View full article

Noise Emission Data of Danish Heavy Weapons
Waseim Alfred
Environmental Department, Danish Defence, Arsenalvej 55, DK-9800, Denmark, [email protected]
Abstract
Environmental noise caused by heavy weapons and explosives is an important parameter for the communities
situated near the shooting areas. Weapons with caliber >12.7 mm and explosives are considered as heavy
weapons in Denmark. The use of shooting areas is legislated by Executive Act 468 of 13 June 2002 of Danish
Ministry of Environment about noise control of Defence Forces training and shooting areas. The objective is to
ensure that new population centres are not built in noisy areas and that noise-sensitive activities are not situated
in such areas.
In order to calculate the noise exposure around shooting areas, noise emission data should be provided as free
field sound exposure level at a distance of 10 meter. These noise calculations are carried out using calculation
software Milstøy ver. 2.5., which is the noise analysis tool used by Danish Defence to estimate the noise level
near these areas. This tool takes as input an emission database, containing the source level relatively close to
the weapon.
This paper presents the method used in measurement of sound exposure levels for the heavy weapons and how
the noise emission data are used in Milstøy in order to calculate the noise exposure around the military training
and shooting areas.
1.
Introduction
This project is a part of work being conducted at the Danish Defence Estates and Infrastructure Organisation
(FES) to recalculate the noise zones around the Danish shooting and training areas in order to revise Executive
Act 468 of 13 June 2002 of Danish Ministry of Environment about noise control of Defence Forces training
and shooting areas.
The work conducted by FES in cooperation with Grontmij A/S. The shootings are conducted by the Army
Battle School, Artillery School, Engineer Regiment and Navy Center for Weapons.
Currently FES uses the calculation software MILSTØY to calculate the noise propagation in the linear zone.
Milstøy is developed by SINTEF IKT for FES and the Norwegian Defence Estates Agency (FB). Milstøy use an
emission database as input, giving source data at the start of the linear zone. This database is based on results of
measurements. The Danish heavy weapons, which are included in the Milstøy emission database, are relatively
small and most of them are currently phased out. Therefore the Danish Defence has the need to measure the
source data for the heavy weapons used in the shooting and training areas.
1
This paper describes the method used in the measurements, and data analysis. Today there is no standard
method to measure the sound exposure levels from heavy weapons. An attempt to do a standard method is
described in [1].
Noise propagation codes often take free field source data as input to calculate the effect of different types of
ground conditions along the propagation path. For the heavy weapons it is not possible to measure the free
field sound pressure. This means that free field source data have to be calculated from the sound pressure
measured to the ground. In this project this is done by first measuring a reference source to estimate the influence of the ground and weather for different frequencies. The reference source is different charges of TNT
depending on the size of weapon caliber, in order to have data describing a free field detonation. Finally the
resulting ground correction is added to the measured data for the heavy weapons to produce the free field
emission data.
2.
Weapon and Ammunition
The measured weapons with their ammunitions are shown in Figure 1Figure 14.
1
2
3
4
Figure 1: 12.7 mm Machine Gun and 12.7 mm Anti-material Rifle with different ammunitions.
(1) 12.7 mm Cartridge, Blank, (2) 12.7 mm Cartridge, Armor-Piercing, Tracer,
(3) 12.7 mm Cartridge, Blue, (4) 12.7 mm Cartridge, ball.
2
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 2: 35 mm Bushmaster Cannon on Combat Vehicle CV9035 with different ammunitions.
(1) 35 mm X 228 APDS, (2) 35 mm X 228 HEI-T, (3) 35 mm X 228 KETF,
(4) 35 mm X 228 TP-T (DM18), (5) 35 mm X 228 TPFDS-T.
1
2
Figure 3: 40 mm Grenade Launcher with different ammunitions.
(1) 40 mm High Explosive (HE), (2) 40 mm High Explosive Dual Purpose (HEDP).
1
2
3
Figure 4: 84 mm Carl Gustav Recoilless Rifle with different ammunitions.
(1) 84 mm High Explosive (HE), (2) 84 mm High Explosive Dual Purpose (HEDP),
(3) 84 mm Tandem-warhead HEAT.
3
Figure 5: 84 mm AT4.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Figure 6: 120 mm Rheinmetall L55 Smoothbore Gun on Leopard 2 A5 with different ammunitions.
(1) 120 mm DM53A1, (2) 120 mm HE-FRAG-T, (3) 120 mm HEAT-T DM12A2,
(4) 120 mm M1028 CANISTER, (5) 120 mm PPT FS DM33 LS, (6) 120 mm PPT FS DM33 PELE,
(7) 120 mm ØGRPT DM18, (8) 120 mm ØPT CS M865 C1.
1
2
3
4
5
Figure 7: 60 mm Lightweight and Commando Mortar with different ammunitions.
