Study of Bayonne directed by Edith H. Keely 8/23

3\ STUDY •
STATE - New Jersey
DATE - 8/~3 - 9/3/1920
CITY - Bayonne
BY - Olga K. Ihlaeng
Directed - Edith H. Keely
I. History
The earlist attempts to settle on the site now occupti
Bayonne were Uk~de early in the 17th century by the Dutch
from New .Amaterdrun. But these sett.lements were only temport;ry"
due to trouble vii th the Indiana.
by
In 1664 the F~g11sh governor granted the land to
Samuel Edsall and lUcholas Johnson. They divided it up and
sold it before lone there was a permanent settlement of Dutch.
English. French, Germandand Scandinavians alongthe Hook.
Their chief mourCe of wealth was in their exceedingly fertile
farma.
The first manufacturing concern was the Hazard Fowder
House on Constable Hook, which supplied mlmitions during the
wnr of 1012. In 1837-38 the New Drigh.tonCompany tried extensive
real eatate development on the hook but failed. On Jlarch 15, 2.
1861 the townships of Bayonne was set off by the sta.te legialat
ure. It included Salterville, Pamrapo, Centreville, Bereen
poin:" and Constable's Hook. In 1865 the population was 1700; l¥
1890 it had incre!;tDed to. 19,033- due largely to the influx of ."
foreigners. In politics Bayonne generally eoes Democre<.tio.
{First Hiotory of ~yonne, N.J ••
R. P. Whitcomb)
LL. Gave rnmenJ.
There is a commission form of e;overnment, adopted
May 1, 1915, administered by five cOlDm1sB1oners who are elected
for terms of four yeare. The nextelection will be held in 1923.
The commissioners are: Dr. VI.Homer Axford Direotor of Public Affairs,(J.tayor)­
Legal Department,
exercise, school board, library board, member of the
board of estimate.
.
Dr. ~crt Daly, Director of Revenue and Finance-taxes.
city treasurer.
Mr. John P. Smith, Director of Streets and Pl,1blio Improve~ .
mente- surveys, city engineer.
Mr. Robert Talbot, Director of Parks find Public Property
Mr. John O.Devlin, Director of Public Safety-police, fire,
health, theatrcs. (Synopsis on file in Bayonne Libre.ry)
::/2­
Ill. Popvl[:_t.i_o,!!
1'.8. (;ensus-55,r,'Hi r
11.~1. 8el1sUS- l6,rl',i].- on increase of ;'.f.2% Accord ing to Mi BS Ge.rcl1lfn~ t of the in ternntiona1 Ins ti tute, "?E% nre foreicn-born o~'bhildrenof fo~eign-born p~rcnts. There
Fre people of 30 different tontu~s in Bayonne. Th~re ~re prob~lly
1~)10
l~-O
between 10,OCO ~nd 15,000 J~WG. There are a]so 500 Spanish men but
they I:'.ro <,,11 wi thout i'ani1i eS here. The first foreibnerscDIJle in
1876 wllen the Stancinrv. Oil Company stB.rte(~ i 1;.(; refineries on the
Hook. Elovaks, Pole::; nnd Hunenrj.nnc cnme then ana '-v~re er!lployecl wi th
the Irish ~llld GerrllHns. Since tben lithuani::'.l1s, "Rl.lthenians and. Ita1ic.m
have come in lor['c 111Jrnl,ers."
J:[lyol1ne-~~
N11 t i..9J2!.:}j!J-:
Numler
NumteriL
----
Ita1h'!.ns
Lithuanian
l!fagnar
Hungnria.ns
Polish
-qu5sian
i{uthcnhJ.no
Slovnkc
6,000
~2, 500
500
:G,ooo
3,000
2,000
10,000
rl , 000
15,000
200
2,bOO
3,500
~O-~O-O--
v
,G
24,01'fb­
s~cured by l~iBS GArdner from tile priests of foreign cbl.lrchcs
and frou -1'. Cole of the hnericie.nizction Coni1ni ttee
J ersey Indus tri1J,1 T:jrectory of 191b
EstimateD
If
New
J\ustrinllS
Cnnedinns
JEng,Dcotch
jf'rench
Germpns
Greeks
Hune;ari;:!ns
2452
Irish
3444
265
Ita1i~n~
1?38
~"-le1sh
1499
~utch nnd Be1gi~nB 18
6?
ScancinRvians 355
1?06:1Usoians8·, Fins6918
7
Turks
27
1795
Others
312
D.G.Census, 1010 Tota1- 20,622·
In 1~;10 there W'.1re :->6,018 vlor-len.
I'pplying the 3b.25';; rntio
of incroD ce, there wau1e. Le 3b, ~:i5? women in 19~;0. 78c:t of thi 5 numher
wo'v1c. b. 28,046 forei[nwomen. P. merfber of the Int~r'nationD1 Insti tl1te
staff se,ys thnt a lR.rr:e 1;opua11iol1 of theEt:' 00 not cpeak 1~ng1ish.
In 1910 there YH:re only 2S5negrowomen in ra.yonne. The negro
sections are in the vicini ty of Avenue C and. ;'.2110. street ann 44th st.
between B an~ C.
The 1910 cen::;us gives 2682 [ir1s cetween 10 nnd 14 - inc::"28SCu. 1:)y 3l:..:);~
3'106 'I
•
;:;5'73
19
15
2586 2 n
"
"If
"
"11
20 II :2 24
2764 "
" ;:,809
"
=
The 1919 school census gives
~;bB3
eir1s between 10 and 14
381"
" 1 5 " 1?
24
11
J.b" 20
3r~ I I I. Po In; 1 [> t:L91!
1010 IT.S.
r:cn3us-55.~,l,i.5 l~;
0 tit!;. f'!Cl'lSUS-'16,'/!:4- D.n increase of 3B.2% Accord ing to Mi. so Gardner, of the international lnot! tute, "?e% nrc foreien-born or' children 'of foreign-born parente. nlere
F're people of 30 d1ffel'ent tonculHl in }3R.yormo. There Hre probrl:.ly
b~twcenlO,OOO nnd 15.000 JewD.
There are 0100 500 Spnnioh men but
they ere nIl without faJilili ee here. The first forci£nersoc'Dlc in
18?6 when the stantinrd Oil Compfl.ny stortecJ. ita refineries on the
Hook. Slovaks f Poles nnd HungnriHne Cflmc then anu WI,:l'e employed with
the Irish and Germans. Since then lithuaniaus. Ruthenifllls anti ItnlicIll
hove come in lnrrc nvmbe~6."
