CPCCLDG3001A Dogging Learner Guide M1-M3

Transcription

CPCCLDG3001A
LICENCE TO PERFORM DOGGING
LEARNER GUIDE
CPCCLDG3001A
LICENCE TO PERFORM DOGGING
LEARNER GUIDE
Module One – Plan Job
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STES CPCCLDG3001A Dogging Learner Guide 1-3 V2 01
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (MODULE 1)
Review Log .................................................................................................................................... 3
Module Basis ................................................................................................................................. 3
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.1 Course Overview.................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2 What Is Dogging? ................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.3 High Risk Work And WHS Legislation .................................................................................... 5
1.1.4 Making The Application .......................................................................................................... 5
1.1.5 High Risk Work Licenses ....................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Occupational Health & Safety/Work Health & Safety Legislation ....................................... 6
1.2.1 Harmonisation Of Work Health & Safety Legislation .............................................................. 6
1.2.2 Key Elements Of The Work Health & Safety Legislation ........................................................ 7
1.2.3 Duty Of Care .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.3.1 Dogging Duty Of Care..................................................................................................... 9
1.3 Workplace Requirements ....................................................................................................... 9
1.3.1 Safe Work Practices ............................................................................................................. 10
1.3.2 Safe Work Method Statements ............................................................................................ 11
1.4 Gather Site Information And Plan Job................................................................................. 12
1.4.1 Planning And Preparing For Dogging ................................................................................... 12
1.4.2 Types Of Cranes .................................................................................................................. 13
1.4.2.1 Crane Movements......................................................................................................... 15
1.4.2.2 Crane Load Charts........................................................................................................ 15
1.4.3 Applying Site Information ..................................................................................................... 18
1.5 Risk Management.................................................................................................................. 18
1.5.1 Consultation And Communicating With Others .................................................................... 19
1.5.2 Risk/Hazard Identification..................................................................................................... 19
1.5.2.1 Safe Electric/Power Line Working Distances ................................................................ 22
1.5.2.2 Working Around Electric/Power Lines ........................................................................... 24
1.5.2.3 Tiger Tails ..................................................................................................................... 24
1.5.3 Risk Assessment .................................................................................................................. 25
1.5.3.1 Risk Analysis ................................................................................................................ 25
1.5.3.2 Risk Evaluation ............................................................................................................. 25
1.5.4 Risk Treatment ..................................................................................................................... 26
1.5.4.1 Consider Hazard/Risk Control Strategy Options ........................................................... 27
1.5.4.2 Task-Specific Control Strategies ................................................................................... 28
1.5.4.3 Identify Resources Required For The Control Strategy ................................................ 29
1.5.4.4 Implement The Control Strategy ................................................................................... 30
1.5.5 Monitoring And Review Of Risk Management ...................................................................... 31
1.5.6 Reporting And Record Keeping ............................................................................................ 31
Appendix 1A – Work Health & Safety Common Terms And Definitions ................................. 32
Appendix 1B – Safe Work Method Statement ........................................................................... 33
Appendix 1C – Hazard Report Form .......................................................................................... 39
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REVIEW LOG
Version Number
Date Updated
Version 4H
Released
June, 2012
Version 4HR1
Supersedes
previous version.
Released
December,
2012
Details of Updates
Content updated.
MODULE BASIS
This module is based on the unit of competency CPCCLDG3001A Licence To Perform Dogging:
Element 1 – Plan job.
Element 2 – Select and inspect
equipment.
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1.1. Site information is obtained and related to the task.
1.2. Hazards and potential hazards associated with the slinging and directing of loads are
identified.
1.3. Hazard control measures consistent with appropriate standards are identified to
ensure the safety of personnel and equipment.
2.6. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) is selected and checked.
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1.1 INTRODUCTION
This training course is based on the National High Risk Licence Unit of Competency CPCCLDG3001A:
Licence To Perform Dogging.
The National Standard for Licensing Persons Performing High Risk Work (April 2006) aims to facilitate the
operation of a nationally uniform, competency-based licensing system for persons performing certain types
of high risk work.
1.1.1 COURSE OVERVIEW
Throughout this unit you will learn about:
Planning the job.
Selecting and inspecting equipment.
Preparing the site and equipment.
Performing the task.
Shutting down the job and cleaning up.
Upon successful completion of this course participants
will be eligible to be assessed for a National High Risk
Work Licence.
1.1.2 WHAT IS DOGGING?
Dogging work includes:
The application of slinging techniques.
The selection and/or inspection of lifting gear.
The directing of a crane/hoist operator in the
movement of a load when the load is out of the
operator's view.
Assessing the weight of a load.
Communicating with the crane operator in regards to
the capabilities of the crane.
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1.1.3 HIGH RISK WORK AND WHS LEGISLATION
Any person who is undertaking training for a High Risk
Work (HRW) licence according to the WHS regulations
must be currently enrolled in a course of HRW training
and being supervised at the workplace by a person
with a current HRW licence for the work.
As a person under training you are learning everything
you need to know to ensure that you are going to be
working safely and efficiently.
Once you have completed your training and have been
assessed you will be able to make your application for
a high risk work licence.
1.1.4 MAKING THE APPLICATION
Under the requirements of Work Health & Safety (WHS) legislation, all applicants for High Risk Work
(HRW) licenses must provide the following information:
Their name.
Evidence of identity (e.g. driver’s licence, passport).
A passport-sized photograph of themselves (to be used on the HRW photo licence).
A copy of the statement of attainment/certification that they have successfully completed and
been assessed for the relevant unit of competency for the HRW licence they are applying for.
Under no circumstances can any applicant provide false or misleading information. Applicants are
expected to make the following declarations:
That they do not currently hold an equivalent HRW licence granted under corresponding WHS law
by another WHS regulator.
Any details of convictions or of being found guilty of any offence under the WHS Act or the WHS
regulations in any jurisdiction in Australia.
Whether or not they have ever entered into an enforceable undertaking under the WHS Act or
WHS regulations in any jurisdiction in Australia, and providing the details if they have.
Whether or not they have ever previously had an equivalent HRW licence refused, suspended or
cancelled under the WHS Act or the WHS regulations in any jurisdiction in Australia.
The application for a HWR licence must be made within 60 days of receiving a statement of attainment
(issued by a registered training organisation – RTO) or a notice of satisfactory assessment issued by an
assessor.
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1.1.5 HIGH RISK WORK LICENSES
The holder of a HRW licence is responsible for taking reasonable care and not adversely affecting the
health and safety of other people while performing the HRW.
Failing to work safely when performing high risk work can lead to the licence holder being penalised under
WHS regulations:
1. Their licence may be suspended or cancelled or,
2. The regulator may refuse to renew the licence (if the matter is raised at the time of renewal). High
risk work licences will need to be renewed every 5 years.
Under no circumstances may an employer/PCBU allow a person to conduct high risk work if they are not
competent to do so, unless the person is enrolled in a course of HRW training and is supervised at the
workplace by a person with a current HRW licence for the work. If a holder of a high risk work licence is no
longer competent to carry out the work they hold a licence for they must stop doing the work and retrain to
become fully competent, or return the HRW licence to the WHS regulator.
1.2 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY/WORK
HEALTH & SAFETY LEGISLATION
Occupational Health & Safety/Work Health & Safety (OHS/WHS) legislation is defined as laws and
guidelines to help keep your workplace safe.
Legislation can be broken down into four main types:
Acts
Laws to protect the health, safety and welfare of people at work.
Regulations
Give more details or information on particular parts of the Act.
Codes of Practice
Provide practical instructions on how to meet the terms of the Law.
Australian Standards
Give you the minimum levels of performance or quality for a hazard, work
process or product.
1.2.1 HARMONISATION OF WORK HEALTH & SAFETY
LEGISLATION
In response to industry calls for greater national consistency, the Commonwealth, states and territories
have agreed to implement nationally harmonised Work Health & Safety (WHS) legislation to commence on
1 January 2012.
While not all states and territories have actually implemented the model WHS legislation as of the start of
2012, it is important to be aware of these changes, as all states and territories will eventually implement
them.
Harmonisation aims to develop consistent, reasonable and effective safety standards and protections for
all Australian workers through uniform WHS laws, regulations and codes of practice.
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1.2.2 KEY ELEMENTS OF THE WORK HEALTH & SAFETY
LEGISLATION
The following key elements of the WHS legislation will impact the way you do your job, and the
responsibilities of your workplace:
The legislation also outlines requirements for:
The reporting requirements for notifiable incidents.
Licences, permits and registrations (e.g. for persons engaged in high risk work or users of certain
plant or substances).
Provision for worker consultation, participation and representation at the workplace.
Provision for the resolution of health and safety issues.
Protection against discrimination.
Many specific details relating to WHS will be negotiated within the workplace in accordance with the
legislation.
It is important that you speak with your Health and Safety Representative or supervisor for more
information on how these elements will effect your day-to-day operations, or if you have any concerns
relating to health and safety.
A list of common WHS terms and their definitions can be found in Appendix 1A.
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The following OHS/WHS legislative requirements will affect the way that you work:
Australian Standards.
Industry OHS/WHS Standards and Guidelines.
Duty of Care.
Health and Safety representatives, committees and supervisors.
Licences, tickets or certificates of competency.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Safe Work Method Statements (SWMS).
National safety standards.
OHS/WHS and Welfare Acts and regulations.
Safety Codes of Practice.
Talk to your OHS/WHS officer or representative if you have any questions about OHS/WHS legislation.
1.2.3 DUTY OF CARE
All personnel/workers have a legal responsibility under duty of care to do everything reasonably practicable
to protect others from harm by complying with safe work practices.
This includes activities that require licences, tickets or certificates of competency or any other relevant
state and territory OHS/WHS requirements.
Duty of care involves:
Employers/PCBUs and self-employed persons.
Persons in control of the workplace.
Supervisors.
Designers.
Manufacturers.
Suppliers.
Workers.
Inspectors.
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1.2.3.1 DOGGING DUTY OF CARE
It is the Duty of Care of a person who is involved with the slinging of a load to ensure they have their
dogging licence in the following situations:
When selecting/inspecting slings and the selection of a slinging technique.
When directing the crane operator in the movement of the load, particularly when the load is out
of view of the crane operator.
When slinging loads you do not require a dogging licence when there
is no decision required specific to:
The inspection of slinging equipment.
The selection of slinging equipment.
The lift points (as they are clearly defined).
Directing the crane operator in the movement of the load.
It is the responsibility of the person who can legally sling the load, generally the dogger, to determine the
weight of the load to be lifted.
The crane operator is responsible for communicating with the person who is slinging the load and providing
information on the crane capacity.
1.3 WORKPLACE REQUIREMENTS
Each workplace or worksite has a series of requirements, rules and procedures that need to be followed to
help ensure the safety of everyone on and around the site.
These requirements and procedures may be different from site to site so it is very important that you
determine the rules for the site when you arrive.
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Before you start any dogging work you need to consult with authorised personnel/workers such as:
Supervisors.
Safety officers.
Other personnel/workers.
Site engineers (if applicable).
Site or operations managers.
1.3.1 SAFE WORK PRACTICES
Safe work practices are methods that must be implemented to make sure a job is carried out as safely as
possible.
Safe work practices include:
Day-to-day observation of OHS/WHS policies and procedures.
Emergency procedures.
Risk assessment.
Use of basic fire-fighting equipment.
Safe work practices are governed by legislative requirements and workplace procedures.
Safe work practices relate to:
Drugs and alcohol at work.
Access to site amenities, such as drinking water and toilets.
General requirements for safe use of plant and equipment.
General requirements for use of personal protective equipment and clothing.
Smoking in designated areas.
Housekeeping to ensure a clean, tidy and safe work area.
Preventing bullying and harassment.
Storage and removal of debris.
Safe work practices should be referred to, and documented, when completing Safe Work Method
Statements as a guideline for how to carry out a task safely.
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1.3.2 SAFE WORK METHOD STATEMENTS
A Safe Work Method Statement (SWMS) details how specific hazards and risks, related to the task being
completed, will be managed. It is developed by the employer/PCBU for their employees/workers.
Safe Work Method Statements fulfil a number of objectives:
They outline a safe method of work for a specific job.
They provide an induction document that workers must read and understand before starting the
job.
