Report on the Training Program of Meghalaya Officers

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express our deep sense of gratitude to the Director of CIPS, Shri. D. Chakrapani
(Retired IAS) and Joint Director, Mrs. V. Kalra (IRS) and Mr. S. Sanjay for their proper
guidance, help and assistance in our training work and also to the Govt. of Telangana.
We would like to specially thank to the Defence Research Development
Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, its Senior Scientist members (Bio-digester Group) for
giving us the privilege and opportunity to learn and giving us in-depth knowledge about the
topic Bio-digester. Also thanking them for their wonderful orientation tour, presentations,
help and support.
We would also like to thank to the Govt. of Meghalaya and the State Rural
Employment Society, Shillong for giving us the opportunity to learn and gain more
knowledge, and it is with great privilege and honour that we are working with the SRES
department.
Thanking you,
Abhimanyu M. Sangma
HamkyllaSuchiang
KhrawkuparSuja
KyrshanSkhemDhar
Lamphrang George Lyngdoh
Nesserdemy B. Sangma
PynskhemborSnaitang
(Assistant Engineer, SRES,
Meghalaya)
TRAINING PROGRAMME IN CENTRE FOR INNOVATIONS IN PUBLIC
SYSTEMS (CIPS) , HYDERABAD
BRIEF REPORT ABOUT THE SESSIONS ON 3RD NOV 2014
Centre for Innovations in Public Systems (CIPS)
It is set up by Government of India in 2010. It is an organisation that helps in creating
awareness programmes of the innovative practices for the upliftment of the society.
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It works with States, Central and District level government departments and
functionaries, facilitates replication in other states
It helps in developing policies, transforming creative and innovative ideas into
sustainable practice for improving service delivery
It educates the public in using green infrastructure
It prepares a database of different innovative practice such as education sector, health,
e-Governance and urban-governance
Video Conference From Knowledge Advisory, Services & Consultancy on Use of
Plastics in Road Construction
It is introduced in India on 2000. It follows the specifications of IRC-SP-98.
Need for Plastic Roads
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It reduces wastes disposal, pollution
to induce utility in the plastic wastes
potential use of solid waste management
to improve the binding properties of bitumen
Materials used :
• Aggregates mix - coarse, fine (or) fillers
• Bitumen grade - 60/70 (or) 80/100
• Binders – polymers, crumb rubbers, steel slag, fly ash
Types of Method:
• Hot mix method
• Cold mix method
Hot mix method is of two types –
1. Dry process – In dry process plastics are used as binders.
2. Wet process – In wet process plastics are used as modifiers.
Advantages:
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Minimize waste from surroundings
Mainly used as resurfacing, maintenance, widening, strengthening, and fresh laying
Used as a binder
Low cost
Potential use of solid waste management
Better resistance towards rainwater
No pot holes
Increase binding and bonding of the mix
Increase in strength of roads and loading capacity
Employment opportunities
Demerits
• Waste management issues
• Lack of adequate planning
• problem of house-to-house waste collection
• poor participation from public
• emission of toxic gases from hot mix plant
States who had already implemented are
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Tamil Nadu in 2002
Karnataka in 2002
Jharkhand in 2011
Himachal Pradesh
BIODIGESTER
What is bio-digester
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It is a special type of eco friendly sanitary system which converts human excreta into
gas and usable liquid with the help of inoculum bacteria.
Where it was first use
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First introduced in India in Siachen by DRDO
Later adopted in Indian Railways by IR Engineers and DRDO Bio-technologists in
March 2010
Why it is needed
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Discharge of excreta directly into the track causes several environmental problems
and at the same time affects the public health.
So with the introduction of this system the above stated problems can be minimised.
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Aims at Zero-Defecation on the ground
How does it function
It is an anaerobic process in which the inoculum bacteria eats up human excreta and
converts it into gas and liquid
Components of bio-digester
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Stainless steel tank
Bend pipes(J shape)
P trap
Poly grass mats
Contains 6 chamber
Ball valve
Chlorination chamber
Vent pipes
Containers with movable lid
.
Working of bio-digester
It can be shown with the help of a flowchart
HUMAN WASTE
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
(Liquid Bacteria)
CO2+Methane gas
released to atmosphere
LIQUID WASTE
CHLORINATION
DISINFECTED LIQUID
DISCHARGED INTO THE TRACK
Advantage
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Disinfected liquid discharge into the track
No foul smell produced
Operation years up to years
Better than Conventional Sanitation system
Chlorinated water can be used for domestic purpose
It is eco-friendly, economical and simple in design
Mostly used in public places such as railways, public toilets, schools etc
Disadvantages
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In Railways Handling capacity is less
Sometimes get choked due to public nuisance
Continuous monitoring is needed for efficient function
Testing of Bio-Toilets Effluents
Parameters
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pH
Total dissolved solids
Total volatile solids
Chemical oxygen demand
Fecal coli form count
Precautions for efficient function
A notice are display for passengers awareness:
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Use dustbin inside the toilets
No foreign object should throw inside the comod
Tools required for clearing jams
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Picker
Suction vacuum
Presenters:
1.G.Srinivasa Rao-CDO/HYB (South Central Railway)
2.J.ChandraSekhara Rao-CMT/LGDS(South Central Railway)
Contracts and Tenders
Contracts:
A voluntary, deliberate, and legally bindingagreement between two or more
competent parties. Contracts are usually written but may be spoken or implied, and generally
have to do with employment, sale or lease, or tenancy. All contracts are not agreements but
all agreements are contracts. A contract has certain terms and conditions which is to be
agreed by the contractor/buyer who is offered the contract to do a specific task or job.
A contractual relationship is evidenced by
(1) anoffer
(2) acceptance of the offer, and a
(3) valid (legal and valuable) consideration.
Each party to a contract acquires rights and duties relative to the rights and duties of
the other parties. However, while all parties may expect a fair benefit from the contract
(otherwise courts may set it aside as inequitable) it does not follow that each party will
benefit to an equal extent. Existence of contractual-relationship does not necessarily mean the
contract is enforceable, or that it is not void (see void contract) or voidable (see voidable
Contract). Contracts are normally enforceable whether or not in a written form, although a
written contract protects all parties to it. Some contracts, (such as for sale of real property,
installmentplans, or insurance policies) must be in writing to be legally binding and
enforceable. Other contracts (see implied in fact contract and implied in law contract) are
assumed in, and enforced by, law whether or not the involved parties desired to enter into a
contract.
Tenders:
A tender also known as ‘call for bids’ or ‘call for tenders/invitation to tender’ is a
special procedure for generating competing offers from different bidders looking to obtain an
award of business activity in works, supply, or service contracts.
In
more
general
terms,
“Atenderisanoffertodoorperformanactwhichthepartyoffering,isboundtoperformtothepartytowh
omtheofferismade”.
Atendermaybeofmoneyorofspecificarticles;thesewillbeseparatelyconsidered.Tomakeavalidten
derthefollowingrequisitesarenecessary:
1. Itmustbemadebyapersoncapableofpaying:forifitbemadebyastrangerwithouttheconsento
fthedebtor,itwillbeinsufficient
2. Itmustbemadetothecreditorhavingcapacitytoreceiveit,ortohisauthorizedagent
Types of calls for tenders
Open tenders, open calls for tenders, or advertised tenders are open to all vendors or
contractors who can guarantee performance.
Restricted tenders, restricted calls for tenders, or invited tenders are only open to selected
prequalified vendors or contractors. This may be a two-stage process, the first stage of which
produces a short list of suitable vendors.