13!lyonne .. ~~
Nntionuli~
UUtller
NurnlerQ
Italians
Llthuaninn
l"agnar
Hungnriane
Polish
Russian
Hutheniana
Slovaks
6,000
2,500
500
2,000
3,000
~2 ,000
10.000
7,000
15,000
200
~~
,!)oo
.•3 II 500
•• _
30 ,~?,OO
24,000
];etimatcs e\;curc,i. by lUaB Gnrdner from tllc })ricstl3 of foreign ohurches
and from -r. Cole of the flrlloricianiz:·· tion COI(lD1i ttcc
# New Jersey Industrial Direotory of' 191b
Irish
3444
265
Itali~nB
1738
1499
Dutch Bnd Belgians 18
67
Scandinavians 355
1?06
~uDBians& FincG91B
?
Turks
2?
1795
Others
31~~
U.S.Census, 1010 Total---- 20,623
In 1~::10 ~here w';re ~?6.018 WOf,1cn. I'pplylng the 3l:.2% ratio
of incrctlse I there "lould 1e 3!~, ~~57 womcn in 19~~O. 7b~ of thi e number
wot,ld b. ~8.046 foreiCllwomcn. A nember of the Intt1rnational Institute
staff sa.ys thnt a In.rcc popuala.on of thene tio not speak Bngl1sh.
Austrians
Canadinns
1r~ng, Bcotch Welsh
French
Germpns
Greeks
HunBarinns
g'i!)~~
In 1910 there were only 295ncgrowomen in PByonne. The negro
sections are in the vicini ty of /\vonue C fino. 2~~nu. Str(;et !lnu 44th st.
between Band C.
The 1910 census gives 2682 Girls be tween 10 C1.nd 14 - IncrcHocu by 3t. 2~'
3',06 It
f1
15
19
2506 2 "
•
35'1:3 "
"
"tI
.,
3809
20 II :? 24
2?64 n
"
"
=
The 1919 schoul census [1V6a
~2bg3
381
24
girls between 10 and 14
n
15
17
"
,.
..
"
Ib
"
~~O
5L( IV. 1 ndustrinl
Fayonne is ai tuntct.. on n long narrow neck of l[1no lietwcen New lork
Pay and l~ew(l rk Bt:1Y. The Centrnl a" ilro!l(~ of New Je rocy io its only
railroAd .1'16 the tcrrdnal of the lonccat ))ipe lind in the world, carring
oil lbOO ul.iles from the OaklnhoPlll' ddl fip-llia to Constnlle Hook, it ia
principally enC[1ged in the refininc of oil, wi th its l'y..prouucta. C08,1
shmpping is 'another iMportRnt busineeo:.
The other industries are
silk mille
ate\!l castinCD
elastic f",['rics
Gottton alld wool wacte
motor6
l"efipcti sulphur
motor boata
inculnted wire and calle
lutterline
l~orHx, SOf'PS, H,nel lotcilns
men' a women's an<.. chrillt'ren' a clothing
chemicflls
nickle anO monel metal
cotton belting
mflchineJ."'y
The U. S. Censuo Of MnllufHcturinc for 1924 gi v esl~:l imiu13trinl
lLents. employing 11 ,89~ people.
05 t
.. lli 13);
The industrial Tirectory of new" erouy Giv\!!::. i;G fnctori~.:s in 1915,
emp} oying 12 J 5l~ people; emu 6f~ factories in 1918, 61l1ploying :~9, 4;~4
people. The new jersl;y Burenu of lc::bor re})L,rtl.J 74 fJlctories iu 1920,
employing approxiamtely 1t ,000 people.
The chief int..uetrico with he '{,guarter'o out side of Bnyonllne
Ame ri ca in Rrl.u ift tor Compr-my
Bn1cock Rnd Wilcox
Barclay t, nti Cornrany
Carbo-HydroF:en Coma.pny
Dodec 0na Olcott
Elco
Gulf Refining Comc',pny
International Niele Compnmy
Vacuum Oil Company
~'re:
Jia tiollul lJulpllUr Comapny
J. EclwElrd Ogden
Compllny
Poeific Conet Eo ray. ComJ'f!uy
~) to nu n,rd 0 i 1 CompHny
Henry steers
Te;,:' t; Company
Tiue Wl'ter Oli eomppny
(Clw.m1)cr of Commerce)
0.1.1 f.:eeda
There [are ,L499 erploym, in BHyonnc • HB f1b110WB:
Teachers
Licriens
Factories
PIHllt
Aronsohn Bloom Bilk mills
!~OO Babcock & Wilcox-coilers
Earcla,y (. CompclDY ~)oaps
40 J.)[lyonne 1301 t &. Nut Corr.pnny-scrcws 'If) :r;uryea l~f. Co. -Cotton 1:elying
15
Eleotro -I'ynmnic Co. Motors
67
John J. !fenlon Elastic bEl.neiD
15
Nuooa Butter Co.
60
::7
Pacific COf.Hi t Borax Co.
~: 6
Safety Insulated ~1re Co.
Schwarzenbach Huber silk mille
'125
Southern Cotton Oil Co. lard
14
Stana.nrd Oil Co.
l~W
Case & Can
If)
.
Nujol
eo
Tide Water Oil Company
413 11 Office 100 4
;;0
10
~; ~
~
') 1 ,.
i"77
, " I ~l ~~) IV. In<i.llstrinl
Payonri-e--r; si tUfctCCc on n lone; llnrrOW llG(!k of If-lId l!etween New lork
T-'I::'y Hn<3 Newerl, Br'y.
The Central :~: ilroao of New Jersey is i tc Oflly
r13ilro!',(;c.
fS the terJ:!innl of the lOl1[;cst }Jipe line in the world, earring
oil lbOO [LUeS from the Oakln}lcr1rl. Ihil fielus to ConDt~,tle Hook, it is
princip~lly ~n[~gea in the refinine of oil, with its by-prouucts.
