,
26.VIII.2013, 2 specimens.
98
Records in Turkey: European Turkey (Thracia): Edirne province; Asian Turkey
(Anatolia): Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydın, Çankırı, Diyarbakır, Eskişehir, Erzurum,
Isparta, İzmir, Kayseri, Malatya, Manisa, Mersin, Samsun, Uşak, Yozgat and Zonguldak
provinces.
Range: Europe: Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Macedonia,
Portugal, Spain, South part of European Russia, Yugoslavia, North Africa: Algeria, Egypt,
Asia: Cyprus, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, and introduced to Nearctic region.
Diorhabda carinata (Faldermann, 1837) was regarded as a synonym of
Diorhabda elongata (Brullé, 1832) for a long time (e.g. Warchalowski, 2010).
Since both species are similar morphologic characters. Both species can easily be
distinguished by male and female genitaliae (Tracy & Robbins, 2009).
A key for Turkish Diorhabda species
on the base of Tracy & Robbins (2009)
1. In male: Elongate endophallic sclerite armed with spines on blade extending
over an area greater than or equal to 0.31 times (or greater than about one third)
the length of the sclerite, with blade extending greater than or equal to 0.43 times
the total length of the sclerite; elongate endophallic sclerite sometimes bearing a
lateral appendage, lateral notch (pointed basally) or hooked apex. Palmate
endophallic sclerite with distal margin truncate serrate and with two to six
(commonly three to five) usually distal spines (maximum one spine subdistal) and
a lateral appendage, or with distal margin narrowly or acutely rounded and one or
two small subdistal spines and no lateral appendage (sometimes with lateral
notch). Subsutural and submarginal elytral vittae, if present, often extending from
apical half of elytra into the basal half. Length 4.2–7.3 mm. In female: Vaginal
palpi triangulate, narrowly rounded. Width of the widest lobe on the stalk of
internal sternite VIII from 0.08–0.18 mm. Subsutural and submarginal elytral
vittae, if present, often extending from apical half of elytra into the basal half.
Length 4.9–8.4 mm………………………………………….D. carinata (Faldermann, 1837)
-. In male: Elongate endophallic sclerite armed with spines on blade extending
over an area less than or equal to 0.16 times (or less than about one fifth) the
length of the sclerite, and blade extending less than or equal to 0.42 times the
total length of the sclerite; elongate endophallic sclerite never bearing a lateral
appendage, lateral notch (pointed basally), or hooked apex. Palmate endophallic
sclerite with distal margin usually broadly rounded and with one to six
(commonly two to four) usually subdistal spines (maximum of two distal spines),
and no lateral appendage (rarely with a lateral notch). Subsutural and
submarginal elytral vittae, if present, never extending from apical half of elytra
into the basal half. Length 5.3–6.8 mm. In female: Vaginal palpi broadly rounded.
Width of the widest lobe on the stalk of internal sternite VIII from 0.06–0.11 mm.
Subsutural and submarginal elytral vittae, if present, never extending from apical
half of elytra into the basal half. Length 5.8–7.7 m.……..D. elongata (Brullé, 1832)
Genus RADYMNA Reitter, 1913
Type sp.: Diorhabda rickmersi Weise, 1900
The genus Radymna had been represented by 3 species in Turkey as R.
fischeri (Faldermann, 1837), R. nigrifrons (Laboissière, 1914) and R. persica
(Faldermann, 1837) according to Ekiz et al. (2013), Özdikmen et al. (2014) and
Özdikmen & Topcu (2014). After Beenen (2014), the number of species rose up to
5 with the addition of a new species and a new record as R. maculicollis Beenen,
2014 and D. quadrimaculata (Redtenbacher, 1850) respectively.
99
Radymna fischeri (Faldermann, 1837)
Material examined: Çankırı prov.: Korgun, Kayaçivi village, 1003 m, 23.IV.2013, 1
specimen; Central, İnanç village, 761 m, 24.VII.2013, 1 specimen; Kızılırmak, Karallı village return,
606 m, 25.IV.2014, 21 specimens; Central, exit of Eldivan, 857 m, 26.IV.2014, 1 specimen;
Kurşunlu, Köprülü return, 1130 m, 20.V.2014, 7 specimens; Kızılırmak, exit of Cacıklar, 558 m,
12.VII.2014, 3 specimens; Kızılırmak, between Karamürsel-Boyacıoğlu, 547 m, 12.VII.2014, 36
specimens; Central, entry of Danabaşı, 582 m, 13.VII.2014, 1 specimen; Central, Aşağıçavuş village,
880 m, 15.VII.2014, 1 specimen; Central, entry of Dereçatı village, 1068 m, 09.VIII.2014, 1
specimen; Central, between Dereçatı-Başeğnez, 1099 m, 09.VIII.2014, 2 specimens; Eldivan, entry
of Gölezkayı, 1022 m, 09.VIII.2014, 1 specimen; Eldivan, between Gölezkayı-Gölez, 924 m,
09.VIII.2014, 1 specimen; Kızılırmak, between Yukarı Alagöz-Alıca, 590 m, 11.VIII.2014, 53
specimens; Central, between Karadayı-Çatalelma village, 569 m, 11.VIII.2014, 96 specimens;
Kızılırmak, Ovacık return, 575 m, 11.VIII.2014, 36 specimens; Kızılırmak, Yeniyapan village, 702
m, 11.VIII.2014, 1 specimen; Kızılırmak, Karadibek village, 601 m, 11.VIII.2014, 29 specimens;
Kızılırmak, between Küçükbahçeli-Tepe Alagöz, 572 m, 11.VIII.2014, 26 specimens; Kızılırmak,
Tepe Alagöz village, 574 m, 11.VII.2014, 48 specimens; Kızılırmak, Cacıklar road, 556 m,
11.VIII.2014, 6 specimens; Kızılırmak, between Cacıklar-Karamürsel villages, 527 m, 11.VIII.2014,
4 specimens; Kızılırmak, between Korçullu-Kenallı, 557 m, 12.VIII.2014, 18 specimens; Kızılırmak,
between Saraycık-Karallı, 592 m, 12.VIII.2014, 10 specimens; Central, Danabaşı-Sarı Mehmet
village return, 602 m, 13.VIII.2014, 11 specimens; Central, between Kuzuköy-Ovacık, 677 m,
13.VIII.2014, 5 specimens; Central, between Bayındır-Hasakça, 1104 m, 13.VIII.2014, 1 specimen;
Bayramören, entry of Sazak, 1408 m, 21.VIII.2014, 3 specimens; Eldivan, Akbulut village return,
1076 m, 14.V.2015, 2 specimens; Central, between Külburun-Karadayı, 614 m, 16.V.2015, 21
specimens; Kızılırmak, Yukarıalagöz village, 642 m, 16.V.2015, 12 specimens; Kızılırmak,
Tepealagöz return, 557 m, 16.V.2015, 7 specimens; Kızılırmak, exit of Büyükbahçeli, 611 m,
16.V.2015, 1 specimen; Kızılırmak, Kavaklı, 542 m, 16.V.2015, 3 specimens; Kızılırmak, between
Korçullu-Kemalli, 586 m, 17.V.2015, 4 specimens; Kızılırmak, Karallı-Kahyalı return, 556 m,
17.V.2015, 16 specimens; Kızılırmak, Kahyalı village, 634 m, 17.V.2015, 25 specimens; Atkaracalar,
between Kükürt village: Demirciler district-Yazıören, 924 m, 20.VI.2015, 3 specimens; Niğde
prov.: Bor, Bor-Altunhisar road, Üstünkaya, 1150 m, 17.VII.1997, 2 specimens.
Records in Turkey: Asian Turkey (Anatolia): Ankara, Çankırı, Erzurum, Eskişehir,
Gaziantep, Iğdır, Isparta, Kars, Kayseri, Konya (Tuz Lake), Nevşehir, Niğde and Zonguldak
provinces.
Range: Europe: South part of European Russia, and Asia: Azerbaijan, Iran,
Turkmenistan and Turkey.
Remarks: The species is recorded for the first time from Çankırı province. Also the records
of Eskişehir, Konya, Nevşehir and Zonguldak provinces in Beenen (2014) are given for the
first time according to Ekiz et al. (2013), Özdikmen et al. (2014) and Özdikmen & Topcu
(2014).
The colour variations of R. fischeri (Faldermann, 1837)
R. fischeri (Faldermann, 1837) is a very variable species in terms of coloration
of the body.
During the study of the collected specimens of R. fischeri (Faldermann, 1837)
from Turkey in the years of 1997, 2013, 2014 and 2015, we have determined many
variations including an aberrant variety Galerucella fischeri var. subnigra Weise,
1878.
In the typical form, according to original description of Faldermann (1837),
body is light rust-reddish; antennae completely reddish; vertex, scutellum,
underside of the body, longitudinal median stripe on pronotum black; elytral
suture blackened; legs rust-reddish with tarsi dark brown.
Also Faldermann (1837) stated that var. B. is “somewhat larger, darker,
especially antennae black apically”. Then this variety was described by Weise
(1878) as Galerucella fischeri var. subnigra.
In this variety, according to original description of Weise (1878), the body
flattaned with equally broad elytra, with extremely finely pubescence (the hairs
seem to be more abraded). The head is forward, often only the frons and two
frontal tubercles red-brown. Pronotum red-brown, exactly twice as wide as long,
100
with a broad black longitudinal median stripe on disc. Elytra with a wide black
sutural stripe which begins basically, occupies at least 1/3 of length of each
elytron and does not reach the apex; a second black longitudinal stripe on the
outer edge, which covered the middle 3/5 of the edge of elytron and also 1/3 of the
width of elytron, so that at any of the same, only the middle third in the form of a
wider longitudinal stripe, elytron in front and rear of the stripe red-brown
colored. The antennae black with sometimes first 4 antennomeres pitch-brown,
antennomeres 1, 3 and 4 stretched, antennomere 4 slightly longer than 3,
antennomeres 2 and 5-8 among themselves equal long, 9 to 11 slightly longer. The
whole underside black, joints between the femora and tibiae in form of ringed
expansion reddish-yellow.
Among the collected specimens from Çankırı province, two damaged male
specimens were determined as an aberrant variation R. fischeri var. subnigra
(Weise, 1878) of the species R. fischeri (Faldermann, 1837). This variation is
described and illustrated as follows:
Material examined: Çankırı prov.: Eldivan, Akbulut village return, 40˚ 30’ 48’’
N, 33˚ 30’ 36’’ E, 1076 m, 14.V.2015, 2 males.
This aberrant variation, R. fischeri var. subnigra (Weise, 1878), is also known
from Isparta province in Turkey according to R. Beenen (pers. comm., 2015).
101
Description: Length 4,65-4,70 mm. Humeral width: 2,000-2,125 mm.
Head bicolorous. Mouth parts including labrum blackish-brown; labrum
unpunctured; frons and frontal tubercles entirely red-brown, without pubescence
and almost unpunctured; vertex black, rather closely deeply punctured; head
behind the eyes reddish; head clothed with yellowish-white pubescence except for
frons and frontal tubercles. Antennae relatively short and robust. First four
antennomere mostly reddish-brown, the remaining antennomeres black.
Antennomeres 3 and 4 with equal length.
Pronotum clearly transversal, yellowish with a broad black longitudinal
median stripe; each medio-lateral part of pronotum with a hollow; pronotal disc
rather closely deeply punctured; pronotum clothed with yellowish-white
pubescence.
Scutellum black, punctured and clothed with pubescense.
Elytra reddish-brown, clothed with yellowish-white pubescence; each elytron
with a broad sutural and a broad lateral black stripe; sutural stripe absent only in
1/7 apical part of elytral length. Lateral stripe can only be showed along the mid
part, absent in basal and apical parts of elytra. Elytra densely deeply randomly
punctured. Pygidium black. Epipleura rather long, gradually narrowed towards
apex, extends to ¼ apical part of elytral length.
Ventral side of the body black, clothed with rather long, dense slanting
whistish pubescence.
Legs entirely black except for reddish-brown trochanters.
Aedeagi of these specimens are completely fitting to that of R. fischeri
(Faldermann, 1837).
Consequently, the species R. fischeri (Faldermann, 1837) has many colour
variations between the unicolorous form (light rust-reddish) and R. fischeri var.
subnigra (Weise, 1878). All forms known by us are described in respect of parts of
the body.
Coloration of head
Entirely light rust-reddish to more or less black vertex with the exception for
darkened mouth parts.
Usually mouth parts darkened (dark brown to blackish-brown); frons and two
frontal tubercles always pale (light reddish-brown to dark reddish-brown); vertex
light rust-reddish or more or less black.
102
Coloration of antennae
Entirely reddish to entirely black.
Entirely reddish; black with first 4 antennomeres pitch-brown; black with first
four antennomeres light reddish-brown to dark reddish-brown; entirely black.
Coloration of pronotum
Entirely light rust-reddish-brown to red-brown with a black longitudinal
median stripe on disc.
Entirely light rust-reddish-brown; light rust-reddish, red-brown or yellowish
with a black longitudinal median stripe which narrow or more or less broad,
reaches or does not reach to anterior and posterior margins of pronotum.
Coloration of scutellum
Entirely black or entirely light rust-reddish.
Coloration of elytra
Entirely light rust-reddish to red-brown with a broad black sutural stripe and
a broad lateral black stripe.
Entirely light rust-reddish or light rust-reddish with blackened suture; entirely
light reddish-brown; red-brown with a darkened sutural stripe; entirely brown or
dark reddish-brown with a darkened sutural stripe; red-brown with a broad black
sutural stripe and a broad lateral black stripe.
103
Coloration of underside of the body
At most parts light rust-reddish to entirely black.
Entirely black; black with red-brown anal sternite; light rust-reddish with
blackened mesosternum and metasternum.
Coloration of legs
Almost entirely pale to almost entirely black.
Entirely pale with reddish-brown femora, yellowish tibiae, and darkened
claws; entirely pale with red-brown femora and tibiae, darkened joints between
femora and tibiae, and darkened tarsi; red-brown to dark red-brown with
darkened joints between femora and tibiae, and darkened tarsi; light rust-reddish
with dark brown tarsi; light rust-reddish with darkened joints between femora
and tibiae, and darkened tarsi; entirely black with reddish-yellow joints between
the femora and tibiae in form of ringed expansion; entirely black except for
reddish-brown trochanters.
Radymna maculicollis Beenen, 2014
Records in Turkey: Asian Turkey (Anatolia): Bingöl province.
Range: Asia: Iran, Israel and Turkey.
Radymna nigrifrons (Laboissière, 1914)
Records in Turkey: Asian Turkey (Anatolia): Iğdır and Kars provinces.
Range: Asia: Armenia and Turkey.
Radymna persica (Faldermann, 1837)
Material examined: Aksaray prov.: Zengen, Yukarı Göndelen, 1060 m, 23.06.1997, 1
specimen; Ankara prov.: Şereflikoçhisar, Tuz Gölü, 980 m, 03.06.1997, 2 specimens;
Kayseri prov.: Yahyalı, Derebağı, Şelale district, 1280 m, 25.06.1997, 4 specimens;
Konya prov.: Kulu, Tavşançalı, 1000 m, 31.05.1997, 1 specimen.
Records in Turkey: Asian Turkey (Anatolia): Aksaray, Ankara, Kayseri, Konya and Kars
provinces.
Range: Europe: Greece, and Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Cyprus,
Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Kazakhstan, Pakistan, Russia, Syria, Tadjikistan, Turkmenistan
and Turkey.
Radymna quadrimaculata (Redtenbacher, 1850)
Records in Turkey: Asian Turkey (Anatolia): Bingöl, Elazığ and Tunceli provinces.
Range: Asia: Iran and Turkey.
Remarks: The records from Turkey in Beenen (2014) are given for the first time according
to Ekiz et al. (2013), Özdikmen et al. (2014) and Özdikmen & Topcu (2014).
104
Key to the species of Radymna Reitter, 1913 was presented by Beenen (2014).
A key for Turkish Radymna species
on the base of Beenen (2014)
1. Elytra brown to olive-green with yellow spots at humerus and elytral apex,
which may merge………………………………………………………………………………………….2
-. Elytra yellow, or yellow with suture and lateral margin dark………………………….3
2. Pronotum mostly black or black with yellow margins. Aedeagus narrow with
blunt apex. Length 4.60-4.75 mm…….….R. quadrimaculata (Redtenbacher, 1850)
-. Pronotum yellow with elongate central black marking which is wide at base and
narrows towards front margin. Aedeagus broad with asymmetrical sharp apex.
Length 4.60-4.75 mm………….…………….……………….…R. maculicollis Beenen, 2014
3. Lateral depressions on pronotum deep. Elytra yellow, or yellow with suture and
lateral margin dark. Length 4.50 mm.……………....R. nigrifrons (Laboissière, 1914)
-. Lateral depressions of pronotum shallow. Elytra brown to olive-green….………..4
4. Pronotum relatively wide. Fourth antennomere in male on underside slightly
excavated, with a brush of setae. Aedeagal sides more or less parallel and the apex
blunt Length 4.0-5.0 mm…………………..………….……R. fischeri (Faldermann, 1837)
-. Pronotum relatively narrow. Fourth antennomere in male normal, without a
brush of setae. Aedeagal sides regularly converging and the apex sharply pointed
or in some populations slightly blunt Length 4.20-5.40 mm.....................................
……………………………………………………….………………..R. persica (Faldermann, 1837)
LITERATURE CITED
Beenen, R. 2008. Taxonomical and nomenclatural changes in Palaearctic Galerucinae and description of a new species
(Chrysomelidae). Entomologische Blätter, 103/104: 63-80.
Beenen, R. 2010. Galerucinae. In: Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (ed.), Catalogue of the Palaearctic Coleoptera 6: 74-75, 443-491.
Apollo Books, Stenstrup.
Beenen, R. 2014. Key to the species of Radymna Reitter, 1913 with taxonomic and faunistic comments and description of
two new species (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Galerucinae). Entomologische Blätter und Coleoptera, 110: 87-100.
Döberl, M. 2010. Alticinae. Pp. 491-563 in: Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (eds). Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Vol. 6.
Chrysomeloidea. Stenstrup: Apollo Books.
Ekiz, A. N., Şen, İ., Aslan, E. G. & Gök, A. 2013. Checklist of leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of Turkey,
excluding Bruchinae, Journal of Natural History, 47 (33-34): 2213-2287.
Faldermann, F. 1837. Fauna entomologica trans-caucasica. Coleoptera. Pars II. Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société
Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou 5: 3-433.
Özdikmen, H., Mercan, N., Cihan, N., Kaya, G., Topcu, N. N. & Kavak, M. 2014. The importance of superfamily
Chrysomeloidea for Turkish biodiversity (Coleoptera). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 9 (1): 17-45.
Özdikmen, H. & Topcu, N. N. 2014. Chorotype identification for Turkish Chrysomeloidea (Coleoptera) Part VI –
Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 9 (1): 214-226.
Reitter, E. 1913. Fauna Germanica. Die Käfer des Deutschen Reiches. Band IV. Stuttgart, [1912]: 1-236.
Tracy, J. L. & Robbins, T. O. 2009. Taxonomic revision and biogeography of the Tamarix-feeding Diorhabda elongata
(Brullé, 1832) species group (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae: Galerucini) and analysis of their potential in
biological control of Tamarisk. Zootaxa, 2101: 1-152.
Weise, J. 1878. [new taxa]. In Schneider, O. & Leder, H. (ed.). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der kaukasischen Käferfauna. Brünn:
W. Burkart, 358 pp.
Weise, J. 1883. Ueber die mit Galeruca Geoffr. verwandten Gattungen. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, 27: 315-316.
105
RE-DESCRIPTION OF THE ADULTS OF INDIAN GYPSY MOTH
LYMANTRIA OBFUSCATA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA:
LYMANTRIIDAE) IN HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA
Bhopesh Thakur*, Sumit Chakrabarti**
and Vinod Kumar Mattu*
* Department of Biosciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh,
INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]
** Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Panthaghati, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, INDIA.
[Thakur, B., Chakrabarti, S. & Mattu, V. K. 2016. Re-description of the adults of
Indian gypsy moth Lymantria obfuscata Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Himachal
Pradesh, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 105-113]
ABSTRACT: Lymantria obfuscata Walker is a serious pest of about 200 broad-leaved tree
species, including oaks, throughout India. It is a small moth, belonging to family
Lymantriidae (class Insecta), which over-winter in egg stage in the form of egg-masses and
has six larval instars. Sexual dimorphism was distinct, as the female moths were dull brown
having shiny pubescence and sedentary, while the males were dark coloured having welldeveloped wings. The taxonomic description was not completely available in the past so the
present study emphasized on the re-description of the adult stages of L. obfuscata.
KEY WORDS: Lymantria obfuscata, IGM, genitalia, wing venation, scales.
The forests of Himachal Pradesh are composed of valuable species like deodar,
chir, kail, oak and various other conifers and broad-leaved species. In the recent
past, these valuable forests have been sufferings a huge loss on the account of
diseases and outbreak of insect pests, which constitute a serious problem in the
management of forest resources (Baker, 1972; Furniss & Carolin, 1977). The
majority of important forest defoliators are Lepidoptera. Lymantria obfuscata
Walker (1865), commonly known as Indian Gypsy Moth (IGM) is a serious pest of
about 200 broad-leaved tree species throughout India, viz. willow (Salix spp.),
poplar (Populas spp.), oak (Quercus spp.), walnut (Jugulans spp.), apple (Malus
spp.), apricot (Prunus spp.), cherry (Prunus cerasus) and almond (Prunus
amygdalis) (Beeson, 1941; Dharmadhikari et al., 1985; Rishi & Shah, 1985). It is
found in the montane and submontane zones of northwestern India and West
Pakistan and reported from northern and southern plains of India.
Several outbreaks as well as sporadic attack of this pest have been reported
from Himachal Pradesh (Verma et al., 1979). An outbreak was reported in year
2005, from Sarahan and Narag in Sirmour district (H.P.), where massive
defoliation of oak trees took place (Singh et al., 2007). Infestations of IGM cause
major loss of the fodder trees and cash crops. L. obfuscata is one of the most
destructive pests of fruit and forest plantations including willows and poplars in
Kashmir (Malik et al., 1972; Sheikh, 1975). Fletcher (1919) was the first to focus
attention on L. obfuscata as a serious pest of apple, apricot, willow and poplar
and Rahman (1941) observed it feeding on apple trees at Kotgarh, Shimla.
Incidence of L. obfuscata on apples, poplars, willows and other plantations in
India has also been reported by Pruthi & Batra (1960) and Singh & Singh (1986).
Earlier the same species was described under the Genus Porthetria. At present
the Taxonomy ID for Lymantria obfuscata Walker is 78900, which is
internationally accepted. It was felt that taxonomic re-description of the adult
moth of Lymantria obfuscata Walker was necessary because detail account of
both the male and female moths was incomplete. All the adult moths studied,
were from the laboratory reared stock.
106
The biology of L. obfuscata was studied under the laboratory conditions for
four consecutive years, 2006 to 2009 at HFRI, Shimla, with the average
temperature and relative humidity of 19.98±4.535ºC and 58.46±16.627%,
respectively [Thermo-Hygro Clock M288CTH, Mextech]. The egg-masses of IGM
were collected from the areas of Sarahan and Bhuntar (H.P.). These egg-masses
were then placed in the laboratory for over-winter storage. The hatching of eggs
took place around mid March and the neonate larvae were placed on fresh tender
leaves of Quercus leucotrichophora Roxb. (ban oak), in the wire-meshed wooden
cages of dimensions, 65 cm × 68 cm × 99 cm, having a sliding glass on one side
and the bottom resting on the wooden base.
The adult moths, as they emerged from laboratory reared stock, were instantly
killed by exposing them to cotton soaked ethyl acetate and were subsequently
stretched, pinned and preserved. Morphology of the male and female adult moths
was studied by taking observations on different body parts of the moth. The body
length and wing span of adult moth were measured with Digital Caliper
[Aerospace, Resolution 0.01 mm]. The colour, shape and size, structure of
antennae, legs, wings and body segments were studied. The length and wing span
of the adult moths were measured by taking the mean of five male and five female
moths. Slides of insect body parts, such as head, antennae, fore- and hind-wings
and genitalia were prepared. The weight of the adult moths was measured by
taking the mean of sixty male and female moths each with the help of electronic
balance [Denver Instrument, TB-214, d=0.1 mg].
Mounting of wings
For the preparation of slides of forewing and hindwing of adult moth, the
wings were detached from the body of the adult moth with fine pointed forceps by
piercing the body cuticle surrounding the wing base and then pulling the wing
loose. The wings were bleached by immersing them in sodium hypochlorite
solution for 1-3 minutes and after that the surface of the wings was rubbed softly,
with a fine brush so as to separate the scales. Unwanted parts of body cuticle and
muscles at the base of wing were also removed. Dehydration of the wings was
done in 70%, 90% and 100% grades of alcohol, for 5-10 minutes each. Then the
wings were mounted in modified Bersale’s mounting media.
Preparation of genitalia
For the preparation of genitalia, the posterior segments of the adult were
exposed and sliced with the help of scissors. These segments were taken in the
test tube and boiled in 10% KOH for 5-10 minutes in water bath. After cooling, the
samples were cleared of their respective tergum, sternum, muscles and internal
tissues in the cavity block. Dehydration was done in 70%, 90% and 100% grades
of alcohol, for 5-10 minutes each. Lastly, drying was done with the help of blotting
paper and then warmed gently in chloral phenol solution (clearing agent) and
mounted in modified Bersale’s mounting media.
Microscopic observations
Morphometric studies were made with the help of compound microscope
[Nikon E400] and Radical stereo zoom microscope [RSM-9] with USB Digital
Scale 1.1E software in a digital microscopic workstation. Photography was done
with the help of Nikon D80 Digital SLR camera.
Lymantria obfuscata
Lymantria obfuscata, Walker (1865)
Lymantria obfuscata, Hampson (1892)
Lymantria obfuscata, Strand (1910)
107
Lymantria obfuscata, Strand (1923)
Lymantria obfuscata, Schintlmeister (2004)
Lymantria (Porthetria) obfuscata, Pogue & Schaefer (2007)
Liparis obfuscata, Swinhoe (1923)
Morphology
In the present study it was observed that Lymantria obfuscata was a small
moth, which exhibited sexual dimorphism. The female was dull brown with shiny
pubescence on abdomen and possessed vestigial wings, whereas, the male was
dark coloured having well developed wings with characteristic designs. Hampson
(1892) also made the similar observations regarding the study of L. obfuscata.
The male moths were smaller, greyish in appearance and had bipectinate type
of antennae (Fig. 1A). They have well developed pairs of wings, and fly actively in
a zig-zag course, after their emergence from the puparium. The mean wing
expanse, body length and weight of the male moth recorded was 31.80±3.768
mm, 13.60±1.140 mm and 60.14±19.847 mg, respectively (Table 1). Ferguson
(1978) has also reported that the male antennae were strongly bipectinate and
have a few long, divergent spinules at the end of each pectination.
The female moths were creamy-white with heavy abdomen and serrate type of
antennae. The wings were light yellow in appearance with the characteristic
marks on them. The wings were not developed to such an extent that they can fly
and therefore were sluggish (Fig. 1B). The mean wing expanse, body length and
weight of the female moth recorded were 36.80±6.611 mm, 18.40±3.209 mm and
457.25±142.135 mg, respectively (Table 1). Barbosa & Capinera (1978) also
studied the adult gypsy moth females and found that they were flightless and
dispersal was accomplished primarily by ballooning first instars.
Forewings of IGM were covered with greyish scales, were small sized with
light fuscous or greyish brown colouration. The hindwings were trapezoidal and
the forewings were oblong. The forewings and hindwings were well fringed. The
hindwings have lighter colouration and were smooth without any pattern.
Frenulum was characteristically present on the hindwing. Ferguson (1978)
considered the resting posture of the adult to be diagnostic, as the wings were
held flattened against the substrate, the forewings meeting at their dorsal
margins, tending to form a triangle.
The head of male moth was hypognathus, front and vertex light brown, with a
pair of light brown bipectinate antennae, and a pair of brown labial palpi, which
were ventrally cream-coloured (Fig. 2A). The mean length and width of male head
and antennae was recorded as 1.66±0.192 mm and 2.38±0.064 mm; and
6.53±0.302 mm and 0.20±0.019 mm, respectively, and mean length of male palpi
measured was 0.99±0.045 mm (Table 1).
Similarly, the head of female moth has front and vertex white, with a pair of
black serrate antennae with short pectinations, and a pair of dark grey labial palpi
(Fig. 2B). The mean length and width of female head and antennae was recorded
as 1.89±0.182 mm and 2.40±0.115 mm; 6.04±0.081 mm and 0.18±0.027 mm,
respectively, and mean length of female palpi measured was 0.71±0.258 mm
(Table 1).
The total mean length of foreleg of male was recorded as 8.06±0.205 mm,
with coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and claw, measuring 1.31±0.027 mm,
0.39±0.044 mm, 2.01±0.050 mm, 1.97±0.116 mm, 2.38±0.074 mm and
0.24±0.034 mm, respectively. The total mean length of midleg of male was
recorded as 9.51±0.106 mm, with coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and claw,
measuring 1.47±0.070 mm, 0.54±0.033 mm, 2.45±0.032 mm, 2.24±0.104 mm,
2.80±0.138 mm and 0.27±0.057 mm, respectively. The total mean length of
hindleg of male was recorded as 9.95±0.124 mm, with coxa, trochanter, femur,
tibia, tarsus and claw, measuring 1.48±0.034 mm, 0.55±0.078 mm, 2.55±0.029
108
mm, 2.29±0.069 mm, 3.09±0.063 mm and 0.26±0.048 mm, respectively. Hence,
the foreleg was smaller and hindleg was longer than the midleg in case of male
moth (Table 2).
Similarly, the total mean length of foreleg of female was recorded as
9.00±0.427 mm, with coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and claw, measuring
1.52±0.146 mm, 0.56±0.058 mm, 2.21±0.116 mm, 2.06±0.093 mm, 2.64±0.119
mm and 0.35±0.046 mm, respectively. The total mean length of midleg of female
was recorded as 10.31±0.904 mm, with coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsus and
claw, measuring 1.93±0.166 mm, 0.76±0.059 mm, 2.40±0.210 mm, 2.45±0.266
mm, 2.78±0.243 mm and 0.34±0.032 mm, respectively. The total mean length of
hindleg of female was recorded as 10.42±0.782 mm, with coxa, trochanter, femur,
tibia, tarsus and claw, measuring 1.87±0.149 mm, 0.69±0.046 mm, 2.40±0.201
mm, 2.69±0.295 mm, 2.76±0.179 mm and 0.32±0.051 mm, respectively. Hence,
in case of female moth also, the foreleg was smaller and hindleg was longer than
the midleg (Table 3).
The abdomen of L. obfuscata was ten-segmented and in case of male moth, it
was slender, tapering towards the hind end, reddish-brown dorsally and creamcoloured ventrally. The abdomen of the female moth was swollen, dark reddishbrown dorsally and ventrally and thickly covered with golden brown hairs. Casey
(1980) has considered that in male gypsy moth the thorax is spherical in shape,
having a diameter of 4-5 mm. The abdomen is long (11-12 mm), slender (diameter
2-3 mm) in shape, and poorly insulated. The dorsal surface of the first three
abdominal segments is loosely covered with long, hair-like scales (1 mm) but they
are much less dense than those on the thorax.
Wing venation
Forewing was found with discal cell almost equal to half the length of wing;
costa minutely straight; apex obtusely angulate; termen slightly wavy; tornus
obtusely angulate; inner margin nearly straight; Sc free from base; R 1 free
originated from before upper angle of the discal cell; R 2-R5 stalked, very near to
upper angle of discal cell. M1 from upper angle of discal cell; M2 from near lower
angle of discal cell; M3 from lower angle of discal cell; m 1-m2 angulated; m2-m3
straight; CuA1 from before lower angle of discal cell; Anal 1A free and straight
(Figs. 3, 5).
Hindwing was observed with discal cell almost equal to half the length of wing;
costa minutely straight; apex obtusely angulate; termen slightly wavy; tornus
obtusely angulate; inner margin nearly straight; Sc+R1 originated from base,
approximated with discal cell from before middle, then diverging toward apex; RS
and M1 shortly stalked from upper angle of discal cell; M2 from near to lower angle
of discal cell; M3 from lower angle of discal cell; CuA1 from before lower angle of
discal cell; CuA2 from behind middle of discal cell; Anal 1A free and straight;
Frenulum present (Figs. 4, 6).
Genitalia
Male genitalia were found with uncus well-developed, curved, adorned with a
single highly sclerotized spine-like structure; tegumen broad, partially sclerotized;
lateral processes absent from tegumen; gnathus wanting; valva cone-shaped,
highly sclerotized, undivided, not fused ventrally; vinculum almost equal to
tegument; juxta partially sclerotized, a square plate with dorsal margin slightly
concave, ventral margin with broad excavation; sacculus apex broadly rounded;
saccus variable, from V-shaped to narrow U-shaped; aedeagus, sclerotized,
straight, slightly curved distal to opening for ductus ejaculatorius; vesica ovate,
ventrally produced lobe; cornuti absent (Figs. 7A,B, 8).
Female genitalia with ovipositor lobes well developed, setosed, sclerotized;
papillae anales quadrate, dorsal margin truncate; anterior and posterior
109
apophyses short; ventral plate of ostium bursae broad, U-shaped, with vertical
indentations or medial pockets, apices of these pockets merge medially; ductus
bursae shorter than corpus bursae; corpus bursae oblong (Figs. 9A,B).
Wing scales
The presence of scales on the wings of order Lepidoptera, comprising moths
and butterflies, characterizes this order of insects. The colour and pattern of
wings was formed due to the scattering of light by scales present on the wings.
The scales of L. obfuscata were seen under the compound microscope and
variable shapes and sizes were observed. Some were small and stout, other long
and even long and stout, with variable number of dentations (one, two, three or
four). The body of a typical scale consisted of an upper and lower lamina and
scales were attached on the wing by a stalk or pedicel (Fig. 10).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The corresponding author is highly thankful to University Grants
Commission, New Delhi, India for providing financial assistance in the form of
Research Fellowship, during the present study. Acknowledgments are also owed
to Himalayan Forest Research Institute, Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, India for
providing the necessary laboratory facilities during the course.
LITERATURE CITED
Baker, W. L. 1972. Eastern forest insects. USDA Forest Services Miscellaneous Publications No. 1175, 642 p.
Barbosa, P. & Capinera, J. L. 1978. Population quality, dispersal and numerical change in the gypsy moth, Lymantria
dispar (L.). Oecologia (Berlin), 36: 203-209.
Beeson, C. F. C. 1941. Ecology and control of the forest insects of India and the neighboring countries. Forest Research
Institute, Dehra Dun (Revised 1961), 767 pp.
Casey, T. M. 1980. Flight energetics and heat exchange of gypsy moths in relation to air temperature. Journal of
Experimental Biology, 88: 133-145.
Dharmadhikari, P. R., Ramaseshiah, G. & Achan, P. D. 1985. Survey of Lymantria obfuscata and its natural
enemies in India. Entomophaga, 30 (4): 399-408.
Ferguson, D. C. 1978. The Moths of America, North of Mexico. Noctuoidea, Lymantriidae. E. W. Classey, London, Vol. 22
(2).
Fletcher, T. B. 1919. Report of the Proceedings of the 3rd Entomological Meeting, 1: 90.
Furniss, R. L. & Carolin, V. M. 1977. Western forest insects. USDA Forest Services Miscellaneous Publications No.
1339, 654 p.
Hampson, G. F. 1892. The Fauna of British India including, Ceylon and Burma. Moths. Indian Forest Record, 1 (23):
527.
Malik, R. A., Punjabi, A. A. & Bhat, A. A. 1972. Survey and study of insect and non-insect pests in Kashmir.
Horticulture, 3: 29-44.
Pogue, M. S. & Schaefer, P. W. 2007. A review of selected species of Lymantria Hubner (1819) including three new
species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Lymantriidae). Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, Technology Transfer,
USDA Forest Services, 221 pp.
Pruthi, H. S. & Batra, H. N. 1960. Important fruit pests of North-West India. The Indian Council of Agricultural
Research, New Delhi, 113 pp.
Rahman, K. A. 1941. Occurrence of the gypsy moth Lymantria obfuscata Walker in Shimla Hills. Indian Journal of
Entomology, 3 (2): 338.
Rishi, N. D. & Shah, K. A. 1985. Survey of bioecological studies on the natural enemies of Indian gypsy moth Lymantria
obfuscata Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). Journal of Entomological Research, 9 (1): 82-93.
Schintlmeister, A. 2004. The taxonomy of the genus Lymantria Hübner, [1819] (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae).
Quadrifina, 7: 1-248.
Sheikh, A. G. 1975. The effect of repeated defoliators caused by Lymantria obfuscata Walker on apple in Kashmir. Indian
Journal of Plant Protection, 3 (2): 170-172.
Singh, P. S. & Singh, S. S. 1986. Insect pests and diseases of poplar. Forest Research Institute Publications, 75 pp.
Singh, R., Kumar, S., Chakrabarty, S. & Kumar, A. 2007. Resurgence of Indian gypsy moth, Lymantria obfuscata
Walker (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on ban oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) forests in Rajgarh Forest Division,
Himachal Pradesh. Indian Journal of Forestry, 30 (1): 83-85.
Strand, E. 1910. 18. Genus: Lymantria. pp. 129-136. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 1. Division.
The Macrolepidoptera of the Palaerctic Fauna. 2. Volume: The Palaerctic Bombyces and Sphinges. Alfred Kernen,
Stuttgart, 479 pp.
Strand, E. 1923. 30. Genus: Lymantria. pp. 321-328. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), The Macrolepidoptera of the World. 10. Volume:
The Indo-Australian Bombyces and Sphinges. Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, 909 pp.
Swinhoe, C. 1923. A revision of the genera of the family Liparidae.The Annals and Magazine of Natural History [9th
series], 64: 400-442.
Verma, T. D., Thakur, J. R. & Dogra, G. S. 1979. Outbreak of Indian Gypsy moth Lymantria obfuscata Wlk., on oak
in Himachal Pradesh. Indian Forester, 105 (8): 594-597.
Walker, F. 1865. List of the specimens of Lepidopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Edward
Newman, London, 32: 324-706.
110
A
B
Figure 1. A) Adult male of Lymantria obfuscata. B) Adult female of Lymantria obfuscata.
A
B
Figure 2. A) Dorsal view of head of adult male moth (x20). B) Dorsal view of head of adult
female moth (x40).
Figure 3. Forewing of adult male moth (x35). (C= Costa, Sc= Subcosta, R= Radial, Rs=
Radial Sector, M= Medial, Cu= Cubital, A= Anal).
Figure 4. Hindwing of adult male moth (x35). (C= Costa, Sc= Subcosta, R= Radial, Rs=
111
Figure 5. Forewing of adult female moth (x35). (C= Costa, Sc= Subcosta, R= Radial, Rs=
Figure 6. Hindwing of adult female moth (x35). (C= Costa, Sc= Subcosta, R= Radial, Rs=
A
B
Figure 7. A) Genitalia of adult male moth without aedeagus (x30). B) Aedeagus of adult male
moth (x30).
Figure 8. Genitalia of adult male moth (x100). (A= Aedeagus, S= Saccus, T= Tegumen, U=
Uncus, V= Valva).
112
A
B
Figure 9. A) Genitalia of adult female moth (x75). B) Genitalia of adult female moth (x15).
(AA= Anterior Apophyses, CB= Corpus Bursae, DB= Ductus Bursae, OB= Ostium Bursae,
OV= Ovipositor Lobe, PA= Posterior Apophyses).
Figure 10. Different types of scales of wing of adult moth (x400).
113
Table 1. Morphometric observations of adults of Lymantria obfuscata.
Parameters
Adult male length (mm)
R.V.
12-15
Mean±S.D.
13.60±1.140
Adult male wing expanse (mm)
Male head length (mm)
28-38
1.35-1.83
31.80±3.768
1.66±0.192
Male head width (mm)
2.27-2.42
2.38±0.064
Male palpi length (mm)
Male antenna length (mm)
0.96-1.07
6.08-6.86
0.99±0.045
6.53±0.302
Male antenna width (mm)
Adult female length (mm)
Adult female wing expanse (mm)
Female head length (mm)
0.18-0.23
15-23
30-46
1.68-2.18
0.20±0.019
18.40±3.209
36.80±6.611
1.89±0.182
Female head width (mm)
Female palpi length (mm)
Female antenna length (mm)
2.26-2.53
0.38-1.01
5.94-6.15
2.40±0.115
0.71±0.258
6.04±0.081
Female antenna width (mm)
0.16-0.21
0.18±0.027
Table 2. Mean length of different leg segments of foreleg, midleg and hindleg of adult male
of Lymantria obfuscata.
Male Leg
Parts
Foreleg (mm)
R.V.
Mean±S.D.
Midleg (mm)
R.V.
Mean±S.D.
Hindleg (mm)
R.V.
Mean±S.D.
Coxa
Trochanter
1.27-1.34
0.36-0.47
1.31±0.027
0.39±0.044
1.37-1.54
0.52-0.60
1.47±0.070
0.54±0.033
1.44-1.53
0.45-0.66
1.48±0.034
0.55±0.078
Femur
Tibia
Tarsus
1.96-2.07
1.88-2.17
2.27-2.47
2.01±0.050
1.97±0.116
2.38±0.074
2.42-2.50
2.12-2.36
2.67-2.98
2.45±0.032
2.24±0.104
2.80±0.138
2.51-2.59
2.22-2.39
2.98-3.15
2.55±0.029
2.29±0.069
3.09±0.063
Claw
0.19-0.27
0.24±0.034
0.22-0.34
0.27±0.057
0.22-0.33
0.26±0.048
Total
7.75-8.23
8.06±0.205
9.41-9.67
9.51±0.106
9.77-10.08
9.95±0.124
Table 3. Mean length of different leg segments of foreleg, midleg and hindleg of adult female
of Lymantria obfuscata.
Female
Leg Parts
Foreleg (mm)
R.V.
Mean±S.D.
Midleg (mm)
R.V.
Mean±S.D.
Hindleg (mm)
R.V.
Mean±S.D.
Coxa
1.38-1.77
1.52±0.146
1.65-2.07
1.93±0.166
1.73-2.09
1.87±0.149
Trochanter
0.50-0.64
0.56±0.058
0.66-0.82
0.76±0.059
0.62-0.74
0.69±0.046
Femur
2.09-2.36
2.21±0.116
2.04-2.57
2.40±0.210
2.04-2.50
2.40±0.201
Tibia
1.96-2.15
2.06±0.093
2.00-2.71
2.45±0.266
2.18-2.93
2.69±0.295
Tarsus
2.48-2.77
2.64±0.119
2.40-3.04
2.78±0.243
2.54-2.91
2.76±0.179
Claw
0.31-0.41
0.35±0.046
0.31-0.39
0.34±0.032
0.26-0.37
0.32±0.051
Total
8.51-9.52
9.00±0.427
8.75-11.09
10.31±0.904
9.12-11.07
10.42±0.782
114
BIOACTIVITY OF MARRUBIUM VULGARE AND ACHILLEA
MILLEFOLIUM LEAF EXTRACTS ON POTATO TUBER MOTH
PHTHORIMAEA OPERCULELLA ZELLER
Nazila Mahin Allahverdizadeh and Davoud Mohammadi*
University, Tabriz-IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]
[Allahverdizadeh, N. M. & Mohammadi, D. 2016. Bioactivity of Marrubium vulgare
and Achillea millefolium leaf extracts on potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller.
Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 114-122]
ABSTRACT: The potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lep., Gelechiidae) is
one of the most important pests of potato worldwide. Plants are a rich source of novel
natural substances that can be used to produce safe materials in IPM. In this study, ovicidal,
oviposition deterring and fumigant activity of hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and aqueous
extracts of Achillea millefolium and Marrubium vulgare on different developmental stages
of PTM have been investigated. The results indicate that maximum ovicidal activity was
observed in hexane extract in both plants with LC50 values of 6.55 and 8.03 mg/l. All tested
concentrations of M. vulgare and A. millefolium crude extracts caused great reductions in
the number of eggs deposited. Among the tested extracts, except hexane extract of M.
vulgare and ethyl acetat extract of A. millefolium remains induced the greatest
antioviposition deterring effect, with no eggs oviposited. The fumigant toxicity of the M.
vulgare and A. millefolium crude extract against 1st larval instar and adults of PTM was
different. Among tested extracts only Hexane extract of M. vulgare had fumigant activity on
adults of PTM.
KEY WORDS: Ovicidal activity, Fumigant activity, Plant extract, Hexane, Ethyl acetat,
Methanol.
The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella Zeller (Lepidoptera:
Gelechiidae), is an oligophagous and serious pest of the solanaceous plants such
as potato, tomato, tobacco and egg-plant worldwide (Fenemore, 1988; Rondon,
2010). Larvae bores into the potato tubers, leaves and stems in the field and
storage. Excreta deposited in the feeding channels increases the risk of infection
by plant pathogens (Koul et al., 2008; Moawad & Ebadah, 2007; Fathi &
Shakarami, 2014). The PTM originated in southern and central America but now
it can be found in almost all potato production areas worldwide and recently
emerged as a potential economic pest of potatoes in the most parts of Iran. The
control of this pest is based on the application of wide spectrum insecticides.
Chemical insecticides cause health hazards to human beings, natural enemies and
environment (Ishaaya & Horowitz, 2009; Relyea, 2005). Plants are a rich source
of novel natural substances that can be used to develop environmentally safe
materials (Scott et al., 2003).
Zoubiri & Baaliouamer (2014) in their studies found various plant species with
insecticidal potential. Insecticidal activity of many plants against several insect
pests has been investigated (Sharaby et al., 2009). The effects of plant extracts on
insects can be manifested in several manners including toxicity, mortality,
antifeedant, growth inhibitor, suppression of reproductive behavior and reduction
of fecundity and fertility (Keita et al., 2000; Niroula & Vaidya, 2004; Rakesh,
2009; Nerio, 2010; Bokaeian et al., 2013; Adlin et al., 2015).
Plants of the Asteraceae and lamiaceae family contain effective secondary
metabolites that could affect insect’s behavior and biology (Abd El-Aziz 2011).
Achillea contains various species of perennial plants found worldwide. The
member of Achillea genus contained terpenoids, lignans, flavonoids and other
115
compounds in its foliage and flowers with different biological activity against
insects and microorganisms (Vitalini et al., 2011; Zhiani & Moradi, 2014).
The lamiaceae plants were considered as one of the large plant families that
was evaluate the occurrence of typical secondary metabolites. The genus
Marrubium comprises different species, which are found wildly in many regions
of Azarbaijan province in Iran. Among them, Marrubium vulgare L. is a
perennial plant that it's foliage and flowers contains aromatic compounds with
biological activity (Kadri et al., 2011; Zawiślak, 2012; Abdi & Hassani, 2013;
Hamedeyazdan et al., 2013). Aromatic plants, and their essential oils, are among
the most efficient botanicals that could induce fumigant and topical toxicity as
well as antifeedant or repellent effects. They are toxic to different developmental
stage of insects (Regnault-Roger, 1997). For example, oviposition deterrent and
ovicidal activity was found in crude extracts of Syzigium lineare leaves against
Spodoptera litura Fab. (Jeyasankar et al., 2013) and the maximum oviposition
deterrent and ovicidal activity were observed in ethyl acetate extract. In Mentha
citrata essential oil containing linalool and linalyl acetate exhibit significant
fumigant toxicity to the rice weevils Sitophilus oryzae and Maruubium persicum
contains higher proportions of non-terpenoid keton, namely acetophenone
(Hamedeyazdan et al., 2013). Acetophenone was demonstrated to cause acute and
delayed types of insecticidal and ovicidal activities (Zohair, 1995; Liu et al., 2014).
Some plant's volatiles contain compounds with fumigant toxicity against insects.
The fumigant toxicity of plants extracts from ailanthus was investigated by Lu &
He (2010). All the plant extracts had potent fumigant activities against O.
surinamensis and S. oryzae adults. Lu et al. (2012) reported that A. officinarum
rhizome extract exhibited strong fumigant, repellent activity in a dosagedependent manner against T. castaneum adults.
Other aspects of plant derived compounds were ovicidal activity that was
efficient on different insect species. Adline et al. (2015) reported that hexane,
chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts of Glinus lotoides have ovicidal potential
against the Corcyra cephalonica eggs. The maximum egg mortality was caused by
ethyl acetate extract. All the concentrations of the extracts applied were able to
cause ovicidal activity against the C. cephalonica. Studies on ovicidal effects of
aqueous and alcoholic extracts of different plants were carried out against the
diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) results revealed that extracts of all
plants had significant ovicidal activity (Kumar et al., 2009). Ovicidal activity of
acetone extracts of some plant species were evaluated. Murraya
Tabernaemontana,Chenopodium and Lantana camara showed ovicidal activity
against C.cephalonica (Dwivedi & Venugopalan, 2001).
In addition with ovicidal activity some plants showed oviposition deterring
activity which is so important in depressing the population of insects and good
equipment in IPM. Singh (2011), Arivoli & Tennyson (2013) and Rana et al.
(2013) reported some aspects of oviposition deterring activity of different plant
species and their potential on population of insects in field and storage.
Oviposition deterrent and ovicidal activity of crude extracts of Syzigium lineare
leaves, were tested against Spodoptera litura Fab. The maximum oviposition
deterrent and ovicidal activity were observed in ethyl acetate extract (Jeyasankar
et al., 2013).
All of studies on efficiency of plants extracts on biology and behavior of insects
shows potential of them in controlling insects in IPM programs. The aim of this
study was to evaluate the insecticidal activity of the hexane, ethyl acetat, methanol
and aqueous extracts from Marrubium vulgare and Achillea millefolium against
eggs, larvae and adults of P. operculella in laboratory condition.
116
Insects rearing: The adults of PTM were obtained from the laboratory colony
maintained at the plant protection department of Azarbaijan Shahid Madani
University. Larvae were reared on potato tubers in controlled condition of 26±2°C
and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h in 50±10% relative humidity. The bottoms of
rearing cages were furnished with a thin layer of soft sand as a pupation substrate
(Maharjan and Jung 2011).
Collection and processing of plants: Aerial parts of the plants studied in this
investigation were collected from different localities in north-western regions of
Iran, before flowering period, dried in shadow and room temperature, then
powdered. About 1000 gr of each plant material was sequentially extracted with
n-hexane, ethyl acetat, methanol and distilled water for a period of 3 days and
then filtered. The filtered contents were subjected to rotary evaporator until
solvents were completely evaporated and solid crude extracts collected in vials for
proper assays.
Ovicidal bioassay: The ovicidal activity of plants extracts was examined with
contact method. Egg batches of 1 day-old and 6 hour old were collected,
numbered and divided into treatment and control groups. In order to test the
contact toxicity of extracts, the first group of eggs was dipped in different
concentrations of test extracts diluted in water. Aqueous solution was used only
for control (second) group. After drying for 20 minutes, egg batches were inserted
in Petri dishes and subsequently covered. Number of eggs hatched in control and
treatments were recorded and the corrected percentage of ovicidal activity was
calculated using Abbott’s formula. The ranges of concentrations for different
compounds were determined by preliminary dose setting experiments (Arivoli
and Tennyson, 2013).
Abbot corrected
mortality (%) =
(unhatched eggs in treatment - unhatched
eggs in control)
×100
(100- unhatched eggs in control)
Oviposition deterrence assay: The oviposition deterrent activity was assessed
using
methods used by Arivoli and Tennyson (2013), with slight modifications.
To study the oviposition deterrence effect and the number of eggs deposited in the
presence of different extracts of experimental plants, a multiple concentration test
was carried out (50, 25 and 12.5 g/l). Adults were provided continuously with 10
percent sucrose solution with a filter paper. The same Potato slices provided (1cm
thickness), and then each slice sprayed with extracts served as treated while those
sprayed with solvent and water acted as negative and positive control respectively.
Five pairs of newly emerged adult (male and female) moths were introduced into
a cage with treated potato slices and control. After 48 hours the number of eggs
laid by the females was recorded on treated and control potato slices. A total of
eight trials with three replicates per trial were carried and percent oviposition
deterrent activity calculated according to Arivoli and Tennyson (2013) and Abd-el
Aziz (2011) method with modifications.
Oviposition deterring
activity %=
(number of eggs in control-number of eggs in
treatment)
(number of eggs in control+ number eggs in
treatment)
×100
Fumigant toxicity: The fumigant activity of tested extracts was determined
according to the method described by Abd El-Aziz (2011). The fumigant toxicity
117
experiments carried out on first larval instars and adults of PTM. The
concentrations loaded on an exact surface of filter paper then attached to the cap
of vials (20 ml) then covered with organza cloth to prevent direct contact of
insects to extracts. Five first larval instars (24h old) introduced to each vials and
percent of mortality recorded after 48 hrs in treated and control vials.
About adult insect’s fumigant bioassay, filter papers were impregnated with
the required concentration of extracts then were placed underside surface of the
screw caps of the glass jars after solvent evaporation (10 min). The inner surface
of caps covered with organza cloth to prevent direct contact of insects to extracts.
After introducing the adults (5 adults per jar) to the jars, the lids covered with
parafilm. The adults were provided with 10% honey solution. These jars were
transferred to growth chamber at 26±2ºC, 50±10% RH and photoperiod of 16:8
(L: D) h. Each experiment was replicated three times. Mortality was counted after
24 h of exposure to plant crude extracts.
Statistical Analysis: LC50 value of extracts was determined according to Hong
et al (1988) for the contact method. Corrected percentage mortality was calculated
using Abbott`s formula. From the corrected mortality larval LC 10, LC50 and LC90
values were calculated using the computation program of probit analysis using
SPSS software. The ovicidal, fumigant and oviposition deterring activity were
analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Significant differences between treatments were
determined using Duncan’s multiple-range test (𝑃 ≤ 0.05).
Ovicidal activity of plants crude extracts
Results of ovicidal activity of M. vulgare and A. millefolium crude extracts on
6 and 24 h old eggs of PTM are presented in Table 1 and 2. Maximum ovicidal
activity was observed in hexane extract in both plants with LC50 values of 6.55 and
8.03 mg/l respectively. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of M. vulgare showed
similar activity with LC50 values of 10.7 and 11.5 mg/l in 6 h old eggs and 10.7 and
12.79 mg/l in 24 h old eggs respectively. The least ovicidal activity was
determined in aqueous extract of both studied plants with LC50 values of 19.4 and
19.95 mg/l in 6h old eggs and 13.54 and 20.71 mg/l in 24 h old eggs respectively.
The obtained χ2 values were non-significant for all the tested extracts. The probit
analysis clearly indicates that the hexane extract of both plants has the potential
to kill the eggs of PTM at different embryogenesis periods.
Oviposition deterring activity results of plants extracts
Oviposition deterrent activity normally indicates deterrent activity potential of
plant extracts (Table 3). All tested concentrations of M. vulgare and A.
millefolium crude extracts caused sharp reductions in the number of eggs
deposited. Among the tested extracts and concentrations, except Hexane extract
of M. vulgare and Ethyl acetat extract of A. millefolium remains induced the
greatest antioviposition effect, with no eggs laid at treated potato slices. And
about two exceptions these treatments also reduced the number of eggs laid in
comparison with control. Oviposition deterring activity increased with
concentration dependent manner.
Fumigant toxicity results
The fumigant toxicity of the M. vulgare and A. millefolium crude extract
against 1st larval instar and adults of PTM is shown in Tables 4. Plants extracts
showed strong fumigant activity against PTM in a concentration-dependent
manner. Among tested extracts only Hexane extract of M. vulgare had fumigant
activity on adults of PTM. About 1st larval instar, the LC50 values of hexane extract
of M. vulgare were more than other extracts (17.27 mg/l). Aqueous Extract of
both plants had no fumigant toxicity against PTM. Also ethyl acetate and
methanol extract of A. millefolium had no fumigant activity against studied stages
118
of PTM. It seems that 1st larval instar of PTM are susceptible to extracts than
adults.
DISCUSSION
The most effective botanical extracts would be those offering a broad spectrum
of activity against various life stages of the pest. The effective control agent should
reduce the insect population at all life stages. This study provides evidence that M.
vulgare and A. millefolium crude extracts have toxic effects against studied stages
of Phthorimaea operculella.
Pesticides based on plant metabolites have demonstrated efficacy against a
range of stored product pests. They may be applied as fumigants, or direct sprays
with a range of effects from lethal toxicity to repellence or oviposition deterrence
in insects. These features indicate that pesticides based on plants metabolites
could be used in a variety of ways to control a large number of pests (Duke, 1990;
Ishaaya & Horowitz, 2009; Nerio et al., 2010). In this study except aqueous
extract of both plant species, remained extracts was more toxic on eggs of PTM.
Hexane with a non-polar property, extracted compounds affects eggs in both
plants, in some cases non-polar solvents extracts more efficient compounds that
are more effective against insects. For example Ho et al. (1995) reported that nonpolar extracts of Illicium verum completely suppressed F1 adult emergence in
Tribolium castaneum and Sitophilus zeamais while polar extracts only caused a
significant reduction in F1 adult emergence. In other study the effects of four
natural plant oils were tested against eggs of PTM. The cardamon oils exhibited
the best reduction in percentage of eggs hatchability (Moawad & Ebadah, 2007).
Studies on ovicidal effects of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of four different
plants against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) revealed that plants
extracts had significant effect on the mortality of eggs. However, the alcoholic
extracts were found to be better than the aqueous extracts (Kumar et al., 2009).
Different chemical compounds from plants containing, carvacrol, carveol,
geraniol, linalool, menthol, terpineol, thymol, verbenol, carvones, fenchone,
menthone, pulegone, thujone, verbenone, cinnamaldehyde, citral, citronellal, and
cinnamic acid have ovicides activity against M. domestica (Rice & Coats, 1994).
Phytochemical screening on Glinus lotoides showed a varied composition of
secondary metabolites including flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, sterols, coumarins
and saponins that may be responsible to ovicidal activity of this plant on Corcyra
cephalonica eggs.
Dwivedi & Garg (2003) reported ovicidal activity of flower extract of turmeric
and Lantana camara against C.cephalonica. They reported that ovicidal effect
which may be due to its easy penetration through delicate covering of vitellin and
chorion membrane thereby increasing the mortality rate. High percentage of egg
mortality caused by the extract is assumed to be caused by the active ingredients
present in them which might have disrupted blastokinesis and induced impaired
larval hatching.
Furthermore, PTM adults showed high susceptibility to the fumigation by
hexane extract of M. vulgare. But other extracts had no effect on adults while first
larval instar of PTM strongly affected by Hexane, ethyl acetat and methanol
extract of this plant and hexane extract of A. millefolium. Results shows that first
larval instar of PTM are susceptible to M. vulgare fumigant toxicity. The fumigant
toxicity of three plant extracts from Ailanthus against Oryzaephilus
surinamensis, Sitophilus oryzae and Liposcelis paeta adults were investigated.
All the plant extracts had potent fumigant activities against O. surinamensis and
S. oryzae adults. Similar to present results, the fumigant toxicity significantly
increased with the increasing concentration (Lu & He, 2010). Lu et al. (2012)
reported that A. officinarum rhizome extract exhibited strong fumigant, repellent
119
activity in a dosage-dependent manner against T. castaneum adults. In different
studies it has been demonstrated that chemical compounds with high repellent
activity include: α-pinene, limonene, citronellol, citronellal, camphor and thymol.
Although synthetic chemicals are still more frequently used as repellents than
plant extract materials, these natural products have the potential to provide
efficient, and safer repellents for humans and the environment (Nerio et al.,
2010).
Oviposition deterring, ovicidal and fumigant activity of plants extract are in
relation with chemical composition of them. The Lamiacea family has been
reported to have insecticidal activities due to presence of phytochemicals.
Hamedeyazdan et al. (2013) reported that Maruubium persicum contains higher
proportions of non-terpenoid keton, namely acetophenone. Acetophenone was
demonstrated to cause acute and delayed types of insecticidal and ovicidal
activities (Zohair, 1995; Liu et al., 2014). These studies reveal that ketones were
more
effective
as
fumigants.
Trans-anethole,
thymol,
1,8-cineole,
carvacrol,terpineol, and linalool have been evaluated as fumigants against T.
castaneum. The major components of Marrubium vulgare were eudesmol,
citronellol, citronellyl formate (Kadri et al., 2011; Zawiślak, 2012) and
Tetramethyl heptadecan, Germacrene, Pinene, Phytol, Dehydro-sabina Ketone,
Piperitone, Cadinene, Octen and Benzaldehyde (Abadi & Hassani, 2013).
Secondary metabolites such as piperine, caryophyllene and limonene are reported
act as insecticide. Many insecticidal components of plant extracts are mainly
monoterpenes, such as limonene which have been shown to be toxic to PTM
(Fang et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2014). Studies on extracts of M. vulgare had
indicated that piperine and other active piperamides were responsible for the
toxicity of thee extracts to the Callosobruchus chinensis L. (Tavares et al., 2011;
Scott et al., 2003).
Ateyyat & Abu-Darwish (2009) revealed that A. millefolium contains
compounds such as flavonoids which are soluble in polar solvents such as acetone
and ethanol. Flavonoids have a catecholic B-ring that seems to be responsible for
the toxicant activity to insects (Onyilagha et al., 2004). Nadim et al. (2011)
reported that, the predominant constituents of A. millefolium were sabinene,
cineole, borneol, bornyl acetate, pinene, pinene, terpinine and chamazulene.
Effects of A. millefolium extracts on different developmental stages of insects
were investigated and in some cases the compounds showed a acceptable control
on pest insects (Conti et al., 2010; Zoubiri & Baaliouamer, 2014). Dehghan & Elmi
(2014) reported that chemical compounds of essential oils of Achillea species
were highly variable, which may be due to the differences in their chemical
polymorphic structure and environmental conditions. Difference on type and
composition of metabolites is responsible to insecticidal activity of extracts, thus
we suggest determining the chemical composition of studied plants extracts to
identify potent insecticidal metabolites in these native plants. Plant species of the
families Asteraceae and Labiatae are known for their content in diterpenes and
sesquiterpenes. Sesquiterpenes display extensive structure variety and have been
reported to serve as toxic or feeding deterrents to herbivore insects (Fraga, 2004).
The results suggest that extracts of both the species have a potential to act as
ovipositional deterrent and can be employed against PTM in stored condition.
Studies showed that secondary metabolites such as monoterpenes volatiles are
more effective as insect fumigants. Pulegone, linalool and limonene are known
effective fumigants against Sitophilus oryzae. While Mentha citrata oil
containing linalool and linalyl acetate exhibit significant fumigant toxicity to these
rice weevils (Singh, 2011; Aryvoli & Tennyson, 2013; Rana et al., 2013; Jeyasankar
et al., 2013).
120
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors thank the Phytochemistry laburatory, Department of Science,
Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University -Tabriz, for technical support.
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Table 1. Ovicidal activity of M. vulgare and A. millefolium crude extracts on 6 h old eggs
(mg/l)
Table 2. Ovicidal activity of M. vulgare and A. millefolium crude extracts on 24 h old eggs
(mg/l)
122
Table 3. Oviposition deterring activity of M. vulgare and A. millefolium crude extracts (% of
total eggs oviposited)
Table 4. Fumigant toxicity of M. vulgare and A. millefolium crude extracts on PTM (mg/l)
123
CRAB SPIDER SPECIES OF EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN
REGION OF TURKEY– PART I (ARANEAE: THOMISIDAE)
Hakan Demir*
* Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Niğde University, TR-51100 Niğde,
TURKEY. E-mail: [email protected]
[Demir, H. 2016. Crab spider species of Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey – Part I
(Araneae: Thomisidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 123-141]
ABSTRACT:
This study is based on materials were collected from eastern
Mediterraneaen region of Turkey between April-August in 2007-2009. A total of 18 species
were recorded in the genus Xysticus belonging to Thomisidae. The main aim of this study is
to determine the presence of crab spider species in the research area. This work is the first
attempt for this purpose.
KEY WORDS: Araneae, Thomisidae, Xysticus, fauna, Turkey.
