Eastern - Natuurtijdschriften

CRANIUM 21,1-2
Mammal Collections
Quaternary
(2004)
in the Museums
of Yakutsk
(Eastern
Siberia, Yakutia, Russia)
Gennady+G. Boeskorov and Dick Mol
Summary
The
presence
of
permafrost
of the Sakha
territory
collections of fossil
Nature,
the
Russian
Academy
that
belonging
mammals
parts of
the
to
fossils
are
mammoths
existed
already
dating
kept
housed in the
in
the
the collection of the Mammoth Museum in
more
than
48,000
BP
on
the
Regional
Metals,
right
a
and
parts
of
spectacular
of Yakutsk and
museums:
describe
we
but also of
interesting
most
museums
following
paper
parts
to the Quaternary has been found in the
Diamonds and Precious
of Sciences and the Mammoth Museum. In this
in
of skeletal
only
of Eastern Siberia. The
Geology of
Museum of the Institute of
Geological
most
Quaternary
are
not
preservation
permafrost
occupies
these collections
mammoth, Mammuthus primigenius,
woolly
of the
significant part
(Yakutia) Republic
reviewed here. The main
conditions for
unique
creates
of extinct animals. A
carcasses
are
Siberian
femur of
Division,
small
a
briefly
Museum of
Yakutsk, showing
woolly
that small
the continentof Eurasia.
Samenvatting
Collecties
De
van
Kwartaire
Zoogdieren
of
bevroren bodem
permafrost
eeuwig
de zachtere onderdelen van
Vondsten uit de
geslachtsdelen.
hebben veel
zoals
de
bijvoorbeeld
Pleistoceen.
in de inhoud
Akademie
hoofdstad
van
objecten
van
bijgedragen
de
en
van
vaste land
van
een
dat
het
over
de
oosten
o.a.
van
het
uiterlijk
wolharige
maag van
tot een
de
van
jongste
zijn
over
bijdrage
wolharige
Pleistocene
Vroeg
en
de
vinden in
drie
en
wij
Holocene
meer
het
Zoölogisch
het
een
gebruik
zoogdieren
tijdens
on
de
het
kort overzicht
van
van
heeft
de unieke
de
maar
van
op
ook
jaar geleden
belangrijke
de
wolharige
tentoongestelde
mogelijkheid
te
ook
om een zeer
beschrijven.
voorkwamen
territory of Eastern Siberia is located
which is
by
than 0° Celcius.
and
months)
layers
of
relict of the Pleistocene
a
average annual air
an
Long
short
and
the surface
of
temperature less
winters
severe
keep
summers
the
ground
depth
of hundreds of meters and in
more
than
summer
upper
2
one
layers
meters.
of the
In
the
melting during
permafrost
preserving
in
the
kilometer.
in Central
ground
north
summer
serves
as
a
is not
of
is
the
melting
a
places
in
the
of the
than 1,5
Siberia
-
the
shallower. So, the
natural
refrigerator
remains of animals and
ground.
frozen to
some
deeper
Eastern
even
to 8
upper
example,
For
Yakutia
(up
the
plants
The wide distribution of
for
Fig
1
Territory
of Sakha
(Yakutia) Republic
frozen
Grondgebied
perma-
19
van
de
het Laat
Museum van de
Eurazië.
permafrost,
caused
zijn
van
in
1999)
Introduction
Most of the
en
Regionaal Natuurmusem,
gespecialiseerd
dan 48.000
van
Jakutië,
van
gebitsorganen
wolharige mammoet, Mammuthus primigenius,
mammoeten
ook
Voedselresten die
deze dieren
Tikhonov,
Een aantal
we tevens
van
o.a.
&
musea:
geven
maar
grondgebied
steppenwisent.
in Jakutsk dat zich
In dit artikel maken
skeletdelen,
het
leefomgeving
te
van
zelfs organen als maag, darmen
met name van
(Vereshchagin
verdeeld
museum
de
en
mammoet en holtes in
wolharige
Petersburg
zijn
van
mammoet
beter beeld
in Sint
volwassen
kleine
conservering
Siberië en
zijn eigen tentoonstellingsruimte.
kleine,
zeer
unieke
voor een
deze Siberische vondsten
Sinds 2002 heeft het
toont aan
van
van
de
objecten worden in deze bijdrage afgebeeld.