Coal
sh~pping ib another importnnt business~
The other industries
~re
silk mills
ste l; 1 cas tine::
elastic fpbrics
cotttcn and wool wncte
motors
~'8fiued s·ulphur
motor boats
incula ted wi re and cr;l~le
l,orax, sopps, ant. lotlhns
lutterline
uhemic~ls
rn~n's women'b 2nu chril~r8n's clothing
cotton belting
nickle ano Monel illeta]
rm ell i ne ~y
LiveEl:~l
The U.S.Cen::;)\..ls of, lJnfJufncturin[: for 19::::11
l"ents, e1r!ploying 11 ,8<J~ I).;ople.
irJ(.ll1otribl ast;--11jsl1
The inLiustrial "iirer.!torv of IJeVl • erG:,;y Civ·.;!::; :.2G i'c-H.:tori,~:s in 1915,
emp) oyi.ng ) 2, :H23 people; unu v 6~'? fActor-iel;) in 1918, el11plo$inc: ~;9, 424
people. The New ::ter::l'~y J~ure,tu of IF1:;or r~I'l·rtL 74 fp,ctories iIJ 1920,
employ ing C'.pprox1;uately 11, 000 peOl)le.
The chief in'.,ustrie:: wi th
f.J!lel'icc~in
:l[t«h~tor
he~ClgVf.'rtel's
COmr~iljy
national lulphur COlilhpny
J . .J:01Jwro Og<.Len
(l11 Semis Compr.ny
Facif i c Coas t Porn}~ ~om:;";:'llY
~}t:::mlard. Oil Company
Henry Steers
ree~.[' i. Company
Title WI ter eli eomp~'ny
(r::h<'~l'"Jer of 80!.lIlleJ'r;e)
Bntcock and 'Wilcox
F,8,relay : nu COIfi?any
Carl,o-Hydrocen Comapny
T:odt:...: :'nt< CIcott
l~lco
Gulfr~efining
r::omr-pn:r
In terna ti o11Etl Nir..: Ie C011pc'.ny
Ve.CUl.un Oi 1 Com}:uny
There .
~re
:~499
c:
ploye~
out sice of FEyonnne :-re:
in
r~yonne
TehC}lel'f)
I i[,ri:'ns
rlhIJt
Fo etori e:::
:~OO j\rullsohn Ploom silk mills
l'p.r;eoc:k 8. Wilcox-l:.·oilers
J10 FarolRY ~ r::ompeny Soups
?5 I~E<yoldle :2,01 t L Hut COltlpnny-screws
15
r.llryea Hef. Co. -Cotton telying
(7
Electro -ryn~mic Co. Notors
15
John J. Nealon Elas tic 1[,noo
60
Nucoa Butter Co.
~!7
Facific C08Et Borax Co.
~'6
Safety InsulateuJire Co.
l~25
ScllW~irZt;;n'Ladl Hu'ber siH: lIli lIe
III
Sout.hern Cotton Oil Co. h:.rti
stano'Cird Oil Co.
J.:20
Case (I, Can
: ;~; Nujol
Titi e ','1ate:r 01] Company
~o
: (;0(,
• us
f~llowu:
413 11 Office 100 4
~20
10
1~~ j /f·
1, /.,
3(0 _.It­
Potels
La toure t te -colored Yah}.!')
9
I.8,uDuries
ue Water Hoffman
Telephone Exch!:nge
~::,\
50 Officb8 :,'[es tern Unmon
Bank of South Hudson
trni on Trus t Coml)(trly
Bayonne Trust Co.
Mechanic:3 Trust: Go.
1
')
tw
6
6
stores Boston
WcCroys
Steingb~res
1 ~)
20 3
20 4
27 Cwent ohops ;)0 ".pt t\nd Zuke rHlan
Fayonne Shirt works
40 Bpyonne sId rib Co.
34 Perslwdsky
15 Brooks BrotheBS
50 Chic :Dreos:;s
... , ) J.Cohen
H: Evelina Waist
24 Fashion Chril~ren rrs6ues 50 Goldstein Fershndsky
'10 Hernl9.n Lrothers
4
Inuependant ~reBG Cc.
10 Lim~crn~n and Gershitz
4.5 Piudle Atlantic Ynitting Hilla 12 FenilJaula Shirt Co.
65 ;~O
N. [(ouliD.
~l'
. ,:­
.'
4S~~ Total
There is no Hinilllvm vwce
h"lJ'i
~~499 in NeVI Jer:.:;ey.
Teachers salaries r11 nee 1)'8 tween 1400· and 360001Hn' i\flHUm I 1 j br~:'r;i.
inns tetween 900 line, HOO.
In factories the l)ay rC'lnC'::o fr01:l f>,g a week, paid to the very
young girls as beginners, and~35~week to women uoing the ~Gualiv9nt of
men's work in one of tIle 1:dg COI!wpnies.
.j
The girls employed in Hotel '.Vork receive (12 a week.
In laundries wooen receive f~om~13 to ~22 a week, ~16 on an R~erage
for five d~YG a week.
In the Telepl1,. ne
e;.ch1"nge the min:imum is $14.50 a week.
In Offices the sF!.lE',ries r;:mee betvilcen (~15 ~md ;~~.'5
H
week.
Tn stores the }J<'.Y :"'ver8Cc::: n1;ovt (15 n .veek; where any [irls Ere
emplt'yed. Fast of the S110pS fire small, L,rdly estr;l:liEhT!1Cntu in WILCh
the fatlier, mother , cl'rildr..;:n am. rel;:ti '.lOS c..o all the 'ivork.
... Ji. ..
3r-:t
Hotele
tatourette -colorcd l~ai<.i1J
{)
Launaries ae W~ter Hoffman
Telephone Exchnnge
2!J 50 Offices Western Uneion
Bank of South Hudson
Union Trust Company
Bayonne Trust Co.
16echanics TrueD Co.
1:.2­
Stores
Boston
McCroys
2>
!;O
1
2
6
6
Steingb~res
4
30 Sweat shops Apt And Zukerman
30 Bayonne Shirt works
40 BAyonne shir* Co.
34 :Aerahndaky
15 Brooks Brotheus
50
.. ,
Chic l"reS(L s
0)' J.Cohen
Hi Evelina Waist
24 Fashion Chrildren TreBucs t'lO Goldstein Fershnusky
40 Herman Brothers
4
Inaependant nreso Cu.
10 Laderman and Gershi tz
45 Mio.d1e Atlantic l(ni tting Mills 12 PenillDUlo. Shirt Co.
65 N. Roulip
"0
!.L-
2?
,~;
J~
oj
­
4f,2
Tota.l 2499 There is no Uinimum wnLe law in NeVI JerlJcy.
Tenchore DfLlnrics rnnge between, 1400 . and 30000per nnnum; libr!.ri!
inns between 900 nne lbOO.