The Turkish crab spider fauna is not well studied. The first reports were made
by Kulczyński (1903), Nosek (1905), Roewer (1959), and Simon (1875, 1879, 1884,
1914). Demir (2008) listed 41 species of the genus Xysticus; subsequently some
new records were added and the number of species known from Turkey is now 45
(Demir et al., 2009; Demir et al., 2010a,b; Demir, 2012). Nevertheles, it is
impossible to say that the fauna of Turkey is fully investigated. It needs to be
studied more comprehensively.
In this part faunistic data of 18 species belonging to genus Xysticus from the
family Thomisidae are presented.
In this study, the specimens were collected from eastern Mediterranean region
of Turkey. The specimens were preserved in 70% ethanol. The identification was
made by means of a SZX61 Olympus stereomicroscope. Examined specimens
were deposited in the GUZM (Zoology Museum of Gazi University) and NUAM
(Arachnology Museum of Niğde University).
RESULTS
Xysticus C. L. Koch, 1835
Xysticus abditus Logunov, 2006
Material еxamined: 1♂ (NUAM), Hatay province, Dörtyol, Yahyalı plateau, 36°17É
36°49Ń, 988m, 04.05.2007; 2♂ (NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese 2, 36°17É 36°48Ń, 735m,
24.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Osmaniye province, Zorkun, Karınca plateau, 36°19É 36°58Ń,
1520m, 01.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Zorkun, Olukbaşı plateau, 36°19É 36°59Ń, 1186m,
23.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Zorkun 1, 36°17É 37°01Ń, 765m, 23.05.2007.
Records in Turkey: Niğde (Demir, 2008), Hatay, Osmaniye (present study).
World Distribution: Bulgaria, Turkey (Logunov, 2006).
Xysticus abramovi Marusik & Logunov, 1995
Material еxamined: 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Adana province, Saimbeyli, Ayvacık village, 36°09É
37°48Ń, 1334m, 18.10.2008; 1♂4♀♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney village, 36°19É
38°15Ń, 1584m, 19.10.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, İğdebel village, 36°21É 38°16Ń,
1560m, 19.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Güzelim village, 36°11É 38°08Ń, 1367m,
19.10.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Pınarlar village, 36°13É 38°12Ń, 1352m,
19.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Obruk şelalesi, 36°05É 37°59Ń, 1005m,
124
19.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, 36°06É 37°58Ń, 1492m, 19.10.2008; 2♂♂3♀♀
(NUAM), Feke, Köleli village, 35°48É 37°52Ń, 1269m, 19.10.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Feke,
Çürükler village, 35°57É 37°52Ń, 1522m, 19.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Kahramanmaraş
province, Andırın-Geben 1, 36°26'E 37°38'N, 1389m, 14.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), AndırınGeben 2, 36°28'E 37°40'N, 1299m, 14.10.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Karaağaç village,
37°20É 37°36Ń, 1214m, 21.10.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, Kaledibi village, 36°38É
37°17Ń, 1098m, 21.10.2008.
Records in Turkey: Adana, Kahramanmaraş (Demir et al., 2010b).
World Distribution: Tajikistan, Turkey (Demir et al., 2010b; Marusik & Logunov, 1995).
Xysticus caperatus Simon, 1875
Material еxamined: 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Adana province, Aladağ, Eğner village, 35°26'E
37°25'N, 242m, 19.06.2007; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Aladağ, Meydan plateau 1, 35°23'E 37°31'N,
925m, 19.06.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Kayırcık village, 36°17É 38°09Ń, 1325m,
12.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Aladağ, Köprücek village, 35°30É 37°38Ń, 1248m, 19.06.2008;
1♀ (NUAM), Aladağ, Gerdibi village, 35°09É 37°30Ń, 1248m, 19.06.2008; 3♂♂1♀
(NUAM), Aladağ, Meydan plateau, 35°22É 37°30Ń, 1200m, 19.06.2008; 1♂ (NUAM),
Pozantı, Belemedik village, 34°54É 37°20Ń, 706m, 19.06.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Saimbeyli,
Halilbeyli village, 36°12É 37°47Ń, 1482m, 12.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Beypınarı
village, 36°14É 38°06Ń, 1521m, 12.06.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Cingöz village,
35°17É 37°22Ń, 617m, 19.06.2008; 1♀ (GUZM), Feke, Akkaya village, 35°53'E 37°42'N,
870m, 19.05.2009; 2♂♂3♀♀ (GUZM), Feke, Köleli village, 35°48É 37°52Ń, 1269m,
19.05.2009; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Karahamzalı village, 35°52E 37°30'N, 399m, 19.05.2009;
1♂1♀ (GUZM), Tufanbeyli, Güzelim village, 36°11É 38°08Ń, 1367m, 30.06.2009; 2♂♂
(GUZM), Tufanbeyli, Pınarlar village, 36°13É 38°12Ń, 1352m, 30.06.2009; 1♀ (GUZM),
Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney village, 36°19'E 38°15'N, 1442m, 30.06.2009; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Kozan,
Kozan Dam, 35°50'E 37°31'N, 292m, 30.06.2009; 4♂♂5♀♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Çulluuşağı
village, 35°55'E 37°40'N, 716m, 30.06.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tufanbeyli, Kaan pass, 36°20'E
38°15'N, 1565m, 30.06.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Saimbeyli, 36°06É 37°58Ń, 1492m,
30.06.2009; 1♂ (NUAM), Hatay province, Dörtyol, Karakese 1, 36°17É 36°49Ń, 875m,
24.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese 2, 36°17É 36°48Ń, 735m, 24.04.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese 3, 36°23É 36°50Ń, 1260m, 24.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM),
Kırıkhan, Dermek village, 36°25É 36°40Ń, 496m, 03.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Hassa-Akbez,
36°31É 36°51Ń, 605m, 03.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), İçel province, Silifke, Evkaf Çiftliği,
33°38É 36°28Ń, 441m, 21.04.2007; 1♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Kocaoluk village, 33°54É
36°40Ń, 1402m, 21.04.2007; 2♂♂1♀ (NUAM), Kanlıdivane, 34°05É 36°32Ń, 619 m,
21.04.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Değirmendere village, 34°31É 37°02Ń, 1286m, 20.04.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Değnek village, 34°23É 37°02Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Arslanköy,
34°16É 36°59Ń, 1390m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Fındıkpınarı village, 34°23É 36°54Ń,
1215m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Hacıalanı village, 34°11É 36°49Ń, 1600m,
21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Karakız dam, 34°13É 36°51Ń, 1605 m, 21.04.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Erdemli 2, 34°08É 36°40Ń, 886m, 21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Erdemli 3,
34°05É 36°42Ń, 1298m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Tömük 1, 34°20É 36°47Ń,
793m, 21.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Ortaören village, 33°43É 36°27Ń, 652m,
21.04.2008; 1♂ (GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 1, 34°45É 37°15Ń, 1059m, 02.07.2009; 1♂
(GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 2, 34°46É 37°19Ń, 1436m, 02.07.2009; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus,
Gülek 3, 34°45É 37°13Ń, 1028m, 02.07.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Kaburgediği village,
34°48É 37°08Ń, 711m, 02.07.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Tarsus, Taşobası village, 34°55É
37°05Ń, 256m, 02.07.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Çamalan, 34°48Ń 37°11É, 778m,
02.07.2009; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Kahramanmaraş province, Göksun, Tekir, Çevreyol village,
36°37É 37°50Ń, 1590m, 20.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Çağlayancerit, Emiruşağı village,
37°16É 37°40Ń, 1695m, 21.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Çağlayan Cerit-Nurhak 1, 37°18É
37°48Ń, 1670m, 21.05.2007; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Çağlayan Cerit-Nurhak 2, 37°25É 37°55Ń,
125
1361m, 21.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Gölpınar village, 36°30É 37°58Ń, 1544m,
25.06.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Mehmetbey village, 36°27É 38°05Ń, 1544m,
25.06.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Torun 1, 36°20É 37°33Ń, 894m, 26.06.2007; 1♀
(NUAM), Andırın-Torun 2, 36°22É 37°31Ń, 610m, 26.06.2007; 12♂♂5♀♀ (NUAM),
Pazarcık, Ulubahçe village, 37°21É 37°30Ń, 840m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Nurhak 2,
37°19É 37°53Ń, 1383m, 14.05.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Armutlu village, 37°15É
37°30Ń, 917m, 24.06.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben 2, 36°28'E 37°40'N, 1299m,
17.06.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben 3, 36°30'E 37°42'N, 1267m, 17.06.2008; 2♀♀
(NUAM), Pazarcık, Ulubahçe village, 37°21´D 37°30Ń, 840m, 14.10.2008; 1♀ (GUZM),
Geben, Değirmendere village, 36°26É 37°53Ń, 1518m, 14.08.2009; 1♀ (NUAM), Kilis
province, Musabeyli, Karbeyaz village, 36°55É 36°52Ń, 550m, 03.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM),
Elbeyli, Yavuzlu village, 37°16É 36°41Ń, 540m, 03.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Elbeyli,
Sabuncu village, 36°53É 36°49Ń, 506m, 03.05.2007; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Osmaniye province,
Bahçe, Aşağı Arıcaklı village, 36°36É 37°11Ń, 375m, 22.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli,
Karatepe, 36°14É 37°15Ń, 235m, 24.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Kadirli, Çukurköprü village,
35°55É 37°21Ń, 38m, 24.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Çürükler village,
36°13É 37°16Ń, 100m, 24.05.2007; 3♂♂ (NUAM), Kadirli, Sumbaş, Yeşilyayla village,
36°05É 37°33Ń, 644m, 24.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń,
100m, 24.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Yarpuz 2, 36°21É 37°03Ń, 1337m, 26.06.2007; 4♂♂5♀♀
(NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 13.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Bahçe,
Kaman village, 36°32É 37°09Ń, 1118 m, 17.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Yaylalık village,
36°36É 37°15Ń, 1019m, 17.06.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Hasanbeyli, Çolaklı village, 36°32É
37°09Ń, 684m, 17.06.2008; 5♂♂6♀♀ (NUAM), Boğaz plateau, 36°20É 37°05Ń, 587m,
17.06.2008; 3♂♂ (NUAM), Bahçe, Aşağı Arıcaklı village, 36°36É 37°11Ń, 375m,
17.06.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 18.06.2008; 2♀♀
(GUZM), Hierapolis castle, 37°10'N 36°11'E, 100m, 20.05.2009; 6♀♀ (GUZM), Bahçe, Aşağı
Arıcaklı village, 36°36É 37°11Ń, 375m, 20.05.2009; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Yarpuz, 36°20'E
37°05'N, 600m, 01.07.2009.
Records in Turkey: Osmaniye (Demir et al., 2009), Adana, Hatay, İçel, Kahramanmaraş,
Kilis (present study).
World Distribution: Algeria, Spain, Israel, Italy, Russia, Tunusia (Demir et al., 2009;
Levy, 1976).
Xysticus cor Canestrini, 1873
Material еxamined: 1♀ (NUAM), Adana province, Aladağ, Meydan plateau 1, 35°23'E
37°31'N, 925m, 19.06.2007; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney village, 36°20É 38°15Ń,
1584m, 12.05.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, İğdebel village, 36°22É 38°16Ń, 1621m,
12.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Kayırcık village, 36°17É 38°09Ń, 1325m,
12.05.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Çakırlar village, 36°17É 38°19Ń, 1556m,
12.05.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Obruk şelalesi, 36°05É 37°59Ń, 1005m,
12.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Aladağ, Darılık village, 35°27É 37°35Ń, 950m, 19.06.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Aladağ, Büyüksofulu village, 35°09É 37°33Ń, 937m, 19.06.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM),
Saimbeyli, Yardibi village, 36°07É 37°51Ń, 738m, 12.06.2008; 2♂♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Feke,
Köleli village, 35°48É 37°52Ń, 1269m, 30.04.2009; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Feke, Çürükler village,
35°57É 37°52Ń, 1522m, 30.04.2009; 1♂2♀♀ (GUZM), Aladağ, Eğner village, 35°26'E
37°25'N, 242m, 29.04.2009; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Çulluuşağı village, 35°55'E 37°40'N,
716m, 19.05.2009; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Gedikli village, 35°52E 37°30'N, 399 m,
19.05.2009; 1♂ 1♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Karahamzalı village, 35°52E 37°30'N, 399m,
19.05.2009; 1♂ (NUAM), Hatay province, Belen, Güzelyayla, Müftüler village, 36°08Ń
36°29É, 662m, 25.03.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese 1, 36°17É 36°49Ń, 875m,
24.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese 2, 36°17É 36°48Ń, 735m, 24.04.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Belen, Kıcı village, 36°16É 36°28Ń, 628m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), BelenAntakya 1, 36°11É 36°16Ń, 101m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Belen-Antakya 2, 36°11É
36°21Ń, 206m, 14.05.2008; 1♂3♀♀ (NUAM), İçel province, Silifke, Kocaoluk village,
126
33°54É 36°40Ń, 1402m, 21.04.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Güngören village, 32°38É
36°12Ń, 780m, 17.04.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Çamlıpınar village, 32°41É 36°11Ń,
989m, 17.04.2008; 1♂ 2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Kavaközü village, 33°23É 36°53Ń, 1560m,
18.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Çömelek village, 33°44É 36°43Ń, 1300m, 18.04.2008;
1♂1♀ (NUAM), Mut, Sertavul 1, 33°19É 36°48Ń, 1255m, 19.04.2008; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM),
Mut, Sertavul 2, 33°17É 36°51Ń, 1498m, 19.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Tarsus, Gülek district,
34°48É 37°12Ń, 815m, 20.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Tarsus, Kandil pass, 34°44É
37°17Ń, 1340m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Tömük, Çiftepınar village, 34°20É
36°43Ń, 325m, 21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Gülnar, Balandız district, 33°46É 36°22Ń,
712m, 21.04.2008; 7♂♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Halkalı village, 32°56É 36°23Ń, 1364m,
22.04.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Gülnar, Köseçobanlı (Alanboğazı) village, 33°09É 36°25Ń,
1319m, 22.04.2008; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Kaburgediği village, 34°48É 37°08Ń, 711m,
20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Değnek village, 34°23É 37°02Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Arslanköy, 34°16É 36°59Ń, 1390m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Fındıkpınarı
village, 34°23É 36°54Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Doğançay village, 34°26É
36°51Ń, 742m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Karayakup village, 34°24É 36°44Ń,
190m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Karakız göleti, 34°13É 36°51Ń, 1605m,
21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Silifke, Silifke castle, 33°55É 36°22Ń, 133m, 21.04.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Silifke, Ortaören village, 33°43É 36°27´K, 652m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Erdemli 2, 34°08É 36°40Ń, 886m, 21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Erdemli 3, 34°05É
36°42Ń, 1298m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Tömük 1, 34°20É 36°47Ń, 79 m,
21.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Evciler village, 32°55É 36°11Ń, 556m, 22.04.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Gülnar, Göksu village, 33°10É 36°45Ń, 596m, 22.04.2008; 1♂ (GUZM), Mut,
Zeyne village, 33°31É 36°26Ń, 415m, 29.04.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Mut, 33°26É 36°38Ń
436m, 29.04.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Mut, Bozdoğan village, 33°13É 36°41Ń, 676m,
29.04.2009; 1♂ 2♀♀ (GUZM), Mut, Kurtsuyu village, 33°32É 36°30Ń, 105m, 29.04.2009;
1♂1♀ (GUZM), Mut, Göksu village, 33°26É 36°33Ń, 123m, 29.04.2009; 2♀♀ (NUAM),
Kahramanmaraş province, Göksun, Gölpınar village, 36°30É 37°58Ń, 1544m,
20.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Mehmetbey village, 36°27É 38°05Ń, 1544m,
20.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben, 36°24É 37°37Ń, 1281m, 15.05.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Andırın-Torun 1, 36°20É 37°33Ń, 894m, 15.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), AndırınTorun 2, 36°22É 37°31Ń, 610m, 15.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Andırın, Sarımollalı village,
36°35É 37°35Ń, 1184m, 21.05.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Andırın-Geben 3, 36°30'E 37°42'N,
1267m, 21.05.2009; 3♂♂6♀♀ (NUAM), Osmaniye province, Boğaz plateau, 36°25É
37°03Ń, 903m, 01.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Zorkun-Erzin, 36°18É 36°58Ń, 1264m,
01.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Yaylalı village, 36°37É 37°17Ń, 382m, 22.05.2007; 1♂1♀
(NUAM), Zorkun, Olukbaşı plateau, 36°19É 36°58Ń, 1520m, 23.05.2007; 3♀♀ (NUAM),
Boğaz plateau, 36°20É 37°05Ń, 587m, 23.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Boğaz plateau, 36°25É
37°03Ń, 903m, 23.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Zorkun, Karınca plateau, 36°19É 36°58Ń,
1520m, 27.06.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Yarpuz village, 36°25É 37°03Ń, 903m, 27.03.2008; 4♀♀
(NUAM), Boğaz plateau, 36°20É 37°05Ń, 587m, 24.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Zorkun,
Olukbaşı plateau, 36°19É 36°58Ń, 1520m, 18.06.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Zorkun, Armutdüzü
plateau, 36°16É 37°01Ń, 805m, 18.06.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Zorkun-Erzin, 36°18É
36°58Ń, 1264m, 18.06.2008.
Records in Turkey: Adana, Hatay, İçel, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye (Demir et al., 2010a).
World Distribution: Southern Europe, Azores, Iran (Platnick, 2014).
Xysticus edax (O. P.-Cambridge, 1872)
Material еxamined: 1♀ (NUAM), Adana province, Yumurtalık, Hamzalı village, 35°52É
36°54Ń, 86m, 04.05.2007; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Yumurtalık, Narlıören village, 35°49É 36°52Ń,
49m, 04.05.2007; 6♂♂1♀ (NUAM), Ceyhan, Yılan kale, 35°44É 37°00Ń, 110m,
24.03.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Akçatekir, 34°49É 37°22Ń, 974m, 28.03.2008; 2♂♂
(NUAM), Pozantı, 34°50É 37°22Ń, 880m, 20.04.2008; 1♂11♀♀ (NUAM), Pozantı,
127
Akçatekir, 34°49É 37°22Ń, 974m, 20.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Hacılı village,
35°09É 37°17Ń, 191m, 23.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Çatalan dam, 35°17É
37°14Ń, 133m, 23.04.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Cingöz village, 35°17É 37°22Ń,
617m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Kozan, Suluhan village, 35°50'E, 37°33Ń, 355m,
23.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Kozan, Çukurköprü village, 35°56É 37°20Ń, 37m,
23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Karataş, 35°23É 36°35Ń, 20m, 23.04.2008; 4♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM),
İmamoğlu, Gökbuket village, 35°33É 37°09Ń, 238m, 23.04.2008; 1♀, (NUAM), Seyhan 1,
35°07É 37°02Ń, 132m, 23.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Kozan, Akkaya village, 35°36É
37°46Ń, 1520m, 23.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Kozan, Marankeçili village, 35°38É 37°40Ń,
1100m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Halilbeyli village, 36°12É 37°47Ń, 1482m,
12.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Aladağ, Darılık village, 35°27É 37°35Ń, 950m, 19.06.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Aladağ, Büyüksofulu village, 35°09É 37°33Ń, 937m, 19.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Aladağ, Kökez village, 35°17É 37°34Ń, 815m, 19.06.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli,
Ayvacık village, 36°09É 37°48Ń, 1334m, 12.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Yardibi
village, 36°07É 37°51Ń, 738m, 12.06.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Beypınarı village,
36°14É 38°06Ń, 1521m, 12.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Belemedik village, 34°54É
37°20Ń, 706m, 19.06.2008; 2♂♂7♀♀ (GUZM), Pozantı, 34°50É 37°22Ń, 902m,
28.04.2009; 4♂♂3♀♀ (GUZM), Aladağ, Meydan Plateau–2, 35°22É 37°30Ń, 1200m,
29.04.2009; 1♂3♀♀ (GUZM), İmamoğlu, Gökbuket village, 35°33É 37°09Ń, 238m,
29.04.2009; 4♂♂6♀♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Kozan Dam, 35°50'E 37°31'N, 292m, 30.04.2009; 1♀
(GUZM), Feke, Akkaya village, 35°53É 37°42Ń, 870m, 30.04.2009; 7♂♂10♀♀ (GUZM),
Feke, Kazancı village, 35°56É 37°49Ń, 863m, 30.04.2009; 4♀♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Horzum
village, 35°50É 37°38Ń, 665m, 19.05.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney village,
36°19É 38°15Ń, 1442m, 19.05.2009; 4♂♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Gaziantep province, İslahiye,
Fevzipaşa, 36°37É 37°05Ń, 514m, 06.03.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Nurdağı, Karaburç village,
36°42É 37°08Ń, 517m, 26.03.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Hatay province, Kırıkhan, Hassa,
Aktepe village, 36°29É 36°42Ń, 308m, 03.05.2007; 4♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM), Erzin, Isos
harabeleri, 36°07É 36°58Ń, 47m, 04.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese, 36°15É
36°49Ń, 221m, 04.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), İskenderun, Çamlık Evler, 36°08É 36°32Ń,
204m, 25.03.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erzin, Isos harabeleri, 36°07É 36°58Ń, 47m,
25.03.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Belen-Antakya, 36°14É 36°28Ń, 739m, 25.03.2008; 3♂♂2♀♀
(NUAM), Kırıkhan, Hassa, Aktepe village, 36°29É 36°42Ń, 308m, 26.03.2008; 5♂♂2♀♀
(NUAM), Hassa-Akbez, 36°32É 36°50Ń, 450m, 26.03.2008; 7♂♂7♀♀ (NUAM), Kırıkhan,
Ilıkpınar village, 36°11É 36°10Ń, 113m, 26.03.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Kumlu, Akkerpiç
village, 36°24É 36°25Ń, 82m, 25.03.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Reyhanlı, Paşahöyük village,
36°29É 36°21Ń, 434m, 25.03.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Reyhanlı, Üçtepe village, 36°30É
36°17Ń, 95m, 25.03.2008; 3♂♂ (NUAM), Altınözü, Akdarı village, 36°14É 36°04Ń,
412m, 25.03.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Yayladağı, Güzelyurt village, 36°03É 35°55Ń, 507m,
25.03.2008; 7♀♀ (NUAM), Yayladağı, Hisarcık village, 36°06É 35°57Ń, 910m,
25.03.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Samandağı, Fidanlı village, 36°01É 36°09Ń, 146m,
25.03.2008; 5♀♀ (NUAM), Erzin, Körhan village, 36°14É 36°57Ń, 267m, 24.04.2008;
1♂8♀♀ (NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese, 36°15É 36°49Ń, 221m, 24.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM),
Erzin, Akoluk plateau, 36°27É 37°02Ń, 1092m, 24.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Dörtyol,
Karakese, Çökek plateau, 36°16É 36°50Ń, 520m, 13.05.2008; 1♀ (GUZM), Hassa, 36°50'N
36°32'E, 450m, 20.05.2009; 3♀♀ (NUAM), İçel province, Silifke, Kayhan village, 33°58É
36°34Ń, 982m, 21.04.2007; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Kocaoluk village, 33°54É 36°40Ń,
1402m, 21.04.2007; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Çataloluk village, 32°46É 36°08Ń, 592m,
17.04.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Çamlıpınar village, 32°41É 36°11Ń, 989m,
17.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Mut, Dağpazarı village, 33°25É 36°48Ń, 1442m, 18.04.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Mut, Demirkapı village, 33°28É 36°54Ń, 1450m, 18.04.2008; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM),
Mut, Çivi village, 33°32É 36°49Ń, 1390m, 18.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla,
Kurtçukuru village, 34°46É 37°09Ń, 733m, 20.04.2008; 2♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla,
Zirve village, 34°48É 37°09Ń, 634m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Çamalan, Kaburgediği
128
village, 34°48É 37°10Ń, 622m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Değnek village, 34°23É
37°02Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Arslanköy, 34°16É 36°59Ń, 1390m,
20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Karayakup village, 34°24É 36°44Ń, 190m,
21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Hacıalanı village, 34°11É 36°49Ń, 1600m, 21.04.2008;
2♀♀ (NUAM), Fındıkpınarı village, 34°23É 36°54Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Çevlik village, 34°28É 36°45Ń, 128m, 20.04.2008; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Tece, 34°26É 36°43Ń,
60m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Tömük, Çiftepınar village, 34°20É 36°43Ń,
325m, 21.04.2008; 2♂♂1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Tömük, Yeşildere village, 34°18É 36°41Ń,
288m, 21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Aydıncık, Yeniyörük village, 33°23É 36°14Ń, 713m,
15.04.2008; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Alahan, 33°21É 36°46Ń, 911m, 19.04.2008; 1♂2♀♀
(NUAM), Mut, Sertavul 3, 33°16É 36°54Ń, 1550m, 19.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), , Bozyazı,
Bozağaç village, 33°23É 36°17Ń, 754m, 22.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Bozyazı, Tekeli village,
33°10É 36°11Ń, 617m, 22.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Silifke castle, 33°55É 36°22Ń,
133m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Ortaören village, 33°43É 36°27Ń, 652m,
21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Erdemli, Tömük, İlemin village, 34°20É 36°43Ń, 485m,
21.04.2008; 7♂♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Çarıklar village, 32°52É 36°06Ń, 58m,
22.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Evciler village, 32°55É 36°11Ń, 556m, 22.04.2008;
3♂♂1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Bozdoğan village, 32°54É 36°06Ń, 404m, 22.04.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Gülnar, Göksu village, 33°10É 36°45Ń, 596m, 22.04.2008; 4♂♂2♀♀ (NUAM),
Gülnar, Köseçobanlı village, 33°08É 36°26Ń, 1302m, 22.04.2008; 3♂♂ (NUAM), Gülnar,
Çukurkonak village, 33°19É 36°23Ń, 1082m, 22.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Gülnar, Kayrak
village, 33°31É 36°20Ń, 1213m, 22.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Gülnar, Zeyne village, 33°31É
36°26Ń, 352m, 22.04.2008; 5♂♂5♀♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek district, 34°48É 37°12Ń,
815m, 28.04.2009; 2♀♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Karboğazı, 34°46É 37°18Ń, 1261m, 28.04.2009;
5♂♂1♀ (GUZM), Çamlıyayla, Zirve village, 34°48É 37°09Ń, 634m, 28.04.2009; 2♂♂8♀♀
(GUZM), Çamlıyayla, Kadıncık dam, 34°42É 37°08Ń, 862m, 28.04.2009; 2♀♀ (GUZM),
Mut, 33°26É 36°38Ń 436m, 29.04.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Mut, Bozdoğan village, 33°13É
36°41Ń, 676m, 29.04.2009; 1♂2♀♀ (GUZM), Mut, Kurtsuyu village, 33°32É 36°30Ń,
105m, 29.04.2009; 1♂ 1♀ (GUZM), Mut, Göksu village, 33°26É 36°33Ń, 123m,
29.04.2009; 6♂♂ (NUAM), Kahramanmaraş province, Göksun, Eoğankonak village,
36°25É 38°12Ń, 1604m, 20.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Çağlayancerit, Emiruşağı village,
37°16É 37°40Ń, 1695m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Çağlayan Cerit-Nurhak 1, 37°18É
37°48Ń, 1670m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Çağlayan Cerit-Nurhak 2, 37°25É 37°55Ń,
1361m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, 37°37É 37°30Ń, 1590m, 21.05.2007; 4♀♀
(NUAM), Türkoğlu, Kızıleniş village, 36°46É 37°20Ń, 655m, 22.05.2007; 32♀♀ (NUAM),
Pazarcık, Armutlu village, 37°15É 37°30Ń, 815m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Nurhak 1,
37°22É 37°58Ń, 1525m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, Beyoğlu village, 36°47É
37°19Ń, 485m, 14.05.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, Şekeroba village, 36°46É 37°14Ń,
485m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Ulubahçe village, 37°21É 37°30Ń, 840m,
14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben, 36°24É 37°37Ń, 1281m, 17.06.2008; 2♀♀
(GUZM), Geben, Değirmendere village, 36°26'E 37°53'N, 1518m, 21.05.2009; 1♀ (GUZM),
Andırın, Dermek village, 36°38'E 37°37'N, 515m, 21.05.2009; 2♀♀ (GUZM), Andırın,
Yenidemir village, 36°41'E 37°38'N, 515m, 21.05.2009; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Kilis province,
Oğuzeli, Küpeli village, 37°14É 36°44Ń, 609m, 03.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Polateli,
Çakaldere village, 37°05É 36°47Ń, 652m, 03.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Elbeyli, Yavuzlu
village, 37°19É 36°41Ń, 537m, 03.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Oğuzeli, Bayramlı village,
37°17É 36°46Ń, 593m, 03.05.2007; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Osmaniye province, Toprakkale
castle, 36°08É 37°03Ń, 70m, 01.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Yarpuz village, 36°25É 37°03Ń,
903m, 01.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Bahçe, Aşağı Arıcaklı village, 36°36É 37°11Ń, 375m,
02.05.2007; 2♂ (NUAM), Bahçe, Yaylalı village, 36°37É 37°17Ń, 382m, 02.05.2007; 2♀♀
(NUAM), Düziçi, Yarbaşı village, 36°25É 37°10Ń, 380m, 02.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Bahçe,
Kaman village, 36°39É 37°10Ń, 820m, 02.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Bahçe, Yaylalı village,
36°37É 37°17Ń, 382m, 22.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Kesmeburun village, 36°10É 37°09Ń,
129
70m, 23.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Çakıcılar village, 36°13É 37°16Ń, 100m,
24.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Aslantaş dam, 36°13É 37°15Ń, 127m,
24.05.2007; 11♀♀ (NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 24.05.2007; 2♂♂
(NUAM), Toprakkale castle, 36°08É 37°03Ń, 70m, 25.03.2008; 3♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM),
Kadirli, Karatepe, 36°13É 37°15Ń, 127m, 27.03.2008; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Hemite
village, Hemite castle, 36°05É 37°11Ń, 65m, 27.03.2008; 10♂♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli,
Karatepe, Çakıcılar village, 36°13É 37°16Ń, 100m, 27.03.2008; 13♂♂17♀♀ (NUAM),
Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 27.03.2008; 3♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM), Hierapolis castle,
36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 23.04.2008; 4♂♂9♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Sağlamerler
village, 36°14É 37°17Ń, 156m, 23.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Çürükler
village, 36°13É 37°16Ń, 100m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Aşağı Arıcaklı village,
36°36É 37°11Ń, 375m, 24.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Yarpuz village, 36°25É 37°03Ń,
903m, 24.04.2008; 3♂♂7♀♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Nohut village, 36°32É 37°11Ń, 543m,
24.04.2008; 8♂♂11♀♀ (NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 13.05.2008; 3♀♀
(NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 18.06.2008; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Kadirli,
Karatepe Milli Parkı, 36°13'E 37°15'N, 297m, 30.04.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Hierapolis castle,
36°11'E 37°10'N, 100m, 30.04.2009; 2♀♀ (GUZM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11'E 37°10'N, 100m,
20.05.2009.
Records in Turkey: Hatay Kilis, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye (Demir et al., 2009).
World Distribution: Israel, Turkey (Levy, 1976; Demir et al., 2009).
Xysticus gallicus Simon, 1875
Material еxamined: 1♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Adana province, Pozantı, Akçatekir, 34°49É
37°22Ń, 1036m, 28.06.2007; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Akçatekir, 34°49É 37°22Ń,
1047m, 10.06.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Pozantı, Kandil pass, 36°46É 37°18Ń, 1255m,
10.06.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Kandil pass, 36°46É 37°18Ń, 1267m,10.06.2008.
Records in Turkey: Kayseri (Demir, 2008), Adana (present study).
World Distribution: Palearctic (Platnick, 2014).
Xysticus gymnocephalus Strand, 1915
Material еxamined: 2♂♂ (NUAM), Adana province, Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney village,
36°19É 38°15Ń, 1584m, 19.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Güzelim village, 36°11É
38°08Ń, 1417m, 19.10.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Pınarlar village, 36°13É 38°12Ń,
1352m, 12.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Kaan pass, 36°21É 38°16Ń, 1568m,
12.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Halilbeyli village, 36°12É 37°47Ń, 1482m,
18.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Ayvacık village, 36°09É 37°48Ń, 1334m, 18.10.2008;
3♀♀ (NUAM), Feke, Akkaya village, 35°53'E 37°42'N, 870m, 19.10.2008; 2♂♂ 3♀♀ (NUAM),
Feke, Köleli village, 35°48É 37°52Ń, 1269m, 19.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Obruk
şelalesi, 36°05É 37°59Ń, 1005m, 19.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, 36°06É 37°58Ń,
1492m, 19.10.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Kozan, Çulluuşağı village, 35°55'E 37°40'N, 716m,
19.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Kozan, Gedikli village, 35°52D 37°30'N, 399m, 19.10.2008; 1♂1♀
(NUAM), Kozan, Karahamzalı village, 35°52E 37°30'N, 399m, 19.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Kahramanmaraş province, Pazarcık, Ulubahçe village, 37°21É 37°30Ń, 840m,
14.10.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben 1, 36°26É 37°38Ń, 1281m, 21.10.2008; 1♂4♀♀
(NUAM), Andırın-Geben 2, 36°28É 37°40Ń, 1281m, 21.10.2008; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM),
Andırın-Torun 2, 36°22É 37°31Ń, 610m, 21.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Torun 3,
36°23É 37°25Ń, 722m, 21.10.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Göksun, Bozhüyük village, 36°30É
38°08Ń, 1556m, 22.10.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Mehmetbey village, 36°27É
38°05Ń, 1544m, 22.10.2008; 2♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Armutlu village, 37°15É
37°30Ń, 815m, 14.10.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Yarbaşı village, 37°13É 37°28Ń,
842m, 14.10.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Çağlayancerit, Boylu village, 37°14É 37°42Ń, 1592m,
14.10.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Çağlayancerit, Emiruşağı village, 37°16É 37°40Ń, 1695m,
14.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Çağlayan Cerit-Nurhak 1, 37°18É 37°48Ń, 1670 m,
14.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Çağlayan Cerit-Nurhak 2, 37°25É 37°55Ń, 1361m, 14.10.2008;
130
1♂ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, Şekeroba village, 36°46É 37°16Ń, 485m, 14.10.2008; 2♀♀
(NUAM), Türkoğlu, İmalı village, 36°43É 37°20Ń, 1104m, 14.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Türkoğlu, Kaledibi village, 36°38É 37°17Ń, 1098m, 14.10.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Türkoğlu,
Beyoğlu village, 36°46É 37°17Ń, 543m, 14.10.2008.
Records in Turkey: Ankara (Demir, 2008), Adana, Kahramanmaraş (present study).
World Distribution: Turkey, Lebanon, Israel (Platnick, 2014).
Xysticus kaznakovi Utochkin, 1968
Material еxamined: 1♂ (NUAM), Adana province, Karaisalı, Cingöz village, 35°17É
37°22Ń, 617m, 23.04.2008; 6♂♂ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney village, 36°19É 38°15Ń,
485m, 12.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Feke, Köleli village, 35°56É 37°49Ń, 860m, 12.05.2008;
1♂ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Kaan pass, 36°21É 38°16Ń, 1568m, 12.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM),
Tufanbeyli, İğdebel village, 36°22É 38°16Ń, 1621m, 12.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli,
Kayırcık village, 36°17É 38°09Ń, 1325m, 12.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Feke, Oruçlu village,
35°42É 37°55Ń, 1545m, 12.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Çakırlar village, 36°17É
38°19Ń, 1556m, 12.05.2008; 3♂♂ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Obruk şelalesi, 36°05É 37°59Ń,
1005m, 12.05.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, 36°06É 37°58Ń, 1492m, 12.05.2008; 1♂
(GUZM), Kozan, Çulluuşağı village, 35°55'E 37°40'N, 716m, 19.05.2009; 1♂ (GUZM),
Kozan, Karahamzalı village, 35°52E 37°30'N, 399m, 19.05.2009; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Feke,
Çürükler village, 35°57É 37°52Ń, 1522m, 19.05.2009; 1♂ (NUAM), Hatay province,
Dörtyol, Karakese 1, 36°17É 36°49Ń, 875m, 04.05.2007; 3♂♂ (NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese
2, 36°17É 36°48Ń, 735m, 04.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), İçel province, Tarsus, Gülek 2,
34°46É 37°19Ń, 1436m, 20.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Tarsus, Gülek 3, 34°45É 37°13Ń,
1028m, 20.04.2008; 1♂ (GUZM), Çamlıyayla, Kadıncık dam, 37°08Ń 34°42É, 862m,
28.04.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Tarsus, Taşobası village, 34°55É 37°05Ń, 256m, 28.04.2009;
2♂♂ (GUZM), Tarsus, Çamalan, 34°48Ń 37°11É, 778m, 28.04.2009; 1♂ (NUAM),
Kahramanmaraş province, Göksun, Bozhüyük village, 36°30É 38°08Ń, 1556m,
20.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Göksun, Gölpınar village, 36°30É 37°58Ń, 1544m, 20.05.2007;
1♂ (NUAM), Çağlayancerit, Boylu village, 37°14É 37°42Ń, 1592m, 21.05.2007; 1♂
(NUAM), Çağlayancerit, Emiruşağı village, 37°16É 37°40Ń, 1695m, 21.05.2007; 1♂
(NUAM), Türkoğlu, İmalı village, 36°43É 37°20Ń, 1104m, 22.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM),
Türkoğlu, Kaledibi village, 36°38É 37°17Ń, 1098m, 22.05.2007; 2♂♂ (NUAM), AndırınTorun 3, 36°23É 37°25Ń, 722m, 25.05.2007; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Andırın-Torun 1, 36°20É
37°33Ń, 894m, 25.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Armutlu village, 37°15É 37°30Ń,
815m, 14.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Yarbaşı village, 37°13É 37°28Ń, 842m,
14.05.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben, 36°24É 37°37Ń, 1281m, 15.05.2008; 5♂♂
(GUZM), Andırın, Sarımollalı village, 36°35'E 37°35'N, 1184m, 21.05.2009; 1♂ (GUZM),
Geben, Değirmendere village, 36°26'E 37°53'N, 1518m, 21.05.2009; 6♂♂ (GUZM), Andırın,
Yenidemir village, 36°41'E 37°38'N, 515m, 21.05.2009; 1♂ (NUAM), Osmaniye province,
Bahçe, Yaylalık village, 36°36É 37°15Ń, 1019m, 22.05.2007; 3♂♂ (NUAM), Bahçe, Kaman
village, 36°32É 37°09Ń, 1118m, 22.05.2007; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Yarpuz 1, 36°26É 37°02Ń,
1132m, 23.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Yarpuz 2, 36°21É 37°03Ń, 1337m, 23.05.2007; 1♂
(NUAM), Yarpuz 3, 36°21É 37°05Ń, 727m, 23.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Zorkun 1, 36°17É
37°01Ń, 765m, 23.05.2007; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Zorkun 2, 36°18É 37°00Ń, 1028m,
23.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Bahçe, Aşağı Arıcaklı village,
36°36É 37°11Ń, 717m,
24.04.2008; 3♂♂ (GUZM), Hemite castle, 36°05É 37°11Ń, 78m, 30.04.2009.
Records in Turkey: Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye (Demir et al., 2009), Adana, Hatay, İçel
(present study).
World Distribution: Central Asia, Turkey (Platnick, 2014).
Xysticus kochi Thorell, 1872
Material еxamined: 1♀ (NUAM), Adana province, Pozantı 2, 34°53É 37°26Ń, 841m,
19.06.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Belemedik 1, 34°55É 37°21Ń, 798m, 19.06.2007; 1♂,
(NUAM), Pozantı, Belemedik 2, 34°58É 37°19Ń, 571m, 19.06.2007; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM),
131
Pozantı, Akçatekir, 34°50É 37°22Ń, 1036m, 19.06.2007; 2♂♂ (NUAM), İmamoğlu,
Saygeçit village, 35°37É 37°15Ń, 96m, 23.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Güzelim
village, 36°11É 38°07Ń, 1367m, 12.05.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Pınarlar village,
36°13É 38°12Ń, 1352m, 12.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Yardibi village, 36°07É
37°51Ń, 738m, 12.06.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Beypınarı village, 36°14É 38°06Ń,
1521m, 12.06.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Cingöz village, 35°17É 37°22Ń, 617m,
19.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Hacılı village, 35°09É 37°17Ń, 191m, 19.06.2008;
1♂1♀ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Çatalan dam, 35°17É 37°14Ń, 133m, 19.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Aladağ, Köprücek village, 35°30É 37°38Ń, 1248m, 19.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Aladağ,
Büyüksofulu village, 35°09É 37°33Ń, 937m, 19.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Aladağ, Gerdibi
village, 35°09É 37°30Ń, 1248m, 19.06.2008; 2♀♀ (GUZM), Aladağ, Kelerbaşı (Çarkıpare)
village, 35°24'E 37°28'N, 700m, 29.04.2009; 2♂♂ (GUZM), Tufanbeyli, İğdebel village,
36°22É 38°16Ń, 1621m, 19.05.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Tufanbeyli, Pınarlar village, 36°13É
38°12Ń, 1352m, 19.05.2009; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Çulluuşağı village, 35°55'E 37°40'N,
716m, 19.05.2009; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Karahamzalı village, 35°52E 37°30'N, 399m,
19.05.2009; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Feke, Akkaya village, 35°53'E 37°42'N, 870m, 19.05.2009;
2♂♂3♀♀ (GUZM), Feke, Köleli village, 35°48É 37°52Ń, 1269m, 19.05.2009; 1♂1♀
(NUAM), Saimbeyli, Obruk şelalesi, 36°05É 37°59Ń, 1005m, 19.05.2009; 1♀ (GUZM),
Ceyhan, Yılan kale, 35°46É 37°00Ń, 32m, 30.06.2009; 1♂2♀♀ (GUZM), Gaziantep
province, Nurdağı, Başpınar village, 36°43'N 37°11'E, 638m, 20.05.2009; 1♂ (NUAM),
Hatay province, Dörtyol, Karakese 1, 36°17É 36°49Ń, 875m, 24.04.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM),
Dörtyol, Karakese 2, 36°17É 36°48Ń, 735m, 24.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese
3, 36°23É 36°50Ń, 1260m, 24.04.2008; 4♂♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Hassa-Akbez, 36°31É
36°51Ń, 605m, 03.05.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Kırıkhan, Dermek village, 36°25É 36°40Ń,
496m, 03.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Belen, Kıcı village, 36°16É 36°28Ń, 628 m, 14.05.2008;
1♀ (NUAM), Belen-Antakya 2, 36°11É 36°21Ń, 206m, 14.05.2008; 6♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM),
Erzin, Akoluk plateau, 36°27É 37°02Ń, 1092m, 24.04.2008; 1♀ (GUZM), Erzin, Körhan
village (İçmeler), 36°57'N 36°14'E, 267m, 01.07.2009; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Erzin, Isos harabeleri,
36°07É 36°58Ń, 47m, 01.07.2009; İçel province, Silifke, Kayhan village, 33°58É
36°34Ń, 982m, 21.04.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Kocaoluk village, 33°54É 36°40Ń,
1402m, 21.04.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Kanlıdivane, 34°05É 36°32Ń, 619m, 21.04.2007; 1♂1♀
(NUAM), Mut, Kavaközü village, 33°23É 36°53Ń, 1560m, 18.04.2008; 1♀, (NUAM), Mut,
Çömelek village, 33°44É 36°43Ń, 1300m, 18.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Bozyazı, Tekeli
village, 33°10É 36°11Ń, 617m, 22.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Bozyazı, Bozağaç village,
33°23É 36°17Ń, 754m, 22.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Değirmendere village, 34°31É
37°02Ń, 1286m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Değnek village, 34°23É 37°02Ń, 1215m,
20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Arslanköy, 34°16É 36°59Ń, 1390m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Erdemli, Hacıalanı village, 34°11É 36°49Ń, 1600m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli,
Karakız göleti, 34°13É 36°51Ń, 1605m, 21.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Fındıkpınarı village,
34°23É 36°54Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Sertavul 1, 33°19É 36°48Ń,
1255m, 19.04.2008; 1♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Sertavul 3, 33°16É 36°54Ń, 1550m,
19.04.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Erdemli 2, 34°08É 36°40Ń, 886m, 21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM),
Erdemli 3, 34°05É 36°42Ń, 1298m, 21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Erdemli, Tömük 1, 34°20É
36°47Ń, 793m, 21.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Ortaören village, 33°43É 36°27Ń,
652m, 21.04.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Güngören village, 32°38É 36°12Ń, 780m,
17.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Anamur, Çamlıpınar village, 32°41É 36°11Ń, 989m, 17.04.2008;
2♂♂1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Bozdoğan village, 32°54É 36°06Ń, 404m, 22.04.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Gülnar, Zeyne village, 33°31É 36°26Ń, 352m, 22.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Gülnar,
Göksu village, 33°10É 36°45Ń, 596m, 22.04.2008; 4♂♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Gülnar,
Köseçobanlı village, 33°08É 36°26Ń, 1302m, 22.04.2008; 1♂ (GUZM), Mut, 33°26É
36°38Ń 436m, 29.04.2009; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Mut, Göksu village, 33°26É 36°33Ń, 123m,
29.04.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 1, 34°45É 37°15Ń, 1059m, 02.07.2009; 3♂♂1♀
(GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 2, 34°46É 37°19Ń, 1436m, 02.07.2009; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus,
132
Gülek 3, 34°45É 37°13Ń, 1028m, 02.07.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Kaburgediği village,
34°48É 37°08Ń, 711m, 02.07.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Tarsus, Taşobası village, 34°55É
37°05Ń, 256m, 02.07.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Çamalan, 34°48Ń 37°11É, 778m,
02.07.2009; 1♀ (NUAM), Kahramanmaraş province, Türkoğlu, Kaledibi village, 36°38É
37°17Ń, 1098m, 22.05.2007; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, Beyoğlu village, 36°46É 37°17Ń,
543m, 22.05.2007; 5♂♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, Şekeroba village, 36°46É 37°16Ń, 513m,
22.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Göksun, Püren pass, 36°30É 37°56Ń, 1581m, 25.06.2007; 2♂♂
(NUAM), Andırın-Torun 1, 36°20É 37°33Ń, 894m, 26.06.2007; 2♂♂1♀ (NUAM), AndırınTorun 2, 36°22É 37°31Ń, 610m, 26.06.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Gölpınar village,
36°30É 37°58Ń, 1544m, 25.06.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Mehmetbey village, 36°27É
38°05Ń, 1544m, 25.06.2007; 2♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Armutlu village, 37°15É
37°30Ń, 815m, 14.05.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Yarbaşı village, 37°13É 37°28Ń,
842m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Nurhak 2, 37°19É 37°53Ń, 1383m, 14.05.2008; 1♀
(GUZM), Andırın-Geben 2, 36°28'E 37°40'N, 1299m, 14.08.2009; 2♂♂ (NUAM),
Osmaniye province, Yarpuz 1, 36°26É 37°02Ń, 1132m, 23.05.2007; 1♂1♀ (NUAM),
Yarpuz 2, 36°21É 37°03Ń, 1337m, 23.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Yarpuz 3, 36°21É 37°05Ń,
727m, 23.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Zorkun, Armutdüzü plateau, 36°16É 37°01Ń, 805m,
18.06.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Zorkun, Karınca plateau, 36°19É 36°58Ń, 1520m,
18.06.2008; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Zorkun plateau, 36°17'E 37°01'N, 703m, 20.05.2009.
Records in Turkey: Adana, Ankara, Bolu, Bursa, Çankırı, Denizli, Isparta, İçel, İstanbul,
Kayseri, Kırıkkale, Konya, Nevşehir, Niğde, Sakarya, Sinop, Van, Yozgat, Zonguldak (Demir,
2008), Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye (present study).
World Distribution: Europe, Mediterranean to Central Asia (Platnick, 2014).
Xysticus laetus Thorell, 1875
Material еxamined: 1♂ (NUAM), Adana province, Ceyhan, Yılan kale, 35°44É
37°00Ń, 110m, 24.03.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Kozan, Çulluuşağı village, 35°55É 37°40Ń,
660m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Belemedik village, 34°54É 37°20Ń, 706m,
20.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Çatalan dam, 35°17É 37°14Ń, 133m, 23.04.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Karaisalı, Hacılı village, 35°09É 37°17Ń, 191m, 23.04.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM),
Karaisalı, Çatalan dam, 35°17É 37°14Ń, 133m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), İmamoğlu,
35°43É 37°17Ń, 56m, 23.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), İmamoğlu, Saygeçit village, 35°37É
37°15Ń, 96m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), İçel province, Silifke, , Evkaf Çiftliği, 33°38É
36°28Ń, 441m, 21.04.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Kanlıdivane, 34°05É 36°32Ń, 619m,
21.04.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Tarsus, Gülek 1, 34°45É 37°15Ń, 1059 m, 20.04.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Tarsus, Gülek 2, 34°46É 37°19Ń, 1436m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Fındıkpınarı
village, 34°23É 36°54Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Doğançay village, 34°26É
36°51Ń, 742m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Çevlik village, 34°28É 36°45Ń, 128m,
20.04.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tarsus, Gülek 3, 34°45É 37°13Ń, 1028m, 20.04.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Tarsus, Kaburgediği village, 34°48É 37°08Ń, 711m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM),
Erdemli, Tömük, Çiftepınar village, 34°21É 36°42Ń, 183m, 21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM),
Erdemli, Tömük 1, 34°20É 36°47Ń, 793m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Kahramanmaraş
province, Türkoğlu, Kızıleniş village, 36°46É 37°20Ń, 655m, 22.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM),
Türkoğlu, Kaledibi village, 36°38É 37°17Ń, 1098m, 22.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Osmaniye
province, Bahçe, Nohut village, 36°31É 37°11Ń, 700m, 22.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Bahçe,
Kaman village, 36°32É 37°09Ń, 1118m, 02.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe,
36°14É 37°15Ń, 235m, 24.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Sofular village,
36°13É 37°21Ń, 291m, 24.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Aşağı Arıcaklı village, 36°36É
37°11Ń, 717m, 02.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Yaylalık village, 36°36É 37°15Ń, 698m,
22.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Çakıcılar village, 36°13É 37°16Ń, 100m,
27.03.2008; 1♂7♀♀ (NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 27.03.2008.
Records in Turkey: Antalya, Bolu, Bursa, Çankırı, İçel, Kırıkkale, Konya, Nevşehir, Niğde,
Yozgat (Demir, 2008), Adana, Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye (present study).
World Distribution: Italy to Central Asia (Platnick, 2014).
133
Xysticus lanio C.L.Koch, 1835
Material еxamined: 1♂ (NUAM), Hatay province, Dörtyol, Yahyalı plateau, 36°17É
36°49Ń, 988m, 04.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese 2, 36°17É 36°48Ń, 735m,
(NUAM), Osmaniye province, Zorkun, Karıncalı plateau, 36°20É 36°58Ń, 1520m,
04.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Zorkun 1, 36°17É 37°01Ń, 765m, 23.05.2007; 2♂♂ (NUAM),
Zorkun, Olukbaşı plateau, 36°19É 36°58Ń, 1520m, 23.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), ZorkunErzin, 36°18É 36°58Ń, 1264m, 18.06.2008.
Records in Turkey: Hatay, İçel, İstanbul, Niğde (Demir, 2008), Osmaniye (present
study).
Xysticus luctuosus (Blackwall, 1836)
Material еxamined: 1♂ (NUAM), İçel province, Anamur, Çarıklar village, 32°52É
36°06Ń, 58m, 22.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Anamur, Evciler village, 32°55É 36°11Ń, 556m,
22.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Anamur, Bozdoğan village, 32°54É 36°06Ń, 404m,
22.04.2008.
Records in Turkey: Gaziantep, Konya, Van (Demir, 2008), İçel (present study).
World Distribution: Holarctic (Platnick, 2014).
Xysticus ninnii Thorell, 1872
Material еxamined: 1♀ (NUAM), Adana province, Pozantı 2, 34°53É 37°26Ń, 841m,
19.06.2007; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Belememdik 1, 34°55É 37°21Ń, 798m, 19.06.2007;
1♂ (NUAM), Pozantı, Akçatekir, 34°50É 37°22Ń, 1036m, 19.06.2007; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM),
Aladağ, Meydan plateau 1, 35°23'E 37°31'N, 925m, 19.06.2007; 2♂♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Feke,
Köleli village, 35°48É 37°52Ń, 1269m, 06.07.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney
village, 36°20É 38°15Ń, 1584m, 06.07.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, İğdebel village,
36°22É 38°16Ń, 1621m, 06.07.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Çakırlar village, 36°17É
38°19Ń, 1556m, 06.07.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Obruk şelalesi, 36°05É 37°59Ń,
1005m, 06.07.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Halilbeyli village, 36°12É 37°47Ń, 1482m,
06.07.2008; 3♂♂3♀♀ (GUZM), Pozantı, Bürücek plateau, 34°49É 37°20Ń, 1202m,
02.07.2009; 3♂♂3♀♀ (GUZM), İçel province, Çamlıyayla, Kadıncık dam, 34°42É
37°08Ń,862 m, 02.07.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 1, 34°45É 37°15Ń, 1059m,
02.07.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 2, 34°46É 37°19Ń, 1436m, 02.07.2009; 1♂1♀
(GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 3, 34°45É 37°13Ń, 1028m, 02.07.2009; 2♂♂ (GUZM), Tarsus,
Kurtçukuru village, 34°45Ń 37°09É, 526m, 02.07.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Kaburgediği
village, 34°48É 37°08Ń, 711m, 02.07.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Tarsus, Çamalan, 34°48Ń
37°11É, 778m, 02.07.2009; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Kahramanmaraş province, Andırın-Torun 1,
36°20É 37°33Ń, 894m, 26.06.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Göksun, Bozhüyük village, 36°30É
38°08Ń, 1556m, 25.06.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Mehmetbey village, 36°27É
38°05Ń, 1544m, 25.06.2007; 2♂♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Püren pass, 36°30É 37°56Ń,
1581m, 25.06.2007; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben 2, 36°28'E 37°40'N, 1299m, 17.06.2008;
1♂ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben 3, 36°30'E 37°42'N, 1267m, 17.06.2008; 7♀♀ (NUAM),
Osmaniye province, Zorkun, Karınca plateau, 36°19É 36°58Ń, 1520m, 18.06.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Zorkun, Olukbaşı plateau, 36°19É 36°59Ń, 1186m, 18.06.2008; 1♂ 1♀ (NUAM),
Zorkun 1, 36°17É 37°01Ń, 765m, 18.06.2008.
Records in Turkey: Adana, Çankırı, İçel, Kayseri, Konya, Sivas, Van (Demir, 2008),
Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye (present study).
World Distribution: Eastern Europe to Mongolia (Platnick, 2014).
Xysticus pseudoluctuosus Marusik & Logunov, 1995
Material еxamined: 1♀ (NUAM), İçel province, Kanlıdivane, 34°05É 36°32Ń, 619m,
21.04.2007.
Records in Turkey: İçel (Demir et al., 2010b).
World Distribution: Turkey, Tajikistan (Marusik & Logunov, 1995, Demir et al., 2010b).
134
Xysticus pseudorectilineus (Wunderlich, 1995)
Material еxamined: 1♀ (NUAM), Adana province, Pozantı, Belemedik village, 34°54É
37°20Ń, 706m, 19.04.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Belemedik 1, 34°55É 37°21Ń, 798m,
19.06.2007; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Belemedik 2, 34°58É 37°19Ń, 571m, 19.06.2007; 4♀♀
(NUAM), Ceyhan, Yılan kale, 35°44É 37°00Ń, 110m, 24.03.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Pozantı,
34°50É 37°22Ń, 880m, 28.03.2008; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Bürücek plateau, 34°49É
37°20Ń, 1202m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Kandil pass, 36°46É 37°18Ń,
1255m, 20.04.2008; 5♀♀ (NUAM), Pozantı 1, 34°50É 37°29Ń, 889m, 20.04.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), İmamoğlu, 35°43É 37°17Ń, 56m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), İmamoğlu, Saygeçit
village, 35°37É 37°15Ń, 96m, 23.04.2008; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Feke, Köleli village, 35°56É
37°49Ń, 860m, 12.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, İğdebel village, 36°22É 38°16Ń,
1621m, 12.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Halilbeyli village, 36°12É 37°47Ń, 1482m,
12.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Yardibi village, 36°07É 37°51Ń, 738m, 12.06.2008;
3♀♀ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Hacılı village, 35°09É 37°17Ń, 191m, 19.06.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM),
Karaisalı, Boztahta village, 35°12É 37°23Ń, 367m, 19.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Karaisalı,
Cingöz village, 35°17É 37°22Ń, 617m, 19.06.2008; 4♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM), Feke, Kazancı
village 35°56É 37°49Ń, 863m, 19.10.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, 36°06É 37°58Ń,
1492m, 19.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Güzelim village, 36°11É 38°08Ń, 1367m,
19.10.2008; 5♀♀ (GUZM), Feke, Kazancı village, 35°56'E 37°49'N, 863m, 30.04.2009; 2♀♀
(GUZM), Kozan, Kozan dam, 35°50'E 37°31'N, 292m, 30.04.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Aladağ,
Meydan Plateau 1, 35°22'E 37°30'N, 1200m, 29.04.2009; 2♀♀ (GUZM), Aladağ, Kelerbaşı
(Çarkıpare) village, 35°24'E 37°28'N 700m, 29.04.2009; 2♀♀ (GUZM), Tufanbeyli,
Bozgüney village, 36°19'E 38°15'N, 1442m, 19.05.2009; 2♀♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Karahamzalı
village, 35°52E 37°30'N, 399m, 19.05.2009; 1♀ 1♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Gedikli village, 35°52E
37°30'N, 399m, 30.06.2009; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Gaziantep province, Nurdağı, Karaburç village,
36°42É 37°08Ń, 517m, 26.03.2008; 8♀♀ (NUAM), Hatay province, Kırıkhan, Hassa,
Aktepe village, 36°29É 36°42Ń, 308m, 03.05.2007; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Erzin, Isos harabeleri,
36°07É 36°58Ń, 47m, 04.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Yayladağı, Yeşiltepe village, 36°02É
35°59Ń, 741m, 27.06.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Yayladağı, Hisarcık village, 36°06É 35°57Ń,
910m, 27.06.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Samandağı, Fidanlı village, 36°01É 36°09Ń, 146m,
27.06.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Samandağı, Yeşilköy, 36°01É 36°07Ń, 68m, 27.06.2007; 8♀♀
(NUAM), İskenderun, Çamlık Evler, 36°08É 36°32Ń, 204m, 25.03.2008; 6♀♀ (NUAM),
Samandağ, Yeşil village, 36°02É 36°07Ń, 107m, 25.03.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Belen-Antakya,
36°14É 36°28Ń, 739m, 25.03.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Altınözü, 36°15É 36°06Ń, 474m,
26.03.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Kırıkhan, Hassa, Aktepe village, 36°29É 36°42Ń, 308m,
26.03.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Belen, Kıcı village, 36°16É 36°28Ń, 628m, 14.05.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), İçel province, Kanlıdivane, 34°05É 36°32Ń, 619m, 21.04.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM),
Çamalan, Kaburgediği village 34°48É 37°10Ń, 622m, 19.04.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Silifke,
Evkaf Çiftliği, 33°38É 36°28Ń, 441m, 21.04.2007; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Kayhan village,
33°58É 36°34Ń, 982m, 21.04.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Kocaoluk village, 33°54É
36°40Ń, 1402m, 21.04.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Çataloluk village, 32°46É 36°08Ń,
592m, 17.04.2008; 1♂ 1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Güngören village, 32°38É 36°12Ń, 780m,
17.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Dağpazarı village, 33°25É 36°48Ń, 1442m, 18.04.2008;
1♀ (NUAM), Mut, Demirkapı village, 33°28É 36°54Ń, 1450m, 18.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Mut, Çömelek village, 33°44É 36°43Ń, 1300m, 18.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Mut, Alahan,
33°21É 36°46Ń, 911m, 19.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Sertavul 1, 33°19É 36°48Ń,
1255m, 19.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Sertavul 2, 33°17É 36°51Ń, 1498m, 19.04.2008;
1♀ (NUAM), Mut, Sertavul 3, 33°16É 36°54Ń, 1550m, 19.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Tarsus,
Kandil pass, 34°44É 37°17Ń, 1340m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Akçatekir, Karboğazı,
34°45É 37°18Ń, 1255m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Karayakup village, 34°24É
36°44Ń, 190m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Hacıalanı village, 34°11É 36°49Ń,
1600m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Karakız göleti, 34°13É 36°51Ń, 1605m,
21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla, Namrun castle, 34°37É 37°11Ń, 1286m,
135
20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla, Sebil village, 34°32É 37°07Ń, 1110m, 20.04.2008;
2♀♀, (NUAM), Çamlıyayla 1, 34°38É 37°11Ń, 1286m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM),
Değirmendere village, 34°31É 37°02Ń, 1286 m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Değnek
village, 34°23É 37°02Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Arslanköy, 34°16É 36°59Ń,
1390m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Fındıkpınarı village, 34°23É 36°54Ń, 1215m,
20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Doğançay village, 34°26É 36°51Ń, 742m, 20.04.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Çevlik village, 34°28É 36°45Ń, 128m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Gülnar, Akova,
33°10É 36°24Ń, 1352m, 22.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Tarsus, Gülek 1, 34°45É 37°15Ń,
1059m, 28.04.2008; 6♀♀ (NUAM), Tarsus, Gülek 2, 34°46É 37°19Ń, 1436m, 28.04.2008;
3♀♀ (NUAM), Tarsus, Gülek 3, 34°45É 37°13Ń, 1028m, 28.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM),
Erdemli 2, 34°08É 36°40Ń, 886m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli 3, 34°05É
36°42Ń, 1298m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Limonlu, 34°14É 36°34Ń, 11m,
21.04.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Tece, 34°25É 36°44Ń, 110m, 21.04.2008; 2♀♀
(NUAM), Erdemli, Tömük, Çiftepınar village, 34°21É 36°42Ń, 183m, 21.04.2008; 1♀,
(NUAM), Erdemli, Tömük 1, 34°20É 36°47Ń, 793m, 21.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke,
Ortaören village, 33°43É 36°27Ń, 652m, 21.04.2008; 1♀, (NUAM), Silifke, Silifke castle,
33°55É 36°22Ń, 133m, 21.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Evciler village, 32°55É
36°11Ń, 556m, 22.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Bozdoğan village, 32°54É 36°06Ń,
404m, 22.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Gülnar, Köseçobanlı village, 33°08É 36°26Ń, 1302m,
22.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Bozyazı, Karaisalı village, 33°00É 36°08Ń, 202m, 22.04.2008;
1♀ (NUAM), Bozyazı, Tekeli village, 33°10É 36°11Ń, 617m, 22.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Aydıncık, Yeniyörük village, 33°23É 36°14Ń, 713m, 15.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Aydıncık,
Hacıbahattin village, 33°21É 36°10Ń, 121m, 15.04.2008; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Karboğazı,
34°46É 37°18Ń, 1261m, 28.04.2009; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Mut, 33°26É 36°38Ń 436m,
29.04.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Mut, Bozdoğan village, 33°13É 36°41Ń, 676m, 29.04.2009; 2♀♀
(GUZM), Mut, Kurtsuyu village, 33°32É 36°30Ń, 105m, 29.04.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Mut,
Göksu village, 33°26É 36°33Ń, 123m, 29.04.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Gülnar, Kayrak village,
33°33'E 36°20'N, 1050m, 29.04.2009; 1♀ (NUAM), Kahramanmaraş province, Göksun,
Boğazkonak village, 36°25É 38°12Ń, 1604m, 20.05.2007; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Tekir,
Çevreyol village, 36°37É 37°50Ń, 1590m, 20.05.2007; 6♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Püren
geçiti, 36°30É 37°56Ń, 1581m, 20.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Ağabeyli, 37°23É 37°29Ń,
917m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Torun-Andırın, 36°21É 37°29Ń, 611m, 24.05.2007; 1♀
(NUAM), Karacuasu village, 36°01É 37°29Ń, 637m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM),
Çağlayancerit, Boylu village, 37°14É 37°42Ń, 1592m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık,
Armutlu village, 37°23É 37°29Ń, 917m, 21.05.2007; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Kartalkaya
dam, 37°37É 37°28Ń, 1590m, 21.05.2007; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Çağlayan Cerit-Nurhak 1,
37°18É 37°48Ń, 1670m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben, 36°24É 37°37Ń,
1281m, 25.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Gölpınar village, 36°30É 37°58Ń, 1356m,
25.06.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Nurhak 1, 37°22É 37°58Ń, 1525m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Nurhak 2, 37°19É 37°53Ń, 1383m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, Beyoğlu village,
36°47É 37°19Ń, 485m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, Şekeroba village, 36°46É
37°14Ń, 485m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Andırın, Sarımollalı village, 36°35É 37°35Ń,
1184m, 15.05.2008; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben, 36°24É 37°37Ń, 1281m, 15.05.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Türkoğlu, Şekeroba village, 36°46É 37°14Ń, 485m, 20.10.2008; 2♂♂2♀♀
(NUAM), Andırın-Geben, 36°24É 37°37Ń, 1281m, 21.10.2008; 2♂♂5♀♀ (NUAM), TorunAndırın, 36°21É 37°29Ń, 611m, 21.10.2008; 3♂♂ 2♀♀ (NUAM), Andırın, Dermek village,
36°38'E 37°37'K, 515m, 21.10.2008; 5♂♂6♀♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben, 36°24É 37°37Ń,
1281m, 21.10.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Ulubahçe village, 37°21É 37°30Ń, 840m,
14.10.2008; 5♀♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben, 36°24É 37°37Ń, 1281m, 03.12.2008; 5♀♀
(GUZM), Geben, Değirmendere village, 36°26'E 37°53'N, 1518m, 21.05.2009; 1♀ (GUZM),
Andırın, Yenicekale village, 36°37'E 37°35'N, 988m, 21.05.2009; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Kilis
province, Sabuncu village, 36°53É 36°50Ń, 521m, 02.05.2007; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Elbeyli,
Yavuzlu village, 37°19É 36°41Ń, 537m, 03.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Musabeyli, Karbeyaz
136
village, 36°58É 36°50Ń, 500m, 03.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Osmaniye province, Boğaz
plateau, 36°20É 37°05Ń, 587m, 01.05.2007; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Kaman village,
36°39É 37°10Ń, 820m, 02.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Yarpuz village, 36°25É 37°03Ń,
903m, 23.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Toprakkale castle, 36°08É, 37°03Ń, 70m, 25.03.2008;
2♀♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Aşağı Arıcaklı village, 36°36É 37°11Ń, 375m, 26.03.2008; 3♀♀
(NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Çakıcılar village, 36°13É 37°16Ń, 100m, 27.03.2008; 2♀♀
(NUAM), Yarpuz village, 36°25É 37°03Ń, 903m, 27.03.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli,
Karatepe, 36°13É 37°15Ń, 127m, 27.03.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Yarpuz village, 36°25É
37°03Ń, 903m, 27.03.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Hemite village, Hemite castle, 36°05É
37°11Ń, 65m, 27.03.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Yarpuz village, 36°25É 37°03Ń, 903m,
24.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 13.05.2008; 5♂♂4♀♀
(NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 20.10.2008; 7♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM), Yarpuz
village, 36°25É 37°03Ń, 903m, 20.10.2008; 1♀ (GUZM), Kadirli, Karatepe Milli Parkı,
Çakıcılar village, 36°13'E 37°15'N, 297m, 30.04.2009; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Hierapolis castle,
36°11'E 37°10'N, 100m, 30.04.2009; 5♀♀ (GUZM), Yarpuz , 36°20E 37°05'N, 600m,
30.04.2009; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Yarpuz, 36°20'E 37°05'N, 600m, 20.05.2009.