They assist in meeting legal responsibilities for the risk management process, hazard
identification, risk assessment and risk control.
They assist in effectively coordinating the work, the materials required, the time required and the
people involved to achieve a safe and efficient outcome.
They are a quality assurance tool.
Completing a SWMS:
Break the job down into logical steps taking into consideration what is required to be achieved by
the task.
Against each step, identify the workplace hazards in this activity, i.e. the ways that a person [or
plant] could be injured or harmed [or damaged] during each step.
Decide on measures required to mitigate hazards, i.e. what could be done to make the job safer
and prevent the injuries or harm that may occur.
Identify roles and responsibilities for actions and outcomes to make ensure risk controls are
carried out and supervision of the process occurs.
Ensure the SWMS is fully understood by all workers prior to commencing the task.
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The Safe Work Method Statement must be available for inspection at any given time. It must also be
reviewed each year and amended if necessary.
Safe Work Method Statements may also be referred to as Safe Work Procedures (SWP) or Job Safety
Analysis (JSA).
A Safe Work Method Statement Template can be found in Appendix 1B.
1.4 GATHER SITE INFORMATION AND PLAN JOB
Planning the job before you start is an important step in any high risk work. You need to plan and be well
prepared for dogging work to ensure each task is completed safely and to a high standard. You also need
to obtain the relevant site information and relate it to your work activities.
1.4.1 PLANNING AND PREPARING FOR DOGGING
Before beginning a job remember to consider:
Job or Task Requirements – Think about everything the job involves such as: What is the job?
Where is the job? What do I need for the job? What type of crane will be used? What are its
functions, capabilities and limitations?
Priorities or Sequencing – Break the entire job into tasks and put them in a logical order. When
prioritising the tasks make sure you consider what tasks need to be completed before others can
begin.
Site Rules and Regulations – Find out and understand any regulations or site rules that affect
your job. If you are unsure about any rules or regulations, speak to your supervisor.
Permits and Procedures – Find out if you need a permit to complete this job. If so you need to
ensure that you have one and that it is current. You also need to understand and apply any site
procedures that are in place for this task. If you have any questions about permits or procedures
talk to your supervisor.
Risk Management – This involves managing any risks or hazards that are present throughout the
worksite and in relation to your task.
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Areas that you should consider when planning dogging tasks should include:
1.4.2 TYPES OF CRANES
Cranes that you may work with could include:
Tower Cranes
Self-Erecting Tower Cranes
Portal Boom Cranes
A boom or jib is mounted on a
tower structure.
A tower crane where the tower
structure and boom/jib elements
are not disassembled into
component structures and can be
transported between sites as a
complete unit. The erection and
dismantling processes are an
inherent part of the crane’s
function.
The boom/jib is mounted on a
portal frame, which is supported on
runways along which the crane
may travel.
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Mobile Cranes (Slewing)
Non-Slewing Mobile Cranes
Vehicle Loading Cranes
A crane capable of travelling over a
supported surface without the need
for fixed runways. Relies only on
gravity for stability.
A mobile crane incorporating a
boom/jib that does not slew.
A vehicle-mounted crane. Principal
purpose of loading and loading the
vehicle.
Bridge Cranes
Gantry Cranes
Derrick Cranes
Consists of a bridge beam or
beams that are mounted to end
carriages at each end. Capable of
travelling along elevated runways
and has one or more hoisting
mechanisms arranged to traverse
across the bridge.
Consists of a bridge beam
supported at each end by legs
mounted on carriage ends. Gantry
cranes are capable of travelling on
supporting surfaces or deck levels,
whether fixed or not and has a crab
with one or more hoisting units
arranged to travel across the
bridge.
Has a slewing strut-boom with its
boom pivoted at the base of a mast
which is either guyed (guy-derrick)
or held by backstays (stiff-leg
derrick) and which is capable of
luffing under load.
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1.4.2.1 CRANE MOVEMENTS
Different cranes have different capabilities and move in different ways. These capabilities will affect the
way loads are moved around the site, and the way you direct the crane operator.
Slewing:
Slewing is the side to side, rotating movement of the boom.
Luffing:
Luffing is the up and down movement of the boom.
Telescoping or Trolley in/out:
Telescoping is the extension and retraction movement of a hydraulic type boom. Trolley in/out refers to the
movement of a hoist assembly along the length of a boom (relevant to bridge, gantry and some tower
cranes).
Hoisting:
Hoisting is the raising and lowering of the hook block using the hoist rope.
1.4.2.2 CRANE LOAD CHARTS
Each crane has a crane chart that is used to determine how much that crane can lift in different
configurations.
The load chart on the crane must display the maximum load that can be lifted:
With any length of boom or jib.
At any radius of the load from the centre of the crane.
With the crane free (unpacked) at the ends.
With the crane free (unpacked) at the sides.
With the crane stationary on outriggers.
The dark line across the chart divides the configurations into damage categories if the crane is overloaded.
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Refer to the crane load chart to identify the maximum load that can be lifted by a crane in any given
configuration.
For example:
A crane is set up on fully extended outriggers and is rigged with a 20t hook block weighing 250kg.
The radius is 6.0m.
The boom length is 10.1m.
The load is to be lifted is over the rear.
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Don’t forget to deduct the weight of the hook block. The maximum load that can be lifted in this
configuration is 8.55t (8.8t – 250kg).
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1.4.3 APPLYING SITE INFORMATION
Site information such as local conditions (access and egress) or work method statements will help in
determining how the job is performed.
It is important to consult with the relevant workplace personnel/workers and OHS/WHS officer before
starting work to make sure that the workplace rules and procedures are adhered to while you carry out the
work.
You may need to obtain approval for any dogging and crane work to be performed on site. Talk to the
supervisor about the work you are intending to do.
1.5 RISK MANAGEMENT
Risk management is the process of reducing or managing the risks when working with a hazard or in a
hazardous situation and should take into consideration the context of the organisation and worksite.
Risk management must be conducted in accordance with:
Legislative, organisation and site requirements/procedures.
Australian Standards (AS/NZS ISO 31000:2009).
Codes of Practice.
Employment and workplace relations legislation.
Equal employment opportunity and disability legislation.
Risk management is made up of the following stages:
Consultation and communicating with others and monitoring and review should be planned for and carried
out at every stage of the risk management process.
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1.5.1 CONSULTATION AND COMMUNICATING WITH OTHERS
Communication and consulting with others is an important part of the risk management process and should
take place at all stages.
Identifying risks and hazards and coming up with ways of controlling them includes talking to the people
with knowledge of the situation, or who are directly affected by any action you may take.
You should always talk to any workers involved in the hazard control measures as well as the OHS/WHS
officer or supervisor.
This will help ensure that risks and hazards are not only effectively identified but that those involved with
controlling and treating them are clear of their role and responsibilities in the risk management process.
It also allows different skills, expertise and views to be brought together to enhance and support the risk
management process.
It is important that different views and concerns are identified and recorded as part of the consultation and
then taken into account during the decision-making process.
Controlling a hazard can be a team effort and it’s important that everybody knows what they need to do
and how/if they need to change their work process to suit.
1.5.2 RISK/HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
HAZARDS CREATE RISK. CHECK FOR HAZARDS.
A RISK is the chance of a hazard hurting you or
somebody else or causing some damage.
A HAZARD is the thing or situation that causes injury,
harm or damage.
If you can remove or at least control a HAZARD you
can reduce the RISK involved.
Each worksite has its own specific risks and hazards.
Before commencing work on a site you should consult and speak to the site safety officer or other relevant
workplace personnel/workers so that you may be made aware of any site-specific hazards and ground
conditions and to ensure that you adhere to any workplace policies and site-specific procedures.
A site induction needs to inform you of any hazards which exist on site.
Some of these hazards can be removed through staff training, better equipment and safe work methods.
Talk to the OHS/WHS officer for more information.
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Each worksite will have specific risk management procedures, safety systems and information, and
procedures for communication, reporting and record keeping.
Before conducting a risk assessment at a worksite, check to see what systems and procedures are in
place as they may affect the outcomes of the risk assessment.
It is important that suitably knowledgeable personnel/workers
are involved in the risk identification process.
Common workplace hazards include:
Electric/Power lines.
Overhead service lines.
Site-specific issues.
Underground services.
Pedestrians and personnel/workers.
Plant and equipment.
Buildings.
Obstructions.
Potential non-weight bearing surfaces.
Wind, bad weather conditions, may cause:
Load spin.
Load swing.
Uncontrolled slewing.
Possible crane damage or instability.
Lighting/illumination.
Trees.
Surrounding structures.
Facilities.
Dangerous materials.
Vehicle traffic.
Load configurations and condition.
Type of crane.
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Part of your job is to look around to see if you can find any hazards before you start moving the crane and
load.
A good tip is to check:
Above head height – remember the
crane will be working well above your
head!
At eye level – look around to see if
there is anything in the way of where
you want to move the load/crane.
On the ground (and below) – humps
and bumps, slippery surfaces and
rubbish can all be dangerous. Also
make sure that the path of travel is clear
and can bear the weight of the crane.
Make a note of any hazard you identify in the area. Remember, a hazard can also be a situation so keep
an eye on how the people around you are working too.
You should also check records of injuries and incidents, safety tags and talk to other workers.
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) can be useful tools in identifying potential hazards so make sure you
check the MSDS documents for your site.
Hazards are not only environmental; they may be caused by the way a job is carried out, or by the
equipment being used.
Each task/procedure/function needs to be evaluated for risks, as well as the work area where the activity is
being carried out.
You need to recognise the type and scope of risks that are yet to be resolved and understand the likely
impact so as to evaluate the situation and begin to implement control measures.
Once a risk has been identified check for any existing procedural documentation, workplace procedure or
workplace policy which describes how to eliminate or control the risk.
It is important that all records, policies and procedures are kept up to date so that the most relevant
information is available and used.
Talk to other workers, your manager, supervisor, team leader or health & safety representative to find out if
the risk has already been addressed, and what techniques are available to you to resolve it.
If you find that there is no documentation or guideline in place to resolve an identified risk, you need to
assess the risk and identify a feasible course of action to deal with it.
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1.5.2.1 SAFE ELECTRIC/POWER LINE WORKING DISTANCES
The different states and territories have standards and regulations for working near electric/power lines. It
is important that you identify possible risks when working around electric/power lines and follow relevant
safe electric/power line working distances.
SA / TAS / ACT (AS2550.1)
In South Australia, Tasmania and the ACT, equipment must not be closer than the following distances to
power lines:
Electric/Power Line Type
Distribution lines up to and including 133kV (usually
poles)
Transmission lines greater than 133kV (towers)
Distance
6.4m or 3.0m with a qualified ‘spotter’
10m or 8m with a qualified ‘spotter’
A ‘spotter’ is a competent person who watches and guides plant and equipment around Electric/power
lines. Check with each state authority for their spotter requirements.
VIC
In Victoria the Framework for Undertaking Work Near Overhead and Underground Assets states that
equipment must not be closer than the following distances to electric/power lines:
Distribution lines up to and including 66kV (power
poles)
Transmission lines greater than 66kV (towers)
Distance
6.4m or 3.0m with a qualified ‘spotter’
10m or 8m with a qualified ‘spotter’
A ‘spotter’ is a competent person who watches and guides plant and equipment around electric/power
lines. Check with each state authority for their spotter requirements.
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NSW
In New South Wales, equipment operation may not be any closer than the following distances to
electric/power lines:
Distance
Up to 132kV
3.0m
132kV up to 330kV
6.0m
more than 330kV
8.0m
To work closer than these distances requires authority from the relevant electrical authority and adherence
to cl.64(2)(e) of the regulations.
QLD
The Queensland Electrical Safety Regulation breaks down the distances in detail. Exclusion zones are
broken down not only by size of Electric/power line but also by the competency level of the operator. This
means that the requirements should be clarified with the Electrical authority before work commences even
if the distance appears to be outside the zones.