In fnctoriee the pay rnnl.:ec fran ~:9 a week; paid to the very
young girls as l;oginners, andf:':!)nweok to women uoing the IH;uali VB.nt of
ments work in one of the big Com~pnieB.
The girls employed in Hotel Work r~cp.ive ~12 u week.
In laundries WOI!1en recolfl've fl7o.m:l3 to ~22 a week, ~'16 on an average
for five dr·yo a week.
In the Telep},! net
e:J',chHnge t.he minimum ia $14.50 a week.
In Offices the sn.lc;',rics rnnge between $15 and ~t35 n week.
In stores the pay f'Vert:1eCf.l fltout "15 a week; where any [irls nre
employed. Host of the shops EIre Hmall. fpmily estn1:1i ahments in wh i eh
the fAther, mother, cl!rildr;.;11 nml relntlves do all the work.
3v
-5­
In SW8;; t nhops the pay rcl]l[CS from ~~lO end ~:;)O a week for the people
work insiue. 1,!ost of the esta.tli chmentsnend C"ruentf.> out to be finished
a.no. it W2S impossj.tle to find any alicrflgc for the W:'£8B of such workers.
h,JQ
Thereis no uistinction in ficuting w~ges between the rnccs. ( In two
"tore fOlmu workint: sit,c ty siuc.)
Where ID-en and women cio the ocWle equ8.livant vwrk the pay is the ::3OII1e.
n'if at shops colored nnd v,hite [irlo
'fhel' is a state1::-"vl liI:1i tine the workinc hourn of women to 10 11(;~.rs a
uuy six days a week. The fp cto:d es 'Nork 4b hours g \leek , from Rlout "'A .r,.
until 41',J(;. with a h;:'lf a di>y Scl,turt<C1Y. Cne fnctory pper( tr;;s threee 2hifts
?A.}~-3P.lr.- 3-11 anci ll_r, with 10 women Oll e.' ch chift. rj'hey fetch tl1eir,"
lunches Hnd a.re perrd tted to lfi[1ke coffee therf.'.
The women employuLi in the Fotel only 1vork tlurinr the ONY.
The re Rre f otJr [i rls workill1g
is a lunch room in the butldine.
p
t nifl1 t in the
TeH~phlilne
exchange.
There
The Gtorcs are open ~'rOli'l gl\.J.~ \Jntil 9J .F. In one stores l!prt of tbe
force vlOrks until 6P .F. anu tben "1,nother sbift com.:;s on to \f!ork until 9.
In a.nother store nn hour is :llowed. for ItJDch and 811 llOur and Iv If for
dinner.
The re is an E hour d, y in the swec,t sho:ps.
Comd tions in the fRctories seem to b~ good. The Uf.'W Jersey aoue is
L.efinpte in itt: requirment.s anti tll'.. :ce ~re frc(;uent"j.nsJJections.
v~ry
v.
Li~~nEconuitionc
A very 6m2-II propor!:"Jtion of Cirlo cEplcyed ill
yonnnt:: live awa.y frm"il.
The nUlr.bcr is so insicnficnnt thE't nOHle of the fpc4Jories could gi lbe
any information about it.
!10TI' C.
The mimiIllum cost of livine;
board, Leals, C: rf:·re is
:.llJout~'14.00
a week.
The a.verage cost of boatlLing is ~:5 a wee-k for P. room :.~nu from ~C to :/)
for two meals a day per week. Accorcl.ing to the Yi'CA Rooms registry 11.,re, u
ther is no scarceity o~ rooms.
In the upper acction of the City, from 3l3t to 40th st., the rooms
are comfortable, wellfurni &11ed nnu well l:ept. But the foreign secti on
condi tiona ~:re Luc.... The people hnve Etu.yed 011 in 'wllere they firstsettled
!·::3.ny of them frome tenelllents, anti larce falrli 1 ie G are c.1.:'0',':.... ed in to small
Apartments which they shere with lodgeru. This is particuAarly true of the
"tetwe een 15th and ~26th st. VIlli ell is r:wre conveni ent to the bi[, inti ustr~!E s
on the Hook.
Thereare no re sid cnee
(a 1)1J6 in J3Ryonne.
There are no at tracti v~; en tin[ pl;:1.c es tn Fayonne, only
less dirty lunch rooms l'ept by foreicners.
sm~j 11
, more'
01'
The .dist8.l1ce f:l. worker lives from v:ork v,lries betV!ecn the trip- tEl.ken by
the weil:l -:paid steno£r:.pher vri:lo [oes to tlev{ York by tr&in- about ;:!JId nutes
tlJe Cirl WflO works nt Colp,te I s or at En office in .Teroey Ci ty-:~bout 40minute
l;y trolly- and the imr.lJDtrinl e:irl V!110 1i',es (,0\,"11 near thef[~ctory ,;;?ct'ion on
the!:ook Rnu 'who wll:.lks 10 or l~; minu;,€s
ter leE';\iin(; the trolly.
'
-6-
'39 refare is 711/ and the core run at irregular intervals down Avenue fJ and
Lcrosa 22nd st. to the Hook. .T1 tney fnre is 51 - these run freQuentl,t. on
~rondway, but they are fenerally crowuec1 to oapAcity, with men anti women.
rany of the faotories on the Hook senu cars to ~>'2nd st. to meet employees.
rI.Rdusation
Aocording to the Census of 1910 the totll.l 1111 terocy in Bayonne is 11.3%
Nv,tive Whi te ... 0.4%
Foreign Eorn "'1?9~
Negro
- 7.8%
~very Ch11d between the ngcs of 7 nnd 14 yeurs,and every child between the
tg'es of 14 and 16 years who haD not been urntiuo.ted an nge and schooling certi
~ica. te must attend school every tiD,y' pul)lto sohools in the district are in
lession. or receive an eG,ualivnnt eduoation eloe where than at school, unless
lis or her mental body conca tion ia such as to prevell; Buch atteric1ance.
An aEe and schooling oertifioate oonnot b~ fronted to nny chIld overthe
1ge of 14 unless suoh ohila has attended Bohool 130 dflYS duriIlg the 12 ,months
lmmediately preceeding the date of applioation for an age and ,schooling OE1:'tl
~ioate, is atle to rend intelligently an~ write lOCibly si~ple sentence 1n L••
~hebJnglish i:langJIage, hao. completed e. course of stUtty equa,l~ vant to fi veyear
.y grRdes in re~lding. wri tine, spelling; Bng11sh lnnguage ana geography. is
~amiliar with the funuorment'l operations of arithmetic up to and including
;lmple fo.otions. and is able to perform the work 1n which he o~ ahe may legal
Ly be employed.