skeletelement
zorg
Jakutsk (Oost Siberië, Jakutië, Rusland).
het Mammoet Museum. In deze
en
Mammoet Fauna,
kleine rechter femur
van
huid, haar, kraakbeen, spieren
De collecties daar
Jakutië, Jakutsk.
musea.
als
Wetenschappen
van
Museum
in die
mammoet
organen
Belangrijke collecties
Russische
Geologisch
permafrost
wolharige neushoorn,
neushoorn hebben
wolharige
draagt
dier zoals de
informatie verschaft
belangrijke
aangetroffen
een
in de Musea
Sakha
(Jakutië) Republiek
Dit
op het
Mammal Collections in the Museums of Yakutsk
Quaternary
frost in Siberia created
for
the
preservation
complete
conditions
really unique
of
bones
of
carcasses
(Mammuthus primigenius)
and
parts
The
Museum.
of
bited
and other mammals.
the
major part of such mammal
Pleistocene
Republic (Fig. 1). Investigations
fauna and
for
expeditions
the Pliocene
extinct
-10.000yBP)
of the Mammoth
is
a
nice
been
conducted
for
than 200
more
world famous mammoth remains
country and
of Saint
are
kept
in the
Petersburg, e.g.
skeleton
with
of
parts
Most
years.
Zoological
the
skin
of
Mammoth
famous Berezovka
from this
(Equus
Museum
discovered
of
legs
in
the
1799),
Mammoth found in
rhinoceros
wolf
1900;
a
from
lenensis),
of
parts
bison
Steppe
musk-ox
(Alces spec.),
( Canis lupus)
deer
cave
lion
etc.
the river
so-called
the basins
girka
and
including
(Bison
In
Museum of Nature
1891
the
Museum
Regional
of
Nature
established in Yakutsk. From that time
finds
of
Pleistocene
placed
were
worth
here
mentioning
reindeer
(Cervus
elaphus),
Another collection of
-
one
Early
Olyrian
originating from the
Pleistocene
Fauna
belonging
inhabited
(which
of the northern rivers
Kolyma,
(Coelodonta
nasal
bison,
the
following
display:
on
horns,
Yana) (Sher, 1971; Vangengeim, 1977)
the broad-fronted moose
(Cervalces
was
and the Vera
and others.
many
It
is
mamma-
woolly
on
River
rhino-
with both frontal
antiquitatis)
several
(Equus vera)
lati-
beringi-
mammoth
a
Tirekhtyakh (Indigirka
(Bison priscus)
horse
Indi-
mammals
museum.
in 1971, the cranium of the
basin)
ceros
this
horse
(Panthera spelaea),
ensis), steppe goat (Soergelia spec.)
(Mammuthus primigenius), recovered
the bank of the river
and
are
Holocene
in
display
on
lian remains which
skeleton
and
on
woolly
priscus),
frons),
Praeovibos
Beringian musk-ox (
Regional
woolly
Lena
( Ovibos pallantis),
red
etc.
end of the Pliocene
rhinoceros
woolly
and there
discoveries. There
skeletal
great importance is the
Verkhoyansk (1877).
The
be
a
to the
and the head of
Vilyui (1771);
of
woolly
a
spectacular
(Rangifer tarandus),
so-called
(the
museum
( Coelodonta antiquitatis),
Pleistocene
part of the body including the head and parts of
two
can
collections of
( Mammuthus primigenius),
the
moose
Adam's
stored in this
of
mammoth
complete
a
Extensive
in
rhinoceros
come
are
than 5000
more
mammoth
Yakutia
Pleistocene
entire
museum.
display
the remains
collecting
have
animals
and the
representatives of the Mammoth Fauna (120.000
(Yakutia)
are
of
fossil
remains from the
in Sakha
recovered
were
of
territory of Yakutia during the end of
found in this
The
collection
largest
mammals of the northeast of Russia which inha-
mammoth
woolly
(Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, Russia)
skulls
of
the
and of the Lena horse
steppe
(Equus
lenensis). The sub-fossil skeleton of the Greenland
Balaena
Whale,
1500
yBP,
shore
tochiya
The
the
near
radiocarbon
mysticetus,
found in 1973
on
mouth of
dated
the East Siberian Sea
the
Bolshaya Kuropa-
river is also of interest.
