docZoophilous Pollination Plant Cost-Benefits Plant Cost
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Zoophilous Pollination Plant Cost-Benefits Plant Cost
Zoophilous Pollination Plant Cost-Benefits ! Animal vs. wind vectors – Animals actively seek specific flowers – Animals carry pollen farther ! Outcrossing possible at lower popn densities ! Low wind habitats suitable for plant reproduction ! Decreased pollen : ovule ratio BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 1 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions Animal Cost-Benefits Plant Cost-Benefits ! Production ! High quality food from reliable sources ! Costs: of attractants ! Production of rewards ! Non-pollinating floral visitors BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 2 – Pollen load negligible – Pollinia may obscure vision or movement – Ambush predation 3 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 4 Mutualism as Leap-frog Selection Origins ! Pattern clear for insects ! Not so clear for plants – Angiosperm are massively diverse – Zamiacieae cycads not more diverse than sister group – Gnetales less species rich than Pinaceae Fig. 6.1 Fig. 2.2 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 5 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 6 1 Role of Pollinators I Role of Pollinators I ! Pollinator potential: ability of pollinator to remove/deposit pollen BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions ! Pollinator potential: ability of pollinator to remove/deposit pollen 7 ! Pollinator ! Pollinator effectiveness: ability of individual pollinators to transfer pollen importance: the net movement of pollen within a plant population effected by a pollinator group during a flowering season 9 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 10 Out-crossing Mechanisms Pollination Syndromes ! Protandry ! Balance of trade-off between pollinator attraction/reward and optimizing out-crossing ! Indiscriminate attraction not ideal ! Selection to reduce selffertilization BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 8 Role of Pollinators III Role of Pollinators II BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions ! Pollen tube growth inhibition ! Stagger intra-plant flower production ! Herkogamy ! Monoecy ! Dioecy 11 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 12 2 Visual Cues I: Shape ! # Visual Cues II: Size of axes of symmetry – Actinomorphic – Zygomorphic ! Depth dimension Fig. 6.2 13 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions Visual Cues III: Fluctuating Asymmetry BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 14 Visual Cues IV: Colour ! Pigments – Anthocyanins, anthoxanthins – Carotenoids – Flavones, flavonols ! Epidermal reflectance in nocturnally pollinated flowers ! Colour perception depends on combination of tri- or tetra-chromatic vision receptors Fig. 6.3 15 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions ! Cocktails Olfactory Cues Fig. 6.4 16 Auditory Cues of small cmpds incl. mono- & sesqueterpenes, fatty acids, phenolics ! Long-distance: attraction ! Short-distance: mediate flower visiting behaviour ! Communicate socially relevant information BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions ! Petal of Mucuna holtonii deflects ultra-sound ! Acts as an auditory nectar guide 17 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 18 3 Plant Rewards I: Pollen Plant Rewards II: Nectar ! Modified phloem exuded from glands ! Sugars approx. [15-45%] ! Trace amino acids ! Diurnal production ! Primary reward for eaters, secondary for nectar feeders ! Rich in protein, therefore costly to plant – Poricidal anthers – Gradually dehiscent anthers 19 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions ! Decrease costs to plant ! Frequency-dependent ! Requires naïve pollinators ! Oils for larval provisioning or nest construction ! Scents collected by Euglossine bees ! Seeds for offspring 21 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions Pollination Syndromes Moths Birds Tab. 6.1 Bats Beetles Flies Bees Diurnal Matinal/ diurnal Yellow/ blue Flowering Diurnal Time Dusk/ night Diurnal Nocturnal Diurnal/ crepuscular Yellow/ red Bright white Red Drab Green White Light Scent Weak Strong perfumy None Strong fermented Strong Fruity Mushroomy Sweet Shape Nectar tube Nectar spur Tubular Wide Flat/ bowl Flat/ bowl Complex Reward Nectar Nectar Nectar Nectar/ pollen Pollen/ nectar/ tissue Pollen/ nectar Pollen/ nectar/ resin/oils Colour BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 20 Deceptive Pollination Plant Rewards III: Other Butter -flies BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 23 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 22 Specialization vs. Generalization Fig. 6.5 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 24 4 Specialization vs. Generalization Handling Time and Constancy ! Plant ideal is specialization ! Select for pollinator effectiveness – Attraction – Manipulation Fig. 6.6 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 25 ! Excitement ! High elevation: long spurs, no aerial bulbils ! Low elevation: short spurs ! Approach ! Pounce ! Pseudocopulation Fig. 6.7 Fig. 6.10 27 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 28 Flower-Mediated Selection Flower-Mediated Selection Fig. 6.11 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 26 Pollinator-Mediated Diversification Pollinator-Mediated Selection BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions Figs. 6.12 & 6.13 29 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 30 5 Phylogenetic Analyses Active Pollination Mutualisms ! Fig & Fig Wasp & Yucca Moth ! Senita Cactus & Senita Moth ! Yucca Fig. 6.15 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 31 BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 32 Future Studies ! Native pollinator restoration ! Colony Collapse Disorder BIO BIO 4134: 4134: Plant-Animal Plant-Animal Interactions Interactions 33 6