The reasons for restricted tenders differ in scope and purpose. They are called because:
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There is essentially only one suitable supplier of the services or product
There are confidentiality issues such as military contracts
There are reasons for expedience such as emergency situations
There is a need to weed out tenderers who do not have the financial or technical
capabilities to fulfill the requirements
ECOLOGICAL SANITATION (ECOSAN)
What is Ecological Sanitation?
Ecological sanitation, which is commonly abbreviated to ecosan is an approach
which is characterized by a desire to "close the loop" (mainly for the nutrients and organic
matter) between sanitation and agriculture in a safe manner.
When properly designed and operated, ecosan systems provide a hygienically safe,
economical, and closed-loop system to convert human excreta into nutrients to be returned to
the soil, and water to be returned to the land.
What are its Objectives?
The main objectives of ecological sanitation are:
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To bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas.
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To reduce the health risks related to sanitation,contaminated water and waste.
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To prevent the pollution of surface and ground water.
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To reuse nutrients or energy contained within wastes.
Why it is needed?
Firstly, let us understand what is Sanitation? Sanitation is the hygienic means of
promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as
the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or wastewater.
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The sanitation sector is in crisis with about 2.6 billion people around the world have
no access to improved sanitation.
In India, 53% households in urban areas had access to improved sanitation facilities,
18 % rural population have access to sanitation facilities and overall 45% households
using any sanitation facilities.
In 2008 , 54% population in urban areas had access to improved sanitation facilities,
21 % rural population have access to sanitation facilities and overall 31% population
using any improved sanitation facilities
In India, over 41% of urban households and 60 percent of rural households with
access to safe water get contaminated water.
In India, wide spread access to safe drinking water coexists with very high levels of
child morbidity and mortality, partly resulting from waterborne disease
The most common improved source of drinking water for urban population is piped
water with 71% either having water piped in their living area or use a public tap. In
contrast 28% rural population has access to piped water.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF THE ECOSAN
Ecological sanitation is based on three fundamental principles:
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Pre-venting pollution rather than attempting to control it after we pollute;
Sanitizing the urine and the faeces;
And using the safe products for agricultural purposes. This approach can be
characterised as ‘sanitize-and-recycle’.
This approach is a cycle – a sustainable, closed- loop system. It treats human excreta
as a resource. Urine and faeces are stored and processed on site and then, if necessary, further
processed off site until they are free of disease organisms. The nutrients contained in the
excreta are then recycled by using them in agriculture.
Conserving water, energy and minimising environmental pollution are also the other
important objectives of ecological sanitation systems. Conventional treatment processes are
often designed based on the principle that human excreta is a waste which has no useful
purpose. In nature there is no waste-all the products of living systems are used as raw
materials by other living systems. Recycling sanitized human urine and faeces by returning
them to the soil serves to restore the natural cycling of life building materials that has been
disrupted by conventional sanitation practices. Further, the energy deficiency of this process
is greater as recycling takes place more locally.
Recycling of faeces and urine prevents direct pollution caused by sewage being
discharged or seeping into water resources and ecosystem. A secondary benefit is that of
recycling nutrients to soil and plants which reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. It
restores good soil organisms to protect plants, and it is always available locally, wherever
people live. Nutrients recovered from human excreta can be used to enhance the productivity
of horticulture and agriculture in home gardens and farms in urban as well as rural areas
Fig: Ecological Sanitation (ecosan) Flow chart
Advantages
Advantages of ecosan systems are:
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Minimising the introduction of pathogens from human excreta into the water cycle
(groundwater and surface water) - a major consideration in low-lying geographies is
pollution of groundwater by pit latrines. In many areas where the water table is high,
pit latrines directly pollute the water table, potentially affecting the large numbers of
people.
Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus),
organics, trace elements, water and energy
Preservation of soil fertility, improvement of agricultural productivity and food
security
Contribution to the conservation of resources through lower water consumption,
substitution of mineral fertiliser and minimisation of water pollution
Less reliance on mined phosphorus for fertiliser production
Energy reduction in fertiliser production: Urea is the major component of urine, yet
we produce vast quantities of urea by using fossil fuels. By properly managing urine,
treatment costs as well as fertilizer costs can be reduced. Faeces also contains
recognized nutrients, and could be used for modern agriculture, as micronutrient
deficiency is a significant problem.
Brief Report for the sessions on 5th Nov. 2014
ECOSAN
BY I.SURYANARAYANA
INTRODUCTION:
The word ecosan is abbreviated from ecosanition which means the environmentally friendly
hygienic discharge of the sewage waste by undergoing different treatment but specifically
implies treatment of human waste. Put in other words: "Ecosan systems safely recycle excreta
resources (plant nutrients and organic matter) to crop production in such a way that the use of
non-renewable resources is minimised". When properly designed and operated, ecosan
systems provide a hygienically safe, economical, and closed-loop system to convert human
excreta into nutrients to be returned to the soil, and water to be returned to the land.
HISTORY OF ECOSAN:
Recovery and re-use of nutrients and organic products found in human urine and faeces is not
a new process.since ancient times this process had been adapted and used for different
purpose of work but with less application due to absence of technology.With the passage of
time and with the availability of technology an ecosan toilet came into picture where in india
it was first introduced on 27th November 2012 in regullanka which it is found tobe very
fruitful in a country like india because it not only solves the problems of open defecation but
also can be used to convert the human waste into different useful product .So,india has also
initiated this process.
OBJECTIVES OF ECOSAN:
The main objectives of ecological sanitation are:
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To bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas.
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To reduce the health risks related to sanitation,contaminated water and waste.
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To prevent the pollution of surface and ground water.
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To reuse nutrients or energy contained within wastes.
NECESSITY OF ECOSAN:
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The sanitation sector is in crisis with about 2.6 billion people around the world have
no access to improved sanitation.
In India, 53% households in urban areas had access to improved sanitation facilities,
18 % rural population have access to sanitation facilities and overall 45% households
using any sanitation facilities.
In 2008 , 54% population in urban areas had access to improved sanitation facilities,
21 % rural population have access to sanitation facilities and overall 31% population
using any improved sanitation facilities
•
•
In India, over 41% of urban households and 60 percent of rural households with
access to safe water get contaminated water.
In India, wide spread access to safe drinking water coexists with very high levels of
child morbidity and mortality, partly resulting from waterborne disease
• The most common improved source of drinking water for urban population is piped
water with 71% either having water piped in their living area or use a public tap. In
contrast 28% rural population has access to piped water
BASIC COMPONENTS OF ECOSAN TOILET:
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Vent pipe
Urine pipe network and collection tank
Faeces collection tank(chamber|vault)
Faeces emptying door
Squatting pan
Pan cover
TYPES OF ECOSAN TOILET:
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Drop and store
Flush and discharge
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF THE ECOSAN
Ecological sanitation is based on three fundamental principles:
•
•
•
Pre-venting pollution rather than attempting to control it after we pollute;
Sanitizing the urine and the faeces;
And using the safe products for agricultural purposes. This approach can be
characterised as ‘sanitize-and-recycle’.
This approach is a cycle – a sustainable, closed- loop system. It treats human excreta
as a resource. Urine and faeces are stored and processed on site and then, if necessary, further
processed off site until they are free of disease organisms. The nutrients contained in the
excreta are then recycled by using them in agriculture.