Geological
tute of
Geology
Precious
Museum of the Instiof Diamonds and
Metals, Siberian Division,
Russian
Academy
of Sciences
In the second half of the 20 th
century the Institute
of
the Yakutian Branch of the Siberian
Geology,
Division
started
of
to
mammals,
geological
USSR
up
a
especially
originating
institute
the
built
from the
and
were
Academy
collection
of
the
of
of
Sciences,
Pleistocene
Mammoth
2
Complete hind leg of
the Berelekh mammoth
permafrost. Step by step,
paleontological
Fig
Fauna,
the
collections in that
brought together
in the
Een
Geological
20
het
woolly
mammoth from
’cemetery’
complete achterpoot
moet van
a
van een
wolharige
zg. mammoet-’kerkhof’
van
mam-
Berelekh
CRANIUM 21,1-2
(2004)
Fig
Fig
3 Part of the
Abyi
mammoth
5 Akana mammoth skeleton
baby
Mammoetskelet uit Akana
Gedeelte
van
het
Abyi
mammoetkalf
There
are
complete
mammals
in
the
including
exhibits,
unique
some
skeletons
and
of
fossil
Museum.
These
carcasses
Geological
include:
o
Complete
hind
Mammuthus
cm.
of
leg
Discovered in 1970
moth
"cemetery"
relekh,
(Indigirka
on
the Berelekh
on
1995).
between
14.000
The frozen
leg
Basin). More than 8000
and
cm
length
and
o
Fig
nails
Gedeelte van de mammoethuid
gevonden
Part of the so-called
are
Abyi
first
was
some
on
a
it
x
25
(Ve-
1999).
mammoth
woolly
was
District, Russia and the third
Yamal Peninsula,
at
baby (Fig.
mammoth
Effie, north of Fairbanks,
Alaska, USA, the second
21
of which
preserved
This is the fourth find of
baby (the
in Kular
separately
& Tikhonov, 1990 and
4 Part of the Kular mammothskin
3).
time-
of 105 cm. The foot size is 24
four
reshchagin
a
yBP (Mol,
is covered with long
leg
red-brownish coloured hairs
a
in
dating
12.000
found
was
the site. The skin of this
reach
175
mam-
the banks of the river Be-
River
bones have been found here
span
mammoth,
woolly
a
primigenius (Fig. 2) measuring
Russia).
Dima,
was
The
Magadan
Masha
Abyi
on
the
mammoth
Quaternary Mammal
Fig
Collections in the Museums of Yakutsk
6 Mammoth skeleton from the River Khroma
baby
discovered and excavated in 1990
was
the bank of the
stream the
The
Indigirka
village Belaya
following parts
with milk
dentition,
trunk, 12
cm.
long
milk tusks,
the left front
ears,
the
o
with
leg
was
approximately
According
geological age
of the sediments which included
are
mummy
between 42.000
was
-
27.000
yBP).
in such sediments
found.
Absolute
age
a
The
in the
In
Large
part of
ments 170
moth
x
130
(Fig. 4).
operations
skin
cm.)
It
(maximum
of the Kular
the
third
woolly
that
1977).
was
found
in 1980 at the Kular
stream the Omoloi
find
was
preserved,
mam-
during mining
are
gold-mine (up
of
from Akana
ted
from
River). Geological age: Late
adult male
(Fig. 5).
the
Chukochiya
of
a
river
River
woolly
The skeleton
cm.
bank
near
the
of
mammoth
was
the
locality
skeleton
complete
both
as
2001).
-
the
to
an
It is
well
as
of
the
woolly
rhi-
(Boeskorov,
In this wonderful
frontal and
horns,
the nails
Also
the hind
on
yellow
and the
on
fragments
leg.
nasal,
are
the hind and
length
The colour of the
length
of the
of the hair is 15
gastro-intestinal
tents have been preserved
an
Coelodonta
belongs
restricted to Eurasia,
preserved
wool is
The
Skeleton
carcass
front legs. The fragments of the skin with wool
Pleistocene.
o
Late Pleistocene.
rhinoceros in the world
2001a, Mol & de Vos,
measure-
woolly
The
bison
of
+/-1000 yBP (Flerov,
the
in
near
village Churapcha (Central Yakutia).
specimen
o
Khroma
adult female woolly rhinoceros and was found
noceros
is 29.500
River
male
a
Found
woolly rhinoceros,
Churapcha
antiquitatis (Fig. 7).
dated in the Kar-
ginian Interglacial of the Late Pleistocene (ap-
mummy
of
(Fig. 6)
(not mounted).
the
stream
up
skeleton
complete
mammoth
Khromskaya Quba (Gulf).