Records in Turkey: Adana, Antalya, Gaziantep, İçel, Kayseri, Nevşehir, Niğde, Osmaniye,
Şanlıurfa (Demir et al., 2008), Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis (present study).
World Distribution: Greece, Turkey (Wunderlich, 1995; Demir et al., 2008; Platnick,
2014).
Xysticus striatipes L. Koch, 1870
Material еxamined: 2♂♂1♀ (NUAM), Adana province, Tufanbeyli, Pınarlar village,
36°13É 38°12Ń, 1352m, 12.09.2008; 3♀♀, (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, İğdebel village, 36°22É
38°16Ń, 1621m, 12.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Halilbeyli village, 36°12É 37°47Ń,
1482m, 18.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Ayvacık village, 36°09É 37°48Ń, 1334m,
18.10.2008; 10♀♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, İğdebel village, 36°22É 38°16Ń, 1621m,
19.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Karahamzalı village, 35°52E 37°30'N, 399m, 12.10.2008;
3♀♀ (GUZM), Feke, Akkaya village, 35°53'E 37°42'N, 870m, 12.09.2008; 2♂♂ 3♀♀, (NUAM),
Feke, Köleli village, 35°48É 37°52Ń, 1269m, 19.10.2008; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Çulluuşağı
village, 35°55'E 37°40'N, 716m, 12.09.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Güzelim village,
36°11É 38°08Ń, 1367m, 19.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Çakırlar village, 36°17É
38°19Ń, 1556m, 19.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, 36°06É 37°58Ń, 1492m,
19.10.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Kahramanmaraş province, Andırın-Geben 2, 36°28'E
37°40'N, 1299m, 21.10.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben 3, 36°30'E 37°42'N, 1267m,
21.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Torun 1, 36°20É 37°33Ń, 894m, 21.10.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Andırın-Torun 3, 36°23É 37°25Ń, 722m, 21.10.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Göksun,
Bozhüyük village, 36°30É 38°08Ń, 1556m, 22.10.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun,
Mehmetbey village, 36°27É 38°05Ń, 1544m, 22.10.2008.
Records in Turkey: Ankara, Bursa, İçel (Demir, 2008), Adana, Kahramanmaraş (present
study).
Xysticus thessalicus Simon, 1916
Material еxamined: 2♂♂ (NUAM), Adana province, Yumurtalık, Narlıören village,
35°49É 36°52Ń, 63m, 04.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Yumurtalık, Hamzalı village, 35°51É
36°52Ń, 58m, 04.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Pozantı, Belemedik 2, 34°58É 37°19Ń, 571m,
19.06.2007; 1♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Pozantı, Akçatekir, 34°49É 37°22Ń, 974m, 20.04.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Karataş, Doğankent, 35°20É 36°54Ń, 14m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Karataş,
35°23É 36°35Ń, 30m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Karataş, Havutlu village, 35°13É
36°44Ń, 6m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Seyhan 1, 35°07É 37°02Ń, 132m, 23.04.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Seyhan 2, 35°10É 37°02Ń, 96m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Yumurtalık, Yeşilköy
village, 35°29É 36°45Ń, 7m, 23.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), İmamoğlu, 35°43É 37°17Ń, 56m,
23.04.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Kozan, Marankeçili village, 35°38É 37°40Ń, 1100m,
137
23.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), İmamoğlu, Saygeçit village, 35°37É 37°15Ń, 96m,
23.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney village, 36°19É 38°15Ń, 485m,
12.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Güzelim village, 36°06É 38°07Ń, 1367m,
12.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Obruk şelalesi, 36°16É 36°50Ń, 520m, 12.05.2008;
1♂ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Halilbeyli village, 36°12É 37°47Ń, 1482m, 12.06.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Saimbeyli, Ayvacık village, 36°09É 37°48Ń, 1334m, 12.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Karaisalı, Hacılı village, 35°09É 37°17Ń, 191m, 19.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Pozantı,
Belemedik village, 34°54É 37°20Ń, 706m, 19.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Boztahta
village, 35°12É 37°23Ń, 36 7m, 19.06.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Karaisalı, Cingöz village,
35°17É 37°22Ń, 617m, 19.06.2008; 1♀ (GUZM), Pozantı, 34°50É 37°22Ń, 902m,
28.04.2009; 2♀♀ (GUZM), Aladağ, Kelerbaşı (Çarkıpare) village, 35°24'E 37°28'N, 700m,
29.04.2009; 1♂2♀♀ (GUZM), Aladağ, Eğner village, 35°26'E 37°25'N, 242m, 29.04.2009;
2♀♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Çulluuşağı village, 35°55'E 37°40'N, 716m, 19.05.2009; 1♂ (GUZM),
Saimbeyli, Obrukbaşı village, 36°07É 38°03Ń, 1460m, 19.05.2009; 1♀, (GUZM), Feke,
Akkaya village, 35°53É 37°42Ń, 870m, 19.05.2009; 1♂2♀♀ (GUZM), Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney
village, 36°19É 38°15Ń, 1442m, 19.05.2009; 2♀♀ (GUZM), Tufanbeyli, İğdebel village,
36°21É 38°16Ń, 1560m, 19.05.2009; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Feke, Köleli village, 35°48É
37°52Ń, 1269m, 19.05.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Ceyhan, Yılan kale, 35°46É 37°00Ń, 32m,
30.06.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Ceyhan, İncetarla village, 35°51É 37°05Ń, 28m, 30.06.2009;
1♂1♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Gedikli village, 35°52E 37°30'N, 399m, 30.06.2009; 1♀ (GUZM),
Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney village, 36°19É 38°15Ń, 1442m, 30.06.2009; 3♀♀ (NUAM),
Gaziantep province, İslahiye, Fevzipaşa, Zincirli village, 36°39É 37°06Ń, 531m,
14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Hatay province, Kırıkhan, Hassa, Aktepe village, 36°29É
36°42Ń, 308m, 03.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Kırıkhan, Dermek village, 36°25É 36°40Ń,
496m, 03.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Kumlu, Akkerpiç village, 36°24É 36°25Ń, 82m,
25.03.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Reyhanlı, Paşahöyük village, 36°29É 36°21Ń, 434m,
25.03.2008; 3♂♂ (NUAM), Altınözü, Akdarı village, 36°14É 36°04Ń, 412m, 25.03.2008;
1♂ (NUAM), Altınözü, Büyükburç village, 36°17É 36°09Ń, 216m, 25.03.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Yayladağı, Yeşiltepe village, 36°02É 35°59Ń, 741m, 25.03.2008; 1♂ (NUAM),
Yayladağı, Güzelyurt village, 36°03É 35°55Ń, 507m, 25.03.2008; 1♂ 1♀ (NUAM),
Samandağı, Fidanlı village, 36°01É 36°09Ń, 146m, 25.03.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Samandağı,
Yeşilköy, 36°01É 36°07Ń, 68m, 25.03.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Belen, Kıcı village, 36°16É
36°28Ń, 628m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Belen-Antakya 2, 36°11É 36°21Ń, 206m,
(NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese 2, 36°17É 36°48Ń, 735m, 24.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), İçel
province, Kanlıdivane, 34°05É 36°32Ń, 619m, 21.04.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Silifke, Kayhan
village, 33°58É 36°34Ń, 982m, 21.04.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Kocaoluk village,
33°54É 36°40Ń, 1402m, 21.04.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Evkaf Çiftliği, 33°38É
36°28Ń, 441m, 21.04.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Çataloluk village, 32°46É 36°08Ń,
592m, 17.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Anamur, Çamlıpınar village, 32°41É 36°11Ń, 989m,
17.04.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Mut, Demirkapı village, 33°28É 36°54Ń, 1450m, 18.04.2008;
2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Kavaközü village, 33°23É 36°53Ń, 1560m, 18.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM),
Mut, Çömelek village, 33°44É 36°43Ń, 1300m, 18.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Mut, Sertavul 1,
33°19É 36°48Ń, 1255m, 19.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Mut, Sertavul 3, 33°16É 36°54Ń,
1550m, 19.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla, Zirve village, 34°48É 37°09Ń, 634m,
20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Değnek village, 34°23É 37°02Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀
(NUAM), Arslanköy, 34°16É 36°59Ń, 1390m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Fındıkpınarı
village, 34°23É 36°54Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Çevlik village, 34°28É
36°45Ń, 128m, 20.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Tarsus, Gülek district, 34°48É 37°12Ń, 815m,
20.04.2008; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 1, 34°45É 37°15Ń, 1059m, 20.04.2008; 1♂1♀
(GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 3, 34°45É 37°13Ń, 1028m, 20.04.2008; 1♂ (GUZM), Tarsus,
Taşobası village, 34°55É 37°05Ń, 256m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla, Namrun
castle, 34°37É 37°11Ń, 1286m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla, Sebil village,
138
34°32É 37°07Ń, 1110m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla 1, 34°38É 37°11Ń,
1286m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Karayakup village, 34°24É 36°44Ń, 190m,
21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM) Erdemli, Hacıalanı village, 34°11É 36°49Ń, 1600m, 21.04.2008;
1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Karakız göleti, 34°13É 36°51Ń, 1605m, 21.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM),
Erdemli, Tömük, İlemin village, 34°20É 36°43Ń, 485m, 21.04.2008; 3♂♂2♀♀ (NUAM),
Erdemli, Tömük, Çiftepınar village, 34°20É 36°43Ń, 325m, 21.04.2008; 3♂♂ (NUAM),
Erdemli, Tömük, Yeşildere 34°18É 36°41Ń, 288m, 21.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Tece,
34°26É 36°43Ń, 60m, 21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Erdemli 2, 34°08É 36°40Ń, 886m,
21.04.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Silifke castle, 33°55É 36°22Ń, 133m, 21.04.2008;
2♂♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Çarıklar village, 32°52É 36°06Ń, 58m, 22.04.2008; 3♂♂2♀♀
(NUAM), Anamur, Karlı plateau, 32°54É 36°13Ń, 1345m, 22.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Gülnar, Kayabaşı village, 33°50É 36°22Ń, 307m, 21.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Gülnar,
Balandız district, 33°46É 36°22Ń, 712m, 21.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Gülnar, Olukbaşı,
33°01É 36°30Ń, 1450m, 22.04.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Ovacık, 33°23É 36°08Ń, 206m,
22.04.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Gülnar, Çukurkonak village, 33°18É 36°21Ń, 1137m,
22.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Bozyazı, Karaisalı village, 33°00É 36°08Ń, 202m,
22.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Bozyazı, Tekeli village, 33°10É 36°11Ń, 617m, 22.04.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Aydıncık, Hacıbahattin village, 33°21É 36°10Ń, 121m, 15.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Bozyazı, Bozağaç village, 33°23É 36°17Ń, 754m, 22.04.2008; 1♂ (GUZM), Gülnar, Zeyne
village, 36°26Ń 33°31É, 415m, 29.04.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Mut, Balandız village, 33°46É
36°22Ń 740m, 29.04.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Mut, 33°26É 36°38Ń 436m, 29.04.2009; 1♂1♀
(GUZM), Mut, Göksu village, 33°26É 36°33Ń, 123m, 29.04.2009; 1♀ (NUAM),
Kahramanmaraş province, Göksun, Boğazkonak village, 36°25É 38°12Ń, 1604m,
20.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Göksun, Gölpınar village, 36°30É 37°58Ń, 1356m, 20.05.2007;
2♀♀ (NUAM), Çağlayancerit, Emiruşağı village, 37°16É 37°40Ń, 1695m, 21.05.2007; 1♀
(NUAM), Çağlayan Cerit-Nurhak 2, 37°25É 37°55Ń, 1361m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM),
Türkoğlu, Kaledibi village, 36°38É 37°17Ń, 1098m, 22.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Türkoğlu,
Beyoğlu village, 36°46É 37°17Ń, 543m, 22.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Nurhak 1, 37°22É
37°58Ń, 1525m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Nurhak 2, 37°19É 37°53Ń, 1383m,
14.05.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Andırın-Torun 2, 36°22É 37°31Ń, 610m, 15.05.2008; 1♀
(NUAM), Andırın-Torun 3, 36°23É 37°25Ń, 722m, 15.05.2008; 4♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık,
Ulubahçe village, 37°21´D 37°30Ń, 840m, 14.05.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Yarbaşı
village, 37°13É 37°28Ń, 842m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (GUZM), Andırın-Geben 2, 36°28'E
37°40'N, 1299m, 21.05.2009; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Kilis province, Musabeyli, Karbeyaz village,
36°55É 36°52Ń, 525m, 03.05.2007; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Musabeyli, Sabuncu village, 36°53É
36°49Ń, 506m, 03.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Osmaniye province, Yarpuz 3, 36°21É
37°05Ń, 727m, 23.05.2007; 1♂5♀♀ (NUAM), Düziçi, Yarbaşı village, 36°26É 37°12Ń,
489m, 22.05.2007; 6♀♀ (NUAM), Düziçi, Çitli village, 36°28É 37°19Ń, 807m, 22.05.2007;
2♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, 36°14É 37°15Ń, 235m, 24.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Kadirli,
Çukurköprü village, 35°55É 37°21Ń, 38m, 24.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe,
Elbistanlı village, 36°08É 37°27Ń, 180m, 24.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Kadirli, Sumbaş,
Höyük village, 36°01É 37°29Ń, 156m, 24.05.2007; 6♂♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Kadirli, Sumbaş,
Alibeyli village, 36°03É 37°26Ń, 142m, 24.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Toprakkale 1, 36°07É
37°03Ń, 53 m, 01.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Zorkun, Olukbaşı plateau, 36°19É 36°59Ń,
1186m, 23.05.2007; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°09Ń, 64m, 18.06.2008;
2♀♀ (NUAM), Kesmeburun village, 36°10É 37°09Ń, 75m, 18.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Bahçe,
Aşağı Arıcaklı village, 36°36É 37°11Ń, 717m, 17.06.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Nohut
village, 36°31É 37°11Ń, 700m, 17.06.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Hasanbeyli, Çolaklı village,
36°32É 37°09Ń, 684m, 17.06.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Zorkun, Karıncalı plateau, 36°20É
36°58Ń, 1520m, 18.06.2008.
Records in Turkey: Ankara, İçel, Konya, Manisa, Yozgat (Demir, 2008), Adana,
Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis, Osmaniye (present study).
World Distribution: Balkans, Greece, Turkey, Israel (Platnick, 2014).
139
Xysticus tristrami (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872)
Material еxamined: 1♂ (NUAM), Adana province, Pozantı, Akçatekir, 34°50É 37°22Ń,
1036m, 19.06.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Pozantı 2, 34°53É 37°26Ń, 841m, 19.06.2007; 1♀
(NUAM), Aladağ, Kelerbaşı (Çarkıpare) village, 35°24'E 37°28'N, 700m, 19.06.2007; 1♀
(NUAM), Aladağ, Eğner village, 35°26'E 37°25'N, 242m, 19.06.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Aladağ,
Meydan plateau 1, 35°23'E 37°31'N, 925m, 19.06.2007; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Tufanbeyli, İğdebel
village, 36°22É 38°16Ń, 1621m, 12.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, 36°06É 37°58Ń,
1492m 12.05.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Feke, Oruçlu village, 35°42É 37°55Ń, 1545m,
12.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Feke, Musalar village, 35°40É 37°48Ń, 886m, 12.05.2008; 7♀♀
(NUAM), Pozantı, Belemedik village, 34°54É 37°20Ń, 706m, 19.06.2008; 3♂♂3♀♀
(GUZM), Pozantı, Bürücek plateau, 34°49É 37°20Ń, 1202m, 10.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Karaisalı, Boztahta village, 35°12É 37°23Ń, 367m, 19.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Karaisalı,
Cingöz village, 35°17É 37°22Ń, 617m, 19.06.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Pozantı, Belemedik 2,
34°58É 37°19Ń, 571m, 19.06.2008; 1♂1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Ayvacık village, 36°09É
37°48Ń, 1334m, 12.06.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Saimbeyli, Yardibi village, 36°07É 37°51Ń,
738m, 12.06.2008; 1♀ (GUZM), Tufanbeyli, Bozgüney village, 36°19'E 38°15'N, 1442m,
19.05.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Tufanbeyli, Pınarlar village, 36°13'E 38°12'N, 1352m, 19.05.2009;
1♀ (GUZM), Ceyhan, Yılan kale, 35°46É 37°00Ń, 32m, 30.06.2009; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Kozan,
Çulluuşağı village, 35°55'E 37°40'N, 716m, 19.05.2009; 1♂1♀ (GUZM), Kozan, Karahamzalı
village, 35°52E 37°30'N, 399m, 19.05.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Feke, Akkaya village, 35°53'E
37°42'N, 870m, 19.05.2009; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Feke, Çürükler village, 35°57É 37°52Ń, 1522m,
19.05.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), İmamoğlu, Saygeçit village, 35°37É 37°15Ń, 96m, 30.06.2009;
2♀♀ (NUAM), Gaziantep province, Nurdağı, Karaburç village, 36°42É 37°08Ń, 517m,
02.05.2007; 3♀♀ (GUZM), Nurdağı, Başpınar village, 36°43'N 37°11'E, 638m, 02.05.2007;
1♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Hatay province, Dörtyol, Karakese 1, 36°17É 36°49Ń, 875m,
04.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Dörtyol, Karakese 2, 36°17É 36°48Ń, 735m, 04.05.2007;
4♂♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Belen, Kıcı village, 36°16É 36°29Ń, 541m, 14.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM),
Yayladağı, Yeşiltepe village, 36°02É 35°59Ń, 741m, 15.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Yayladağı,
Güzelyurt village, 36°03É 35°55Ń, 507m, 15.05.2008; 1♂ 1♀ (NUAM), Samandağı, Fidanlı
village, 36°01É 36°09Ń, 146m, 15.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Samandağı, Yeşilköy, 36°01É
36°07Ń, 68m, 15.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Belen-Antakya 1, 36°11É 36°16Ń, 101m,
14.05.2008; 1♀, (NUAM), Belen-Antakya 2, 36°11É 36°21Ń, 206m, 14.05.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), İçel province, Silifke, Kayhan village, 33°58É 36°34Ń, 982m, 21.04.2007;
1♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Kocaoluk village, 33°54É 36°40Ń, 1402m, 21.04.2007; 1♂1♀
(NUAM), Anamur, Güngören village, 32°38É 36°12Ń, 780m, 17.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Anamur, Çamlıpınar village, 32°41É 36°11Ń, 98 9m, 17.04.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Çamalan,
Kaburgediği village, 34°48É 37°10Ń, 622 m, 16.07.2007; 1♂2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Dağpazarı
village, 33°25É 36°48Ń, 144 2m, 18.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut, Demirkapı village,
33°28É 36°54Ń, 1450m, 18.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Mut, Çivi village, 33°32É 36°49Ń,
1390m, 18.04.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Mut, Alahan, 33°21É 36°46Ń, 911m, 19.04.2008; 1♂ 1♀
(NUAM), Mut, Sertavul 1, 33°19É 36°48Ń, 1255m, 19.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Mut,
Sertavul 3, 33°16É 36°54Ń, 1550m, 19.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Karayakup village,
34°24É 36°44Ń, 190m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Hacıalanı village, 34°11É
36°49Ń, 1600m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Karakız göleti, 34°13É 36°51Ń,
1605m, 21.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla, Namrun castle, 34°37É 37°11Ń, 1286m,
20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Değirmendere village, 34°31É 37°02Ń, 1286m, 20.04.2008;
1♀ (NUAM), Değnek village, 34°23É 37°02Ń, 1215m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM),
Arslanköy, 34°16É 36°59Ń, 1390m, 20.04.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Çevlik village, 34°28É
36°45Ń, 128m, 20.04.2008; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla, Sebil village, 34°32É 37°07Ń,
1110m, 20.04.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Çamlıyayla 1, 34°38É 37°11Ń, 1286m, 20.04.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Erdemli 3, 34°05É 36°42Ń, 1298m, 13.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Erdemli, Tömük 1,
34°20É 36°47Ń, 793m, 13.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Evkaf Çiftliği, 33°38É 36°28Ń,
441m, 13.05.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Silifke, Ortaören village, 33°43É 36°27Ń, 652m,
140
13.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Kanlıdivane, 34°05É 36°32Ń, 619m, 13.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM),
Erdemli 2, 34°08É 36°40Ń, 886m, 13.05.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Evciler village,
32°55É 36°11Ń, 556m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Anamur, Bozdoğan village, 32°54É
36°06Ń, 404m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Gülnar, Göksu village, 33°10É 36°45Ń, 596m,
14.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Bozyazı, Tekeli village, 33°10É 36°11Ń, 617m, 14.05.2008; 1♂
(NUAM), Aydıncık, Yeniyörük village, 33°23É 36°14Ń, 713m, 14.05.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM),
Bozyazı, Bozağaç village, 33°23É 36°17Ń, 754m, 14.05.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Gülnar,
Köseçobanlı village, 33°08É 36°26Ń, 1302m, 14.05.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Gülnar,
Çukurkonak village, 33°19É 36°23Ń, 1082m, 14.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Mut, Kesik köprü,
33°27É, 36°32Ń, 203m, 14.05.2008; 1♂ (GUZM), Mut, Bozdoğan village, 33°13É
36°41Ń, 676m, 29.04.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Mut, Göksu village, 33°26É 36°33Ń, 123m,
29.04.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 2, 34°46É 37°19Ń, 1436m, 02.07.2009; 1♀
(GUZM), Tarsus, Gülek 3, 34°45É 37°13Ń, 1028m, 02.07.2009; 1♂ (GUZM), Tarsus,
Taşobası village, 34°55É 37°05Ń, 256m, 02.07.2009; 1♀ (GUZM), Tarsus, Çamalan,
34°48Ń 37°11É, 778 m, 02.07.2009; 1♂ (NUAM), Kahramanmaraş province, Göksun,
Boğazkonak village, 36°25É 38°12Ń, 1604m, 20.05.2007; 7♂♂5♀♀ (NUAM), Göksun,
Püren geçiti, 36°30É 37°56Ń, 1581m, 20.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Çağlayancerit, 37°28É
37°39Ń, 1001m, 21.05.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Çağlayancerit, Emiruşağı village, 37°16É
37°40Ń, 1695m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Çağlayan Cerit-Nurhak 1, 37°18É 37°48Ń,
1670m, 21.05.2007; 5♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Armutlu village, 37°23É 37°29Ń, 917m,
21.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM), Ağabeyli, 37°23É 37°29Ń, 908m, 21.05.2007; 1♂ (NUAM),
Pazarcık, 37°37É 37°30Ń, 1590m, 21.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Göksun, Gölpınar village,
36°30É 37°58Ń, 1356m, 25.06.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben 2, 36°28'E 37°40'N,
1299m, 25.06.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Torun 2, 36°22É 37°31Ń, 610m, 26.06.2007;
2♂♂ (NUAM), Andırın-Torun 1, 36°20É 37°33Ń, 894m, 26.06.2007; 2♀♀ (NUAM),
Nurhak 1, 37°22É 37°58Ń, 1525m, 14.05.2008; 6♀♀ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, Şekeroba village,
36°46É 37°14Ń, 485m, 14.05.2008; 3♂♂3♀♀ (NUAM), Pazarcık, Ulubahçe village,
37°21É 37°30Ń, 840m, 14.05.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, İmalı village, 36°43É
37°20Ń, 1104m, 14.05.2008; 2♂♂ (NUAM), Türkoğlu, Beyoğlu village, 36°46É 37°17Ń,
543m, 14.05.2008; 4♂♂1♀ (NUAM), Andırın-Geben 3, 36°30'E 37°42'N, 1267m,
17.06.2008; 1♂ (NUAM), Osmaniye province, Yarpuz 2, 36°21É 37°03Ń, 1337m,
23.05.2007; 3♀♀ (NUAM), Düziçi, Çitli village, 36°28É 37°19Ń, 807m, 22.05.2007; 1♂
(NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Elbistanlı village, 36°08É 37°27Ń, 180m, 24.05.2007; 1♂
(NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Kızyusuflu village, 36°12É 37°20Ń, 180m, 24.05.2007; 2♂♂
(NUAM), Kadirli, Sumbaş, Yeşilyayla village, 36°05É 37°33Ń, 644m, 24.05.2007; 1♂
(NUAM), Toprakkale 1, 36°07É 37°03Ń, 53m, 01.05.2007; 2♂♂ 1♀ (NUAM), Zorkun 1,
36°17É 37°01Ń, 765m, 23.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Zorkun 2, 36°18É 37°00Ń, 1028m,
23.05.2007; 1♀ (NUAM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 24.05.2007; 2♂♂
(NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Çakıcılar village, 36°13É 37°16Ń, 100m, 24.05.2007; 1♂
(NUAM), Kadirli, Karatepe, Aslantaş dam, 36°13É 37°15Ń, 127m, 24.05.2007; 1♀
(NUAM), Yarpuz village, 36°25É 37°03Ń, 903m, 24.04.2008; 2♂♂ 1♀ (NUAM),
Hierapolis castle, 36°11É 37°10Ń, 100m, 13.05.2008; 1♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Aşağı Arıcaklı
village, 36°36É 37°11Ń, 717m, 17.06.2008; 5♂♂4♀♀ (NUAM), Bahçe, Nohut village,
36°31É 37°11Ń, 700m, 17.06.2008; 2♀♀ (NUAM), Hasanbeyli, Çolaklı village, 36°32É
37°09Ń, 684m, 17.06.2008; 1♂8♀♀ (GUZM), Hierapolis castle, 36°11'E 37°10'N, 100m,
30.04.2009.
Records in Turkey: Hatay, Kayseri, Konya, Niğde (Demir, 2008), Adana, Gaziantep, İçel,
Kahramanmaraş, Osmaniye (present study).
World Distribution: Saudi Arabia to Central Asia (Platnick, 2014).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I am very grateful to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of
Turkey (Project No. 106T133) and Gazi University Scientific Research Project
Unit (Project No. 05/2009–13) for financial support of this work.
141
LITERATURE CITED
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(2): 37-50.
Demir, H., Aktaş, M. & Seyyar, O. 2008. The female of Xysticus pseudorectilineus (Wunderlich, 1995) (Araneae:
Thomisidae) from Turkey. Zootaxa, 1674: 65-68.
Demir, H., Aktaş, M. & Topçu, A. 2008. Xysticus anatolicus n. sp. (Araneae: Thomisidae), a new species from Turkey.
Entomological News, 119: 287-290.
Demir, H., Aktaş, M. & Topçu, A. 2009. New records of little-known species of Xysticus C. L. Koch, 1835 in Turkey.
Zoology in the Middle East, 46: 99-102.
Demir, H., Aktaş, M. & Topçu, A. 2010a. Additional notes on crab spider fauna of Turkey (Araneae: Thomisidae and
Philodromidae). Serket, 12: 17-22.
Demir, H., Aktaş, M. & Topçu, A. 2010b. Notes on two crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae) from Turkey. Acta
Zoologica Bulgarica, 62: 253-257.
Demir, H. 2012. Xysticus tenuiapicalis sp. nov. (Araneae: Thomisidae) from Turkey. Florida Entomologist, 95(2):359361.
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mathematiseh-naturwissenschaft lichen Classe der kaiserlichen akademie der Wissenschaften, 112: 627–680.
Levy, G. 1976. The spider genus Xysticus (Araneae: Thomisidae) in Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology, 25: 1-37.
Logunov, D. V. 2006. Notes on Xysticus kempeleni Thorell, 1872 and two closely related spider species (Araneae:
Thomisidae). Acta Arachnologica, 55: 59-66.
Marusik, Y. M. & Logunov, D. V. 1995. The crab spiders of Middle Asia (Aranei, Thomisidae), 2. Beiträge zur
Araneologie, 4: 133-175.
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naturwissenschaftlichen Reise zum Erdschias-Dagh (Kleinasien). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien,
20: 114–154.
Platnick N. I. 2014. The world spider catalog version 15.5. Available from: http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/ (25.11.2014).
Roewer, C. F. 1959. Die Araneae, Solifuga und Opiliones der Sammlungen des Herrn Dr. K. Lindberg aus Griechenland,
Creta, Anatolien, Iran und Indien. Göteborgs Kungliga Vetenskapsoch vitterhets-Samhalles Handlingar, (6B) 8(4): 147.
Simon, E. 1875. Liste d'arachnides de Constantinople et description de deux Opilionides. Annales de la Société
entomologique de France, 5(5): 96-98.
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Société entomologique de France, (5) 9(Bull.): 36-37.
Simon, E. 1884. Etudes arachnologiques. 15e Mémoire. XXII. Arachnides recuellis par M. l'abbé David à Smyrne, à
Beirouth et à Akbès en 1883. Annales de la Société entomologique de France, (6) 4: 181-196.
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1re partie. Paris, 6: 1-308.
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142
TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON SOME HEMIPTERA
OF TRIPURA, NORTH EAST, INDIA
M. E. Hassan*, B. Biswas and K. Praveen
* Zoological Survey of India, Parni VigyanBhavan, 535, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700
053, West Bengal, INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]
[Hassan, M. E., Biswas, B. & Praveen, K. 2016. Taxonomic studies on some
Hemiptera of Tripura, North East, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 142-150]
ABSTRACT: Present study is based on the backlog collection made by the different tour
parties during the period of 1988 to 1992 from the state of Tripura, which revealed 20
species under 19 genera belonging to 9 families. A key to the different levels of taxa has
been. Distributions of each species in India and abroad have been included.
KEY WORDS: Hemiptera, Tripura, North East.
There are about 751,000 known species of insects, which is about threefourths of all species of animals on the planet. While most insects live on land,
their diversity also includes many species that are aquatic in habit.
Tripura is the third smallest state in the country, is bordered
by Bangladesh (East Bengal) to the north, south, and west, and the Indian states
of Assam and Mizoram to the east.
Hemipteran bugs were collected along with the other insect fauna by the
different tour parties manly during the period 1988 to 1992 by sweeping with the
help of an insect net and by light trap. About ten to fifteen net sweepings were
taken each time and bugs collected were aspirated from net, killed with ethyl
acetate swab and transferred to vials (borosil) having 70% ethyl alcohol, labeled
and brought to the laboratory and set and pinned by using standard technique.
Collected bugs were sorted out, pinned and identified with the help of reference
collection and literature present in ZSI, Headquarters. Measurements and
photographs were taken with the help of stereoscopic microscope (Leica M 205A).
SYSTEMATIC LIST
Suborder AUCHENORRHYNCHA
Infraorder CICADOMORPHA
Superfamily MEMBRACOIDEA
Family CERCOPIDAE
Genus Clovia Stål, 1866
Clovia conifera (Walker, 1851)
Clovia puncta (Walker, 1851)
Genus Poophilus Stål, 1866
Poophilus costalis (Walker, 1851)
Family CICADELLIDAE
Genus Ledra Fabricius, 1803
Ledra mutica Fabricius, 1803*
Suborder HETEROPTERA
Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA
Superfamily PENTATOMOIDEA
Family PENTATOMIDAE
143
Subfamily Pentatominae
Genus Agonoscelis Spinola, 1837
Agonoscelis nubilis (Fabricius, 1775)
Genus Eurydema Lap., 1833
Eurydema pulchra (Westwood, 1837)*
Genus Plautia Stål, 1865
Plautia crossota (Dallas, 1851)*
Genus Nezara Amy. & Serv., 1843
Nezara viridula (Linnaeus, 1758)
Family SCUTELLERIDAE
Genus Chrysocoris Hahn., 1834
Chrysocoris stollii (Wolff., 1801)
Family CYDNIDAE
Genus Adrisa Amy. & Serv., 1843
Adrisa magna (Uhler, 1860)
Genus Stibaropus Dallas, 1851
Stibaropus callidus (Schiodti, 1849)*
Superfamily COREOIDEA
Family ALYDIDAE
Genus Leptocorisa Latreille, 1829
Leptocorisa oratorius (Fabricius, 1794)*
Genus Riptortus Stål, 1859
Riptortus linearis (Fabricius, 1775)
Superfamily PYRRHOCOROIDEA
Family LARGIDAE
Genus Physopelta Amy. & Serv., 1843
Physopelta slanbuschii (Fabricius, 1787)*
Superfamily LYGAEOIDEA
Family LYGAEIDAE
Subfamily Rhyparochrominae
Tribe Rhyparochromini
Genus Dieuchus Dohrn, 1860
Dieuchus insignis (Distant,1904)*
Tribe Myodochini
Genus Horridipamera Malipatil, 1978
Horridipamera nietneri (Dohrn, 1860)*
Subfamily Lygaeinae
Genus Spilostethus Stål, 1868
Spilostethus hospes (Fabricius, 1794)*
Genus Graptostethus Stål, 1868
Graptostethus trisignatus Distant, 1879
Subfamily Geocorinae
Genus Geocoris Fallen, 1814
Geocoris ochropterus (Fabricius, 1844)*
Infraorder GERROMORPHA
Family BELOSTOMATIDAE
Genus Diplonychus Laporte, 1833
Diplonychus annulatus (Fabricius, 1781)
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
Key to the subordes of the Order Hemiptera
1. Rostrum touches sternum in between fore coxae; hemelytra placed slanting and side by
side upon abdomen; Lower wings membranous and upper wings uniformly coriaceous……….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Auchenorrhyncha
144
- Rostrum never touches sternum on repose; hemelytra are always overlapping with its
apical portion membranous where as distal portion is coriaceous…………………….Heteroptera
Suborder AUCHENORRHYNCHA
Infraorder CICADOMORPHA
Superfamily MEMBRACOIDEA
Key to the families of the Superfamily Membracoidea
1. Hind tibiae short with 1 or 2 strong lateral spines and a crown of short spines at tip; Head
normally is not largely covered by pronotum ; Face slants backwards; beak length variable….
………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………Cercopidae
- Hind tibiae long bearing 1 or more rows of small spines, occasionally bearing spurs but
then with narrow apical pecten; Hind coxae transverse, plate like…………..…..……Cicadellidae
Family CERCOPIDAE
Key to the genera of family Cercopidae
1. Face more or less flattened, not convexly produced………………………………………………Clovia
- Face more or less convexly produced………………………..……………….……………………Poophilus
Genus Clovia Stål, 1866
1866. Clovia Stål, 1866, Hemiptera Africana, 4: 75.
Key to the species of the Genus Clovia
1. Tegmina with a median large and even larger apical, costal hyaline or subhyaline spot,
head subtriangularly rounded between the eyes and its length is almost equal to medial
length of pronotum……………………………………………………………………………………………conifera
- Tegmina with a small black spot at posterior angle of inner margin, head a little shorter
than the medial length of pronotum………………………………………………………………………puncta
Clovia conifera (Walker, 1851)
1851. Ptyelus conifer Walker, 1851, List Homopterous Insetcs in BMNH, 3: 711.
2000. Clovia conifer: Ghosh et al., State Fauna Series 7: Fauna of Tripura, 2: 320.
2012. Clovia conifer: Chandra et al., IAPAES: 2 (4): 257-263.
Material examined: 1 ex. Simna N. of Agartala, Dist.West Tripura, 10. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N.
Das and S. K. Saha; 2 exs. Kalamchura, Dist. W. Tripura, 16. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S.
K. Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (West Tripura, South Tripura), Assam, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu.
Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, Japan, Taiwan,
Philippines, Malay Peninsula, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia.
Clovia puncta (Walker, 1851)
1851. Ptyelus puncta Walker, List. Hom., 3: 718.
2000. Clovia conifer: Ghosh et al., State Fauna Series 7: Fauna of Tripura, 2: 320.
Material examined: 1 ex. Shalgara, South Tripura,13. ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K.
Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (W. Tripura, S.Tripura), Bihar, Gujrat, Maharashtra, Sikkim,
West Bengal. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Sikkim, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam,
China, Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Malay Peninsula, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia.
Genus Poophilus Stål, 1866
1866. Poophilus Stål, Hem. Afr., 4: 72.
Poophilus costalis (Walker,1851)
1851. Poophilus costalis Walk., List. Hom., 3: 707.
1908. Poophilus costalis Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynchota, 4: 86.
2012. Clovia conifer: Chandra et al., IAPAES: 2 (4): 257-263.
Material examined: 5 exs. Kalamchura, W. Tripura, 16. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K.
Saha.
145
Distribution: India: Tripura (W. Tripura, S. Tripura), Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Elsewhere: Africa, Bangladesh,
China, Japan, Malay Peninsula, Philippines Is. and Siam.
Family CICADELLIDAE
Genus Ledra Fab., 1803
1803. Ledra Fab., Syst. Rhyn.: 24.
Ledra mutica (Fabricius,1803)*
1803. Ledra mutica Fab., Syst. Rhyn.: 25.
Material Examined: 1 ex. Debipur, Dist. S. Tripura, 20. ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K.
Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (S. Tripura), Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Punjab; Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Elsewhere: Myanmar.
Key to the Infraorder of the Suborder Heteroptera
1. Abdominal sterna 3-7 generally with 2 or 3 trichobothria placed sublaterally, or
submedially on sterna 3 and 4 and sublaterally on sterna 5-7, fore wings divided into
corium, clavus and membrane…………………………………………………………….Pentatomomorpha
- Head with 3 or 4 pairs of trichobothria placed near inner margin of compound eyes ,
inserted in distinct pits, fore wings when present not demarcated into corium, clavus and
membrane…………………………………………………………………………………………………Gerromorpha
Infraorder PENTATOMOMORPHA
Key to the superfamilies of the Infraorder Pentatomomorpha
1. Ocelli absent………………………………………………………………………………………..Pyrrhocoroidea
- Ocelli present…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….2
2. Antennae usually 5-segmented, scutellum enlarged to cover greater part of the abdomen..
...........................................................................................................................…Pentatomoidea
- Antennae usually 4 segmented, scutellum relatevely small, not extending beyond half of
the abdomen…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…3
3. Antennae inserted on the upper side of the head above the line drawn from the eyes to the
base of the rostrum; front wing having many veins; hind tibiae in some species expanded
giving leaf like appearance……………………………………………………………………………….Coreoidea
- Antennae inserted below a line drawn through centre of the eyes; front wing in lygaeids
have only four to five veins……………………………………………………………………………..Lygaeoidea
Superfamily PENTATOMOIDEA
Key to the families of the Superfamily Pentatomoidea
1. Primary and subcostal veins of the wings remote, including a central broad area; humus
present………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..2
- Primary and subcostal veins of the wings usually conterminal and diverging at apex,
somewhat parallel: humus usually absent; scutellum extending to about or beyond middle of
the abdomen, rarely shorter, if shorter the apex narrowed and only slightly produced behind
the frena, membrane moderate or small………………………………………………..PENTATOMIDAE
2. Scutellum covering the whole of the hemelytra, excepting the extreme base of outer
margin………………………………………………………………………………………………SCUTELLERIDAE
- Scutellum of moderate size, corium always exposed, basal ventral segment almost
completely covered by the metasternum; scutellum variable in size and shape…..CYDNIDAE
Family PENTATOMIDAE
Subfamily PENTATOMINAE
Key to the genera of the Subfamily: Pentatominae
1. Scutellum longer than broad with the apex more or less acuminately narrowed……………..2
- Scutellum as broad as long…………………………………………………………………………………………3
146
2. Body remotely pilose…………………………………………………………………………………Agonoscelis
- Body glabrous, not pilose, anterior and anterior lateral margins of pronotum elevated………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…Eurydema
3. Abdomen centrally obscurely tuberculate but not spined at base……………………..Nezara
- Abdomen distinctly spined at base…………………………………………………………………….Plautia
Genus Agonoscelis Spin., 1837
1837. Agonoscelis Spin., Ess.: 327.
Agonoscelis nubilis (Fabricius, 1775)
1775. Cimex nubila Fabr., Syst. Ent.: 712.
1902. Agonoscelis nubila: Distant, Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, 1: 189.
2002. Agonoscelis nubilis: Rider et al., ZOOSYST ROSSICA, 2: 136.
Material examined: 1 ex., Kanthalchhari, sabroom, Dist. S. Tripura, 02. i. 1992, Coll. M.
Dutta and party.
Distribution: India: Tripura (S. Tripura), Assam, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka,
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Odisa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal. Elsewhere: China, Japan, Malayan Peninsula,
Myanmar, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.
Genus Eurydema Lap., 1832
1832. Eurydema Lap., Ess. Hem.: 61.
Eurydema pulchra (Westwood, 1837)*
1837. Pentatoma pulchrum Westwood, Hope Cat.: 34.
2000. Eurydema pulchrum: Chakarborty and Ghosh, State Fauna Series 7: Fauna of
Tripura, 2: 420.
2002. Eurydema pulchra: Rider et al., ZOOSYST ROSSICA, 2: 139.
Material examined: 2 exs. Kanthalchhari Sabroom, Dist. S. Tripura, 02. i. 1992, Coll. M.
Dutta and Party.
Distribution: India: Tripura (S. Tripura), Himachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Assam, Margherita,
Khais and Naga Hills. Elsewhere: Myanmar, Teinzo, Bhamo, China, Sumatra.
Genus Plautia Stål, 1865
1865. Plautia Stål, Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Forh.: 514.
Plautia crossota (Dallas,1851)*
1851. Pentatoma crossota Dallas, List. Hem. Brit. Mus., 2: 221.
2002. Plautia crossota: Rider et al., ZOOSYST ROSSICA, 2: 144.
Material examined: 1 ex. Simna, Dist. N. of Agartala, 10. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K.
Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (W. Tripura), Andaman and Nicobar Is., Assam, Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab,
Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, West Bengal. Elsewhere: Afghanistan, Cambodia,
China, Congo, Gambia, Indonesia, Japan, Macao, Madagascar, Malaysia, Myanmar,
Pakistan, Phillipines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thiland.
Genus Nezara Amy. & Serv., 1843
1843. Nezara Amy. & Serv., Hem.: 143.
Nezara viridula (Linnaeus,1758)
1758. Cimex viridula Linn., Syst. Nat., 10: 444.
1902. Nezara viridula: Distant, Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, 1: 220.
2010. Nezara viridula: Biswas and Bal, Fauna of Uttarakhand: State Fauna Series, 18 (2):
236.
Material examined: 1 ex. Mahanpur, Dist. S. Tripura, 21. ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K.
Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Throughout whole of British India.
Elsewhere: Australasian, Ethiopian, Nearctic, Neotropical, Paleartic.
147
Family SCUTELLERIDAE
Genus Chrysocoris Hahn., 1843
1843. Chrysocoris Hahn, Wanz. Ins., 2: 38.
Chrysocoris stollii (Wolff., 1801)
1801. Cimex stollii Wolff., Ic., 2: 48.
1902. Chrysocoris stallii: Distant, Fauna Brit. India, 1: 58.
Material examined: 8 exs. Kalamchura, Dist. W. Tripura, 11.ix.1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S.
K. Saha; 6 exs. Kalamchura, Dist. W. Tripura, 16. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K. Saha; 5
exs. Koreloong, Teliamura, 13. Ii. 1974, Coll. M. S. Shishodia and Party; 8 exs. Debipur, Dist.
S. Tripura, 20. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K. Saha; 8 exs. Sonamura, Dist. W. Tripura,
15. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K. Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (N. Tripura, W. Tripura, S. Tripura), Andaman & Nicobar
islands, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Delhi, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Sikkim, West Bengal.
Elsewhere: China, Pakistan, Myanmar.
Family CYDNIDAE
Key to the genera of family Cydnidae
1. Anterior tarsi inserted at the apex of the tibiae; posterior tibiae cylindrical; antennae four
jointed………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Adrisa
- Anterior tarsi inserted before the apex of the tibiae; posterior tibiae thickened…Stibaropus
Genus Adrisa Amy. & Serv., 1843
1843. Adrisa Amy. & Serv., Hem.: 89.
Adrisa magna (Uhler, 1830)
1830. Acatalectus magna Uhler, Proc. Ac. X. S. Phil.: 222.
1902. Adrisa magna: Distant, Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, 1: 89.
Material examined: 1 ex., Mohanpur, South Tripura, 21.ix.1992, Coll. B. N. das and S. K.
Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (W. Tripura), Chhattisgarh, Nagaland; Elsewhere: Hong Kong,
Myanmar.
Genus Stibaropus Dall., 1851
1851. Stibaropus Dall., List. Hem., 1: 111, 125.
Stibaropus callidus (Schiodti,1849 )*
1849. Scaptocoris callidus Schiodte, in Kroy. Nat. Tidsskr., (2) 2: 400.
1902. Stibaropus callidus : Distant, Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, 1: 85.
Material examined: 1 ex., Mohanpur, South Tripura, 21.ix.1992, Coll. B. N. das and S. K.
Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (S.Tripura), Chhattisgarh, Nagaland. Elsewhere: Bangladesh,
Laos, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar.
Superfamily COREOIDEA
Family ALYDIDAE
Key to the genera of the Family Alydidae
1. Head transverse, broader than thorax, hind femora with ventral spine………………Riptortus
- Head elongate and relatively slender, legs very long and slender, lacking spines………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..Leptocorisa
Genus Leptocorisa Latreille, 1829
1892. Leptocorisa Latreille, Fam. Nat.: 421.
Leptocorisa oratorius (Fabricius,1794)*
1794. Gerris oratorius Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Em. Auc. Sec., 4: 191.
2006. Leptocorisa oratorius: Dolling, Cat. Het. Palae. Reg., 5: 30.
148
Material examined: 12 exs. Nahadebtila, Dist. W. Tripura, 22. Vi. 1990, Coll. Dr. G. N. Saha
and Party; 3 exs. Debipur, Dist. S. Tripura, 20. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K. Saha; 9 exs.
Sepahijala, Dist. S. Tripura, 24. ii. 1991, Coll. G. K. Srivastava and Party; 1 ex. Mahakan,
Dist. S. Tripura, 21. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K. Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (W. Tripura, S. Tripura), Assam, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand,
Meghalaya, Maharashtra, Odisha, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,
West Bengal. Elsewhere: Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Solomon Island, Sri Lanka and Tibet.
Genus Riptortus Stål, 1859
1860. Riptortus Stål, Ofv. Vet. -Ak. Forh.: 460.
Riptortus linearis (Fabricius, 1775)
1775. Lygaeus linearis Fabr., Syst. Ent.: 710.
1902. Riptortus linearis: Dist., Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, 1: 415.
Material examined: 1 ex, Manu, Kailasahar, Dist. Unokoti, 8. Xii. 1988, Coll. Dr. R. C. Basu
and Party.
Distribution: India: Tripura (Unokoti), Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Sikkim,
Karnataka, Maharashtra. Elsewhere: Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Malayan Archipelago.
Superfamily PYRRHOCOROIDEA
Family LARGIDAE
Genus Physopelta Amy. & Serv., 1843
1843. Physopelta Amy. & Serv.: 27.
Physopelta slanbuschii (Fabricius, 1787)*
1787. Cimex slanbuschii Fabracius, Mant. Ins., 2: 299.
2010. Physopelta schlansbuschi: Saha and Bal., Fauna of Uttarakhand. State Fauna Series.
18 (2): 247-248.
Material examined: 7 exs. Garjee, Dist. W Tripura, 13. Vi. 1978, Coll. J. K. Jonathan; 9 exs.
Kalamchura, Dist. W Tripura, 16. ix. 1992, Coll. B. n. Das and S. K. Saha; 6 exs. Kalawchura,
Dist. W. Tripura, 16. ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K. Saha.
Distribution: India: Tipura (W. Tripura), Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh,
Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Meghalaya, Orissa, Tamil Nadu,
Puducherry, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Elsewhere: China, Hong- Kong,
Myanmar.
Superfamily LYGAEOIDEA
Family LYGAEIDAE
Key to the genera of the family Lygaeidae
1. Sutures between 4th and 5th sternite not extending to latersl margin and curving forward
laterally; generally three dorsal scent gland openings……………………………Rhyparochrominae
- All abdominal sutures extending to lateral margin; generally two dorsal scent gland
openings………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………2
2. Abdominal spiracle on segment 2nd to 7th located dosally, apcal margin of corium straight
usually brightly coloured with red and black……………………………………………………..Lygaeinae
- Abdominal spiracle of segment 5th to 7th ventral……………………………………………..Geocorinae
Subfamily Rhyparochrominae
Key to the tribes of the subfamily Rhyparochrominae
1. Abdominal spiracles of the segments 3rd and 4th dorsal and 2nd ventral….Rhyparochromini
- Abdominal spiracles of segments 2nd, 3rd, and 4th dorsal…………………………………Myodochini
Tribe Rhyparochromini
Genus Dieuches Dohrn, 1860
1860. Dieuches Dohrn, Slett. Ent. Zeit., 21: 159.
149
Dieuchus insignis (Distant,1904)*
1904. Critobulus insignis Distant, Fauna Brit. India. Rhynchota, 2: 77.
1964. Dieuchus insignis Slater, The Catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the World, 2: 1212.
Material examined: 1 ex. Shalgara, South Tripura,13. ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K.
Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (S. Tripura), Assam, Chhattishgarh. Elsewhere: Malaya.
Tribe Myodochini
Genus Horridipamera Malipatil, 1978
1978. Horridipamera Malipatil, Aust. J. Zool. Suppl. series no., 56: 89.
Horridipamera nietneri (Dohrn,1860)*
1860. Plociomerus nietneri Dohrn, Ent. Zeit., 21: 404-405.
1988. Horridipamera nietneri Mukhopadhyay, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 107:
35.
Material examined: 1 ex. Debipur, Dist., 20. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K. Saha; 1 ex.
Mahan, Dist. S. Tripura, 21. ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K. Saha; 1 ex. Shalgara, South
Tripura,13. ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K. Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (S. Tripura), Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal.
Elsewhere: Myanmar, Sri Lanka.
Subfamily Lygaeinae
Key to genera of the subfamily Lygaeinae
1. Metathoracic scent gland openings inconspicuous……………………………………….Spilostethus
- Osteolar peritreme well formed; two maculate spots at the basal area of pronotum……………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….Graptostethus
Genus Spilostethus Stål, 1868
1868. Spilostethus Stål, Kongl. Svensk.Vet. Akad. Handb., 7 (1): 72.
Spilostethus hospes (Fabricius, 1794)*
1794. Lygaus hospes Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 4: 150.
1988. Spilostethus hospes: Mukhopadhyay, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 107: 15.
Material examined: 1 ex., Mohanpur, South Tripura, 9.ix.1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K.
Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (South Tripura), Assam Chhattisgarh Himachal Pradesh,
Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, West Bengal. Elsewhere: Australia,
China, Hong Kong, Iran, Japan, Java, Myanmar, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Pakistan,
Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sri Lanka, Sumatra.
Genus Graptostethus Stål, 1868
1868. Graptostethus Stål, Kongl. Svensk. Vet. Akad. Hand., 11 (7): 73, 74.
Graptostethus trisignatus Distant, 1879
1879. Graptostethus trisignatus Distant, A. M. N. H., 3 (5): 130.
Material examined: 1 ex, Manu, Kailasahar, Dist. Unokoti, 8. Xii. 1988, Coll. Dr. R. C. Basu
and Party.
Distribution: India: Tripura (Unokoti), Assam, Nagaland, Meghalaya. Elsewhere: Myanmar.
Subfamily Geocorinae
Genus Geocoris Fallen, 1814
1814. Geocoris Fallen, Spec. Nov. Hem. Disp. Met.: 10.
Geocoris ochropterus (Fabricius, 1798)*
1798. Cimex tricolor Fabricius, Ent. Syst. Supp.: 536.
1988. Geocoris ochropterus Mukhopadhyay, Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No., 107: 26.
Material examined: 2 exs. Kalachura, Dist. W. Tripura, 16. ix. 1992, Coll. B, N, Das and S. K.
Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (W. Tripura), Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra, West
Bengal. Elsewhere: Myanmar, Sri Lanka.
150
Infraorder GERROMORPHA
Family BELOSTOMATIDAE
Genus Diplonychus Laporte, 1833
1833. Diplonychus Laporte, Guerin’s Mag. Zool., 2: 18.
Diplonychus annulatus (Fabricius, 1781)
1781. Nepa annulata Fabricius, Species insutorum, 2: 333.
1833. Sphaerodema rotundata: Laporte, Systematique Hemipteres, Zoologie, Paris: 18.
2002. Diplonychus annulatus: Thirumalai et al., Res. Bull. Punjab Univ., 52: 157.
Material examined: 5 exs. Kalamchura, W. Tripura, 16. Ix. 1992, Coll. B. N. Das and S. K.
Saha.
Distribution: India: Tripura (W. Tripura), Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,
Chandigarh, Delhi, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab,
Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, West Bengal. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Pakistan.
This paper deals with 20 species of Hemipteran bugs belonging to 19 genera
under 9 families from the state of Tripura, of these,
9 species (marked *)
belonging to 9 genera constitute new record from the state of Tripura. Paper
deals with distribution in India and elsewhere.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Dr. K. Venkataraman, Director, Zoological Survey
of India for providing necessary research facilities and to carry out the work.
Thanks are also due to Dr. Kailash Chandra, Scientist-F and Dr. K.A.
Subramanian, Scientist- D, Officer-in-charge, Entomology Division-B for their
encouragement and support.
LITERATURE CITED
Chakraborty, S. P. & Ghosh, L. K. 2000. State fauna series 7: Fauna of Tripura, 2: 417-425.
Distant, W. L. 1902. Fauna Brit. India Including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, 2: 196-430.
Distant, W. L. 1902. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, I: 1-330. (Published by Taylor
& Francis, London).
Ghosh, M., Biswas, B. & Ghosh, L. K. 2000. State fauna series 7: Fauna of Tripura, 2: 417-425.
Hussey, R. F. 1929. Pyrrhocoridae General catalogue of the Hemiptera. Part III, pp. 144. Smith Coll., North Hampton,
Mass, USA.
Chandra, K., Kushwaha, S., Ghosh, M., Biswas, B. & Bal, A. 2012. Diversity of Grassland Auchenorrhyncha
(Cicadidae, Cercopidae, Cicadellidae and Fulgoridae) in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, India, IAPAES, 2 (4):
257-263.
Lis, J. A. 1999. Burrower bugs of the Old World- a catalogue (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Cydnidae), Genus. Wroclaw, 10
(2): 165-249.
Mukhopadhyay, A. 1988. Taxonomic study of Lygeidae (Heteroptera: Insecta) from West Bengal (India). Rec. Zool.
Surv. India, Misc. Pub. Occ. Paper No., 107: 1-72.
Rider, D. A., Zheng, L. Y. & Kerzhner, I. N. 2002. Checklist and nomenclatural notes on the Chinese Pentatomidae
Heteroptera). II.Pentatominae. Zoosyst Rossica, 2: 135-153.
Schuh, R. T. & Slater, J. A. 1995. True bugs of the World (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) Classification and Natural History,
Cornell University press, Ithaca, USA. 336 pp.
151
CHANGES IN ZUCCHINI DEFENSE RESPONSES
AGAINST MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA
(RHABDITIDA: MELOIDOGYNIDAE)
INDUCED BY POCHONIA CHLAMYDOSPORIA
Motahareh Lalezar*, Mohammad Reza Moosavi*
and Abdoreza Hesami**
* Department of Plant Pathology, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht,
IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]
** Department of Organic Chemistry, Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Marvdasht, IRAN.
[Lalezar, M., Moosavi, M. R. & Hesami, A. 2016. Changes in Zucchini defense
responses against Meloidogyne javanica (Rhabditida: Meloidogynidae) induced by
Pochonia chlamydosporia. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 151-159]
ABSTRACT: Meloidogyne javanica causes serious damage to many crops and its
management is not easily achievable. Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia (Pcc)
is a potent biocontrol agent whose ability in stimulating plant defense has been ambiguous.
This study was designed to analyze the kinetics of some defense-related enzymes in the
roots of zucchini plants after inoculation with either one or both of Pcc and M. javanica.
Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase
(PPO), and catalase (CAT) in root samples were examined in a week with one day interval
beginning from the next day following inoculation with M. javanica. When the plants were
inoculated with both Pcc and nematode, the activity of PAL, POX and CAT was significantly
improved during the experiment compared with other treatments. The PPO activity in such
plants was more than PPO activity in nematode-infected plants only on the 5th and 7th day
after inoculation. Individual application of Pcc frequently resulted in enhanced activity of
PAL, POX and CAT compared with these enzymes activity in control treatment. This is the
first report on the ability of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia for inducing or
improving the plant innate defense.
KEY WORDS: Catalase, nematophagous fungi, peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia lyase,
plant defense induction, polyphenol oxidase, root-knot nematode
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) can annually destroy about 5% of
agricultural products worldwide (Agrios, 2005). Meloidogyne javanica (Treub,
1885) Chitwood, 1949 is an economically important nematode that can parasitize
more than 2000 different plant species (Perry et al., 2009). This nematode has a
widespread distribution in Iran (Moosavi, 2012) and often imposes a considerable
loss to many crops including zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) (Ghaderi et al., 2012).
Nowadays, chemical nematicides are the main controlling method of plantparasitic nematodes (PPNs) (including M. javanica) which adversely impact the
environment and human health (Moosavi & Zare, 2015). These harmful effects
have intensified the search for finding safer, environmentally friendly control
alternatives (Moosavi & Askary, 2015) such as biological control (Davies &
Spiegel, 2011). Biocontrol of plant diseases will be more successful if the potent
biocontrol agent (BCA) could also stimulate the plants innate immunity systems
(Walters & Bennett, 2014).
It has been demonstrated that many microorganisms have good potential in
the management of PPNs, however their significance is not similar (Cumagun &
Moosavi, 2015). Fungi are one of the most important antagonistic groups among
them the species of Pochonia have been considered as one of the top four BCAs
against PPNs (Moosavi & Zare, 2012). Pochonia spp. are facultative egg parasites
of cyst and root-knot nematodes that penetrate into their hosts’ eggshell via
producing appressorium and extracellular enzymes (Manzanilla-López et al.,
152
2013). The fungus can successfully colonize the root epidermis and cortex
(Bordallo et al., 2002; Macia-Vicente et al., 2009) but there is no information on
its ability to induce plant defense mechanisms.
Many enzymes in plants are induced in response to biotic or abiotic stimulator
leading to systemic resistance. Increasing in the amount or activity of these
enzymes is usually considered as a sign of plant defense activation. These
enzymes include phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX),
polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT) (Garcion et al., 2014). PAL is an
important enzyme involves in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway. This
enzyme is also responsible for the synthesis of the polyphenol compounds such as
phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and lignin (MacDonald & D’Cunha, 2007).
Peroxidases (POX) catalyze many important biological processes of plantdefense mechanisms (Passardi et al., 2005; Gupta, 2010). For example, they play
a significant role in the strengthening of cell wall structures by catalyzing the
suberin polymerization (Arrieta-Baez & Stark, 2006), lignin biosynthesis
(Almagro et al., 2009) and cross-linkage of the structural proteins like extensions
(Jackson et al., 2001). Plant peroxidases also facilitate the formation of diferulic
acid linkages (Fry, 2004) and production of hydroxyl radical (Schweikert et al.,
2000).
Plant PPOs oxidize polyphenols into quinines which are considered as
antimicrobial compounds. It is suggested that they are also involved in the
lignifications of plant cell wall during the attack of pathogens (Constabel &
Barbehenn, 2008; Tran et al., 2012). Catalase (CAT) involves in the antioxidative
defense system of plants. This enzyme detoxifies H2O2 when the level of hydrogen
peroxide elevates in cell (Bilgin, 2010).
This study was designed to determine whether P. chlamydosporia could
induce the defense mechanism of zucchini plants by itself or could improve the
defense responses of zucchini plants to M. javanica.
Fungal isolate and inoculum preparation
One indigenous isolate of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia
(Pcc; IRAN 1212 C) was selected for this experiment whose efficiency in
controlling M. javanica was previously confirmed (Moosavi et al., 2010). The
fungus was grown on PCA (potato-carrot agar) medium to stimulate the
production of conidia (Zare & Gams, 2004). The plates were inoculated by
streaking the surface of culture media in parallel lines with the fungal inoculum.
Ten days later, the conidia were collected by sterile distilled water and their
concentration was estimated by average of three counts. The concentration of the
propagule was finally adjusted to 106 propagule per mL distilled water.
Preparation of nematode inoculum
The needed inoculum was prepared on tomato plants (cv. Early-Urbana)
starting from a single nematode egg mass formerly identified as M. javanica
(Moosavi et al., 2011). The eggs were isolated from the 0.5 to 1 cm pieces of galled
roots by agitating for 2 to 3 min in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution. The
suspension was then rinsed over 60- and 20-μm sieves (Hussey & Barker, 1973)
and the inoculum on 20-μm sieve was transferred to a beaker. The number of
eggs and second stage juveniles (J2s) were estimated by means of three counts
and adjusted to 100 eggs and J2s per mL.