An age and work1mg ccrtifionte In.."lY 'be grfmted to any ohila 'between the
Lges of 10 nnel l6yenrs. This certificate <iooB not exempt a chi~d f::.. . om attend
moe at school, but permitB it to be etlployed between the hours of 6A.M'. and
7P.M. but not during the hours tho publio Dchools flre in ,"06s10n. selling new
lewsp~.pers. blacking ShOCB. running errands and other light employment npt
)therwiat: prohibited bylaw for ohrildren under 16 yellrs of age.
.
(Synopsis of Compulsory Sohool Attendance Law, issued by the
Dept. of Public Instruction, Trention, Nov. 1.1918)
All ohr11dren Dver 14 and. und.or 16 who tIre employed must f:ttend contin­
;0. tion school 6 hours a week 1:etween 9' .J..'alld. 51" .11.
There are III elementrary D01100ls, including the vocational school, und
Lhlgh 6chool in 'Bayonne.
~o
There are 5 elementrary night schools nnd 1 high schoo110pen to women.
one 1.i.ay attend who is under 14 years of nEe.
Therew(,re 7 full J~ngliBh tlnd Amerioianizat10n workers in lv19 and
n part tim'.! workers. Cla~\seB w\,;re held in 8 factories, ~t night ('ohools
lnd in holmos. 21'14 Women were enrolled in thu ni£ht ect,ool classes but the
best way ofrea.ohing them WllS founs through the clasoes. Tberewere lb 1ectur
:enters in Echools ana factories.
.,
Cooking and. Dewing are taught in tho schools. There is a. sohool for 'ipples, a sohool for deaf ohrildren ond two open window alasses. In 1919 the attendanoe WEln 13, 716 llt tioy sohools; ?60 at fe"ctory anti
10me olasses; lZ52 nt night sohools i ;~51l at eUtmler sohool~
(Prestoll H. Smit,h,Sul'erintenCinnt of Schools)
,
....
\
... '/ ...
liD
There is onB Putlio library nnd four brf'.Ilchea anei liepofli t stations in two faotories, at the YMCA, nnd the publio schools during the -l"choolyear.
There are 65,000 volumes with a oiroulntion of 24?, 000 among Q~rd~holders.
(lUss lAary Pc ters, Ii brarian)
All pro!eBsions [',re open to "orren. There are ·413 teneheru
11 librBri~nB 25nurses
lphysiaia.n 1 19wyer(auo'l. t to grnoua tefrom luw school) Aside· from the teachers a.nd li lirarians there seell to be no prominent business women in Bayonne who are employed in the to\in. VII. Reereati,On
There are three City Parke lCounty ,ark.
The park JJepnrtment mnintaina 2 ple.yrronnds in the. City parke and
there.is 1 in the County park. thoyhave swings, tars, teeters, sand piles,
and B.reunder supervision during the summer. They nre ope;n i.nthc winter but n
. not supervised.
summer.
The School J10ards lOninte.ills ? l'luycrunds wi th supervision in the During the winter they 9.re supervised only at recess t~t1e. There are no s\dmr.dng poole open to Ci rle (lnei women. 1 t is possible
to swim in the Day but the water is very dirty, The pool in the new Industa;Ir
rial Yl,"CAwill 1::0 reserved for girle at certain timou 1twill probnbly be
finished this Fall.
There are two muni oiple 1:·uildines. one in Kileen Parek and one Ih
Ci tyPark, which hnv~ pinnos (lod the use which muy bf~ secured from the Pa.rk
Tiepartment. The Industrial Y hae l1nd Llovies, da.nces nnd sings freguently
in them during the past yenr nnd variouo clubs and societies have used therofo
for parties. Noregulnr recreation work is ca.rried on there by the municiple
governn,ent.
Phillip VrOOl11 School hal3 bt:en useti oocanionally for o.a.noea ill con-·
nection with the Americianiz(I"ion wor~ of the School :Boqrd. All of the night
Sohools are opem one nil~ht a weekfor sooial pt.rposos. under the sUller" ision
of the staff.
The &in:: li brary~fic used as a oommuni ty building. the staff conuuots
a story hour for chrileiren. There is a meetlns room wlltohis used by various
organiz~iions for· l.cturea and meetingsJ they hava art exhibits; it was head­
quarters for .the Red Orosa, Food Adminiatrntion: Emplo,ment SerVice, Americia
n Legion, V9t~rlans of ForeiGn warn, os well a:s for vurious war 1rives.
at. Vincent t s Homan Catholio Church on West 40th St:haB-=a~-Bp-l endidly aquipped parish house with bowling Hlleys, olub. rooms Rnti Ruoltorlumc, to which protestant a.nd Hebrew bOYD anel girls nre .e~comed for reorentlon·~ There are
(5
movies, 3 of whioh have
vaudev1~le
with the piotures.
The Opera House Hall and the nEpublia.n and 1iemool.'atic Cl ULf> c' re avail­
able for Public de,nccs. Otller ,lanct., halls nre open during the Full and.
Winter they are supervised by the police roatroll who supervloco the parks durlr
ing the Summer. ranee halls need not 1;.e licenseu. nnd until the eeason opens
it isimposs1ble to tell how many of these baok ro~xa dives will be open.
-6 ...
'39
refare is ?,!/ and the curD run at irregular intervals down Avenue a and
.cross 22na st. to the Hook. ,Ti tney fflre is 5,1 ... these run freQuentl)" on
!roadwo.y, but they are generally crowued to oapAoity, with men una women.
rany of the factories on tho Hook Dena cars to _'.2nd st. to meet employees.
rI "Ed usa tion
According to the Cenaus of 1910 the toto,l 1111 terooy in Bayonne is 11.3%
ND,tive \'1111 to ... 0.4%
Foreign Eorn -1?9%
Neero
- ?8%
;very Child between the ng.;s of ? nnd 14 yeurs,n.nd ovcry child between the
tg'es of 14 and 16 years '1vho hun not been grmiunted nil age and schooling certi
'ica te must attend school every dt.Ly pU1Jlto Dohoolo ill the district are in
iession, or recei va an e(suali vHnt education elae where than at Bchool, unless
lis or her mental body conca tion io such as to preven~ Buch atterJdance.