(1) 60 mm High Explosive (HE), (2) 60 mm High Explosive, PF IM, (3) 60 mm Illumination, H,
(4) 60 mm Smoke Cartridge, (5) 60 mm Infrared Illumination.
4
Figure 8: 81 mm Mediumweight Mortar with 81 mm High Explosive (HE).
Figure 9: 120 mm Heavyweight Mortar with 120 mm High Explosive (HE).
Figure 10: 155 mm Selv-propelled Howitzer M109A3 with 155 mm High Explosive (HE).
1
2
3
Figure 11: 76 mm OTO Melara with different ammunitions.
(1) 76 mm High Explosive (HE), (2) 76 mm Sapomer, (3) 76 mm Training Projectile.
5
Figure 12: Signal, Lightning and Smoke Ammunitions.
1
3
2
4
5
Figure 13: Hand Grenades.
(1) Sharp Hand Grenade, (2) Training Hand Grenade, (3) 6 bang,
(4) 7 bang, (5) Smoke Hand Grenade (Phosphor).
6
1
2
3
4a
4b
5a
5b
6a
6b
7a
7b
8a
8b
Figure 14: Different amounts of TNT and Pentrit Explosives.
(1) 100 g Pentrit, (2) 200 g Pentrit, (3) 500 g Pentrit, (4a) 1 kg Pentrit, (4b) 1 kg TNT,
(5a) 10 kg Pentrit, (5b) 10 kg TNT, (6a) 15 kg Pentrit, (6b) 15 kg TNT,
(7a) 25 kg Pentrit, (7b) 25 kg TNT, (8a) 75 kg Pentrit, (8b) 75 kg TNT.
3.
Facility
The measurements are carried out in the period from August to October 2013 at Oksbøl and Borris shooting areas,
which are located in the western part of Jutland, Denmark.
4.
Measurement Setup
The muzzle noise is measured with 5 microphones, which are placed in a half circle with the weapon in the centre, as
shown in Figure 15, The microphone positions relative to the muzzle (firing direction (0°)) are 45°, 90°, 135° and
180°. The distance between the microphone and the firing line depends on the weapon caliber. The recommended
distances for different heavy weapons are shown in Table 1. The height of the microphone is 1.4 m.
7
Firing direction
Firing line
R
Figure 15: Measurement setup for the muzzle noise.
Table 1: The recommended distance between the microphone and the firing line for different heavy weapons.
Weapon Type
12.7 mm machine gun
35 mm Bushmaster Cannon on Combat Vehicle CV9035
40 mm Grenade Launcher
84 mm Carl Gustav Recoilless Rifle
84 mm AT4
120 mm Rheinmetall L55 Smoothbore Gun on Leopard 2 A5
60 mm Lightweight and Commando Mortar
81 mm Mediumweight Mortar
120 mm Heavyweight Mortar
155 mm Selv-propelled Howitzer M109A3
76 mm OTO Melara
Signal, Lightning and Smoke Ammunition
Hand Grenade
Explosives (1 – 75 kg)
Distance between the
microphone and the firing line
(R)
20 m
50 m
20 m
100 m
100 m
100 m
30 m
80 m
80 m
100 - 150 m
50 m
10 - 20 m
25 - 50 m
150 - 300 m
In order to simulate the target hitting the ground, noise from detonating HE cartridges (e.g. 81 mm HE, 120 mm HE
and 155 mm HE) are measured with 3 microphones placed at different positions at a controlled space. The distance
between the microphone and the detonation point is 150 m. The measurement setup is shown in Figure 16.
8
R
Detonation point
Figure 16: Measurement setup for the noise from detonating HE cartridges.
Table 2 shows an overview over the measurement devices that used in the measurements.
Table 2: Measurement devices.
Measurement device
¼” Condenser Microphone
¼” Microphone Preamplifier
½” Microphone Preamplifier
Data Collection Unit
Pistonphone
LabView Sound & Vibration Toolkit, version
2011
LabView Sound & Vibration Measurement Suite,
version 2011
5.
Manufacture
BSWA
BSWA
BSWA
National Instruments
Brüel & Kjær
MP 411
MA 401
MA 231
NI 9234
4231
Type
-
-
-
-
Measurement Method
The method used in the measurements is based on [1, 2] with some modifications.
5.1
Calibration with different charges
In order to be able to remove the effect of the ground and the meteorology conditions from the measurements, calculating of the ground correction is needed. This is done by detonating different charges of TNT depending on the weapon type. Detonation shall be done at the same place and height as the measured weapon is placed. Table 3 shows the
used charge for each measured heavy weapon.
9
Table 3: Used charge size in the measurements.