The Code of Practice gives the following minimum distances as guidance:
Distance
Up to 132kV
3.0m
132kV up to 330kV
6.0m
330kV to 500kV
8.0m
WA
In Western Australia this falls under Regulation 3.64 from the OSH Regulations and states the following as
the minimum distances:
Distance
1000V Insulated
0.5m
1000V Uninsulated
1.0m
Less than or up to 33,000V (33kV)
3.0m
Over 33,000V (33kV)
6.0m
Mine Site (for General Knowledge only)
10.0m
NT
In the Northern Territory safe electric/power line working distances falls under the Electricity Reform
(Safety and Technical) Regulations. Table 2, Schedule 3 gives the following minimum distances:
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Distance
Up to 33kV
1.5m
Above 33kV to 132kV
3.0m
Above 132kV to 275kV
4.0m
6.0m
8.0m
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1.5.2.2 WORKING AROUND ELECTRIC/POWER LINES
If you are required to work closer than the minimum safe
working distance you:
Must seek an exemption from the relevant authority.
Should, where possible, have the electric/power shut
off. If this is not possible, an authorised/competent
person must insulate the electric/power lines.
Use a spotter within the exclusion zone – this will be
dependent on the relevant state/territory legislation.
These are general guidelines only – you should always
comply with the requirements of the relevant state/territory.
If you are unsure of the voltage of the overhead electric/power
lines you should consult the relevant local power authority for
advice.
1.5.2.3 TIGER TAILS
Tiger Tails are used as a visual aid to identify the
location of overhead electric/power lines.
It is important to note that Tiger Tails DO NOT insulate
the electric/power lines so exclusion zones and safe
operating distances must still be maintained, even
when Tiger Tails are present.
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1.5.3 RISK ASSESSMENT
A risk assessment involved completing a risk analysis and a risk evaluation. By assessing the likelihood
and consequence of the risk, you are able to understand the situation better and respond in an appropriate
way.
1.5.3.1 RISK ANALYSIS
Risk analysis involves considering what are the causes and sources of risks and comprises 3 factors:
Consequence
Likelihood
Risk Level
What would be the outcome of the event occurring?
How severe would the outcome be?
What is the chance of the event/consequence occurring?
Has the event happened before?
Is it likely to happen again?
The combined result of likelihood and consequence.
Using a table similar to the one shown here you can analyse how high the risk level is:
CONSEQUENCE
LIKELIHOOD
Insignificant
Minor
First Aid
Required
Moderate
Medical
Attention and
Time Off Work
Major
Long Term
Illness or
Serious Injury
Severe
Kill or Cause
Permanent
Disability or
Illness
M
M
L
L
L
H
M
M
L
L
H
H
H
M
M
VH
H
H
M
M
VH
VH
VH
H
M
Almost Certain
Likely
Possible
Unlikely
Rare
1.5.3.2 RISK EVALUATION
Risk evaluation is based upon the outcomes and results of the risk analysis.
Risk evaluation involves making decisions about which risks need to be treated and the order in which they
should be treated. It should take into consideration the context of the risks in relation to:
The organisation.
The worksite.
The relevant laws.
Regulations.
Other policies, procedures and requirements.
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Using a table similar to the one shown you can evaluate how soon you should act to remove or control the
hazard to achieve an acceptable level of risk:
RISK LEVEL
VERY HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
ACTION
Act immediately:
The proposed task or process activity must not proceed. Steps must be taken to lower
the risk level to as low as reasonably practicable using the hierarchy of risk controls.
Act today:
The proposed activity can only proceed, provided that:
1. The risk level has been reduced to as low as reasonably practicable using
the hierarchy of risk controls.
2. The risk controls must include those identified in legislation, Australian
Standards, Codes of Practice etc.
3. The risk assessment has been reviewed and approved by the Supervisor.
4. A Safe Working Procedure or Safe Work Method has been prepared.
5. The supervisor must review and document the effectiveness of the
implemented risk controls.
Act this week:
The proposed task or process can proceed, provided that:
Act this month:
Managed by local documented routine procedures, which must include application of
the hierarchy of controls.
Any task with a Very High risk level is absolutely unacceptable to carry out. Steps must be taken to reduce
the risk level.
1.5.4 RISK TREATMENT
Once risks have been identified, analysed and evaluated, risk treatment options need to be considered and
applied. Risk treatment involves selecting one or more options to modify a risk and then implementing the
selected option/s. Risk treatments should be recorded in a risk treatment plan.
Once an option has been implemented it may be referred to as a risk control.
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1.5.4.1 CONSIDER HAZARD/RISK CONTROL STRATEGY OPTIONS
The Hierarchy of Hazard Control is the name given to a range of control methods used to eliminate or
control hazards and risks in the workplace. The Hierarchy has 6 levels:
1. Elimination
Completely remove the hazard. This is the best kind of hazard control.
2. Substitution
Swap a dangerous work method or situation for one that is less
dangerous.
3. Isolation
Isolate or restrict access to the hazard.
4. Engineering Measures
Use equipment to lower the risk level.
5. Administrative/
Safe Work Practices
Site rules and policies attempt to control a hazard.
6. Personal Protective
Equipment
The least effective control. Use PPE while you carry out your work – this
should be selected at the planning stage of your work, and checked before
starting the task.
It is important to consider all of the options available when deciding on the best course of action.
Not all options are feasible or possible under some circumstances.
You may need to use a number of control strategies in conjunction to reduce the risk level to an acceptable
level.
The risk treatment plan should clearly identify the order in which to implement the individual risk
treatments.
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1.5.4.2 TASK-SPECIFIC CONTROL STRATEGIES
Some examples of risks/hazards and their possible controls include:
Situation:
Working around a slewing crane, the chassis or
outriggers.
Hazard:
Risk of being struck or crushed by the crane or load
as it is being slewed.
Control:
Implementing exclusion zones.
Situation:
Working around a retracting or folding crane boom.
Hazard:
Risk of being trapped or caught in the boom, and a
risk of being struck by the boom.
Control:
Ensuring you are aware of the hazards and
positioning of personnel/workers outside the
entrapment zone.
Situation:
Work being carried out at night or in a darkened
area.
Hazard:
Restricted vision for the dogger and crane operator
resulting inability to see hazards and dangerous
situations.
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Control:
The entire work area must be sufficiently lit up
before work begins.
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Situation:
High wind levels during crane operations.
Hazard:
The load being blown to outside the cranes safe
operating radius and loss of control of the load.
Control:
Confirm with the crane operator that they have
applied the slew brakes (where applicable), the
application of guy ropes and braces. If allowable
limits and/or unsafe limits are exceeded work
should cease.
1.5.4.3 IDENTIFY RESOURCES REQUIRED FOR THE CONTROL STRATEGY
These resources should also be outlined in the risk
treatment plan and could include:
Fencing or traffic control.
New or different equipment.
Staff training.
More personnel/workers.
Creation of procedures and instructions.
Personal Protective Clothing And Equipment
As a minimum, a person performing dogging work must wear personal protective clothing such as:
A safety helmet (hard hat).
Safety boots/footwear.
High-visibility clothing.
Gloves.
Safety goggles/glasses.
Any other items required by the site.
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Other PPE includes:
Reflective vest.
Relevant breathing apparatus.
Hearing protection.
Skin and sun protection.
Make sure any piece of PPE you are wearing is in safe working condition and is suitable for the job.
If you find any item of PPE that is not in serviceable condition, tag it and remove it from service. Report the
fault to your supervisor who will organise the repair or replacement of the PPE.
1.5.4.4 IMPLEMENT THE CONTROL STRATEGY
Once you have come to the conclusion that the action is appropriate, feasible and reduces the level of risk
to an acceptable level, it is time to take action and implement the control measures.
Plan out, in detail, the steps required to implement the control strategies. This plan is called the Risk
Treatment Plan.
Consult with other workers and management to ensure the implementation is done correctly and does not
have a negative bearing on other trades, procedures or workers.
Once the risk control measure is in place you will need to review the level of risk to determine if more
needs to be done to lower the risk level.
The acceptable level of risk is determined by an organisation’s policy, goals and objectives towards safety.
Talk to your supervisor or health & safety representative if you are not sure about whether or not the risk
has been reduced enough to carry out the work.
If you determine the risk to be at an unacceptable level, the work must not be carried out until the situation
can be reviewed by an authorised person.
Part of preparing the site includes setting up any
hazard controls. This might include erecting barricades
to keep pedestrians outside of the work area, setting
up extra lighting or having electric/power lines
insulated or disconnected.
Make sure that any control measures are consistent
with workplace and safety standards. If you are unsure
about any safety or control measures, check with your
OHS/WHS officer or supervisor.
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1.5.5 MONITORING AND REVIEW OF RISK MANAGEMENT
Monitoring and review are an important part of the risk management process and should be planned for at
every stage.
Monitoring and review involves regular surveillance and checking and responsibilities concerning it should
be clearly defined.
The risk treatment plan should be complete and adhere to workplace policies and procedures. The risk
treatment plans should be discussed with appropriate personnel/workers and included within the
management process of the organisation.
Monitoring and review should:
Be used to detect any changes, including changes to risks, which may require revision of
treatments, or the emergence of new risks.
Ensure that treatments and controls are effective and efficient.
Aim to improve risk assessment through obtaining further information.
Be used to analyse events and changes that have occurred through the implementation of the
process and any lessons that may be learned from this.
It is important that monitoring and review results are recorded and reported according to organisational
policies and procedures.
1.5.6 REPORTING AND RECORD KEEPING
Make sure you record any action you’ve taken and talk to your supervisor and OHS/WHS officer about the
control strategies in place.
Reports and records could include:
Risk Assessment Reports.
Incident Reports.
Job Safety Analysis (JSA).
Safe Work Method Statements (SWMS).
Keeping records is important as they can help ensure that any risk management activities are traceable.
Records also provide a basis for improving methods and tools in the risk management process, as well as
improving the overall process.
An example of a Hazard Report Form can be found in Appendix 1C.
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APPENDIX 1A – WORK HEALTH & SAFETY
COMMON TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Person
Conducting a
Business or
Undertaking
(PCBU)
A ‘person conducting a business or undertaking’ (PCBU) replaces the term ‘employer’. A
PCBU includes all employers, sole traders, principal contractors, unincorporated
associations, partnerships and franchisees. Volunteer organisations that also employ
people will be PCBUs.
A PCBU’s primary duty of care is to ensure the health and safety of everyone in the
workplace, so far as is reasonably practicable.
Officers
An ‘Officer’ is a person who makes, or participates in making, decisions that affect the
whole or a substantial part of a corporation. This includes Health and Safety
Representatives (HSR).
Workers
‘Worker’ replaces the term ‘employee’. It is defined broadly to mean a person who carries
out work in any capacity for a PCBU.
A ‘worker’ covers employees, contractors, sub-contractors (and their employees), labour
hire employees, outworkers, apprentices, trainees, work experience students and
volunteers.
Reasonably
Practicable
Reasonably Practicable is defined as action that is, or was at a particular time,
reasonably able to be done to help ensure health and safety based on the following
factors:
a) Chances of the hazard or risk occurring (likelihood).
b) The degree of harm (consequence).
c) The knowledge of persons involved in the situation relating to the hazard or risk
and methods of eliminating or controlling it.
d) The availability and suitability of ways to eliminate or control the hazard or risk.
e) The costs involved in taking action to eliminate or control the hazard or risk
including consideration of whether the cost involved is inconsistent to the level of
risk.
Due
Diligence
The Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (the WHS Act 2011) imposes a specific duty on
officers of corporations to exercise due diligence to ensure that the corporation meets its
work health and safety obligations. In short, they have a responsibility to ensure that the
PCBU is doing everything it should to ensure health and safety.
The duty requires officers to be proactive in ensuring that the corporation complies with
its duty.
Due diligence may be demonstrated through the following courses of action:
1. Acquiring knowledge of health and safety issues.
2. Understanding operations and associated hazards and risks.
3. Ensuring that appropriate resources and processes are used to eliminate or
minimise risks to health and safety.
4. Implementing processes for receiving and responding to information about
incidents, hazards and risks.
5. Establishing and maintaining compliance processes.
6. Verifying the provision and use of the resources mentioned in 1-5.
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APPENDIX 1B – SAFE WORK METHOD
STATEMENT
SWMS Name:
SWMS Created By:
SWMS Summary:
Date of Creation:
Last Reviewed Date:
Company/Contractor Details:
Project Details:
Name:
Client:
ABN:
Contact Name:
Address:
Site Address:
Contact Number:
Contact Number:
Email:
Start Date:
How to complete this SWMS:
1. CONSULT: Consult with all persons who will be involved in the completion of the work.
2. LIST: List each of the steps in the task work being done.
3. IDENTIFY: Describe the health and safety hazards and risks arising from each step in the work.
4. RISK ASSESSMENT: Review the level of risk associated with each hazard listed.
5. CONTROL: Describe how the risks will be controlled, and describe what hazard control measures will
be put in place.