Conserving water, energy and minimising environmental pollution are also the other
important objectives of ecological sanitation systems. Conventional treatment processes are
often designed based on the principle that human excreta is a waste which has no useful
purpose. In nature there is no waste-all the products of living systems are used as raw
materials by other living systems. Recycling sanitized human urine and faeces by returning
them to the soil serves to restore the natural cycling of life building materials that has been
disrupted by conventional sanitation practices. Further, the energy deficiency of this process
is greater as recycling takes place more locally.
Recycling of faeces and urine prevents direct pollution caused by sewage being
discharged or seeping into water resources and ecosystem. A secondary benefit is that of
recycling nutrients to soil and plants which reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. It
restores good soil organisms to protect plants, and it is always available locally, wherever
people live. Nutrients recovered from human excreta can be used to enhance the productivity
of horticulture and agriculture in home gardens and farms in urban as well as rural areas
Fig: Ecological Sanitation (ecosan) Flow chart
MERITS OF ECOSAN TOILET:
Advantages of ecosan systems are:
•
Minimising the introduction of pathogens from human excreta into the water cycle
(groundwater and surface water) - a major consideration in low-lying geographies is
pollution of groundwater by pit latrines. In many areas where the water table is high,
pit latrines directly pollute the water table, potentially affecting the large numbers of
people.
•
Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus),
organics, trace elements, water and energy
•
Preservation of soil fertility, improvement of agricultural productivity and food
security
•
Contribution to the conservation of resources through lower water consumption,
substitution of mineral fertiliser and minimisation of water pollution
•
Less reliance on mined phosphorus for fertiliser production
•
Energy reduction in fertiliser production: Urea is the major component of urine, yet
we produce vast quantities of urea by using fossil fuels. By properly managing urine,
treatment costs as well as fertilizer costs can be reduced. Faeces also contains
recognized nutrients, and could be used for modern agriculture, as micronutrient
deficiency is a significant problem.
•
It is very economical
DEMERITS OF ECOSAN TOILET:
• It is confined mostly for rural areas only where open defecation is largely practice.
• Difficulty in convincing the mindset of the rural people that the by-product is
ecofriendly
PRESENTATION BY BANKA BIOLOO PVT.LTD.
Presented by Mrs. Namita Banka (Founder and CEO)
Introduction
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It is a women-led business organization engaged in promoting and developing
innovative environmental friendly products and services for Human Waste
ManagementSystem.
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Their main focus is to deal with the problem of open defecation that takes place every
day. The technology helps in degrading Human waste in the most effective manner.
The sanitation systems, is to be installed at places where conventional toilets facility
cannot be made available. They build/promote/manufacture and supply ELOO – The
Bio Digester toilets.
Vision
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Banka Enterprises is a proprietorship firm engaged in trading and supplies of various
mechanical and engineering products to clients as per their requirement.
Services
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Manufacturing, Supplying and Installation of Bio-tanks for digestion of human waste
as complete solution.
Rentals and AMC of mobile Bio-toilets.
Consultancy for development of large Bio Tank.
Waste water treatment and recycling solutions
Handling low cost housing Projects for better sanitation requirement at rural area.
Sales of spares of Control Discharge Toilet system (CDTS) to Indian Railways
The Situation of Sanitation in India
Glance at the sanitation and water status in India would reveal that: Almost 50% of
households even in big cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad do not have sewerage
connection; Only 21% of waste water is treated, as compared to 57% in South Africa; In
about 80% of the rural households, the average water supply is less than 5 hours a day and
over 70% of the household do not have access to toilets or sewerage system; Out of 600,000
villages 350,000 open defecation takes place every day.
India accounts for 58% of the world’s population of open defecators. With the current
rate of progress the nation is feared to miss the sanitation target by 32 years. The Indian
Minister for Rural Development and Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Jairam Ramesh
too says, "Sanitation is the biggest blot on the human development portfolio in India, as the
sanitation situation is disastrous."
Given this dismal scenario, it seems ironical that the states have been unable to utilize
even the available funds. For example, in the last fiscal year, under Total Sanitation
Campaign for Rural Areas, 27 billion rupees remained unutilized whereas 19 billion rupees
were not used in the Rural Water Program me. Consequently, the nation is paying the cost for
not spending on drinking water and sanitation in the form of loss of working days,
expenditure on healthcare, school drop outs,malnutrition, anaemia, and infant/child
mortality. "Every year thousands of children die in India due to a lack of adequate sanitation
and clean water. "Even the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Government of India
data of 2008-09 indicates that the poor sections of society, especially in the rural areas, are
four times less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities i.e. having a toilet at
home, in comparison to the rich population.
According to the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, India has provided sanitation
cover to over 200 million people between 1995 and 2008. However, the progress has been
rated as highly inequitable as it displays exclusion of certain caste and communities. A
research by Water Aid illustrates that the Scheduled Castes in particular are denied access to
water facilities. Even the children from scheduled caste communities are not allowed to drink
water from common water sources in schools or use the toilet facility if available. To draw
the attention of the government towards this crisis, Water Aid has joined hands with End
Water Poverty Campaign (a campaign involving 190 organizations all across the globe to end
the water and sanitation crisis). Together Water Aid had organized 50 ‘Crisis Talk Events’ in
20 nations on World Toilet Day 19 Nov 2011.
These talks focused on various dynamics of the issue.
Current available solutions for disposal of Human Waste in India:
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Transportation to disposal sites
Burying
Incineration
Chemical treatment
Centralised Sewage System
Biodegradation-Aerobic and Anaerobic Systems
Bio Toilet Technology
It is a technology developed by Defense Research Development Organisation (DRDO) for
disposal of human waste in eco friendly manner. The bacteria consortium degrades night soil
at any atmosphere temperature between -55 to +60 degree Celsius and produces water which
is eco friendly and the smell is eliminated almost completely.
Bio Digester Tank System (BDTS)
How does a Bio Digester Tank System Work?
A consortium of anaerobic bacteria has been formulated and adopted to work at temp as low
as 5 degree C. This is the component which acts as inoculums (seed material) to the biodigester and converts the organic waste into methane and carbon dioxide. The anaerobic
process inactivates the pathogens responsible for water borne diseases. Bio digester serves as
reaction vessel for bio-methanation and provides the anaerobic conditions and required
temperature for the bacteria. The optimum temp is maintained by microbial heat, insulation
of the reactor and solar heating at places whereverrequired.
HOW IT WORKS
It is a continuous biological process- Anaerobic Biodegradation
Hydrolysis
le
Large polymers are
Converted into simpler monomers
Robust
Simple monomers are converted into
Volatile fatty acids
Acidogenesis
Volatile fatty acids are converted into
Acetic acid, CO2& H2
Sensitive
Acetogenesis
Acetate & H2 are converted into
CH4& CO2
Carbohydrates
Sugars
Fats
Fatty Acids
Proteins
Amino Acids
Methanogenesis
Carbonic acids
and alcohols
Hydrogen
Carbon dioxide
Ammonia
Advantages of Bio-Toilets:
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Disposes human waste in a 100% eco-friendly manner.
Hydrogen
Acetic acid
Carbon dioxide
Methane
Carbon dioxide
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Does not require any septic tank, sewage tank connectivity.
Almost 100% maintenance free contains biological process.
More than 90% elimination of pathogens.
Economically viable.