(1994) the
to Lazarev
the remains of this animal
locality
An almost
1988
o
1971 in that
embe-
was
two months old at the
time of death.
proximately
age
the sediments in which the skeleton
woolly
limbs, ribs and
of the unfused vertebrae. The mammoth
parts
of
(Nizhne-Kolymsky District). Geological
the head
preserved:
including
uit de rivier Khroma
ded: Late Pleistocene.
(Abyi District).
Gora
are
on
River, 50 km down-
skin and wool, parts of the other
baby
/ Mammoetskelet
(Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, Russia)
(Lazarev
et
con-
al., 1998).
of the mounted skeleton, measured
from the anterior end of the cranium to the first
caudal
excava-
vertebra,
Bolshaya
withers
is
"Akana"
Moscow
on
22
160
this
is
cm.
260
cm.,
the
Radiocarbon
specimen
height
at
dates
in
showed the animal
CRANIUM 21,1-2
(2004)
died 19.500
rhinoceros
tion of
a
+/- 120 yBP (GIN-0594;
2001
Boeskorov,
was
"Ecomare"
on
Netherlands
o
Holotype
The skull
Delta
Hill.
for
(Mol
Equus
(a
was
2001).
33) (Fig. 8).
found in the Lena River
American-Khaya
near
withers
at
museum
lenensis Russa-
cranium N
region
height
the
& De Vos,
Comparatively
length
crea-
the island of Texel, the
of the
1968
nov,
Churapcha
"life-size" model of the wool-
rhinoceros
ly
The
a).
the base for the
small horse with
125-140
cm.
Basal
of this cranium is 490 mm. Late
Pleistocene.
Fig
7 The
Churapcha woolly
o
rhinoceros skeleton
Equus
Het skelet
van een
wolharige
neushoorn
gevonden
in
Churapcha
Kular
loi
Fig
8 Skull
(holotype) of Equus lenensis
vonden in de delta
van
de Lena
Russanov
/
De schedel
vlakbij American-Khaya
(holotype)
heuvel
23
of
Fragment
van
a
lenensis
foal of the Lena horse,
(Fig. 9).
gold-mine (up
River).
Equus
Floof,
lenensis
Found at
the
stream the Omo-
muscles
and
Russanov, 1968,
skin
ge-
Quaternary Mammal
Collections in the Museums of Yakutsk
o
Two
well-preserved
Panthera
lions,
the
(Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, Russia)
skulls of adult male
spelaea (Fig. 11).
and described
1987,
in
(Boyeskorov
& Lazarev,
at
stream of the Ko-
Duvanny outcrop (Lower
lyma River)
cave
Discovered
recently
Baryshnikov
1997;
&
Boeskorov, 2000).
The Mammoth Museum of the Institute of
of the
Applied Ecology
North, Academy of Sciences of the
Fig
9
Fragment of
a
Lena horse foal
Sakha
leg
(Yakutia) Republic, (“The
Mammoth
Deel
van een
been
van een
Museum”).
veulen uit de Lena
In 1991 the Mammoth Museum
specialises
on
mammoths
Fauna. The aim of
with hair
are
preserved. Geological age:
this
was
and
foundedand
the
study
the
Mammoth Fauna and its environment
during
the
Pleistocene.
Mammoth
Late
Pleistocene.
The
collection
Museum consists of
o
Fragments
vicola
skulls
found
uisk
of the Siberian
(Fig.
the
on
Vilyui
City, right
River
lities
near
are
10).
one
sheep
snow
The left
River
one
near
Ovis niN
on
1430
standing
tion of
These two locaarea
during
of
than
of Siberian snow
was
many
not
example,
sheep /
Schedels
van
study
large
to
improve under-
mammals at the end
beginning
Siberische
24
as
a
big
as
right
female
many
woolly
woolly
people
femur of
a
very
woolly
the main-
mammoth
assume.
As
small but
mammoth,
sneeuwschapen (Ovis nivicola)
of the
of the Holocene.
parts) from
land which indicates that the
in the
grown
10 Skulls
than 1000 remains of
of the Late Pleistocene and the extinc-
mammoth (isolated skeletal
present time.