6. RESPONSIBILITY: Allocate a person to be responsible for the hazard control measure.
7. REVIEW: Review the effectiveness of the control measures and apply further hazard control
measures as required.
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Training/Qualifications Required To Carry Out
Work:
PPE Required To Carry Out Work:
Are All Workers Adequately Trained And Qualified?
Yes / No
Legislation, Australian Standards & Codes Of
Practice Relevant To Work (Where Applicable):
Equipment Required To Carry Out Work:
Environmental Statement:
Safety Checks Required Prior To Commencement
Of Work:
Coordination With Other Trades:
Permits Required For Commencement Of Work:
Have These Permits Been Acquired?
Yes / No
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Risk Analysis Matrix
Use this table to determine the level of risk associated with an identified hazard.
CONSEQUENCE
LIKELIHOOD
Almost Certain
Likely
Possible
Unlikely
Rare
RISK LEVEL
VERY HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
STES
Insignificant
Minor
First Aid
Required
Moderate
Medical
Attention and
Time Off Work
M
M
L
L
L
H
M
M
L
L
H
H
H
M
M
Major
Long Term
Illness or
Serious Injury
Severe
Kill or Cause
Permanent
Disability or
Illness
VH
H
H
M
M
VH
VH
VH
H
M
ACTION
Act immediately:
Act today:
Act this week:
Act this month:
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Safe Work Method Statement
Work Step
Associated/Identified
Hazards
Work your way through each step
in the work process, giving a brief
description of what is required at
each stage.
What hazards can be identified for
this step?
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Risk
Level
(L, M,
H, VH)
What is
the risk
level?
Hazard Controls
Revised
Risk
Level
(L, M, H,
VH)
Person
Responsible
What hazards controls will be put
into place to deal with the identified
hazards for this step?
Has the
risk been
reduced?
Who is responsible
for carrying out the
work and maintaining
the hazard controls?
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Work Step
STES
Associated/Identified
Hazards
Risk
Level
(L, M,
H, VH)
Hazard Controls
Revised
Risk
Level
(L, M, H,
VH)
Person
Responsible
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Personnel/Worker Signoff
All personnel/workers required to carry out this task need to be listed below.
By signing this SWMS, each person declares that they have carefully read the SWMS and that they
understand their responsibilities and requirements to complete the work.
Name (please print)
Position / Qualification
Signature
Date
Senior Management Signoff
Does this SWMS meet the necessary safety requirements?
Does this SWMS require review?
Yes / No
Yes / No
Review Date:
Additional Comments:
Name:
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Position:
Signature:
Date:
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APPENDIX 1C – HAZARD REPORT FORM
Company Name:
Form Completed By:
Date of Inspection:
Site:
Address:
Contact Phone Number:
1. Identified
Hazard
Hazard Type:
2. Hazard
Details
Description of Hazard:
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CONSEQUENCE
LIKELIHOOD
Almost Certain
Likely
Possible
Unlikely
Rare
RISK LEVEL
VERY HIGH
HIGH
MEDIUM
LOW
3. Risk
Assessment
Insignificant
Minor
First Aid
Required
Moderate
Medical
Attention and
Time Off Work
Major
Long Term
Illness or
Serious Injury
M
M
L
L
L
H
M
M
L
L
H
H
H
M
M
VH
H
H
M
M
Severe
Kill or Cause
Permanent
Disability or
Illness
VH
VH
VH
H
M
ACTION
Act immediately:
Act today:
the hierarchy of risk control.
Act this week:
Act this month:
Risk Likelihood Level:
Risk Consequence Level:
Risk Level:
Is there an existing safety system or procedure that deals with this hazard?
Yes / No
Details:
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4. Control
Strategies
Intended Control Strategy (Details and Resources Required)
Tick
Box
Elimination
Substitution
Isolation
Engineering
Safe Work Practices
PPE
Is the control strategy feasible? Yes / No
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5. Action Plan
Has a plan for the
implementation of the
control strategy been
completed?
Have the required
resources been obtained?
Does the implementation
meet the requirements of
workplace policies and
procedures?
What is the intended date
of implementation?
_____/_____/________
Who is responsible for
implementing the control
strategy?
Date of review of action
taken:
6. Review
_____/_____/________
Date of Review:
_____/_____/________
Review completed by:
Has the hazard control
been successfully
implemented?
New risk level:
Is this risk level
acceptable?
Further action required?
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Review Log .................................................................................................................................. 44
Module Basis ............................................................................................................................... 44
2.1 Assess Load .......................................................................................................................... 45
2.1.1 Calculating Load Weight ...................................................................................................... 45
2.1.2 Determine Special Requirements And Lifting Points Of Load .............................................. 47
2.2 Select And Inspect Lifting Gear ........................................................................................... 48
2.2.1 Natural And Synthetic Fibre Ropes ...................................................................................... 49
2.2.1.1 Natural Fibre Ropes ...................................................................................................... 50
2.2.1.2 Synthetic Fibre Ropes................................................................................................... 50
2.2.1.3 Inspection Criteria For Fibrous Rope ............................................................................ 51
2.2.1.4 Working Load Limit Of Natural Fibre Rope ................................................................... 52
2.2.2 Flexible Steel Wire Ropes .................................................................................................... 53
2.2.2.1 Inspection Criteria For FSWR ....................................................................................... 54
2.2.2.2 Working Load Limit Of FSWR ....................................................................................... 55
2.2.3 Chains .................................................................................................................................. 56
2.2.3.1 Inspection Criteria For Chains ...................................................................................... 58
2.2.3.2 Working Load Limit Of Chain ........................................................................................ 59
2.2.4 Synthetic Webbing Slings..................................................................................................... 61
2.2.4.1 Inspection Criteria For Synthetic Slings ........................................................................ 63
2.2.5 Shackles............................................................................................................................... 64
2.2.6 Eyebolts ............................................................................................................................... 65
2.2.7 Hooks ................................................................................................................................... 65
2.2.8 Plate Clamps And Beam Clamps ......................................................................................... 66
2.2.9 Spreader And Lifting Beams ................................................................................................ 66
2.2.9.1 Lifting Beam .................................................................................................................. 67
2.2.9.2 Spreader Beam ............................................................................................................. 67
2.2.10 Lifting Lugs ......................................................................................................................... 67
2.3 Lifting Personnel/Workers.................................................................................................... 68
2.4 Communication Methods And Equipment .......................................................................... 68
2.4.1 Determine Communication Requirements ............................................................................ 68
2.4.2 Select and Inspect Communication Equipment .................................................................... 72
2.5 Report All Defects ................................................................................................................. 72
2.6 Select Slinging Method ......................................................................................................... 73
2.6.1 Load Factors And Slinging ................................................................................................... 74
2.6.2 Using Shackles And Eye Bolts ............................................................................................. 77
2.6.3 Safe Slinging Techniques..................................................................................................... 79
2.6.3.1 Slinging Technique 1 .................................................................................................... 79
Appendix 2A – Dogging Formulae............................................................................................. 82
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REVIEW LOG
Version Number
Version 4H
Released
June, 2012
Version 4H R1
Supersedes
previous version.
Version 4H R1
Date Updated
Details of Updates
Released
December, 2012
Content updated.
Updated May,
2015
Modifications made to section 2.6.3.4 to reflect changes
made to AS3775
MODULE BASIS
Element 1 – Plan job.
Element 2 – Select and inspect
equipment.
Element 3 – Prepare site and
equipment.
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1.4. The weight, dimensions and centre of gravity of the load are identified and
assessed.
1.5. Suitable lifting/slinging points on the load are identified.
1.6. Appropriate lifting equipment needs are assessed.
1.7. Appropriate communication methods are assessed with crane/operators and other
appropriate personnel.
1.8. Manufacturer’s specifications/information is obtained for special loads where
necessary.
2.1. Lifting equipment appropriate to the task is selected.
2.2. Lifting equipment is inspected for serviceability.
2.3. Damaged or excessively worn lifting equipment is identified, labelled and rejected.
2.4. Appropriate communication methods for the crane/operator and appropriate
personnel are selected.
2.5. Appropriate communication equipment is selected and its serviceability is checked.
3.2. Appropriate slinging method is selected.
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2.1 ASSESS LOAD
Part of putting together a job plan includes assessing the load itself. You need to assess the following:
The weight of the load (to decide what crane and slings to use). To determine the weight of the
load you can:
Obtain content or weighbridge notes or other information.
Weigh the load.
Estimate the load through calculations.
Check whether the weight appears on the load itself or the packaging that it is delivered in.
The dimensions of load (to decide what slinging techniques to use).
The centre of gravity of the load (so that you can have the crane positioned correctly to pick up
the load).
2.1.1 CALCULATING LOAD WEIGHT
If you are required to calculate the load of the weight you should have an understanding of the weights of
common loads. The following table is a guideline of the density of common load materials:
Remember that 1 tonne = 1,000kg
Load Material
Aluminium
Bricks
Bronze
Cast Iron
Cement (25 bags)
Clay
Coal
Concrete
Copper
Earth
Approximate Weight
per m3
2.7t / m3
4.0t / 1000
8.5t / m3
7.2t / m3
1.0t
1.9t / m3
864kg / m3
2.4t / m3
9.0t / m3
1.9t / m3
Load Material
Granite
Gypsum
Iron, ore
Lead
Steel
Poly Pipe
Timber (hardwood)
Timber (soft)
Water
Approximate Weight
per m3
2.6t / m3
2.3t / m3
5.4t / m3
11.2t / m3
7.85t / m3
1.1t / m3
1.1t / m3
0.6t / m3
1.0t / m3
1L = 1kg
For example, if you had a load containing a cubic metre of steel you could work it out using this table.
A cubic metre of steel weighs approximately 7.85 tonne. Therefore 3 cubic metres of steel weighs 3 x 7.85
= 23.55 tonnes or 23,550kg.
If you are working with a load of water than the ratio to work out the weight of the load is one kg to every
litre.
For example, if you have 400L of water in a load then the load would weigh approximately 400kg. It is
important to note that this ratio does not apply to all liquids.
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In most cases loads aren’t always a perfect cubic metre and if this is the case you will need to find the area
of the load before obtaining the weight:
We can use this formula to work out more complex weights. For example, we know that a cubic metre of
concrete weighs 2.4 tonne (2,400kg) but using these steps we can work out more complex configurations.
Example 1
What is the weight of a solid concrete block measuring
3.5m long, 0.8m wide and 0.6m high?
Working out:
3.5m x 0.8m = 2.8m2 (Area)
2.8m x 0.6m = 1.68m3 (Volume)
1.68m x 2400kg/m = 4032kg (Weight)
Example 2
What is the weight of a concrete pipe measuring 1.2m outside diameter, 1.125 inside diameter and 3.5m
long?
Working out:
Outside Volume:
0.6m x 0.6m x π = 1.13m2 (Area)
1.13 x 3.5m = 3.96m3 (Volume)
Inside Volume:
0.56m x 0.56m x π = 0.99m2 (Area)
0.99m x 3.5 = 3.48m3 (Volume)
Volume of Pipe = Outside Volume – Inside Volume
Volume of Pipe = 3.96-3.48
Volume of Pipe = 0.48m3
Weight of Pipe = Volume of Pipe x Density of Material
Weight of Pipe = 0.48 x 2400kg
Weight of Pipe = 1,152kg (Weight)
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You may also be required to calculate the weight of a load that is made up of different parts. In this
situation it is important to calculate the weight of each item and add all of these together to work out the
total weight.
For example
A bin contains the following materials:
3 universal beams each 6m long.
12 scaffold planks each 3m long.
3 mild steel plates 3.5m long and 0.7m wide.
You have the following information:
The bin weighs 300kg.
The universal beams weigh 145kg per metre.
The scaffold planks weigh 6.5kg per metre.
The steel plate weighs 156kg per metre.