An aEe nnd schooling oertifioate cannot bt; Fronted to nny cbl1.c1 overthe
Ise of 14 unless such ohila has attended aohool l~O dnys during the 12 months
lmmediately proceeding the date of o.p})lioation tor an age and ,schooling cC;"'c'tl
~ica te, is atle to read intelligently an<.. write leci bly siI::ple sentence 111 L.,
~he bJnglish !jangyage, han oompleted a. course of' stlnl.y equa.l~ vnnt to five year
.y grFldea in re~l(.ling. writing t spelling. T~nglish In.nguage and geography, 1s
'amiliar with the fundarmenttil operations of arithmetio up to and including
!imple fo.ctions. and is able to perform the work in whioh he o~ she may legal
_y be employed.
An a.ge and workil1g ccrtifionte m..~y l)e grfl.llted to Q,ny cllila between the
Lges of 10 llnd 16yenrs.
Thin certificate doea not exempt a child fl"om attend
moe at school, but permitn it to be ecployed between the hours of 6A.M. and
7P.M. but not during the hours the publio oolloole tlre in .esoion. selling new
lewspapers. blacking ahoes. running errands and other light employment npt
)therwist: prohibited bylaw for ohrildren under 16 years of age.
.
(Synopsis of Compulsory Sohool Attendance Law, issued by the
Dept. of Publio Instruction, Trentlon. Nov. 1.1~18)
All ohrl1dreil 'Over 14 ami una.er 16 who tIre employed must f.:ttend contin­
Jation school 6 hourG n week l:etween 9i'.J"~Blld. 5J1.11' ..
I
There are l~l elementrary oohoo1s. including the vocational 8chool, and
Lhigh 6chool in Bayonne.
~o
j
;
..f
There are 5 elementrery night.schools nnd 1 high school"1open to women.
one l:i.ay attend who is under 14 yours of nt;c.
There wi.. re 7 full gnglish and Amerioia.nization worl<:ers in 1\119 and
11 part, tim...: workers. Claneee Wl..;re held in 8 factories. 9.t night fchools
:md in holmes. 2",4 Women were enrolled in thu nic;ht act.oel classes but the
oeat way ofrea,ohing them wus founs through the class6 a. Tlaerewere 15 leetur
:enters in ~chools ana faotoriee.
'1
Cooking and Dewing are taueht in the Dehools. There is a sohool for 'ipples, a Bohool for deaf ohrildren Hnd two open w:tntl.ow classes. In 1919 the attendnnoe waD 13, 716 (It uay schools; ?60 at f~,ctory arid
lome classes; 1352 at night schools i i:5l1 at s'Ut:m1er Bcbooli~
(preston H. Sm.i th, .Su},:!erintenannt of Schools)
,
40
·'1­
There 1 s onlf Publio 11brary Clnd four brp.llohes and depofli t stations in two faotoriea, El t the YMCA, nnd the publio schools dur1ng the -pchoolyear. There are 6~,OOO volumea with a oiroulnt10n of 24?, 000 among c9rd~holders.
(J,uSB Uary Petera, librarIan)
All pro!eBsiona ~re open to worren • Theca are ·413 teachers
11 librariAna 25nuraen
lphysiaia.n 1 lRwyer(auot. t to grllo.ua tefrom low sohool) Aside from the teaohers nnd Ii l)ral"lans there seell to be no prominent business women in Bayonne who are employed in the tov:n. VII. Reoreation
•
There are three City Parks lCounty ,ark.
The park Jiepartment mnintaine 2 pleyrrollncis in the, City parks and
there is 1 in the County park. 'theyhave swillgs, tEtrS, teeters. sand piles,
. and a.reunder superviGion during the Gummer. They nre opc:n il1the winter but n
. not supervised.
summer.
The Sohool TIourds laaintaillS '1 l'luyerunds wi th superv! sion in the Durin£ the winter they 9,re supcrvieed only a.t r.ecess time. There a.re no s\f!mr.dng pools open to Cirls Cllld women. it is possible
to swim in the Day but the water is very dirty, The pool 111 the new Inuust."
rial YJ,(CAwill te rescr'Ved for girla at oerta,1ntimeu It will probnbly be
finished this Fall.
There are two mUIlioiple l:·Uil<lings J one in Kileen Parek and one ih
01 tyPark, which have pianos nnd the usc which mfly bf: secured from the Park
Department. The Inuustrial Y haD had I.lovies; dances ond sings freguently
in them during the pa.st yeur and variouD clubs nnd societies have used themfo
for parties. Noregular recreation work is carried on there by the municiple
government.
Phillip Vroom Sohool haG b\::en USt1U oDcaoionally for uanoeu in con­
neotion with the Alnerioianlzn tion wor~ of the Sohool :Bollrd. ft,ll of the night
Schools are opell one night a waekfor aooiHl ptJrposes. under the sup~r\' iaion
of the staff.
The iJ1ain:; Ii brnryyio usea ae a oommul1i ty bul1uing. The staff oon<luote
a storYh;our for chrildren. There is a meeting room wll1'oh1s used by val-ioue
organizations for le,ctures e,nd meetinga; they have art exhibits; it WBS head­
quarters for ,the Red Oroes, Foo~ Ac1miniDtrt\tion: Emplo,ment Serv1oe, Am~rlc1a
n Legion, Vet"lrians of ForeiGn "o.r8, n8 well a'S for vurious war tirives.
st. Vincent's Homa.n Catholio Church on Wont 40th St:tHls~~Bp1endidly equipped parish house with bowling nlleyo. olub. rooms and a.uoitor'1uma,' to wh1ch protestant a.nd Hebrew boyo and girls are we~comed for r·eorention·~ There are G movies. 3 of whioh have vaudeville with the piotures.
TheOpern House Hall and the nEpub11a.n nnel 1iemool-at1c Clulfi i"re avo,il­
able for Public de.nces. Other elanct: halls are open during the Fall and
Winter they are supervised by the police matron who superviseD the parks dur'
ing the Summer. ranoe halls need not be l100nse<'4 and until the eeRson opens
it isimpossible to tell how many of these baok roo,Ia. o.iveo will be open.
-fl-
Ltl
;,. The civlientti tude townrd rccrcntion is one of willingness to .accept
anything proviued, but with out the intorco:b ano. cner£y neocssary to l evclop
communi ty pll1Y extenai vely.