Weapon Type
35 mm Bushmaster Cannon on Combat Vehicle CV9035
40 mm Grenade Launcher
84 mm Carl Gustav Recoilless Rifle
84 mm AT4
120 mm Rheinmetall L55 Smoothbore Gun on Leopard 2 A5
60 mm Lightweight and Commando Mortar
81 mm Mediumweight Mortar
120 mm Heavyweight Mortar
155 mm Selv-propelled Howitzer M109A3
76 mm OTO Melara
Charge size
200 g
100 g
200 g
200 g
500 g
100 g
200 g
200 g
1 kg
50 g
At a given distance from the source, the ground correction (Lground) is the difference between a measured value (Lm) over
the ground and a free field value (Lff).
The ground correction term (Lground) reflects the change in sound level caused by the presence of the ground. This
ground correction mainly consists of the linear sound reflected from the ground. There is also a non-linear interaction
with the ground near the source (weapon). Depending on the height of the source, non-linear interaction typically
leads to higher amplitudes and a shift to slightly lower frequencies than in the linear case. There are also contributions
from the meteorological conditions due to a variation in the wind direction.
5.2
Analysis Method
For each combination of weapon and ammunition, it is fired 3-5 shots. The equivalent sound pressure level at each
angle is calculated by averaging the number of shots at each microphone.
where
Li is the sound pressure level at each frequency range (one octave band),
N is the number of shots.
The noise emission data in Milstøy database is based on Sound Exposure Level, which is defined as the total sound energy integrated over reference duration of 1 sec. Sound Exposure Level is denoted as LE. The relationship between Leq
and LE is:
10
where
t is the measurement period,
T is the reference time of 1 s.
Sound Exposure Level can be computed for C-weighted levels (appropriate for impulsive sounds) and therefore is denoted as LCE.
By subtracting the measured value LE,m from the ground correction, the free field value LE,ff can be calculated using
Milstøy takes noise emission data as input at a reference position at 10 m in order to calculate the sound back out to the
position, where the sound level was measured. Obviously the sound propagation is not linear at 10 m from the source.
The sound exposure level (LE,10m) is calculated as follows:
where
r is the distance from the source (weapon),
R is the reference distance of 10 m.
Table 4 shows LE,10m values for 84 mm AT4, whereas Figure 17 shows the directivity.
Table 4: Linear sound pressure level (dB re 20 µPa) pr. one octave band and the linear free field sound exposure level at 10
m corrected for ground and meteorological conditions.
Direction*
One octave band [Hz]
16
31.5
63
99.9
109.0
115.0
0⁰
98.8
110.6
117.5
45⁰
102.6
112.0
119.4
90⁰
111.5
120.5
126.7
135⁰
115.2
125.3
131.0
180⁰
* Direction is relative to the firing direction.
125
250
500
1000
2000
4000
8000
112.3
119.2
119.7
126.3
126.1
114.3
109.0
114.5
116.5
122.3
106.3
102.1
110.4
119.7
118.6
103.6
100.9
100.4
114.6
116.4
104.6
99.5
99.8
108.3
111.9
102.0
99.9
97.5
105.2
109.0
101.0
95.9
94.1
102.9
106.4
LE,10m
119.8
122.2
123.8
130.8
133.7
11
Retningskarakteristik
0⁰
140,0
135,0
315⁰
130,0
45⁰
125,0
120,0
115,0
110,0
105,0
270⁰
90⁰
100,0
225⁰
135⁰
180⁰
Figure 17: Directivity of 84 mm AT4.
6.
Use of noise emission data in noise propagation model
Milstøy uses the noise emission data, as in Table 4. These data depends on the characteristics of the noise source. In
order to calculate the noise around the training and shooting areas, the following input data should be available:
-
Weapon type and the used ammunition,
Coordinates of the firing lines,
Height of the weapon,
Direction of firing,
Number of shots distributed over day and weekends (07-18, 18-22 and 22-07).
The results of noise calculation for one of the biggest shooting areas in Denmark are shown in Figure 18.
12
Figure 18: Noise map with 50, 55 and 60 dB noise contours.
7.
Conclusions
This work demonstrates the method used to measure the noise emission data for weapons with caliber >12.7 mm and
explosives. The measured noise data is used by Milstøy in order to calculate the noise around the shooting and training
areas.
The following parameters have big influence on the noise data from the measurements and should be investigated.
-
Ground reflections,
Weather conditions (e.g. temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction),
Separation of near-field/nonlinear effects,
Height of the microphone,
Distance between the firing line and the microphone.
8.
References
[1]
Dr.-Ing Edmund Buchta: “Standard method to measure the sound exposure emissions and imissions from large
weapons”, no. 559.
[2]
Norwegian Defence Research Establishment (FFI): “Noise emission data for M109, 155 mm field howitzer”, FFIrapport 2007/02530, December 2007.
13