Plant material, inoculation and experimental design
Seeds of zucchini (cv. Tees F1-801, Samyer, USA) were surface sterilized with
1% NaOCl for 5 minutes and planted in 500 g plastic pots. The pots (15 cm
diameter, 15 cm depth) had been filled with sterile sandy loam soil (sand 67.3%,
clay 12.1%, silt 20.6%, organic matter 3.5% with pH 7.5). There were 4 sets of
153
treatment including 1) zucchini plants inoculated with fungal inoculum, 2)
zucchini plants inoculated with nematode inoculum, 3) zucchini plants inoculated
with both fungal and nematode inoculum, and 4) not- inoculated zucchini plants
(control). The seedlings were inoculated with Pcc when they had developed the
first set of true leaves. The inoculation was done by drenching the soil around the
crown of the seedlings with 20 mL of conidial suspension at a concentration of 10 6
conidia / mL. After one week, nematode inoculum was added to soil around the
roots of zucchini plants at a rate of two eggs and J2s / g soil. Each treatment had
five replications and pots were arranged in a completely randomized design in a
greenhouse.
Determination of enzymatic activity
Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POX),
polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and catalase (CAT) in root samples of treatments were
evaluated in a week with one day interval beginning from the next day following
inoculation with M. javanica. Fresh roots were homogenized with liquid nitrogen
after being cleaned in tap water and dried with a filter paper. The same volume of
10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6 at 4°C) was mixed with the homogenized
tissue and was then filtered into a centrifuge tube through a 0.2 mm nylon filter.
The mixture was centrifuged at 12,000 g for 20 min at 4°C and the supernatant
was stored at –80°C until being examined (Chen et al., 2000). Soluble protein
concentration of the supernatant was measured by the standard Bradford assay
(Bradford, 1976) using crystalline bovine serum albumin as a reference.
PAL activity
Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL; EC 4.3.1.24) activity was determined by
the method of Ochoa-Alejo & Gomez-Peralta (1993). One mL of 50 mM Tris-HCl
buffer (pH 8.8 containing 15 mM of β-mercaptoethanol) was mixed with 0.5 mL
of 10 mM L-phenylalanine, 0.4 mL of deionized water and 0.1 mL of enzyme
extract and the reaction mixture was incubated at 37ºC for 1 h. The reaction was
terminated by adding 0.5 mL of 6M HCl and the product was extracted with 15
mL diethyl ether. The extraction solvent was evaporated at 22 ºC under reduced
pressure. The solid residue was suspended in 3 mL of 0.05M NaOH. The
concentration of trans-cinnamic acid in the mixture was quantified with the
absorbance at 290 nm. One unit of PAL activity is equal to 1 μmol of cinnamic
acid produced per min.
POX activity
Total peroxidase (POX; EC 1.11.1.7) activity was detected according to
Mohammadi and Kazemi (2002). 25 mM citrate–phosphate buffer (pH 5.4) was
added to root’s enzymatic extract contained 20 µg protein and 1 mM guaiacol (as
an electron donor) to make a final volume of 1 milliliter. The reaction was started
by adding 10 µL of 30% H2O2 (Merck Co., Germany). The rate of increase in
absorbance at 475 nm was measured over 30 s at 25 °C using Perkin Elmer
lambda-45 spectrophotometer. Potassium cyanide (7 µM) was used as an
inhibitor for POX. The results were expressed as changes in absorbance (A) / min
/ mg protein.
PPO activity
Polyphenol oxidase (PPO; EC 1.14.18.1) activity was determined by mixing 25
mM citrate–phosphate buffer (pH 6.4) with the root’s enzyme extract contained
30 µg protein and 5 mM L-proline to make a final volume of 1 mL. The samples
were ventilated in a test tube for 2 min and the reaction was then initiated by
addition of pyrocatechol (1, 2-dihydroxybenzene) as the substrate at a final
concentration of 20 mM. The initial rate of increase in absorbance at 515 nm was
measured over a time period of 1 min at 25°C. The PPO activity was expressed as
the changes in absorbance (A) / min / mg protein. Ascorbic acid prepared in the
same buffer solution (7 mM final concentration) was used as an inhibitor of PPO
activity (Mohammadi & Kazemi, 2002).
154
CAT activity
Total catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) activity was calculated by following the
decline in A240 as H2O2 was catabolized in a 3 mL reaction mixture containing 10
mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), appropriate amount of root extract
containing 30 µg protein, and 35 µL H2O2 (3%). The activity of CAT on
consumption of H2O2 was measured using the extinction coefficient (40 mM-1 cm1) and stated as changes in absorbance at 240 nm / min / mg protein (Kato &
Shimizu, 1987).
Statistical analysis was carried out using SAS software (version 9.1.3; SAS
Institute, Cary, NC) (1990). All data were subjected to one-way analysis of
variance (ANOVA), and treatment means were separated using Duncan’s Multiple
Range Test.
RESULTS
PAL activity
PAL activity in various treatments was significantly different (F=64.24; df=15;
P< 0.0001). The highest PAL activity was recorded in the plants treated with both
Pcc and M. javanica. PAL activity had a rapid increase when the plants treated by
both fungus and nematode from the first upto the fifth day after inoculation
(DAI), and then decreased. The lowest activity of PAL was detected in untreated
control plants. The PAL activity on the first DAI was similar in the plants treated
only with Pcc or nematode. PAL activity in nematode-infected plants was higher
than in fungus-infected ones on the third and fifth DAI, however a lower activity
was observed for the same comparison on the 7th DAI (Figure 1).
POX activity
Compared with control treatment and at similar time span, POX activity
significantly increased when the zucchini plants were inoculated with either one
or both of Pcc and M. javanica (F=124.06; df=15; P< 0.0001). The enzymatic
activity in all treatments was increased until the fifth DAI, and then decreased.
The highest POX activity was observed in the roots that were inoculated with both
Pcc and M. javanica. The fungus could stimulate the POX activity in roots;
however except for the first DAI, the enzymatic activity was lower compared with
the nematode-inoculated plants. The POX activity in the control plants remained
around a constant level during the experiment (Figure 2).
PPO activity
There was a significant difference between treatments in stimulation of PPO
activity in zucchini roots (F=91.8; df=15; P< 0.0001). Though the differences were
not so distinguishable at the first DAI, the PPO activity in nematode-infected
plants was slightly higher than other treatments. The enzymatic activity on the
third DAI was greatest in the plants which were inoculated with M. javanica, but
no significant difference was seen between the activity of enzyme in the plants
that were inoculated with either PCC or with both PCC and nematodes. A
prominent rise in PPO activity was seen at the fifth DAI when the greatest activity
was recorded for the plants inoculated with both fungus and nematode.
Afterward, the PPO activity declined until 7th DAI (Figure 3).
CAT activity
Changes in catalase activity over the studied days was different among
treatments (F=89.5; df=15; P< 0.0001). Enzyme activity in control treatment was
similar from the first DAI till the end of experiment. When the plants were only
inoculated with Pcc, catalase activity was more than control treatments except for
155
the 7th DAI. The greatest enzyme activity was recorded when the nematodeinfected plants had Pcc around their roots. CAT activity in inoculated plants was
increased until the 5th DAI and then declined. The activity of CAT in each
treatment was similar on the first and 7th DAI apart from the plants that were
inoculated with both fungus and nematode (Figure 4).
DISCUSSION
Plants can resist against pathogen infection using several layers of constitutive
and induced defense mechanisms (Walters, 2011a; Sholevarfard & Moosavi,
2015). Many plant enzymes like phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase
(POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and catalase (CAT) are involved in defense
responses against plant pathogens (Anderson et al., 2006; Dubey, 2010).
Rise in concentration of defense enzymes in nematode-infected plants
(especially Meloidogyne-infected plants) have been repeatedly reported (Zacheo
et al., 1997; Walters, 2011b; El-Beltagi et al., 2012; Pourjam et al., 2015). It has
also been reported that many microorganism could induce plant systemic
resistance against pathogens such as phytonematodes (Ramamoorthy et al., 2001;
Sharon et al., 2011; Pieterse et al. 2013; Walters & Bennett, 2014), but it was not
clear whether Pochonia chlamydosporia has the ability to stimulate or improve
the plant-defense mechanisms.
Stimulation of the plants innate immunity systems is a new approach in crop
protection (Reglinski et al., 2014). Pcc was applied to soil one week before
nematode inoculation to provide enough time for the fungus to establish itself
successfully in rhizosphere and cortex. Our results showed that inoculating the
plants with both Pcc and nematode would significantly improve the activity of
PAL, POX and CAT during the experiment compared with other treatments. The
PPO activity in such plants was more than PPO activity in nematode-infected
plants only on the 5th and 7th DAI. Inoculating the plants merely with Pcc often
resulted in enhanced activity of PAL, POX and CAT compared with these enzymes
activity in control treatment. This is the first report on the ability of Pcc in
stimulating the plant defense.
M. javanica is exposed to a variety of plant defense responses since most
stages of its life cycle occur in their host plant. A rapid and temporary increase in
defense-enzymes activity occurs following second stage juveniles (J2s)
penetration, however the activity quickly declines in susceptible hosts (Melillo et
al., 2006; Gao et al., 2008). Maintaining the enzymatic activity at higher level
during longer time can benefit the host plant in protecting itself. Several
biocontrol fungi (Sahenani & Hadavi, 2008; Malek Ziarati et al., 2012;
Mostafanezhad et al., 2014) and bacteria (Chen et al., 2010; Siahpoush et al.,
2011; Tavakol Norabadi et al., 2014) can enhance the activity of defense-related
enzymes and induce plant defense.
At nematode presence, the enzymes activity increased till the 5th DAI and then
decreased. The same trends were observed when the plants were inoculated with
either Pcc or both Pcc and nematode. The pattern of changes in activity of
defense-related plant enzymes in current research are similar to many previous
studies in which the enzymes activity increased upto 4th or 5th DAI and then
declined (Sahebani & Hadavi, 2008; Chen et al., 2010; Siahpoush et al., 2011;
Mostafanezhad et al., 2014).
The results of current study showed that presence of Pcc in rhizosphere or
cortex of host plant could elevate the plant defense enzymes activity over a longer
time and thus may leading to induced resistance in plants. It can be consequently
concluded that Pcc can use both direct (parasitism) and indirect (induce
resistance) mechanisms to control M. javanica. It means that the fungus could
induce the resistance mechanisms at least at the early stages of plant infection by
156
nematode, and may lessen J2 penetration and establishment of feeding cells.
Then the fungus parasitizes the nematode eggs at their emergence. Further
studies are required to examine defense-enzyme activity in above-ground parts of
the plant after soil application of Pcc to see whether the fungus has the ability of
inducing systemic resistance. As well, study the enzymatic changes over the
growth period will provide better information on the indirect effect of Pcc in
controlling nematode.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This project is supported by the Marvdasht Branch, Islamic Azad University.
The financial help are sincerely acknowledged by the authors.
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Figure 1. Effect of Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia (F) separately and in
combination with Meloidogyne javanica (N) on the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase
in the roots of zucchini in comparison with control (C) plants. PAL specific activity was
estimated by releasing of trans-cinnamic acid from phenylalanine. Same letters above bars
(mean ± SE) indicate no statistical significance (P < 0.05).
Figure 2. Activity of peroxidase (POX) in the roots of zucchini plants inoculated with either
one or both of P. chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia (F) and M. javanica (N) compared
with control (C) plants. Same letters above bars (mean ± SE) indicate no statistical
significance (P < 0.05).
Figure 3. Changes in polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in the zucchini roots after
inoculation with P. chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia (F) and M. javanica (N) or
without inoculation (C). Same letters above bars (mean ± SE) indicate no statistical
significance (P < 0.05).
159
Figure 4. Activity of catalase in the roots of zucchini plants inoculated with P.
chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia (F) and M. javanica (N) or non-inoculated plants (C).
Columns with unlike letters above their bars (mean ± SE) are significantly different (P <
0.05).
160
NEW FAUNASTIC RECORDS OF DERMESTIDAE
(COLEOPTERA) FROM KARGIL, INDIA
Mohd Feroz*, J. S. Tara**, Jiri Háva***,
Mohammad Azam**** and V. V. Ramamurthy*****
* Department of Zoology, Govt. Degree College Sopore, Kashmir- 193201. J&K, INDIA. Email: [email protected]
** Department of Zoology, Division Entomology, University of Jammu, Jammu -180006,
J&K, INDIA.
*** Department of Forest Protection and Entomology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood
Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Kamýcká 1176, CZ-165 21, Prague 6 - Suchdol,
CZECH REPUBLIC.
**** Department of Zoology, Govt. Degree College, Poonch-185 101, J&K, INDIA.
***** Division Entomology, IARI, New Delhi-110012, INDIA.
[Feroz, M., Tara, J. S., Háva, J., Azam, M. & Ramamurthy, V. V. 2016. New
faunastic records of Dermestidae (Coleoptera) from Kargil, India. Munis Entomology &
Zoology, 11 (1): 160-164]
ABSTRACT: The present study determined new faunastic records of Family dermestidae
from Kargil. Kargil is one of the two districts of ladakh region known as Cold desert of the
country (India) and falls in the transhimalayan mountain system. A total of 3 species
belonging to 3 subfamilies viz., Dermestinae, Attageninae and Megatominae were recorded
and described for the first time from the area under study. Notes on the bionomy of all the
three species is presented. Two species Anthrenus indicus and Attagenus gobicola are new
records for the area.
KEY WORDS: Coleoptera, new record, high altitude, Kargil, Dermestidae, cold desert,
diversity.
Dermestids are usually found on flowers, dried animal carcasses, bird and
mammal nests where they feed on pollen, feathers, hair, fur or remains of insects.
Most dermestids are household and museum pests; they cause damage to a wide
variety of products such as carpets, silk, fur, feathers, wool, leather, seeds, grain,
cereal products as well as dried insects collections. Some dermestid species are
well-known throughout the world as pests of stored woollen fabrics and garments,
and are often the cause of major losses in wool stores. However, there was no
information available regarding the dermestid fauna of Kargil until Feroz et al.
(2015), in which two dermestids, viz., Dermestes undulates and Anthrenus sp.
indetermined, were reported from Kargil. In a more recent survey of the area
under study carried out by the authors two species Anthrenus indicus and
Attagenus gobicola were recorded in addition to Dermestes undulatus. Attagenus
gobicola was earlier recorded by Veer & Rao (1995) from Leh India as a new
record. This recent discovery thus brings the total number of known dermestidae
fauna of the area to 3. The authors got the opportunity to study and incorporate
the bionomy of the species recorded from Kargil (A cold desert of India-region) an
almost untouched area for insect biodiversity.
Study area
The study area located in Ladakh region of the J&K State at an altitudinal
range of 2,636 meters above sea level lying in between 34o36′ North Latitude and
76o06′ East Longitude. Topography variable, ranging from 2,636 meters upto
7,135 meters, comprises of a maze of valleys. Most of the area is barren with high
slopes ranging from 60-80%. Only areas with water sources and human
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habitation are seen with good amount of vegetation. Average rain fall is very low
and mostly in the form of snow during winter months. The study area experienced
both arctic and desert climate and commonly known as “Cold Desert” of the
country. The vegetation cover of the area under study comprises of Agricultural
Land, Forest Trees (Poplar sp. and Salix Sp.), Herbs, Shurbs and Grasses.
Collection and Identification
In order to ensure maximum catch of Beetles from various habitats, wide
variety of collecting and trapping methods were used such as hand collection,
butterfly nets were used for flying beetles, Light traps, visual observation and
collection using forcep etc. After collection the insects were killed by using ethyl
acetate either in the killing bottle or by introducing cotton balls dipped and
subsequently squeezed in ethyl acetate in closed polythene bags. After killing the
beetles were pinned/cardened, stretched and dried in oven. The killed specimen
were sent to Entomological section IARI, New Delhi for identification. The insects
were photographed using Sony Cyber Shot T-30 Digital Camera with Macro
option and 8MP picture quality.
Beetle Sampling
Random sampling of the area was done from Agricultural land, herbs, Shurbs,
Forest Trees (Salix sp. & Poplar sp.) & River banks, Area predominant with Alfalfa
fields wheat fields and human habitation.
RESULTS
During the study three species of which two species are new records to the
area were recorded and described in details.
Family Dermestidae (carpet beetles)
Anthrenus indicus Kadej, Háva & Kalik, 2007
(Figs. 1 & 4)
Material examined. 3 exs. 25.vi.2007 Poyen Kargil; 2 exs. 15.vi.2008 Sankoo
Kargil.
Host. Achillea millefolium in the area of study.
Distribution. Species known from India: Himachal Pradesh (Háva, 2015).
Present study. Recorded from Poyen, Sankoo and Pashkum.
Diagnostic Features. Length varies from 3.0 to 4.30 mm and breadth 2.0 to
2.88 mm. However (Kadej et al., 2007) recorded 3.00 to 3.01 mm in length.
Elongate, oval. General brownish black & covered with scales forming patterns of
white, yellow and brown. Head hypognathus, small, retracted into prothorax,
triangular & covered with scales in between eyes. Eyes large, prominent, entire,
present on either side of head towards the base of head capsule. Antenn 11
segmented, short, brown, capitate, fitting into sharply defined cavity on
hypomeron. Labrum small, black, pubescent, punctate, without scales; mandibles
small, black; maxilla small with short maxillary palp; labium small with short
labial palp. Thorax: Pronotum transverse, covered with yellow, dark brown and
white scales, broad posteriorly, antero lateral margin deflexed; posterior margin
produced into a median lobe almost covering scutellum. Scutellum very small,
black, triangular covered by pronotum and only a small portion is visible.
Ventrally prosternum transverse, narrow, covered by white scales, posteriorly
prosternal lobe extends behind between the fore coxa, mesosternum small,
emarginated and covered by scales; metasternum large, finely punctate, shield
like, raised in the middle with longitudinal groove and covered by white scales.
Legs: Pro-thoracic leg: Coxa large, oval, slightly curved backward, covered with
white scales; trochanter small, covered with white scales; femur large, cylindrical,
grooved, dark brown, covered with both dark brown and white scales; tibia long,
162
narrow, spinose, brown, without scales; tarsi 5 segmented, small, last segment
long, claws apical. Meso-thoracic leg: Coxa small, completely covered with scales;
trochanter small, also covered with scales; femur large, broad at base, narrow
apically, grooved, covered with scales; tibia long, constricted at base, spinose
(small spines), brown; tarsi 5 segmented, claws apical. Meta-thoracic leg: Coxa
large, transverse, covered with white scales; trochanter small, covered with white
scales; femur large, long, broad at base, slightly narrows apically; tibia long,
narrow, spinose; tarsi 5 segmented, claws apical. Elytra short, not covering whole
of the abdomen, covered completely with dark brown, yellow and white scales,
patches of yellow scales present anteriorly and posteriorly, a patch of white scales
present almost mid dorsally surrounded from both sides (anterior and posterior)
by dark brown scales, suture complete, antero lateral angles obtuse, sides parallel
in the anterior 1/3rd and slightly constricted posteriorly. Pygidium pointed and
pubescent, without scales, ventrally five sternum visible, basal sternite broad with
postcoxal line, covered with scales, apical sternite small with round end, a patch
of dark brown scale at middle of posterior margin of apical sternite, all the
sternites covered with white scales.
Attagenus gobicola Frivaldszky, 1982
(Figs. 2 & 6)
Material examined. 2 exs. 11.iv.2007 & 13.iv.2009 Kurbathang Kargil; 1 ex.
3.v.2009 Baroo Kargil and 1 ex. 04.vi.2009 Sankoo Kargil.
Host. Woollen products Veer & Rao, (1995), Carpet in the area of study.
Distribution. Russia (Trans-Baikal Region), Mongolia, North and West China,
East Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, India:
Sikkim, Kashmir and from Leh (J&K) (Veer & Rao, 1995; Háva, 2015).
Present study. Recorded from Kurbathang and Pashkum.
Description. Adult. Length 4.5-6.25 mm; width 2.08-2.30. Body oblong ovate,
bicoloured with head and pronotum black and elytra reddish brown. Legs dark
brown except black coxae and femora. Ventral integument black. Pubescence on
head golden brown, on pronotum golden brown with a small patch of brown setae
submedially at base; elytra predominently with golden brown setae, a few brown
setae scattered among them. Pubescence on ventral surface of body golden brown.
Antennae 1 l-segmented, club segments 9-11 black, segments 3-8 light brown, 1
and 2 dark brown. Club sexually dimorphic, apical segment in male elongate and
6-7 times as long as combined length of preceding two segments; apical segment
in female about 1.5 times as long as combined length of preceding two segments.
Pronotum with base moderately produced and truncate medially, lateral margin
declivous in male. Prosternum broad laterally, slightly raised in front of procoxae,
anterior margin with weak carina, median process narrow with a thread like
carina at middle and with long setae. Mesosternal process channelled in apical
half. Epipleuron reaching metepimeron. Fore tibia not carinate on dorsal surface
but with numerous stout spines. Hind tarsi with 2nd segment about 3.3 times as
long as the 1st and subequal to the 5th. Hind coxa extending to metepimeron,
hind trochanter produced into a spine on inner side.
Dermestes undulatus Brahm, 1790
(Figs. 3 & 5)
Material examined. 2 exs. 11.vi.2007 Kurbathang Kargil, 06.v.2008 Baroo
Kargil.
Host. In normal conditions Dermestes spp. found feeding on pollen and nectar of
flowers in nature (Ayappa et al., 1958; Blake, 1959; Woodroffe & Southgate, 1955).
Also feeding on hairs, feathers, bristles, fur, horn and tortoise shell as observed by
Hassan et al. (2007). In the area of study found under stones.
163
Distribution. Holarctic species (Háva, 2015). Recorded from New Zealand
(Leschen et al., 2003).
Present study. Recorded from Kurbathang and Baroo.
Diagnostic Features. 7.0 to 8.0 mm in length and 3.0 to 3.34 mm in breadth.
Elongate, elliptical and hairy. Genral dark brown with golden yellow, black and
white hairs. Head hypognathus, small, roughly triangular, punctuate, pubescent
(golden yellow), clypeus with apical fringe of hairs. Eye large, globular, black,
lateral, towards the base of the head capsule. Antenna 11 segmented, brown,
capitate, (club, 3 segmented) pubescent, scape large, punctate, intervening
segments small with very few hairs, apical segment pointed. Labrum small,
punctate, pubescent; mandibles black, pubescent, with pointed black tip; maxilla
brown, small, with 3 segmented small maxillary palp; labium small, pubescent,
with very short labial palp. Pronotum broad punctate, pubescent (golden yellow
and black), anterior end deflexed gradually from centre towards sides, antero
lateral margin greatly deflexed, posterior margin sinuate. Scutellum small,
pubescent (white hairs). Ventrally prosternum punctate, pubescent (black hairs),
centrally narrow with broad sides, prosternal lobe extends between fore coxae;
mesosternum small, with lobe extending behind between mid coxae, pubescent
(dense white hairs); metasternum large, shield like, covered by dense white hairs,
anterior margin sinuate with a lobe extending upward between mid coxae,
posterior margin slightly straight. Legs: Pro-thoracic leg: Coxa conical, pubescent,
black, large with apical fringe of hairs; trochanter small, pubescent; femur large,
broad at base, narrow apex, grooved, pubescent; tibia long, narrow, setose, tibial
spurs small, apical and black; tarsi 5 segmented, last segment large, claws apical
and together. Meso-thoracic leg: Coxa globular, pubescent (white apical, black
basal); trochanter small, triangular, pubescent (patch of white hairs apically);
femur long, broad at base, narrow apex, pubescent (white patch of hairs,
transverse and middle), grooved; tibia long, narrow basally, apex broad, setose,
apical fringe of setae, spur apical; tarsi 5 segmented, pubescent, last segment
large, claws apical. Meta-thoracic leg: Coxa large, flat ventrally, slightly triangular,
pubescent (white hairs); trochanter small, slightly triangular, densely covered
with white pubescence; femur large, broad at base, narrow apex, stout, a patch of
white transverse hairs in the middle; tarsi long, pubescent, setose bears apical
fringe of setae, spur apical; tarsi 5 segmented, last segment large with apical
claws. Elytra long, covering whole of the abdomen dorsally, pubescent (basal
small portion golden brown, rest with white and black hairs), suture complete,
lateral sides parallel, slightly constricted apically with round apex and slightly
separated. Abdomen long, broad basally, narrow apex, 5 visible abdominal
sternites, basal segment large with median patch of white hairs along with black
marginal hair, 2nd, 3rd and 4th segment with small patch of black hairs marginally
with median white hairs, 5th segment slightly triangular and completely covered
by black hairs. Male having a small papilla of brown hairs on the 3rd and 4th
abdominal sternite whereas female do not posses it.
CONCLUSSION
It is concluded that the area has a vast potential for the discovery of the new
species or new records. So, in addition to further faunastic surveys, detailed
biological and ecological studies are needed to be carried out in the area of study
so as to record other species and families.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are highly thankful to the Head, Department of Zoology
University of Jammu for providing necessary facilities to work. The authors
164
acknowledge the help rendered by Dr. V.V. Ramamurthy, Principal Scientist,
Entomology Deptt., IARI, New Delhi and Jiri Háva for the identification of the
insects mentioned in the paper. The first author acknowledges gratefully Faculty
Improvement Programme granted by UGC, New Delhi.
LITERATURE CITED
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314-316.
Feroz, M. 2008. Coleopteran (Insecta) diversity from three altitudinal ranges in District Kargil of JandK State. M. phil.
Dissertation, University of Jammu, Jammu.
Hassan, A. M. A., Hossain, M. D., Hasan, M. M. & Rahman, M. S. 2007. A pest of stuffed museum specimen
Anthrenus scrophulariae (L.) (Coleoptera: Dermistidae). University Journal Zoology Rajshahi University, 26: 99-102.
Háva, J. 2015. World Catalogue of Insects. Dermestidae (Coleoptera). Leiden/Boston: Brill, 13: xxvi + 419 pp.
Kadej, M. & Hava, J. 2006. Description of two new species of Anthrenus o. f. Muller, 1764 from southern Africa
(Coleoptera: Dermestidae: Megatominae: Anthreninii). Genus, 17 (1): 95-105.
Leschen, R. A. B., Lawrence, J. F., Kuschel, G., Thorpe, S. & Wang, Q. 2003. Coleoptera genera of New Zealand.
New Zealand Entomologist, 26: 15-28.
Veer, V. & Rao, K. M. 1995. Taxonomic and biological notes on three Attagenus spp. (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) not
previously recorded as pests of stored woollen Fabrics in India. Journal of stored products research, 31 (3): 211-219.
Veer, V., Prasad, R. & Rao, K. M. 1991. Taxonomic and biological notes on Amgenus and Anthrenus spp (Coleoptera:
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Figures 1-6. 1. Dorsal habitus of Anthrenus indicus, 2. Dorsal habitus of Attagenus gobicola,
3. Dorsal habitus of Dermestes undulatus, 4. Collection site Anthrenus sp., 5. Collection site
Dermestes sp., 6. Collection site Attagenus sp..
165
EVALUATION OF CASSAVA VARIETIES FOR ERI
SILKWORM, SAMIA CYNTHIA RICINI BOISDUVAL
N. Sakthivel*
* Research Extension Centre, Central Silk Board, Srivilliputtur – 626 125, Tamil Nadu,
[Sakthivel, N. 2016. Evaluation of cassava varieties for eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini
Boisduval. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 165-168]
ABSTRACT: Seven popular Indian cassava varieties namely CO2, CO3, CO (TP) 4, H165,
H226, Mulluvadi (MVD1) and Kunguma Rose were screened for rearing of eri silkworm,
Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval for effective utilization in eri silk production. The variety
MVD1 recorded highest values of essential nutrients viz. protein, total carbohydrate,
nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and total minerals which was closely followed by H226
whereas CO2 exhibited least values. With respect to anti- nutrients, highest content of total
tannins and HCN were recorded with the variety CO2 and it was least in MVD1. The variety
MVD1 registered superior economic traits of eri silkworm followed by H226 while CO2 was
noted as poor performer. All the nutrients exhibited positive correlation with economic
traits except that of larval period which was decreased with increase in nutritional content of
leaves while it was vice versa in case of anti nutrients. The order of merit of cassava varieties
suitable for ericulture was recorded as MVD1 > H226 > CO (TP) 4 > CO3 > Kunguma Rose
> H165 > CO2.
KEY WORDS: Cassava varieties, biochemical compositions, eri silkworm, Samia cynthia
ricini, economic traits.
Ericulture is mainly confined to North-east India since the time immemorial
as an integral part of the local tribals who traditionally rear the eri silkworms
primarily for pupae as food and conventionally weave silk fabric for their family
use. The main reason hindered the spread of ericulture from North-eastern region
to other states in the country has been the perception that its production would be
uneconomical because similar food habits and socio-cultural patterns do not
prevail in these areas. In recent past, introduction of advanced machineries for
spinning of eri cocoons facilitating production of finer yarns paved the way to
commercially attractive designs and products which included blends with other
natural silks, cotton, wool, synthetic materials etc. (Somashekar, 2004). As the
eri silk gained the market value, there has been increasing demand in production
of eri cocoons. This has attracted the non-traditional states and other countries
where the food plants of eri silkworm viz. castor and cassava are cultivated in
large scale as agricultural crops, to go for ericulture as a source of additional
income by using a part of foliage without affecting the main produce and primary
income from host plant. Eri silk, among all non-mulberry silks, is exploited to the
maximum extent accounting for 63% of total non mulberry silk production and
13% of the total silk production in India (Anonymous, 2014).
Castor (Ricinus communis L.), the primary host plant of eri silkworm Samia
cynthia ricini Boisdual is greatly exploited for eri silk production in
nontraditional states whereas cassava, the most preferred food plant after castor
has also been proved to be suitable for commercial rearing (Sakthivel, 2012).
Cassava is cultivated over 2.32 lakh hectare in the country. The southern states
viz. Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh together account for 88.65 % of total
cassava cultivation and have great potential to enhance the nation’s eri silk
production. In this context, the present study was undertaken to find out the
feasibility of utilizing different popular cassava varieties for commercial eri
silkworm rearing.
166
Seven popular cassava varieties namely CO2, CO3, CO (TP) 4, H165, H226,
Mulluvadi (MVD1) and Kunguma Rose were selected for the studies. Stems with
uniform thickness from 8-10 months old, pest and disease free plants of above
varieties were obtained from Tapioca and Castor Research Station, Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Yethapur, Salem, India. Plantation was raised after
preparing sets of 10 cm length from the stems, directly in farmer’s field at
Karumapuram village, Namakkal district in a randomized block design and
replicated five times. Each plot measured 5.4 X 5.4 m with 49 plants in 90 x 90
cm spacing. The crop was raised under irrigated conditions as per recommended
package of practices (George et al., 2000).
In order to study the influence of cassava varieties on growth and economic
traits of eri silkworm, rearing was conducted 8 months after plantation with
standard rearing techniques (Anonymous, 2004). The leaves from each variety
were plucked separately and fed to worms in five replicates @ 100 larvae per
replication. The top fully opened tender and middle leaves at the rate of one leaf
per plant were harvested and used for first two and third instar respectively,
whereas the bottom green leaves at the rate of 30% of totally available leaves per
plant were used for rearing of 4th and 5th instars. The matured silkworms were
collected and transferred to plastic collapsible mountages placed separately in
another set of labeled rearing trays as per different treatments. After mounting of
worms the trays were covered with perforated news papers to permit aeration and
to avoid migration of larvae from the mountages between replications and
treatments. The cocoons were harvested five days after mounting.
At each harvest, the composite leaf samples of each variety were retained
separately for biochemical analysis. All samples were rinsed with distilled water
and shade dried after removing the petioles and was transferred to hot air oven
maintained at 70oC until constant weight was obtained. The leaf samples were
then powdered, sieved and the biochemical contents viz. total carbohydrate
(Dubois et al., 1956), crude protein, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total
minerals (Jackson, 1973), total tannins (Anonymous, 1984) hydrocyanic acid
(Bradbury et al., 1991) were determined as per the standard chemical analytical
methods. The economic parameters such as larval period (hrs), weight of mature
larvae (g), effective rate of rearing (%), cocoon yield (kg / 100 dfls), shell yield
(kg/ 100 dfls), single cocoon weight (g), single shell weight (g), silk ratio (%) were
recorded. The pupae were used for grainage to observe fecundity and hatching
percentage. The experimental results obtained were evaluated by analysis of
variance (ANOVA) at 5% level of significance.
Biochemical constituents of leaf as influenced by cassava varieties
The biochemical constitutions were varied markedly among the leaves of
different cassava varieties (Table 1). Highest values of all nutrients studied viz.
protein (28.18%), total carbohydrate (34.97%), nitrogen (4.83), phosphorus
(0.40%, potassium (0.94%) and total minerals13.02%) were recorded with the
variety MVD1 which was closely followed by H226 (25.28, 33.51, 4.36, 0.40, 0.93,
12.12 % respectively) whereas CO2 exhibited comparatively least values in all
parameters (19.75, 29.47, 3.48, 0.33, 0.78, 8.78 %). With respect to anti- nutrient
values, highest content of total tannins (4.15%) and HCN (389 mg/kg) were
recorded with the variety CO2 followed by CO4 in tannins (3.35%) and CO3 in
HCN (380 mg/kg). However, the varieties MVD1 exhibited least values (2.86% &
329 mg/kg) which was followed by H226 in total tannins (2.96%) and Kunguma
Rose (331 mg/kg) in HCN contents respectively.
167
Influence of cassava varieties on economic traits of eri silkworm
Similarly, the rearing parameters and economic traits of eri silkworm reared
on different cassava varieties also varied substantially (Table 2). The larval
duration (D: H) did not differ significantly among the varieties (27:22) except that
of CO2 where it was a little longer (28:20) whereas MVD1 recorded shorter
(26.19) than all varieties. However, MVD1 registered highest values in matured
larval weight (6.93 g), effective rate of rearing (97.65%), cocoon yield (79.223
kg/100 dfls), shell yield (12.571 kg / 100 dfls), silk ratio (15.86%), fecundity
(349.75) and hatchability (95.86%) which was closely followed by the variety
H226 with the respective values (6.86g, 96.33%, 75.766 kg/100 dfls, 11.596
kg/100 dfls, 15.305 %, 347.73 and 95.28%). The varieties CO3 and CO4 recorded
on par results and found next best to H226 where as poor performance of the
silkworm was recorded (6.28g, 90.90%, 64.924 kg/100 dfls, 8.272 kg/100 dfls,
12.741 %, 312.50 and 85.64% respectively) with CO2 variety.
The present observations are in agreement with the findings of Chandrasekhar et
al. (2013) who reported significant variations in nutritive value of leaves in
different genotypes of castor, the primary food plant of eri silkworm. Similarly,
the influence of variations in nutrient values of mulberry varieties on the
silkworm Bombyx mori was also documented (Sujathamma & Dandin, 2000).
The nutritional status in the leaves of food plants which influences the economic
characters of silkworm crop depends upon the level of moisture, total protein,
total carbohydrates and total minerals (Bongale et al., 1991). In the present study,
the cassava variety MVD1 was found superior in all economic traits followed by
H226 while the variety CO2 was noted as poor performer. The relationship
between quality parameters of cassava varieties viz. crude protein, total
carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, total minerals exhibited positive
correlation with all economic traits except that of larval period which decreased
with increase in nutritional content of leaves. The anti nutrients viz. total tannins
and hydrocyanic acid were had negative impact on the economic traits of eri
silkworm irrespective of variety (Tables 3).
The highest nutritional values and lower values of anti-nutrient contents in
MVD1 and H226 could be attributed to the superior economic traits including
cocoon yield and silk percentage and found most suitable for ericulture compared
to the other varieties whereas in CO2 the economic traits and cocoon yield were
recorded least which could be due to poor nutrient contents in leaf. Further, the
increased level of tannin and HCN in this variety could have caused reduced
intake of leaves and digestibility as reported by earlier workers (Reed et al., 1982)
in silkworm. The main limiting factor to the use of cassava leaves as animal feed is
the presence of cyanogenic glucoside, which gives rise to hydrocyanic acid (HCN)
when the plant tissues are broken down during various metabolic processes in the
body of animals (Ravindran, 1995). The order of merit of tapioca varieties suitable
for ericulture was recorded as MVD1 > H226 > CO (TP) 4 > CO3 > Kunguma Rose
> H165 > CO2.
LITERATURE CITED
Anonymous, 1984. (eds.), Official Methods of Analysis. Association of Official Agricultural Chemist, 13 th Edition,
Washington (D.C.).
Anonymous, 2004. (eds.), Package of practices for eri host plant cultivation and silkworm rearing. Central Muga, Eri
Research and Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, Lahdoigarh, Jorhat,
Assam.
Anonymous, 2014. Note on the performance of Indian silk industry, (www.csb.gov.in/assets/Uploads/pdf-files/NOTEON-SERICULTURE.pdf).
Bongale, U. D. & Chaluvachari, 1993. Evaluation of four mulberry varieties by leaf biochemical analysis and bioassay
with Bombyx mori L.. Journal of Indian Botanical Society, 72: 59-62.
Bradbury, J. H., Egan, S. M. & Lynch, M. J. 1991. Analysis of cyanide in cassava using acid hydrolysis of cyanogenic
glucosides. J. Sci. Food and Agric., 55: 277-290.
Chandrashekhar, S., Sannappa, B., Manjunath, K. G. & Govindan, R. 2013. Nutritive value of leaves in different
genotypes ofcastor (Ricinus communis L.). Indian J. Plant Sci., 2 (2): 22-27.
168
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, T. K., Robeos, P. A. & Smith, F. 1956. Calorimetric determination of sugars
and related substances. Annals of Chemistry, 28: 350-356.
George, J., Mohankumar, C. R., Nair, G. M. & Ravindran, C. S. 2000. Cassava agronomy research and adoption of
improved practices in India- Major achievements during the past 30 years. In: Proceeding of the 6 th Regional Cassava
Workshop. 21-25 February 2000. International Center for Tropical Agriculture, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam, pp. 279299.
Jackson, M. L. 1973. (eds.), Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall (India) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. p. 260.
Ravindran, V. 1995. Preparation of cassava leaf products and their use in animal feed. In: Roots, tubers, plantains and
bananas in animal feeding, FAO Animal Production and Health Paper, No. 95. pp. 11-116.
Reed, J. D., McDowell, R. E., Van Soest, P. J. & Horvath, P. J. 1982. Condensed tannin: A factor limiting to use of
cassava foliage. Journal of Science of Food and Agriculture, 33: 21-31.
Sakthivel, N. 2012. Studies on utilization of tapioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for ericulture in Tamil Nadu, Ph.D.,
thesis, submitted to the Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu. pp. 175-178.
Somashekar, T. H. 2004. Recent advances in Eri silk spinning, weaving and future prospects. In: Proc. Workshop on
Prospects for Development of Ericulture in Karnataka. 12 th June 2004, (UAS, Dharwad), Central Silk Board,
Bangalore, India, pp. 30-35.
Sujathamma, P. & Dandin, S. B. 2000. Leaf quality evaluation of mulberry genotypes by chemical analysis.
Sericologia, 39 (2): 117-121.
Table 1. Biochemical composition (%) in different varieties of cassava leaves.
Crude
Protein
(%)
Total
Carbohydrate
(%)
N
(%)
CO2
19.75
29.47
3.48
CO3
CO4
H165
H226
MVD1
KR
CD (5%)
22.63
24.54
22.47
25.28
28.18
21.44
0.135
30.15
31.16
33.05
33.51
34.97
32.37
0.337
3.94
4.24
3.91
4.36
4.83
3.75
0.036
Varieties
K
(%)
Total
Minerals
(%)
0.33
0.78
8.78
4.15
389
0.34
0.35
0.31
0.40
0.40
0.32
0.048
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.93
0.94
0.79
0.039
8.44
9.67
8.22
12.12
13.02
8.69
0.444
3.20
3.35
3.23
2.96
2.86
3.22
0.318
380
342
351
333
329
331
11.710
P
(%)
Total
tannins
(%)
HCN
(mg/kg)
Table 2. Influence of feeding leaves of different cassava varieties on economic traits of eri
silkworm.
Variety
Larval
period
D:H
Matured
larval
weight(g)
ERR
%
CO2
CO3
CO4
H165
H226
MVD1
KR
CD(5%)
28.20
27.22
27.22
27.22
27.03
26.19
27.22
--
6.28
6.59
6.78
6.76
6.86
6.93
6.73
0.116
90.90
94.28
94.89
92.18
96.33
97.65
94.00
5.668
Cocoon
yield
(kg/100
dfls)
64.924
71.031
71.654
65.882
75.766
79.223
66.949
4.128
Shell
yield
(kg/100
Dfls
8.272
10.019
10.494
9.079
11.596
12.571
8.987
0.525
SCW
(g)
SSW
(g)
Silk
(%)
Fecundity
(no.)
Hatching
(%)
2.480
2.616
2.622
2.444
2.731
2.817
2.473
0.161
0.316
0.369
0.384
0.342
0.418
0.447
0.332
0.033
12.741
14.105
14.645
13.993
15.305
15.867
13.424
0.512
312.50
325.40
339.19
322.29
347.73
349.75
325.25
17.445
85.64
89.17
92.91
90.45
95.28
95.86
90.14
2.222
Table 3. Correlation co-efficient between biochemical compositions of cassava varieties and
economic traits of eri silkworm.
Parameters
Crude protein
Total
carbohydrate
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Total minerals
Total tannins
HCN
-0.908
Matured
larval
weight
(g)
0.835
-0.849
0.872
-0.909
-0.630
-0.774
-0.701
0.917
0.739
0.833
0.545
0.793
0.622
-0.931
-0.901
Larval
period
D:H
0.924
Cocoon
yield
(kg/100
dfls)
0.947
Shell
yield
(kg/100
Dfls
0.975
0.698
0.637
0.698
0.925
0.854
0.718
0.847
-0.837
-0.709
0.948
0.941
0.782
0.913
-0.727
-0.542
0.975
0.922
0.842
0.911
-0.767
-0.598
ERR
%
SCW
(g)
Hatchin
g
(%)
SSW
(g)
Silk
(%)
Fecundity
(no.)
0.904
0.975
0.985
0.948
0.941
0.538
0.689
0.760
0.729
0.833
0.906
0.959
0.733
0.909
-0.624
-0.430
0.975
0.923
0.859
0.908
-0.754
-0.575
0.984
0.852
0.923
0.856
-0.826
-0.656
0.947
0.887
0.812
0.890
-0.782
-0.749
0.939
0.799
0.856
0.838
-0.852
-0.834
169
EFFICACY OF OZONE MIXED WITH CARBON DIOXIDE
ON THE MORTALITY OF RHYZOPERTHA DOMINICA (F.)
INSIDE FOOD PACKAGING
Mohammad Nateq Golestan* and Ali Asghr Pourmirza**
* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Islamic Azad University, Birjand
Branch, Birjand, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]
** Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, P.O.
Box 57135-165, IRAN. E-mail: [email protected]
[Nateq Golestan, M. & Pourmirza, A. A. 2016. Efficacy of ozone mixed with carbon
dioxide on the mortality of Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) inside food packaging. Munis
ABSTRACT: The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), is a primary beetle pest of
stored grain in many regions of the world. Fumigation as a pest control method plays a key
role in control and management of infestation stored commodities worldwide. This study
was conducted to control the beetles in food packaging under modified atmosphere storage.
Experiments were designed on three factors, including foodstuff (3 treatments), wrapper (4
treatments) and the concentration of ozone mixed with 40% carbon dioxide (3 levels). The
results showed that the behavior of wheat is different from wheat flour and rolled oats
foodstuffs. Accordingly, while the most mortality beetles in wheat (alive) was observed in
the BOPP 40μm film (biaxially oriented polypropylene) with low permeability, the most
mortality in wheat flour and rolled oats (non-alive) occurred in Non-woven PP
(polypropylene) wrapper with high permeability. Mortality of beetles located in all of
foodstuffs showed a significant decrease in 40% CO2+150 ppm O3, 40% CO2+100 ppm O3
and 40% CO2+50 ppm O3 in the level of 0.05 respectively. Arrangement of morality mean in
the foodstuffs was significant as wheat four < rolled oats< wheat in 0.05 level.
KEY WORDS: Stored grain insect, Modified atmosphere, Spunbond, Perforated woven
polypropylene
Stored products of agricultural and anima l origi n are attacked by more
than 600 species of beetle pests (Rajendran and Sriranjini, 2008). The lesser
grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), is a primary beetle pest of stored grain in
many regions of the world. This insect is injurious to cereals; breeds in corn, rice,
wheat, and in other substrates containing starch (Edde, 2012). Fumigation as a
pest control method plays a key role in control and management of infestation
stored commodities worldwide. Therefore, numerous investigators have studied
the application and effectiveness of fumigants to control stored-product insects. In
addition, exposure of insects to toxic concentrations of atmospheric gases has
been practiced for centuries and has been promoted in recent years as a biorational substitute for chemical fumigations (Sadeghi et al., 2011). O3 gas, a
powerful oxidant, has numerous beneficial applications and is very familiar to the
food processing industry. This gas has regulatory acceptance by the Food and Drug
Administration (USA) (FDA, 2001), and the Environmental Protection Agency’s
(USA) MSDS defines it as “pure air” (Mason et al., 2006). On the other hand, CO2
is efficient only when concentrations higher than 40% are maintained for long
periods. Exposure periods longer than 14 d are required to kill the insects when
the concentration of CO2 in the air is below 40% (Sadeghi et al., 2011).
Food packaging as one of the most important parts of food industry is related
with food security. Food packaging provides not only a method for transporting
food safely, but extends product's self-life via preventing from harmful bacteria,
contamination and degradation (Chin, 2010). Furthermore packaging can be
security for food product, insect can enter goods during transportation, storage in
the warehouse, or in retail stores, and also it is possible that the initial
170
contaminants develop and destroy foodstuffs (Allahvaisi et al., 2010).
Accordingly, the use of type of packaging to eliminate probable contamination of
the food and to prevent re-contamination is one of the underlying subjects in
packaging industry. When an infected packaging with an insect's life stage,
enters into the warehouse, it can spread the contamination to other packages
and in addition reducing food quantity, the quality of food is annihilated.
Highland & Wilson (1981) believed that polypropylene has a higher
resistance than polyethylene to insect penetration (with equal thickness).
Bowditch (1997) found that the polypropylene film tested was resistant to
penetration by 1st-instar larvae of Ephestia cautella (Walker). In another study,
from 4 kinds of used polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene,
polyvinylchloride and cellophane, polypropylene had the least permeability
against the pest insect as most of the pests were unable to penetrate this
polymer and if penetration occurred, it was less (Allahvaisi et al., 2010). On
the other hand, in recent years, especially biaxially oriented polypropylene films
(BOPP) have become one of the most popular h i g h -growth films in the world
market (Lazic et al., 2010). In another study on BOPP 80μm laser films was
expressed that BOPP films without holes and with the maximum number of holes
were the most suitable for controlling of Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val. in
alive and non-alive foodstuffs respectively (Nateq Golestan et al., 2015). Sacks
made from woven polypropylene are replacing jute sacks for commodity storage
in developing countries. Woven polypropylene (WPP) sack manufacture was
developed in Japan in the late 1960s and was quickly adopted in Europe, South
Africa, Australia and North America. These sacks are lighter and relatively
stronger than jute (Kennedy & Devereau, 1994). Spunbonded bags made of
synthetic polymers were commercialized by the technology of Freudenberg
(Germany) and Du Pont (USA) in the 1950s and 1960s. Many polymers, including
polypropylene, polyester, polyethylene, polyamide, polyurethane, etc. are used in
the spunbond process. Among various polymers, isotactic polypropylene (PP) is
the most widely used polymer for spunbond non woven production. Non woven
products made by using the spunbond process are used in different industries
such as packaging (Lim, 2010). Food packaging with non woven wrappers is
developing and now is used for packaging products such as rice. This wrapper has
a high permeability to gases and vapor.
When a product is packaged, it may be contamination or initial contamination
may be developed, and because percentage of insect's penetration and
contamination development can depend on the type of packaging material,
finding the best wrapper for packaging is inevitable. This study examine the
simultaneous effects of mixture of ozone and carbon dioxide gas, current
wrappings of food packaging and type of food on mortality of stored pest.
Furthermore, it suggests the appropriate wrapper based on type of food.
This study was carried out at Department of Plant Pest and Disease, Razavi
Khorasan Research Center for Agriculture and Natural Resources during the years
2012-2013. Mixed concentrations of 50, 100 and 150 ppm O 3 along with 40% CO2
gas was tested on packages made of 4 wrappers, including 2 BOPP films with 40
and 80µm width, woven polypropylene wrapper laminated/perforated (WPPL/P) and non-woven polypropylene fabric (Spunbond) filled with wheat, rolled
oats wheat flour foodstuffs.
Insect
The lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae)
was prepared from laboratory of Department of Plant Protection, College of
Agriculture, Urmia University in Urmia (37°33'N 45°04'E) a city in Iran. Cultures
171
were established and maintained on healthy uncontaminated food at 25±2ºC
and 65±10% r.h. in plastic bottles and were closed with pieces of muslin cloth
fixed by rubber bands. Rearing medium used was composed of wheat. All insects
were cultured under moderately crowded conditions to ensure proper
development and equal size of the resultant adults.
Supply of gases
Ozone gas was generated by ozone Generator, Ozonica series, Oz 100 models
(WWW.ozoneab.com), that generate 100 gram/hour ozone from purified oxygen
with 4 reactors. Purified oxygen produce by oxygen generator, LFY-I-5F-W
model, provided by Longfei Group Co. Ltd., and produce purified oxygen
93%±3% with flow rate 0-5 L/min. Specified O3 concentration was measured
based on the volume of the chamber and the default generator. A local factory
supplied CO2 gas needed inside cylinders of 40 kg with 99.9% purity.
Wrappers
Woven polypropylene wrapper laminated/perforated was taken from Kabir
Industrial Group located in Tehran, Iran and made of 95% PP+2% PE+2%
CaCO3+1% Color material and perforated by needle rollers with a distance 5 mm
from each other. Non-woven polypropylene fabric was taken from Baftineh Ltd.
located in Tehran, Iran and made from 100% PP with 90 gram/m2 and white
color. BOPP film rolls with 40µm width was taken from Poushineh Industrial
Group located in Tehran, Iran. We laminated 2 BOPP film rolls with 40µm width
together and produced film 80µm.
At the first, the packages 20×30 cm were filled with 1 kilogram of wheat and
rolled oats separately. Then a cage (10×10 cm) containing 40 insects and 3 gr.
food was entered into each package and sealed with a plastic press machine.
Subsequently, packages transferred into chamber 70×120×180 cm and placed
horizontally at the bottom it and the chamber closed tightly. Afterwards, CO2 gas
(CO2 cylinder with purity 99.9%) was injected into the upper left, and air exited
from the bottom right until concentration of CO2 was 40% and in the final step,
we injected O3 gas daily at a specified time and every day on reaching the specified
concentration, ozone injection was stopped. A total 7 injections with equal doses
during 7 d performed. During CO2 injection and until 1 hour after O3 injection, the
system was circulated. During experiments, upper surface of packages exposed
chamber atmosphere. Exposure period was considered 7 d at 25±2°C, 35±5% r.h.
After exposure period, the specimens were transferred to a clean jar containing 3
gr. of food with the same condition. Mortality rates of the insects were recorded
6 h after termination of the treatment. Each test was replicated 3 times on
different days, and results were pooled.
Bioassay
In this experiment, we used adults Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) 7±2 days old.
Preliminary dose-mortality tests were carried o u t prior l a st experiment to
determine a range of doses that produce 25 to 75% mortality at the lowest and
the highest doses, respectively (Robertson et al., 2007). In ultimate experiment
compared average mortality in 3 foodstuffs separately by independent sample's ttest and also, analyzed mean mortality in gas mixtures and wrapper treatments
together by factorial experiment in the completely randomized design.
Comparison of the average mortality rates performed by Tukey’s test separately.
All of data were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Science
(SPSS) software (SPSS Inc., 2007). First, mortality rates of various treatments
were adjusted with Abbott's formula and then, for normalizing of residuals
variance, the data were transformed to
.
172
RESULTS
The initial factorial experiment showed that all three factors including
foodstuff, gas mixture and wrapper have a significant effect on mortality at 0.05
level. ANOVA test in the first analysis explained 89% of the variance of mortality
based on the independent variables. In this test, the foodstuff factor attained the
largest effect size (ω2= 0.72.7) and two other factors created much smaller effect
size (Tab. 1). Initial observations showed that wheat treatment from foodstuff
factor because of behavior difference with other treatments (rolled oat and flour
wheat) made this very large effect size (Fig. 1). This opinion was confirmed by
removing wheat treatment and ANOVA re-test. In this analysis, effect sizes of
interactions decreased and Foodstuff * Wrapper and Dose * Wrapper not
significant at 0.01 and 0.05 levels respectively. The effect sizes three factors were
also close to each other (Tab. 1) and the maximum effect size was related to
wrapper factor (ω2= 0.32.5). As a result, it should be stated wheat treatment has
very different characteristics with rolled oat and wheat flour treatments. By
removing wheat from analysis, foodstuff factor was more homogeneity and
consequently effect of ozone concentration on foodstuff increased and conversely,
the effect of this gas on wrapper factor was not significant at the 0.05 level (Tab.
1).
Grouping mean mortality performed for wrapper, foodstuff and ozone dose
factors separately by Tukey’s test. The result without wheat treatment showed
that the lowest and highest mortality was in Bopp film 80μm and Nonwoven
fabric respectively (Tab. 2). It should be noted that the two wrappers mentioned
have the lowest and the highest permeability to gas. Therefore, by increasing the
permeability of wrapper in rolled oats and wheat flour foodstuffs, the mortality
also increased. The result in the presence of wheat treatment showed that there is
no direct relationship between the permeability of wrapper with the mortality rate
and the lowest and highest mortality obtained on woven PP (L/P) and BOPP film
40μm respectively (Tab. 3).
Mortality of beetles located in all of foodstuffs showed a significant decrease in
40% CO2+150 ppm O3, 40% CO2+100 ppm O3 and 40% CO2+50 ppm O3 in the
level of 0.05 respectively (Tab. 2,3). The most mortality was observed in wheat
treatment and then rolled oats and wheat flour were by large margins in the level
of second and third (Fig. 2). Table 4 showed percentage mortality rate for
treatments (wrapper-Ozone mixed CO2 -foodstuff) without data transformation
and accordingly, the lowest of mortality level was in the BOPP 80μm- 50 ppm O3wheat flour treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
Three types of foodstuffs used, are from the main stored products. Wheat
grains are alive and breathing and other foodstuffs aren't alive. Research shows
that the seed respiration led to an increase in the CO2 concentration within sealed
packages, and this is an important factor influencing mortality (Moreno, 1991).
And so, wheat respiration increased CO2 concentration in the packages, and this
condition led to elevation of pest mortality. Accordingly, it can be concluded that
in live products, packaging films with low permeability is proper for fumigation.
Our results confirmed this assumption and BOPP film with thickness of 40 µm
created the highest mortality and therefore, was the most appropriate in wheat
(Tab. 3). On the other hand, in non-alive products such as rolled oats and flour
wheat, because there is no respiration and no bio-increasing in the mount of gases
within the packages, pest mortality was almost exclusively influenced by chamber
atmosphere and with elevating CO2 and O3 concentrations, increased mortality
was followed. Therefore, non woven polypropylene fabric was the most suitable
173
(Tab. 2). BOPP film and non-woven polypropylene fabric showed the highest and
lowest penetration resistance to insects, respectively.
About ozone gas, the results indicate that decomposition it on the grain
surface occurs in 2 phases. The first phase, due to the high interaction with the
grains surface, the penetration rate is low and in the second phase, movement
through the grain is rapid with very little impedance (Kells et al., 2001; Dos
Santos et al., 2007). For this reason, we used low doses of O3 intermittently to
achieve minimum damage to the product and maximum performance on the pest
control. In this study, for control of beetles within foodstuffs packages in the
chamber, in the case of rolled oats and wheat flour was applied only O3 and CO2
gases injected into chamber and in the case of wheat apart from the injected
gases, an additional CO2 gas produced by the respiration of wheat grains within
the packages influenced on the pest control.
The results showed that in the wheat foodstuff (alive), the mortality of the
adult beetles in the packaging with low permeability was more compared with
packaging with high permeability. Conversely, in the rolled oat and wheat flour
foodstuffs (non-alive), this mortality in the packaging with low permeability was
less compared with packaging with more permeability (Fig. 1). Accordingly, we
can hypothesize that suitable model for packaging of live foodstuffs is Low Gaspermeable Packaging (LGPP) and for packaging of non-live foodstuffs, the High
Gas-permeable Packaging model (HGPP) is an appropriate option.
Overall, it can conclude that mixture of CO2 and O3 gases was appropriate
treatment for control of beetles and use of O3 gas with safe concentrations
intermittently with specified interval can reduce the CO2 concentrations used in
modified atmospheres. Furthermore, obtained mixture due to the use of 2
controlling agents can reduce development of pest resistance compared to use of
them separately. In addition, respiration of foodstuffs and permeability of
wrapper can be factors influenced mortality.
ACKNOWLEGEMENTS
The authors thank the Razavi Khorasan Research Center for Agriculture and
Natural Resources for providing facilities for this study and thank the Kabir
Industrial Group and Baftineh Ltd. for giving materials and Ozoneab Company
for the using generator.
LITERATURE CITED
Allahvaisi, S., Pourmirza, A. A. & Safaralizadeh, M. H. 2010. Control of Callosobruchs maculates (Coleoptera:
Bruchidae) in industry of packaging foodstuffs. Romanian Journal of Biology – Zoology, 55 (2): 167-176.
Bowditch, T. G. 1997. Penetration of Polyvinylchloride and Polypropylene Packaging Films by Ephestia cautella
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae and Tribolium confusom
(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 90 (4): 1028-1031.
Chin, A. 2010. Polymers for Innovative Food Packaging. Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Massachusetts, 55 pp.
Dos Santose, J. E., Martins, M. A., Faroni, L. A., De Andrade, M. P. & Carvalho, M. C. S. 2007. Ozonization
Process: Saturation time, Decomposition Kinetics and quality of Maize Grains (Zea mays L.). p. 5.5: 1-6. In: Proc. IOA
Conference and Exhibition, Valencia, Spain, 29-31 October 2007.
Edde, P. A. 2012. A review of the biology and control of Rhysopertha dominica (F.) the lesser grain grain borer. Journal
of Stored Products Research, 48: 1-18.
Highland , H. A. & Wilson , R. 1981. Resistance of polymer films to penetration by lesser grain borer and
description of a device for measuring resistance. Journal of Economic Entomology, 74: 67-70.
Kells, S. A., Mason, L. J., Maier, D. E. & Woloshuk, C. P. 2001. Efficacy and fumigation characteristics of
ozone in stored maize. Journal of Stored Products Research, 37: 371-382.
Kennedy, L. & Devereau, A. D. 1994. Observations on large-scale outdoor maize storage in jute and woven
polypropylene sacks in Zimbabwe p. 290-295. In: Proc. 6th Int. Working Conference on Stored Product Protection,
Canberra, Australia, 17-23 April 1994, 1274 pp.
Lazic, V. L., Budinski-Simendic, J., Gvozdenovic, J. J. & Simendic, B. 2010. Barrier Properties of Coated and
Laminated Polyolefin Films for Food Packaging. Acta Physica Polonicaa A, 117 (5): 855-858.
Lim, H. 2010. A Review of Spun Bond Process. Journal of Textile and Apparel Technology and Management, 6 (3): 1-13.
Mason, L. J., Woloshuk, C. P., Mendoza, F., Maier, D. E. & Kells, S. A. 2006. Ozone: A new control strategy for
stored grain. In: Lorini, I., Bacaltchuk, B., Beckel, H., Deckers, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of 9 th International Working
Conference on Stored Product Protection, 15-18 October 2006, São Paulo, Brazil, pp. 904-907.
Moreno, E., Reyes, M. M., Nieto, Z. & Ramirez, J. 1991. Effect of hermetic storage on the quality of maize for
tortillas. Turrialba, 41: 528-533.
174
Nateq Golestan, M., Ghosta, Y., Pourmirza, A. A. & Valizadegan, O. 2015. Study on laser perforated films as gas
permeable packaging for confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val.) control inside food
packaging. Journal of Stored Products Research, 60: 54-59.
Rajendran, S. & Sriranjini, V. 2008. Plant products as fumigants for stored-product insect control. Journal of Stored
Products Research, 44: 126-135.
Robertson, J. L., Russell, R. M., Preisler, H. K. & Savin, E. 2007. Pesticide bioassays with arthropods. CRC
Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 201 pp.
Sadeghi, G. R., Pourmirza, A. A. & Safaralizade, M. H. 2011. Combined effect of ozone mixed with carbon dioxide
on the mortality of five stored-product insects. Egyptian Academic Journal of biological Sciences, 4 (2): 9-19.
SPSS Inc. 2007. SPSS for windows user’s guide release 16. SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL.
Table 1. Two factorial experiments for three factors of foodstuff, ozone concentration and
wrapper.
Table 2. Grouping arcsin
treatment.
mean of mortality for three factors in the absence of wheat
Table 3. Grouping arcsin
treatment.
mean of mortality for two factors in the presence of wheat
175
Table 4. Percentage mortality rate for treatments (wrapper-Ozone mixed CO2 -foodstuff)
without data transformation.
Figure 1. Comparison of arcsin
mean of mortality in three foodstuffs located in different
concentrations of ozone along with 40% carbon dioxide
Figure 2. Comparison of arcsin
different wrappers
mean of mortality in three foodstuffs located in
176
BIONOMICS OF BACTROCERA DORSALIS (DIPTERA:
TEPHRITIDAE) – AN IMPORTANT PEST OF MANGO
(MANGIFERA INDICA) IN JAMMU (J & K)
J. S. Tara and Madhvi Gupta*
* Department of Zoology, University of Jammu, Jammu (Tawi) - 180006, J&K, INDIA. Email: [email protected]
[Tara, J. S. & Gupta, M. 2016. Bionomics of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae)
– an important pest of Mango (Mangifera indica) in Jammu (J & K). Munis Entomology &
Zoology, 11 (1): 176-180]
ABSTRACT: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is known as “king of fruits”. Several insects are
known to cause significant damage to mango and affect its productivity. One of them is
Bactrocera dorsalis which is an important pest of mango in India. Keeping in view the
medical, economical and dietary importance of mango and damage done to it by different
insect pests, work was done to study the biology of this pest which causes huge damage
during (May to September). Adults are strong fliers, eggs are laid in the soft skin of ripening
fruits. On hatching, the maggots bore into the fruit further and feed on soft pulp. The
infested fruits bear depressions with dark green punctures and when cut open wriggling
maggots were seen inside. Later, the affected fruits get malformed and in conjugation with
bacterial activity, fruits rot and ultimately fall down. Maggots emerge from these fruits and
pupate in the soil.
KEY WORDS: Bionomics, Bactrocera dorsalis, Mango.
Tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are the most devastating insect
pests having a foremost influence on global agricultural products, effecting yield
losses, and dropping the value and marketability of horticultural crops. The genus
Bactrocera is considered a serious threat of horticultural crops because of the
wide host range of its species and the invasive power of some species within the
genus (Clarke et al., 2005). They deposit their eggs into fruits and vegetables, the
flesh of which is subsequently consumed by the developing larvae (White & ElsonHarris 1992). There are about 325 species of fruit flies occurring in the Indian
subcontinent, of which 205 are from India alone (Kapoor, 2005). Out of which
Oriental fruit fly Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel, is also considered as a serious pest
of horticultural crops. In India, the loss in fruit yield ranges from 1 to 31% with a
mean of 16% (Verghese et al., 2002). According to Butani (1979) it breeds
profusely on guava (Psidium guajava) during March, shifts to Loquat
(Eriobotrya japonica), Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) and Plum (Prunus
domestica) during April- May, then migrates to peach (Prunus persica) and fig
(Ficus carica) in June and finely to Mango (Mangifera indica) during JuneAugust. Peak activities of adults coincide with the availability of developed fruits
of Mango and Guava which form the principal hosts of the fruit fly (Prasad and
Bagle, 1978). Feeds on mango, guava, Peach, Apricot, Cherry, Pear, Chiku, Ber,
Citrus and other Plants totaling 250 hosts (Atwal, 1976).