VIII. Other
or£Dnixation~
Hudson County Anti-Tuberculious lengue - county and public support
r.ay Nurscry- cit, and public sUpport- taken cnre of about 15 chrildren
oaily
"
Red. Crosn- public l3upport-home service employment·
Salvo.tion Army- publio Hupport
CityYMCA- public s~pport
Women ··s Au.:xiliary to the YMCA ... ndvisory, a6~istHnce in house mano.gemenj&
Industrial YMC}~- funds contributed by 6 bigr;est industries (Babcox &: Wil­
..
c'ox, Intornational Niokle. Paoific Coast 116rax. Standard Oil.
Tide lXp.ter Oil, Vacuum Oil ):ror construotion of handsome new
bu~ IdintD ~ other industries' to'*arus equ1pinent-willprovitie
recreation for all employees of plants, rile.n and wor:.en,ano.
th,ere tnl1iliee. No definite plans roo.ue ye~.
Fayonne Rospi tal- ci ty and public support .. r.alt.inly free (laSeS;' room fora
1'ewpay po. ti ants.
Jewish 4elfare Eoard
Hegro...... ~l(.l1es Society
City Betterment Club- does a little releif work and social work
YUniciple' Oht:iatma.s Troe lssocifltion- Oi ty nude_publio support
Society of prevention of oruelty to·rhrildren- duos and public contribut
ions forine~ly run in the conneotion 'With the Truant Offict!r
.·]3oy Scouts state veneral Piseace Cllnio~ state DUppo~t '1;01'1en' B auxiliary to the Bayonne Hoapi t a l , ·
.
. Publio rlelfiire Department- Ci ty Gupport- Inll.:dmtains 40l4nios- infant feed
ing. prentnl orthopoedio, dential. visiting nurse
{ MiBS 13cJ:"thn Posten, Puclio Welfare Depa.rtmer:tt
Frt?ter'nal and ~ocinl orC: n1?(;tiona,
:B.P.O •. ~. ,Eagles, Od.d Fellows, Knigbts of Pythias, Eastern Star,
De.uehtersOf America, Ancient Order ~f the United Worlcman. Order ad Soot
tiah Clans, Patriotic Order of Sona of Amer'oa, Junior Order of United Am
Americian Mechanics, Royal ."rcn.num, loyal Orderof )loeee, Red Men, Shep­
herds of 13ethlehem, Lady lUbernio,nst Spanish Wur Veteriabs, Foresters of
Amerioa, .a...ndy ~orcoters of America, G.. ". '1"'-' J{ J~. j)oughters of Isa.bella.,Sone ()
ofV¥.erai.1.Bl;~.Independnnt Order of li'orostersi Cadets of Tempere.nce, Scan­
dinavian Ass'oviation,
( Charlber Of' Co:n~merce)
Foreign Sovieties
Bons of Jtaly Benefit, Union And pProgressive Society, Benbfioial
Socie.1Soclie.
of Peter and Ppul. Society of st. lXiohael'fmd Aroila.ngle
Benefit, 13ac.lonne Hungaria.n Sick benefit ABsociation, Mutual 13enefit ~I..r;.
Sooiety of. Creat J,i tl:unninn Tuke Vi to~d, Foliah Temooratl0 Societf'
Slovak Sutlonal SoC'ilJty, Free 'Eflgle. li or k1nFJ.:en's S o o i e t y . ·
.
(survey Dno.e by IHsa GlJrdner)
Women's Clubs
Athena
. Alpha l.i terary amt nusicul Club
rolltlcnl ~tudy Club
City Betterment Club
Womon's Club of Bayonne
Won.len'o MUsical a.nd 1,1terary
Study t'!lub (Miss mary Petera)
L{1­
l;.'__
-9­
Churcrles
There are 38 Churches:­
Baptist
4
nhristinn Science 1
,Evangel lutheran 5
Methodist Episcopal 3
Africian
"1
Episcopal
3
Heformed
3
Presbyterian
1
Greek Catholic 1
Roman Catholic ~ 9
Russian Orthodox 1
Jewish
6
Chamber of ~omme,:,J~E
They have only the usual sectaDian activities forn young people.
There are no institutional churches.
X. Business ~nd Finance
Assessed valuation- 1918- $70,872,651
19~0- $97,870,449
According to the Tax Assessor property is supptsed to be asses­
sed the true and full value but it is proba11y only 75%.
Wealth per capita - $1700.16
Number of banks - 6: Bayonne Trust Company, Bank of South
Hudson, Mechanics Trust ~omapnY(2branches) and two branches of the
Union Trust Co. Of J.C. There is no clearing house.
1914
1918
1919
Deposits
$2,843,901
$9,709,624,94
$10,738,563.97
Savings
$3,251,340.76
$7,984,871.43
$10, 504,725.87
There are Ptactically no new building operations sclleduled­
a new ink factory and a few two-family houses, otherwise the work be­
ing done is mainly altering existing structures.
(City Builning Department)
There are probably only two people worth $500,000- Mr.
De Witt Van Buskirk and Mr. James Coward.
Campaigns
United War Work
K.of C. War Fund
Second K. of C. War Fund
Thira Red CrossR611 Call
Salvation Army
3.ubscribed
Q,uota
100,000
256,000
1,000
2,500
25,000
15,000
17,620
18, :·211
5,000
19,000
(Clippings on file in lei brary)
City appropiations for Welfare Work
Board of HealthQ Including Bayonne Hoppital
Child Welfare
Overseer of Poor
Day Nursery
$15,320.00
6,978.00
7,80C~OO
3,475.00
-10­
Lf3
XI. Advertising fnoiltics
Ciroulation
Coles
Kind
ray of Publication
Newspapers
!hurs(lnys
Indep.Dem. 6
1.400
I:emoorllt
Demoorf.Jt
6
Herald
Suturdays
4
Jersey Voice (Yicl<iish) Frid.ays
5,bOO
Republican 7
mv (:mings ex nun.
Review
9,350
Indepcn&nntJ ?
Evenings ex S\ln.
Times
(Ayers l»ewspaper 1;1 reotory, 193:> )
XII. Community ConsioiousnOSB
0.6
to tho YWCA
In its two years c:x.istanoe the Asaooia.tion haa become one of the
most valued sooinl a.eencies in the oommuni ty through its foreign work and
its work with girls. It is assured of the support of the ininfluentia.l
women and men and the Prodostant Clergy of Bayonne.
XIII. nata on the loonl y\VCA
Bu~iness
Staff of 9, Interne,tional Inot1tute 4,lnduatrlnl 3. Girls workl,
Seoretary 1 ••
The International Institute oponed in the Fall of 1918 at 24th S
streetnnd Droadway" I"'n November 1919 the Women t B Sebv10e center we opene d
and joined with tHe Institute in their hetl.uquarters at 22nd nt. and 13way.