Applications of Eloo-Bio Digesters:
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Mobile toilets
Septic tanks
Resorts
Rural housing
Hilly terrain
Island & beaches
Exhibition grounds
Remote locations
Types of Bio-Toilets/Bio Digester:
1. Domestic Bio-Toilet
2. Trailer Mounted Mobile Toilet clusters
3. Bio-Tank System/Bio-Tanks
Fig. Mobile Toilet
Fig. Public Toilet
Difference between Septic Tank System and Bio-Digester System
Septic Tank System(STS)
1. It is the most common type of wastewater
disposal system
2. Used
for
small
village
houses/farms/factories and in areas where no
communal sewer is available.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Bio-Digester System(BDS)
Innovative technology for disposal of
human waste in an ecological manner
Can be used for small village
houses/farms/factories and in areas where
no communal sewer is available, hilly
areas, temporary houses, resorts, mobile
sanitation system.
It will perform well if properly sited, These BDSs function at any atmospheric
designed, constructed, used, desludged and temperature between -55 to +66ºC and
repaired when necessary over a period of place irrespective of location.
time.
A proper wastewater disposal system The discharged wastewater can be
(including STS) should be installed for the effectively
used
for
irrigation,
disposal of both toilet waste and landscaping, gardening, etc. Due to rich
sludge/sullage, ie. wastewater from shower nutrients.
and sink etc.
Disposal of sullage into surface channels can The system degrades night soil and
be tolerated only if this does not result in produces colourless, odourless and
pollution.
inflammable biogas containing 50-70%
methane, CO2 and nutrient rich effluent,
so there is no pollution.
Maintenance-deslugging and cleaning are Maintenance free as there is no sludge or
required at regular intervals.
scum formation.
DOs and DONT’s for Optimum Utilisation
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Don't overload your BDTS by discharging more than your it can handle Overloading
will lead to flooding or overflow
Do not waste any water. Use water sensibly
Do not flush your toilet unnecessarily
Tank a brief shower instead of a bath
Dispose of these wastes as refuse
Don't deposit any solid waste other than human toilet waste
Put all other waster into a garbage bin
Fit a screen at every sink, wash basin and floor drain
Don't deposit excessive oil or chemicals into your BDTS. Oil will clog up pores in the
soil around the soak away pit. Chemicals are generally toxic to the environment and
kill the bacteria that have charged in the BDTS.
Challenges in India:
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Wide variation in temperature
Terrain-high altitude, hilly, marshy, desert, etc
Water conditions – waterlogged/flood/low and high water table
Unpredictable human behaviour
Economic constraints
Awareness
Lack of concern
IMPACTS OF BIODIGESTERS ON HEALTH.
Presented by : Dr Ramesh Sethi
 First we need to know “what is health?” . Health is the state of complete physical,
mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease.
 Only 33 per cent of toilets in the urban areas are connected to the sewerage system;
sewage from the rest flows in open drains, causing contamination of ground as well as
river water, as per 2011 Census. This has serious health implications and is
consequently a big economic burden.Time has come to use technology and
advances in biological sciences to tackle this problem.
 Impacts of OPEN DEFECATION on Human Health:
• 49.8% of India’s population defecate in the open.
• Open defecation can cause many diseases like typhoid, cholera,polio,diarrhea.
• There is also strong gender impact of Open Defecation.
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•
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Lack of safety makes women and girls vulnerable to violence and is an
impediment to girls education.
Rape and sexual molestation are taking place when women are searching for
places for open defecation that are secluded and private,often during hours of
darkness.
Girls usually drop out of schools due to lack of toilets in the school.
Open defecation causes contaminations by flies and leads to many diseases.
When people defecate in the open, they ca be bitten by snakes and also attack
by wild animals.
Young children are particularly vulnerable to ingesting faeces of other people
that are lying around after open defecation, because young children crawl on
the ground, walk barefoot, and put things in their mouth without washing their
hands.
 Reason for Open Defecation.
• Lack of other choices. i.e no toilet available.
• Toilet are available but are dirty,smelly and unattractive.
• Toilets are available but at far distances.
 Solution to eradicate open defecation:
• A technology like BIODIGESTER and ECOSAN should be implemented.
• Creating awareness programs to educate people of the health effects of open
defecation.
OTHER APPLICATIONS OF BIODIGESTERS.
Presented By: Ms.Parkavi
Besides the treatment of Human Excreta, there are wide applications of the Biodigesters.
The other applications of Bio-digesters are
 Bio-digester can also be used to treat other waste like
• Agricultural waste.
• Industrial waste.
• Animal waste.
• Poultry waste.
• Food waste.
• Waste water filtration.
• Domestic waste.
• Food processing industry.
 The products obtained from the bio-digester can be utilised for many purposes.
• Biogas obtained from bio-digester can be used for cooking purposes.
• For irrigation and gardening purposes.
• For recharging the ground water.
• For generation of electricity.
• Methane gas emitted from Bio-digester can be as bio-fuel for vehicles.
 An image below shows the applications of a Bio-digester.
Brief Report for the sessions on 6th Nov. 2014
Field visit to South Central Railway
Date: 06.11.14
Introduction
As we know India has the largest rail network of over 115000 km. It compromises of 20
million passengers travelled by train every day and it runs about 10000 trains daily with
59713 coaches.
Introduction of Bio Toilet in railway coaches:
It has been known the previous system of toilets mainly compose of open toilets where the
human waste was defecated to the tracks, which causes a huge problem to the environment
as well as the health factors. So in order to overcome this problem the group of Railway
Engineers and DRDO biotechnologist using DRDE bio digester (bio toilets) was formed in
March 2010.
Bio Toilets in Indian Railway
•
•
•
•
•
•
It is mainly a waste management system which helps the environment
improve.
It is a special type of eco friendly sanitary system which converts human
excreta into gas and usable liquid with the help of inoculum bacteria.
It works with the help of anaerobic process.
The human waste will get converted into gas and useful liquid
The liquid is further chlorinated for disinfect discharge.
It aims at -Zero -Defecation on the ground.
Environmental Factors Of Bio- Toilets
•
•
•
•
It is an environmental friendly toilet system
It prevents damage on tracks due to corrosion
Improve aesthetic at Railway station
It encourages a healthy habit of keeping the toilet clean.
Working of bio-digester
It can be shown with the help of a flowchart
HUMAN WASTE
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA CO2+Methane gas
(Liquid Bacteria)
released to atmosphere
LIQUID WASTE
CHLORINATION
DISINFECTED LIQUID
DISCHARGED INTO THE TRACK
The advantages of Anaerobic process over aerobic process
Aerobic process
Anaerobic Process
Force aeration is essential and energy is
required
No aeration is required
Incomplete aeration leads to foul smell
Complete anaerobic condition
Pathogen is not removed completely
Pathogen is removed almost 99%
Cannot tolerate detergents and phenyl
Detergents and phenyls can be tolerated
Generate large amount of sludge
Sludge generation is very less
Repeated addition of bacteria/enzyme is
required for the process
One time bacterial inoculation is enough
Maintenance and recurring is costly
Minimal maintenance and recurring cost
Advantage
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Disinfected liquid discharge into the track
No foul smell produced
Operate in a longer period of time
Better than Conventional Sanitation system
Chlorinated water can be used for domestic purpose
It is eco-friendly, economical and simple in design
It can be easily connected to the already existing commode without altering
the whole
It is simple in design and manufacture
Disadvantages
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
In Railways Handling capacity is less
Sometimes get choked due to public nuisance
Continuous monitoring is needed for efficient function
cannot certain the amount of people using the toilet
presence of other foreign materials hamper the process
If problems occur internally the whole tank needs to be removed
the toilet tank is limited to two instead of four which affect the overall
dynamic of the coach
Construction features of Bio tank
•
•
•
•
Tanks are made of stainless steel
Size of the tank is 540 x 115 x 720mm
Provision of 04 Nos. mounting brackets at both the sides
Each bracket is provided with 02 nos of M16 bolts. The tank is secured with 'J'
brackets
Components of bio-digester
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stainless steel tank
Bend pipes(J shape)
P trap
Poly grass mats
Contains 6 chamber
Ball valve
Chlorination chamber
Vent pipes
Containers with movable lid
Other Components of Bio Toilet Tank
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mounting Bracket
- 04 Nos.