Keeping in view the role played by these crops in raising the economy of a
country, the present studies were undertaken to study the mode, extent and
nature of damage caused by Bactrocera dorsalis in J&K.
Studies were carried out from May 2013 to April 2014 at four different
Locations viz. Marh, Udheywala, Udhampur and Samba. The infested fruits were
collected from different collection sites and were kept in the laboratory in rearing
cages with wire guage on the sides and the top and filled basally with a thick bed
177
of soil for recording the mode of pupation, pupal period and pattern of adult
emergence. Copulatory behavior of the flies was studied under field conditions as
they donot copulate in the lab.
The cages were filled basally with a thick bed of soil for recording the mode of
pupation, pupal period and pattern of adult emergence. For studying the nature
and mode of damage, observations were made both in the field and the lab at
different times. Under natural conditions, fruit selected after oviposition by
female flies were wrapped with a muslin cloth. Egg hatching and pupal period was
observed under lab conditions.
RESULTS
Biological studies:
Copulation
Field observation reveals that mating takes place during early morning hours.
During copulation, male fly climbs on the back of the female making a grip on its
body with pro and meso thoracic legs, while meta thoracic pair is used for
balancing itself on the substratum. It has been seen that if mating pair when
disturbed, they fly together in this posture to a distant place and continue the
process. Copulation in Bactrocera cucurbitae takes place at dusk and found
males to be more active than females (Lal & Sinha, 1960).
Selection of fruit stage for oviposition
Adult females prefer to oviposit on both unripened and ripened fruits. Tender
and over ripe frits are not selected for oviposition. However, Sharma (2005) while
studying the oviposition behavior on guava in jammu recorded that only those
fruits were selected whose colour changes from yellow to green i.e which are at
the ripening stage. Similar observations were made on citrus plants by Chhetry
(2009).
Ripen bananas are most conducive to stinging by Dacus dorsalis than less
ripe ones (Armstrong, 1983). The present investigator observed that fruit flies do
not prefer to lay eggs on the over ripe fruits. The fruits which were previously
infested with maggots were not selected by gravid females for oviposition. It is
due to the reason that the odour emanated by the overripe fruit and the maggot
infested fruits repel female flies to oviposit on these fruits. Similar observtions
were made by Green et al. (1983) that Bactrocera dorsalis declined to oviposit in
the fruit containing conspecific larvae.
Oviposition
Before ovipositing, female fly scan one fruit after another possibly for sensing
the presence of conspecific larvae or select a suitable site for puncturing. After
sometime, female thrusts its ovipositor inside the fruit and lay eggs in small
clusters just under the skin of fruit (Fig. 3). Wings are placed laterally and remain
fully stretched during the act of oviposition and slightly bend its abdomen while
inserting its ovipositor into the fruit surface. Female remain nearly motionless.
The female flies after ovipositing were seen cleaning their ovipositor with the help
of hind pair of legs. The author also observed that a single fruit can be attacked by
a number of flies and more than one female may lay eggs in a single fruit.
Oviposition behavior of Dacus dorsalis was also studied by Sharma (2005) who
also recorded the similar observations on guava in jammu region of J&K state.
The present investigator has noticed that besides actual ovipositional sites the,
female punctures number of sites. This is because after initial puncture if the site
does not found fit, fly leaves the spot and flies to some other suitable place or
spot.
178
Field observations revealed that oviposition lasted for 4-6 minutes. Similar
observations was made by Chhetry (2009) who found that on citrus plants
oviposition lasted for 3-5 minutes whereas Sharma (2005) while studying
oviposition period on guava recorded that oviposition is completed in 8-10
minutes. As the female oviposits at different fruis at a time, therefore the
fecundity of the female could not be determined. However, at a spot the female fly
laid 2-36 eggs. Sharma (2005) recorded the presence of 2-5 eggs at one place
inside the guava fruit.
Egg: The freshly laid eggs are laid below the skin of host fruit in groups by
puncturing it by means of ovipositor. They are shiny, translucent, white,
cylindrical and slightly curved (Fig. 4). It measures about 0.8- 1 mm in length.
Average width of egg is 0.18-0.22mm (Table 2). Sharma (2005), however
reported egg length of 0.9-1.00 mm.
Incubation period
Incubation period varies from 2-5 days. However, Doharey (1983) reported
3.2 days as incubation period of the eggs of D.dorsalis when fed on guava at IARI,
New Delhi and also recorded 98.4 percent survival of eggs. Sharma (2005)
recorded incubation period of 2-5 days during summer and 4-8 days in winter.
Chhetry (2009) recorded incubation period of 7-10 days.
Larvae: Freshly hatched larvae (Fig. 5) are transparent and elongated while full
grown are creamy white. The Maggots are Pointed anteriorly and broader towards
posterior end. It is 11 segmented and the first segment is somewhat darker in
colour with phyrangeal hooks. The segments from 1-5 gradually increases in size
while there is a gradual increase in size from 6-10. Paired spiracles are present.
Maggot length varies from 1.45-7.00mm in length and 0.48-3.70 mm in width.
Sharma (2005) observed full grown maggot length of 8-9 mm and width of 5mm.
Since the size of the larvae is small so number of larval instars could not
determined. The total larval period recorded was 5-6 days with an average of 5.5
± 0.5 days (Table 2). Sharma (2005) has observed larval period to range between
5-6 days during summer and 9-32 days during winter on guava. Chhetry (2009)
has reported larval period to range between 14-35 days on citrus plants.
Post hatching and feeding behavior of maggot
Maggots feed on the soft fruit pulp and make the fruit unfit for human
consumption in association with bacterial degradation. When the fruits are cut
open wriggling maggots were seen inside it. Full grown maggots are active and
can hop from a looped state to a distance of 3 to 6 inches in length and 1 to 1.5
inches in height.
Prepupa
Before undergoing pupation, The mature larva emerges from the fruit, drops
to the ground enters in the soil and transforms into a non feeding prepupal stage
which lasts for 1-2 days Sharma (2005) has also reported the same for 1 day on
guava and Chhetry (2009) recorded that prepupal stage lasted for 1to 3 days on
citrus.
Pupa: Pupae (Fig. 6) are Barrel shaped with round posterior and flattened
anterior ends. Pupae are light brown in color with distinct segments. It measures
4-5mm to 2-3 mm in width. Pupation of the full grown maggot takes place in the
soil. Duration of pupal period was observed to be 4-10 days. Sharma (2005) has
also reported that pupal period lasted for 4-10 days during summer and 14- 42
days during winter months.
179
Adult migration: While pupation, paupae tends to orient themselves in soil in
such a way so that maximum emergence of the adult takes place. At the
emergence of the fly, the author has observed a latero ventral cleft is formed at the
anterior end of pupa upto the middle of the 4 th abdominal segment. The pupa
remains intact from the dorsal side. Newly hatched fly is light in colour which
gradually acquires adult colour after sometime.
Adult: Adult flies (Figs. 1 & 2) are stout, slightly larger than a housefly. It
measures 14mm across the wings and 7 mm in body length. Forewings are
transparent and hind wings are reduced to slender organs called Haulters.
Antennae are of aristate type. Color of fly is brown with dark brown lines and the
thorax has bright yellow markings. Female flies are larger than males and are
distinguished by having ovipositor. The ovipositor is very slender and sharply
pointed.
LITERATURE CITED
Armstrong, J. W. 1983. Infestation biology of three fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) species on 'Brazilian', 'Valery', and
William's' cultivars of banana in Hawaii. Journal of Economic Entomology, 76 (3): 539-543.
Atwal, A. S. 1976. Agricultural pests of india and south East Asia. Pests of citrus, Kalyani publishers, Ludiana, pp. 195213, p. 529.
Butani, D. K. 1979. Insects and fruits. Pp. 13, 14, 19.
Chhetry, 2009. Diversity Distribution, Biology and Management of insect pests of some subtropical fruit plants in jammu
region. Phd thesis, University of Jammu, Jammu.
Clarke, A., Armstrong, K. F., Carmichael, A. E., Milne, J. R., Raghu, S., Roderick, G. K. & Yeates, D.
K. 2005. Invasive phytophagous pests arising through a recent tropical evolutionary radiation: the Bactrocera
dorsalis complex of fruit flies. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 50: 293-319.
Doharey, K. L. 1983. Bionomics of fruit flies (Dacus spp.) on some fruits. Indian J. Entomol., 45: 406-413.
Green, T. A., Prokopy, R. J., Vargas, Kanehisa D. & Albrecht, C. 1993. Intra-tree foraging behavior of Dacus
dorsalis flies in relation to host fruit quantity, quality and type. Entomol. exp. appl., 66: 13-20.
Kapoor, V. C. 2005. Taxonomy and biology of economically important fruit flies of India. Israel Journal of Entomology,
35-36: 459.
Lall, B. S. & Sinha, S. N. 1960. A trap for the control of melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae coq. (Diptera: Trypidae). Sci. and
cult., 25 (9): 544-546.
Sharma, R. 2005. Survey, biology and damages caused by insects to guava (Psidium guajava ) in jammu region Mphil.
Dissertation, University of Jammu, Jammu.
Verghese, A., Nagaraju & Sreedevi, N. N. 2002. Pre and post harvest IPM for management of mango fruit fly
Bacterocera dorsalis( Hendel). Proc.of seventh Int. Sym. On Fruit flies of Economic Importance, 10-15 September
2006, Salvador, Brazil 179-182.
White, I. M. & Elson-Harris, M. 1992. Fruit Flies of Economic Importance: Their Identification and Bionomics. CAB
International, Oxon, UK. 601 pp.
Table 1. Morphometric measurements of different stages of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel.
Stage
Length (mm)
Min-Max
Mean ± S.E
Width (mm)
Min-Max
Mean± S.E
Egg
0.8- 1
0.9±0.1
0.18-0.22
0.21-0.01
Larvae
1.45-7.00
3.49±2.19
0.48-3.70
2.50- 2.70
Pupa
4.25-5.00
4.47 ±0.54
2.00 -2.25
2.21 ±0.2
Adult
7.00-7.25
7.1±0.12
13.25-14.2
14±.45
180
Table 2. Duration of different stages of the life cycle of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel on
Mango.
Developmental
Duration (days)
stages
Range
Mean ± S.E
Egg
2-5
3.3 ± 1.20
Larvae
5-6
5.5 ± 0.5
Pre pupal period
1-1.5
1.1 ± 0.28
Pupa
4-10
6.6 ± 2.4
Adult longevity
4-5
4.5 ±0.35
Total life cycle
16-27
19.6 ±4.3
Figures 1-8. 1. Adult female of Bactrocera dorsalis, 2. Adult male, 3. Ovipositing female, 4.
Eggs, 5. Larvae, 6. Pupa, 7. Damage, 8. Damage made to pulp.
181
TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF THE GRASSHOPPERS OF THE
SUBFAMILY TROPIDOPOLINAE (ACRIDIDAE: ORTHOPTERA)
IN LARGEST INDIAN STATE, UTTAR PRADESH
Md. Humayoon Akhtar*, M. R. Nayeem
and Mohd. Kamil Usmani
* Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh- 202002, Uttar Pradesh, INDIA. Email: [email protected]
[Akhtar, Md. H., Nayeem, M. R. & Usmani, M. K. 2016. Taxonomic studies of the
grasshoppers of the subfamily Tropidopolinae (Acrididae: Orthoptera) in largest Indian state,
Uttar Pradesh. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 181-187]
ABSTRACT: Family Acrididae is widely distributed in India and members are called typical
grasshoppers. Grasshoppers are the most abundant aboveground insect found especially in
dry habitat and also distributed in crop fields. Plant feeding by grasshoppers can deplete
plant biomass and damage crops. In extreme cases herbivory can cause ecosystem damage.
This can occurs directly from disruption of habitat by loss of vegetation or indirectly through
induced erosion of soil. Members of the subfamily Tropidopolinae are purely raminivorous
but also feed on crops and cause defoliation. Two species of grasshoppers Tristria pulvinata
(Uvarov, 1921) and Tropidopola longicornis (Fieber, 1853) of the subfamily Tropidopolinae
recorded from Uttar Pradesh, India.
KEY WORDS: Taxonomy, Tropidopolinae, Acrididae, grasshoppers, Uttar Pradesh.
Subfamily Tropidopolinae was erected by Jacobson in 1905 to include
Tropidopola as its type genus. Subfamily has been studied by Dirsh (1961),
Uvarov (1966), Hazra et al. (1995) and Day & Hazra (2003). This is represented
by two genus viz. Tristia and Tropidopola from India. Genus Tristria was
originally erected by Stal (1873) to include a new species lacerta described from
China. Uvarov (1921) erected the genus Tapinophyma to include a new Indian
species pulvinata. Later on Uvarov (1923) synonymized the genus Metapula
(erected by Giglio-Tos, 1907) and Tapinophyma with Tristria. Genus
Tropidopola was erected by Stal (1873) to include cylidrica as a type species.
Taxonomy of this species has been done by Bei-Beinko & Mishchenko (1951),
Harz (1975) and Usmani (2008) respectively.
Recently taxonomy of these species have been done by Chandra et al. (2007)
from Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh, Shishodia et al. (2010) from India,
Usmani & Khan (2010) from Northestern states, Usmani & Nayeem (2012) from
Bihar, Nayeem & Usmani from Jharkhand (2012), Kumar & Usmani (2013) from
Rajasthan, Nayeem et al. (2013) from Bihar and Kumar & Usmani (2013) from
Punjab respectively. There is no consolidated study of the grasshoppers belonging
to this subfamily in Uttar Pradesh except Usmai et al. (2010) who reported only
Tropidopola longicornis from Western Uttar Pradesh, thus authors tried to study
the taxonomy and distribution of these species of grasshoppers in order to make
the record up to date.
Largest Indian state in terms of population is Uttar Pradesh, located at
26.8500° N, 80.9100° E has a humid temperate climate, demarcated into three
distinct regions. Himalayan region in the north, Gangetic plains in the centre and
Vindhya Hills & Plateau to the south. The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the
west, Haryana and Delhi to the northwest, Uttarakhand and the country of Nepal
to the north, Bihar to the east, Jharkhand to the southeast, and Madhya Pradesh
to the southwest. The climate varies from moderately temperate in the Himalayan
region to tropical monsoon in the central plains and southern upland regions. In
the plains, the average temperatures vary from 12.5°C to 17.5°C in January and
182
27.5°C to 32.5°C in May and June. Rainfall in the state ranges from 40-80 inches
in the east to 24-40 inches in the west. It is the second largest state of India by
economy, the leading sector is agriculture and majority of the population depends
upon farming.
Orthoptera constitutes 26,330 valid species found throughout the world
(http://Orthoptera.SpeciesFile.org>. dated 20.3.2014) and out of that 1033
species, 400 genera and 21 families are known from India (Shishodia et al., 2010).
The Order is divided into two suborders i.e. Caelifera called short horned
grasshoppers and Ensifera called long horned grasshoppers (Ander, 1939).
Suborder Ensifera have antennae longer than the body length thus called long
horned grasshoppers. The auditory organs located on the fore legs and
they stridulate through the base of their forewings. The females usually have long
ovipositors extended from the end of their abdomen. Suborder Caelifera includes
the short-horned grasshoppers have antennae shorter than the body length. The
auditory organs are found on the first abdominal segment and they stridulate by
lateral part of their forewings. Females normally larger than males with short
ovipositor.
Acrididae is the family under the Caelifera called grasshoppers and locust,
comprising 8,000 species around the world and out of that136 species and 28
genera are endemic (Chandra & Gupta, 2013). Members of this family usually
have their wings well developed and sometimes brightly coloured. Most of them
have an annual life cycle. Some species, under some conditions, will migrate in a
dense swarms form, known as locusts. Grasshoppers are the small creature of
nature, small to large sized insect found everywhere and well known for their
jumping behavior. They cause considerable damage to agricultural crops, pastures
and forests (Joshi et al., 1999). The primary diet for grasshoppers is grasses and
forbs (Behmer & Joern, 1993). It is primarily graminivorous, feeding on several
common grasses and sedges (Mulkern, 1967).
I. Collection, killing and identification
Authors surveyed paddy fields of Uttar Pradesh to collect the grasshopper
Tristria pulvinata and Tropidopola longicornis during the period of 2010-2012.
They were caught by the ordinary aerial insect net and through hand picking as
well. The collected specimens were killed in bottles having soaked cotton with
ethyl acetate. Dry mounts were prepared for better understanding the certain
characters like size, colour, texture etc. For this purpose, the specimens were first
relaxed, stretched, later pinned and labeled. Specimen identifies the with the help
of binocular stereoscopic microscope (Nikon SMZ 1500) upto species level on the
basis of characters like size, colour and texture, running with available literature
and keys.
II. Morphometry and preservation
Measurement in mm of four important differentiating parts of body (Body
length, pronotum, tegmina and hind femur) has been done with the help of
Vernier Calliper. Mean value, Standard Deviation of male and female are
calculated to show the differentiation and intraspecific variation. Permanent
collections of pinned specimens were kept in store boxes and cabinets with
complete records indicating the reference number, locality, date of collection and
name of host plants. To prevent decomposition of the specimens, naphthalene
balls were kept in boxes and for wet preservation specimens are stored in plastic
vials using 70 % ethyl alcohol.
183
RESULTS
Two species of grasshoppers Tristria pulvinata and Tropidopola longicornis
of the subfamily Tropidopolinae recorded from Uttar Pradesh, India during the
survey of the duration 2010-2012.
SUBFAMILY TROPIDOPOLINAE JACOBSON, 1905
Tropidopolini Jacobson, 1905. Orthopteroid and Pseudoneuropteroid Insects of Russian
Empire and adjacent countries, 73, 306.
Type-genus: Tropidopola Stal, 1873. Recencio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des
Orthopteres decrits par Linne, De Geer et Thunberg, 1: 43, 86.
Diagnostic characters: Body strongly elongate, narrow; head cylindrical in
profile; frons usually oblique; fastigium of vertex short, dorsum of pronotum of
variable shape, crossed by three transverse sulci, median and lateral carinae
present or absent; dorsum of pronotum of variable shape; prosternal process
present; mesosternal interspace closed; tegmina or wings fully developed or
shortened; tympanum present; hind femur never robust, lower basal lobe shorter
than upper one; external apical spine of hind tibia present; arolium medium to
large sized.
Two genera of this subfamily have been reported from the region and a key for
their separation is given below.
KEY TO INDIAN GENERA OF TROPIDOPOLINAE JACOBSON, 1905
1. Pronotum flattened, lateral carinae present, posterior margin truncated; lower genicular
lobe of hind knee short and round; frontal ridge flat…………………………….…Tristria Stal, 1873
- Pronotum cylindrical, lateral carinae lacking, posterior margin rounded; frontal ridge
shallowly sulcate; lower genicular lobe of hind femora acute angular..Tropidopola Stal, 1873
Genus Tristria Stal, 1873
Tristria Stal, 1873. Recencio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des Orthopteres decrits par
Linne, De Geer et Thunberg, 1: 40, 80.
Type-species: Tristria lacerta Stal, 1873 (= pisciforme). Revue critique des Orthopteres
decrits par Linne, De Geer et Thunberg, 1: 80.
Metapula Giglio-Tos, 1907. Boll. Musei Zool. Anat. Comp. R. Univ. Torino, 22 (554): 10.
Syn. by Otte, 1995. Orthoptera Species File, 4: 99.
Type-species: Metapula olivacea Giglio-Tos, 1907 (= Tristria discoidalis). Boll. Musei Zool.
Anat. Comp. R. Univ. Torino, 22 (554): 11.
Tapinophyma Uvarov, 1921. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 9-7: 496. Syn. by Otte, 1995. Orthoptera
Species File, 4: 99.
Type-species: Tapinophyma pulvinata Uvarov, 1921. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 9-7: 497.
Diagnostic characters: Body small to medium size; antennae thick, filiform, in
basal half compressed, shorter than head and pronotum together; fastigium of
vertex convex, much shorter than longest diameter of eye, with median carinula;
frons slightly oblique; frontal ridge flat; dorsum of pronotum flattened, crossed by
three transverse sulci, median and lateral carinae distinct, almost straighjt;
metazona much shorter than prozona, posterior margin truncate; porsternal
process compressed antero-posteriorly, reaching anterior margin of
mesosternum, apex rectangular; mesosternal interspace contiguous for short
distance; tegmina and wings fully developed; hind femur slender, knee lobe short
and rounded; external apical spine of hind tibia present, arolium medium sized.
The genus is represented by single species from the region.
184
Tristria pulvinata (Uvarov, 1921) (Fig. 1)
Tapinophyma pulvinata Uvarov, 1921. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 9 (7): 497.
Tristria pulvinata (Uvarov); Nayeem & Usmani, 2012. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7 (1):
399.
Diagnostic characters: Body medium sized; antennae considerably shorter
than head and pronotum together; head conical with apex rounded, frons strongly
oblique; fastigium of vertex obtusely parabolic, convex, elevated, median carinula
of fastigium of vertex present; pronotum elongated, tectiform, with flattened
dorsum, median carina and lateral carinae weak, crossed by three transverse
sulci, lateral carinae diverging posteriorly; prosternal process curved backwards,
strongly flattened antero-posteriorly; mesosternal interspace closed, lobes
rounded, inner margin angulated and coinciding medially; metasternal pits very
closely set; tegmina fully developed extending up to hind knee but shorter than
abdomen; wings hyaline, wingspan short; hind femora slender; hind tibiae
straight with fourteen dorso-external and eleven dorso-internal spines; dorsoexternal apical spine of hind tibiae present; spurs not specialized, tarsal region
weakly flattened; arolium medium sized.
Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Haryana,
Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu,
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Elsewhere: Sri Lanka.
Material Examined: India: Uttar Pradesh: Allahabad, 3♂,3♀, 06-X-2010,
On paddy & grasses; Ghazipur, 4♂,3♀, 09-X-2010, On paddy & grasses; Deoria,
2♂,4♀, 12-X-2010, On paddy & grasses; Faizabad, 5♂,4♀, 24-X-2010, On paddy &
grasses; Sultanpur, 4♂,2♀, 25-X-2010, On paddy & grasses; Hamirpur, 4♂,6♀, 04IX-2011, On paddy & grasses; Fatehpur, 4♂,4♀, 11-IX-2011, On paddy & grasses;
Farrukhabad, 5♂,3♀, 06-VIII-2012, On paddy & grasses; Meerut, 8♂,7♀, 21-VIII2012, On paddy & grasses; Muzaffarnagar, 7♂,4♀, 22-VIII-2012, On paddy &
grasses; Saharanpur, 6♂,5♀, 23-VIII-2012, On paddy & grasses.
Morphometry:
Measurement
(mm)
Body length
Pronotum
Tegmina
Hind Femur
Male
28.32-30.14
4.35-5.31
14.45-16.19
12.54-14.19
Female
30.23-32.68
6.51-7.62
19.23-20.52
17.53-18.84
Mean ± SD
Male
Female
28.93± 0.57
32.80±1.17
4.99±0.30
7.10±0.40
15.17± 0.63
19.76±0.48
13.33±0.64
18.12±0.47
Standard deviation of 0.30 in case of male pronotum, 0.63 in case of tegimna,
0.64 in case of hind femur and 0.57 in case of body length indicates that size of
pronotum, hind femur, tegmina and body length are not of much variable and
may varies with little fractions among individuals of the species. Standard
deviation of 0.40 in case of female pronotum, 0.48 in case of tegimna and 0.47 in
case of hind femur indicates that size of pronotum, tegmina and hind femur are
not of much variable whereas body length may varies with little fractions among
individuals of the species.
Genus Tropidopola Stal, 1873
Tropidopola Stal, 1873. Recencio Orthopterorum. Revue critique des Orthopteres decrits
par Linne, De Geer et Thunberg, 1: 43, 86.
Type-species: Gryllus cylindricus Marschall, 1836 (= Tropidopola cylindrical cylindrica).
Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 1 (2): 210.
Opomala Fischer, 1853. Orthoptera Europaea, 296, 305. Syn. by Otte, 1995. Orthoptera
Species File, 4: 102.
185
Type-species: Not available.
Opsomala Fieber, 1853. Lotos, 3: 90-104. Syn. by Otte, 1995. Orthoptera Species File, 4:
102.
Type-species: Not available.
Diagnostic characters: Body slender and of medium size; antennae thick,
filiform, shorter than head and pronotum together; head acutely conical, not
longer than length of pronotum; fastigium of vertex angular, not longer than
longest diameter of eye, with median carinula; fastigial foveolae present; frontal
ridge shallowly sulcate; dorsum of pronotum cylindrical, crossed by three
transverse sulci, median and lateral carinae absent; metazona shorter than
prozona, posterior margin rounded; prosternal process inflated in apical part,
with wide, slightly convex, flat apical surface; tegmina narrow, reaching the tip of
abdomen; hind femur slender; hind tibia with external apical spine, arolium
medium sized.
The genus is represented by single species from the region.
Tropidopola longicornis (Fieber, 1853) (Fig. 2)
Opsomala longicornis Fieber, 1853. Lotos, 3: 98.
Opsomala syrica Walker, 1871. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in the
Collection of the British Museum Supplement: 51. Syn. by Mishchenko, 1965. Fauna of
Russia Orthopt., 190 [164].
Opomala cylindrica Giglio-Tos, 1893. Boll. Musei Zool. Anat. Comp. R. Univ. Torino, 8
(164): 11. Syn. by Massa & Fontana, 1998. Boll. Mus. civ. St. nat. Verona, 22: 76.
Tropidopola nigerica indica Uvarov, 1937. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 10 (19): 519. Syn. by
Mishchenko, 1965. Fauna of Russia Orthopt., 190 [164].
Tropidopola longicornis (Fieber); Massa, 2009. Jour. Orth. Res., 18 (1): 81.
Diagnostic characters: Body medium sized; antennae filiform, slightly shorter
than head and pronotum together; head conical; fastigium of vertex flattened,
median and lateral carinulae sharp, median carinula extending up to vertex;
frontal ridge shallowly sulcate, gradually narrowing upwards with sharp
carinulae; fastigial foveolae present; pronotum finely rugose and shiny, nearly of
uniform width, dorsum cylindrical, with three transverse sulci, median carina
obtusely present, lateral carinae lacking; prosternal process moderate in size;
tegmina fully developed, reaching abdomen; wings hyaline, wingspan narrow;
hind femora slender; lower lobe of hind-knee angular; hind tibiae straight, hairy,
flattened distally with two rows of black spines, eleven dorso-external while
thirteen dorso-internal; spurs not specialized; arolium of large size.
Distribution: India: Bihar, Maharashtra, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh.
Elsewhere: Africa, Egypt, Europe and Pakistan.
Material Examined: India: Uttar Pradesh: Azamgarh, 2♂,2♀, 08-X-2010,
On grasses; Ghazipur, 1♂,2♀, 09-X-2010, On grasses; Sultanpur, 2♂,2♀, 25-X2010, On paddy & grasses; Hamirpur, 3♂,2♀, 04-IX-2011, On grasses.
Morphometry:
Measurement
(mm)
Body length
Pronotum
Tegmina
Hind Femur
Male
32.56-34.51
5.62-6.88
21.85-23.04
13.37-14.71
Female
38.41-42.56
6.68-7.79
22.28-23.34
14.54-16.15
Mean ± SD
Male
Female
33.32± 0.73
39.95±1.63
6.10± 0.43
7.10±0.45
22.42± 0.38
22.66±0.31
13.90±0.53
15.33±0.64
Standard deviation of 0.43 in case of male pronotum, 0.38 in case of tegimna,
0.53 in case of hind femur and 0.73 in case of body length indicates that size of
186
pronotum, hind femur, tegmina and body length are not of much variable and
may varies with little fractions among individuals of the species. Standard
deviation of 0.45 in case of female pronotum, 0.31 in case of tegimna and 0.64 in
case of hind femur indicates that size of pronotum, tegmina and hind femur are
not of much variable whereas body length may varies with little fractions among
individuals of the species.
DISCUSSION
Grasshoppers of the subfamily are purely graminivorous, also occurs in forest
and barren areas. Adults are found from June to October. These are the
economically important reported in many parts of the country by numerous
authors from grasses and rarely from crops. These are defoliators feeds on whole
leaves except the mid rib, resulting arrested growth and size of plants. Hoppers
are vigorous feeders at particular place because of lack of wings, thus more
dangerous than adults and on moulting wings developed then moves towards the
periphery for feeding on another host of choice. Population of grasshoppers
relatively becomes low with decreasing temperature from the month of November
and appears healthy with increasing temperature and on first shower of monsoon
in the month of June/July. Population also crashed due to extreme drought that
results in exploitation of vegetations i.e., lack of food which bounces back on
return vegetation.
In the present study distribution and taxonomy of these grasshoppers has
been discussed for the first time. Taxonomy is the backbone of science without
identification no one can conclude the result. Study reveals that the host plant of
these grasshoppers and extensively found in grasses than crops that clearly
indicate grasses are the most preferred food of this grasshopper thus may be
concluded that these grasshoppers are major pest of paddy. On the absence of
grasses feeds upon crops, thus cultivation techniques should be modified in such
a way that grasses which support population of grasshoppers may be grown
around the crop field to prevent feeding to crops thus damage may be prevented.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors are thankful to University Grant Commission, New Delhi, for
financial assistance under Maulana Azad National Fellowship (MANF- MUSBIH- 1999). Also grateful to The Chairman, Department of Zoology, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh for providing necessary facilities.
LITERATURE CITED
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448 pp.
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Kumar, H. & Usmani, M. K. 2012. A Checklist of Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of Punjab, India. Journal of Entomological
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Acridoidea) of Jharkhand, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 7 (1): 391-417.
Nayeem, M. R., Usmani, M. K. & Akhtar, M. H. 2013. Preliminary checklist of grasshoppers and locust fauna
(Orthoptera: Acrididae) of Bihar, India. W.J.A.S.R., 3 (1): 35-38.
Shishodia, M. S., Chandra, K. & Gupta, S. K. 2010. An Annotated checklist of Orthoptera (Insecta) from India. Rec.
Zool. Surv. India, Occ. Paper No. 314: 1-366.
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Söner, Stock, 1: 154.
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Figure 1. Tristia pulvinata.
Figure 2. Tropidopola longicornis.
188
GENETIC VARIABILITY OF HOST POPULATIONS OF THE
EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSRTINIA NUBILALIS (Hübner)
(LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE) IN IRAN
Nayer Ehtesham Nia*, Jabrael Razmjou*,
Bahram Naseri* and Nader Gol Mohammad Zade Khiaban**
* Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Mohaghegh ArdabiliIRAN. E-mail: [email protected]
** Plant Pest and Diseases Research Department of Agriculture research center of ArdebilIRAN.
[Ehtesham Nia, N., Razmjou, J., Naseri, B. & Khiaban, N. G. M. Z. 2016. Genetic
variability of host populations of the European corn borer, Osrtinia nubilalis (Hübner)
(Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Iran. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 188-196]
ABSTRACT: The European corn borer is one of the most important economic pests that
could find in all parts of Iran. To study the genetic diversity of O. nubilalis during summer
2013-2014 from first generation in wheat and in second generation from other hosts, 15
individuals of each sex were collected for preliminary analysis. The genomic DNA from
European corn borer larvae extracted from host populations of corn, wheat, okra, barley,
melon, sugar beet and cocklebur from Ardabil province of Iran using polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) and 10 different SSR primers produced 36 polymorphic bands. Nine of the
SSR primers showed high variability across the distinct populations with 100 percent
polymorphism. Within populations, genetic diversity based on Nei’s gene index ranged from
0.214 to 0.600 at wheat and cocklebur in host populations, respectively. Mean and standard
deviation of observed number of alleles were 3.600 and 1.265. Mean of observed
hetorozygosity and gene flow for all loci were 0.0857 and 0.020, respectively. Molecular
variance analysis showed significant differences within and among populations with groups
variance accounted for 13.08 and 97.73, respectively. Using the un-weighted pair-group
method analysis, cocklebur population grouped as unique in one cluster while the other
populations grouped separately.
KEY WORDS: Genetic diversity, Ostrinia nubilalis, SSR, Hetorozygosity
It is important to develop a better understanding of the insect’s genetic
structure, genetic variation, and gene flow that can provide the basis for
improvement and changes in current management strategies for insect control
and resistance management (Alstand, 1995). During the early stages of
diversification, incipient species often maintain high levels of gene flow, such that
introgression occurs in regions of the genome not linked to genes directly
involved in speciation (Wu, 2001; Lassance et al., 2010). Molecular genetic
markers within or linked to genes affected by a recent selective sweep can be
associated with divergent traits, and thus used to predict individual phenotypes in
natural environments (Schulze & McMahon, 2004). Correspondence of
phenotype with genotypes (mutations) has been established for insecticide
resistance traits (French-Constant et al., 1993), but population associations can be
complicated by effects of inbreeding, population structure or selection (Berlocher
& McPheron, 1996; Baxter et al., 2010).
The European corn borer (ECB), O. nubilalis (Lep.: Crambidae) is one of the
key pests causing severe yield losses, infesting several crops such as cereals,
potato, cotton, pulses, tomato, vegetables and fruit crops as well as wild hosts. It
is known as the most important pest of maize (Zea mays L.), causing worldwide
crop losses. Apart from maize, there are more than 200 plants which can serve as
hosts for ECB, e.g.: mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) and hop (Humulus lupulus)
(Lewis,1975). ECB is native to Europa, North and West of Africa, and Western
Asia (Mutuura &Monroe, 1970). Understanding the genetic variation between the
189
Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lep.: Noctuidae), populations occurring on host
plants has become necessary to find the variation in their susceptibility to distinct
insecticides and suitable management (Subramanian & Mohankumar, 2006). An
appropriate resistance management, however, can only be developed based on an
understanding of the genetic basis and the modes of action of pest adaption
(Hawthorne, 2001). Therefore it is crucial to consider information on the genetic
background of the respective insect population, and on its reaction and degree of
susceptibility towards the toxin of the genetically modified crop. Furthermore,
there is a need for more information on the dispersal and migration behavior, the
levels of gene flow between populations and alternative host plants of ECB since
these data contribute to the adoption of Insect Resistance Management (IRM)
plans.
Genetic Variability of Geographical Populations of the Bollworm, H. armigera
(Lep.: Noctuidae) was evaluated using SSR (Simple Sequence Repeats) molecular
marker in Iran. Molecular variance analysis stated significant within and among
population variance. The maximum and minimum genetic distances were
observed among Gorgan- Mughan & Kermanshah- Shahindej (Khiaban et al.,
2010). ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) as genetic markers was used in
studying intra-specific variation in Noctuids. In India genetic variability of H.
armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae) populations from six different host plants was
studied using 10 microsatellite SSR marker. Finally nine of the SSR primers
indicated high variability across the different host associated populations with
polymorphism ranging from 75% to 100%. Cotton population grouped as unique
in one cluster while all other hosts grouped separately. Microsatellite markers are
highly polymorphic and co-dominant, and useful for population genetic and
genome mapping studies (Goldstein & Schlotterer, 1999). SNP markers consist of
base substitutions at a single genomic locus, where individual mutations are
generally bi-allelic and have lower allele diversities and provide less statistical
power to discriminate unique genotypes compared to microsatellite loci (Xing et
al., 2005). Some studies have focused on population genetics of the ECB
(Harrison & Vawter, 1977; Cardé et al., 1978; Willet & Harrison, 1999; Bourguet
et al., 2000a,b). Allozyme polymorphism is well suited for population studies and
has been used to investigate the genetic population structure in several migrant
Noctuidae species (Daly & Gregg, 1985; Pashley et al., 1985; Korman et al., 1993;
Bues et al., 1994).
Allelic distinction between pairs of populations and hierarchical
decompositions of pools of examples from each host plant demonstrate that the
group of populations feeding on maize differed from the group of populations
feeding on mugwort (Martel et al., 2003). Phenological, phytochemical and
morphological distinctions between host plants may extend genetic isolation
following host changes a first step toward speciation (Bush, 1994).
Genetic variability of O. nubilalis was studied for 18 sub-populations in the
upper Midwestern United States using AFLP (Amplified fragment length
polymorphism). The result indicate that more variation exists within populations
than between populations (Jeffrey et al., 2008). Pornkulwat et al. (1998) used
RAPD marker that were able to distinguish univoltine from bivoltine and
multivoltine ecotypes. Geographical Variation in Pheromone Response of the
ECB O. nubilalis (Lep.: Crambidae), in North Carolina was studied. The results
cleared, the distribution of the two pheromone races (97Z: 3E) seemed to remain
basically unchanged from that observed in the late 1980s, and no proof of a
continued westward expansion of E responsive moths was detected (Sorenson et
al., 2005). The studying in different regions observed that may be explained by
the voltinism patterns (univoltine vs. multivoltine, respectively) of O. nubilalis:
multivoltine populations have opportunities for multiple matings for the
duration of the year (Jeffrey et al., 2008). Saldanha (2000) taked RAPD marker
190
to discriminate between local populations of O. nubilalis and found a large
genetic group consisting of univoltine, bivoltine, and multivoltine ecotypes in all
parts of Nebraska. However, disadvantages of RAPD marker are apparent and
therefore results can be arguable. Molecular Diversity of Cotton Bollworm H.
armigera in India was assessed Using RAPD Marker. The level of genetic
difference detected among the H. armigera populations with analysis suggested
that RAPD marker an efficient marker technology for delineating genetic
relationships amongst populations and estimating genetic diversity, thus gaining
insight into genetic structure of populations and its further use in formulation of
appropriate area extensive management strategies for this pest (Yenagi et al.,
2012). The two pheromone races of O. nubilalis show partial reproductive
isolation when in sympatry, and may represent incipient species in the early
stages of divergence (Dopman et al., 2010; Lassance et al., 2010).
Estimates of hybridization between the E- and Z-races are important for
understanding the dynamics involved in maintaining race integrity, and are
consistent with previous estimates of low levels of genetic divergence between Eand Z-races and the presence of weak prezygotic mating barriers (Coates et al.,
2005). Populations of ECB differ in situations of pheromone blends (E vs Z) and
voltinism (univoltine vs bivoltine) (Hudon et al., 1989). Coates et al. (2005)
showed that ten polymorphic dinucleotide (CA / GT and GA / CT) microsatellite
loci are suitable for population genetic screening from enriched partial ECB
genomic libraries. In North America, ECB consists of several morphologically
indistinguishable races with different sex pheromone communication systems
(Roelofs et al., 1985). Only a few studies have focused on the genetic relationships
between these races. Harrison & Vawter (1977) and Carde et al. (1978) found that
two sympatric pheromonal races displayed slight differences in their allelic
frequencies. Recent studies have revealed that, at least in France, ECB comprises
two sympatric host-associated species: a maize and mugwort associated species.
The mugwort associated species infests mostly mugwort and hop, while the
maize-associated species infests mostly maize, and occasionally other plants such
as bird pepper, sunflower, cocklebur, and sorghum (Leniaud et al., 2006). These
two host differentiated species are genetically differentiated from each other
(Bourguet et al., 2000; Martel et al., 2003; Leniaud et al., 2006) and show
assortative mating in the field and in cages (Malausa et al., 2005; Bethenod et al.,
2004). Bourguet et al. (2000) also assayed gene flow of French populations of
ECB and discriminated a great and homogenous gene flow. Finally Coates et al.
(2004) significant genetic differentiation found among Atlantic coast and
Midwestern United States samples.
This study was devoted to assessing genetic differentiation between samples of
ECB collected over a restricted area from Ardabil province in Iran on seven
different host plants: maize, corn, wheat, okra, barley, melon, sugar beet and
cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) from family Asteraceae (Table 1). Larvae of
ECB were collected during summer 2013-2014. Larvae of O. nubilalis were
selected for the isolation of genomic DNA and stored at −70° C.
DNA Extraction
The larvae were washed thoroughly in double distilled water and the genomic
DNA was extracted from the larvae using by modified protocol (Zimmerman et
al., 2000). Briefly, the cleaned larvae were ground liquid nitrogen and then 500 μl
buffer containing 100 mMTris-HCI (pH 8.0), 0.1 M sodium chloride, 20 mM
EDTA, 0.1% of SDS and suspended in the same buffer. The suspension was
incubated at 60°C for 3 hours and then the same volume of chloroform:
isoamylalcohol (24:1) was added. The suspension was centrifuged at 13000g for 5
191
min at 4° C. The upper liquid blanket was transmited to a fresh micro centrifuge
tube taking care not to eliminate the middle protein interface. Then, was added 15
μlNacl 5M and shacked by hand slowly. DNA was precipitated by adding equal
volume of ice-cold isopropanol. The tube was kept for 20 min at -20°C. The
precipitated DNA was spun at 13000g for 5 min and the supernatant was deleted
and the DNA pellet was finally washed twice using ethanol 70% and dissolved in
200 μl TE (Tris EDTA, 100 mM). Extracted DNA was further cleaned of RNA
contaminants by addition of 10 μl/100 μl of RNase. The intact genomic DNA was
visualized in a 1% agarose gel. Depending upon the concentration, the DNA
examples diluted by sterile water to get a working solution of 20–25 ng/μl.
PCR amplification
The genomic DNA from ECB larvae gathered from seven different hosts were
prepared to PCR using 10 different SSR primers (Tan et al., 2001;Ji et al., 2003)
(Table 1) obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. PCR was carried out in 20 μl reaction
mixture containing 50 ng DNA the same as the template. Genomic DNA 2.0 μl (25
ng), dNTPs 0.8 μl (2.5 mM), assay buffer 1 μl (10X), SSR forward primer 2 μl (20
μM), SSR reverse primer 2 μl (20 μM), Taq DNA polymerase 0.15 μl (3 units),
magnesium chloride 0.15 μl (25mM), sterile distilled water 3.7 μl, were added and
PCR was performed in thermal cycler programmed for 5 min at 94° C for initial
denaturation. Following the Preliminary denaturation the thermal cycler
programmed for 35 cycles of 1 min at 94° C for denaturation , 1 min for annealing
belong on primers and 50 second at 72° C for extension and additional cycle of 10
min at 72° C for final extension.
Elecrtophoresis of PCR products
PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis in 3% metaphor gel
electrophoresis run at 70 W for 30 min in 1x TBE buffer. The bands was visualized
using the Ethidium bromide method.
Data Analysis
The molecular size of the amplified outputs was evaluated using a 100bp DNA
marker (Fermentas Inc., www.fermentas.com.) The samples were analyzed all 10
primers to check the producing of bands.
According to log molecular weight of the movement 100bp DNA marker
(Fermentas Inc., USA) and their migration distances scatter plots were
established and trend lines with best fit was fitted. Based on the mathematical
expression of the trend lines the molecular weight of the fragment corresponding
to their migration distances was computed. The individual DNA bands were
scored in the amplification profile of each one sample. Only apparent bands with
fine resolution were scored. The percentage of polymorphism was computed as
the proportion of the polymorphic markers to the all numbers of markers. The
polymorphism information content value was also examined (Smith et al., 1997).
After cluster analysis of the similarity coefficients by the un-weighted pair-group
technique analysis, UPGMA, dendrogram drawed (Sneath & Sockal, 1973) using
NTSYS Pc-2.0.
Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA, Excoffier et al., 1992) was conducted
with ARLEQUIN 2.0 (Schneider et al., 2000).We put wheat, barley and corn in
one group therefore 7 host populations changed to 5 groups. In this analysis,
variance of the SSR data set was partitioned at three hierarchical levels: (1)
between-population component (2) a regional or 5 sub- population component
(3) and a within-population component. Unlike the calculations used for Nei’s
GST values. The significance of the three variance components was checked using
1000 random permutations. A two-part AMOVA analysis was conducted to check
genetic divergence (FST) as a factor of variation between individuals within a
given population and between populations. An Unweighted Pair Group Method
with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) consensus cluster was analyzed as outlined by
Sneath & Skoal (1973) was conducted using NTSYSpc ver. 2.1 on all 7 populations
192
of ECB to illustrate genetic similarity. Data were analyzed using POPGENE
version 1.32 (Yeh & Boyle, 1997). Applying a Co-dominant marker data set 36
markers assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The percent (%) polymorphism,
genetic diversity or heterozygosity (H), GST, and gene flow determination (Nm)
was then assessed within and among every one of populations. Individual
populations were analyzed for genetic diversity (H) for every sub-population as
per Nei (1973).
RESULTS
The genetic variability of 7 populations of ECB collected from different hosts
was investigated by PCR analysis of DNA from one larvae randomly selected from
each of these populations using 10 SSR primers. All 10 primers listed produced
scorable markers in each DNA sample. A total of 36 markers from 10 primers
were available for analysis across the different populations. The highest numbers
of 6 markers were produced by the primer OS6, followed by 5 markers by OS4
with high degree of polymorphism 75–100%.
The ECB populations occurring on corn, wheat, okra, barley, melon, sugar
beet were found to be closely related, while the population occurring on cocklebur
was found to differ widely (Figure 1).
However, this study suggests that, although ECB populations are found on
several different types of host plant, the ECB populations on non-maize plants
may constitute separate subpopulations and, therefore, cannot necessarily be
viewed as alternative refuges as proposed by Gould (1998) and Alstad & Andow
(1995).
Our results show that populations may also be distinguished on the basis of
the type of host plant colonized (maize vs cocklebur). Molecular variance analysis
showed significant within and among population with groups variance accounted
for 13.08 and 97.73, respectively (Table 2). Computed FST values for these
comparisons were low to moderate, from 0.72727 to 1.0000 with a mean of
0.13797 (Table 3). Cluster analysis based on molecular data in host populations
assigned the studied ECB populations into two groups.
The maximum and minimum genetic distance matrix was observed between
melon- cocklebur (1.8281) and barley -corn (0.5108), respectively (Table 4). In
the present study the grouping of the ECB populations indicated high similarity
among populations, while the population collected from the cocklebur was found
to be more variable. This phenomenon indicates a strong genetic variability
among ECB populations collected from different host plants. Reddy & Kumar
(2004) found differences in susceptibility to different insecticides among H.
armigera populations collected from three hosts tomato, chickpea and grapes,
they suggested that this difference might be due to the variation in plant factors.
The results of the present study also suggest that genetic variation among
populations collected from different host plants might be due to host
characteristics.
Cunningham (1999) by studying the genetic diversity between bollworm
populations in different host crops, suggested that polyphagous insects tend to be
monophagic at the micro ecological level. The reason this tendency might be due
to the migration of populations from different locations (Subramanian &
Mohankumar, 2006).
The result of the relative abundance studying of Bollworm on different host
plants proved a multicrop situations can be as an important natural refuge in
central and southern India (Subramanian & Mohankumar, 2006).
193
DISCUSSION
The results of studying explained importance in a multi crop ecosystem such
as in India where a polyphagous insect has many of its hosts in the vicinity which
may lead to interbreeding among isolated populations. Such an interbreeding
phenomenon between varying host associated populations indicates the presence
of natural refugee in multi crop environments. Detailed field level investigations
on the polyphagy of individual ECB and the mating behavior of such individual
populations combined with evaluation of their genetic diversity remains to be
done (Subramanian & Mohankumar, 2006). The results of genetically studying
support that the identification of genetic variation in host populations is very
essential for pest management.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We thank Masoud Taghizadeh, a researcher of Plant Protection in Moghan, for
his help in sampling, Agriculture Research Center of Baluchistan, IRAN for giving
us laboratory equipment’s.
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195
Table 1. Characteristics of samples of O. nubilalis collected from different host species
using SSR markers.
Location
Population
Family
Latitude
Longitude
Date (month/year)
Mogan
Okra
Malvaceae
39.28"N
48.38"E
07/2013
Mogan
Melon
Cucurbitaceae
39.42"N
47.41"E
07/2013
Mogan
Sugar beet
Chenopodiaceae
39.28"N
47.41"E
07/2013
Mogan
Cocklebur
Asteraceae
39.35"N
47.34"E
07/2013
Mogan
Corn
Poaceae
39.49"N
47.81"E
06/2013
Mogan
Wheat
Poaceae
39.28"N
47.41"E
06/2013
Mogan
Barley
Poaceae
39.33"N
47.38"E
06/2013
Table 2. AMOVA of 7 tested host populations of O.nubilalis using 10 SSR primers.
Source of variation
d.f.
Sum of
Variance
Percentage of
squares
components
variation
Among groups
4
23.690
-0.35417 Va
-10.80836
Among population within
2
13.667
3.20238 Vb
97.72934
within populations
7
3.000
0.42857 Vc
13.07902
Total
13
40.357
3.27679
groups
Fixation Indices: FST: 0.86921,FSC: 0.88197,FCT: -0.10808
Table3. Population pairwise FST of 7 tested host populations comparisons using 10 SSR
primers.
Melon
Okra
Barely
Corn
Cocklebur
Sugar beet
Melon
0.0000
Okra
0.85714
0.0000
Barely
0.93750
0.91667
0.0000
Corn
0.75000
0.72727
0.85714
0.0000
Cocklebur
0.88889
0.87500
0.91667
0.80000
0.0000
Sugar beet
0.87500
0.80000
0.93750
0.78571
0.85185
0.0000
Wheat
0.92857
0.90000
1.0000
0.85714
0.91667
0.92857
Wheat
0.0000
196
Table 4. Distance genetic matrix for O.nubilalis populations collected from different host
species using SSR markers.
Melon
Okra
Barely
Corn
Cocklebur
Sugar beet
Melon
0.0000
Okra
1.5404
0.0000
Barely
0.8818
0.8818
0.0000
Corn
0.8102
0.9438
0.6216
0.0000
Cocklebur
1.8281
1.5404
1.1695
1.2802
0.0000
Sugar beet
1.5404
0.8473
1.1695
0.9438
0.9808
0.0000
Wheat
1.1695
0.8818
0.5108
1.1324
1.1695
1.1695
Wheat
0.0000
Fixation Indices, FST: 0.86921,FSC: 0.88197,FCT: -0.10808
Figure 1. Cluster analysis of Ostrinia nubilalis in different hosts Dendrogram Based Neis
(1972) Genetic distance: Method UPGMA Modified from NEIGHBOR procedure of PHYLIP
Version 3.5.
197
A CHECKLIST OF ENCYRTIDAE (HYMENOPTERA:
CHALCIDOIDEA) FROM PUNJAB, INDIA
Sarfrazul Islam Kazmi* and P. Girish Kumar**
* Northern Regional Centre, Zoological Survey of India, Dehradun, Uttrakhand- 248 195,
** Zoological Survey of India, M-Block, New Alipore, Kolkata, West Bengal- 700 053,
[Kazmi, S. I. & Kumar, P. G. 2016. A checklist of Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera:
Chalcidoidea) from Punjab, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 197-201]
ABSTRACT: The present paper deals with the study of family Encyrtidae of Punjab which
includes 16 genera with 28 species. Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead) is new record form
Indian state Punjab.
KEY WORDS: Checklist, Parasitic wasp, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae, Punjab, India.
The family Encyrtidae is second largest among chalcidoidea whose members
are used in the biological control of insect pests. The family Encyrtidae is mostly
primary internal parasitoids and hyper-parasitoids of coccoidea (Homoptera),
Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera and also attack on aphids and psyllids.
In recent year several new genera and species of Encyrtidae described from
various Indian states by Mani (1989), Noyes & Hayat (1984, 1994), Huang &
Noyes (1994), Hayat (2002, 2003, 2006, 2010), Kazmi (2006, 2008, 2012),
Kazmi & Hayat (1995, 1998), Hayat & Kazmi (1999, 2011), Anis & Hayat (1998,
2002), Singh & Hayat (2005). The family Encyrtidae is represented by 148 genera
under 560 species in India. Accordingly an updated checklist of the Encyrtidae
fauna of Indian state Punjab is presented here. It includes 16 genera with 28
species.
Subfamily ENCYRTINAE Walker
Genus Anicetus Howard
Hosts: Parasitoids of Homoptera (Coccidae).
Species and Distribution: World 41 species; 13 species from India and one species from
Punjab.
Anicetus integrellus Trjapitzin
Hosts: Ceroplastes sp. on Citrus aurantifolia; Ceroplastodes cajani on Ficus sp.;
Ceroplastodes sp. on edible fig.
Distribution: India: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi.
Genus Cheiloneurus Westwood
Hosts: Hyperparasitoids of Coccidae and Pseudococcides (Homoptera) via other chalcidoids
(Hymenoptera).
Punjab.
Cheiloneurus neparvus Hayat
Hosts: Unknown.
Distribution: India: Punjab.
Genus Copidosoma Ratzeburg
Hosts: Polyembryonic parasitoids of larvae of Lepidoptera.
Species and Distribution: World 185 species; 25 species from India and two species from
Punjab.
Copidosoma floridanum (Ashmead)
Hosts: Plusia signata, Cosmophila sabulifera.
198
Distribution: India: Punjab,Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Jammu &
Kashmir, Odisha, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal.
Remarks: New record form state Punjab, India.
Copidosoma varicorne (Nees)
Hosts: ?Anarsia ephippias, ?A. sigmatica, Dichomeric eridontis, Eucosma sp.
Distribution: India: Kerala, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
Genus Diaphorencyrtus Hayat
Hosts: Parasitoids of nymph of Psyllidae (Homoptera).
Species and Distribution: World 02 species, 01 species from India and Punjab.
Diaphorencyrtus aligarhensis (Shafee et al.)
Hosts: Diaphorina sp., D. cardiae, Psylla sp.
Distribution: India: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan.
Genus Homalotylus Mayr
Hosts: Parasitoids of larvae of lady bird beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae).
Species and Distribution: World 40 species; 12 species from India and two species from
Punjab.
Homalotylus flaminius (Dalman)
Hosts: Coccinellids predaceous on Nipaecoccus viridis on Solanum sp..
Distribution: India: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi.
Homalotylus turkmenicus Myartseva
Hosts: Coccinellids predaceous on: Centrococcus sp. on Wittania somnifera;
Coccidohystrix insolita on Solanum melongena; W. somnifera; Nipaecoccus sp. on
Peristropha bicalyculata; coccids on Dalbergia sisso, Zizyphus sp.; mealybugs on Solanum
sp.
Distribution: India: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana.
Genus Metaphycus Mercet
Hosts: Parasitoids of mainly soft scale insects (Homoptera: Coccidae).
Species and distribution: World more than 400 species, 15 species from India and two
species from Punjab.
Metaphycus gilvus Compere
Hosts: Ceroplastes sp. on Mangigera indica; Ceroplastodes cajani on Ficus sp.;
Chloropulvinaria sp. on Dalbergia sissoo; Chloropulvinaria polygonata; Pulvinaria
maxima.
Distribution: India: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh.
Metaphycus zebratus (Mercet)
Hosts: Ceroplastodes cajani on Ficus sp.; (?)Aonidiella orientalis on Dalbergia sissoo; (?)
Nipaecoccus sp. on Citrus sp.
Distribution: India: Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh.
Genus Ooencyrtus Ashmead
Hosts: Oophagous, parasitoids of eggs of various insects, notably Lepidoptera and
Heteroptera. Also hyperparasitoids of Lepidoptera and Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) via
other Hymenoptera.
Species and distribution: World over 120 species, 29 species from India and two species
from Punjab.
Ooencyrtus manii Huang & Noyes
Hosts: Eggs of Pyrilla perpusilla.
Distribution: India: Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh.
Ooencyrtus segestes Trjapitzin
Hosts: Unknown.
Distribution: India: Punjab, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Delhi, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Uttar Pradesh.
Genus Psyllaphycus Hayat
Hosts: Parasitoids of nymphs of Psyllidae (Homoptera).
Species and distribution: One species, India and Punjab.
199
Psyllaphycus diaphorinae Hayat
Hosts: Diaphorina cardiae on Cardia ruyxa (Hayat, 1972; 1979); Diaphorina sp. (Hayat,
1972).
Distribution: India: Punjab, Maharashtra.
Genus Xenostryxis Girault
Hosts: Parasitoids on diaspidid scales (Homoptera: Diaspididae).
Punjab.
Xenostryxis bella Hayat & Badruddin
Hosts: Unknown.
Distribution: India: Punjab.
Genus Prochiloneurus Silvestri
Hosts: Hyperparasitoids on Homoptera (Coccidae and Pseudococcidae).
Species and Distribution: World 29 species; 09 species from India and three species from
Punjab.
Prochiloneurus comperei Viggiani
Hosts: Icerya formicarum on Acacia sp., Nipaecoccus sp. on Casuarina equisetifolia and
Morus alba.
Distribution: India: Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh.
Prochiloneurus pulchellus Silvestri
Hosts: Centrococcus spp. on Leucas cephalotus, Pupalia lappacea and Wittania somnifera,
C. insolita; Ferrisis virgata; Icerya aegyptica; Nipaecoccus spp.
Distribution:India: Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Punjab, Gao, Haryana, Karnataka,
Kerala, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh.
Prochiloneurus testaceus (Agarwal)
Hosts: Coccus viridis; Nipaecoccus sp.; Nipaecoccus viridis; Rastrococcus iceryoides.
Distribution: India: Uttar Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Is., Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu,
Punjab, Andhra Pradesh.
Genus Tassonia Girault
Hosts: Parasitoids of Aphididae (Homoptera).
Species & Distribution: World 03 species, 03 species from India and one species from
Punjab.
Tassonia gloriae Girault
Hosts: Hysteroneura setariae; Longiunguis sacchari; Myzus persicae.
Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka,
Kerala, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tanil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttrakhand, West Bangal.
Subfamily TETRACNEMINAE Howard
Genus Aenasius Walker
Hosts: Parasitoids of mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae).
Species and distribution: World 36 species, 05 species from India and two species from
Punjab.
Aenasius advena Compere
Hosts: Ferrisia virgata.
Distribution: India: Andaman & Nicobar Islans, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Kerala,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh.
Aenasius indicus (Narayanan & Subba Rao)
Hosts: Icerya formicarum on Psidium guajava; Nipaecoccus spp. on Citrus, Morus alba,
Acasia sp.; N. viridis on Citrus sp., Euphorbita hirta, Morus alba, Dalbergia sissoo, Vitis
vinifera; Planococcides robustus on Atrocarpus heterophyllus, Mangifera indica.
Distribution: India: Punjab, Delhi, Himachal, Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Odisha, Uttrakhand,
Uttar Pradesh.
Genus Alamella Agarwal
Species and distribution: World 05, one species from India and one species from Punjab.
200
Alamella flava Agarwal
Hosts: Eriococcus greeni; Maconelliococcus hirsutus; Nipaecoccus sp.; Nipaecoccus
viridis.
Distribution: India: Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Kerala,
Punjab, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh.
Genus Anagyrus Howard
Species and distribution: World about 250, 50 species from India and six species from
Punjab.
Anagyrus agraensis Saraswat
Hosts: Centrococcus sp. on Morus indica; Ferrisia virgata; Nipaecoccus sp. on Citrus sp.,
Ficus sp.; Nipaecoccus viridis on wild plant, Ziziphus sp. Ficus sp., Jatropa sp.;
Planococcus citri on coffee; Pseudococcus sp. on Casuarina; Rastrococcus iceryoides on
Ziziphus sp.
Distribution: India: Himachal Pradesh, Goa, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Punjab,
Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh.
Anagyrus aligarhensis Agarwal
Hosts: Saccharicoccus sacchari on sugarcane; Kiritshenkella sacchari on sugarcane.
Distribution: India: Bihar, Delhi, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Haryana, Punjab, Tamil Nadu,
Nagaland, Odisha, Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh.
Anagyrus dactylopii (Howard)
Hosts: Planococcus citri on Citrus medica; Pseudococcus sp. on Citrus aurantifolia;
Rastrococcus cappariae; Ferrisia virgata on Acacia sp. Maconellicoccus hirsutus on Anona
squamosa and grapes.
Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Goa, Delhi,
Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Tamil Nadu,
Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh.
Anagyrus indicus (Subba Rao)
Hosts: Ferrisia virgata on guava, Psidium guajava; Planococcus sp. on Giricidia sepium.
Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Delhi, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.
Anagyrus mirzai Agarwal & Alam
Hosts: Ferrisia virgata; Icerya formicarum on Psidium guajava; Nipaecoccus viridis,
same host on wild plant; Nipaecoccus sp. on Casuarina equisetifolia, Tamarindus indica,
Morus alba; Planococcus citri on Citrus medica; Rastrococcus iceryoides on Citrus.
Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Karnataka, Haryana,
Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, Odisha, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh.
Anagyrus saccharicola Timberlake
Hosts: Ripersia [=Kiritshenkella] sacchari (Ahmad, 1942); Saccharicoccus sacchari [on
sugarcane] (Mani, 1939; Pruthi & Mani, 1940; Puttarudriah, 1954; Usman & Puttarudriah,
1955; Narayanan et al., 1957); Trionymus sacchari (Dorge et al.).
Distribution: India: Punjab, Maharashtra, Haryana, Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka,
Tamil Nadu.
Genus Leptomastix Foerster
Species and distribution: World 33 species; 10 species from India and one species from
Punjab.
Leptomastix nigrocoxalis Compere
Hosts: Coccidohystrix sp. on Achyranthes aspera, Pupalia lappacea, Wittania somnifera;
C. insolita on A. aspera and W. somnifera; Icerya aegptica; Nipaecoccus sp. on Citrus,
Acacia, Peritropha bicalyculata, Morus alba; N. viridis on Ziziphus sp., Acacia sp.,
Tephrosia purpurea; Planococcus citri on Citrus medica.
Distribution: India: Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Goa, himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Odisha, Pondicherry, Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal.
Genus Rhopus Foerster
201
Species and distribution: World about 50 species; 15 species from India and one species
from Punjab.
Rhopus gramineus Hayat
Hosts: Antonina sp. on Cynodon sp..
Distribution: India: Punjab, Delhi, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful to Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for providing
facilities and useful suggestions in the preparation of the manuscript.
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202
STUDIES ON THE TAXONOMY OF OXYINAE
(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDOIDEA: ACRIDIDAE)
FROM NORTH-EASTERN STATES OF INDIA
Mohd. Imran Khan*, Mohd. Kamil Usmani**
and Shahnila Usmani***
* Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002 U.P INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]
** Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002 U.P INDIA. E-mail: [email protected]
*** Section of Entomology, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh202002 U.P INDIA.
[Khan, M. I., Usmani, M. K. & Usmani, S. 2016. Studies on the taxonomy of Oxyinae
(Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Acrididae) from North-Eastern states of India. Munis Entomology
& Zoology, 11 (1): 202-218]
ABSTRACT: From a survey of North Eastern states of India, eleven species belonging to six
genera of subfamily Oxyinae were isolated. In addition to conventional morphological
characters, the detailed structure of male and female genitalia were also studied. All the
species are described and illustrated. A key to the known genera of subfamily Oxyinae is also
provided.
KEY WORDS: Acrididae,Oxyinae, Key, North-East, India.
The genus Oxya was proposed by Serville (1831) for Oxya hyla Serville.
Species of the genus are well known pests of paddy, sugarcane, betel and other
crops in India. Hollis (1971) reviewed the species of Oxya and recognized 18
species. Tandon (1976) listed 10 species from the Indian region: bidentata
Willemse, chinensis (Thunberg), diminuta Walker, fuscovittata (Marschall),
grandis Willemse, hyla Servile, japonica (Thunberg), nitidula (Walker),
paravicina Willemse, and velox (Fabricius). Hollis (1975) placed diminuta and
peravicina in the genus Caryanda Stal and bidentata in a new genus Oxyina. At
sub-familial level Oxyinae was found to be the most diverse subfamily in Assam,
Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Tripura. This may be due to the fact that the
members of this subfamily prefer feeding on paddy cultivation and grasses, which
were found prevalent during the survey period.
A survey for collection of Acridid specimens during 2008-2011 from
grasslands and agricultural fields of north-eastern states was made. Specimens
were handpicked or collected by sweeping net. Collected specimens were
preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Specimens were stretched and photographed. For
genitalic studies apical tip of abdomen was cut and boiled in 10% KOH solution
and genital structures were isolated. All drawings were prepared under Camera
lucida attached to standard microscopes. Descriptions of phallic complex follows
the terminologies used in Dirsh (1956).
SUBFAMILY OXYINAE BRUNNER, 1893
Oxyinae Brunner von Wattenwyl. 1893. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 213 (33): 1-230.