Fig
the
The collection contains much material of
This circumstance
the Late Pleistocene
more
of
mammals of the Mammoth Fauna. This
Pleistocene and the
demonstrates the wider distribution of Ovis nivicola
larger
collection needs further
the Lena
situated far from the modern
distribution of this species.
the
Verkhnevily-
is N 4837 found
Kachikatsy village.
is
Mammoth
is to
museum
an
full
Mammuthus
CRANIUM 21,1-2
(2004)
Measurements
Maximum
0
82
length
femoris
Caput
width
Maximum
cm
11,9 cm
shaft
anteri,
„
6,8
cm
or-posterior
or-posterior
Maximum
width
shaft ventral-
n ,
Cm
93 cm
9,3
lateral
width distal
Maximum
sis
sis
epiphyr
v
1
..
Maximum
width distal
epiphyepiphy-
'
mammoth
woolly
from
three
to
Compared
femora
which
Island
Wrangel
Mammoth Museum is
cave
lion N 6397 discovered
at
the
83,6
Duvanny outcrop
Schedel
de
van
werd in de
(for
cm
a
grottenleeuw
Mammuthus
Islands
for
length
84,2
are
exilis
off
the
these
femur of
Museum
The most
12 Mammoth skin from the
Bolshoy Lyakhovsky
organs
Bolshoy Lyakhovsky
the
studied
by
The results
us.
the
are
Mammuthus
primigenius
primigenius
(BLUMENBACH,
1799),
Mammoth
Museum,
a
a carcass
of Eurasia.
exhibits in
the
woolly mammoth,
steppe bison. Of great
a
partial
mammoth,
woolly
than
more
part
the
small
such
carcasses
parts
of
internal
woolly rhinoceros,
of
an
of the Lena horse and
Early
Holocene
moose.
a
part
of
a
fur
mammoth, the
There is also
(and underfur) of
woolly
rhinoceros and
bison.
steppe
Catalog
of
the
museum
are:
o
Number 7176
Locality
the
Kolyma
Gender
Female
Individual
ars)
50
50 AEY
age
River, Yakutia
on
caput femoris
caput
age,
Groningen
14
C
University,
the fusion
the
Islands),
1994
cm.,
width 92
cm.
part
and the shaft
an
the
the
mammoth found
Island
(New Sibe-
completely
diaphysis
fufu-
indicaindica-
old
old individual
25
to
an
part of the skin is from
the
preserved.
the shoulder
ged
femoris
femoris is
Caput
ting
including
yBP (GrA 20382)
with
this
12). Max. length 219
(Fig.
This
of the shoulder, in
underfur is
Netherlands)
sed
woolly
Bolshoy Lyakhovsky
rian
on
48.000
the
the head,
of the
(AMS,
the
in
Lower Stream of
Ye(=African Elephant Ye-
based
exhibits
interesting
Part of the skin of the
on
Duvanny Yar,
most
Yakutsk.
FeFe-
dexter
Remarks
are
woolly
Some
Table 1
Geological
in
shows
in Table 1.
presented
mur
cm). The right
existed
the skeletons of
The
Mammuthus exilis
Yakutsk
extensive collection of
an
was
Channel
USA.
eiland
carcass
primigenius,
the
between 59 and
180
-
and skin, horns of the
part of
Mammoethuid van
for
the remains of
of
legs
as
Island
are
already
rhinoceros and
woolly
from
significant osteological
museum are
Fig
in
The
cm.
total of 14 femora of
BP on the continental
years
interest
cm.
Mammuthus primigenius (#7176)
mammoths
woolly
48.000
with unfused
The shoulder-
California,
14 femora
estimated between 150
Mammoth
a
of
(Shoulderheights
cm
a
measu-
follows:
as
be less than 180
collected
coast
are
specimen
might
Arctic
7176 in the
#
smaller. The
and 101
of # 7176 fits better in
length
ontsluiting bij Duvanny
cm
for # 7176
height
reported
Siberian
(2003),
even
subadult
epiphyses), 98,5
N 6397 die ontdekt
Holocene
Tikhonov et al.
given by
rements
the
(in
the
been
of
have
Tikhonov et al.
Ocean) by
11 Skull of the
,
Cm
15,3 cm
sis ventrolateral
Fig
„
18,3 cm
ant.-post.
eye-opening,
some
spots
ear
and
a
the fur and
The thickness of the skin
part is 22
mm.
