M - Telcom 2006

WiMAX
Enabling a world of broadband wireless opportunities
MVD Telcom 2006
Ing. Armando
Regusci
All rights reserved © 2006, Alcatel
Agenda
Introduction
Market Drivers
Wimax – Key Technologies
WiMAX Standardization Overview
802.16e Performance & Apps
Conclusions
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WiMAX - Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
-Wireless Broadband Access
- IP/Ethernet based
- Point-to-Multipoint Microwave : up to 15km
- Non Line of Sight
- Cellular coverage design
- Standard-based : IEEE 802.16
- Cost-effective
- Supported by more than 380 industry players to make it
interoperable
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Agenda
Introduction
Market Drivers
Wimax – Key Technologies
WiMAX Standardization Overview
802.16e Performance & Apps
Conclusions
All rights reserved © 2006, Alcatel
How is access evolving?
It is going Broadband
It is going Wireless
„Increasing demand for multimedia
data hungry applications
„ Access to services everywhere with
„ Fixed triple play is a reality
„ Means to address copper-less areas
„Multiple types of usage:
professional, entertainment, radio
&TV
„ End-user’s readiness to pay
“mobile” premium
every terminals
Broadband Wireless Access
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Business drivers:
Offer the ideal solution for the end users
Voice …
Data…
Video…
VoIP: A strong telecommunications industry trend
High Speed Internet
§ Peak rate: 8 Mbps DL, 256 Kbps UL, unlimited volume
Mobility
+
High Speed
Internet / Data …
Always on
Mobile TV
§ Few Broadcast channels and 100+ Unicast channels
for unlimited usage
Mobile Gaming
§ Full interactivity, low latency for both server-based or
peer-to-peer gamers
§ Leveraging the location + presence + speed info to
enhance level of game
Differentiated
Differentiated and
and advanced
advanced features
features
for
for high
high end
end user
user
Affordable
Affordable voice
voice and
and internet
internet
services
services for
for low
low income
income users
users
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WiMAX 16e empowers operators to address two main
end users markets
Next generation
Mobile Broadband users
Next Billion users
“End-user is expecting low cost voice and
internet connectivity”
“User is ready to pay premium for a new
breed of applications”
“Operators want to address untapped
customer base”
“ Operators want to get more value from
existing customer base
„ Combine BB connectivity and voice
enabled services (VoIP)
„Broadband in the pocket (e.g. mobile
office, gaming)
„ Kiosk, residential and nomadic
„Mobile IPTV in addition to Voice, Data,
Video
Enable new mass market
Convergence on WiMAX 802.16e
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Seamless Services… Make it transparent
IP
Telephony
Interactive
TV
Broadband Wireline
At Home
Video
Telephony
Net
Surfing
Broadband Wireless
On the Pause
On the Move
Online
Gaming
Mobile
Interactive
Broadband Mobile
At the Office
Seamless Broadband Experience
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WiMAX terminal roadmap – drastic price drop &
Affordability as effect of standardization
Price
range
250$
Yearly sales (k units)
Outdoor CPE
WiFi
2 phones
4 PC
x
Multi-users CPE
50 000
1 phone
1 PC
Simple CPE
200$
40 000
PCMCIA
150$
30 000
x
100$
Low Cost CPE
50$
20 000
Embedded
10 000
x
x
2006
2007
2008
2009
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Operators strategic moves
Fixed operators expansion
DSL
On the pause
WiMAX
Full Mobile
WiMAX
2G/EDGE
WiMAX
3G/HSDPA
Mobile operators expansion
(integration in Mobile Networks)
Beyond 3G
WiMAX
Mobile operators
Fixed
Full IP RAN Approach
Fixed operators
(integration in Fixed Networks)
New Entrants / ISPs
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Make the right technology choice
Complementary access solutions for different mobility and nomadic needs
Speed/user
Laptop
High-end PDA
PDA with phone
Phone
Very High
High
Fibre
xDSL
Wired
Satellite
WiMAX
HSDPA
WiFi
Medium
TDD
TD-SCDMA*
UMTS/FDD
EDGE/GPRS
Mobility
“Fixed”
”On the pause”
”Always on”
“On the move”
Hot spots
Hot zones
Global coverage
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Alcatel 9100 WiMAX solution
Improved cell capacity and coverage
WiMAX (10 MHz)
WiMAX (5 MHz)
CDMA2000 EV-DO
Average
Peak
UMTS TDD (5 MHz)
Throughput
per Sector
HSDPA FDD (5 MHz)
WiMAX provides High Peak
and Average Throughput
and
Several Mbps at cell edge
EDGE900 (200 KHz)
10
100
1000
10000
100000
Data rate [Kbps]
WiMAX RG (2.5GHz)
5MHz
WiMAX PCMCIA (2.5GHz)
WiMAX RG (3.5GHz)
WiMAX PCMCIA (3.5GHz)
WiMAX re-use existing
2G/3G sites in urban areas.