Safety Rope
-02 Nos.
Locking Plate
-08 Nos.
Hex. Head Bolt (M16 x 70) - 16 Nos.
Hex. nut (M16)
- 16 Nos.
Spring Washer (B16 )
- 16 Nos.
Hex. Head Bolt (M8 x 35) -16 Nos.
'U' Bracket (8 x 20 x 38)
-08 Nos.
Some of the main parts of the Bio Digester tank
P Trap
Ball Valve 0pen
Chlorine Chamber
polygrass mat
Inoculum
INSTALLED BIODIGESTERS:
TOOLS FOR MAINTENANCE:
Guidelines for handling bacteria:
Always wear gloves while handling bacterial culture.
Store bacterial culture in container with lid which can be closed.
During transportation lids should be tightly closed.
During storage , lids should be kept loose, so that the gas generated inside the
container can escape easily otherwise container will get damaged physically.
Do not mix detergents/acids with bacteria at any stage during use.
Toilets fitted with bio-digesters/bio toilets should be preferably be cleaned by
pressurized water cleaning so as to minimize the water usage.
Clean/sanitize hands with detergents/soaps after handling of the bacteria.
TESTING OF BIO-TOILETS EFFLUENTS
Presenter-Mr. Chandra Shekhar, Chemist and Metallurgy, Carriage workshop,
Lalaguda, South Central Railway, Secunderabad
After the bio-digesters have been installed, a quantitative amount of inoculum
bacterias are fed on to the bio-digester tank which then gets ready for the passengers for their
use. After every 3 months from the date of its use, samples of the effluents are collected and
brought up to the laboratory that has to be tested to see and check the proper functioning of
the process taking place inside the bio-toilets. The Following tests are taken to see the
physical, chemical and biological agents of the effluents
Tests which are done for Bio-Toilet Effluents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
pH
Total Solids
Total Dissolved Solid
Total volatile Solids
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
Feacel Coli Form Count
1.pH TESTING
S.No. Description
Details
1.
Purpose of Test
2.
Target Value
To measure pH value of the effluent of bio-toilets to
ensure environmental safety.
6-9 pH
4.
Equipments
Required
Consumables
5.
6.
Quantity
Sample
Table top pH meter/portable pH meter/pH indicator
strips & magnetic stirrer
pH calibration buffers(4.0,&.0,10.0), and magnetic
stirrer bars
of 50-100ml
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING:
pH metre, Magnnetic stirrer, Magnetic bars, pH indicator strips.
TESTING PROCEDURE (for pH)
1. Calibrate the pH meter with standard buffers.
2. Take 50-100 ml of effluent sample in a beaker and mix continuously by magnetic
stirrer
3. Now take pH value with table top pH meter
4. Or we can also simply dip the digital pH meter on to the sample and directly see the
pH level.
2.TOTAL SOLIDS
Sometimes some solid particles after chlorination still remains in the effluents. Thus,
to see and estimate the amount of total solids present in the effluents, this test is done.
S.No. Description
Details
1.
Purpose of Test
To estimate amount of total solids in the effluent.
2.
Set Target
<750mg/100ml
4.
Equipments
Required
Consumables
Electronic weighing balance, pipettes,
crucible, hot air oven, desiccators.
Self indicating silica gel
5.
6.
Quantity
Sample
of 25ml
silica
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING:
Electronic weighing balance, pipettes, Hot air oven, Silica crucible, Dessicators.
TESTING PROCEDURE FOR TOTAL SOLIDS
1. We take initial weight of empty, clean and dry silica crucible.
2. Pipette 25 ml of sample and keep it hot air oven at 103-1050C for 1 hour.
3. Remove and take the final weight.
Calculations:
Total solid/100ml = (A-B) x 100 x 1000 / volume of sample
Where, A- weight of the dried residue + dish (g)
B- weight of dish (g)
3.TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
This test is doneto estimate amount of dissolved solids in the effluent.
S.No. Description
Details
1.
Purpose of Test
2.
Set Target
To estimate amount of dissolved solids in the
effluent.
<350mg/100ml
4.
Equipments
Required
5.
Consumables
6.
Quantity
Sample
Electronic weighing balance, pipettes, silica
crucibles, hot air oven, desiccators, filter assembly,
vacuum pump.
Self indicating silica gel. Whatman glass wool
filters.
of 25ml
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING:
Flask with filter, Filter assembly, Vacuum pump.
TESTING PROCEDURE (TDS)
1. Take initial weight of empty, dry and clean silica crucible.
2. Stir sample with a magnetic stirrer and pipette a measured volume (25ml) into a glass
fibre filter with applied vacuum.
3. Wash with three successive 10ml volume of distilled water, allowing complete
drainage between washings.
4. Transfer total filtrate (with washings) to a pre-weighed clean silica crucible.
5. Dry it in a hot air oven at 180 + 20C for 1 hour in an oven and note final weight.
Calculations:
TDS/100 ml = (A-B) x 100 x 1000 / volume of sample
Where, A- weight of the dried residue + dish (g)
B- weight of dish (g)
4.TOTAL VOLATILE SOLIDS (TVS)
This test is doneto estimate amount of dissolved solids in the effluent.
S.No. Description
Details
1.
Purpose of Test
2.
Target Value
To estimate amount of dissolved solids in the
effluent.
<500mg/100ml
4.
Equipments
Required
5.
Consumables
6.
Quantity
Sample
Electronic weighing balance, pipettes, silica
crucibles, hot air oven, desiccators, filter assembly,
vacuum pump.
Self indicating silica gel, Whatman glass wool
filters.
of 25ml
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING:
Muffle Furnace.
TESTING PROCEDURE (TDS)
1. Take initial weight of empty, dry and clean silica crucible.
2. Pipette 25 ml well mixed sample to a pre-weighed silica crucible.
3. Keep the crucible in a hot air oven for 1 hour at 103-1050C. Keep till the water gets
dried.
4. Remove the silica crucible and keep it in muffle furnace at 5500C for 1 hour. Take
final weight after cool.
Calculations:
TDS/100 ml = (A-B) X 100 X 1000 / volume of sample (ml)
Where, A – Total Solids (mg)
B - Weight of the dried residue + dish (g)
Weight of dish (g) then convert the value to milli gram
5.CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD)
COD test commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in
effluent. COD is often measured as a rapid indicator of organic pollutant in effluent. It is
expressed in milligrams per litre (mg/l) also referred to as ppm (parts per million), which
indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per litre of solution.
S.No. Description
Details
1.
Purpose of Test
To estimate COD of the effluent.
2.
Target Value
<2000mg O2/ litre
4.
Equipments
Required
5.
Consumables
6.
Quantity
Sample
Electronic weighing balance, pipettes, silica
crucibles, hot air oven, desiccators, filter assembly,
vacuum pump.
Sulphuric Acid, Silver sulphate, mercuric chloride,
potassium dichromate, ferroin indicator, ferrous
ammonium sulphate.
of 5-10ml of sample.
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING:
COD Digestion Apparatus.
TESTING PROCEDURE (TDS)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Take initial 5ml of sample and dilute it to 50 ml (distilled water).