The table below shows how to work out the total weight of the load:
Item
Bin
Universal beams
Scaffold planks
Steel plate
Total weight of load
Calculation
1 x 300kg = 300kg
3 x 6 x 145 = 2610kg
12 x 3 x 6.5 = 234kg
3.5 x 0.7 x 3 x 156kg = 1146.6kg
300 + 2610 + 234 + 1146.6 = 4290.6kg
Every load is different. Other things to consider are if the load is solid or liquid. Liquid loads have a centre
of gravity that moves as the load does. These loads may require a tagline to help keep them stable.
2.1.2 DETERMINE SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS AND LIFTING POINTS
OF LOAD
You need to check and see if the load has any specific lifting points. This will give you a better idea of the
types of lifting gear you should use and how you should sling the load.
The manufacturer may have specifications or information relating to the load and how it should be handled,
especially in the case of hazardous, fragile or unstable loads.
For special shaped loads you may need to check the manufacturer’s specifications to determine the best
method of slinging it.
You should access manufacturers’ specifications/information for details on special or unique loads
including:
Load weight.
Load centre of gravity.
Stress points.
Lifting points.
Spread of load.
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Travel path of load.
Special slinging requirements.
Lifting and/or landing requirements.
Any factors that may affect the capacity or movement of the crane.
2.2 SELECT AND INSPECT LIFTING GEAR
The load and working environment will determine
the type of lifting gear that you need to use.
Mark in your plan the lifting gear that you intend to
use along with the details of how you intend to
sling and control the load during the lift.
Lifting gear includes all equipment associated with
the lifting and moving of the load from the hook
down.
Lifting gear includes:
Ropes.
Chains.
Slings.
Shackles.
Beams.
Clamps.
Other attachments that can be used
to lift or secure a load.
When assessing the lifting gear needs you will also need to
consider whether the load requires packing and dunnage.
The use of packing, padding, lagging, edge protection,
dunnage and corner pads can protect the lifting gear from
sharp corners on a load and increase the safety of the lift.
Not only does packing protect the load and lifting gear from
damage during the lift, it also allows for safer attachment and
detachment of the lifting gear.
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It is important that you select the correct lifting gear for each load that you are lifting. The following table
outlines some different loads and their suggested lifting gear:
Load
A pallet of bricks.
Steel plates.
A single gas bottle.
A load of loose pipes.
Pre-cast panels.
A timber truss.
A load that is easily damaged.
A bulky load or a load with uneven
weight disbursement.
Suggested Lifting Gear
A brick or block cage.
Plate or lifting clamps.
A suitable stillage or lifting box that ensures the load is stable and
secure.
Suitable stillage, pallets or slings.
Lifting clutches.
Lifting beam and/or long sling or wire.
Synthetic webbing slings.
Lifting beam.
It is extremely important that you carefully inspect all lifting gear before you use it to ensure that all items
are safe to use and are appropriate for the task. As a licenced dogger or rigger you are responsible for the
inspection of lifting equipment.
2.2.1 NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC FIBRE ROPES
Fibre rope is used extensively for taglines, whips, tackles and
lashings.
There are two main types of fibrous ropes:
Natural fibre rope.
Synthetic fibre rope.
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2.2.1.1 NATURAL FIBRE ROPES
Natural or vegetable fibre ropes are grouped into those made from hard fibres and those made from soft
fibres.
When using natural fibre ropes for dogging there are a
few things you need to remember:
Manila and sisal are the only types of natural
fibre rope that can be used for dogging and
rigging purposes.
Other natural fibre ropes such as cotton, jute,
flax and hemp can only be used for lashing
and tying.
A 16mm dry natural fibre rope is usually used
as a tagline as it is non-conductive.
2.2.1.2 SYNTHETIC FIBRE ROPES
Synthetic fibre ropes are generally made from filaments
twisted into yarns, the yarns twisted into a strand then three
strands into the rope, similar to natural fibre ropes.
Synthetic ropes can be much thinner and yet have a greater
Working Load Limit (WLL) than natural fibre rope because
they do not have overlapping fibres and some filaments are
also stronger than natural fibres of the same thickness.
Synthetic fibre ropes have a smooth slippery surface,
which can cause slip and failure of most bends and
hitches. They are therefore not suitable for hand
haulage. Prevent slip and failure with additional half
hitches or seize the tail with yarn, twine or marline.
Under some conditions synthetic fibre rope can
conduct electricity and therefore should not be used as
taglines near electric/power lines – only nonconductive ropes should be used.
When using synthetic fibre ropes, you need to remember:
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2.2.1.3 INSPECTION CRITERIA FOR FIBROUS ROPE
You must check any fibrous ropes carefully before using them. The checklist below outlines what you are
looking for. If a rope shows any of these it is unsuitable for dogging.
When inspecting fibrous rope you need to check for:
Missing or illegible SWL markings.
Broken fibres/strands.
Stretched rope (overloading).
Excessive wear.
Abrasion.
High stranding.
Chemical exposure.
Brittleness.
Discolouration due to excessive heat.
Sun rot.
Mildew.
Knots.
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If any of these are present then the rope MUST NOT BE USED!
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2.2.1.4 WORKING LOAD LIMIT OF NATURAL FIBRE ROPE
To calculate the WLL of natural fibre rope in kilograms, square the rope diameter (D) in millimetres (mm).
For example:
The above equation can be reversed to calculate the diameter (D) in millimetres of fibre rope needed to lift
a given load. To do this, find the square root of the load in kilograms.
For example:
Note: The minimum diameter of fibrous rope for load lifting is 12mm. The minimum diameter fibrous rope
that may be used for a tagline is 16mm.
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2.2.2 FLEXIBLE STEEL WIRE ROPES
There are two principle grades of flexible steel wire rope (FSWR):
Grade 1570 – This rope is galvanised in appearance and usually has a fibre core.
Grade 1770 – This rope is blackish in appearance and usually has an independent wire core.
The smallest diameter of FSWR that can be used for lifting purposes is 6mm.
The maximum temperature exposure for fibre core FSWR is not to exceed 95°C.
FSWR is constructed of wires and strands laid around a central core.
In the example below there are 19 wires to the strand and 6 strands around the core making up the rope:
It is important not to confuse wires and strands. If a strand is broken, the rope is unusable. A single broken
wire in a sling is not as important unless broken immediately below a metal fitting or anchorage.
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FSWR slings are available in a number of different configurations including:
Soft eye.
Thimble eye.
2-leg sling.
4-leg sling.
Open swage socket.
Closed swage socket.
Hook captive.
Master link captive.
2.2.2.1 INSPECTION CRITERIA FOR FSWR
You must check any FSWR carefully before using it. The checklist below outlines what you are looking for.
If a FSWR shows any of these then it is unsuitable for dogging.
When inspecting FSWR you need to check for:
Missing or illegible SWL markings.
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Excessive number of broken wires.
(Not to exceed 10% of the total number of wires in the FSWR over a distance of not more
than one rope lay – where one rope lay is approximately 8 x the diameter of the FSWR).
E.g. 10mm diameter. 6/19 FSWR – 6 x 9 = 114 Wires. 114/10 = 11.4 = 11.
11 Broken wires over a distance of 8 x 10mm = 80mm.
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Bird-caging (Strands loosened from proper tight lay).
Severe kinking or fractures from bending or reeving.
More than 10% wear in the rope diameter.
Crushed/damaged strands.
Splice, ferrule, eye or thimble damage.
Abrasion wear.
Squashed FSWR.
Stretched or overloaded FSWR.
Knotted FSWR.
Core collapse.
Severe/serious corrosion (indicated by loose and springy wires).
High stranding.
Chemical exposure.
High temperature exposure.
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If any of these are present then the rope MUST NOT BE USED!
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2.2.2.2 WORKING LOAD LIMIT OF FSWR
The working load limit (WLL) of a sling is the maximum load limit that may be lifted by that sling during a
straight lift.
To calculate the WLL in kilograms of FSWR, square the rope diameter (D) in millimetres (mm) and multiply
by 8.
For example:
The above equation can be reversed to calculate the diameter (D) in millimetres of FSWR needed to lift a
given load. To do this, divide the load (L) in kilograms by 8 and find the square root of the result.
For example:
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2.2.3 CHAINS
There are various grades of lifting chains:
Grade 30 (L) = 30(L), 30 or 3 – This is the
minimum grade chain used for safe lifting of
loads.
Grade 40 = M or 40 or 4 or 04 (High tensile
chain).
Grade 50 = P or 50 or 5 or 05.
Grade 60 = S or 60 or 6 or 06.
Grade 80 = T (Higher tensile/High grade HercAlloy chain used extensively for all load lifting
uses).
Grade 100 = V (Very high tensile chain –
Usually pink in colour).
The following types of chains MUST NOT be used for
lifting load:
Wrought iron chain.
Grade 75 (transport lashing chain).
Proof coil chain.
Approved grade chains under allowable
diameter.
Mild steel chain.
Lifting chain is proof-tested short link chain. The
barrel of short link chain requires a greater force to
bend, provides greater strength, reduces the
tendency to twist and provides better reeving
performance.
Grade markings or letters denoting the grade are
stamped or embossed on the chain at least every
metre or every 20 links, whichever is less.
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Grade 80 (T) chain is the minimum grade of
chain that can be used for general load lifting
uses, such as wrapping and reeving. The
lesser grades of chain such as Grade 50 (P)
and 60 (S) can only be used for “direct”
(straight lifts only – NO angle and NO
reeving). Grades 30 (L) and 40 (M) are
usually only used for load binding.
The minimum diameter Grade 80 (T) chain
for load lifting is 6mm. The minimum
diameter for lesser grade chains, such as
Grade 30 (L), for load lifting is 8mm.
Chain slings are affected by heat from 250°C:
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2.2.3.1 INSPECTION CRITERIA FOR CHAINS
You must check any chains carefully before using them. The checklist below outlines what you are looking
for. If a chain shows any of these then it is unsuitable for dogging.
When inspecting chains you need to check for:
Missing or illegible SWL tag.
Incompatible grade and diameter components.
Missing grade markings.
Cracks in link welds, spot-welding.
Exposure to excessive heat.
Pitting.
Twists and/or kinks and/or knots.
Stretching, locked, movement restricted.
Squashed/crushed more than 10% of original link diameter.
Gouged/cut more than 10% of original link diameter.
Severe/excessive rust or corrosion.
Excessive wear on chain (over 10% wear in link diameter).
Excessive stretching of hook opening (over 5%).
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If any of these are present then the Chain MUST NOT BE USED!
Chain slings should be made up to AS 3775 Chain slings–Grade
T or the manufacturer’s recommendations. When ordering parts
for chain slings, ensure that they comply with the appropriate
Standard.
The working load limit tag must be fixed on all chain assemblies.
The tag must detail the SWL under all conditions of loading.
If you are unable to locate a legible manufacturer’s tag the chain
sling should be tagged out and taken out of service, in line with
safe work procedures, unless the necessary information is
marked on the master link. Once the tag is replaced, the sling
can immediately be returned to service. A competent person
should replace the tag.
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2.2.3.2 WORKING LOAD LIMIT OF CHAIN
The WLL of chain is determined by the grade (G).
Do not use a chain to lift if it does not have a manufacturer’s tag that gives details of the WLL. Return it to
the manufacturer for WLL assessment and retagging.
To calculate the WLL of 80 grade lifting chain in kilograms, square the diameter (D) in millimetres (mm)
and multiply by G (grade of chain) by safety factor (0.4 for Grade 80 chain).
For example:
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The previous equation can be reversed to calculate the diameter (D) in millimetres of chain needed to lift a
given load. To do this, divide the load (L) in kilograms by G X safety factor and find the square root of the
result.
To calculate the WLL of grade 30 or 40 lifting chain in kilograms, square the diameter (D) in millimetres
(mm) and multiply the grade (G) by the safety factor (0.3 for grade 30 and 40 chain).
For example:
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2.2.4 SYNTHETIC WEBBING SLINGS
Flat webbing and round synthetic slings are used for lifting where it is
necessary to protect the load from damage and for protection from
electrical hazards.
They are made from nylon, polyester, polypropylene or aramid
polyamide. Each sling must be labelled with the WLL.
If you are using sling shorteners you must ensure they do not have
more than 10% wear. More than 10% wear condemns them for use
and they must not be used.
Ensure that synthetic web slings are not twisted when being used to
support or lift loads, as this will decrease the WLL of the sling.