CDMA 2000 (2GHz)
Range (km)
UMTS TDD (3.5GHz)
UMTS TDD (2GHz)
HSDPA FDD (2GHz)
EDGE 1800
EDGE 900
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
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Agenda
Introduction
Market Drivers
Wimax 802.16e – Key Technologies
WiMAX Standardization Overview
802.16e Performance & Apps
Conclusions
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Worldwide spectrum for WiMAX
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TDD vs. FDD
TDD is preferred by Alcatel for WiMAX due to:
§ Efficient handling of asymmetric traffic
§ Compliant with non-paired spectrum or paired spectrum
§ Simpler duplexing circuit in CPE / BS
§ TDD is selected for WiMAX 16e products
TDD
§ Channel reciprocity for AAS
f
Time Frame
Channel
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
Downlink
Uplink
t
Channel 1
f
Time Frame
Downlink
Downlink
Downlink
Channel 2
FDD
Uplink
Uplink
Uplink
t
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Introduction
OFDM(A)
Data Subcarriers
Guard band
DC Subcarrier
Pilot Subcarriers
Guard band
OFDM is the solution for very high data rate transmission
§ Robustness to multi-path / selective fading environments
Ÿ Signal is transmitted on orthogonal narrow-band sub-carriers
Ÿ Robustness is preserved when BW is increased (SOFDMA)
§ Low complexity modulator / demodulator (iFFT/FFT) and equalizer
§ Flexible allocation (sub-channelling / OFDMA)
§ Spectrum efficiency: Modulation scheme and power adjustable per
sub-channel
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Introduction
OFDM: Why ?
+
High data rates
Mobile/NLOS
environment
→
ISI
Inter Symbol Interference
ISI
t
t
§
Short symbol duration
Ÿ Ts = 1/BW
§
16 QAM, 64 QAM, …
§
§
Multipath
High delay spread
§
t
Function of
Ÿ Symbol duration
Ÿ Delay spread
OFDM makes possible radio transmission of large BW signals
in NLOS environment
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Introduction
OFDM principle
Serial to
parallel
Modulator
~
f1
~
f2
~
f3
Modulator
+
Modulator
§
§
High data rate
Short bit duration
§
§
Lower data rate
Longer symbol duration
§
§
fn=n.∆f
Orthogonal subcarriers
OFDM = Transmission of high number of orthogonal
narrow band signals in parallel
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Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)
Principles
§ set of modulation/coding schemes
Ÿ QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Ÿ distributed over one sector:
– SINR distribution
– automatic selection mechanisms
16QAM
QPSK
§ Maximum throughput per sector
100
90
80
Ÿ Highest modulation scheme
Ÿ Lowest coding protection
70
60
50
40
§ Mean throughput offered per sector
30
20
10
3/
4
Ÿ Contribution of different modulations
Ÿ Average over the area
64
-Q
AM
2/
3
64
-Q
AM
3/
4
16
-Q
AM
1/
2
16
-Q
AM
3/
4
Q
PS
K
1/
2
0
Q
PS
K
Coverage probability (%)
64QAM
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802.16e advanced features
SOFDMA
SOFDMA: OFDM modulation is also used for Multiple Access
Preamble
FCH
Preamble
FCH
Preamble UL
allocation
UL part
Preamble UL
§ Additional flexibility in resource
FCH
Preamble DL
DL part
Ÿ Especially small packets (VoIP)
OFDM
§ Range extension in DL and UL
DL part
Ÿ Pilot for each allocation blocks
FCH
§ No preamble in UL
Preamble
Ÿ Sub-Channeling is by nature
SOFDMA
UL part
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IEEE 802.16e SOFDMA
OFDMA: Additional Flexibility in Resource Allocation
Efficiency UL G729 - 20 ms framing
Efficiency DL G729 - 20 ms framing
100%
100%
90%
80%
90%
70%
70%
80%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
30%
40%
16d (Average 48%)
16d (Average: 74%)
20%
16e (Average: 94%)
10%
64QAM3/4
64QAM2/3
16QAM 3/4
16QAM1/2
QPSK 3/4
64QAM3/4
64QAM2/3
16QAM 3/4
16QAM1/2
0%
QPSK 3/4
QPSK 1/2
16e (Average 94%)
30%
QPSK 1/2
20%
10%
0%
G729 – 20 ms: 78 Bytes / Packet
For VoIP Applications:
. Max 50% efficiency with 802.16d (OFDM)
. ~ 95% efficiency with 802.16e (SOFDMA)
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Sub-Channelling
Principle
Trade-off Coverage / UL data rate @ cell edge
Link Budget
5 MHz
+ 3,3 dB
+ 9 dB
Assumptions
PUSC mode
5 MHz
Sub-channels: 1
Reminder
+3dB in LKB
# Sub-channels: 8
-35% sites
x 2,125
#Sub-channels: 17
x8
UL data rate @ cell edge
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IEEE 802.16e SOFDMA
Scalability: Key Benefits
SOFDMA: Scalable OFDMA
§ Number of FFT points is adapted to channel bandwidth
Ÿ Similar robustness to multi-path for higher bandwidth
Ÿ Same range when bandwidth is increased
SOFDMA
OFDM
BW
BW
=
x2
2xBW
Sites: + 35%
Tg: / 2
2xBW
Sites: =
Tg: =
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802.16e advanced features
Beamforming
Ÿ explicit interference cancellation