Sample is oxidised by potassium dichromate in 50% sulphuric acid solution.
Reflux the sample for 2 hrs at 1500C in COD digestion apparatus.
Titrate excess potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) with ferrous ammonium sulphate
(FAS) using feroin indicator.
Calculations:
COD (mg/ ml) = (A-B) x N x 8000 x Dilution Factor / ml of sample
Where, A- ml of FAS used for blank
B- ml of FAS used for sample
N – Molarity of FAS
8000 – Milli equivalent weight of oxygen.
6.FECAL COLI FORMS COUNT
Fecal coli form test is used to determine whether effluent has been contaminated with
fecal matter. Members of two bacteria groups, coliforms and fecal streptococci are commonly
found in human and animal feces. Although they are generally not harmful, they indicate the
possible presence of pathogenic (disease causing) bacteria, viruses, and protozoans that also
live in human and animal digestive systems. Therefore, their presence in discharge water
could spread diseases.
S.No. Description
Details
1.
Purpose of Test
2.
Set Target
To estimate fecal coli form bacteria count of the
effluent.
<108/100ml
4.
Equipments
Required
Consumables
5.
6.
Quantity
Sample
Laminar air flow chamber, incubator
Test tubes, FC media plates, spreaders, pipettes,
conical flasks, glass marker, magnetic stirrer
of 10 ml
APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING:
Laminar air flow chamber, incubator.
TESTING PROCEDURE (TDS)
1. Take 10 ml of well mixed effluent sample and add to 90 ml water blank to make
(10-1) dilution and mark No.1.
2. Transfer 10 ml of suspension from No.1 into No.2 tube to make (10-2) dilution and
make further dilutions and mark 10-3, 10-4, 10-5.
3. All dilutions are made in laminar air flow chamber.
4. Spread 0.1 ml (100 μl) of suspension each from different dilution on to medium
petridish.
5. Incubate the plates for number and distribution of blue/bluish tinged colonies (bacterial
growth)
OBSERVATIONS:
After the baterias have been fed on to the petridish, we can easily observe, see
and count the growth of bacterial colonies with our naked eyes or see it with the help
of a microscope or under a magnifying glass.
CALCULATIONS:
Fecal coli form count = mean plate count X dilution factor X 100/ volume of sample
(CFU / 100 ml)
CONCLUSION AFTER TAKING THE TESTS
From the above tests conducted,it has been seen that the installation of the bio-toilets
on to the Indian Railways has significantly reduce the direct discharge of human wastes on to
the railway tracks and has shown many positive effects and advantages and has been
successful upto a considerable and quantitative rate till date.
However, if any one of the tests results showing either the pH level, amount of solids,
total dissolved solids, total volatile solids, COD or fecal coli form counts of the effluents,
comes out to be more or less than the target value or specified value given in the tests, than
the proper functioning of the bio-digester in the bio-toilets are not being accomplished.
Hence, to ensure its working and to make it properly functional, more inoculum bacterias are
fed on to the bio-digester tanks again.
Hence, to ensure its proper functioning and maintenance, the publics and the
passengers using these bio-toilets need to be educated and aware for not to throw rubbish,
cigarettes, gutkha packets, bottles etc. If all these things are made aware to the passengers
than we will have a successful bio-toilets in and all around the country with great efficiency
success.
TRAINING REPORT ON 7/11/2014
FIELD VISIT- BIODIGESTERS INSTALLED AT TRAFFIC POINT, LABOUR
COLONIES & GOVT. SCHOOLS BY BANKA BIOLOO PVT. LTD. AROUND
HYDERABAD
1. TRAFFIC SIGNAL POINT, NEAR CYBER TOWER, HI-TECH CITY,
HYDERABAD:
Fig.Traffic Point
Fig.Space for Bio-digester Tank
Fig. FRP Bio-digester Tank
2. LABOUR COLONY
Fig.Bio-Toilets installed at Labour Colony
Fig. Bio-digester at Labour colony
Fig.Ongoing construction of Bio-Toilets at Labour colony
Fig. Ongoing construction of Bio-digester tank at Labour colony
3. GOVT. SCHOOL – MANDAL PARISHAD PRIMARY SCHOOL, ISHNAPUR
VILLAGE, MEDAK DISTRICT
Fig.Bio-Toilets at Mandal Parishad primary school, Ishnapur village
Fig.Bio-Digester Tank atMandal Parishad primary school, Ishnapur village
4.BANKA BIOLOO PRODUCTION PLANT, CHERLAPALLY, HYDERABAD
1. RAILWAY SECTION
Fig.Manufactured Railways Bio-digester Tank
2. WORKSHOP
Fig. CNC Plasma cutter
Fig. CNC Bending Machine
Raw materials (Stainless Steel & pipes) CR-2B finish size 4x8 with PVC coating
CNC LASER CUTTING OF SHEETS in sheet components
ACID CLEANING PROCESS – Immersion in bath for 10-15 min to remove free from iron
PLAIN WATER RINSING
SHEET BENDING
PIPE CUTTING
WELDING TIG- As Per Drawing
GRINDING, POLISHING & DRILLING
ACID CLEANING PROCESS – Immersionin bath for 10-15 min to remove free from iron
PLAIN WATER RINSING
LEAK TEST-Fill in the blanks and check the leakage from chambers and weld joints
PICKLING & PASSIVATION for min in the bath with solution of conc.
HF4 5-6% by volume & conc. H2SO3 20% by vol& with K2 paste &
solution
CLEANING PROCESS (WATER RINSING)
NEUTRALISATION by NaOH solution 10% concentration in the bath
FINAL PRESSURE WITH WATER RINSING & Left for DRYING and wiped
With cotton cloth to remove water spots and FERROXYL TEST PERFORMED
ASSEMBLING OF COMPONENTS-PVC MAT FIXING, RUBBER SEAL,
GASKET, NUTS & BOLT Fixing, Handle arrangement fixing
MARKING - Name, Mfd batch, S.No. Date of Mfd.
PACKING- (Cling Wrap + Create Pack) and Stored
QC Check- Dimensions, Fixing etc.
DESPATCH
Fig. Flow Chart of Processes
Fig.Welding
Fig.An Overview of Assembled Bio-digester tank without the p trap
Fig.Chlorination chamber
Fig: FRP Sheets
Fig. An installed Bio-Toilet at Manufacturing Plant
4. FRP (FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC)
Fig.Fully assembled FRP Bio-digester tank of 800L capacity
Fig.Pre-Fabricated FRP Bio-Toilets
Fig.An inner view of Bio-digester tank with attached scrubber
Fig.FRP Bio-digester tankMould
Fig. Resin being applied to the mat (450-610-450)
CONCLUSIONS
From the above pictures we have seen that the Banka Bioloo company has contributed
quite a considerable amount of work in installing the bio-toilets in many private companies as
well as Government sectors schemes and it has shown huge amount of positive results in
many cases in the installation of these bio-toilets with a great success rate.
We would like to thank and show our deep gratitude and appreciation to the CEO of
the Banka BiolooPvt. Ltd, Mrs. N. Banka and to the Marketing Head, Mr. Kingshuk for
taking out their busy schedule and giving us their precious time and opportunity for the tour
to see where the installation of these Bio-toilets have been set-up by them. We thank them for
their assistance, help and proper guidance.