Round synthetic slings are one of the most DANGEROUS types of lifting sling available to doggers and
riggers. This is mainly because the fibres inside the sling do the lifting instead of the outside webbing
sleeve.
This is dangerous because you cannot see the condition of the internal fibres. Therefore it is extremely
important that you check these types of slings thoroughly for cuts, burn marks and tears on the outer
sleeve.
You should only ever use round synthetic slings for round loads or loads with edges that have been packed
with soft packing materials, e.g. car inner tube or carpet.
Synthetic webbing slings must be stored:
In a dry well ventilated area.
Off the ground.
Away from chemicals.
Away from moving parts and equipment.
Away from direct sunlight.
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Synthetic slings are colour coded, however you must always go by the SWL tag and not rely on the
marking or colour coding. The colour coding is there to assist you in the selection of a synthetic soft/round
or sausage sling only.
Round Slings – AS 4497.2
Working Load Limit (WLL) Tonnes
Sling Lifting
Configurations
Straight
Lift L=1
Choked Lift
L=0.8
Flat Webbing Slings – AS 1353.2
Basket Hitch and 2, 3 & 4 Leg Slings
α = 60°
α = 90°
α = 120°
Parallel L=2
L = 1.73
L = 1.41
L=1
Sling Colour
as per
Australian
Standards
Violet
1.0
0.8
2.0
1.7
1.4
1.0
Green
2.0
1.6
4.0
3.4
2.8
2.0
Yellow
3.0
2.4
6.0
5.1
4.2
3.0
Grey
4.0
3.2
8.0
6.9
5.6
4.0
Red
5.0
4.0
10.0
8.6
7.0
5.0
Brown
6.0
4.8
12.0
10.3
8.4
6.0
Blue
8.0
6.4
16.0
13.8
11.2
8.0
Orange
10.0
8.0
20.0
17.3
14.1
10.0
Orange
12.0
9.6
24.0
20.7
16.9
12.0
NOTE: Working Load Limit = L x WLL; L = Loading Factor, α= Included angle between legs.
The colour coding should be used as a guide only!
Always refer back to the sling’s tag. The tag should
display:
The WLL.
Angle factors.
Reeve factors.
Manufacturer.
Grade/applications.
Conditions of use.
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2.2.4.1 INSPECTION CRITERIA FOR SYNTHETIC SLINGS
You must check any synthetic slings carefully before using them. The checklist below outlines what you are
looking for. If a synthetic sling shows any of these then it is unsuitable for dogging and should be tagged,
separated from usable equipment and reported to the appropriate person.
When inspecting synthetic slings you need to check for:
Missing or illegible SWL tag.
Broken fibres/strand (internal wear)
(You can usually feel a soft lump on the inside of the sleeve).
Excessive internal or external wear, burns or abrasions.
Stretched/damaged sleeve.
Cuts, tears or contusions in outer sleeve.
Burn marks on outer sleeve.
Signs of mould or mildew.
Damage from temperature or sunlight exposure.
Damage from chemical exposure (including alkaline or acidic substances or solvents).
Damage to stitching.
Damage to eyes, terminal attachments or end fittings.
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2.2.5 SHACKLES
A shackle is a portable link, used for joining various pieces
of lifting equipment. The two main shapes for load lifting
are the ‘dee’ and ‘bow’ shackles.
Almost all shackles are made of round bar and have
circular eyes. The pin of the common shackle screws
directly into one eye and should preferably have a collar.
In some shackles, the pins pass clear through both eyes
and are secured by a split pin forelock (i.e. split flat cotter
pin) or nut and split pin.
If you are using a shackle to support multiple slings
ensure that you use a bow shackle.Always use the correct
size of shackle pin. Do not use a nut and bolt in place of the proper shackle pin. A bolt that does not fit
tightly is likely to bend and break.
Shackles must have their SWL/WLL stamped on the shackle (not on the pin).
Bow Shackle
Dee Shackle
If a shackle shows any of these defects then it is unsuitable for dogging:
When inspecting shackles you need to check for:
Missing or illegible SWL/WLL marks.
Stretched, wrong or defective pin.
Pin won’t screw in and/or missing retaining pin.
Bent or warped.
Cracks and chips.
Over 10% wear.
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2.2.6 EYEBOLTS
Eyebolts are used extensively as lifting lugs on set pieces of
equipment. The safest eyebolt is a collared eyebolt. Uncollared
eyebolts should only be used where the pull on the eyebolt is
vertical.
Only collared eyebolts should be used where the pull is at an angle.
The underside of the eyebolt should be machined and the seating
upon which the eyebolt is tightened should also be machined.
The eyebolt should be tightened so that both faces meet in a neat
tight fit. If both faces are apart the collar is of no use.Where two
eyebolts are used to lift a load, a pair of slings should be shackled
into them. Do not reeve a single sling through two eyebolts and then
put both eyes on the hook.
Loads can spin when lifted with a single eyebolt causing the eyebolt to unscrew from the load. Mouse the
eyebolt to the load to stop unscrewing.
Uncollared Eyebolt
Collared Eyebolt
2.2.7 HOOKS
There are many different shapes and sizes of hooks. They range
from mild steel to very high-grade alloy steel.Hooks used with chain
to make chain assemblies are usually Grade T or Grade 80 strength.
All hooks must be marked with their SWL/WLL and/or the relevant
diameter and grades.
Hooks must not be used if there is over 10% wear in the bite.
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2.2.8 PLATE CLAMPS AND BEAM CLAMPS
Plate clamps are designed to increase the purchase on the plate as it is lifted. All plate clamps must be
marked with their SWL or WLL and the relevant compatible plate size.
You must check for the cleanliness of all the biting teeth; cracks in the body; and the locking mechanism.
Also check for stretching of the lifting ring and for security of all the bolts/pins.
2.2.9 SPREADER AND LIFTING BEAMS
Spreader and lifting beams are devices which spread
the load evenly for a given lift. They are generally
made to suit a particular job.
Most have a central lifting point for the crane or lifting
medium, and have two or more lugs underneath to
take the load slings.All spreader beams must be
suitable to lift the particular load and must be branded
with the WLL.
The WLL must include the weight of the load plus all
lifting gear (slings, shackles etc.). The spreader beam
must also display the weight of the beam and its serial
number.
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2.2.9.1 LIFTING BEAM
Lifting beams have a centre-lifting lug at the top to accommodate a crane hook and a bottom lug at each
end for connecting slings. Headroom for the lift is reduced, as no top slings are required.
2.2.9.2 SPREADER BEAM
A spreader beam literally "spreads" a two-legged top sling. A spreader beam has better stability than a
lifting beam and a higher potential capacity for a given size of steel section used. Spreader beams require
more headroom than lifting beams due to the two-legged sling arrangement at the top.
2.2.10 LIFTING LUGS
Lifting lugs are components that are found in some
lifting gear and loads to assist with lifting. Lugs are
built with an opening in the centre so that cables can
be attached, through these openings, for lifting
purposes.
Lifting lugs may be:
A permanent attachment – such as in a box
with built in lugs or a spreader beam.
A temporary attachment – such as the
addition of eyebolts to a load.
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If a load or piece of lifting equipment is fitted with
lifting lugs, ensure that you:
Visually inspect the lugs, making sure
that there is no evidence of:
Welds splitting or cracking.
Damage, splitting, separation or
stretching.
Check for the WLL rating.
Check the lugs for positioning in
relation to the centre of gravity of the
load being lifted.
2.3 LIFTING PERSONNEL/WORKERS
Never under any circumstances allow a person to ride on the hook of the crane. If personnel/workers are
required to carry out work whilst suspended from a crane, they should be lifted in an approved suspended
work box that meets all of the necessary requirements of the workplace, crane manufacturer and AS 2550
and AS1418.17. If a workbox is used to hoist a worker, the person dogging must be positioned in the crane
workbox with them.
2.4 COMMUNICATION METHODS AND
EQUIPMENT
As a dogger you need to be able to communicate with those around you while you work, and you need to
be able to understand the instructions to use the lifting gear safely.
2.4.1 DETERMINE COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENTS
Communication requirements can be found in a
number of places. These include:
Manufacturer’s guidelines (instructions,
specifications or checklists).
Industry operating procedures.
Workplace procedures (work instructions,
operating procedures, checklists).
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Workplace communications may take the form of:
Verbal and non-verbal language.
Written instructions.
Signage.
Hand signals.
Whistle or buzzer signals.
Listening.
Questioning to confirm understanding, and
appropriate worksite protocol.
Talk to the appropriate personnel/workers (e.g.
supervisors, colleagues or managers who are
authorised to take responsibility for the workplace
or operations) to discuss the best options for
communication.
Talk to the crane operator and select the
methods that you are going to use to
communicate during the lift. This may include:
Hand and whistle signals.
Two-way radio.
Verbal directions.
Talk to the crane operator and select the methods that you are going to use to communicate during the lift.
Hand signals should be used only when the crane operator is always in direct view of the person
dogging the load.
Whistle signals may be used the crane operator is in or out of view of the person dogging the
load.
Fixed channel two-way radios should be used if:
Hand signals can’t be seen.
Whistle signals cannot be heard or they may be confused with other whistle signals where
multiple cranes are in use in the area.
It is more efficient than other methods.
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Shown here are the hand signals use in Australia:
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Shown here are the whistle signals use in Australia:
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2.4.2 SELECT AND INSPECT COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
If you are using any communication equipment (such as fixed channel two-way radios, whistles or
bells/buzzers) make sure that it works before starting the job. This includes checking that radios are
charged up and will not stop working half way through the task.
If using two-way radios you also need to make sure there is not interference on the channel you have
selected.
2.5 REPORT ALL DEFECTS
If you identify any equipment that is defective, damaged or faulty you must not use it. The equipment
needs to be isolated from use to stop anybody from accidentally using it and the defect needs to be
reported to an authorised person.
Make sure you complete any isolation procedures as
required.
This may include tagging or locking out equipment and
completing fault reports or other documentation.
Faulty lifting equipment may need to be labelled and
rejected, destroyed or returned to the manufacturer
(depending on the type and severity of the fault).
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2.6 SELECT SLINGING METHOD
The way you sling the load will depend on the size, shape and requirements of the load. Some slinging
techniques reduce the WLL of the slings. Make sure you have allowed for the reduction when you are
selecting the slings and lifting equipment for the job.
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2.6.1 LOAD FACTORS AND SLINGING
The lifting capacity of a sling for a straight lift is the WLL. Once the WLL has been altered due to a
particular slinging method, such as an increase in the angle between two legs or a reeve, it is then referred
to as the safe working load (SWL).
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The lifting capacity decreases as the angle between
the legs of the sling attachment increases. Different
methods of slinging will also alter the lifting capacity.
A simple rule of thumb for a good safe working angle is
to make sure that the horizontal distance between the
points of attachment of the load does not exceed the
length of the slings.
This will ensure that the angle between the two legs of
the sling does not exceed 60°. At 60° the slings will lift
only 1.73 the WLL of one sling. The recommended
safe angle between two legs of a sling is 60˚.
When you are using two slings to lift a load and are determining the length and capacity of the slings
required, ensure that you consider:
The weight of the load.
The reeve factors.
The angle factors.
The size of the load.
The slinging method.
The clearance required to make the lift.
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The recommended maximum angle between the two
legs of a sling is 120° (consistent with AS/NZS 1353.
1997).
When slinging a rigid object with a multi-legged sling it
must be assumed that only two of the sling legs are
taking the load.
Additional legs do not increase the SWL of the sling
assembly, therefore each leg has to be capable of taking
half of the weight of the load.
The maximum angle of a four-legged sling is the greatest
angle between any two of the four slings. This is
generally between the diagonally opposite legs. The
SWL is assessed through the largest included angle in
the multi-legged sling assembly.
The SWL of slings decreases as the angle between the slings increases or if the slings are nipped or
reeved. All factors must be considered when determining which sling is the correct one to lift a given load.
Included Angle
Load Factor
60 degrees
1.73
90 degrees
1.41
120 degrees
1
Remember that the rule of thumb method of working out the SWL of slings is not completely accurate. For
an accurate SWL, refer to the manufacturer’s load charts and SWL tags.
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2.6.2 USING SHACKLES AND EYE BOLTS
When using multiple slings, always use a bow shackle large enough to accommodate all of the eyes safely
on the bow. The pin of the shackle should rest on the hook.