The skin belon-
adult individual of medium size. This
piece
of
(1996)
after its
skin
was
figured by Engesser
discovery
on
et
al.
Bolshoy Lyakhovs-
Mammal Collections in the Museums of Yakutsk
Quaternary
Fig
(Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, Russia)
14 Part of the front
leg
of the Maksunuokha
mammoth
Gedeelte
de
van
voorpoot
van
de Maksunuokha
mammoet
Fig
13
Fragment of
of the left hind
the
mammoth skin with remains
leg
wer-arm
Deel
van
de mammoethuid met
resten
de linker
van
is 53
achterpoot
loured hair
According
longed
ky
Island. The 14C results
age
of 26.860
the skin
on
+/_ 290 yBP (Lazarev
et
of
Fragment
the
skin
of
a
woolly
with the remains of the left hind
recovered
was
from
Bolshoy
Island 1995. The size of this
piece
140 cm. It is from the posterior
Another
mammoth
o
cm.
cm.)
The
an
long yellow
has fallen off the
(2001)
this
individual which died at
18-20
leg
an
co-
leg.
be-
age
of
years.
1971
the
mammoth
Mammoth
Lyakhovsky
of skin is 200
Section of mummified
gastro-intestinal organs
of the famous Shandrin Mammoth
It
leg (Fig. 13).
was
carcass
found
near
of
(Fig. 16).
the
In
Shandrin
the Shandrin River,
x
part of the body.
part of this find is represented by the
tibia and fibula with muscles and skin
et
to
(up
to 54
al., 2001).
o
o
The sole of the front foot is
to Lazarev et al.
approximately
an
gave
cm.
cracked, its width is 28
(Lazarev
al, 2001).
Part of the front
leg (Fig. 14)
of
a
woolly
mam-
moth, found in 1995 and excavated in 1997
on
the bank of the Maksunuokha River, Ust-Yans-
ky
District.
piece
The front
of the shoulder
served. There
leg,
it is
are
leg
with the carpus and
region
very well preon
the front
dark red hair and the thickness of the
skin is 29
mm.
Short hair
was
cranial and caudal side of
o
was
remains of wool
preserved
the
age: Late Pleistocene
(Lazarev
Part of
a
a
front
15) found
1994. The
ted by the
on
leg
of
woolly
carpus
the
leg. Geological
et
al.,
2001).
mammoth
Bolshoy Lyakhovsky
preserved part of
on
Fig
(Fig.
Island
the leg is
represen-
length
hoy Lyakhovsky
leg found on the Bols-
Island
in
with skin and the lower-arm
without muscles and skin. The
15 Part of the mammoth front
Deel
van een
voorpoot
Bolshoy Lyakhovsky
of the lo-
26
van
de
eiland
mammoet
gevonden
op
CRANIUM 21,1-2
a
of the
tributary
parts
of the
were
cm.
gastro-intestinal
were
carcass
of the
Indigirka
well
preserved.
cut into several
branches,
ved in
organs
inside the
The whole
weight
slices, sizes of 70
x
35
x
15
vegetation (grasses, bushes,
mosses
and
seeds)
were
preser-
good condition in the stomach and intes-
tines. This exhibit is
of the internal
nists
The frozen
about 300 kg. The frozen
organs is
organs
The remains of
tree
River.
(2004)
to
one
organs
examen
of six
unique remains
which enables
the
woolly
paleobota-
mammoth
diet
1993). Radiocarbon dates sho-
(Ukraintseva,
wed the Shandrin Mammoth died 41.000
Fig
yBP.
16 Section of mummified
gastro-intestinal
organs
of the Shandrin mammoth
The skeleton of the Shandrin Mammoth is
display
more
the
in
details
on
museum
in
Novosibirsk.
the Shandrin Mammoth
on
For
Gedeelte
we revan
fer to
o
Vereshchagin
& Tikhonov,
(Fig. 17)
was
near
the
o
skeleton
contains
two-third of the bones of the
The
part of the skin of
18)
approximately
same
A
recon-
was
outcrop in 1999. It
animal. The
at the
shoulder of this
specimen is 285
an
cm.