Diagnosis: Body small to medium size; pronotum cylindrical or weakly
flattened, median carina weak or absent, lateral carinae absent; prosternal
process present; mesosternal interspace open and usually longer than wide;
tegmina and wings fully developed, reduced or absent; radial area of tegmina
203
usually without series of regular, parallel transverse stridulatory veinlets;
tympanum present; hind femur with lower basal lobe shorter than upper one,
lower genicular lobe produced posteriorly into a spine; hind tibia usually
expanded in apical half or third, external apical spine usually present; arolium
large; apical abdominal sternites with tuft of short hairs; male cercus usually
conical.
The subfamily is represented by six genera from this region. A key for their
separation is given below:
Key to the genera of the subfamily Oxyinae Brunner, 1893
recorded from North Eastern States of India
1. Tegmina without series of regular, parallel transverse stridulatory veinlets on radial area;
female ovipositor valves long and slender; male epiphallus with indistinct or short
ancorae…………………………………………………..………....…………….………………………………………...2
- Tegmina with series of regular, parallel transverse stridulatory veinlets on radial area;
female ovipositor valves short; male epiphallus with long ancorae…Gesonula Uvarov, 1940
2. Hind tibia expanded in apical half……………………………………….……………………………….……3
- Hind tibia not expanded in apical half; male epiphallus with one pair of outer lophi and
two pairs of inner lophi………………….………………………………..….……...…Caryanda Stal, 1878
3. Fully winged or brachypterous species………………….............................................................4
- Micropterous species………………………….…...…………………....…………………………………..………5
4. In male 10th abdominal tergite with fercula..………………….……Pseudoxya Yin & Liu, 1987
- In male 10th abdominal tergite without fercula….…..................................Oxya Serville, 1831
5. In male 10th abdominal tergite without fercula………………………..........…Cercina Stal, 1878
- In male 10th abdominal tergite with fercula……………...……………………..Lemba Huang, 1983
Genus Oxya Serville, 1831
Oxya Serville, 1831. Ann. Sci. nat., 22 (86): 264, 286. Type-species: Oxya hyla Serville,
1831.
Zulua Ramme, 1929: 327. (Hollis), 1975. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), 220. Type-species:
Zulua glabra Ramme, 1929.
Diagnosis: Body of medium size; antennae filiform, longer than, as long as, or
shorter than head and pronotum together; fastigium of vertex short, without midlongitudinal carinula; frontal ridge sulcate; dorsum of pronotum slightly
flattened, crossed by three transverse sulci, median carina weak, lateral carinae
absent; metazona shorter than prozona, posterior margin rounded or obtusely
angular; prosternal process conical with rounded or subacute apex, often slightly
bent backwards; mesosternal interspace open; tegmina fully developed or
shortened, radial area without series of regular, parallel transverse stridulatory
veinlets; hind femur slender with lower genicular lobe spined; hind tibia
expanded in apical half, external apical spine present.
The genus is represented by five species from this region. A key for their
separation is given below:
Key to the species of the genus Oxya Serville, 1831
1. Posterior ventral basivalvular sclerites of ovipositor with one or two tooth like spines on
its inner ventral margin…………………..…………………………………………………...………………………2
- Posterior ventral basivalvular sclerites of ovipositor without any well defined spines on its
lower inner margin………………………………………….………………………..O. velox Fabricius, 1787
2. Ventral surface of subgenital plate with a broad median longitudinal groove running from
posterior margin at least two middle of plate, with or without longitudinal ridge on each
side.……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………………………..3
- Ventral surface of subgenital plate convex, flat or, at most, with a weak apical concavity....4
3. Ovipositor valves with long hook like dents, posterior ventral basivalvular sclerites with
very small spinelets on its inner ventral margin. Male cercus with subacute or truncate apex.
…..………………..............................................................................….O. hyla hyla Serville, 1831
204
- Ovipositor valves with short dents, posterior ventral basivalvular sclerites with a large
spine on its inner ventral margin. Male cercus with bifid apex……………………………………………
…………………..………………………………………………..… O. japonica vitticolis Blanchard, 1853
4. Posterior margin of female subgenital plate with one or two spines medially. Male supra
anal plate without lateral tubercles, cercus never much compressed, narrowing apically….…5
- Posterior margin of female subgenital plate almost straight and smooth. Male supra anal
plate with a tubercles on each side of median apical process, cercus laterally much
compressed and of uniform width………………………………….O. fuscovittata Marschall, 1836
5. Posterior margin of female subgenital plate with a single spine medially. Male supra anal
plate usually with well developed basilateral folds…………………………………...………………….….6
- Posterior margin of female subgenital plate with a pair of spines medially. Male supra anal
plate relatively flat, without basilateral folds……….……………....O. chinensis Thunberg, 1815
Oxya fuscovittata (Marschall, 1836)
(Plate 1; Fig. 1)
Gryllus fuscovittatus Marschall, 1836. Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 1 (2): 211.
Oxya turanica Uvarov, 1912. Trudy Russk. Entomol. Obshch., 40 (3): 28.
Oxya oryzivora Willemse, C. 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 25. Syn. by Hollis. 1971.
Oxya uvarovi Willemse, C. 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 11, 22. Syn. by Hollis. 1971.
Oxya fuscovittata (Marschall); Mishchenko, 1965. Fauna of Russia Orthopt.: 148 [125].
Male genitalia: Supra-anal plate triangular, trapezoid, lateral tubercles
prominent, posterior lobe slightly less developed, cercus broad, strongly
compressed, apex bifid. Sub genital plate broad, lateral margin straight,
narrowing apically, apex rounded, setose confined to apical margin (centrally).
Epiphallus with narrow bridge, without an ancorae and with tooth like lophi;
valvular plate of cingulum with shallow structure; apical valve of aedeagus is
thickened.
Female genitalia: Supra-anal plate short, broad, wider than long, lateral
margins converging invert, apical margins narrowing and making apex rounded,
cercus wide uniformly broad, one and half times as long as wide, apex truncated.
Sub genital plate with very broadly flattened ventral surface. Posterior margin
emerginates medially straight or with two very small medial spines. Spermatheca
short, apical diverticulum short and pre-apical diverticulum is double the size of
apical diverticulum and forms an inverted ‘L’ shaped loop. Valve of ovipositor
with tooth like marginal spines.
Material Examined: Meghalaya, Nongstoin, 15-I-2011, on grasses, 3♀♀.
Shillong, Ladmawphlong, 23-X-2008, on grasses, 2♀♀. Arunachal Pradesh, East
Siang, Pasighat, 31-I-2009, on grasses, 1♀. Mizoram, Aizwal, Selesih, 11-II-2009,
on grasses, 5♀♀, 2♂♂. Manipur, West Imphal, 15-X-2009, on grasses, 2♀♀.
Nagaland, Dimapur, 19-X-2009, on grasses, 7♀♀, 3♂♂.
Morphometry: (length in mm)
Male: Body length 20.15, Tegmina 16.43, Pronotum 1.61, Hind femur 12.92
Female: Body length 25.0, Tegmina 20.05, Pronotum 1.75, Hind femur 15.84
Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,
Chattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka,
Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Elsewhere:
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and USSR (Southwest).
Oxya japonica vitticolis (Blanchard, 1853)
(Plate 2; Fig. 2)
Acridium vitticole Blanchard, 1853. In Hombron & Jacquinot [Ed.]. Voyage au Pole Sud
et dans l' Océanie sur les Corvettes l' Astrolabe et la Zélée exècuté par ordre du roi pendant
les années 1837-1838-1839-1840 371, 373.
205
Heteracris gavisa Walker, F. 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria
in the Collection of the British Museum, 4: 669. Syn. by Key. 1986. CSIRO Entomol. Tech.
Paper, 24: 10.
Oxya japonica vitticolis (Blanchard); Hollis, 1971. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., 26
(7): 307.
Female genitalia: Supra-anal plate longer than wide, lateral margins highly
diverging posteriorly, apex broadly rounded. Cercus broad basally and narrowing
apically, two times as long as wide, apex conical. Sub genital plate, lateral margin
straight, posterior margin concave with two notches medially, jannone’s organ
present, two in number. Egg-guide broad basally, gradually narrowing apically,
apex pointed, three times as long as wide. Spermatheca, apical diverticulum
slender, moderately broad, much longer than pre-apical diverticulum, pre-apical
diverticulum elongate narrow. Ovipositor valves long and slender, slightly less
than two times as long as wide, dorsal valve with edges serrated, apex obtusely
rounded, ventral valve with edges denticulate, apex conical, lateral apodeme short
and narrow.
Material Examined: Meghalaya, East Khasi Hills, CPRS, 14- X-2009, on
grasses, 5♀♀.
Female: Body length 21.0, Tegmina 15.5, Pronotum 4.3, Hind femur 12.1
Distribution: India: Meghalaya.
Oxya velox (Fabricius, 1787)
(Plate 3; Fig. 3)
Gryllus velox Fabricius, 1787. Mantissa insectorum exhibens species nuper in Etruria
collectas a Ptro Rossio, 1: 239.
Heteracris apta Walker, F. 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria in
the Collection of the British Museum, 4: 666. Syn. by Hollis. 1971. Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.)
Ent., 26 (7): 297.
Oxya velox (Fabricius); Kirby, 1910. A Synonymic Catalogue of Orthoptera, London: 393.
Oxya velox (Fabricius); Hollis, 1971. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.): 297.
Male genitalia: Supra-anal plate rounded, triangular posterior portion, cercus
conical with subacute apex. Sub genital plate wide basally, narrowing apically,
apex truncated setae, confined to apically. Epiphallus with narrow bridge, without
ancorae, vulvular plate of cingulum large, upcurved, apex enlarged, apodeme is
long, flat, curved at the anterior end, vulvular plate of cingulum more or less bean
shaped. Aedeagus, apical valve much narrow, elongate, apex blunt, basal valve
narrowing apically and broad at base almost as long as apical valve.
Female genitalia: Supra-anal plate short, broad, wider than long, lateral
margins converging invert, apical margins narrowing and making apex rounded,
cercus elongate narrow, narrowing apically, two and half times as long as wide,
apex bluntly rounded. Ventral surface of sub genital plate in posterior half with
median longitudinal concavity bordered on each side by lateral longitudinal ridge.
Median pair is spiny on posterior margin, widely spread. Spermatheca of medium
size, apical diverticulum bent downwards and pre-apical diverticulum narrow,
more or less straight and coiled at the anterior end, pre-apical diverticulum
broadly tubular and curved, as long as apical diverticulum. Ovipositor, dorsal
valve slightly less than twice the length of lateral apodeme, dorsal margin with
small and uniform blunt dents, ventral valve with small uneven blunt dents. Valve
of ovipositor with tooth-like spiny structures.
Material Examined: Tripura, Agartala, Mohanpur, 15-II-2009, on grasses, 5♀♀,
7♂♂. Manipur, West Imphal, 15-X-2009, on grasses 8♀♀, 3♂♂. Nagaland,
Kohima, 21-X-2009, on grasses, 9♀♀, 3♂♂.
Male: Body 22.4, Pronotum 6.1, Tegmina 19.4, Hind femur 14.4
206
Female: Body 26.6, Pronotum 6.4, Tegmina 23.0, Hind femur 17.6
Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Assam,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Nagaland, Orissa, Rajsthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttrakhand, Uttar
Oxya chinensis (Thunberg, 1815)
(Plate 4; Fig. 4)
Gryllus chinensis Thunberg, 1815. Mem. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Peterburg, 5: 253, 254.
Oxya vicina Brunner, 1893. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 213 (33): 152.
Oxya adentata Willemse, C. 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 26.
Oxya shanghaiensis Willemse, C. 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 54.
Oxya chinensis (Thunberg ); Uvarov, 1926. Bull. Ent. Res., 17: 48.
Oxya manzhurica Bei-Bienko, 1929. Konowia, 8: 105.
Oxya rammei Tsai, P. 1931. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 17: 439. Syn. by Hollis. 1971. Bull. Br.
Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Ent., 26 (7): 322.
Oxya manzhurica nakii Furukawa. 1939. Rep. First scient. Exped. Manchoukuo Sect. V,
Div., 15 (16): 84, 164.
Oxya sinuosa Mishchenko, 1951. In Bei-Bienko & Mishchenko. Keys to the Fauna of the
U.S.S.R. [1963 English translation no. 38]. Locusts and Grasshoppers of the U.S.S.R. and
Adjacent Countries, 1: 167 [177].
Oxya sianensis Zheng, Z. 1964. Acta Entomol. Sin., 13 (6): 885.
Male genitalia: Supra-anal plate broad, wider than long, lateral margins
diverging apically, apex rounded. Cercus long and slender, slightly narrowing
apically, almost three times as long as wide, apex rounded. Sub genital plate
triangular, lateral margin forming blunt apex. Epiphallus with bridge divided
medially, lophi well developed. Aedeagus with apical valve long, narrow, much
longer than basal valve broad. Apical valve strongly curved downward.
Female genitalia: Supra-anal plate broad basally, lateral plates diverging
apically, longer than wide, apex bluntly rounded. Cercus broad basally,
narrowing basally incurved, apex blunt. Sub genital plate with lateral margin
straight, posterior margin wavy, concave medially, jannone’s organ present with
two small patches. Egg-guide elongate narrow, more than three times as long as
wide, apex pointed. Spermatheca, apical diverticulum narrower than pre-apical
diverticulum, basal half broad with protuberance, apical half long, elongate
narrow. Ovipositor, dorsal valve broad, robust, slightly shorter than lateral
apodeme, dorsal edge dentate, apex pointed, ventral valve long and slender, edge
dentate, apex acutely rounded.
Material Examined: Assam, Diphu, Karbi Anglong, 13-II-2011, on grasses,
15♀♀, 17♂♂. Assam, Morigaon, Moirabari, 13-IV-2010, on grasses, 13♀♀, 7♂♂.
Male: Body 20.4, Pronotum 3.4, Tegmina 15.9, Hind femur 13.5
Female: Body 20.75, Pronotum 5.4, Tegmina 21.4, Hind femur 13.3
Distribution: India: Kerala and Meghalaya. Elsewhere: China, Japan, Korea,
Taiwan,Vietnam and USSR.
Oxya hyla hyla Serville, 1831
(Plate 5; Fig. 5)
Oxya hyla Serville, 1831. Ann. Sci. nat., 22 (86): 28-65, 134-167, 262-292.
Heteracris viridivitta Walker, F. 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera
Saltatoria in the Collection of the British Museum, 4: 605-801. Syn. by Johnston, Henry
Bennett. 1956. Annotated catalogue of African grasshoppers 251.
Oxya serrulata Krauss, 1890. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abt. Syst. Geogr. und Biol. der
Tiere, 5 (4): 662.
Oxya serrulata minor Sjöstedt. 1910. In Sjöstedt [Ed.]. Abteilung 15-22.
Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der schwedischen zoologischen Expedition nach dem
207
Kilimandjaro, dem Meru und den umgebenden Massaisteppen Deutsch-Ostafrikas, 19051906 unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Yngve Sjöstedt, 3: 185, 196.
Oxya acuminate Willemse, C. 1925. Tijdschr. v. Entomologie, 68: 44.
Female genitalia: Supra-anal plate broadly angular, wider than long, apex
broadly rounded; apex elongate, incurved, twice as long as wide, apex rounded.
Sub genital plate with posterior margin truncated in middle; posterior marginal
setae absent; jannone’s organs present; egg-guide broad at base, long and narrow
apically. Spermatheca with apical diverticulum long, bearing a small protuberance
as its apical one-fifth; pre-apical diverticulum broad and curved, thrice the width
of apical diverticulum. Ovipositor with dorsal valve long and narrow, five and a
half times as long as wide, longer than lateral apodeme, dorsal edge with acute
spines, basal sclerite narrow and serrated.
Material Examined: Tripura, South Tripura, Udaipur, 16-II-2009, on grasses,
15♀♀. Manipur, East Imphal, 16-X-2009, on grasses, 5♀♀. Nagaland, Dimapur, 20X-2009, on grasses, 8♀♀.
Female: Body 26.5, Tegmina 23.0, Pronotum 6.4, Hind femur 17.6
Distribution: India: Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Bihar, Assam,
Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya,
Nagaland, Orissa, Rajsthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttrakhand, Goa,
Delhi, Chattisgarh, Kerala, Gujrat, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Elsewhere:
Afghanistan, Africa, Angola, Bangladesh, Benin, Cameroun, Chad, Iran, Gambia,
Ghana, Giunea, Kenya, Liberia, Madagaskar, Maldieve Island, Mali, Malawi,
Nepal, Niger, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Sudan, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Uganda,
Zaire and Zambia.
Genus Caryanda Stal, 1878
Caryanda Stal, 1878. Bihang Kungl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., 5 (4): 47. Type-species:
Acridium (Oxya) spuriun Stal, 1860.
Dibastica Giglio-Tos, 1907: 9 (Hollis, 1975. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.): 217). Typespecies: Dibastica modesta, Giglio-Tos, 1907.
Austenia Ramme, 1929: 331. (Preoccupied by Austenia Nevill, 1878: 16). (Hollis 1975. Bull.
Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.): 217). Type-species: Austenia Cylindrica Ramme, 1929.
Austeniella Ramme, 1931: 934. (Replacement name for Austenia Ramme, 1929). (Hollis,
1975. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.): 217).
Diagnosis: Head conical; fastigium of vertex, from above, pentagonal, wider
than long, without median longitudinal carinula; frontal ridge sulcate. Eyes
normal. Antenna as long as combined lengths of head and pronotum. Prosternal
process conical with subacute apex. Dorsum of pronotum weakly flattened,
median carina weak, lateral carinae absent, weakly crossed by three transverse
sulci; mesosternal interspace slightly longer than wide. Tegmina and hind wings
normally reduced to micropterous condition, some species brachypterous and one
species is rarely macropterous. Lower genicular lobe of hind femur spined; hind
tibia hardly expanded apically, upper margins acute, external apical spine
present.
The genus is represented by a single species from this region.
Caryanda paravicina (Willemse, 1925)
(Plate 6; Fig. 6)
Oxya paravicina Willemse, 1925. Tidjschr. Ent., 68: 55.
Caryanda paravicina (Willemse); Hollis, 1975. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), 31: 218.
Female genitalia: Supra-anal plate triangular, apex pointed, much longer than
wide. Cercus broad basally, narrowing apically, two times as long as wide, apex
bluntly rounded. Sub genital plate, lateral margins convex medially and concave
posteriorly with straight in the middle. Egg-guide narrowing apically, three times
as long as wide, apex pointed. Spermatheca pre-apical diverticulum long and
208
slender, curved medially. Pre-apical diverticulum long and narrow. Ovipositor,
dorsal valve moderately broad, slightly shorter than lateral apodeme, dorsal edge
smooth, apex bluntly rounded, ventral valve curved medially, dorsal edge with
tooth, apex pointed, dorsal valve slightly shorter than lateral apodeme.
Materaial Examined: Meghalaya, Jowai, Ummolong, 22-X-2008, on grasses,
17♀♀. Manipur, Thoubal, 17-X-2009, on grasses, 7♀♀. Nagaland, Kohima, 21-X2009, on grasses, 5♀♀.
Female: Body 13.0, Tegmina 3.6, Pronotum 5.8, Hind femur 12.8
Distribution: India: Meghalaya.
Genus Cercina Stal, 1878
Cercina Stal, 1878. Bihang Kungl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., 5 (4): 97. Type-Species:
Cercina obtusa Stal, 1878.
Diagnosis: Head conical; fastigium from above, short, triangular or pentagonal,
wider than long, median longitudinal carina absent; frontal ridge widely sulcate
and not quite extending to clypeus; eyes normal; antennae shorter than head and
pronotum together; prosternal process subconical, antero-posteriorly flattened
with subacute apex; dorsum of pronotum flattened, shallowly crossed by two or
three transverse sulci, median carina very weak, lateral carinae absent;
mesosternal interspace longer than wide; tegmina and hind wings reduced, scalelike, former not extending beyond 3rd abdominal tergite; lower genicular lobe of
hind femur pointed or spined; hind tibia moderately expanded in apical half, with
acute upper margins, external apical spine of hind tibia present.
Cercina mussoriensis Prasad & Sinha, 1956
(Plate 7; Fig. 7)
Cercina mussoriensis Prasad & Sinha. 1956. Proc. nation. Acad. Sci. India B, 26 (1): 30.
Female genitalia: Supra-anal plate elongate, angular; slightly less than one and
half times longer than wide, apex rounded, cerci broad basally, narrowing
apically; almost two times as long as wide, apex bluntly rounded. Sub genital plate
wide, apical margin semicircular without setae, egg-guide short, narrow; apex
pointed. Ovipositor valves elongate, narrow; dorsal edge of dorsal valve smooth,
apical tip bluntly rounded, dorsal valve shorter than lateral apodeme; ventral
valve uniformly broad, apical condyle not prominent, apical tip blunt.
Material Examined: Assam, Guwahati, Patorkuchi, 30-X-2008, on grasses,
2♂♂.
Female: Body length: 16.75, Tegmina: Brachypterous, Pronotum: 1.47, Hind
femur: 11.3
Distribution: India: Uttarakhand, Assam.
Genus Gesonula Uvarov, 1940
Gesonula Uvarov, 1940. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., 115: 174. Type-species: Acridium
punctifrons Stal, 1878.
Gesonia Stal, 1878: 46. (Preoccupied by Gesonia Walker, 1858: 75, in Lepidoptera). Typespecies: Acridium punctifrons Stal, 1878.
Gesonula Uvarov, 1940a: 174. (Replacement name for Gesonia Stal, 1878).
Diagnosis: Body of medium size; antennae filiform, slightly longer than head
and pronotum together; head conical; fastigium of vertex parabolic, without midlongitudinal carinula; frontal ridge sulcate; dorsum of pronotum flattened,
shallowly crossed by three transverse sulci, median carina weak, lateral carinae
absent; metazona shorter than prozona, posterior margin broadly rounded;
prosternal process conical with rounded apex; mesosternal interspace open;
209
tegmina and wings fully developed, radial area of tegmina with series of regular,
parallel transverse stridulatory veinlets; hind femur slender with lower genicular
lobe spined; hind tibia expanded in apical half, external apical spine present.
Gesonula punctifrons (Stal, 1861)
(Plate 8; Fig. 8)
Acridium (Oxya) punctifrons Stal, 1861. Kongliga Svenska fregatten Eugenies Resa
omkring jorden under befäl af C.A. Virgin åren 1851-1853 (Zoologi), 2 (1): 336.
Heteracris tenuis Walker, F. 1870. Catalogue of the Specimens of Dermaptera Saltatoria
in the Collection of the British Museum 4: 647, 668. Syn. by Bolívar, Ignacio. 1918. Trab.
Mus. Cienc. nat., Madrid (Ser. zool.), 34: 14.
Oxya punctifrons (Stal); Stal, 1878. Bihang Kungl. Svenska Vet. Akad. Handl., 5 (4): 47.
Gesonula punctifrons (Stal); Mishchenko, 1952. Fauna of Russia, 4 (2): 144.
Male genitalia: Cerci simple, spine like and incurved, supra-anal plate
triangular, oval, the groove of which tubular in shape, large anterior process
diverged, tip more or less rounded. Posterior process with a notch like structure,
below which bilobed structure present. The upper lobe connected with a
membrane. Subgenital plate broad, lateral margin straight, narrowing apically,
apex rounded, setose confined to apical margin. Epiphallus, bridge undivided,
short, broad, anchorae broad basally, narrowing apically, apex pointed, lophi well
developed lobiform. Aedeagus, apical valve short narrow, much shorter than basal
valve, apex pointed, basal valve broad uniformly.
Female genitalia: Supra-anal plate elongate, narrow, one and half times as long
as wide, apex rounded, cercus broad basally, narrowing apically, two times as long
as wide, apex blunt. Sub- genital plate elongate, lateral margins diverging, central
margin semi-circular, setae confined, in the middle egg-guide short, elongate
narrow, twice as long as wide, apex pointed, Jannone’s organ present.
Spermatheca apical diverticulum short, broad, apex curved and rounded, preapical diverticulum moderately broad, much longer than apical diverticulum.
Ovipositor broad, robust, large. Upper one is moderately enlarged, tip end with a
large upcurved spine; lower valve which is narrower, less widened, tip of the valve
with a large spine which is directed downwards, rest of spines in the both valves
uniform.
Material Examined: Assam, Guwahati, Bongra, 28-X-2008, on paddy field,
7♂♂, 12♀♀. Assam, Tezpur, 7-II-2011, on grasses, 5♂♂, 8♀♀. Manipur, East
Imphal, 16-X-2009, on grasses, 4♀♀, 3♂♂. Nagaland, Dimapur, 19-X-2009, on
grasses, 3♀♀, 2♂♂.
Female:Body length 2.0, Tegmina 18.7, pronotum 4.0, Hind femur 12
Distribution: India: Andman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal
Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chattisgarh, Delhi, Goa, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar
Pradesh and West Bengal. Elsewhere: Bangladesh, Borneo, China, Hainan,
Japan, Java, Kalimantan, Malacca, Myanmar, North Vietnam, Philippines, Sri
Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Tongking.
Genus Lemba Huang, 1983
Lemba Huang, C. 1983. Zool. Res., 4 (2): 149. Type-Species: Lemba daguanensis Chunmei,
1983.
Diagnosis: Body of medium size; Head conical; fastigium of vertex short,
rounded, separated from vertex by a shallow depression; frontal ridge distinct but
subobsolete at clypeo-frontal suture; interocular distance longer than subocular
furrow; pronotum rugose, disc with lateral angles rounded into lateral lobes,
210
posterior margin obtusely angularly excised; prosternal process slightly
compressed, conical, apex acute; mesosternal lobes longer than wide, metasternal
lobes contiguous (male) or very narrowly separated (female); tegmina covering
tympana; hind femur moderately slender and dorsal carina smooth, hind tibia
with dorsal margin angularly rounded, with 8 external and 20 internal spines at
dorsal margins; apical spine present at both sides.
The genus is represented by one species from this region.
Lemba motinagar Ingrisch et al., 2004
(Plate 9; Fig. 9)
Lemba motinagar Ingrisch et al., 2004. Tijdschr. Voor Entomol., 147: 290.
Male genitalia: Supra-anal plate broad, as long as wide, lateral margins slightly
diverging apically, apex rounded. Cercus broad basally and gradually narrowing
apically, twice as long as wide, apex conical. Sub genital plate with lateral margin
straight, strongly diverging posteriorly, posterior margin extended with a notch
medially. Epiphallus, bridge divided, ancorae short and broad, apex blunt, lophi
well developed. Aedeagus with apical valve very long and narrow, downcurved,
basal valve long and broad, much longer than basal valve, apex blunt.
Female genitalia: Supra-anal plate, lateral margins forming rounded apex,
slightly longer than wide. Cercus short and broad, narrowing apically, less than
twice as long as wide, apex bluntly rounded. Sub genital plate, lateral margins
straight, posterior margin slightly curved, serrated medially forming dents on
either side of egg-guide. Apical half of egg-guide broad, abruptly narrowing
apically, apex pointed. Spermatheca, long and slender with protuberance.
Ovipositor, dorsal valve robust, dorsal edge strongly serrated, apex bluntly
rounded, slightly shorter than apodeme, ventral valve elongate narrow, edge
curved and serrated, apex or tip bluntly rounded.
Material Examined: Meghalaya, East Khasi Hills, CPRS, 10-X-2009, on
grasses, 15♂♂, 20♀♀; Kyrdemkhla, 10-X-2009, on grasses, 10♂♂, 15♀♀.
Male: Body length 12.0, Pronotum 4.4, Hind femur 8.5
Female: Body length 18.2, pronotum 5.5, Hind femur 13.5
Distribution: India: Meghalaya and Tripura.
Genus Pseudoxya Yin & Liu, 1987
Pseudoxya, Yin, X.-C. & Z.-W. Liu, 1987. Acta Zootaxonomica Sin., 12 (1): 66 [71]
Mishchenko & Storozhenko. 1990. In Gorochov [Ed.]. News of 210 etazoan 210 c and
faunistics of Vietnam insects part 1. Trudy Zool. Inst., Akad. Nauk SSSR, Leningrad, 209:
32. Type-Species: Oxya diminuta Walker, 1871.
Diagnosis: Body moderately sized. Head shorter than pronotum. Antennae
filiform. Face, in profile, oblique. Vertex convex from above, fastigium rounded.
Lateral foveolae absent. Frontal ridge sulcate, with lateral carinae nearly parallel.
Eyes oval. Pronotum cylindrical, slightly flattened in the back, posterior margin
convex; median carina present, lateral carinae absent. Prosternal process conical
with rounded apex. Mesosternal lateral lobes somewhat wider than long.
Metasternal lateral lobes meeting in hind part. Elytra and wings developed,
extending beyond the middle of hind femur, touching in mid dorsal line when
folded and elytra with stridulatory pegs in frontal areas. Upper carina of hind
femur smooth, keenly spined in apex; lower genicular lobe spined. Hind tibia
expanded in apical half and with external apical spine. Tympanum developed.
Pseudoxya diminuta (Walker, 1871)
(Plate 10; Fig. 10)
Oxya diminuta Walker, 1871. Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., 5: 64.
211
Oxya rufipes Brunner, 1893. Ann. Mus. Civ. Star. Nat. Genova Ser., 2, 13: 153. Syn. by
Willemse, Cornelis Jozef Maria. 1955 [1956]. Publ. Natuurhist. Genootsch. Limburg, 8: 146.
Pseudoxya diminuta (Walker); Hollis, 1975. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), 31: 217.
Male genitalia: Supra-anal plate broad, slightly broader than long, lateral
margins strongly diverging apically, apex rounded. Cercus elongate, narrowing
apically, three times as long as wide, apex acutely rounded. Sub genital plate,
lateral margin straight, gradually diverging apically, apex rounded. Epihallus,
bridge divided medially, lophi developed. Aedeagus, apical valve long and narrow,
incurved.
Material Examined: Meghalaya, East Khasi Hills, CPRS, 12-X-2009, on
grasses, 20♂♂.
Distribution: India: Andman and Nicobar Islands, Assam and Nagaland.
Elsewhere: Bhutan, Combodia, China, Laos, Myanmar, Singapore, Sumatra,
Thailand, Vietnam and West Malaysia.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to extend our gratitude to the University Grants Commission, New
Delhi for providing financial assistance during the tenure of a major research
project (Ref. no. 33-33/2007 (SR)) being carried out on “Studies on taxonomy
and diversity of North Eastern States of India”.
LITERATURE CITED
Hollis, D. 1971. A Preliminary Revision Of The Genus Oxya Audinet Serville (Orthoptera, Acridoidea). Bull. Br. Mus. Nat.
Hist. (Ent.), 26: 267-343.
Hollis, D. 1975. A Review Of The Subfamily Oxynae (Orthoptera, Acridoidea), Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Ent.), 31: 189234.
Serville. 1831. Revue méthodique des insectes de l'ordre des Orthoptères. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 22 (86): 2865, 134-167, 262-292.
Tandon, S. K. 1976. A check list of the Acridoidea (Orthoptera) of India. Part I Acrididae. Rec. Zool. Surv. India, Occ.
Pap. No., 3: 1-48.
male
female
Figure 1. Oxya fuscovittata.
Figure 2. Oxya japonica vitticolis (female)
female
212
male
female
Figure 3. Oxya velox.
male
female
Figure 4. Oxya chinensis.
Figure 5. Oxya hyla hyla.
female
female
Figure 6. Caryanda paravicina.
female
Figure 7. Cercina mussoriensis.
male
female
Figure 8. Gesonula punctifrons.
male
female
Figure 9. Lemba motinagar.
male
Figure 10. Pseudoxya diminuta.
213
214
Plate 1. Oxya fuscovittata A-D (male); E-H (female) A. Supra anal plate, B. Subgenital
plate, C. Epiphallus, D. Aedeagus, E. Supra anal plate, F. Subgenital plate, G. Spermatheca,
H. Ovipositor.
Plate 2. Oxya japonica vitticolis (female) A. Supra anal plate, B. Subgenital plate, C.
Spermatheca, D. Ovipositor.
215
Plate 3. Oxya velox A-D (male); E-H (female) A. Supra anal plate, B. Subgenital plate, C.
Epiphallus, D. Aedeagus, E. Supra anal plate, F. Subgenital plate, G. Spermatheca, H.
Ovipositor.
Plate 4. Oxya chinensis A-D (male); E-H (female) A. Supra anal plate, B. Subgenital plate, C.
Epiphallus, D. Aedeagus, E. Supra anal plate, F. Subgenital plate, G. Spermatheca, H.
Ovipositor.
216
Plate 5. Oxya hyla hyla (female) A. Supra anal plate, B. Subgenital plate, C. Spermatheca, D.
Ovipositor.
Plate 6. Caryanda paravicina (female) A. Supra anal plate, B. Subgenital plate, C.
Spermatheca, D. Ovipositor.
Plate 7. Cercina mussoriensis (female) A. Supra anal plate, B. Subgenital plate, C.
Ovipositor.
217
Plate 8. Gesonula punctifrons A-D (male); E-H (female) A. Supra anal plate, B. Subgenital
H. Ovipositor.
Plate 9. Lemba motinagar A-D (male); E-H (female) A. Supra anal plate, B. Subgenital
H. Ovipositor.
218
Plate 10. Pseudoxya diminuta (male) A. Supra anal plate, B. Subgenital plate, C. Epiphallus,
D. Aedeagus.
219
CONTRIBUTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE ON
DISTRIBUTION OF AQUATIC COLEOPTERA IN
HAKKARİ AND MALATYA PROVINCES IN TURKEY
(HELOPHORIDAE AND HYDROPHILIDAE)
Abdullah Mart*
* Bingöl University, Sciences and Arts Faculty, Department of Biology, Bingöl, TURKEY.
[Mart, A. 2016. Contribution to the knowledge on distribution of aquatic Coleoptera
(Helophoridae and Hydrophilidae) in Hakkari and Malatya provinces in Turkey. Munis
ABSTRACT: The collected
aquatic Coleoptera (Helophoridae and Hydrophilidae)
specimens from inland water in Hakkari and Malatya provinces are examined. In this study
14 taxa belonging to two family were determined and their distribution Turkey are given.
KEY WORDS: Helophoridae, Hydrophilidae, Hakkari, Malatya, Turkey
The Helophoridae is a large family consisting of a single subfamily only of a
single genus, Helophorus. This genus comprises more than 190 species,
represented in three major zoogeographical regions (Palearctic, Nearctic and
Ethiopian) (Angus, 1992; Smetana, 1985; Hansen, 1987, 2004; Hebauer, 1994).
The Hydrophilidae is also a large family, represented in all parts of the world
and consisting of 172 genera and about 2716 known species. Of the four
subfamilies recognized only two (Hydrophilinae, Sphaeridiinae) are recorded
from the Palearctic region (Hansen, 1999; Fikácek, 2006).
The purpose of this study is to make a contribution to Turkish aquatic
Coleoptera fauna.
In summer seasons between 2012 and 2013, specimens of Hydrophilidae were
collected by means of a sieve, ladle and net with 1 mm pores from the shallow
areas of various springs, streams, lakes and ponds in Hakkari and Malatya
provinces of Turkey. Firstly collected samples were killed by ethyl acetate in the
research area and then aedeagophores of the beetles were dissected under a stereo
microscope in the laboratory. Photographs of the main diagnostic characters were
made using a Olympus SZX16 microscope. All samples have been deposited in the
Zoological Museum, Bingöl University, Science and Arts Faculty, Department of
Biology, Bingöl, Turkey.
RESULTS
Family Helophoridae
Genus Helophorus Fabricius, 1775
Helophorus (Helophorus) syriacus Kuwert, 1885
Material examined: Hakkari-Çukurca: 2♂♂ 2♀♀, 37°14'44 K, 43°36'16 D, 1228 m.
11.05.2013. Hakkari-Şemdinli: 2♂♂ 1♀, Bağlar, 37°17'24 K, 44°31'14 D, 1355 m, 08.05.2013;
18 ♂♂ 8♀♀, Karaağaç, 37°21'54 K, 44°23'056 D, 1505 m,11.05.2013; 2♂♂ 1♀, Yeşil öz,
36°16'42 K,44°36'40 D, 1464 m, 13.05.2013; 2♂♂ 1♀, Üçgöze 37°16'29 K,44°34'42 D, 1396
m, 13.05.2013.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Antakya, Amanos mountains, Balıkesir, Bingöl, Çorum,
Denizli, Diyarbakır, Erzincan, Elazığ, Gaziantep, Izmir, Kastamonu, Mardin, Muş, Samsun
and Tokat (Topkara & Balık, 2010; Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart et al., 2014b).
Remarks: Newly recorded from Hakkari province.
220
Helophorus (Helophorus) aquaticus (Linnaeus, 1758)
Material examined: Hakkari-Şemdinli: 1♂ 1♀, Bağlar, 37°17'24 K, 44°31'14 D, 1355 m,
08.05.2013; 1♂, Yeşil öz, 36°16'42 K,44°36'40 D, 1464 m,13.05.2013; 2♂♂ 1♀, Üçgöze,
37°16'29 K, 44°36'42 D, 1396 m, 13.05.2013.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Aksaray, Ankara, Bayburt, Bilecik, Bingöl, Bitlis, Bursa,
Bolu, Çorum, Diyarbakır, Erzincan, Erzurum, Elazığ; Hakkâri, Giresun, Gümüşhane,
Isparta, Içel, Istanbul, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Mardin, Muş, Ordu, Sakarya,
Samsun, Sinop, Sırnak and Van (Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart et al., 2014b).
Helophorus (Eutrichelophorus) micans Falderman, 1835
Material examined: Malatya-Yazıhan: 8♂♂ 1♀, Kuruçay, 38°34'16 K, 38°14'37 D, 711 m,
26.V.2012; Malatya-Arguvan: 5♂♂ 1♀, Keban road, 38°41'30 K, 38°21'46 D, 707 m,
26.V.2012. Hakkari-Çukurca: 1♂1♀, 37°14'44 K, 43°36'16 D, 1228 m, 11.05.2013.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Ağrı, Aksaray, Bayburt, Bingöl, Hatay, Balıkesir, Burdur,
Çanakkale, Çorum, Diyarbakır, Erzincan, Erzurum, Elazığ, Giresun, İçel, İzmir, Kayseri,
Muş, Samsun, Tokat, Trabzon, Tuz Lake and Van Lake (Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart et
al., 2014b).
Remarks: Newly recorded from Hakkari and Malatya provinces. Until the present work, no
record of belonging to the Helophoridae family has been known in Malatya province.
Helophorus (Empleurus) nubilus Fabricius, 1776
Material examined: Hakkari-Çukurca: 2♂♂ 3♀♀, 37°14'44 K, 43°36'16 D, 1228 m, 11.05.
2013. Hakkari-Şemdinli: 2♂♂ 10♀♀, Bağlar, 37°17'24 K, 44°31'14 D, 1355 m, 08.05.2013;
2♂♂ 7♀♀, Üçgöze, 37°16'29 K, 44°36'42 D, 1396 m, 13.05.2013; 1♀, Yeşilöz, 36°16'42 K,
44°26'40 D, 1464 m, 13.05.2013.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Ağrı, Amanos mountains, Ankara, Bayburt, Bingöl,
Bitlis, Erzincan, Erzurum, Elazığ, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Hakkâri, Isparta, Içel, Istanbul,
Izmir, Kırklareli, Konya, Muğla, Muş, Ordu, Sakarya, Sırnak, Tokat,Van and Zonguldak
(Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart et al., 2014b).
Helophorus (Atracthelophorus) daedalus d’Orchymont, 1932
Material examined: Hakkâri-Şemdinli: 1♀, 37°23'47 K, 44°29'36 D, 1838 m, 08.08.2012.
Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Bayburt, Bingöl, Bitlis, Bolu, Çorum, Diyarbakır,
Erzincan, Erzurum, Elazığ, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Hakkâri, Izmir, Kayseri, Muş, Ordu,
Samsun, Şırnak, Tokat and Van (Topkara & Balık, 2010; Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart et
al., 2014b).
Helophorus (Atracthelophorus) lewisi Angus, 1985
Material examined: Malatya-Darende: 1♂, Ayvalı, 38°42'02 K, 37°33'39 D,1642 m, 26. V.
2012.
Distribution in Turkey: Bayburt, Bingöl, Bitlis, Çorum, Diyarbakır, Erzincan, Elazığ,
Giresun, Gümüşhane, Hatay, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Muş, Ordu, Samsun, Şırnak and Tokat
(Topkara & Balık, 2010; Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart et al., 2014b).
Remarks: Newly recorded from Malatya province. Until the present work, no record of
belonging to the Helophoridae family has been known in Malatya province.
Helophorus (Rhopalhelophorus) frater d’Orchymont, 1926
Material examined: Hakkari-Şemdinli:1♀ 1♂ Bağlar, 37°17'24 K, 44°31'14 D,1355 m, 08.
05.2013.
Distribution in Turkey: Bayburt, Bingöl, Erzincan, Erzurum, Elazığ, Giresun,
Gümüşhane, İzmir, Kayseri, Muş, Samsun, Tokat and Van (Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart
et. al., 2014b).
Remarks: Newly recorded from Hakkari province.
Family Hydrophilidae
Genus Enochrus Thomson, 1859
Enochrus (Lumetus) bicolor (Fabricius, 1792)
Material examined: Malatya-Arguvan: 2♂♂ 1♀, Keban road, 38°41'30 K, 38°21'46 D, 707
m, 26.V.2012.
221
Distribution in Turkey: Aksaray, Ankara, Antalya, Bitlis, Denizli, Edirne, Erzincan,
Elazığ, İçel, İzmir, Kars, Kayseri, Kırşehir, Muş, Ordu, Sivas and Van (Darılmaz & İncekara,
2011; Mart et al., 2014b).
Remarks: Newly recorded from Malatya province.
Enochrus (Lumetus) fuscipennis (Thomson, 1884)
Material examined: Malatya-Arguvan: 5♂♂ 2♀♀, Keban road, 38°41'30 K, 38°21'46 D,
707 m, 26.V.2012. Malatya-Darende: 5♂♂ 4♀♀, Karaçayır, 38°50'24 K, 37°41'00 D, 1221 m,
26.V.2012; 1♂ 1♀, Ayvalı, 38°42'02 K, 37°33'39 D,1642 m, 26.V.2012. Malatya-Yaygın: 1♂
3♀♀, 38°17’41 K, 38°31’25 D,1106 m, 26.V.2012. Malatya-Yazıhan: 1♂ 1♀, Kuruçay, 38°34’16
K, 38°14’37 D, 711 m, 26.V.2012.
Distribution in Turkey: Artvin, Aksaray, Ankara, Balıkesir, Bayburt, Bingöl, Bitlis, Bolu,
Bursa, Çanakkale, Çorum, Denizli, Erzincan, Erzurum, Elazığ, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Hatay,
Hakkari, Isparta, İzmir, Kayseri, Muş, Ordu, Rize, Sivas and Van (Topkara & Balık, 2010;
Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart et al., 2014a-b).
Enochrus (Lumetus) quadripunctatus (Herbst, 1797)
Material examined: Malatya-Darende: 1♀, Ayvalı, 38°42’02 K, 37°33’39 D,1642 m, 26.V.
2012.
Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Antalya, Bingöl, Bitlis, Denizli, Edirne, Elazığ, Isparta,
Ordu, Sivas and Van (Topkara & Balık, 2010; Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart et al., 2014ab).
Enochrus (Lumetus) politus (Küster, 1849)
Material examined: Malatya.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Bitlis, Gaziantep, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Kilis,
Osmaniye, Muş, Uşak and Van (Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Bektaş et al., 2014; Mart et al.,
2014a-b).
Genus Laccobius Erichson, 1837
Laccobius (Dimorpholaccobius) syriacus Guillebeau, 1896
Material examined: Malatya-Arguvan: 1♂, Keban road, 38°41'30 K, 38°21'46 D, 707 m,
26.V.2012. Malatya-Darende: 2♂♂ 1♀, Ayvalı, 38°42’02 K, 37°33’39 D,1642 m, 26.V.2012.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Afyon, Aksaray, Ankara, Antakya, Antalya, Artvin, Aydın,
Balıkesir, Bayburt, Bingöl, Bilecik, Bitlis, Bolu, Burdur, Bursa, Çorum, Denizli, Diyarbakır,
Edirne, Erzincan, Erzurum, Elazığ, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Hakkâri, Hatay,
Isparta, İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Kayseri, Kastamonu, Konya, Mardin, Mersin, Muğla,
Muş, Ordu, Osmaniye, Rize, Sakarya, Samsun, Sinop, Sivas, Şanlıurfa, Tokat, Trabzon and
Van (Darılmaz & Incekara, 2011; Mart et al., 2014b).
Laccobius (Dimorpholaccobius) simulatrix d’Orchymont, 1932
Material examined: Malatya-Hekimhan: 1♂, 38°51’50 K, 37°48’10 D, 1427 m, 26.V.2012.
Malatya-Yazıhan: 5♂♂ 6♀♀, Kuruçay, 38°34’16 K, 38°14’37 D, 711 m, 26.V.2012.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Ağrı, Aksaray, Ankara, Antalya, Artvin, Aydın, Balıkesir,
Bayburt, Bingöl, Bitlis, Bolu, Bursa, Çanakkale, Çankırı, Çorum, Denizli, Edirne, Erzincan,
Erzurum, Elazığ, Eskişehir, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Hakkari, Hatay, Isparta, İçel, İstanbul,
İzmir, Kahramanmaraş, Kars, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Kırklareli, Kırşehir, Kocaeli, Kütahya,
Manisa, Muğla, Muş, Niğde, Ordu, Osmaniye, Samsun, Sivas, Tokat, Trabzon, Van and
Yozgat (Topkara & Balık, 2010; Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart et. al, 2014a-b).
Laccobius (Dimorpholaccobius) hindukuschi Chiesa, 1966
Material examined: Malatya-Darende: 1♂, Ayvalı, 38°42'02 K, 37°33'39 D,1642 m, 26.V.
2012. Malatya-Hekimhan: 5♂♂ 1♀, 38°51’50 K, 37°48’10 D, 1427 m, 26.V.2012.
222
Distribution in Turkey: Antalya, Artvin, Balıkesir, Bayburt, Bingöl, Bitlis, Burdur,
Denizli, Diyarbakır, Erzincan, Erzurum, Elazığ, Gaziantep, Giresun, Gümüşhane, Isparta,
İstanbul, İzmir, Kastamonu, Kayseri, Mardin, Mersin, Muş, Ordu, Sivas, Tokat, Tunceli and
Van (Darılmaz & İncekara, 2011; Mart et al., 2014b).
DISCUSSION
In this study, totally 14 species belonging to two family of the aquatic
Coleoptera (Helophoridae and Hydrophilidae) were determined in Malatya and
Hakkari provinces. Of these, Helophorus (Eutrichelophorus) micans has been
recorded in both Hakkari and Malatya provinces for the first time. Helophorus
(Atracthelophorus) lewisi, Enochrus (Lumetus) bicolor, Enochrus (Lumetus)
fuscipennis, Enochrus (Lumetus) quadripunctatus, Enochrus (Lumetus) politus,
Laccobius (Dimorpholaccobius) syriacus, Laccobius (Dimorpholaccobius)
simulatrix, Laccobius (Dimorpholaccobius) hindukuschi have been recorded in
Malatya province for the first time. Helophorus (Helophorus) syriacus,
Helophorus (Rhopalhelophorus) frater have only been recorded in Hakkari
province for the first time.
Until the present work, no record of belonging to the Helophoridae family has
been known in Malatya province but only two species have been known
(Laccobius striatulus and Berosus spinosus) belonging to Hydrophilidae family.
LITERATURE CITED
Angus, R. B. 1992. Süsswasserfauna von Mitteleuropa (Insecta: Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Helophorinae). Gustav
Fischer Verlag, Jena, p. 144.
Bektaş, M., Polat, A., İncekara, Ü. & Taşar, G. E. 2014. Confirmation of Enochrus affinis in Turkey, some notes on
the Enochrus politus (Küster, 1849) (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 9 (2): 770-773.
Darılmaz, M. C. & Incekara, Ü. 2011. Checklist of Hydrophiloiedea of Turkey (Coleoptera: Polyphaga), Journal of
Natural History, 45 (11): 685-735.
Fikácek, M. 2006. Taxonomic status of Cercyon alpinus, C. exorabilis, C. strandi and C. tatricus and notes of their
biology (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae). Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 107B: 145-164.
Hansen, M. 1987. The Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica,
18: 1-253.
Hansen, M. 1999. World Cataloque of Insects. Hydrophiloidea (Coleoptera). Apollo Books, Stenstrup,Vol. 2. p. 416.
Hansen, M. 2004. Hydrophiloidea. In: Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera (eds. I. Löbl and A. Smetana), Vol. 2, pp 3643, Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark.
Hebauer, F. 1994. The Hydrophilidae of Israel and Sinai (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 10: 74137.
Mart, A., Aydoğan, A. & Fırat, Z. 2014a. A contribution on zoogeographical distribution of Hydrophilidae species in
Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 9 (2): 842-847.
Mart, A., Tolan, R., Caf, F., Koyun, M. 2014b. A Faunistic Study on Aquatic Coleoptera (Helophoridae:
Hydrophilidae) Species in Elazığ Province, Turkey. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 46 (3): 681-696.
Smetana, A., 1985. Revision of the subfamily Helophorinae of the Nearctic Region (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae). Mem.
Ent. Soc. Can., 131: 1-151.
Topkara, E. T. & Balık, S. 2010. Contribution to the Knowledge on Distribution of the Aquatic Beetles (Ordo:
Coleoptera) in the western Black Sea Region and Its Environs of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic
Sceinces, 10: 323-332.
223
CONTRUBITION TO TABANIDAE FAUNA OF WEST
AEGEAN REGION (INSECTA: DIPTERA)
Ferhat Altunsoy* and A. Yavuz Kılıç*
* Anadolu University, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, 26470 Eskişehir /
TURKEY.
[Altunsoy, F. & Kılıç, A. Y. 2016. Contrubition to Tabanidae fauna of West Aegean
Region (Insecta: Diptera). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 223-229]
ABSTRACT: This study is conducted to determine West Aegean Region Tabanidae fauna in
2012 to 2013. As a result 3 subfamilies, 10 genera and 52 species are determined. 16 species
are firstly reported from region. These species are Atylotus loewianus Villeneue, 1920,
Therioplectes tunicatus Szilady, 1927, Hybomitra caucasi Szilady, 1923, Tabanus cordiger
Meigen, 1820, Tabanus fraseri Austen, 1924, Tabanus maculicornis Zettersted, 1842,
Tabanus miki (Brauer, 1880), Tabanus nemoralis Meigen, 1820, Tabanus oppugnator
Austen, 1925, Tabanus portschinskii Olsufjev, 1937, Tabanus spodopteroides Olsufjev,
Moucha & Chvála, 1969, Tabanus sudeticus Zeller 1842, Tabanus tergestinus Egger, 1859,
Tabanus unifasciatus Loew, 1858, Haematopota italica Meigen, 1804, Philipomyia aprica
(Meigen, 1820). As a conclusions number of species which are distributing in the region
reach to 67.
KEY WORDS: West Aegean, Fauna, Horse fly, Tabanidae, Diptera, Turkey
Female horse fly species during the blood-feeding period frequently change
hosts in mammals including human. They have great importance in terms of
medical and veterinary, because they are potential mechanical vectors for the
diseases caused by viruses, bacteria and protozoans and the economic significance
of stress resulting directly from bites, or indirect secondary infections such as
anemia through blood loss, allergic responses, etc. (Chvala et al., 1972; Krinsky,
1979; Foil, 1989).
Studies about Tabanidae fauna of Turkey have begun in the 19th century
(Walker, 1854; Loew, 1856a,b,c, 1858, 1859) and still continue. Many studies were
reported about distribution, seasonality and habitat preferences of Turkish horse
fly species (Kılıç, 1992, 1993, 1996a,b,c, 1999, 2001a,b,c, 2002, 2003, 2004,
2005a,b, 2006; Kılıç & Schacht, 1995; Altunsoy & Kılıç, 2011a,b, 2012, 2014;
Altunsoy, 2011). Newertheless these studies are not adequate for the put forth of
Turkish horse fly fauna.
Based on reports of recent studies, Turkish horse fly fauna is representing
with 3 subfamilies, 9 genera, 171 species and 15 subspecies (Kılıç, 1999, 2006;
Altunsoy & Kılıç, 2014) and previously 51 species were reported from Aegean
region (Schacht, 1984, 1985, 1987). In this study, totally 1672 samples were
collected and 52 species were identified and 16 species were reported for the first
time from the study area. As a result, the number of species which are distributed
in Aegean region was reached 67.
Adult female horse flies were collected from different habitats in West Aegean
Region (Aydın, Denizli, İzmir, Manisa and Muğla) with Malaise and Nzi Traps,
which were baited with 1-octen-3-ol, and water traps.
Collection and preparation of samples were done according to the principles of
Chvala et al. (1972) and Olsufjev (1977). Tabanids were killed by ethyl-acetat jars.
The specimens were brought to the laboratory in 70 degree alcohol solution and
were pinned with insect pins.
224
Samples were identified according to Chvala et al. (1972), Olsufjev (1977),
Peus (1980), Yücel (1987), Schacht (1987), Leclercq (1966a,b, 1967a,b) and Rubio
(2002). Identified samples were preserved in the Zoological Museum of Anadolu
University (AUZM).
The distributions of species in Turkey and worldwide because of given in
previous studies, not presented here again (Kılıç, 1999, 2006; Schacht, 1983,
1984, 1985, 1987; Andreeva et al., 2009; Altunsoy & Kılıç, 2010).
Totally 52 species belonging to 9 genera and 3 subfamilies were identified and
16 species were recorded for the first time from Aegean Region.
Family TABANIDAE
Subfamily PANGONINAE
Tribe Pangoniini
Pangonius fulvipes (Loew, 1859)
Material examined: İzmir (Kemalpaşa), 10.05.2012, 2♀♀.
Pangonius pyritosus Loew, 1859
Material examined: İzmir (Kemalpaşa), 10.05.2012, 2♀♀.
Subfamily CHRYSOPSINAE
Tribe Chrysopsini
Chrysops caecutiens (Linne, 1761)
Material examined: Muğla (Fethiye-Köyceğiz), 07.05.2012, 5♀♀, 1♂; Muğla (Marmaris),
10.06.2012, 1♀; Uşak (Karaağaç), 15.06.2012, 10♀♀; Uşak (Central), 12.06.2012, 3♀♀; Uşak
(Çamyuva), 15.06.2012, 4 ♀♀; İzmir (Kiraz), 13.07.2012, 13♀♀.
Chrysops flavipes (Linne, 1761)
Material examined: Uşak (Güre), 09.06.2013, 3♀♀; 11.06.2013, 12♀♀; Uşak (Derbent),
09.09.2013, 2♀♀; Marmaris (Çamlı), 16.05.2013, 3♀♀.
Silvius alpinus Scopoli, 1763
Material examined: Manisa (Demirci), 07.07.2013, 1♀.
Subfamily TABANINAE
Tribe Tabanini
Atylotus fulvus (Meigen, 1820)
Material examined: Denizli (Buldan), 14.07.2012, 2♀♀.
Atylotus loewianus Villeneue, 1920
Material examined: Denizli (Buldan), 14.07.2012, 1♀.
Therioplectes tricolor Zeller, 1842
Material examined: Muğla (Fethiye-Köyceğiz), 07.05.2012 2♀♀; Muğla (Marmaris),
07.05.2012, 1♀; 10.06.2013, 2♀♀; Marmaris (Çamlı), 16.05.2013, 2♀♀; Kuşadası, 12.05.2013
2♀♀; Uşak (Güre), 16.05.2013, 1♀.
Therioplectes tunicatus Szilady, 1927
Material examined: Muğla (Dalaman), 16.05.2013, 1♀.
Hybomitra acuminata (Loew, 1858)
Material examined: Denizli (Central), 25.05.2012, 5♀♀, Denizli (Buldan), 15.05.2013,
8♀♀.
Hybomitra caucasi Szilady, 1923
Material examined: Denizli (Central), 25.05.2012, 4♀♀, 2 ♂♂.
Hybomitra caucasica (Enderlein, 1925)
Material examined: Manisa (Central), 23.05.2012, 3♀♀.
225
Hybomitra ciureai (Séguy, 1937)
Material examined: Denizli (Buldan), 14.07.2012, 15♀♀, 2 ♂♂; Muğla (Fethiye),
16.05.2013, 2♀♀; Muğla (Dalaman), 16.05.2013, 3♀♀; Muğla (Köyceğiz), 16.05.2013, 5♀♀;
Muğla (Marmaris), 10.06.2012, 1♀♀.
Tabanus autumnalis (Linne, 1761)
Material examined: Muğla (Fethiye-Köyceğiz), 07.05.2012, 1♀ 11.05.2013, 1♀, 16.05.2013,
1♀; Muğla (Köyceğiz), 16.05.2013, 1♀; Muğla (Datça), 11.06.2012, 1♀; Muğla (Dalaman),
16.05.2013, 1♀; Uşak (Karaağaç), 15.06.2012, 4♀♀, 11.05.2013 2♀♀ ; Uşak (Ulubey),
09.07.2012, 2♀♀; Uşak (Eşme), 17.05.2013, 1♀; Uşak (Central), 20.07.2012, 1♀; Denizli (Çal),
10.07.2012, 3♀♀; Denizli (Buldan), 14.07.2012, 2♀♀; 14.05.2013, 8 ♀♀.
Tabanus bifarius Loew, 1858
Material examined: Denizli (Cankurtaran), 09.06.2012, 15♀♀ 12.05.2013 5♀♀, 12.08.2013
3♀♀; Denizli (Pamukkale), 08.06.2012, 7♀♀; Uşak (Central), 11.06.2012, 4♀♀; 20.07.2012,
6♀♀; Uşak (Eşme), 09.06.2013, 2♀♀; 20.07.2012 1♀; 17.05.2013 1♀; Uşak (Çamyuva),
15.06.2012, 4♀♀; Uşak (Güre), 09.06.2013, 4♀♀; Uşak (Karaağaç), 15.06.2012, 1♀; Manisa
(Central), 11.06.2012, 3♀♀ 10.06.2013 3♀♀; Manisa (Demirci), 07.07.2013, 1♀; Denizli
(Honaz Dağı), 12.06.2012, 5♀♀; 10.06.2013, 4♀♀; Muğla (Fethiye-Köyceğiz), 07.05.2012,
4♀♀; 05.06.2012 2♀♀; 16.05.2013 1♀; Muğla (Marmaris), 07.05.2012, 1♀; 10.06.2012, 9♀♀;
11.05.2013 2♀♀, 13.08.2013 2♀♀, 11.06.2013, 4♀♀; Marmaris (Değirmen), 16.05.2013, 1♀;
Muğla (Fethiye), 16.05.2013, 4♀♀; Muğla (Köyceğiz), 16.05.2013, 1♀; Muğla (Datça),
11.06.2012, 2♀♀; Muğla (Değirmen), 16.05.2013, 1♀; Kuşadası, 15.05.2013, 14♀♀; Aydın
(Karacasu), 16.05.2013, 1♀; İzmir (Ödemiş, Bozdağ), 08.07.2013, 2♀♀.
Tabanus bromius Linne, 1761
Material examined: Uşak (Central), 14.07.2012, 3♀♀; 10.06.2013, 4♀♀; 07.07.2013, 4♀♀;
13.08.2013, 6♀♀; Muğla (Fethiye-Köyceğiz), 11.08.2012, 8♀♀, 08.07.2013 5♀♀, 14.08.2013,
6♀♀; İzmir (Ödemiş), 12.08.2012, 5♀♀, 10.06.2013, 4♀♀, Manisa (Salihli), 12.08.2012, 23♀♀;
Denizli (Buldan), 14.07.2012, 17♀♀; İzmir (Kiraz), 13.07.2012,2 3♀♀; Denizli (Honaz Dağı),
10.07.2012, 2♀♀ 12.06.2013 5♀♀; Denizli (Honaz), 10.07.2012, 1♀; Denizli (Çameli),
10.07.2012, 8♀♀; Muğla (Ula), 11.07.2012, 18♀♀, 06.07.2013 10♀♀; İzmir (Beydağı),
13.07.2012, 2♀♀; Uşak (Central), 11.06.2012, 4♀♀; 20.07.2012, 1♀; Uşak (Karaağaç),
15.06.2012, 10♀♀, 16.08.2013 7♀♀; Uşak (Çamyuva), 15.06.2012, 14 ♀♀; 16.06.2013, 10♀♀,
11.05.2013, 9♀♀; Muğla (Milas), 10.06.2012, 5♀♀, 11.06.2013, 2♀♀; Denizli (Honaz Dağı),
12.06.2012, 10♀♀; Uşak (Ulubey) , 09.07.2012, 5♀♀; Denizli (Çal), 10.07.2012, 5♀♀, Kuşadası
12.05.2013, 2♀♀; Aydın (Horsunlu), 10.06.2013, 8♀♀; Muğla (Ören), 12.06.2013, 8 ♀♀;
09.07.2013, 12 ♀♀; Muğla (Marmaris), 10.06.2012, 1♀; Muğla (Kale), 12.09.2013, 1♀; Muğla
(Fethiye, Çameli Yolu), 10.05.2012, 3♀♀.
Tabanus cordiger Meigen, 1820
Material examined: Uşak (Karaağaç), 15.06.2012, 3♀♀; Manisa (Central), 11.06.2012,
3♀♀; İzmir (Spil Dağı), 13.07.2013, 2♀♀; Muğla (Marmaris), 10.06.2012, 3♀♀; Muğla
(Fethiye, Çameli Yolu), 10.05.2012, 1♀.
Tabanus exclusus Pandelle, 1883
Material examined: Denizli (Buldan), 14.07.2012, 1♀; Denizli (Honaz), 10.07.2012, 13♀♀;
Denizli (Buldan), 14.07.2012, 1♀; Uşak (Central), 20.07.2012, 1♀; Muğla (Fethiye, Çameli
Yolu), 10.05.2012, 21♀♀; Muğla (Marmaris-Fethiye, Ula Yolu), 11.07.2012, 6♀♀; Muğla
(Fethiye-Köyceğiz), 25.04.2012, 3♀♀.
Tabanus fraseri Austen, 1924
Material examined: Uşak (Derbent), 09.09.2013, 8♀♀; Muğla (Kavaklıdere), 11.09.2013,
1♀; İzmir (Ödemiş, Bozdağ), 01.09.2013, 2♀♀; İzmir (Beydağ), 11.09.2013, 1♀; Aydın
(Bazdoğan), 11.09.2013, 1♀; Muğla (Central), 12.09.2013, 2♀♀; İzmir (Beydağ, ÇamedliAlısu), 11.09.2013, 1♀.
226
Tabanus glaucopis Meigen, 1936
Material examined: İzmir (Dikili), 16.07.2012, 5♀♀; Denizli (Buldan) 10.07.2012 15♀♀;
14.07.2012, 4♀♀; Uşak (Central), 12.07.2012, 11♀♀; 20.07.2012, 2♀♀; Aydın (Nazilli),
12.07.2013, 11♀♀.
Tabanus indrae Hauser, 1939
Material examined: Muğla (Datça), 17.06.2012, 4♀♀.
Tabanus leleani Austen, 1920
Material examined: Uşak (Derbent), 09.09.2013, 2♀♀.
Tabanus laetitinctus Becker, 1912
Material examined: Muğla (Datça), 17.06.2012, 6 ♀♀.
Tabanus lunatus Fabricius, 1794
Material examined: Muğla (Ortaca), 11.07.2012, 15♀♀, 13.07.2013 10♀♀; Deniz (Kale),
12.07.2012, 6♀♀, Uşak (Central), 14.07.2012, 5♀♀; 20.07.2012, 2♀♀; İzmir (Kiraz),
13.07.2012, 32♀♀, Denizli (Honaz Dağı), 10.07.2012, 25♀♀; Denizli (Honaz), 10.07.2012,
3♀♀; Denizli (Çameli), 10.07.2012, 30♀♀; Muğla (Ula), 11.07.2012, 14♀♀; Aydın (Karacasu),
13.07.2012, 10♀♀, İzmir (Beydağı), 13.07.2012, 5♀♀, Muğla (Milas), 10.06.2012, 5♀♀,
10.06.2013 6♀♀, 09.07.2013 4♀♀; 11.06.2013, 3♀♀; Muğla (Marmaris), 10.06.2013, 7♀♀;
Muğla (Fethiye, Çameli Yolu), 10.05.2012, 16♀♀; Denizli (Çal), 10.07.2012, 18♀♀; Muğla
(Marmaris-Fethiye, Ula Yolu), 11.07.2012, 5♀♀; Manisa (Demirci), 07.07.2013, 3♀♀.