WORKSHOP/TRAINING COURSE IN DEFENCE RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT ESTABLISHMENT (DRDE), GWALIOR (DAY 1& DAY 2)
DATE: 10/11/2104& 11/11/2014
BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW BY Dr. D.V. KAMBOJ, Sc ‘F’
Introduction:
According to UNICEF / WHO estimates:
•
About 1/7thof world population still openly defecate in the absence of any
toilet / latrine, of which 60% live in India.
•
Global impact of poor sanitation on human health and infant / child death is
profound
•
Estimated 10 million children under 5 - die globally every year - out of which
2.4 million are in India.
SOURCES OF POLLUTION
 Open toilets
 Discharge by railways
 Untreated sewage system
CONSEQUENCES
 Organic pollution
 Aesthetic nuisance
 Water borne diseases
 Viral gastroenteritis, typhoid, cholera
 Diarrhoea (annually kills 500,000 children)
 Viral hepatitis (100 cases per 100,000 people)
TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEM-DRDE INTRODUCES A NEW TECHNOLOGY
OF BIODIGESTER
❖ Eco-friendly & cost-effective (no recurring cost)
❖ Wide applicability under different climatic conditions
❖ Easy to transport and install in hilly terrains
❖ Minimizes water consumption
❖ Recycling of effluent water
❖ Reduction in organic waste by more than 90%
❖ More than 99% pathogens reduction
❖ Generation of odourless and inflammable biogas
❖ Use of phenyl/ cleaning agents is permitted upto 84ppm
BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY
BACTERIA (INOCULUM)
Anaerobic microbial consortium developed by acclimatization/ enrichment of microbes at
low temperature and bio-augmentation with critical group of bacteria
Fermentation Tank (Biodigester)
 Fermentation device for accelerated microbial degradation of organic waste
 Biodigester is made of mild steel/SS/FRP/bricks
 Dimensions and internal design vary with no. of users, water availability & geoclimatic conditions
Biodigester- A Low cost Eco-friendly alternative of Septic Tank
 Size: 1/4th to 1/10th
 Less space requirement
 Low material/ construction cost
 Can treat bathroom/ kitchen wastewater also
 No foul smell
 Maintenance free
DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIGESTER ON INDIAN RAILWAYS
 More than 7000 bio-toilets fitted in passenger coaches
 50000 existing coaches to be retro-fitted with biodigesters by 2021
Current Status of Bio-toiltes/ Biodigesters
 Installed so far
 High Altitude Low Temperature Areas: 166
 Indian Railways: ~7,000
 Plain areas: 58 + 1000 (Lakshadweep)
 Curent/ Future Assignments
 UT of Lakshadweep: 12000 (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)
 Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council: 750 (M/s SuperFlow,
Industries, Gwalior)
 UT of Daman: 50 (L1 selected)
 Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (M/s MRC, Kapurthala)
Fig: Biodigester
Fig: Biodigester with water collector tank
Fig: Red bed
VIVEKANANDA NEEDAM VISIT: BIO-TOILETS AND BIODIGESTERS
INSTALLED BY DRDE, GWALIOR
Fig: Vivekananda Needam Shelter home
Fig: First Bio-toilet installed in Vivekananda Needam
Fig: Pipe Connection for the discharge of effluents form the bio-digester tank
Trench for constructing Reed Bed
Fig: Quality of effluent/sample coming out from the bio-digester
Fig: Collector tank for effluent
Fig: Bio-plant installed for the generation of bio-gas using secondary treatment with the help
of methane and gobar
Fig: Vermi-culture used for bio-gas
Fig: Organic Fertilizers
INOCULATION GENERATION PLANT VISIT/ BIOTOILETS AND BIODIGESTER
TANKS
Fig: Plant for inoculum bacteria
Fig: Inoculum bacteria
Fig: A modified bio-digester tank used in railways
Fig: Lakshadweep bio-digester model
Fig: A bio-toilet model used in Rajasthan
Fig: Bio-toilet model for rural area
Fig: Pre-fabricated biodigester tank for rural area
Fig: FRP Pre- fabricated Bio-digester tank (capacity 700 L)
Fig: Interior overview of a FRP Bio-digester tank
Fig: Polygrassmats attached/fixed in different chambers for nesting of inoculums
ANALYSIS OF BIODIGESTER EFFLUENTS & ANAEROBIC MICROBIAL
INOCULUM BY Dr V. VASUDEVAN
ADVANTAGE OF ANAEROBIC PROCESSES
1. Less energy requirement as no aeration is needed
0.5-0.75 kWh energy is needed for every 1 kg of COD removal by aerobic processes
2. Energy generation in the form of methane gas
1.16 kWh energy is produced for every 1 kg of COD fermented in anaerobic process
3. Less biomass (sludge) generation
Anaerobic process produces only 20% of sludge compared with aerobic process
4. Less nutrients (N & P) required
Lower biomass synthesis rate also implies less nutrients requirement: 20% of aerobic
5. Application of higher organic loading rate
Organic loading rates of 5-10 times higher than that of aerobic processes are possible
6. Space saving
Higher loading rates require smaller reactor volumes thereby saving on disposal cost
7. Ability to transform several hazardous solvents including chloroform,
trichloroethylene and trichloroethane to an easily degradable form.
LIMITATIONS OF ANAEROBIC PROCESSES
1. Long start-up time
Because of lower biomass synthesis rate, it requires a longer start-up time to attain abiomass
concentration.
2. Long recovery time
If an anaerobic system is subjected to disturbances either due to biomass wash-out,toxic
substances or shock loading, it may take longer time for the system to return tonormal
operating conditions.
3. More susceptible to changes in environmental conditions
Anaerobic microorganisms especially methanogens are prone to changes inconditions such as
temperature, pH, redox potential, etc.
4. Treatment of sulfate-rich wastewater
The presence of sulfate not only reduces the methane yield due to substrate competition, but
also inhibits the methanogens due to sulfide production.
5. Effluent quality of treated wastewater
The minimum substrate concentration (Smin) from which microorganisms are able to
generate energyfor their growth and maintenance is much higher for anaerobic treatment
systems. Anaerobicprocesses may not be able to degrade organic matter to the level to meet
the discharge limits forultimate disposal.
6. Treatment of high protein & nitrogen containing wastewater
The anaerobic degradation of proteins produces amines which are no longer be
degradedanaerobically. Similarly nitrogen remains unchanged during anaerobic treatment.
Recently, a process called ANAMMOX (ANaerobicAMMoniumOXididation) has been
developed to anaerobically oxidizeNH4+to N2 in presence of nitrite.
NH4+ + NO2-→N2 + 2H2O
NH4+ + 1.32 NO2- + 0.066CO2 + 0.13H+→1.02 N2 + 0.26NO3- + 0.066CH2O0.5N0.15
ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS FOR EFFICIENT ANAEROBIC TREATMENT
• Avoid excessive air/O2 exposure
• No toxic/inhibitory compounds present in the influent
• Maintain pH between 6.8 –7.2
• Sufficient alkalinity present (mainly bicarbonates)
• Low volatile fatty acids (VFAs)
• Temperature around mesophilic range (30-380C)
• SRT/HRT >>1 (use high rate anaerobic reactors)
LOW COST BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY





S.NO.
Volume depends upon the number of users, Climatic
conditions, Altitude, Nature of waste, water usage,
Septic tank may be converted.