The
woolly
ween
Fig
Churapcha
Mammoth
was
a
male
up
interglacial
years
17 Skeleton of the
old
(Lazarev
Churapcha
et al.
van
27
de
Churapcha
measures
to 19
1998).
mammoth / Skelet
woolly
rhinoceros
cm.
68
x
mammoet
(Fig.
Duvanny Yar
60
cm
It dates to the
of the Late Pleistocene.
mammoth which died somewhere bet-
30-40
a
found at the famous site
thickness is
height
gemummificeerd maagdarmkanaal
mammoet
Churapcha
found in 1990
village Diring (Churapcha District).
structed
het
(1999).
The skeleton of the LatePleistocene
Mammoth
van
de Shandrin
and the
Kargini-
Mammal Collections in the Museums of Yakutsk
Quaternary
leton
(Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, Russia)
belongs
to
one
individual
young
and the
(cranium
same
relatively
with both
horns,
part of the vertebral column, ribs and limb bo-
nes).
This
partial
skeleton
was
found
Aldan River, Mamontova Gora
and the
o
age
built
skeleton of the steppe bison, Bison
The
(Fig. 20).
up
outcrop,
compilation
expeditions
lyma
18 Part of
Gedeelte
van
woolly
van een
wolharige neushoorn
o
38.500
Part of the Pleistocene
rica
diffe-
in the lower stream of the Ko-
yBP (GIN-11021).
rhinoceros skin
de huid
steppe
during
River. The absolute radiocarbon date for
the cranium is
Fig
skeleton is
from several individuals of the
bison which have been collected
rent
the
1976,
is Late Pleistocene.
Compilation
priscus
near
(= borealis)
skull
(Fig. 21).
the Lena River bank
tata-
saiga antelope Saiga
near
a
It
was
found
on
mouth of Batamai
River in the Late Pleistocene sediments.
o
Compilation
Coelodonta
skeleton of
antoquitatis
a
woolly rhinoceros,
19).
(Fig.
third of the bones used for the
Fig
19
Compilation
Samengesteld
skeleton of
skelet
van een
de rivier Aldan in een
a
About
compilation
woolly
ske-
An
extremely large
woolly
mammoth
and
(Fig.
heavy
22)
tusk of
collected
a
male
in
the
rhinoceros
wolharige neushoorn;
ontsluiting
o
one-
een
derde deel behoort
tot een
enkel
individu, gevonden bij
in Mamontova Gora in 1976. De ouderdom is Laat Pleistoceen
28
CRANIUM 21,1-2
(2004)
29.500
500
+/-
yBP (MAG-943)
(Boeskorov,
2001b).
o
of
Part
an
Peninsula
hind
near
leg,
120
Fig
20
Compilation
skeleton of
een
ma.
van een
aantal individuen uit de
De schedel
steppewisent,
benedenloop
is
(GIN-11021)
with hair
for this
age
gedateerd
bestaande uit
van
de
and
pie-
preser-
specimen is 8080 +/-
mammoth remains of
on
the New Siberian Islands
KolyAs
op 38.500 jaar
obvious from these lists,
is
the
major part
is
found in the Far North, above the Polar Circle,
B.P
where the best conditions for the
soft remains
Anabar District.
outer curvature
of this well
o
leg
well
are
yBP (GIN-11727).
Some notes
Samengesteld skelet
Bykov
bison
steppe
a
the
part of the vertebrae,
bones from the front
ved. Absolute
(Alces spec.)
on
the delta of the Lena River. The
of skin covered
ces
moose
found in 2001
of the cranium,
fragment
one
Holocene
Early
(Fig. 24)
carcass
Part of
a
The maximum
measures
preserved
mummified
Lena horse,
Equus
340
tusk is 80
of
carcass
lenensis
length
cm.
on
head
lips)
the
shore of
(including
the
an
right
(Fig. 23),
of the
torso
soft and up to 8
on
was
found
Indigirka
Ri-
The
eye-opening and
are
pre-
the neck and the anterior
are
cm.
weight
Dyokarskoye.
ear,
the
adult female
and the anterior part of the torso
served. The hair
part
Lake
on
preservation of
be found. One of the most promi-
kg.
in 1981 in the lower stream of the
ver
The
can
brown
in
coloured,
length.
dense,
Absolute age is
Fig
Large tusk of
22
Grote
slagtand
sing
localities
male
a
wolharige
van een
to
woolly
search
mammoth
mammoetstier
for
of
remains
the
Mammoth Fauna is the New Siberian Islands. On
Bolshoy
Island,
Lyakhovsky
New Siberian Islands
larger parts
which
are
been
found.