Both projects were finanoed by the Coneinuation CommitteeB of th~Noth­
eastern Field and their appropiations runs until November 1,1920.
The Industrial IJepa.rtment has six Clubs during the tinter of
lt has oarried on reoreation worknt 30hwflrzenbaoh-Huber,
Aronsohn-43lum, :Bayo.nne Bolt nnd Nut, and at :BarolAY ano. Co., ah"rnne:ing
sings, gnmeSt nnd danoes d.urlng thenoonnhour. It oonduots tuesday
night danoes, has openiiousc Sunday afternoons during the Winter, olub me
meetings Thursday nighto and general reoreation Fridny'tn1ghts (tennis
bacon bats, etc.) The Center io open ttll dA.y end during the evening for
reacing. writing, visiting, plnyign. or any other form of servioe.
These girls w!~nt as delegn tes to the Industrial ¢runp at Altamont. and
others took their ~aDations at Altamont and Xohonk.
Tae girls Work Department hrlo 12 olubs- 5 in the high sohool
and ? in the grade schools(l I.i thuantan. 2Polioh, 2 Italian, 2 Amerioian­
plan inhex'i ted fromthe Institute whioh organized them.) In Julie ther Vias
a pageant, n '1'be Aagio of theDeed tI in whioh 80 girls too), part and whioh
brought in suffioient money to fland delegate£3 to tbe Alnmont Conference.
1919-1920.
4he International Insti tute oonduoted 2 111'others Clubs ..Polish
and Lithuanian; 2 oook!ng classes- Italian nnd'Polish; 3 English classes
and 2 Italian Clnss. ott does Home visiting nnd hOll1e instruction, case
work, andoo-operates with the City Truan; Offioer. It cooperated with
-the Industrial Y in ito foreign born work and the worker s translated ,
and interpre&ed. for practically all of the orgtlnizutions in the Cityh'
It also cooperated with the Board of Eduoation 1n ita Amerioianization
work. It has opened a amnII center in tho Italian Distriot.
'lne
Assooia.tion has gi v n parties nnd ploys in the u}..yown n,;CA.
4 girls were scnt to the Al.tnmont InduJ3trinl \';onference.
4 Eirls w(:~re sl.!nt to the Altamont High' SohoolvG.Q'nterence
Y4 Its rooms have been used
..11­
by the Safety Social Club (an Organization
fDom the Safety Insulated Wire ~BmaJK~ Company). by the Mid Wives
Association for lectures, for a wedding or for numerous birthday parties.
After the closing of the U.S. Employment service the ~8sociation
carried on the girls and womens work until the Red Cross opened its office
in may.
XIV. Statements from outstanding .en and 'tomen as to the Needs of the
Community;
Dr. VI. Homer Axford. Mayor- 'l'he YmCA has become neccessary inthe sO'lial
development of Bayonne .-'J.'he girls them selves should be made to feel
responsibli for carrying it on, financially a.s well as in the vlub work.
lt will thus be made more vital to them and be less an uplift movement en
~owed by the wealthy people of the community.
Rev. A, C. Van Raalte, First Reformed Church- ~here is too much over­
lapping in the work of social agencies. In Bayonne ther are three types
of girls, the uptown girls. the indusD~ial girls and the now well to do
class who were formally industrial. One type of organization cannot
cover all three classes. ~e YWCA has a big task in bringing together
on a sympathetic basis.
Rev. R•. W. Baxte~, Tr.i,nity: Episcopal Church- 'IVhat Bayonne needs most is
more practical Christiani ty. '111e YWCA should take a big pa.rt in teach.
ing that.
Preston H.Smith, sUEerintendant of schools-The y\VCA chief interest sho~'d
be to provide more sane and healthy recreation.for girls.
John H. Mahnken! President of the Rotary: Club-The YWCA h~ls had a surpris­
ing success in the short time it has been at work in Bayonne. It should
continue its fine plan for recreation among girls.
.
Wm. P. Drew, secretarf of the ..Q!lamber .of Commerc~- The y\VCA should have
an uptown building.
ts recreation work has been most valu~ble.
Mr. Tomlinson, Secretary of the Industrial YUCA- Recreation for girls
is the chiefpproblem in girls work in Bayonne.
The y\VCA has an import­
ant part in solving this.
Miss .ary Peters, Libraria~ Bayonne needs a good cafeteria at each end 0
of town, and III place for transients to stay over night.
Mrs. Charles i'inklemann, -The recreation work carried on in the 22nd St.
district has been wonderfully successful.
It should be 8Etended •
.XV.
statements from Girls as to their Needs.
The girls of Bayonne wa.nt a swimming pool, a place to play
basket-bAll and a place to have parties.
XVI.
In making this survey I have lleard the following people who
are reputed to be outstanding in theCornmunity:
"Mr. De Witt Van Buskirk, president of the Chamber of Cmmmerce
Dr. John ~~hnken, President of the Rotary Club
( These two men between them " ran all the drives.)
:M:r. George Keenan, m:maged the Ymca thrift Campa.ign
XVII. Recent Survexs
Foreign
~omm~nity
Survey, world Service Program, November 1918
by Miss Mary Gardner
Inte~church iorlu Movement Survey-started but never completed
findins not tabulated.
l~de
-12-
l\'j
SouF.ces of Information
First History of Bayonne N.J., R.P. Whitcomb
1910 U.S.Census
Foreign ~ommunity Survey, World War Service Program, ~ry L. Gardner,
November 1918.
New Jersey Industrial Directories for 1915 and 1918
U.S. Census of J\4a,nufactures, 1914
Bayonne Chamver of Commerce,
P. Drew, Secretary
Bureau Of Labor Statistics, N.J. Department of tabor, Trenton
Synopsis of Compulsory Bducation ~aw, issued by the Department of Public
Instruction Trenton Nov.1, 1918
Bayonne BO~lrd of Education, -Mr. Preston H. Smith Supt. of Schools
1918 Directory of Bayonne
Department " of ~arks Bayonne
_
Miss Bertha Poston, Secretary to the Public We1fareDept. Bayonne
Tax Assessor Bayonne
City Building Lept., Bayonne
Ayers Newspaper Directory,1920
".Wm.
In a ddition to above-mentoned sources of informationI visited
the factories, hotels, stores and sweat-shops lIl2lUi mentioned and in­
terviewed the managers or employment workers as well as employed girls;
Ia1so consulted various people of importance in the town.