Uncollared eyebolts should only be used with straight lifts. If the sling is set at an angle to the uncollared
eyebolt, the sideways pull on the eyebolt could cause it to fail.
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Collared eyebolts should always face the same direction so that angled
slings are pulling sideways.
Where two eyebolts are used to lift a load, a pair of slings should be
shackled into them. Do not reeve a single sling through two eyebolts and
then put both eyes on the hook.
If using only one eyebolt in a vertical lift, make sure it is lashed to the load
to prevent it from unwinding during the movement of the load.
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2.6.3 SAFE SLINGING TECHNIQUES
You can determine the safest slinging points on a load
through calculation or by conducting a test lift.
Calculations such as measuring the distances from the
centre of the load out to the slinging points and evenly
distributing the weight will ensure that the lifting points
are safe.
This is the best method, but may not always be
possible.
When selecting suitable slinging points make sure that you consider:
The centre of load distribution and load balance.
Security of slings.
Reeve and angle factors.
Weight of load.
Avoiding damage to the load.
The following are examples of slinging techniques and the formulae that are used to ensure the slinging is
completed in a safe manner.
2.6.3.1 SLINGING TECHNIQUE 1
A drum filled with water is to be lifted with two vertical flexible
steel wire (FSWR) slings fixed to a spreader:
The weight of the load is 1500kg.
The lifting beam weighs 400kg and is rated to 4
tonne.
What is the minimum diameter FSWR required to safely lift
the drum?
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Calculations:
WLL = Weight of load divided by angle factor.
WLL = 1500 / 2
WLL = 750kg
Diameter of FSWR sling (mm) = Square root of (WLL (kg) divided by safety
factor 8).
Diameter of FSWR sling (mm) = √ (750/8)
Diameter of FSWR sling (mm) = √93.75
Diameter of FSWR sling (mm) = 9.682
FSWR diameter = 10mm (rounded up from 9.682).
A box with built-in lifting lugs is to be lifted.
The included angle between the diagonally opposite
sling legs is 90 degrees.
The chain slings are Grade (80) T.
The chain diameter is 12mm.
What is the maximum load that can be lifted (rounded
down to the nearest 10th of a tonne)?
Calculations:
Firstly calculate the SWL for the chain using the formula:
WLL (in kg) = D2 (in mm) x 32 or D squared (in mm) x grade x 0.4
WLL = 12 x 12 x 32
WLL = 4608kg
For multi-legged slings, it must be assumed that at least two slings are capable
of taking the load. Therefore, the permissible load is calculated for one pair of
diagonally opposite slings.
Multiply the WWL by the angle factor (1.41 for a pair of slings with an included
angle of 90 degrees) to calculate the maximum load of the box.
4608kg x 1.41
= 6,497.28kg
This is then converted to tonnes and rounded down to the nearest 0.1t.
Maximum load = 6.4t (rounded down from 6,497.28kg).
STES
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A pair of FSWR reeved slings is to be used to lift a
steel beam.
The angle between the sling legs is 90
degrees.
The steel beam weighs 173kg/m.
The steel beam is 5m long.
Calculate the weight of the load and the minimum
diameter of FSWR required to lift it.
Calculations:
Weight of the Load = 5 x 173
Weight of the Load = 865kg
Diameter of Sling = √(Load / safety factor / reeve factor/ angle
factor)
Diameter of Sling = √ (865 / 8 / .5 / 1.41)
Diameter of Sling = √ 153.369
Diameter of Sling = 12.384
Minimum Diameter of Sling = 13mm (rounded up from 12.384m).
A square load is to be lifted using a set of Grade 80 (T)
chains. The chains are slung in a two-legged sling and
reeved around the load.
The included angle for the slings is 60 degrees.
The weight of the load is 2000kg.
Using the angle of the sling and the weight of the load
calculate the chain diameter that will need to be used.
Calculations:
The formula to calculate the necessary grade 80 (T) chain diameter is:
√ (weight of the load / load factor for reeve / load factor for angle / 32)
The reeve factor around rectangular loads = 0.5
The load factor for slings at 60 degrees = 1.73
The chain diameter = √ (2000 / 0.5 / 1.73 / 32)
The chain diameter = √72
The chain diameter = 8.49
The minimum Grade 80 (T) chain diameter that can be used in this configuration to lift this load is
9mm.
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Page 81 of 104
APPENDIX 2A – DOGGING FORMULAE
DOGGING FORMULAE INFORMATION
Angle Factors
0°
=2
30° = 1.93
45° = 1.85
60° = 1.73
90° = 1.41
120° = 1
Reeve Factors
Wrapped around a Square Load =
50% SWL reduction
Factor = 0.5
Wrapped around a Round Load=
25% SWL reduction
Factor = 0.75
Material Densities
Oil/Fuel
800kg/m3
Water
1000kg/m3
Hardwood 1100kg/m3
Concrete 2400kg/m3
Aluminium 2700kg/m3
Steel
7840kg/m3
Circular
π = Pi = 3.142
Circumference = Diameter x π
WORKING OUT LOAD WEIGHTS
SLING FORMULAE
Determine SWL
Fibrous Rope
D(mm) x D (mm) = Capacity/SWL (kg)
Flexible Steel Wire
Rope (FSWR)
Chain – Grade 80
(T)
Chain – Lesser than
Grade 80
D (mm) x D(mm) x 8 = Capacity/SWL
(kg)
D(mm) x D(mm) x 32 = Capacity/SWL
(kg)
D(mm) x D(mm) x Grade x 0.3
= Capacity/SWL (kg)
STES
Determine Diameter (D) Size
√Capacity/SWL (kg)
= D(mm)
Capacity/SWL ÷ 8
= √Answer = D(mm)
Capacity/SWL (kg) ÷ 32
= √Answer = D(mm)
Capacity/SWL (kg) ÷ Grade ÷ 0.3
= √Answer = D(mm)
Page 82 of 104
DOGGING FORMULAE
Formula to use when WEIGHT of the load is Known or has been Calculated:
Weight of load ÷ Angle Factor ÷ Reeve Factor = Capacity/SWL of Slings (Min)
OR
Formula to use when CAPACITY/SWL of slings is Known or has been Calculated:
Capacity/SWL of slings x Angle Factor x Reeve Factor = Weight of Load
FOR RECTANGULAR LOADS
Step 1 – Work out the
weight of the load
Length (m) x Width (m) = AREA (m2)
Area (m2) x Height/Thickness (m)= VOLUME (m3)
Volume (m3) x Density (kg) = WEIGHT of Load (kg)
capacity/SWL of slings
Weight of Load (kg) ÷ Angle Factor ÷ Reeve Factor = CAPACITY/SWL of
Slings
Step 3 – Work out
diameter
FSWR: Capacity/SWL (kg) ÷ 8 = √Answer = D (mm)
‘T’ CHAIN: Capacity/SWL (kg) ÷ 32 = √Answer = D (mm)
CHAIN (Other): Capacity/SWL (kg) ÷ Grade = ÷0.3 = √Answer = D (mm)
For Example:
Using the above information we can work out the minimum diameter of FSWR sling needed.
Using FSWR slings, wrapped and reeved and set at an angle of 60˚ to lift a solid concrete block measuring
3.5m long, 0.8m wide and 0.6m high. What is the minimum diameter of FSWR needed?
Working out:
3.5m x 0.8m = 2.8m2 (Area)
2.8m x 0.6m = 1.68m3 (Volume)
1.68m x 2400kg/m = 4032kg (Weight)
4032 ÷ 1.73 ÷ 0.5 = 4661.2717kg (SWL)
4661.2717kg ÷ 8 = √582.65897 = 24.138349mm ≈ 25mm (FSWR Diameter).
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Page 83 of 104
FOR CIRCULAR LOADS
weight of the load
Diameter (m) x π = AREA (m2)
Area (m2) x Wall Thickness (m)= VOLUME (m3)
Volume (m3) x Density (kg) = WEIGHT of Load (kg)
capacity/SWL of slings
Weight of Load (kg) ÷ Angle Factor ÷ Reeve Factor = CAPACITY/SWL of
Slings
Step 3 – Work out
diameter
FSWR: Capacity/SWL (kg) ÷ 8 = √Answer = D (mm)
‘T’ CHAIN: Capacity/SWL (kg) ÷ 32 = √Answer = D (mm)
CHAIN (Other): Capacity/SWL (kg) ÷ Grade = ÷0.3 = √Answer = D (mm)
For Example:
Using the above information we can work out the minimum diameter of ‘T’ Chain slings needed.
Using ‘T’ Chain slings, wrapped and reeved and set at an angle of 90˚ to lift a concrete pipe measuring
1.2m outside diameter, 1.125m inside diameter and 3.5m long. What is the minimum diameter of ‘T’ Chain
needed?
Working out:
Outside Volume:
0.6m x 0.6m x π = 1.13m2 (Area)
1.13 x 3.5m = 3.96m3 (Volume)
Inside Volume:
0.56m x 0.56m x π = 0.99m2 (Area)
0.99m x 3.5 = 3.48m3 (Volume)
Volume of Pipe = Outside Volume – Inside Volume
Volume of Pipe = 3.96-3.48
Volume of Pipe = 0.48m3
Weight of Pipe = Volume of Pipe x Density of Material
Weight of Pipe = 0.48 x 2400kg
Weight of Pipe = 1,152kg (Weight)
1,152 ÷ 1.41 ÷ .75 = 1089.362kg (SWL)
1089.362kg ÷ 32 = √34.043 = 5.835mm ≈ 6mm (‘T’ Chain Diameter).
STES
Page 84 of 104
Review Log .................................................................................................................................. 86
Module Basis ............................................................................................................................... 86
3.1 Prepare Site And Lifting Equipment .................................................................................... 87
3.2 Prepare Load Destination ..................................................................................................... 87
3.2.1 Determine Path Of Movement .............................................................................................. 88
3.3 Prepare Load ......................................................................................................................... 89
3.3.1 Attach And Secure Lifting Equipment To Crane Hook.......................................................... 89
3.3.2 Positioning The Crane Hook ................................................................................................ 89
3.3.3 Attaching Lifting Equipment To The Load ............................................................................ 90
3.3.4 Attaching A Tagline To The Load ......................................................................................... 90
3.3.4.1 Temporary Rope Connections ...................................................................................... 91
3.4 Conducting A Test Lift .......................................................................................................... 94
3.5 Shift Load............................................................................................................................... 95
3.5.1 Emergency And Unplanned Situations ................................................................................. 95
3.5.2 Landing The Load ................................................................................................................ 96
3.5.3 Removing Lifting Equipment ................................................................................................ 96
3.6 Inspect Lifting Equipment .................................................................................................... 96
3.6.1 Storing Equipment ................................................................................................................ 97
3.7 Remove Hazard Control Measures ...................................................................................... 98
3.8 Tidy Work Area ...................................................................................................................... 98
Appendix 3A – Knots, Bends & Hitches .................................................................................. 100
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REVIEW LOG
Version Number
Version 4H
Released
June, 2012
Version 4HR1
Supersedes
previous version.
Date Updated
Released
December, 2012
Details of Updates
Content updated.
MODULE BASIS
Element 3 – Prepare site and
equipment.
Element 4 – Perform task.
Element 5 – Shut down job and
clean up.
STES
3.1 Hazard prevention/control measures are applied consistent with appropriate
standards to ensure the safety of personnel and equipment.
3.3. Lifting equipment is prepared and assembled where appropriate.
3.4. Load destination is prepared.
4.1. Lifting equipment is attached and secured to the lifting hook using appropriate
techniques.
4.2. Lifting hook is positioned over the load centre of gravity.
4.3. Lifting equipment is attached and secured to the load in an appropriate manner.
4.4. Tag line is attached and secured where appropriate.
4.5. Test lift is conducted to ensure security of load.
4.6. Load is moved maintaining stability and control at all times.
4.7. Appropriate communication methods and communication signals are applied to
safely coordinate the load movement both within sight and out-of-sight of crane
operator.
4.8. The load is landed to ensure that it is stable and secure from movement.
4.9. Lifting equipment is removed or disconnected from load and prepared for next task
or storage.
5.1. Unserviceable lifting equipment inspected and rejected.
5.2. Defective equipment is isolated and tagged.
5.3. Lifting equipment is stored in accordance with procedures and appropriate
standards.