Museum
to the
in the
mammoth
the
three
carcasses
of
the
Mammoth
1994 and 1995 have also
500 skeletal parts
over
to
at least
Mammoth Museum have
Expeditions
during
museum
to 9 further
archipelago,
of mummified
now
belonging
brought
belonging
species of the Mammoth Fauna. The
investigations for remains of mammoth started in
century. The first important collections of
the 19th
Fig
21 Part of the Pleistocene
saiga antelope
mammoth
skull
Island
Gedeelte
van
de schedel
van een
Pleistocene
Bunge
saiga-antilope
were
made
of
by
and Baron E.
1886. A
29
remains
an
Bolshoy
Toll in the
large monograph
Lyakhovsky
expedition
on
years
of
Dr.
A.
1885 and
the results
of these
Quaternary Mammal Collections
in the Museums of Yakutsk
(Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, Russia)
M.
paleontologist
(1906).
An
carcass
was
the
entirely
were
complete
specimen
in
up
and
Lena
van
het
(Chersky, 1891).
tion under the
place
published by
leadership of
Baron E.
collection
quently
Fig
Toll
of
studied
24 Part of
an
bones
by
Early
was
the
Holocene
an
collected
took
onal
exten-
made and subsefamous
moose
/
quantities
30
of
on
and
Tikhonov
not
mention
mammoth
mammoth hunters who have
least
that
we
each
tusks
are
by professilicences
for
exportation
of mammoth ivory worldwide. The
tusks of the
woolly mammoth,
years old,
condition, and
Gedeelte
&
the New Siberian Islands
times 50.000
Russian
carcass
large
year,
expedi-
in 1900-1903. On the New Siberian Islands,
including Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island,
sive
Chersky
I.
we
For
refer
(1964)
Last but
to
carcass
history
Garutt
need
Another Russian Polar
only
outside Russia.
(1999).
has been
(Paris,
the
woolly
Vereshchagin
investigations
is
(Fig. 25)
to
paard
National
mammoth
details of the
de mummie
the
Museum
France),
van
including
feet. This beautiful
History
Gedeelte
extremely
skin of the head and
ended
/
in
condition,
good
23 Part of the Lena horse mummy
Lyakhovsky
Many soft parts of the
carcass
Fig
complete
in 1906 on
dug out
Bolshoy
Island.
Pavlova
van een
Vroeg
are, for
are
even
preserved
example,
up to
some-
in excellent
used in the
Holoceen elandkarkas
ivory
CRANIUM 21,1-2
in South East
industry
Japan
Asia
because of the lack of
and
(Hong Kong)
ivory
from
(by
(2004)
CITES
regulations protected) present day elephants.
Acknowledgements
We
wish
to
thank:
Mr.
Bernard
France, for his support in
a
visit to
the
writing
this
new
Peter Lazarev,
samples
the
Yakutsk,
for
by
Isotope
of
Petersburg, Russia)
manuscript
the Netherlands, for
25 The
Complete
after
in 2001;
with
us
complete
the Nether-
(Zoological Museum,
for critical
reading
mammoth
Parijs. Veel
the
Mayhew, Voorburg,
improving
the
dug
English.
out on
mammoet, in 1906 opgegraven
Naturelle in
gene-
Radiocarbon
Groningen,
David
were
der Plicht at
van
Research,
lands; Dr. Alexei Tikhonov
and Dr.
which
Dr. Hans
Laboratory, University
Fig
paper
provided
radio-carbondating
carried out
Centre
Saint
paper
of remains of Pleistocene mammals of
Yakutia for
rously
Mande,
Mammoth Museum and the
other mentioned museums in this
Dr.
Buigues
Saint
(CERPOLEX/Mammuthus),
zachte delen
Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island;
op
waren
now
Bolshoy Lyakhovsky eiland,
in
een
uitstekende
31
conditie,
in MNHN
nu
at
Paris
in het Museum National d’Histoire
waaronder de hoofdhuid
en
de
voeten
Quaternary Mammal
Collections in the Museums of Yakutsk
(Eastern Siberia, Yakutia, Russia)
Literature
G. & G.
Baryshnikov,
pleistocene
cave
from
Felidae)
2001. The
Boeskorov,
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