Tabanus maculicornis Zettersted, 1842
Material examined: Muğla (Marmaris, Değirmen), 16.05.2013, 1♀.
Tabanus miki (Brauer, 1880)
Material examined: Denizli (Kiraz), 13.07.2012, 1♀; Denizli (Honaz Dağı), 10.07.2012,
8♀♀; Denizli (Honaz), 10.07.2012, 4♀♀; Denizli (Buldan), 14.07.2012, 2♀♀; Aydın
(Horsunlu), 10.06.2013, 2♀♀; İzmir (Beydağı), 13.07.2012, 5♀♀; İzmir (Beydağ, ÇamedliAlısu), 11.09.2013, 1♀; Uşak (Central), 14.07.2012, 3♀♀; 20.07.2012, 1♀; Muğla (FethiyeKöyceğiz), 11.08.2012, 8♀♀; İzmir (Ödemiş), 12.08.2012, 15♀♀, Manisa (Salihli), 12.08.2012,
5♀♀; Muğla (Fethiye, Çameli Yolu), 10.05.2012, 1♀.
Tabanus nemoralis Meigen, 1820
Material examined: Uşak (Eşme), 09.06.2013, 1♀.
Tabanus obsolescens (Pandelle, 1883)
Material examined: Manisa (Turgutlu) 15.06.2012, 4♀♀; Denizli (Buldan) 12.06.2012
2♀♀; Denizli (Honaz), 10.07.2012, 2♀♀; İzmir (Ödemiş, Bozdağ), 01.09.2013, 4♀♀;
11.09.2013, 1♀; İzmir (Beydağ), 11.09.2013, 1♀; İzmir (Beydağ, Çamedli-Alısu), 11.09.2013,
17♀♀; Muğla (Central), 12.09.2013, 43♀♀; Muğla (Kale), 12.09.2013, 21♀♀; Muğla
(Kavaklıdere), 11.09.2013, 27♀♀; Aydın (Bazdoğan), 11.09.2013, 21♀♀; Uşak (Derbent),
09.09.2013, 3♀♀; Muğla (Milas, Labranda), 09.07.2013, 1♀.
Tabanus oppugnator Austen, 1925
Material examined: Uşak (Güre), 08.06.2013, 2♀♀.
Tabanus prometheus Szilady, 1923
Material examined: Uşak (Central), 11.06.2012, 2♀♀.
Tabanus portschinskii Olsufjev, 1937
Material examined: Uşak (Central), 15.07.2012, 8♀♀; Denizli (Buldan) 10.07.2012 2♀♀.
Tabanus quatuornotatus Meigen, 1820
Material examined: Denizli (Pamukkale), 06.05.2012, 8♀♀, 1♂; 08.06.2012, 4♀♀; Denizli
(Honaz), 10.05.2012, 5♀♀; Muğla (Datça-Kinidos), 07.05.2012, 6♀♀; Muğla (MarmarisKnidos), 09.05.2012, 5♀♀; Muğla (Dalaman), 16.05.2013, 1♀; Muğla (Datça), 11.06.2012,
2♀♀; Muğla (Marmaris), 10.06.2012, 5♀♀: Denizli (Central), 25.05.2012, 5♀♀, 2♂♂; İzmir
(Spil Dağı), 14.06.2012, 9♀♀; Aydın (Kuşadası), 12.05.2013, 5♀♀; Aydın (Karacasu),
16.05.2013, 12♀♀; Uşak (Eşme), 17.05.2013, 7♀♀; 20.07.2012, 6♀♀; Uşak (Central),
11.06.2012, 3♀♀; 20.07.2012, 12♀♀; Uşak (Güre), 09.06.2013, 1♀; Uşak (Karaağaç),
15.06.2012, 1♀.
227
Tabanus regularis Jaennicke, 1866
Material examined: İzmir (Kemalpaşa), 10.05.2012, 2♀♀; Muğla (Fethiye-Köyceğiz),
07.05.2012, 2♀♀; Denizli (Kiraz), 13.07.2012, 1♀; Muğla (Milas, Labranda), 09.07.2013, 4♀♀;
Muğla (Fethiye, Çameli Yolu), 10.05.2012, 3♀♀; Muğla (Gökova), 11.07.2013, 1♀.
Tabanus rupium (Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1880)
Material examined: Denizli (Honaz Dağı), 10.07.2012, 1♀; Denizli (Honaz), 10.07.2012,
1♀; Uşak (Karaağaç), 15.06.2012, 5♀♀; Uşak (Çamyuva), 15.06.2012, 4♀♀; Uşak (Eşme),
17.05.2012, 2♀♀; 20.07.2012, 16♀♀; Muğla (Marmaris), 10.06.2012, 2♀♀; Muğla (Datça),
11.06.2012, 2♀♀; Uşak (Central), 20.07.2012, 6♀♀; Aydın (Karacasu), 16.05.2013, 1♀; Uşak
(Güre), 09.06.2013, 1♀; Uşak (Güney), 17.05.2013, 1♀.
Tabanus spodopterus Meigen, 1820
Material examined:
Denizli (Honaz Dağı), 10.07.2012, 4♀♀; Denizli (Çameli),
10.07.2012, 4♀♀; Denizli (Buldan) 12.07.2012 12♀♀. Muğla (Ula), 11.07.2012, 4♀♀; Muğla
(Ortaca), 11.07.2012, 2♀♀; Denizli (Kale), 12.07.2012, 1♀; Aydın (Karacasu), 13.07.2012,
4♂♂; İzmir (Beydağı), 13.07.2012, 2♀♀; İzmir (Kiraz), 13.07.2012, 6♀♀; Uşak (Central),
14.07.2012, 2♀♀; Muğla (Fethiye-Köyceğiz), 11.08.2012, 2♀♀; Muğla (Marmaris-Fethiye,
Ula), 2♀♀; Muğla (Fethiye-Köyceğiz), 20.04.2012, 1♀; Muğla (Fethiye, Çamedli), 2♀♀; Muğla
(Milas, Labranda), 09.07.2013, 1♀.
Tabanus spodopteroides Olsufjev, Moucha & Chvála, 1969
Material examined:
Denizli (Honaz Dağı), 10.07.2012, 11♀♀; Denizli (Çameli),
10.07.2012, 4♀♀; Uşak (Güre), 09.06.2013, 1♀; Muğla (Fethiye-Çameli Yolu), 10.05.2012, 1♀.
Tabanus sudeticus Zeller 1842
Material examined: Denizli (Buldan) 12.07.2012 2♀♀.
Tabanus tunicatus Szilady, 1927
Material examined: Muğla (Fethiye) 17.05.2013, 2♀♀.
Tabanus tinctus (Walker, 1850)
Material examined: Denizli (Buldan) 12.07.2012 2♀♀; Aydın (Karacasu), 13.07.2012,
4♂♂; 2♀♀; Uşak (Central), 14.07.2012, 3♀♀.
Tabanus tergestinus Egger, 1859
Material examined: Muğla (Köyceğiz), 07.05.2012, 15♀♀; 16.05.2013, 1♀; Muğla (Fethiye)
15.05.2013, 10♀♀; Kuşadası, 15.05.2013, 14♀♀.
Tabanus unifasciatus Loew, 1858
Material examined: Uşak (Çamyuva), 15.06.2012, 4♀♀; Uşak (Karaağaç), 15.06.2012,
6♀♀; Uşak (Central), 20.07.2012, 7♀♀; Muğla (Fethiye) 15.05.2013, 4♀♀; Muğla (Datça),
11.06.2012, 2♀♀; Uşak (Eşme), 20.07.2012, 2♀♀; Muğla (Marmaris), 10.06.2012, 4♀♀.
Tribe Haematopotini
Haematopota bigoti Gobert, 1880
Material examined: İzmir (Dikili), 16.07.2012 1♀.
Haematopota longeantennata (Olsufjev 1937)
Material examined: Aydın (Karacasu), 10.06.2013, 2♀♀.
Haematopota grandis Meigen 1820
Material examined: Muğla (Datça), 17.06.2012, 6♀♀.
Haematopota ocelligera (Krober 1922)
Material examined: Muğla (Fethiye), 08.06.2013 9♀♀.
Haematopota pallens Loew 1871
Material examined: İzmir (Dikili), 16.07.2012 2♀♀.
Haematopota subcylindrica Pandelle, 1883
Material examined: Uşak (Central), 12.06.2012, 5♀♀.
Haematopota italica Meigen, 1804
Material examined: Muğla (Fethiye- Köyceğiz), 07.05.2012, 5♀♀, Muğla (Marmaris),
07.05.2012, 1♀.
228
Tribe Diachlorini
Dasyrhamphis carbonarius (Meigen, 1820)
Material examined: Muğla (Marmaris), 07.05.2012, 1♀; 10.06.2012, 2♀♀; Marmaris
(Çamlı), 16.05.2013, 2♀♀; Muğla (Dalaman), 16.05.2013, 1♀; Denizli (Honaz Dağı),
12.06.2012, 2♀♀; Uşak (Central), 12.06.2012, 2♀♀; 14.06.2013, 4♀♀; Uşak (Eşme),
20.07.2012, 1♀; Aydın (Karacasu), 10.06.2013, 2♀♀.
Dasyrhamphis umbrinus (Meigen, 1820)
Material examined: Denizli (Pamukkale), 06.05.2012, 1♀, Muğla (Fethiye- Köyceğiz),
07.05.2012, 2♀♀; Muğla (Marmaris), 07.05.2012, 6♀♀; Muğla (Köyceğiz), 16.05.2013, 2♀♀;
Muğla (Fethiye), 16.05.2013, 2♀♀; Marmaris (Çamlı), 16.05.2013, 1♀; Muğla (DatçaKinidos), 07.05.2012, 1♀; Muğla (Dalaman), 16.05.2013, 1♀; Denizli (Honaz Dağı),
12.06.2012, 5♀♀ ; İzmir (Spil Dağı), 14.06.2012, 7♀♀; Aydın (Kuşadası), 12.05.2013, 1♀; Uşak
(Güney), 17.05.2013, 1♀.
Philipomyia aprica (Meigen, 1820)
Material examined: Uşak (Central), 15.07.2012, 12♀♀; Uşak (Güre), 09.06.2013, 6♀♀;
Kuşadası, 15.05.2013, 12♀♀; Muğla (Fethiye), 16.05.2013, 1♀; 08.06.2013 9♀♀, 6♂♂; İzmir
(Ödemiş, Bozdağ), 08.07.2013, 9♀♀.
Philipomyia graeca (Fabricius, 1794)
Material examined: Muğla (Fethiye- Köyceğiz), 07.05.2012, 12♀♀; 13.06.2013, 22♀♀;
Muğla (Marmaris), 07.05.2012, 12♀♀; Marmaris (Çamlı), 16.05.2013 2♀♀; Muğla (DatçaKinidos), 07.05.2012, 3♀♀, Muğla (Milas), 10.06.2012, 25♀♀, Milas (Labranda), 11.06.2013,
2♀♀; Muğla (Köyceğiz), 16.05.2013, 5♀♀; Muğla (Dalaman), 16.05.2013, 2♀♀.
In the previous studies, a total of 51 species were reported from Aegean
Region. 16 species are firstly reported from this region with this work: Atylotus
loewianus Villeneue, 1920, Hybomitra caucasi Szilady, 1923, Tabanus cordiger
Meigen, 1820, Tabanus fraseri Austen, 1924, Tabanus miki (Brauer, 1880),
Tabanus maculicornis Zettersted, 1842, Tabanus nemoralis Meigen, 1820,
Tabanus oppugnator Austen, 1925, Tabanus portschinskii Olsufjev, 1937,
Tabanus spodopteroides Olsufjev, Moucha & Chvála, 1969, Tabanus sudeticus
Zeller 1842, Tabanus tergestinus Egger, 1859, Tabanus tunicatus Szilady, 1927
Tabanus unifasciatus Loew, 1858 ve Haematopota italica Meigen, 1804.
Results of study indicated that the Tabanus bromius as the most abundant
species with 18%. It was determined in previous studies that Tabanus bromius
most abundant species in the any habitats (Yücel, 1987; Kılıç, 1992, 2001c, 2004,
2005b). This species is followed by Tabanus lunatus (13.3%) and Tabanus
obsolescens (8.8%). These three species consist of 40.1% of the horse fly fauna on
the study area. This study does not contain all species for West Aegean Region,
but shows the importance of periodic studies and isolated areas for faunistic
studies. In addition, it can be inferred that the species which known as unique can
be observed in many different areas.
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Tabanidae 450-545 pp.
Yücel, Ş. 1987. İç Anadolu Bölgesinde bulunan Tabanidae (Diptera) türleri üzerinde araştırmalar, Ankara Üni. Sağlık Bil.
Ens. Doktora Tezi, 155 pp.
230
PSEUDERIMERUS GAHAN, 1919 (HYMENOPTERA:
TORYMIDAE: MICRODONTOMERINI) SPECIES FROM
TURKEY, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
Mikdat Doğanlar*
* Honorary Professor, Biological Control Research Station/ Adana, TURKEY. E-mail:
[email protected]
[Doğanlar, M. 2016. Pseuderimerus Gahan, 1919 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae:
Microdontomerini) species from Turkey, with descriptions of new species. Munis
ABSTRACT: The species of Pseuderimerus Gahan 1919 (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), were
reviewed: 5 species, Pseuderimerus bouceki Zerova & Seregina, 1994; Pseuderimerus flavus
(Nikol'skaya 1952); Pseuderimerus irani Zerova & Seryogina, 2008; Pseuderimerus luteolus
Zerova & Seregina, 1990 and Pseuderimerus luteus Boucek, 1954 were transfered to
Idiomacromerus Crawford (new combinations). Two new species found in the SouthEastern and Southern Anatolia of Turkey. The species, P. sanliurfanensis n. sp. from
Şanlıurfa, Bozova, Kangörmez and P. adananensis n. sp. from Adana were described,
diagnostic characters were illustrated, and an identification key for the palearctic species
was provided.
KEY WORDS: Pseuderimerus spp., Torymidae, Turkey
The genus Pseuderimerus was described by Gahan (1919) having type species
Pseuderimerus mayetiolae Gahan, 1919 by monotypy. Zerova & Seregina (1990)
described Pseuderimerus luteolus n. sp. from Tadzhikistan, and gave an
identification key for 3 species from Palearctic region. Grissell (1995) recorded
Pseuderimerus as valid genus in the tribe Microdontomerini (Torymidae), and
recorded 8 species all over the world, 3 of them as Nearctic, and 4 of them as
Palearctic species, Pseuderimerus indicus Subba Rao & Bhatia from the Oriental
and Palearctic regions. Later, Burks & Redak (2004) described Pseuderimerus
burgeri Burks from USA, Zerova & Seryogina (2008) described Pseuderimerus
irani Zerova & Seryogina from Iran and provided an identification key for the
palearctic species. Narendran et al. (2012) described Pseuderimerus corianderi
Narendran & Mercy from India. Recently Doğanlar (2016a) transferred 3 species
from Idiomacromerus to Pseuderimerus.
Host records have been given for some species as parasitoid of Mayetiola
destructor (Cecidomyiidae) (Gahan, 1919; Boucek, 1978), Tetramesa sp.
(Eurytomidae) (Nikol'skaya, 1952) and some other hosts were given by Noyes
(2015) for the present species.
In this work morphological characters of the Pseuderimerus species from the
Palearctic region were studied, their taxonomic status discussed and two species
from Turkey were described, and a new identification key for the Palearctic
species was provided.
MATERIAL AND METHOD
This study is based upon examination and identification of the specimens
collected from Şanlıurfa and Adana of Turkey, and the figures and descriptions of
the species were by the works. The examined specimens and types of the new
species were deposited in Insect Museum of Biolocical Control Station, Yüreğir,
Adana, Turkey (IMBC). Specimens were collected by sweeping net and putting the
whole contents of the swept materials directly in 96 % ethanol. After sorting the
material, individuals were mounted on cards for further morphological studies.
231
The species were identified by following the keys of Grissell (1995) and Zerova &
Seregina (1999, 2008). Wings and antennae of the holotypes were slide-mounted
in Canada balsam. Photographs of diagnostic characters of the genera were taken
by using of Leica DM 500 microscopes with a digital Leica ICC 50 camera
attached to it.
Terminology and abbreviations
Morphological terminology follows Gibson (1997), and terminology of
hypopygia was taken from Doğanlar (2016b). Abbreviations used in the key and
descriptions are: OOL= shorter distance between ocello-ocular line, POL=
distance between posterior ocelli, F1-6 = funicular segments.
Pseuderimerus Gahan, 1919
Pseuderimerus Gahan 1919:124. Type species Pseuderimerus mayetiolae Gahan (orig. desg.
and monotipic) USNM.
Lochitimorpha Szelenyi 1957: 382. Type species Lochitimorpha semiaenea Szelenyi(orig.
desg. and monotipic) Hungary.(Synoymized by Grissell (1995).
The distribution and host records of the known species were given by Grissell (1995) and
Noyes (2015).
Diagnostic characters: Hind femur simple; hind tibia with 1 apical spur; the
structure of antennal clava of female with apical spicula, anellus in both sexes
wider than long plus 1-5 reduced flagellomers (appear to be, are, anelli, see figs.
2f, 3b), and males with eyes reduced (Figs. 88-89 of Grissell, 1995). Hypopygium
(Fig. 1) with width of hypopygium/median length of hypopygium=3.04; width of
hypopygium/lateral length of hypopygium=1.67; width of hypopygium/distance
between anterior margin of median lobe and posterior edge of median sclerotized
area=2.5. Length of posterior median incision 6.0x as long as length of anterior
median incision; median sclerotized area 0.4x as long as posterior median
incision; median length of hypopygium 1.8x length of anterior lobe; median
sclerotized area 0.5x as long as its own minimum width (Doğanlar, 2016b).
The diagnostic characters of Pseuderimerus, especially "the structure of
antennal clava of female with apical spicula, anellus in both sexes wider than long
plus 1-5 reduced flagellomeres" have been miss-understood by some works
(Boucek, 1954, 1965; Szelenyi, 1957; Zerova & Seregina, 1990; Zerova &
Seryogina, 1999, 2008; Askew, 2004). Up to now 11 palearctic species were listed
by Noyes (2015). By following Doğanlar (2016a) and the works mentioned above
the number of the palearctic species of Pseuderimerus has been recorded as 14
species.
I have not seen the types but by examining the their descriptions the following
species of Pseuderimerus were transferred to the genus Idiomacromerus which
were fits definition given for the characters by Grissell (1995), i.e. hind femur
simple; the occipital carina absent or weakly expressed; marginal vein 2.0-4.5x as
long as stigmal vein; 2 or more anelli, and the unreduced eyes of the male.
Additionally, in females, metaterga 2 and 3 are at most somewhat emarginated, in
males only metaterga 2 is very slightly emarginated medially, and based on those
assessments, the species would appropriately be placed as species of
Idiomacromerus, listed below:
bouceki (Zerova & Seregina). PALEARCTIC: Turkmenistan (New combination).
Pseuderimerus bouceki Zerova & Seregina, 1994: 124. New species, Holotype female,
ZIKU,
The new combination is a result of the study on the illustrations of female habitus and
forewing and female antenna given by Zerova & Seregina, (1994).
232
flavus (Nikol'skaya). PALEARCTIC: Tadzhikistan (New combination).
Ditropinotus flavus Nikol'skaya, 1952: 140. New species, Types absent.
Pseuderimerus flavus (Nikol'skaya), Boucek, 1965: 544. New combination for
Ditropinotus flavus Nikol'skaya. Zerova & Seryogina (1990) gave the figures of
antenna, fore wing veins and metasoma (Fig. 2, 4-6).
irani (Zerova & Seryogina). PALEARCTIC: Iran (New combination).
Pseuderimerus irani Zerova & Seryogina, 2008: 264-265. New species, Holotype
female, ZIKU.
forewing, female antenna and legs (Figs. 1, 1-6, given by Zerova & Seryogina (2008) ex
stem galls of Timaspis lorestanicus and T. irani in stem of Lactuca orientalis
collected 29-viii-2002, emerged summer, 2003 (Tarakoli leg). deposited in the
Zoological Institue Kiev, Ukraine (ZIKU).
luteolus (Zerova & Seregina). PALEARCTIC: Tadzhikistan (New combination).
Pseuderimerus luteolus Zerova & Seregina, 1990: 150-152. New species, Holotype
female, ZIKU.
forewing, female antenna and legs (Figs. 1, 1-8, given by Zerova & Seryogina (1990) ex
Cousinia radians and C. refracta (Astereceae) collected 22-24-iii-1981, (M.D.Zerova
leg). deposited in the Zoological Institue Kiev, Ukraine (ZIKU).
luteus Boucek. PALEARCTIC: Czechoslovakia (New combination).
Pseuderimerus luteus Boucek, 1954: 70. New species, figs., Holotype female, NMP,
forewing, female antenna and hind leg (Figs. 2, 1-3, given by Zerova & Seryogina
(1990), and Figs. 28, 1-4, given by Zerova & Seryogina (1999).
Key to Palearctic species of Pseuderimerus
1- Antenna with 2 anelli and 6 funicular segments...................................................................2
- Antenna with 4-5 anelli form segments, 3-4 funicular segments...........................................3
2- Ovipositor index 1.0-1.1; female metasoma (less ovipositor) 1.1-1.2x as long as mesosoma,
gaster plus ovipositor 1.4x as long as rest of body; Antenna with club having spicula, and
apical 2 segments yellow; funicular segments transverse, gradually widening apically, F6
1.6x as wide as F1; head and thorax dull yellowish to brown, without metallic coloration
abdomen of female is completely brilliant yellow. Ovipositor 0.46x as long as abdomen.
1,7- 2.2 mm. (Figs. 25, 1-3)............................................................P. semiaeneus (Szelenyi)
- Ovipositor index 1.6; antenna with funicular segments less compacted, gradually widening
apically; 1st anellus almost quadrate, 2nd distinctly transverse; F1 slightly transverse
(4/5); F2-F3 quadrate; F4-F6 distinctly transverse, about 1.5x wider than long; club
with apical 2 segments darker, having distinct spicula, without spicula about twice as
long as width; female with gaster plus ovipositor 1.8x as long as rest of body; head and
thorax dull yellowish to brown, without metallic coloration; body including ovipositor
3.3 mm...............................................................................................P. urospermi (Askew)
3- Ovipositor sheath (Fig. 2d) very long, ovipositor index 2.75; antenna sheath (Fig. 2f) with
fagellomers distinctly transverse, gradually widening apically; 1st 4 flagellomers
distinctly transverse, anelli form; other flagellomers transverse, 5th-6th almost twice as
wide as long; 7th-8th, about 1.5-1.75x wider than long; club with apical segment white,
having distinct, fine spicula, about twice as long as width; female sheath (Fig. 2 a,d) with
metasoma plus ovipositor 1.66x as long as rest of body; head and thorax brown, with
greenish metallic reflexion; body including ovipositor 2.1 mm. (ovi. 0.9 mm)…….............
.........................................................................................................P. sanlıurfanensis n. sp.
- Ovipositor sheath sheath (Fig. 3a; Figs. 26, 6 of Zerova & Seryogina (1999) distinctly
shorter than metasoma, first 5 segments anelli form, distinctly transverse; other
characters variable...............................................................................................................4
4- Ovipositor sheath (Figs. 26, 6 of Zerova & Seryogina (1999) 0.43x as long as metasoma,
and ovipositor index 1.0; antenna pale yellow, except pedicel dorsally darker, with
flagellomers gradually widening apically; 6th -8th flagellomers transverse, about 1.8x as
wide as long; club with distinct spicula, club without spicula about twice as long as
width; metasoma plus ovipositor 1.3x as long as rest of body; head and thorax brown,
with greenish metallic reflexion; body including ovipositor. 1.2 mm.................................
............................................................................................P. bouceki (Zerova & Seryogina)
233
-Ovipositor sheath (Fig. 3a) 0.24x as long as metasoma, and ovipositor index 0.7; only
metasomal terga 2 deeply emarginated. Antenna (Fig. 3b) testaceous, with flagellomers
gradually widening apically; 6th-8th flagellomers transverse, 6th about 2.8x; 7th 2.17x;
8th 1.7x as wide as long; club with distinct spicula, about twice as long as width;
metasoma (Fig. 3 a) 1.1x rest of body and excluding ovipositor 0.95x rest of body; head
and thorax brown, with greenish metallic reflexion; metasoma yellow, ovipositor brown;
body including ovipositor 1.34 mm (ovip. 0.14 mm).........................P. adananensis n. sp.
Pseoderimerus semiaeneus (Szelenyi)
Lochitimorpha semiaenea Szelenyi 1957:386-387, (Fig. A), Holotype Female, (HNHM)
(transferred semiaenea to Pseuderimerus by Grissell and recorded again in Grissell 1995:
253).
Idiomacromerus semiaenea (Szelenyi, 1957): Zerova & Seregina 1999: 58-59, figs. 25, 1-3;
Askew et al. 2004: 215, 216.
Diagnostic characters: (Based on Zerova & Seregina 1999 and Askew et al.
2004): Head and thorax dull yellowish to brown, without metallic coloration;
metatibia with only one distinct apical spur (Fig. 5C of Askew et al., 2004).
Ovipositor sheath about as long , or very slghtly longer than, metatibia; female
gaster (less ovipositor) 1.1-1.2x as long as mesosoma, gaster plus ovipositor 1.4x as
long as rest of body; Antenna with club having spicula, and apical 2 segments
yellow; funicular segments transverse, gradually widening apically, F6 1.6x as
wide as F1, female antenna with a colorless process at apex of clava (Figs. 5A-B of
Askew et al., 2004); abdomen of female is completely brilliant yellow. ovipositor
0.46x as long as abdomen. Male with relatively small eyes.1,7- 2.2 mm. (Figs. 25, 1
of Zerova & Seregina, 1999; Askew et al., 2004).
Description: given by Zerova & Seregina (1999).
Distribution: Hungary, Somlovasarhely, type was deposited in the Hungarian
National History Museum (Szelenyi, 1957); Spain, Madrid, Dehesa de Arganda,
05. x. 1994, F. (Ronquist, leg).
Host: reared from Centaurea stems, containing galls of Phanacis centaureae
Förster, but it is not certain that they emerged from the cynipid galls (Askew et
al., 2004).
Pseoderimerus urospermi (Askew)
Idiomacromerus urospermi Askew 2004: 145-146, (figs. 3,4, 5A-F). Holotype Female,
(MNCN).
Diagnostic characters: (Based on Askew et al., 2004): Head and thorax dull
yellowish to brown, without metallic coloration; metatibia with only one distinct
apical spur (Fig. 5C of Askew et al., 2004), Ovipositor sheath almost 1.6x as long
as metatibia; funicle segments less compacted, apical 2 segments of club darker;
female antenna with a colorless process at apex of clava (Figs. 5A,B); female
gaster (less ovipositor) 1.6x as long as mesosoma, metasoma plus ovipositor 1.8x
as long as rest of body; body including ovipositor 3.3 mm.. Male with relatively
small eyes.
Description: given by Askew et al. (2004).
Distribution: Spain. Types were deposited in the Museo Nacional de Ciencias
Naturales (Madrid) (MNCN).
Host: gall of Timaspis urospermi in stem of Urospermum picroides collected 29viii-2002, emerged 16.ıx-2003 (J. L. Nieves-Aldrey leg).
Pseoderimerus sanlıurfanensis Doğanlar n. sp.
(Figs. 1e, 2e, 3e)
E t y m o l o g y . The name is derived from the name of Adana, from where the
holotype was collected.
234
D i a g n o s i s. Ovipositor sheath very long, almost 2.75x as long as metatibia;
antenna with fagellomers distinctly transverse, gradually widening apically; 1st 4
flagellomers distinctly transverse, anelli form; other flagellomers transverse, 5th6th almost twice as wide as long; 7th-8th, about 1.5-1.75x wider than long; club
with apical segment white, about twice as long as width, having distinct, fine
spicula; female with metasoma plus ovipositor 1.66x as long as rest of body; head
and thorax brown, with greenish metallic reflexion.
Description:
Female. Body (Fig. 2a,d) bicolored, head and mesosoma brown dorsally with
greenish metallic reflexion, metasoma dorsally black, ventrally yellow, legs yellow,
except coxae concolorous with body, except apices of femora, tibiae mostly and
tarsi pale yellow; antenna with scape brown, other part of antennae yellow, except
apical segment of club and spicula hyaline. Body including ovipositor 2.1 mm.
(ovi. 0.9 mm).
Head (Fig. 2g) in dorsal view as wide as mesoscutum, width to length 45:26;
POL 2.57x OOL; OOL equal to diameter of lateral ocellus. Head (Fig. 2b,c,e) in
frontal view 1.11x as wide as high in ratio 50:45; dorsal margin of torulus slightly
belove level of lower edge of eyes; head (Fig. 2c) in lateral view with malar space
consists 0.43x hight of eye; face with fine sculpture; head (Fig. 2c) in hind view
with occipital carina absent; antenna (Fig. 2f) with flagellomers distinctly
transverse, gradually widening apically; 1st 4 flagellomers distinctly transverse,
anelli form; other flagellomers transverse, 5th-6th almost twice as wide as long;
7th-8th, about 1.5-1.75x wider than long; club with apical segment white, about
twice as long as width, having distinct, fine spicula.
Mesosoma (Figs. 2a,g) moderately bulged in profile, propodeum declined,
distinctly visible from above; sculpture of pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum
with distinct reticulation; pronotum 0.30x as long as mesoscutum; propodeum
almost smooth. All coxae with fine reticulation. Forewing lost. Hind femora (Fig.
2a) 3.6x as long as wide.
Metasoma (Fig. 2d) 0.9x rest of body; excluding ovipositor slightly shorter
than rest of body; tip of hypopygium about 3/5 length metasoma; Ovipositor 1.7x
as long as metasoma; ovipositor index 2.75.
Male: unknown
Material examined: Holotype, female, Turkey: Şanlıurfa, Bozova,
Kangörmez, 07.v. 2005, MD M. Doğanlar, swept from wheat field, on card, left
antenna slide mounted in Canada balsam, deposited in the Insect collection of
Research Station of Biological Control, Adana.
Distribution: Turkey: Şanlıurfa, Bozova.
Host: unknown.
Comments: Female: Pseuderimerus sanliurfanensis n.sp. is a unique species in
having very long ovipositor, ovipositor index 2.75 (in other Palearctic species of
Pseuderimerus at most 1.6 in P. urospermi.
Pseoderimerus bouceki (Zerova & Seryogina)
Liodontomerus bouceki Zerova & Seryogina, 1997: 970-971, Holotype female
(ZIKU).
Idiomacromerus bouceki (Zerova & Seryogina, 1997): Zerova & Seregina (1999)
Figs. 26, 6-8); Zerova et al.(2013) (Figs. 1, 13-15).
Diagnostic characters:
Description: given by Zerova & Seregina (1997), and Zerova & Seregina (1999),
Figs. 26, 6-8); Zerova et al. (2013) gave the Figs. 1, 13-15. Distribution: Ukranie.
Types were deposited in the Zoological Institute of Kiev, Ukraine (ZIKU).
235
Host: reared from galls of Tetramesa punctata Zer. (Eurytomidae) on Stipa
lessingiana Grin. & Rupr. (Zerova leg.).
Pseoderimerus adananensis Doğanlar n. sp.
(Figs. 1; 3a-d)
E t y m o l o g y . The name is derived from the name of Adana, from where the
Holotype was collected.
D i a g n o s i s. Ovipositor sheath 0.24x as long as metasoma, and ovipositor
index 0.7; only metasomal terga 2 deeply emarginated. Antenna testaceous, with
flagellomers gradually widening apically; 6th-8th flagellomers transverse, 6th
about 2.8x; 7th 2.17x; 8th 1.7x as wide as long; club with distinct spicula, about
twice as long as width; head and thorax brown, with greenish metallic reflexion;
metasoma yellow, ovipositor brown.
Description:
Female. Body (Fig. 3a) bicolored, head and mesosoma brown dorsally with
greenish metallic reflexion, except mesosoma laterally, pronotum and propodeum
paler, legs and antenna yellow; metasoma yellow, ovipositor sheaths brown. Body
including ovipositor 1.34 mm (ovip. 0.14 mm).
Head (Fig. 3a) in dorsal view slightly wider than mesoscutum, width to length
48:25; POL 1.8x OOL; OOL twice diameter of lateral ocellus. Head (Fig. 3c) in
frontal view as wide as high in ratio 50:50; dorsal margin of torulus distinctly
belove level of lower edge of eyes; malar space consists 0.34x hight of eye; face
with fine sculpture; antenna (Fig. 3b) with fagellomers distinctly transverse,
gradually widening apically; 1st 5 flagellomers distinctly transverse, anelli form;
other flagellomers transverse, 6th-7th almost 2.5x 8th, twice as wide as long; club
about twice as long as width, having distinct spicula.
Mesosoma (Fig. 3a) moderately bulged in profile, propodeum declined,
distinctly visible from above; sculpture of pronotum, mesoscutum and scutellum
with distinct fine reticulation; pronotum 0.54x as long as mesoscutum;
propodeum almost smooth. All coxae with fine reticulation. Forewing (Fig. 3d)
with basal cell and speculum closed, basal cell a few setae apically, speculum
broad, below marginal vein with a few setae, apical part with very short and dense
pubescence; marginal vein 2.2x stigmal vein and 1.57x postmarginal vein. Hind
femora large, 2.8x as long as wide; hind tibia slightly longer than hind femora
(50:45).
Metasoma (Fig. 3a) 1.1x rest of body and excluding ovipositor 0.95x rest of
body; tip of hypopygium about 4/5 length metasoma; Ovipositor sheath 0.24x as
long as metasoma, and ovipositor index 0.7.
Male: unknown
Material examined: Holotype, female, Turkey: Female, Adana, Karataş,
8.viii. 1984. M. Doğanlar, swept from wheat field, on card, left antenna slide
mounted in Canada balsam, deposited in the Insect collection of Research Station
of Biological Control, Adana. Paratype: 1 female, same data as holotype.
Distribution: Turkey: Adana, Karataş,.
Host: unknown.
Comments: Female: Pseuderimerus adananensis n.sp. is similar to
Pseoderimerus bouceki (Zerova & Seryogina) and P. corianderi Narendran &
Mercy in having very short ovipositor, but it differs from P. bouceki by
ovipositor sheath 0.24x as long as metasoma, and ovipositor index 0.7;
metasoma (Fig. 1 e) 1.1x rest of body and excluding ovipositor 0.95x rest of body
(in P. bouceki ovipositor 0.43x as long as metasoma, and ovipositor index 1.0;
metasoma plus ovipositor 1.3x as long as rest of body). Pseuderimerus
adananensis n.sp. differs from P. corianderi in having ovipositor index 0.7; malar
space consists 0.34x hight of eye; POL 1.8x OOL; occipital carina absent; antenna
236
inserted distinctly belove level of ventral margin of eyes (in P. corianderi
ovipositor index 0.4; malar space consists 0.43x hight of eye; POL 2.25x OOL;
occipital carina present; antenna inserted at level of ventral margin of eyes).
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Zerova, M. D. & Seryogina, L. Y. 1999. Torymid chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) of tribes
Podagrionini and Monodontomerini of the Ukrainian fauna. Vestn. Zool. Suppl., 12: 1-130.
Zerova, M. D. & Seryogina, L. Y. 2008. A review of palearctic species of the genus Pseuderimerus (Hymenoptera,
Torymidae) with a description of one new species from Iran. Vestnik Zoologii, Kiev, 42 (3): 263-288.
Zerova, M. D., Seryogina, L. Ya., Kuslitzky, W. S. & Arov, Ya. 2013. Species of the genus Idiomacromerus
(Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Torymidae) reared from flower heads of some Asteraceae in Israel. Vestnik Zoologii, 47
(2): 167-171.
Figure 1. Pseuderimerus adananensis n. sp., Hypopygium from Doğanlar (2016b) (scale bar
= 0.125 mm).
237
Figure 2. Pseuderimerus sanliurfanensis n.sp. female. a. head and mesosoma in lateral
view; b. head in frontal view: c. head in lateral view; d. metasoma; e. head in hind view; f.
antenna; g. head and mesosoma in dorsal view (scale bar for a,d= 0.5 mm; for b,c,g= 0.25
mm; for f= 0.15 mm;)
Figure 3. Pseuderimerus adananensis n.sp. female. a. body in dorsal view; b. antenna; c.
head in frontal view: d. fore wing (scale bar for a= 0.42 mm; for b= 0.15 mm; for c= 0.22
mm; for d= 0.25 mm)
238
SPECIES OF CERANISINAE (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
AND THEIR THYSANOPTEROUS INSECTS AND
PLANT ASSOCIATIONS IN TURKEY
Mikdat Doğanlar* and Sibel Aydın**
* Honorary Professor, Biological Control Research Station / Adana, TURKEY. E-mail:
[email protected]
** Ziraat Yüksek Mühendisi, Antakya, Hatay, TURKEY.
[Doğanlar, M. & Aydın, S. 2016. Species of Ceranisinae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and
their thysanopterous insects and plant associations in Turkey. Munis Entomology &
Zoology, 11 (1): 238-245]
ABSTRACT: From 8 provinces in Turkey, Hatay, Kahramanmaraş, Şanlıurfa, Niğde,
Adıyaman, Gaziantep, Diyarbakır, and Bingöl-Muş province border, and from 36 localities,
20 species of Thysanoptera (18 species of Thripidae and 2 species of Phlaeothripidae), and
19 species of Ceranisinae, were collected. In the future, each Ceranisinae species and their
thysanopterous associate(s), together with their host plants, should be collected from the
localities, cultured under laboratory conditions and their hosts should be identified. In that
case, the parasitoids could potentially be used in biological control programmes of the thrips
species.
KEY WORDS: Species, Ceranisinae, Eulophidae, Hymenoptera, thysonapterous associate,
Turkey
In the last 25 years, several works on species of thrips-attacking genera and of
Thysanoptera have been conducted. The genera of Ceranisinae (Eulophidae) are
known as thrips-attacking, but there are not many records on specific hosts of the
species, such as: Ceranisus Walker (hosts of 5 of the nine species are known);
Epomphale Girault (hosts of one of the ten species are known); Urfacus Doğanlar
(hosts of the nine species are unknown); Gaziantepus Doğanlar & Doğanlar
(hosts of the two species are unknown); Guelsenia Doğanlar & Doğanlar (hosts of
the two species are unknown); and Sergueicus Doğanlar & Doğanlar (hosts of one
species is unknown); Entedonomphale Girault (= Entedonastichus Girault) (hosts
of 5 of the fourteen species are known); Goetheana Girault (hosts of the four
species are known); Thripoctenus Crawford (=Thripobius Ferriere) (hosts of the
four species are known), and they have been recorded as larval parasitoids of
Thysanoptera worldwide (Boucek, 1976, 1988; Triapitsyn, 1978; Schauff, 1991;
Triapitsyn & Headrick, 1995; Gauthier et al., 2000; Triapitsyn, 2005; Triapitsyn &
Morse, 2005; Doğanlar, 2003; Doğanlar & Triapitsyn, 2007; Doğanlar et al.,
2009, 2010, 2011; Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2013, 2014; Noyes, 2014).
Most of the phytophagous Thysanoptera have been recorded as important
pests on several agricultural plants (Tunç, 1992, 1998; Lodos, 1993; Tunç &
Göçmen, 1994; Atakan & Özgür, 1999; Vierbergen, 2001; Doğanlar & Yiğit, 2002;
Karsavuran & Gücük, 2003; Kılıç & Yoldaş, 2004; Atakan & Tunç, 2004;
Şenkonca et al., 2006; Sertkaya et al., 2006; Kumar et al., 2006; Alavi et al.,
2007; Atakan, 2007, 2008a,b; Nas et al., 2007; Diffie et al., 2008; Mound &
Azidah, 2009; Doğanlar & Aydın, 2009; Aydın, 2010). However, there are not
many works on the parasitoids controlling their populations. Only the following
species have been used as biological control agents of several thrips species
around the world, namely Epomphale menes (Walker) (Murai, 1990; Loomans et
al., 1992; Loomans et al., 1995; Tagashira & Hirose, 2001), Thripoctenus jawae
(=Thripobius semiluteus ) (Froud et al., 1996; Mineo et al., 1999; Froud &
Stevens, 2002) and Goetheana shakespearei Girault (Viggiani & Nieves Aldrey,
1993).
239
The present work was aimed at obtaining the host associations of the thripsattacking genera from different parts of the South and Southeastern Anatolia, and
Central Anatolia Regions of Turkey from 2005 to 2012.
The study focused on the species of the genera of Ceranisinae (Eulophidae:
Hymenoptera) that parasitise young stages of some thrips species belonging to
Thripidae and Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera) n Turkey. In the period from the
beginning of April to the end of June in the years 2005 to 2012 from different
parts of south and southeastern Anatolia, and the central Anatolia region, Turkey,
specimens were collected by net sweeping plants at collecting sites. All of the
swept materials were put directly into jars with 96 % ethanol, including larvae and
adults of thrips and adults of Ceranisinae. The plants at the collecting sites were
identified. After sorting the materials, individuals were stored in 96% ethanol for
DNA extractions to be done in the future works. The specimens were slidemounted in Canada balsam. The Ceranisinae species were identified by following
the keys of several works (Triapitsyn 2005; Doğanlar 2003; Doğanlar &
Triapitsyn 2007; Doğanlar et al. 2009; Doğanlar et al. 2010 a; Doğanlar et al.
2011; Doğanlar & Doğanlar 2013; 2014) by the first author; and the
thysanopterous species by following the keys of Zur Strassen (2003), with the aid
of the CD-ROM of Moritz et al. 2004, by the both authors; and some of the
problematic species were identified by Dr. Mound (CSIRO, Australian National
Insect Collection, Canberra, Australia).
The examined specimens were deposited in the Insect Museum of the
Research Station of Biological Control, Adana, Turkey.
From different parts of Turkey, 19 species of Ceranisinae (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae) were collected but none of them were reared from the host/hosts.
They were collected together with some species of Thysanoptera from several
habitats.
The genera and their species of Ceranisinae in Turkey, including their primary
hosts, associates, plant associates and localities, are listed below:
Ceranisus Walker 1841
Ceranisus antalyacus Tryapitsyn, 2004
Primary host: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Thrips major (Cameron et al., 2004).
Thysanoptera: Aeolohripidae: Aeolothrips glorious Bagnall, Aeolothrips vesicolor Uzel,
Melanthrips ficalbii Buffa, M. pallidior Priesner, Phlaeothripidae: Haplothrips andresi
Preisner, H. reuteri Karny, Neoheegeria dalmatica Schmutz, Thripidae: Ceratothrips
vesicolor Uzel, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, Isoneurothrips australis Bagnal,
Oxythrips ajugae Uzel, Taeniothrips inconsequens Uzel, T. meridionalis Preisner, Thrips
minutissimus L. (Cameron et al., 2004). in the current study T. inconsequens.
Plant associates: Ericaceae: Arbutus andrachne Collinson, Rosaceae: Pyrus communis L.
(Cameron et al., 2004 and in the current study).
Localities: Antalya (Cameron et al., 2004). In the current study: Hatay: Çayır, Altınözü.
Ceranisus onuri O. Doğanlar, 2010
Primary host: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: T. meridionalis (Doğanlar et al., 2010).
Associates: none.
Plant associates: Asphodeline damascena (Boiss) (Doğanlar et al., 2010).
Localities: Niğde: Ulukışla, Maden (Doğanlar et al., 2010).
240
Ceranisus pacuvius (Walker, 1841)
Primary host: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Kakothrips pisivorus Westwood (Thompson,
1955), K. robustus Uzel (Boucek, 1961; Boucek & Askew, 1968; Triapitsyn, 1978).
Associates: Thysanoptera: Aeolohripidae: Aelothrips intermedius Bagnall, Thripidae:
Aptinothrips rufus Haliday, Chirothrips hamatus Trybom, Frankliniella intonsa Trybom,
K. robustus, Odontothrips meliloti Preisner (Thuroczy & Jenser, 1996); In the current study
Thrips angusticeps (Uzel), Kakothrips priesneri Pelikan, K. acantus Berzosa.
Plant associates: Fabaceae: Lathyrus tuberosus L., Melilotus alba Medikus (Thuroczy &
Jenser, 1996), Lens culinaris Medicus, Medicago sativa L. (Doğanlar & Triapitsyn, 2007),
Sarothamnus scoparius (Triapitsyn, 2005). In the current study L. culinaris, M. sativa, M.
alba.
Localities: Hatay: Hassa, Saylak,Reyhanlı, Atçana; Şanlıurfa: Birecik, İnnaplı, Arat
Mount., Bozova (5 km to Atatürk Barage), Kangörmez, Gaziantep: İslahiye, NurdağAkyokuş passage, from Nizip to Karkamış 15 km; Kahramanmaraş: Pazarcık, Araban,
Yukarımülk; Diyarbakır: Silvan, Aslanlı.
Epomphale kocaki Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2014
Primary host: Unknown.
Associates: Unknown.
Plant associates: Herbaceous plants.
Localities: Bingöl-Muş province border.
Epomphale menes (Walker, 1839)
Primary host: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Ceratothripoides claratris Shumsher (Murai et
al., 2000), F. intonsa (Murai, 1988; Murai & Loomans, 1995; Tachikawa, 1986; Triapitsyn &
Headrick, 1995), F. occidentalis, F. schultzei Trybom (Goodwin & Steiner, 1996, 1998;
Loomans & Murai, 1994; Loomans et al., 1993, 1995; Triapitsyn & Headrick, 1995),
Kakothrips sp. (Boucek, 1961, 1977), K. pisivorus (Thompson, 1955), K. robustus (Boucek &
Askewi 1968; Antsiferova & Timraleev, 1974; Triapitsyn, 1978), Megalurothrips sjostedti
(Trybom) (Tamò et al., 1993), M. usitatus (Bagnall) (Chang, 1990; Tamò et al., 1993;
Triapitsyn, 2005), Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford), Thrips flavus Schrank
(Boucek & Askew, 1968; Trjapitzin, 1978), Pseudodendrothrips mori Niwa (Shimada, 1998),
Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), S. perseae Nakahara (Triapitsyn & Morse, 1999, 2005;
Triapitsyn, 2005), Taeniothrips sp. (Boucek, 1961), Thrips palmi Karny (Castineiras et al.,
1996; Daniel et al., 1988; Hirose, 1991; Hirose et al., 1992, 1993; Suasa-ard & Charernsom,
2000).
Laboratory reared host: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: F.intonsa (Tagashira & Hirose, 2001;
Triapitsyn, 2005), F. occidentalis (Fourez & Impe, 1995; Lacasa et al., 1996; Loomans,
1991, 1997; Loomans & Lenteren, 1995; Loomans & Pakozdi, 1996), T. palmi (Tagashira &
Hirose, 2001).
Associates: in the current study: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: K. priesneri, F. occidentalis,
Thrips angusticeps Uzel, T. meridionalis (Priesner), Thrips tabaci Lindeman,
Collembolothrips
mediterraneus
Preisner,
Oxythrips
cannabensis
Knechtel,
Neohydatothrips gracilicornis Williams, F. occidentalis, Ceratothrips ericae Haliday.
Plant associates: Trifolium sp, Medicago sp., Sinapis arvensis L.
Localities: Hatay: Serinyol, Üniversity campus, Reyhanlı, Atçana, Adıyaman: Gölbaşı,
Gaziantep: Islahiye, Kahramanmaraş: Pazarcık, Yukarımülk.
Epomphale oezdikmeni Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2014
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Limothrips cerealium (Haliday) , T. meridionalis.
Plant associates: S.arvensis, Avena spp. Astragallus sp.
Localities: Niğde: Ulukışla- Gümüş.
Gaziantepus hirsutus (Doğanlar &Triapitsyn, 2007)
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Thripidae: N. gracilicornis , K. acantus , K.
priesneri, L. cerealium , F. occidentalis, T. angusticeps, Thrips dubius Preisner, T.
meridionalis, T. tabaci, C. ericae, Chirothrips africanus Preisner, C. mediterraneus,
Sericothrips bicornis Karny, O. cannabensis. Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: Haplothrips
tritici Kurdjumov.
241
Plant associates: Triticum vulgare L., Astragallus sp. Triticum sp., Avena spp., L.
culinaris, Trifolium sp., Medicago sp., S. arvensis, herbaceous plants.
Localities: Kahramanmaraş, Pazarcık, Centrum, Yukarımülk, Adıyaman: Side of Atatürk
Barage, Gaziantep: Islahiye, Oğuzeli -Keçikuyusu, Sekili, Şanlıurfa: Bozova (5 km), Bozova,
Kangörmez, Birecik, İnnaplı.
Gaziantepus oguzeliensis O. Doğanlar, 2013
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: T.angusticeps , K. priesneri, K. acantus,
Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: H. tritici.
Plant associates: S.arvensis, Trifolium sp, Medicago sp., Triticum spp., Avena spp.
Localities:Gaziantep: Oğuzeli -Keçikuyusu, Sekili.
Goetheana sp.
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: T. angusticeps; Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: H.
tritici.
Plant associates: Triticum spp., Avena spp. Trifolium sp., Medicago sp., herbaceous
plants.
Localities: Adıyaman: Side of Atatürk Barage.
Guelsenia amanosus (Doğanlar, Gumowsky & Doğanlar, 2009)
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: T.meridionalis, T. angusticeps, Thysanoptera:
Phlaeothripidae: H. tritici.
Plant associates: Trifolium sp, Medicago sp., S.arvensis, herbaceous plants.
Localities: Hatay: Belen, Amanos mount. Kömürçukuru road connection.
Thripoctenus jawae (Girault, 1917)
Primary host: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: Retithrips syriacus (Mayet).
Associates: none.
Plant associates: Vitis vinifera L.
Localities: Hatay: Samandağ, Çevlik.
Urfacus adiyamanensis Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2013
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: T. angusticeps, Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: H.
tritici.
Plant associates: Astragallus sp.,Triticum spp., Avena spp., Trifolium sp., Medicago sp.
and herbaceous plants.
Localities: Adıyaman: Çelikhan, Side of Atatürk Barage.
Urfacus atcanacus Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2013
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: C. africanus, L. cerealium, T.angusticeps, T. tabaci,
T. meridionalis. Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: H. tritici.
Plant associates: Triticum vulgare L., Avena spp., S. arvensis.
Localities: Hatay: Reyhanlı, Atçana, Altınözü, Yanık pınar, Belen, Amanos mount.
Kömürçukuru- road connection.
Urfacus bozovaensis Doğanlar, 2005
Primary host: Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: H. tritici.
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: T. meridionalis, T. angusticeps, C. ericae, C.
africanus, C. mediterraneus, O. cannabensis, L. cerealium,
N. gracilicornis, F.
occidentalis.
Plant associates: T.vulgare, Avena spp., M. sativa, S. arvensis, Astragallus sp.
Localities: Şanlıurfa: Bozova, Kangörmez,Birecik, İnnaplı,
Hatay: Hassa, Saylak,
Altınözü, Kozkalesi, Yanıkpınar, Reyhanlı, Hacıpaşa, Belen, Amanos mount. Kömürçukuru
road connection, Kahramanmaraş: Pazarcık, Yukarımülk,Adıyaman: Gölbaşı, Gaziantep:
Oğuzeli -Keçikuyusu, Sekili, Diyarbakır: Silvan-Aslanlı.
242
Urfacus karacadagi Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2013
Associates: Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: H. tritici.
Plant associates: T. vulgare, S. arvensis, Avena sativa L..
Localities: Diyarbakır: Karacadağ-road connection.
Urfacus karkamisus Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2013
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: T. meridionalis, T. angusticeps, K. acantus, K.
priesneri, Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: H. tritici.
Plant associates: L. culinaris, Triticum spp., Avena spp., S. arvensis, Medicago sp.
Localities: Diyarbakır: Siverek, Gaziantep: From Nizip to Kargamış road, NurdağAkyokuş passage,Islahiye, Şanlıurfa: Bozova-Hilvan yolu, Bozova, Kangörmez, Birecik,
İnnaplı.
Urfacus komurcukurus Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2013
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: T. angusticeps, T. meridionalis, Thysanoptera:
Plant associates: M. sativa, S. arvensis, herbaceous plants.
Localities: Hatay: Belen, Amanos mount. Kömürçukuru road connection.
Urfacus nizipus Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2013
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: C. aculeatus, C. africanus, C. mediterraneus, F.
occidentalis, K. acantus, K, priesneri, L. cerealium, N. gracilicornis, T. angusticeps, T.
meridionalis, T. tabaci. Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: H. tritici.
Plant associates: Astragallus sp., Pisum sativum L., L. culinaris, M. sativa, Trifolium
sp., T. vulgare, Avena spp., S. arvensis.
Localities: Hatay: From Dörtyol to Erzin 5 km, Yayladağ: Şakşak,Yaloz, Hassa: Saylak,
Şanlıurfa: Bozova (5km), Bozova, Kangörmez, Suruç, Adıyaman: Gölbaşı, Gaziantep:
Nurdağ-Akyokuş passage, Oğuzeli -Keçikuyusu, Sekili, From Nizip to Kargamış 15 km.
Urfacus sekilinensis Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2013
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: K. priesneri, T.angusticeps, Thysanoptera:
Plant associates: S. arvensis, Trifolium sp., Medicago sp., Triticum spp., Avena spp.
Localities: Gaziantep: Oğuzeli -Keçikuyusu, Sekili.
Urfacus sincanus Doğanlar & Doğanlar, 2013
Associates: Thysanoptera: Thripidae: C. africanus, C. aculeatus, C. mediterraneus, F.
occidentalis, K. priesneri, L. cerealium, T. angusticeps, T. meridionalis, T. tabaci.
Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae: H. tritici.
Plant associates: T. vulgare, Hordeum spp., Avena spp., Trifolium sp., Medicago sp., S.
arvensis.
Localities: Hatay: İskenderun, Sincanköy, Antakya: Serinyol, MKU Campus.
The species of Ceranisinae and their hosts and/or associates collected in the
present study are summarized in Table 1. The most abundant Thripidae were T.
angusticeps, F. occidentalis, K. priesneri, T. meridionalis and C. africanus, and
of Phlaeothripidae was H. tritici, and the abundant parasitoids were U.
bozovaensis, G. hirsutus, C. onuri and E. menes.
Most of the Urfacus spp. are associated with the pests of Graminae, and C.
pacuvius is associated with thrips species found on Fabaceae spp..
The hosts should be found by conducting the necessary studies for to help
explain their usefulness in the biological control of thrips pests, such as E. menes
against F. occidentalis, F. intonsa and T. palmi; T. jawae (=T. semiluteus ) and G.
shakespearei against Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis.
243
Table 1. No of the specimens of Thripidae (Thysanoptera) and Ceranisinae spp.
(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) collected from several parts of Turkey.
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246
A NEW SPECIES OF AESCHROCORIS BERGROTH
(HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE:
PENTATOMINAE) FROM INDIA
M. E. Hassan*, Paramita Mukherjee* and B. Biswas*
* Zoological Survey of India, ‘M’ Block, New Alipore, Kolkata-700053, INDIA. E-mails:
[email protected]; [email protected]
[Hassan, M. E., Mukherjee, P. & Biswas, B. 2016. A new species of Aeschrocoris
Bergroth (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae: Pentatominae) from India. Munis
ABSTRACT: A new species of Aeschrocoris Bergroth, 1887, Aeschrocoris spinosum sp. nov.
is described and illustrated from India. Diagnostic characters of the genus Aeschrocoris
Bergroth, 1887 are given in brief. This new species is closely related to Aeschrocoris
fumosus Distant by sharing common characteristics such as head a little longer than broad
between eyes, lateral margins slightly concavely sinuate; pronotum with a transverse series
of small prominent tubercles on disk, but the former can easily be distinguished from the
latter by having pronotum with apical angles produced in a short porrect acute tooth,
humeral angles spinously produced; scutellum terminating in a small concolorous tubercle.
KEY WORDS: Heteroptera, Pentatomidae, Pentatominae, Aeschrocoris spinosum, new
species, Chhattisgarh, India
Pentatomidae is the 3rd largest family in the Heteropterous Rhynchota after
Miridae and Reduviidae, represented in all parts of the world. They exhibit
conspicuous coloration and are commonly known as “stink bugs”, as their bodies
are usually covered with a shield shaped scutellum covering more than half of the
abdomen. They are also characterised by tibia with weak or no spine, fivesegmented antennae and most of them emit an unpleasant odour, offensive in
nature, produced by a pair of glands in the thorax and is released through
openings in the metathorax. Family Pentatomidae represents 4722 species within
896 genera and distributed in eight subfamilies (Pentatominae, Asopinae,
Podopinae, Edessinae, Phyllocephalinae, Discocephalinae, Cyrtocorinae and
Serbaninae). Genus Aeschrocoris Bergroth is mainly confined to the Oriental
region and can easily be recognised by having body strongly convex; elongated
head, antennae five-segmented, rostrum passing posterior coxae; pronotum more
than twice as long as broad, its lateral angle produced in stout, cylindrical
processes directed upward or forward; scutellum broad, wider than long; corium
short; membrane with reticulated veins. This genus is represented by eight
species viz. A. ceylonicus Distant, A. fumosus Distant, A. obscurus (Dallas), A.
tuberculatus (Stal), A. nodiventris Breddin, A. rugulosus (Distant), A. saucius
Bergroth, A. testudinarius (Walker) from the world (Distant 1902, 1907, Bergroth
1922). Of which, first four species viz. ceylonicus Distant, fumosus Distant,
obscurus (Dallas) and tuberculatus (Stal) are so far known from India. This paper
presents a new species, viz. Aeschrocoris spinosum from Chhattisgarh, India.
This study is based on the materials collected during a field survey from
Surguja District of Chhattisgarh. The specimens were collected in 70% alcohol
and then set pinned. The specimens are deposited in the National Zoological
Collection of Zoological Survey of India, Hemiptera Section, Kolkata.
Measurements and photographs of the specimens and the different parts of
the body were taken with the aid of Leica M 205A. The following dimensions were
247
measured: body length (from apex of mandibular plates to apex of membrane),
head length (from apex of mandibular plates to anterior margin of pronotum),
head width (maximum width across eyes), interocular width (between inner
margins of compound eyes), length of each antennal segment (maximum length),
pronotum length (medially in most exposed, anterodorsal view), pronotum width
(maximum width between processes on humeral angles), scutellum length
(medially from base to apex) and scutellum width (maximum width at base). All
measurements are in millimetres.
Genus Aeschrocoris Bergroth, 1887
1887. Aeschrocoris Bergroth, Ent. Nachr., 13: 152.
Type species: Aeschrus obscurus Dallas, 1851, by monotypy
Diagnosis
Member of the genus Aeschrocoris Bergroth can easily be recognised by
having body strongly convex; head elongated, lateral margin slightly concave,
apex truncate, apical angles obtusely acute; antennae five-segmented, basal
segment not reaching apex of head; rostrum passing posterior coxae; pronotum
more than twice as long as broad, its lateral angle produced in stout, cylindrical
processes directed upward or forward; scutellum broad, wider than long, basal
area gibbous; corium small, short; membrane with reticulated veins; abdomen
with tubercle at lateral posterior angle of each segment.
The new species Aeschrocoris spinosum sp. nov. is closely related to
Aeschrocoris fumosus Distant from which it can easily be separated by having
following key characters.
1. Pronotum with their apices notched and posteriorly distinctly dentate;
scutellum not tuberculate…………….………......…Aeschrocoris fumosus Distant
-. Pronotum with apical angles produced in a short porrect acute tooth, humeral
processes spinously produced; scutellum terminating in a small concolorous
tubercle............................................................Aeschrocoris spinosum sp. nov.
Aeschrocoris spinosum sp. nov.
(Figs. 1-6)
Description:
Colour: Body brownish yellow; head, anterior area of pronotum and margins of
produced lateral angles, basal angle of scutellum, dark brown to black (Fig. 1);
antennae with first three segments yellowish brown except base and apex of first
segment, fourth and fifth segments of brownish yellow; rostrum brown (Fig. 5);
body beneath black suffused with yellowish brown markings (Fig. 2); femora
black, medially with two brownish yellow annulations, tibia yellowish brown with
their bases black, and with an apical and medial reddish brown annulations (Fig.
2).
Structure: Head: Head elongated, coarsely punctate, strongly deflected, a little
longer (1.15 mm) than broad between eyes (0.94 mm), about 1.22X as broad as
interocular distance, (1.00:0.82), lateral margins slightly concavely sinuate,
anterior angles prominent, a central raised longitudinal line on disk which
posteriorly reaches two short basal similar lines (Fig. 3); antennae fivesegmented, basal segment (0.52 mm) not nearly reaching apex of head, third
(0.56 mm) and fourth (0.59 mm) segments sub-equal in lengths, apical segment
(0.79 mm) longer than rest of the segments, relative length of antennal segments:
I:II:III:IV:V=0.65:0.56:0.70:0.74:1.00 (Fig. 5); rostrum slender, passing posterior
248
coxa, second segment longest (1.67 mm), relative length of rostral segments:
I:II:III:IV= 0.51:1.00:0.48:0.20 (Fig. 2).
Thorax: Pronotum rugulose, punctate, broader (5.10 mm) than long (2.07 mm),
about 2.46X as long as wide, with a somewhat obscure, irregular raised
longitudinal line, a transverse series of small prominent tubercles on disk, apical
angles produced in a short porrect acute tooth, humeral angles spinously
produced (Fig. 3); scutellum rugulosely punctate and terminating in a small
concolorous tubercle (Fig. 4), slightly broader (2.83 mm) than long (2.13 mm);
corium coarsely punctate, short; membrane with reticulated vein (Fig. 1); femora
thicker and longer than tibia, hind femora about 1.04X as long as hind tibia (Fig.
2); tarsus three-jointed, claws subequal.
Abdomen: Body beneath thickly punctate, more finely on abdomen than on
sternum; abdomen with a small tubercle at lateral angles of each segment (Fig. 2);
mesosternum broadly sulcate.
External female genitalia: 1st gonocoxae triangular with posterior margins
convex, medially fused; gonapophyses small and subtriangular; 8 th and 9th
paratergites apparently fused, lobulate, rounded at posterior margin with outer
margins concave (Fig. 6).
Measurements: (in mm). Total body length 5.62; head length 1.15, interoccular
distance 0.94, head width across compound eyes 1.56; length of antennae 2.79,
lengths of antennal segments I : 0.52, II : 0.45, III : 0.56, IV: 0.59 and V: 0.79;
rostral length 3.67, length of rostral segments I : 0.85, II : 1.67 III : 0.81 and IV:
0.34; medial length of pronotum 2.07; width across the humeri 5.10; medial
length of scutellum 2.13, basal width of scutellum 2.83; length of fore coxae: 0.34,
trochanter: 0.52, femur: 1.82, tibia: 1.56, tarsus: 0.50, claws: 0.10; mid coxa:
0.40, trochanter: 0.55, femur: 2.04, tibiae: 1.58, tarsus: 0.76, claws: 0.12; hind
coxae: 0.47, trochanters: 0.56, femur: 2.64, tibia: 2.55, tarsus: 0.89, claws: 0.19.
Type material: Holotype female. INDIA: Chhattisgarh: Surguja District: Tara:
Avaya nala, 16.IX.2012, coll. A. Raha and party (Lat.: 22.84˚, Long.: 82.74, Alt.
559 m).Paratypes. 1 female, Chhattisgarh: Surguja District: Tara: Avaya nala,
16.IX.2012, coll. A. Raha and party (Lat.: 22.84˚, Long.: 82.74, Alt. 559 m).
Distribution: INDIA: Chhattisgarh.
Etymology: It denotes spinously produced humeral angles of the pronotum.