5.4. Hazard prevention/control measures are removed where appropriate.
5.5. Excess materials from the work area are removed (where applicable).
5.6. Defects are reported and recorded according to procedures and appropriate action
is taken.
Page 86 of 104
3.1 PREPARE SITE AND LIFTING EQUIPMENT
Once you have selected the equipment and slinging techniques that you will use, you need to make sure
the work area is prepared in line with plans and site requirements.
This may include:
Applying hazard prevention/control measures to the work area such as:
Barriers, signage and traffic control.
Adequate lighting.
Insulation or isolation of electric/power lines.
Removal of dangerous/hazardous materials from the work area.
Letting the appropriate personnel/workers know that you are ready to begin the dogging work.
Ensuring that the work area and path of movement for the load are clear of any obstructions.
Once the site is prepared you should assemble any lifting equipment as required.
This could include:
Attaching slings to lifting beams or frames using shackles.
Adjusting the length of chain slings.
3.2 PREPARE LOAD DESTINATION
You should ensure that the destination for the load is also prepared and ready for the load to be landed.
The load destination could be:
The ground.
Loading platforms.
Suspended floors.
Vehicles.
Make sure that the load destination is tidy and ready to receive the load. Check that the load will be
supported by the load destination. For example, if placing the load onto a concrete floor, you should use
site information gained from engineers or authorised site personnel/workers.
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You may need to set up blocks or chocks to keep the load stable once it is lowered and to allow you to
safely remove the lifting gear without it being damaged or crushed by the weight of the load.
If the load is to placed on a Cantilevered Crane
Loading Platform (CCLP) it is important that
you ensure the CCLP is capable of supporting
the load.
This can be done through checking the load
limit (normally marked on the platform).
If the CCLP is not marked you should seek
advice, including from the manufacturer.
3.2.1 DETERMINE PATH OF MOVEMENT
As well as preparing the load destination, you should also ensure that the path of movement is appropriate
to the task. The path of movement should be selected in the planning stage of the dogging task.
When determining the path of movement ensure that you consider:
Check for any uneven or dangerous terrain and other obstructions or hazards. Where possible, ensure that
the path is on a firm, level surface in order to maintain the stability of the plant and to minimise load swing.
Organise to move any materials out of the way, where possible, and have traffic controlled to prevent an
accident.
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3.3 PREPARE LOAD
Before the load can be shifted, you need to make sure it is correctly connected to the crane hook and
secured to prevent unwanted movement during the lift.
3.3.1 ATTACH AND SECURE LIFTING EQUIPMENT TO CRANE
HOOK
The lifting equipment needs to be attached and secured to the crane hook
(or lifting hook).
The hook should be fitted with a safety latch to prevent the slings from
dislodging. If the lifting gear does not fit over the bill of the hook, use a
shackle or lifting rings to attach the gear to the hook.
Make sure the shackle or lifting ring is large enough to comfortably hang
from the hook with enough space for slings or other equipment.
3.3.2 POSITIONING THE CRANE HOOK
The crane hook should be positioned above the centre of gravity of the load. This will help to keep the load
from swinging out of control or slipping from the sling arrangement when it is lifted. It will also prevent
dragging or snigging of the load.
The centre of gravity may be marked on an item that is going to be lifted however, if it is not marked, you
may have to conduct a test lift to determine the centre of gravity of the load.
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Page 89 of 104
3.3.3 ATTACHING LIFTING EQUIPMENT TO THE LOAD
Attach and secure the lifting equipment to the load,
making sure that any sharp corners are packed to
prevent any unnecessary damage to slings or the load.
Check that all shackles or eye bolts are secure and, if
necessary, lashed or moused.
Mousing is done by passing a couple of turns of wire
through the hole provided for this purpose in the
unthreaded end of the pin and around the body of the
shackle's hoop.
3.3.4 ATTACHING A TAGLINE TO THE LOAD
A tagline is used to control the stability of the load while it is being moved and to control the load rotation.
It is appropriate to use taglines when working near overhead electric/power lines and at any time where the
load may become easier to control in the landing process.
Taglines may also be necessary if the load is liquid with a moving centre of gravity, if it is windy, or if there
are obstacles/obstructions that need to be avoided during the move (that could not be removed).
Natural fibre ropes are commonly used for taglines as they are strong and non-conductive.
The minimum diameter fibre rope you can use as a tagline is 16mm. DO NOT use a wet rope as a tagline –
it could conduct electricity if coming into close range of electric/power lines.
When using a tagline, always make sure that you do not wrap the rope around yourself as you may be
dragged by a sudden movement of the load. Always wear gloves when using a tagline.
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3.3.4.1 TEMPORARY ROPE CONNECTIONS
You may need to use a variety of temporary rope connections when connecting a tagline to a load. The
following connections may be used:
Clove hitch around a round object.
Rolling hitch around a round object.
Single bowline.
Buntline hitch.
Becket hitch.
Sheet bend to another rope.
Clove Hitch Around A Round Object
This is used to commence rope lashing. It is not safe for other purposes unless the ends are secured with
an additional half-hitch.
Rolling Hitch Around A Round Object
This is used to secure a stopper, or two ropes pulling in opposite directions. It is preferable to a clove hitch
or blackwall hitch, as long as rolling turns are put on in the proper direction of pull.
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Single Bowline
This is used for making a temporary eye in the end of a rope.
Buntline Hitch
The buntline hitch is useful for attaching lines to rings, eyes, posts, rods, and railings where a compact and
secure knot is required.
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Page 92 of 104
Becket Hitch
This is used to secure the ends of tackles to beckets. It is fool-proof as it cannot come undone like half
hitches.
Sheet Bend To Another Rope
This is used to join two dry ropes of different sizes. It is safer when a double sheet bend is used. The
smaller rope must be bent around the larger rope.
STES
Page 93 of 104
3.4 CONDUCTING A TEST LIFT
Before moving the load it is important to conduct a test
lift.
Test lifts enable you to check the stability and security
of the load as well as ensuring all the crane functions
are operating correctly and that the crane is stable.
A test lift is done by lifting up the load slightly. You will
be able to determine if the load is correctly slung by
the amount of movement of the load as it is lifted.
When conducting the test lift, make sure you check that:
The slinging method is correct and safe.
There are no obstructions under the load.
There are no loose parts under the load.
If the load dramatically shifts to one side you can identify where the
centre of gravity is.
Signal for the crane driver to lower the load, adjust the slinging arrangement as required and conduct
another test lift.
Continue this process until you are satisfied that the load can be moved safely.
Sometimes the only way of determining the load’s centre of gravity is to conduct a test lift.
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Page 94 of 104
3.5 SHIFT LOAD
Once you are satisfied that the load is ready to be moved safely, signal the crane operator to begin the lift.
Constantly monitor the movement of the load and be aware of any other hazards in the path of the load.
Also be ready to implement any control strategies.
If at any time the load becomes unstable, signal for the crane operator to stop and lower the load if safe to
do so.
It is not safe to raise or lower the boom or load over personnel/workers as it can put the people under the
boom or load at risk of serious injury or death.
Use appropriate communication techniques for the situation. If the crane driver can see you clearly, use
hand signals. If you are out of view, use whistle signals or a two-way radio.
Keep an eye on the weather conditions while the load is being moved.
Extreme wind can be dangerous to operate in and can cause:
Load swing and spin.
Uncontrolled slewing of the crane.
Crane instability.
To minimise the effect of the wind on loads, you should talk to the crane operator and consider:
Applying the slew brake (where applicable).
Applying guy ropes and braces (where appropriate).
Stopping the work until conditions improve.
3.5.1 EMERGENCY AND UNPLANNED SITUATIONS
If an unsafe incident does occur you should:
Stop and resolve the issue if possible.
Seek advice and assistance (if and when required).
Report the unsafe incident or event according to state/territory requirements.
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If an emergency situation arises it is important that you carry out the appropriate communications tasks.
These may include:
Alerting personnel/workers.
Communicating the nature of the emergency to all personnel/workers.
Informing personnel/workers of unsafe areas.
Providing directions to emergency services.
In emergency situations you should always follow any organisational and site-specific procedures and
adhere to the relevant legislation.
3.5.2 LANDING THE LOAD
Direct the crane operator to land the load at the prepared load destination.
The load destination should have been prepared to ensure that the load is stable and secure from
movement once landed.
Loads should be landed on blocks or packing (where necessary) to allow the safe removal of the lifting
gear.
Before being released, round loads should be chocked to secure the load and prevent the load from rolling
or shifting once the lifting gear is removed.
3.5.3 REMOVING LIFTING EQUIPMENT
Once the load has been landed and is stable and secure in its resting place, you can disconnect the lifting
equipment. Once removed, the lifting equipment should be properly stored or prepared for the next task.
3.6 INSPECT LIFTING EQUIPMENT
Inspect all equipment after you have finished using it to make sure that it is in proper safe working order for
the next person to use.
Record and report any defects that you find to your supervisor or
another authorised person.
Defects could include:
Excessive wear.
Damage.
Stretching.
Broken wires.
Cut/damaged fibres.
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Tag and isolate any defective equipment that you find to prevent anybody using it by mistake. Your
supervisor will organise for defective equipment to be destroyed, repaired or returned to the manufacturer.
3.6.1 STORING EQUIPMENT
When storing lifting equipment you should consider if the location is:
Store all slings in a clean dry storage cabinet or area and hang them or coil them neatly according to site
procedures.
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3.7 REMOVE HAZARD CONTROL MEASURES
Once the job is completed, or a hazard no longer exists, you may need to remove some of the hazard
control measures you put in place (if they are no longer required).
The equipment used should be:
Cleaned by removing all dirt, mud, moisture
or other contaminants.
Checked for any damage. If anything is
wrong, report it; then, if possible, carry out
any repairs.
Stored correctly in the appropriate location so
that they are kept free from damage and can
be easily found the next time they are
needed.
Talk to other workers in the area to let them know that you are removing the hazard control measures as it
may impact on the way they perform their own work.
3.8 TIDY WORK AREA
Remove any excess materials from the work area as soon as practicable. A tidy work area is a safer work
area!
Worksite requirements for clearing the work area may include disposing of or recycling certain materials.
Details will be outlined in the project environmental management plan, quality requirements or site-specific
procedures.
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Other housekeeping procedures may include:
Cleaning and storing tools and other
equipment in line with standard work
practices and other requirements.
Removing any potential hazards such as
leftover materials or debris, which could be a
tripping hazard. Duty of care means not
leaving a possible source of accident or
danger for other people.
Making sure you use appropriate PPE when
dealing with waste or possible hazardous
materials as you clean up.
Make sure you know and follow the procedures for your worksite. If in doubt, ask your supervisor or put
things back where you found them.
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APPENDIX 3A – KNOTS, BENDS & HITCHES
Clove Hitch Around A Round Object
This is used to commence rope lashing. It is not safe for other purposes unless the ends are secured with
an additional half-hitch.
Rolling Hitch Around A Round Object
This is used to secure a stopper, or two ropes pulling in opposite directions. It is preferable to a clove hitch
or blackwall hitch, providing rolling turns are put on in the proper direction of pull.
Timber Hitch And Half Hitch Around A Plank
This is useful for hoisting lengths of timber. It is only safe when an additional half hitch is put on the end of
the hauling part.
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Single Bowline
This is used for making a temporary eye in the end of a rope.
Double Bowline
This works the same way as a single bowline but offers more stability for longer loads.
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Bowline On The Bight
The bowline on the bight is formed by making the first part of a bowline with the bight of the rope and
passing the whole hitch through its bight.
Running Bowline
This is used for making a temporary eye to run along another part of the rope.
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Page 102 of 104
Sheet Bend To Another Rope
This is used to join two dry ropes of different sizes. It is safer when a double sheet bend is used. The
smaller rope must be bent around the larger rope.
Double Sheet Bend
Sheepshank
This is used to shorten the length of the rope without cutting it.
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Page 103 of 104
Becket Hitch
This is used to secure the ends of tackles to beckets. It is fool-proof as it cannot come undone like half
hitches.
Buntline Hitch
The buntline hitch is useful for attaching lines to rings, eyes, posts, rods, and railings where a compact and
secure knot is required.
STES
Page 104 of 104

CPCCLDG3001A Dogging Learner Guide M1-M3

Transcription

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