Ÿ general side lobes suppression
§
Capacity Increase
48
43
37
40
24
18
AAS
No AAS
64 QAM 3/4
Interference Reduction
64
64QAM 2/3
§
74
69
16QAM 3/4
Ÿ beam forming array gain
77
16QAM 1/2
Coverage Enhancement
91
QPSK 3/4
§
93
QPSK 1/2
From day one in A9100 Alcatel solution
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
y an d
t
i
l
a
u
l in k q i li ty w ith
r
e
t
t
e
B
ro b a b g
p
e
g
a
c o v er e a m f o r m i n
b
Ÿ enhanced distribution of SINR
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Beamforming
Coverage Enhancement
Number of sites vs. number of antenna elements
2,13
Number of sites (ratio)
2,5
Gains
• DL: 20.log10(M)
• UL: 10.log10(M)
2
1,39
1,5
1
§Four antenna element
1
linear array gain:
0,5
0
1
2
4
Uplink: + 6dB
Downlink: + 12dB
Number of antennas M
100 sites with 4-element AAS leads to 213 sites without AAS
. +110 % site in single antenna mode
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Smart Antenna – MIMO
Preferred Application Scenarios
§
§
§
Independent fading channels
Strong fading and large angular spread of multi-paths
Typical scenario: BS has a lower
height than surrounding reflectors
Ÿ Micro-cellular and hot zones
Antenna System requirements
§
Antenna spacing: > coherence distance (several λ)
– Alternative: use of cross polarised antennas
Ÿ At Tx and Rx (MIMO schemes)
Techniques
§
§
Spatial Diversity: Diversity combining or STC
Ÿ Improved link quality
Spatial Multiplexing
Ÿ Maximised data rate and system capacity
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WiMAX Network Architecture
WiMAX RAN
Billing
Center
OMC-R
AAA
server
WiMAX
Access Control
Indoor
Access Control
Authentication, Authorization, Accounting
CAC
Services
Traffic routing
Mobility Management
WAC
BS
Outdoor
Authentication policy
Authorization policy
Accounting
Proxying policy (Roaming)
Base Station
HA
Router with
HA function
Session Border Controller
INTERNET
NGN
VoIP
SIP Controller
MGW
PSTN
PLMN
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The Proxy Mobile IP approach
Inter AC handover is based on Proxy MIP
§
In Proxy MIP the MIP client is in the network and not in the Mobile
Station (MS). Except this difference, PMIP is MIP (as defined in RFC 3344)
§
From the Home Agent (HA) standpoint there is NO difference between PMIP
and CMIP
§
Why PMIP ?
Ÿ No requirement on the MS (MS does not need to host a MIP client)
– Depending on the MS type (laptop, PDA…) it is not always possible to install
a MIP client
Ÿ Having a MIP client on the MS…
– Does not provide any advantage to manage mobility within the Wimax
network
– Could be an advantage to manage inter-technology handover. But requires
that the MIP client in the MS be at the OS level (shared among all physical
layers). And this is not the case today.
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Alcatel WiMAX 802.16
Multi-layer mobility
Intra WAC handover
BS
Ÿ Handover between base stations
keeping the same Access
Controller (WAC) as anchor point
(AC). No change of Mobile IP
foreign Agent.
WAC
(proxy MIP/FA)
BS
IMS
HA
802.16e
Corporate
Internet
BS
WAC
(proxy MIP/FA)
Inter WAC handover
Seamless handover
intra WAC
HA: Home Agent
FA: Foreign Agent
inter WAC
Ÿ Handover between base stations
leading to a change of Access
MIP is defined in RFC 3344
Controller (WAC). Requires a
binding update with the Home
Agent (HA)
Session disruption during handover is between 90 and 110 ms
§
Allows to provide seamless handover for non real-time applications
§
VoIP user can experience a short « cut »
Near future implementations will provide optimization for full mobility : sub 50ms
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Quality of Service
WiMAX Solution to provide QoS mechanisms for the air
interface
§ UGS : Unsolicited Grand Service
§ BE : Best Effort
§ nrt/rtPS : non Real/Real Time Polling services
QoS ensured in Network through usual IP/MPLS networks
methods.
QoS Over the Air is triggered from the network
§ Use of Core Session Border Gate (P-CSCF function)
§ PDF function in WAC
§ CAC Over the Air in the BS
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WiMAX user authentication architecture
§ AAA framework to support different
AAA
WAC
WAC
WiMAX
Access
AAA
authentication methods
Mobile Core Network
Ÿ PKM-EAP for user
Applications Head End
authentication (TLS, TTLS,
SIM,..)
Ÿ CHAP/EAP-TTLS for secured and
simple password based
HLR/HSS
authentication
Ÿ PKM-RSA for device
authentication
§ Encapsulation
Ÿ PKMv2 key hierarchy for
Fixed Core Network
enhanced protection of control
Applications Head End
messages
Ÿ AES support for strongest
cryptographic algorithm option
Flexible authentication methods for every type of operator
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