Discussion: This new species, Aeschrocoris spinosum is closely related to
Aeschrocoris fumosus Distant from Uttarakhand by sharing common characters
such as body brownish yellow; head, anterior area of pronotum and margins of
produced lateral angles, basal angle of scutellum black; body beneath black
suffused with yellowish brown markings; femora black, medially with two
brownish yellow annulations; head elongated, coarsely punctate, strongly
deflected, a little longer than broad between eyes, lateral margins slightly
concavely sinuate, anterior angles prominent, a central raised longitudinal line on
disk which posteriorly reaches two short basal similar lines; pronotum rugulose,
punctate, broader than long and with irregular raised longitudinal line, a
transverse series of small prominent tubercles on disk; corium coarsely punctate;
body beneath thickly punctate, more finely on the abdomen than on the sternum.
However Aeschrocoris spinosum sp. nov. can be easily distinguished from
Aeschrocoris fumosus Distant by following diagnostic characteristics: pronotum
with apical angles produced in a short porrect acute tooth, humeral angles
spinously produced (Fig. 3); scutellum terminating in a small concolorous
tubercle (Fig. 4); antennae with first three segments yellowish brown except base
and apex of first segment, fourth and fifth segments of brownish yellow(Fig. 5);
tibia yellowish brown with their bases black, and with an apical and medial
reddish brown annulations (Fig. 2).
Host: unknown
249
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to Dr. K. Venkataraman, Director, Zoological Survey
of India, for encouragements and laboratory facilities. We sincerely thank Dr.
Kailash Chandra, Scientist-F and Dr. K.A. Subramanian, Scientist- D, Officer-incharge, Entomology Division-B for their encouragement and support.
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Distant, W. L. 1907. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, IV: 420-466.
Distant, W. L. 1918. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, VII: 110-151.
Henry, T. J. 2009. Biodiversity of Heteroptera. In: Robert G. Foottit and Piter, H. Adler (Eds.), Insect Biodiversity
Science and Society, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 224-263.
Figures 1-6. Aeschrocoris spinosum sp. nov. 1. Dorsal view of female; 2. ventral view of
female;3. dorsal view of head and pronotum; 4. scutellum, dorsal view; 5. antennae, ventral
view; 6. abdominal tip of female, ventral view.
250
EVALUATION OF AN ARTIFICIAL DIET FOR
THE SURVIVAL OF WORKERS IN LABORATORY
OF ACROMYRMEX LOBICORNIS EMERY
(INSECTA: HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Milton Ruiz Espíndola*, Alberto Pilati* and Estela M. Quirán*
* Faculty of Natural Sciences, UNLPam, Uruguay 151, CP LC6300CLB, Santa Rosa, La
Pampa, ARGENTINA. E-mail: [email protected]
[Espíndola, M. R., Pilati, A. & Quirán, E. M. 2016. Evaluation of an artificial diet for
the survival of workers in laboratory of Acromyrmex lobicornis Emery (Insecta:
Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 250-256]
ABSTRACT: Cutting ants are social insects comprising two genera Atta and Acromyrmex
(Insecta: Hymenoptera: Formicidae). They have the habit of cutting and transporting
fragments of various vegetables, flowers and / or seeds to their underground nests. These
habits have become pests of cultivated areas and natural pastures of South America, Central
and North, especially eucalyptus and pine forest plantations because they cause damage to
the productivity of plants. For their control are used agrochemicals and is currently
initiating the study of plant extracts with insecticidal properties, which must be pre-tested.
Therefore, the objective of this work was to obtain an artificial diet that meets the metabolic
requirements of ants A. lobicornis E. in the laboratory, and ensure their survival while they
last bioassays. Various diets ants were tested and concluded that SOL 24, LIQ 24, LIQ 48,
24 and SOL SOL 48 diets are suitable for the survival of A. lobicornis workers during
toxicity bioassays.
KEY WORDS: Cutting ants, diets, survival, Argentina
Ants belonging to the family Formicidae the order Hymenoptera, further
including wasps and bees. It has eleven subfamilies, 300 genera and almost no
less than twenty thousand species (Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990). Within this family
we are the Myrmicinae subfamily in which the tribe Attini containing all the ants
cultivate fungus is located. This tribe contains two genera Atta and Acromyrmex,
and are of great importance in agriculture due to the damage caused (Della Lucía,
1993).
The genera Atta and Acromyrmex are described by Hölldobler & Wilson
(1990) as the dominant herbivores of the Neotropical Region, consuming many
more plants than any other comparable group taxonomic diversity.
Cutting ants attack a large number of plants, being selective as to the plants
foraged (Pilati et al., 1997).
Generally not forages for a long time on a single species, but this behavior
depends a lot of plants available. The selectivity appears to be related to an
amount of water and nutrients, as well as attractive compounds, repellent or plant
deterrents (Diehl Fleig, 1995).
They are distributed in the neotropics from Texas to northern Argentina.
Acromyrmex genus contains 31 species that are distributed in South America,
parts of Central America and some caribbean islands. They are commonly known
as "leaf-cutter ants" within the genus Acromyrmex, the species A. lobicornis
Emery, 1887 reached a significant geographic spread in Argentina from the north
to the parallel 44º s, in Chubut (Franzel & Farji-Brener, 2000) and is the only
species to harvest both monocots and dicots (Pilati et al., 1997).
These ants to cut and transport fragments of various vegetables, flowers and /
or seeds to their underground nests, the pests have become cultivated areas and
natural pastures of South America, Central and North (Della Lucía, 1993)
especially eucalyptus and pine forest plantations because they cause damage to
251
the productivity of plants. Because of this, countries spend huge amounts of
agrochemicals to control them as ants (Marsaro & Della Lucía, 1997).
In the search for new active ingredients for pest control it has begun using
plants, which was noted by the popular knowledge are indicated as they have a
negative effect on insects in general and for the control of leaf-cutting ants in
particular.
Undoubtedly, natural insecticides from plant extracts are an interesting
alternative insect control, to replace synthetic pesticides, plus only very few plants
have been evaluated in relation to the natural source that provides the planet
(Chen et al., 1984, 1997; Vieira et al., 1997; Iannacone, 2003).
To perform the indicated bioassays (Hebling et al., 1993; Maroti et al., 1993) is
required to have abundant biological material, in this case, workers of cutting
ants, so it is essential to the survival of anthills in the laboratory, during
throughout the year, and given that winter in the field, the insects are not active,
you must have an artificial diet that meets the metabolic requirements of ants A.
lobicornis E., during that season.
The survival of A. lobicornis laboratory for bioassays, can be achieved with a
suitable artificial diet.
Studies on biology, ecology, behavior and control of ant species are made to
field or laboratory ant stocked with fresh plant material. For this breeding
systems of different types they are used but in all cases the environmental
conditions must be perfectly controlled (Della Lucía, 1993).
The bioassays with insects in artificial conditions requires alternative feeding
to keep them alive for long enough period of time to complete the necessary
observations. Among the attempts to generate a suitable alternative diet, they may
be mentioned Howard et al. (1988), Atta cephalotes on operatives of (L.), and
Bueno et al. (1997) adult operatives Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, isolated
artificial nests.
Hence the objective of this study is to evaluate artificial diets for workers
isolated the anthills of field on ant Acromyrmex lobicornis of the Pampeana
Region, allowing their survival in the laboratory, in order to use in bioassays of
toxicity.
It is expected to achieve a suitable artificial diet for the survival of A.
lobicornis in laboratory bioassays for toxicity.
For this study they were used workers of Acromyrmex lobicornis ant isolated
field. Four ant nests were collected, both located at the Faculty of Agronomy (La
Pampa) and the other two in the city of Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. (Fig. 1).
They were placed in the brood chamber Invertebrate Biology II Professor,
Department of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, the UNLPam,
artificial anthills, under controlled temperature, humidity and light.
While the experience lasted, ants were fed Erodium cicutarum (Brad)
collected from the surrounding countryside to the brood chamber (Hall of
Biology, UNLPam) and rose petals.
The composition of the diets was:
-Diet Liquid: 5% glucose, 0.1% yeast extract (Difco) and 1% of bacteriological
peptone dissolved in 100 ml. of distilled water
-Diet Solid: liquid diet plus 1.5% bacteriological agar (Difco)
-Experience Control: single ant
They were applied in 6 treatments as follows: T1 (water: H2O), T2 (liquid diet
every 24 Hs: LIQ24), T3 (liquid diet every 48 hours: LIQ48), T4 (solid diet every
24 Hs: SOL24) T5 (solid diet every 48 hours: SOL48) and T6 (only ants: Control),
in Petri dishes with 10 ants were placed.
252
The tests were conducted under controlled conditions (24 +/- 2 ° C, 70% RH
and 12 h photoperiod). 6 mentioned treatments with 8 repetitions were
performed. The average maximum longevity was compared using ANOVA.
10 (ten) ants were placed with an average length of 6.5 to 7.5 mm in a Petri
dish of 15 cm diameter for each of the treatments.
Data were analyzed using statistical program PAST (Paleontologic Stadistic
Software Package). While the trials lasted five days, the data on the third day of
the experiment were analyzed performed because usually tests with chemical
insecticides not last longer than 72 hours.
RESULTS
For each of the diets the following results:
Diet 1: (Table 1, Graphic 1)
Individuals exposed to the first diet showed a low rate of supervivenvia. This is
seen from the second day of testing for most repetitions.
Diet 2 consisted only of water, with replacement every 24 hours. Suvervivencia
rate was very low, although most individuals survived until the third day of the
experiment.
For testing liquid diet replaced every 24 hours, the results showed a low rate of
superviencia for the last day of the experiment.
Diet 4 (liquid diet replaced every 48 hours) showed a high survival rate, it
remains constant during the five days of the trial.
Diet 5: (Table 5; Graphic 5)
Individuals exposed to solid foods with replacements every 24 hours (diet 5) had a
high survival from the start to the end of the trial.
Finally, in June diet (solid diet replacements every 48 hours), it had a high rate of
individuals who set survived the trials end.
Analyzing the five diets it is observed that except water fed ants, all showed a
similarity in the survival rate of the working Acromyrmex lobicornis (Graphic 7).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Diets showed similarity in the survival rate of workers of Acromyrmex
lobicornis. Choosing the best diet may be affected by factors that influence it, such
as: ease of preparation, the time required for handling during the replacement,
and less pollution. Thus, the results agree with those reported by Bueno et al.
(1997) for A. sexdens rubropilosa. The solid diet replacements every 24 hours
(SOL 24) showed a higher survival rate of individuals in the 8 reps, so this diet
may be the most advisable to use.
Diets: Liquid replaced every 24 hours (LIQ 24), fluid replaced every 48 hours
(LIQ 48), solid replaced every 24 hours (SOL 24) and solid replaced every 48
hours (SOL 48) were shown to be suitable for laboratory testing . These four diets
were similar in terms of the survival rate of worker A. lobicornis, so any of these
253
diets can be used to maintain a stable population of ants for a specified short
time, for laboratory toxicity bioassays.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
At the Faculty of Natural Sciences (UNLPam) and those who contributed one
way or another with this work.
LITERATURE CITED
Bernard, F. 1968. Les fourmis d'Europe accidéntale et septentrionale. Faune eur. et Bass. Med. 3. Masson. París. 411 pp.
Bueno, O., Morini, M. S. C., Pagnocca, F., Hebling, M. & Silva, O. 1997. Sobrevivencia de operarias de Atta
sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) isoladas do formiguero e alimentadas con dietas artificiais.
Annales de la Sociedad Entomologica de Brasil, 26 (1): 107-113.
Chen, T. K., Amico, L. A. & Speelman, D. J. 1984. Ant-repellent triterpenoids from Cordia alliodora. The Journal
Organic Chemistry, 48 (20): 3525-3531.
Costa, C. G., Bueno, O. C., Hebling, M. J. A. & Pagnocca, F. C. 1997. Toxicidad de substancias presentes no
gergelim (Sesamum indicum) sobre Atta sexdens Forel (Hym, Formicidae). In: Anais di VI Internacional Pest Ant
Symposium & XIII Encontro de Mirmecologia, Ilheus, Bahia, Brasil, pp 134.
Della Lucia, T. 1993. As formigas cortadeiras. Ed. T. M. C. Della Lucia. Visosa. Brasil. 262 pp.
Diehl Fleig, L. 1995. As formigas. Unisinos, Brasil. 85 pp.
Franzel, C. & Farji-Brener, A. G. 2000. Oportunistas o selectivas Plasticidad en la dieta de la hormiga cortadora de
hoja Acromyrmex lobicornis en el noroeste de la Patagonia. Ecoogial Austral, 10: 159-168.
Hebling, M. J. A., Maroti, P. S., Bueno, O. C., Silva, O. A. & Pagnocca, F. C. 1993. Efeito das folhas de Ipomea
batatas (batata-doce) no desenvolvimiento de formigueiros de Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel, 1908 em laboratorio.
In: Resumos Congreso Brasileiro de Entomologia, 14, Piracicaba, pp. 230.
Hòlldobler, B. & Wilson, E. O. 1990. The Ants. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cambridge.
Howard, J. J., Green T. P. & Wiemer, D. F. 1988. Comparative deterrency of two terpenoids to two genera of attine
ants. The Journal Organic Chemistry: 2279-2288.
Iannacone, O. J. 2003. Efecto insecticida de cuatro extractos botánicos y del cartap sobre la polilla de la papa
Phthorimaea opercullella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), en el Perú. Entomotrópica: Revista Internacional para
el Estudio de la Entomología Tropical, 18 (2): 95-105.
Hebling, M. J. A., Maroti, P. S., Bueno, O. C., Silva, O. A. & Pagnocca, F. C. 1993. Tratamientos de formigueiros
com folhas de Ricinus communis e Ipomea batatas: efeitos fisiológicos em operarias de Atta sexdens rubropilosa
Forel, 1908 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). In: Resumos Congreso Brasileiro De Entomologia, 14, Piracicaba, pp 18.
Marsaro Junior, A. L. & Della Lucia, T. M. C. 1997. Avaliação da nao-preferencia de Acromyrmex laticeps
nigrosetosus Forel ao corte de Eucapylptus. In: Anais di VI Internacional Pest Ant Symposium & XIII Encontro de
Mirmecologia, Ilheus, Bahia, Brasil; pp 117.
Oster, G. & Wilson, E. O. 1978. The Insect Societies. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Cambridge, 548
pp.
Past (Paleontologic Stadistic Software Package). 2012.
Pilati, A., Quirán, E. M. & Estelrich, H. D. 1997. Actividad forrajera de Acromyrmex lobicornis Emery
(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) en un pastizal natural semiárido de la provincia de La Pampa (Argentina). Ecologia
Austral, 7: 49-56.
Vieira, P. C., Fernandez, J. B., Da Silva, M. F. G. F., Hebling, M. J. A., Bueno, O. C., Pagnocca, F. C. & Da
Silva, O. A. 1997. A Utilizaçao de plantas inseticidas no controle de saúvas. In: Anais di VI Internacional Pest Ant
Symposium & XIII Encontro de Mirmecologia, Ilheus, Bahia, Brasil; pp. 121.
Table 1. "Survival rate to control ants 2012/2013 trials".
Table 2. "Survival rate ants fed water tests 2012/2013".
254
Table 3. "Survival rate to a liquid diet ants replaced every 24 hours assays 2012/2013".
Table 4. "Survival rate ants replaced with liquid diet every 48 hours in trials of 2012/2013".
Table 5. "Survival rate to solid diet ants replaced every 24 hours assays 2012/2013".
Table 6. "Survival rate to solid diet ants replaced every 48 hours assays 2012/2013".
Graphic 1. "Evaluation of survival in control tests ants 2012/2013".
255
Graphic 2. "Evaluation of survival in ants fed water tests 2012/2013".
Graphic 3. "Evaluation of survival in liquid diet ants replaced every 24 hours in assays
2012/2013".
Graphic 4. "Evaluation of survival in liquid diet ants replaced every 48 hours assays
2012/2013".
Graphic 5. "Evaluation of survival in solid diet ants replaced every 24 hours assays
2012/2013".
256
Graphic 6. "Evaluation of survival in solid diet ants replaced every 48 hours assays
2012/2013".
Graphic 7. "Evaluation of the survival rate for five diets and control".
Figure 1. Geographical location of the study area.
257
NEW RECORD OF NABIS BREVILINEATUS SCOTT
(HEMIPTERA: NABIDAE: NABINAE) FROM INDIA
ALONG WITH REDESCRIPTION
Paramita Mukherjee* and M. E. Hassan*
[Mukherjee, P. & Hassan, M. E. 2016. New record of Nabis brevilineatus Scott
(Hemiptera: Nabidae: Nabinae) from India along with redescription. Munis Entomology &
Zoology, 11 (1): 257-259]
ABSTRACT: Nabis brevilineatus Scott, 1874, of family Nabidae recorded for the first time
from Uttarakhand, India and redescribed along with additional diagnostic characters.
KEY WORDS: Nabidae, Nabis brevilineatus, new record, India
The family Nabidae consist of 31 genera and representing 386 species (Lattin,
1989; Cassis & Gross, 1995; Zoological Record, 1996-2007), which is a small
group of important generalist predators. They are commonly known as “damsel
bugs” and can be easily separated from the family Reduviidae by having foursegmented rostrum, the basal segment being short and usually stout. Although
they are mostly terrestrial and some are found in moist areas on the ground or at
the edge of streams, pond and marshes. They prey on a variety of small
invertebrates. This family comprises of two subfamilies viz. Nabinae and
Prostemmatinae (Schuh & Stys, 1991). Prostemmatines are largely grounddwelling predators, nabines are frequently found on plants and are often used in
biological control of crop pests (Lattin, 1989). Present study deals with a new
record of Nabis brevilineatus Scott of subfamily Nabinae from India. Earlier
Distant (1904) reported Nabis capsiformis Germar, 1837, N. funebris Distant,
1904, N. indicus (Stal, 1873) and N. nigrescens Distant, 1904 from India, however
N. tibialis from Sri Lanka and N. brevilineatus Scott, 1874 from Myanmar and
Japan. Chandra et al. has further recorded Nabis tibialis Distant from India.
This study is based on the materials collected from a field survey from Dehra
Dun and Ramgarh Districts of Uttarakhand. The specimens are deposited in the
National Zoological Collection of Zoological Survey of India, Hemiptera Section,
Kolkata. Different body parts were measured and their ratios were calculated for
the establishment of additional diagnostic characters. Measurement and
photographs of the species were taken with the aid of Leica M 205A. All
OBSERVATION AND RESULTS
Nabis Latreille, 1802
Type species: Nabis apterus Fabricius
Distribution: Cosmopolitan.
Nabis brevilineatus Scott, 1874
1874. Nabis brevilineatus Scott, A.M.N.H., (4) 14 : 40.
1904. Nabis brevilineatus, Distant, Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, 2: 401-402.
258
Material examined: 1ex., INDIA: Uttarakhand: Dehra Dun District : Musouri,
22.IX.2000, coll. G.C. Sen; 1ex., Nainital District : Ramgarh, 4.X.2004, coll. M.
Ghosh and party.
Redescription:
Colour: Body yellowish brown (Fig. 1); posterior lobe of the pronotum and
hemelytra dull in hue and opaque; anterior lobe of pronotum with transverse
reddish striae extending upto base of posterior lobe (Fig. 3); a central spot to
scutellum, basal halves of claval and subclaval areas, a linear spot near apex of
corium, discal shading to membrane, two broad annulations to anterior femora,
two annulations on intermediate and posterior femora, an annulation near apex
and base of intermediate and posterior tibia, apex of first and second segments of
antennae, spots on connexivum above and beneath, dark brown; clavus, corium
and connexivum spotted with reddish markings; apex of intermediate and
posterior femora and base of intermediate and posterior tibia, reddish.
Structure: Body oblong or subelongate.
Head: Head sub-cylindrical, longer (1.08 mm) than broad (0.48 mm) between
eyes (Fig. 3), ratio of length of head (HL= 1.08): maximum width of head across
compound eyes (HW= 1.04) = 1.00:0.96; eyes longer (0.42 mm) than broad (0.28
mm) and well separated from anterior margin of pronotum, ratio of width of
compound eye (WCE=0.28 mm): length of compound eye (LCE=0.42 mm)=
0.66:1.00; antennae finely pilose, first segment (2.28 mm) longer than head (1.08
mm), subequal in length to second segment (2.38 mm), ratio of length of head
(HL=1.08 mm): length of first antennal segment (A1= 2.28 mm) = 0.47:1.00;
rostrum long, extending beyond the anterior coxae, first segment (0.45 mm) very
short, second segment (1.35 mm) longest, ratio of rostral segments: I:II:III:IV =
0.33:1.00:0.70:0.34 (Fig. 2).
Thorax: Pronotum strongly narrowed anteriorly and near middle transversely
impressed, anterior lobe (1.13 mm) slightly longer than posterior lobe (1.02 mm)
which is thickly granulate (Fig. 3), ratio of length of pronotum (PL= 2.15 mm):
width of pronotum (PW= 2.45 mm) = 0.87:1.00, ratio of width of pronotum
(PW=2.45 mm): maximum width of head across compound eyes (HW=1.04
mm)= 1.00: 0.42; scutellum broader than long, ratio of length of scutellum
(LSC=0.80 mm): width of scutellum at base (WSC=1.10 mm)= 0.72:1.00; legs
long, slender, anterior femora very strongly incrassated and minutely serrate
beneath, anterior and intermediate femora slightly longer than tibia, posterior
tibia (5.79 mm) longer than femora (4.67 mm) (Fig. 2).
Abdomen: Abdomen longer (4.85 mm) than broad (1.75 mm), sinuate at middle,
broadened and projecting beyond middle; membrane passing abdominal tip (Fig.
1).
Measurements: (1 female in mm). Body length 9.79; head length 1.08, width
between eye 0.48, width across eye 1.04; length of collar 0.19; length of eye 0.42,
width of eye 0.28; rostral length 3.22, length of rostral segments I : 0.45, II : 1.35,
III : 0.95 and IV: 0.47; length of pronotum2.15; length of anterior pronotal lobe
1.13, posterior pronotal lobe 1.02, width of anterior pronotal lobe 1.42, posterior
pronotal lobe 2.45; length of scutellum0.80, width of scutellum 1.10; length of
hemelytra 6.58, width of hemelytra 2.43; length of fore coxa: 1.84, trochanter:
0.62, femur: 3.80, tibia: 3.11, tarsus: 0.83, claws: 0.14; mid coxa: 0.83,
trochanter: 0.49, femur:3.77, tibia: 3.69, tarsus: 0.85, claw: 0.15; hind coxa: 0.85,
trochanter: 0.50, femur: 4.67, tibia: 5.79, tarsus: 0.99, claw: 0.18.
Distribution: INDIA: Uttarakhand. Elsewhere: Myanamar, Japan.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors express their sincere gratitude to the Director, Zoological Survey of
India for providing all sorts of laboratory facilities. The authors are also thankful
259
to Dr.Kailash Chandra, Scientist- F, and Dr. K.A. Subramanian, Scientist- D and
Officer-in-charge of Entomology Division- B for their help and support.
LITERATURE CITED
Chandra, K., Kushwaha, S., Biswas, B. & Mukherjee, P. 2013. Nabistibialis Distant (Hemiptera: Nabidae), A first
record from India. Munis Journal of Entomology and Zoology, 9: 178-181.
Distant, W. L. 1904. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, 2: 198-389.
Henry, T. J. 2009. Biodiversity of Heteroptera, Insect Biodiversity Science and Society (By Robert, G. Foottit & Piter, H.
Adler eds.): 224-263.
Lattin, J. D. 1989.Bionomics of the Nabidae. Ann. Rev. Entomol., 34: 383-400.
Schuh, R. T. & Stys, P. 1991. Phylogenetic analysis of cimicomorphan family relationship (Heteroptera). J. N. Y.
Entomol. Soc., 99: 298-350.
Figures 1-4. Nabis brevilineatus Scott. 1. Dorsal view of female; 2. ventral view of female; 3.
dorsal view of head and pronotum; 4. abdominal tip of female, ventral view.
260
THREE NEW RECORDS OF REDUVIIDAE
(HETEROPTERA: HEMIPTERA) FROM PUNJAB, INDIA
Paramita Mukherjee* and M. E. Hassan*
[Mukherjee, P. & Hassan, M. E. 2016. Three new records of Reduviidae (Heteroptera:
Hemiptera) from Punjab, India. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 11 (1): 260-262]
ABSTRACT: The paper deals with new record of three species viz. Catamiarus brevipennis
(Serville), Rhynocoris marginatus (Fabricius) and Sycanus collaris (Fabricius) from the
state of Punjab, India. Key to the different taxa and distributions of each species in India
and abroad have been included.
KEY WORDS: Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Punjab.
The family Reduviidae is the largest and the most diverse group of true bugs.
It belongs to the Superfamily Reduvioidea of the Suborder Heteroptera of the
Order Hemiptera under the Division Exopterygota of Class Insecta. They are
commonly known as “assassin bugs” and occurs throughout the world but mostly
common in tropical ecosystem. There are about 6878 described species and
subspecies under 981 genera belonging to 25 subfamilies of the family Reduviidae
recorded from the world (Henry, 2009). Of which, 465 species under 144 genera
belonging to 14 subfamilies are recorded from India (Biswas & Mitra, 2011).
Reduviid predators are polyphagous and feed on wide array of preys. Some of
them are blood suckers and transmit various diseases to man and animals.
A total of 5 species under 4 genera belonging to 3 subfamilies viz. Acanthaspis
flavipes Stal of Reduviinae, Ectomocoris cordatus (Wolff), Ectomocoris tibialis
Distant, Lestomerus sanctus (Fabricius) of Peiratinae and Rhynocoris reuteri
(Distant) of Harpactorinae are so far recorded from Sind, Punjab (Distant, 1904,
1910; Ambrose, 2006). Present study presents three new records from the state of
Punjab viz. Catamiarus brevipennis (Serville) of Peiratinae, Rhynocoris
marginatus (Fabricius) and Sycanus collaris (Fabricius) of Harpactorinae. The
keys to the subfamily, genera and distribution of species in India and abroad are
also included.
The present study is based on the materials collected by different survey
parties of Zoological Survey of India during field surveys from Punjab (19631964). The specimens are deposited in the National Zoological Collection of
Zoological Survey of India, Hemiptera Section, Kolkata. Photographs and
measurements of the species were taken with the aid of Leica M 205A. All
SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT
Key to the subfamilies of the family Reduviidae
1. Hemelytra with a quadrangular areolet or cell at interior area of corium near base of
membrane…………………………………………………..…………………………………...HARPACTORINAE
-. Hemelytra without a quadrangular areolet or cell at interior area of corium near base of
membrane…………………………………………………………………………………...…………..PEIRATINAE
261
Infraorder CIMICOMORPHA
Family REDUVIIDAE
Subfamily I. HARPACTORINAE
Key to the genera of the subfamily Harpactorinae
1. Head oblong or moderately elongate, pronotum may or may not be armed..........................
……………….....................................................……………...….................……..Rhynocoris Kolenati
-. Head long and slender, pronotum unarmed…………………….….…..Sycanus Amyot & Serville
Genus 1. Rhynocoris Kolenati, 1857
1857. Rhynocoris Kolenati, Fascia Bulletin Moscou, 29: 419-502.
Rhynocoris marginatus (Fabricius, 1794) (Fig. 1)
1794. Reduvius marginatus Fabricius, Ent. Syst., 4: 196.
1904. Harpactor marginatus: Distant, Fauna of Brit.. India, Rhynchota, 2: 332.
2006. Rhynocoris marginatus: Ambrose, Zoos’ Print Journ., 21 (9): 11.
Material examined: 5exs., INDIA: Punjab: Nangal, Rupnagar District: a patch of land
near Sutlej Sadan, 22.I.1964, coll. T.D. Soota; 8exs., Rupnagar District, Nangal, a patch of
land near the left side of the road to Bhakra near checkpost, 21.I.1964, coll. T.D. Soota;
8exs., Ambala District, NalaGarh, 18.I.1964, coll. T.D. Soota; 3exs., Pathankot District,
Pathankot, 11.II.1970, coll. Asket Singh; 11exs., Rupnagar District, on the bank of canal road
side fields near Nangal Dam, 23.I.1964, coll. T.D. Soota; 1ex., Rupnagar District, on the road
fields about 2 miles from Rupar bus stand to Chandigarh, 17.I.1964, coll. T.D. Soota; 1ex.,
Rupnagar District, Chamkaur Sahib, 16.I.1964, coll. T.D. Soota; 1ex., Rupnagar District,
Nangal, a patch of land near Sutlej Sadan, 21.I.1964, coll. T.D. Soota; 2exs., Jhelam District,
Choa, 10 miles from Khewra Salt Range, 15-21.X.1930, coll. S.L. Hora and H.S. Pruthi.
Diagnostic character: Body blood reddish; scutellum, inner area of membrane, eyes,
antennae, apical two thirds of tibiae, abdomen beneath violaceous black; pronotum with the
anterior lobe sculptured, the posterior lobe wrinkled; first joint of antennae almost equal in
length to anterior femora; corium wrinkled, the transverse cell near base of membrane with
blood reddish margin; disc of sternum, coxae, trochanters and anterior lobe of pronotum
reddish brownish yellow.
Length: 19.50-20 mm.
Distribution: India: Punjab (Ambala, Jhelam, Pathankot, Rupnagar), Chhattisgarh, Uttar
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand.
Elsewhere: China, Sri Lanka.
Genus 2. Sycanus Amyot & Serville, 1843
1843. Sycanus Amyot & Serville, Hem.: 360.
Sycanus collaris (Fabricius, 1785) (Fig. 2)
1785. Reduvius collaris Fabricius, Spec. Ins., 2: 380.
1904. Sycanus collaris: Distant, Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, 2: 351.
2006. Sycanus collaris: Ambrose, Zoos’ Print Journ., 21 (9): 14.
Material examined: 4exs., INDIA: Punjab: Gurdaspur District: Pathankot forest division:
Noorpur forest range, 20.VI.1963, coll. R.K. Bhatnagar.
Diagnostic character: Body black in colour; pronotum piceous; apical half of corium
excluding apical angle and basal half of membrane reddish brown; membrane bronzy;
antennae black, basal and subapical annulations to first joint, subbasal annulation to second
joint and apex of rostrum reddish brown; head about as long as pronotum and scutellum
together; first joint of antennae subequal to anterior femora; scutellar spine long, obliquely
erect, apex bifid; abdomen strongly dilated on each side especially at third and fourth
segments, posterior angles of second and third segments acute.
Length: 22-25 mm.
Distribution: India: Punjab (Gurdaspur), Chhattisgarh, Tamil Nadu, Assam, West Bengal,
Meghalaya.
Elsewhere: China, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand.
Subfamily II. PEIRATINAE
Genus 3. Catamiarus Amyot & Serville, 1843
1843. Catamiarus Amyot & Serville, Hem.: 323.
262
Catamiarus brevipennis (Serville, 1831) (Fig. 3)
1831. Pirates brevipennis Serv., Ann. Sc. Nat., 23: 217.
1904. Catamiarus brevipennis: Distant, Fauna Brit. India, Rhynchota, 2: 302.
2006.Catamiarus brevipennis: Ambrose, Zoos’ Print Journ., 21 (9): 15.
Material examined: 36exs., INDIA: Rupnagar District: Nangal : a patch of land near
Sutlej Sadan, 21.I.1964, coll. T.D. Soota; 4exs., Rupnagar District, Nangal, a patch of land
near the left side of the road to Bhakra near checkpost, 25.I.1964, coll. T.D. Soota; 18exs.,
Rupnagar District, Nangal, a patch of land near Sutlej Sadan, 22.I.1964, coll. T.D. Soota.
Diagnostic character: Body black; a large rounded spot adjoining to the apex of the
clavus and a very large discal spot to membrane brownish yellow; antennae hairy; head with
the lateral margin hirsute; legs and margins of the body with long hair or hirsute.
Length: 20-26 mm.
Distribution: India: Punjab (Rupnagar), Chhattisgarh, Uttaranchal, Rajasthan, Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka.
This paper presents three new records viz. Catamiarus brevipennis (Serville),
Rhynocoris marginatus (Fabricius) and Sycanus collaris (Fabricius) of the family
Reduviidae from the state of Punjab, India. Paper also deals with key to the
subfamilies, genera and distribution of species in India and abroad.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors expresses their sincere gratitude to the Director, Dr. K.
Venkataraman, Zoological Survey of India, for providing the necessary facilities
and encouragement. Authors are also grateful to Dr. Kailash Chandra, Scientist-F
and Dr. K. A. Subramanian, Scientist- D, Officer-in-charge, Entomology DivisionB for their encouragement and support.
LITERATURE CITED
Ambrose, D. P. 2006. A Checklist of Indian Assassin bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with taxonomic status,
distribution and diagnostic morphological characteristics. Zoos’ Print Journal, 21 (9): 2388-2406.
Amyot, C. J. B. & Serville, A. 1843. Histoire Naturelle des Insects Hemipteres Libraire Encyclopedique de Roret, Paris:
Fain et Thunot., 1 xxvi + 675 +6 pp., 12 pls.
Biswas, B. & Mitra, B. 2011. Checklist on Indian Assassin Bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Zool. Surv. India: 133.
Distant, W. L. 1904. The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma, Rhynchota, 2: 198-389.
Fabricius, J. C. 1792/4. Entomologia Systematica. Hafniae. Proft., 1: I – XX+ 1- 538.
Henry, T. J. 2009. Biodiversity of Heteroptera. In: Robert G. Foottit and Piter, H. Adler (Eds.), Insect Biodiversity
Science and Society, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 224-263.
Kolenati, F. A. 1857. Meletemata entomologica. Hemipterorum Heteropterorum caucasi. Harpagocorisae, Monographice
dispositae. Fasc. VI. Bull. Moscou, 29: 419-502.
Maldonado, C. 1990. Systematic Catalogue of the Reduviidae of the World (Insecta: Heteroptera).Carribbean J. Sci.
(special ed.), University of Puerto Rico, 1-694.
Serville, J. G. 1831. Description du genre Peirates 1’ordre des Hemipteres, familie. Des Geocorises tribu des Nudicolles.
Annales des Sciencies Naturelles, 23: 213-222.
Figures 1-3. 1. Rhynocoris marginatus (Fabricius); 2. Sycanus collaris (Fabricius); 3.
Catamiarus brevipennis (Serville).
263
SOME ADDITIONAL NOTES ON THE GENUS
PHILONTHUS STEPHENS (COLEOPTERA:
STAPHYLINIDAE: STAPHYLININAE) IN TURKEY
İnanç Özgen*, Eduard A. Khachikov**,
Semih Örgel*** and Çağatay Altin****
* Baskil Vocational School,
Fırat
University, Elazığ, TURKEY. E-mail:
[email protected]
** Rostov Branch of Russian Entomological Society, 59 Alexandrovsky spusk str., 344030
Rostov-on-Don, RUSSIA.
*** Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ege, 35100 Bornova, Izmir,
TURKEY.
**** Alaşehir Vocational School, Celal Bayar University, 45600, Alaşehir, Manisa, TURKEY.
[Özgen, İ., Khachikov, E. A., Örgel, S. & Altin, Ç. 2016. Some additional notes on the
genus Philonthus Stephens (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Staphylininae) in Turkey. Munis
ABSTRACT: In this study, 24 species of the genus Philonthus were recorded from different
regions of Turkey. Additional notes on most of them new to certain Turkish regions and
provinces are given. Among them P. concinnus (Gravenhorst, 1802), P. nitidicollis
(Lacordaire, 1835) and P. rufimanus (Heer, 1839) are found the most common and
abundant species.
KEY WORDS: Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Staphylininae, Philonthus, fauna, Turkey
The Staphylinidae is a widespread and rather large family of the order
Coleoptera, comprising about 60.000 species belonging to 33 subfamilies in all
zoogeographical regions of the world (Newton, 2007). 1600 species of
Staphylinidae are listed in Turkey by Anlas (2009), 346 of them are belong to the
subfamily Staphylininae.
The genus Philonthus is one of the largest genus within Staphylininae, at the
present state of knowledge comprising some 1200 species in the world.
(Schillhammer, 1998). In Turkey, 65 Philonthus species are known (Anlaş, 2009,
updated).
The Philonthus fauna of Turkey are still poorly investigated. The aim of this
study is to enhance scientific knowledge on the distribution of Turkish
Philonthus.
The present paper is based primarily on material collected in different parts of
Turkey by using different collection methods in 2006-2011. Material is deposited
in the private collection of the first author. Classification and nomenclature of the
Philonthus suggested by Herman (2001) and Smetana (2004) has been followed
in this study.
RESULTS
Philonthus alberti (Schillhamer, 2000)
Material examined: Afyonkarahisar: 1 ex., Şuhut, Dadak 2 km N, 1320 m, 38°36’18’’N,
30°26’59’’E, 11.VIII.2010, leg. Anlaş. Erzincan: 2 exs., Refahiye, Şahverdi- Aydıncık, 1753
m, 39°50'58’’N, 38°48'57’’E, 17.V.2011, leg. Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen; 2 exs., Üzümlü,
Küçük Sarıkaya creek bank, 1713 m, 39°14'20’’N, 39°50'02’’E, 18.V.2011, leg. Anlaş,
Khachikov & Özgen. Kırklareli: 1 ex., Demirköy, Rhodendron forest, 25.V.2010, leg. Kunt.
Distribution in Turkey: Artvin, Bolu (Anlaş, 2009).
264
Remarks: This species is recorded for the first time from Aegean Region.
Philonthus atratus (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Material examined: Diyarbakır: 1 ex., Silvan, Boyunlu, 1084 m, 38°13'45’’N,
40°58'50’’E, 15.IV.2010, leg. Özgen; 2 exs., Çermik, Çakmak, Çamaltı, 29.IX.2010, leg.
Özgen. Muş: 2 exs., Buğlan Geçidi, 30.V.2011, leg. Khachikov & Kasatkin.
Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Batman, Çankırı, Diyarbakır, Erzurum, Konya, Malatya,
Mersin, Niğde (Anlaş, 2009; Anlaş & Rose, 2009; Kesdek et al., 2009; Özgen et al., 2010).
Philonthus carbonarius (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Material examined: Bursa: 1 ex., Uludağ, Kilimli Lake, 2279 m. 40°04’57’’N, 23°13’31’’E,
28.VII.2008, leg. Koç. Kahramanmaraş: 2 exs., Başkonuş Yaylası, 41°59’58’’N,
37°28’61’’E, 1291 m. 21.VI.2007, leg. Yağmur.
Distribution in Turkey: Antalya, Ardahan, Bingöl, Elazığ, Erzurum, Kars, Manisa
(Anlaş, 2009; Anlaş & Rose, 2009a; Kesdek et al., 2009; Özgen & Anlaş, 2010).
Philonthus cochleatus (Scheerpeltz, 1937)
Material examined: Muş: 3 exs., Varto, 31.V.2011, leg. Khachikov & Kasatkin.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana (Smetana, 1954; Anlaş, 2009).
Remarks: This species is recorded for the first time from Eastern Anatolia.
Philonthus cognatus (Stephens, 1832)
Material examined: Afyonkarahisar: 3 exs., Şuhut, Dadak 2 km N, 1320 m,
38°36’18’’N, 30°26’59’’E, 11.VIII.2010, leg. Anlaş. Gaziantep: 2 exs., Şahinbey, Sarısalkım
1 km S, 12.XI.2006, leg. Yağmur. Izmir: 4 exs., Bozdag Zirve, 2500 m, 28.III.2007, leg.
Anlaş. Manisa: 1 ex., Turgutlu, Ovacık Yaylası, 14.VII.2006, leg. Anlaş.
Distribution in Turkey: Ardahan, Artvin, Erzurum, Kars, Mersin, Trabzon, (Anlaş,
2009; Kesdek et al., 2009).
Remarks: This species is recorded for the first time from Western Anatolia.
Philonthus concinnus (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Material examined: Afyonkarahisar: 3 exs., Sinanpaşa 15 km SW, Uluköy 2 km N,
1600 m, 38°42'48’’N, 30°04'40’’E, 23.IV.2010, leg. Anlaş. Bursa: 4 exs., Uludağ,
Kovukdere Lake (Saklıgöl) 2206 m, 40°05’12’’N 29°12’22’’E 29.VII.2008, leg. Koç; 1 ex.,
Uludağ, Aynalı Gölü, 2310 m, 40°04’13’’N, 29°14’01’’E, 30.VIII.2008, leg. Koç; 2 exs.,
Uludağ, Kilimli Lake, 2279 m. 40°04’57’’N, 23°13’31’’E, 28.VII.2008, leg. Koç. Diyarbakır:
1 ex., Silvan, Boyunlu, 1084 m, 38°13’45’’N, 40°58’50’’E, 15.IV.2010, leg. Özgen; 2 exs.,
Silvan, Boyunlu 4 km S, 21.V.2010, leg. Özgen; 2 exs., Ergani pass, 26.V.2010, leg. Özgen; 2
exs., Eğil road 3 km inside, 04.VI.2010, leg. Özgen; 5 exs., Eğil, Kalkan, 21.V.2010, leg.
Özgen & Yağmur; 3 exs., Çermik, Artuklu, 775 m., 38˚08’26’’N, 39˚31’33’’E, 01.VI.2010, leg.
Özgen. Elazığ: 1 ex., Doğukent, 12.VI.2010, leg. Özgen; 1 ex., Gümüşkavak, 13.VI.2010, leg.
Özgen. Erzincan: 6 exs., 17.V.2011, Refahiye, Şahverdi-Aydıncık, 1753 m, 39°50’58’’N,
38°48’57’’E, leg. Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen. Gaziantep: 3 exs., Şahinbey, Sofalıcı village,
Sof Mts., 37°08’42’’N, 37°07’44’’E, 23.III.2008, leg. Yağmur. Gümüşhane: 4 exs.,
16.V.2011, Kelkit, Çimenli, 1689 m, 39°58’06’’N, 39°22'48’’E, leg. Anlaş, Khachikov &
Özgen. Izmir: 6 exs., Ödemiş, Bozdağlar, road to ski resort, ca. 1600 m, 38°21’N, 28°06’E,
21.V.2006, leg. Anlaş. Malatya: 1 ex., Hekimhan 2 km NW, İpekyolu beldesi, Girmana
mevkii, 25.VII.2007, leg. Yağmur. Manisa: 3 exs., Spil National Park, ca. 1200 m,
38°33’43’’N, 27°23’25’’E, 30.IX.2006, leg. Anlaş; 2 exs., Spil National Park, ca. 1000 m,
38°33'N, 27°23'E, 27.IX.2008, leg. Anlaş. Mersin: 4 exs., Çamlıyayla, Korucak 1 km E, 715
m, 37°08’56’’N, 34°42’51’’E, 22.VII.2010, leg. Anlaş. Muş: 2 exs., Buğlan Geçidi, 30.V.2011,
leg. Khachikov & Kasatkin; 2 exs., Varto, 31.V.2011, leg. Khachikov & Kasatkin. Siirt: 5 exs.,
Baykan 4 km NE, ca. 770 m, 38°11’42’’N, 41°49’03’’E, 17.XI.2010, leg. Anlaş. Tunceli: 2
exs., Pülümür 3 km SE, 19.V.2011, leg. Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen. Uşak: 4 exs., Eşme, Kısık
2 km NE, Gediz river bank, 470 m., 38°38’06’’N, 28°57’19’’E, 29.V.2010, leg. Anlaş.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Ardahan, Bingöl, Bolu, Diyarbakır,
Erzincan, Erzurum, Iğdır, Kayseri, Konya, Manisa, Mardin, Mersin, Tunceli (Anlaş, 2009;
Anlaş & Rose, 2009; Kesdek et al., 2009; Özdemir & Sert, 2009; Özgen & Anlaş, 2010;
Özgen et al., 2010).
Philonthus corruscus (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Material examined: Gümüşhane: 2 exs., Kelkit, Çimenli, 1689 m, 39°58’06’’N,
39°22’48’’E, 16.V.2011, Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen. Manisa: 1 ex., Otoman, 330 m,
38°44’47’’N, 27°10’34’’E, 04.X.2008, leg. Anlaş. Muş: 1 ex., Buğlan Geçidi, 30.V.2011, leg.
Khachikov & Kasatkin.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Ankara, Izmir, Mardin, Mersin? (Anlaş, 2009; Özdemir
& Sert, 2009; Özgen & Anlaş, 2010).
265
Philonthus cruentatus (Gmelin, 1790)
Material examined: Gümüşhane: 2 exs., Kelkit, Yukarı Özlüce 4 km S, 1615 m,
39°58’27’’N, 39°29’42’’E, 16.V.2011, Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen.
Distribution in Turkey: Antalya, Denizli, Istanbul (Anlaş, 2009; Anlaş & Rose, 2009).
Philonthus debilis (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Material examined: Afyonkarahisar: 3 exs., Şuhut, Dadak 2 km N, 1320 m,
38°36’18’’N, 30°26’59’’E, 11.VIII.2010, leg. Anlaş. Erzincan: 1 ex., Refahiye, ŞahverdiAydıncık, 1753 m, 39°50’58’’N, 38°48’57’’E, 17.V.2011, Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Ankara, Denizli, Mersin (Anlaş, 2009).
Philonthus ebeninus (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Material examined: Elazığ: 2 exs., Doğukent, 12.VI.2010, leg. Özgen. Muş: 2 exs.,
Buğlan Geçidi, 30.V.2011, leg. Khachikov & Kasatkin; 1 ex., Varto, 31.V.2011, leg. Khachikov
& Kasatkin.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Antalya, Bursa, Izmir, Mersin (Anlaş, 2009; Anlaş &
Rose, 2009).
Philonthus fumarius (Gravenhorst, 1806)
Material examined: Muş: 1 ex., Buğlan Geçidi, 30.V.2011, leg. Khachikov & Kasatkin; 1
ex., Varto, 31.V.2011, leg. Khachikov & Kasatkin.
Distribution in Turkey: Istanbul (Apfelbeck, 1901; Anlaş, 2009).
Philonthus intermedius (Lacordaire, 1835)
Material examined: Adıyaman: 4 exs., Gölbaşı, Akçalar road inside 1 km, 02.VII.2007,
leg. Yağmur; 3 exs., Gölbaşı, Karakuyu village, 1 km W, 1210 m, 37°41’52”N, 37°38’14”E,
05.IV.2008, leg. Yağmur. Erzincan: 1 ex., Üzümlü, Küçük Sarıkaya creek bank, 1713 m,
39°14'20’’N, 39°50'02’’E, 18.V.2011, Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen. Gümüşhane: 2 exs.,
Kelkit, Yukarı Özlüce 4 km S, 1615 m, 39°58’27’’N, 39°29’42’’E, 16.V.2011, Anlaş, Khachikov
& Özgen. Izmir: 6 exs., Ödemiş, Bozdağlar, road to ski resort, ca. 1600 m, 38°21’N,
28°06’E, 21.V.2006, leg. Anlaş. Muş: 1 ex., Buğlan Geçidi, 30.V.2011, leg. Khachikov &
Kasatkin.
Distribution in Turkey: Ankara, Antalya, Denizli, Izmir, Kahramanmaraş, Mardin,
Mersin (Anlaş, 2009; Anlaş & Rose, 2009; Özgen & Anlaş, 2010).
Philonthus micans (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Material examined: Kırklareli: 2 exs., Demirköy, Hamam Gölü, 01.IX.2009, leg. Kunt.
Distribution in Turkey: Mersin [Tarsus (=Tarsous), Caramania] (Peyron, 1858; Fauvel,
1874; Herman, 2001; Anlaş, 2009).
Remarks: This species is recorded for the second time from Turkey.
Philonthus nitidicollis (Lacordaire, 1835)
Material examined: Bursa: 2 exs., Uludağ, Aynalı Gölü, 28.VIII.2007, leg. Koç.
Denizli: 3 exs., Babadağ, 1450 m 37°47’16’’N, 28°47’45’’E, 12.IV.2009, leg. Yağmur.
Diyarbakır: 1 ex., Dicle university campus, 05.VI.2010, leg. Özgen. Gaziantep: 3 exs.,
Şehitkamil, Sofalıcı 5 km SW, 37˚07’44’’N, 37˚05’13’’E, 23.III.2008, leg. Yağmur. Izmir: 7
exs., Bozdag Zirve, 2500 m, 28.III.2007, leg. Anlaş; 5 exs., Bozdağ Kayak Merkezi, ca. 2000
m, 29.V.2010 and 28.VII.2009, leg. Anlaş; 5 exs., Karaburun, Hades cave, 06.04.2009, leg.
Yağmur & Durmuş. Manisa: 4 exs., Spil National Park, ca. 1200 m, 38°33'43’’N,
27°23'25’’E, 30.IX.2006, leg. Anlaş. Mardin: 2 exs., Mazıdağı, Gürgöze, 950 m.,
37˚29’16’’N, 40˚31’06’’E, 31.V.2010, leg. Özgen. Siirt: 8 exs., Baykan 4 km NE, ca. 770 m,
38˚11’42’’N, 41˚49’03’’E, 21.V.2010 and 17.XI.2010, leg. Anlaş & Yağmur. Şırnak: 2 exs.,
Dicle river 4 km W, Yalıntepe village, 12.V.2007, leg. Yağmur.
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Ankara, Antalya, Bingöl, Gaziantep, Isparta, Izmir,
Konya, Siirt (Anlaş, 2009; Anlaş & Rose, 2009; Özgen & Anlaş, 2009; Japoshvili &
Anlaş, 2011).
Philonthus parvicornis (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Material examined: Muş: 2 exs., Varto, 31.V.2011, leg. Khachikov & Kasatkin.
Distribution in Turkey: Isparta, Muğla (Anlaş, 2009; Assing, 2013).
Philonthus quisquiliarius (Gyllenhal, 1810)
Material examined: Diyarbakır: 2 exs., Eğil, Kalkan 1 km SW, 38˚08’37’’N,
40˚03’37’’E, 13.IV.2008, leg. Yağmur; 1 ex., Eğil road 3 km inside, 04.VI.2010, leg. Özgen; 2
exs., Eğil, Kalkan, 21.V.2010, leg. Özgen & Yağmur.
266
Distribution in Turkey: Adana, Ankara, Izmir, Mersin (Anlaş, 2009; Özgen et al., 2010).
Philonthus rotundicollis Menetries, 1832
Material examined: Erzincan: 2 exs., Üzümlü, Küçük Sarıkaya creek bank, 1713 m,
39°14’20’’N, 39°50’02’’E, 18.V.2011, Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen.
Distribution in Turkey: Gaziantep (Anlaş, 2007, 2009).
Philonthus rubripennis (Stephens, 1832)
Material examined: Mardin: 2 exs., 31.V.2010, Mazıdağı, Gürgöze, 950 m, 37°29'08’’N,
40°31'38’’E, leg. Özgen. Tunceli: 1 ex., 13.IX.2007, Ovacık, Munzur Gözeleri, leg. Anlaş. 2
exs., Pülümür 3 km SE, 19.V.2011, Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen. Uşak: 3 exs., Eşme, Kısık 2
km NE, Gediz river bank, 470 m., 38˚38’06’’N, 28˚57’19’’E, 23.IV.2010, leg. Anlaş.
Distribution in Turkey: Erzurum, Mersin (Anlaş, 2009; Kesdek et al., 2009).
Philonthus rufimanus (Heer, 1839)
Material examined: Bursa: 3 exs., Uludağ, Aynalı Gölü, 28.VIII.2007, leg. Koç. Elazığ:
2 exs., Doğukent, 1080 m, 38˚40’50’’N, 39˚15’42’’E, 27.V.2010 and 01.VIII.2010, leg.
Özgen; 1 ex., Gümüşkavak, 02.VIII.2010, leg. Özgen; 2 exs., Keban, Ulupınar 2 km NW,
1009 m, 38°43’58’’N, 38°49’46’’E, 20.V.2011, Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen. Gümüşhane:, 1
ex., Manastır 3 km N, Cehennem valley, 1867 m, 40°31’56’’N, 39°36’16’’E, 15.V.2011, Anlaş,
Khachikov & Özgen. Kahramanmaraş: 2 exs., Andırın, Boztopraklı, ca. 700 m, ca.
37°31'N, 36°22'E, 23.VI.2007, leg. Yağmur. Kilis: 3 exs., Musabeyli, Akbayır, 08.VII.2006,
leg. Anlaş. Kütahya: 4 exs. Simav 10 km NW, near Simav Lake, 720 m, 39˚10’32’’N,
28˚55’21’’E, 24.IV.2010, leg. Anlaş; 2 exs., Simav 5 km W, Yeşilköy 1 km N, 24.IV.2010, leg.
Anlaş. Malatya: 2 exs., Arapgir 3 km NE, 912 m, 39°04'13’’N, 38°30'34’’E, 14.IX.2007, leg.
Anlaş. Manisa: 3 exs., Soma, Yağcılı, 256 m, 39°20’07’’N, 27°40’34’’E, 08.IV.2007, leg.
Anlaş; 1 ex., Selendi, Eskin, 29.VII.2007, leg. Anlaş; 4 exs., Demirci çayı, Bozköy 2 km E,
342 m, 38°52’55’’N, 28°31’47’’E, 24.IV.2010, leg. Anlaş. Mardin: 2 exs., Mazıdağı, Gürgöze,
950 m, 37°29'08’’N, 40°31'38’’E, 31.V.2010, leg. Özgen. Muş: 1 ex., Buğlan, 30.V.2011, leg.
Khachikov & Kasatkin; 2 exs., Varto, 31.V.2011, leg. Khachikov & Kasatkin. Siirt: 7 exs.,
Baykan 4 km NE, ca. 770 m, 38˚11’42’’N, 41˚49’03’’E, 21.V.2010, leg. Anlaş. Tunceli: 1 ex.,
Ovacık, Munzur Gözeleri, 13.IX.2007, leg. Anlaş; 3 exs., Ovacık, Ağaçpınar 6 km E, Munzur
river banks, 1197 m, 39°21’28’’N, 39°15’51’’E, 13.IX.2007, leg. Anlaş; 4 exs., Tunceli 5 km N,
Anafatma, Munzur river bank, 920 m ca. 39°07’N, 39°30’E, 13.IX.2007, leg. Anlaş &
Yağmur; 6 exs., Çemişgezek 1,5 km NW, Ormanyolu creek, 948 m, 39°04’06’’N, 38°54’18’’E,
14.IX.2007, leg. Anlaş; 3 exs., Çemişgezek, Payamdüzü, 955 m, 38°59’57’’N, 39°02’28’’E,
14.IX.2007, leg. Anlaş & Yağmur; 1 ex., 19.V.2011, Pülümür 3 km SE; 19.V.2011, leg. Anlaş; 2
exs., Uzuntarla 2 km E, leg. Anlaş. Uşak: 8 exs., Eşme, Kısık 2 km NE, Gediz river bank,
470 m., 38˚38’06’’N, 28˚57’19’’E, 23.IV.2010 and 29.V.2010, leg. Anlaş.
Distribution in Turkey: Aydın, Bayburt, Izmir, Kilis, Mersin? Manisa, Tunceli (Anlaş,
2009; Anlaş & Rose, 2009).
Philonthus succicola (Thomson, 1860)
Material examined: Kırklareli: 1 ex., Demirköy, Dupnisa-Sarpdere road, 01.X.2009,
leg. Kunt.
Distribution in Turkey: Istanbul (Apfelbeck, 1901; Anlaş, 2009).
Philonthus svanetiensis (Coiffait, 1974)
Material examined: Erzincan: 1 ex., Üzümlü, Küçük Sarıkaya creek bank, 1713 m,
39°14'20’’N, 39°50'02’’E, 18.V.2011, Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen.
Distribution in Turkey: Artvin, Erzurum, Rize (Assing, 2007; Anlaş, 2009).
Philonthus tenuicornis Mulsant & Rey, 1853
Material examined: Kırklareli: 1 ex., İğneada-Demirköy, Siğlioba, 03.X.2009, leg.
Kunt. Manisa: 1 ex., Otoman, 330 m, 38°44’47’’N, 27°10’34’’E, 04.X.2008, leg. Anlaş.
Distribution in Turkey: Not cited (Smetana, 2004; Anlaş, 2009).
Remarks: This species is reported for the first time as exact locality records.
Philonthus umbratilis (Gravenhorst, 1802)
Material examined: Tunceli: 1 ex., Tunceli 5 km N, Anafatma, Munzur river bank, 920
m ca. 39°07’N, 39°30’E, 13.IX.2007, leg. Anlaş & Yağmur.
Distribution in Turkey: Not cited (Smetana, 2004; Anlaş, 2009).
Remarks: This species is reported for the first time as exact locality records.
Philonthus varians (Paykull, 1789)
Material examined: Gümüşhane: 1 ex., Torul 10 km SW, 1314 m, 40°30’34’’N,
39°17’16’’E, 14.V.2011, Anlaş, Khachikov & Özgen.
Distribution in Turkey: Mersin, Sinop (Peyron, 1858; Anlaş, 2009; Assing, 2010).
267
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors would like to thank our colleagues for making their staphylinid bycatches to us.
LITERATURE CITED
Anlaş, S. 2007. The present situation of the Staphylinidae fauna of Turkey (Coleoptera). Linzer biologische Beiträge, 39
(1): 5-9.
Anlaş, S. 2009. Distributional checklist of the Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) of Turkey, with new and additional records.
Linzer biologische Beiträge, 41: 215-342.
Anlaş, S. & Rose, A. 2009. Some additional notes about Staphylininae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) fauna of Turkey.
Munis Entomology & Zoology, 4 (2): 327-333.
Apfelbeck, V. 1901. Bericht über eine Entomologische Forschungsreise nach der Türkei und Griechenland im jahre 1900.
Wiss Mitt Bosnisch-Herzegowin Landesmus, 8: 447-469 (in German).
Assing, V. 2007. On the Xantholinini of Turkey and adjacent regions (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae). Zootaxa,
1474: 1-54.
Assing, V. 2010. On the Staphylinidae of Turkey. VII. Five new species and additional records (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 80: 71-102.
Assing, V. 2013. On the Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) of Turkey IX. Five new species, a new synonymy, and additional
records. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde A, Neue Serie, 6: 103-125.
Fauvel, A. 1874. Faune Gallo-Rhénane ou descriptions des insectes qui habitent la France, la Belgique, la Hollande, le
Luxembourg, les provinces Rhénanes et la Valais avec tableaux synoptiques et planches gravées. Bull. Soc. Linn.
Normandie, 8: 167-340 (in French).
Herman, L. H. 2001. Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the end of the second millennium. V.
Staphylinine Group (Part 2). Staphylininae: Diochini, Maorothiini, Othiini, Platyprosopini, Staphylinini
(Amblyopinina, Anisolinina, Hyptomina, Philonthina). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 265:
2441-3020.
Japoshvili, G. & Anlaş, S. 2011. Notes on the Family Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) Collected by Pitfall Traps in Gölcük
Natural Park, Isparta Province of Turkey. J. Entomol. Res. Soc., 13: 41-48.
Özdemir, S. & Sert, O. 2009. Determination of Coleoptera fauna on carcasses in Ankara province, Turkey. Forensic
Science International, 183: 24-32.
Özgen, İ. & Anlaş, S. 2010. A cow dung investigation on Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) with a new record from Turkey.
Munis Entomology Zoology, 5 (2): 642-645.
Özgen, I., Anlaş, S. & Eren, S. 2010. Contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) Fauna of Cotton and
Pistachio Fields in Southeastern Anatolia. Anadolu Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 1 (1): 20-26.
Kesdek, M., Yıldırım, E. & Anlaş, S. 2009. Contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) fauna of
Turkey. Munis Entomology & Zoology, 4 (2): 355-364.
Newton, A. F. 2007. Documenting biodiversity: how well are we doing in Staphyliniformia (Coleoptera)
Entomological Society of America poster presentation. 2007; D0471. Available (ESA members only) at
http://esa.confex.com/esa/2007/ techprogram/paper_32168.htm.
Peyron, E. 1858. Catalogue des Coléoptères des environs de Tarsous (Caramanie), avec la description des espèces
nouvelles. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr., 3: 353-434 (in French).
Schillhammer, H. 1998. Revision of the East Palaearctic and Oriental species of Philonthus Stephens - Part 1. The
cyanipennis group (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae, Staphylininae). Koleopterologische Rundschau, 68: 101-118.
Smetana, A. 1954. Vy´sledky zoologické expedice Národního musea v Praze do Turecka. 17. Coleoptera VI. Staphylinidae
(genera Philonthus Curt., Gabrius Steph.). Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae, 29 (439): 177-180.
Smetana, A. 2004. Family Staphylinidae (except subfamilies Pselaphinae and Scaphidiinae). In: Löbl I. & A. Smetana
(eds), Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 2. Hydrophiloidea, Histeroidea, Staphylinoidea. Apollo Books,
Stenstrup: 237-698.
268
SCIENTIFIC NOTES
A NEW RECORD FOR THE TENEBRIONIDAE FAUNA OF
ISRAEL: AKIS SUBTRICOSTATA REDTENBACHER, 1850
(COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE).
Oz Rittner* and Henk K. Mienis**
* Steinhardt National Collections of Natural History, Department of Zoology, Tel Aviv
University, IL-6997801 Tel Aviv, ISRAEL. E-mail: [email protected]
** National Natural History Collections, Berman Building, Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Il-91904 Jerusalem, ISRAEL. E-mail: [email protected]
[Rittner, O. & Mienis, H. K. 2016. A new record for the Tenebrionidae fauna of Israel:
Akis subtricostata Redtenbacher, 1850 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Munis Entomology &
Zoology, 11 (1): 268]
Akis subtricostata Redtenbacher, 1850 (Fig. 1) is reported from Israel for the
first time with further notes on its distribution in Jordan.
The distribution range of Akis subtricostata includes Iran, Iraq, Syria (Löbl et
al., 2008) and Turkey (Keskin & Yağmur, 2008). Although this species is not
mentioned from Jordan in Löbl et al. (2008). It is mentioned by Katbeh-Bader
(1996) from Jordan (Dhulayl) and Waitzbauer (2002) mentioned also the area of
Petra and Wadi Arava, which will here be treated as 'Arava Valley.
On the 12th of September 2014, three specimens of Akis subtricostata were
collected in the Southern area of the 'Arava Valley, Israel. This is the first record
of this species from Israel. Further examination of the Akis specimens deposited
in TAU revealed three specimens, all collected in 1968 by J. Klapperich (Bonn)
during his 1956-1969 collecting in Jordan. Bytinski-Salz (1969, p. 186) wrote that
"the material has been distributed to specialists, but nothing has been published
so far". These three specimens are now the earliest known record from Jordan. It
seems these specimens were later on sent back to Israel without being treated and
so Akis subtricostata remained unknown from Jordan until the publication of
Katbeh-Bader (1996), which was based on a single specimen from Dhulayl.
In Israel, the beetles were collected around midnight with the help of a
flashlight. The beetles were seen wandering actively on semi stabilized sand dunes
near Samar dunes. Further study is needed in order to learn the distribution
pattern of Akis subtricostata in Israel. The possibility of its existence in Saudi
Arabia, which is bordering Jordan at about 30 km to the south of Wadi Rum,
where Klapperich collected the three specimens, is also naturally high and needs
to be examined.
Material examined: Israel: Arava valley, 2km N.W. of Elifaz, 12.ix.2014,
29°48'15"N / 35° 02'07"E (Alt. 75m). Leg. O. Rittner, 3 exx. Jordan: Wadi Rum,
10.x.1968, Leg. J. Klapperich, 3 exx.
LITERATURE CITED
Bytinski-Salz, H. 1969. The present status of systematic entomology in Israel. Israel Journal of Entomology, 4 (1): 157201.
Katbeh-Bader, A. 1996. Contribution to our knowledge of the Tenebrionidae (Coleoptera) of Jordan. Zoology in the
Middle East, 13 (1): 99-106.
Keskin, B. & Yağmur, E. A. 2008. A new record for the Tenebrionidae fauna of Turkey: Akis subtricostata
Redtenbacher, 1850 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 43: 113-114.
Löbl, I., Merkl, O., Ando, K., Bouchard, P., Lillig, M., Masomuto, K. & Schawaller, W. 2008. Tenebrionidae,
pp. 105-351. In I. Löbl & A. Smetana (ed.): Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera, Vol. 5. Stenstrup: Apollo Books,
Stenstrup, 670 pp.
Waitzbauer, W. 2002. Vorläufiges Arteninventar der zwischen 1990 und 2002 in Jordanien aufgesammelten
Tenebioniden (Coleoptera). Unveröff. Manskript, 1-22.

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