Masonry work needs common building material like brick,
sand, stone‐chips, cement, pvc pipes, pvc immobilization matrix
No. of Users
Volume of RCC Biodigester (m3)
Volume of Biodigester (m3)
1
5-7
1.0
0.7
2
10-15
2.0
1.5
3
20-30
2.5
2.0
4
50
4.0
Not Advisable
5
100
8.0
Not Advisable
6
200
15.0
Not Advisable
7
500
40.0
Not Advisable
8
1000
60.0
Not Advisable
BIODIGESTER: INSTALLATION CHALLENGES AND TROUBLESHOOTING BY
Dr. M.K.AGRAWAL Sc ‘E’ AND Dr. ARVIND TOMAR SC ‘C’
Challenges:
1. Social
• Population increase
• Illiteracy
• Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation
• Negligence and unhealthy customs
• Economic constraints, awareness, lack of concern and participation
2. Physical
• Temperature variations
 Sub-zero temperature, lack of non-conventional sources of energy and
water, low oxygen, etc prevails in high altitude & glaciers areas
• Terrain – high altitude, hilly, marshy, plains, desert, coastal areas & islands
• Water conditions – low/high water table, dry, flooded, water-logged areas
Strategies/Troubleshooting:
1. Efficient bacterial consortium for faster degradation
• Acclimatization & bio-augmentation
2. Heating of Bio-digester
• Solar energy for glaciers
• Fabrication material & insulation
• Microbial heat
3. Lower retention time
 Immobilisation matrix
• Increase in the bacterial mass
• Resist adverse conditions
4. Design
• Proper planning, survey, analysis, design, construction, workmanship, etc as
per requirements
• Purpose of use should be well considered - Primary sanitation or secondary
use such as power generation, irrigation, water recycling, etc
• Materials used for construction
5. Awareness, instructions should be given to the users or public, local authorities,
etc
6. Maintenance like cleaning should be given responsible to users or workers
7. Proper & regular Tests should be done to check whether the Biodigester is
functioning or not.
OTHER CHALLENGES:
AMI





Characterization
Quality
Low cost
Low volume & transportation friendly
Salt tolerant
EFFLUENT
 Secondary treatment/polishing.
 Reuse/utilisation.
BIOGAS
 Trap/utilization.
 Scrubbing and methane enrichment.
BIODIGESTERS NEEDED
 Buses.
 Short term events (mela, exhibitions, expositions & armyTrials)
 Ships, boats – sea, high altitude, fresh water.
AWARENESS / PROMOTION
 Dissemination of information – advantages & govt support.
AVAILABILITY TO COMMON MAN
 Source (biodigester&ami).
 Service.
AFFORTABILITY TO COMMON MAN
 Cost
 Material of construction.
 Quality control.
 Immobilization matrix.
 Maintanance of toilet.
DETERGENTS/ ANTISEPTICS FOR CLEANING
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Phenyl upto 84ppm
Harpicupto 250ppm
Domexupto 250ppm
TASKI R6 upto 250 ppm*
TASKI Duck fresh upto 250ppm*
TASKI Clonet W4 upto 100ppm*
TASKI MM65 upto 100ppm*
TASKI MM60 upto 250ppm
TESTING OF EFFLUENTS
All the effluent testing that is pH, Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solid, Total volatile
Solids,Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Feacel Coli Form Count are done the same
way as on Railways. Apart from these tests, other tests are conducted by the DRDE, these
tests are known as AMI (Anaerobic Microbial Inoculum) testings. The following are the AMI
testings carried out by the DRDE.
TESTING OF AMI (ANAEROBIC MICROBIAL INOCULUM)
•
•
•
•
•
pH- to measure pH of the inoculum. (Target value of test- 6.5-7.5)
Biogas production- to measure the amount of biogas produced during fermentation
(Target value- equal amount as of AMI within 48 hrs)
Methane content of Biogas- to measure the methane content of biogas produced
during fermentation. (Target value- >50% after 72 hrs)
Methanogens count/MPN count- to estimate the methane producing bacteria count
in inoculums. (Target value- >1000/ml)
Total solids content-to see the amount of total solids in the AMI. (Set target- 3-4%)
PARAMETERS
TARGET VALUE
pH
6.5-7.5
Biogas Inflammability
Inflammable
Methane content of gas
40-70%
Total solid content
3-4%
Methanogens count(CFU/ml)
>103 /ml
Experimental set-up:
Assemble the set up
1 L Inoculum + 1 L Cow dung solution (500 g Cow dung + 500 ml water)
in one 2 L flask
↓
Fill water in other 2 L flask
↓
Water column should be there in exit pipe
↓
Incubate the assembly in 35 0C for 48 Hours for Biogas production and
↓
72 Hours for methane content test.
INTERACTION WITH Dr. LOKENDRA SINGH, SC ‘H’, DIRECTOR, DRDE
The Senior Scientist, Dr. Lokendra Singh speaks about the evolution and introduction
of the technology of biodigesters and explains what difficulties that they faced in the initial
stage of introducing biodigesters. The need and introduction of biodigesters was something
new to them in the beginning. The problem arised in Siachen where the army people had to
stay in sub-zero temperature climatic conditions and the problem of defecation was a bigger
and major issue as human waste in that temperature was not able to decompose itself as also
there was problem in the higher altitude region for less oxygen. The human waste was
actually creating problem for the areas lying in the lower region where human population was
abundant. First, they thought of introducing the aerobic decomposition of human wastes in
the Siachen region for the army people but due to higher altitude and sub-zero climatic
conditions, the bacterias were able to function the aerobic process and hence no proper
decomposition and degradation of human wastes was possible, therefore the introduction of
inoculum (bacteria) which was brought from Antarctica which can withstand and function in
temperatures lying within the range from -500C to + 500C. These inoculum works under the
anaerobic conditions which was best suited for the proper degradation of human wastes in
Siachen. Later the introduction of Biodigesters and Bio-toilets were adopted by them which
wasagain later adopted by the Indian Railways by the DRDO. The introduction of
Biodigesters on to the Indian Railways by the DRDO was also one of the major concerns as
the direct discharge of human wastes on the railway tracks was creating serious problems
both ecologically and socially, moreover, it was unaesthetic and unhygienic and causes
pollution in the environment. The introduction of biodigesters on to the Indian Railways
which would not allow the human wastes to discharge directly on to the ground but after
chlorination of the effluent, the water is discharged. The effluent discharged on to the railway
tracks does not contain any pathogens or harmful chemicals and is perfectly safe, eco-friendly
and aesthetically great. Later the concept of biodigesters was focussed looking at the Indian
Scenario where most of the people still don’t have toilets and no proper sanitation facilities
and do open defecation on the fields. The focus of installing Bio-toilets in places where
people don’t have toilets or proper sanitation facilities is now a major concern specially in
rural areas where even government schools that does not have toilets which leads to school
dropouts specially for girls who cannot go to toilets openly.
All these problems lead to the introduction of biodigesters in our country. The biodigester
is an eco-friendly& cost-effective (no recurring cost). It has wide applicability under different
climatic conditions. It is easy to transport and can be installed in hilly terrains. It minimizes
water consumption. Recycling of effluent water which can later be used for gardening and
irrigation purpose. Reduction in organic waste is by more than 90% also more than 99%
pathogens reduction and generation of odourless and inflammable biogas can also be done.
VOTE OF THANKS
Our special thanks to DRDE Gwalior, DRDE Senior Scientists and to the Biodigester group
members :
1. DR. LOKENDRA SINGH, SC ‘H’, DIRECTOR, DRDE
2. DR. D. V. KAMBOJ, SC ‘F” HEAD, DIVISION BIOTECH
3. DR. M.K. AGRAWAL, SC ‘E’
4. DR. V. VASUDEVAN, SC ‘C’
5. DR. ARVIND TOMAR, SC ‘C’