Report on the Training Program of Meghalaya Officers
Transcription
Report on the Training Program of Meghalaya Officers
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We express our deep sense of gratitude to the Director of CIPS, Shri. D. Chakrapani (Retired IAS) and Joint Director, Mrs. V. Kalra (IRS) and Mr. S. Sanjay for their proper guidance, help and assistance in our training work and also to the Govt. of Telangana. We would like to specially thank to the Defence Research Development Establishment (DRDE), Gwalior, its Senior Scientist members (Bio-digester Group) for giving us the privilege and opportunity to learn and giving us in-depth knowledge about the topic Bio-digester. Also thanking them for their wonderful orientation tour, presentations, help and support. We would also like to thank to the Govt. of Meghalaya and the State Rural Employment Society, Shillong for giving us the opportunity to learn and gain more knowledge, and it is with great privilege and honour that we are working with the SRES department. Thanking you, Abhimanyu M. Sangma HamkyllaSuchiang KhrawkuparSuja KyrshanSkhemDhar Lamphrang George Lyngdoh Nesserdemy B. Sangma PynskhemborSnaitang (Assistant Engineer, SRES, Meghalaya) TRAINING PROGRAMME IN CENTRE FOR INNOVATIONS IN PUBLIC SYSTEMS (CIPS) , HYDERABAD BRIEF REPORT ABOUT THE SESSIONS ON 3RD NOV 2014 Centre for Innovations in Public Systems (CIPS) It is set up by Government of India in 2010. It is an organisation that helps in creating awareness programmes of the innovative practices for the upliftment of the society. • • • • It works with States, Central and District level government departments and functionaries, facilitates replication in other states It helps in developing policies, transforming creative and innovative ideas into sustainable practice for improving service delivery It educates the public in using green infrastructure It prepares a database of different innovative practice such as education sector, health, e-Governance and urban-governance Video Conference From Knowledge Advisory, Services & Consultancy on Use of Plastics in Road Construction It is introduced in India on 2000. It follows the specifications of IRC-SP-98. Need for Plastic Roads • • • • It reduces wastes disposal, pollution to induce utility in the plastic wastes potential use of solid waste management to improve the binding properties of bitumen Materials used : • Aggregates mix - coarse, fine (or) fillers • Bitumen grade - 60/70 (or) 80/100 • Binders – polymers, crumb rubbers, steel slag, fly ash Types of Method: • Hot mix method • Cold mix method Hot mix method is of two types – 1. Dry process – In dry process plastics are used as binders. 2. Wet process – In wet process plastics are used as modifiers. Advantages: • • • • • • • • • • Minimize waste from surroundings Mainly used as resurfacing, maintenance, widening, strengthening, and fresh laying Used as a binder Low cost Potential use of solid waste management Better resistance towards rainwater No pot holes Increase binding and bonding of the mix Increase in strength of roads and loading capacity Employment opportunities Demerits • Waste management issues • Lack of adequate planning • problem of house-to-house waste collection • poor participation from public • emission of toxic gases from hot mix plant States who had already implemented are • • • • Tamil Nadu in 2002 Karnataka in 2002 Jharkhand in 2011 Himachal Pradesh BIODIGESTER What is bio-digester • It is a special type of eco friendly sanitary system which converts human excreta into gas and usable liquid with the help of inoculum bacteria. Where it was first use • • First introduced in India in Siachen by DRDO Later adopted in Indian Railways by IR Engineers and DRDO Bio-technologists in March 2010 Why it is needed • • Discharge of excreta directly into the track causes several environmental problems and at the same time affects the public health. So with the introduction of this system the above stated problems can be minimised. • Aims at Zero-Defecation on the ground How does it function It is an anaerobic process in which the inoculum bacteria eats up human excreta and converts it into gas and liquid Components of bio-digester • • • • • • • • • Stainless steel tank Bend pipes(J shape) P trap Poly grass mats Contains 6 chamber Ball valve Chlorination chamber Vent pipes Containers with movable lid . Working of bio-digester It can be shown with the help of a flowchart HUMAN WASTE ANAEROBIC BACTERIA (Liquid Bacteria) CO2+Methane gas released to atmosphere LIQUID WASTE CHLORINATION DISINFECTED LIQUID DISCHARGED INTO THE TRACK Advantage • • • • • • • Disinfected liquid discharge into the track No foul smell produced Operation years up to years Better than Conventional Sanitation system Chlorinated water can be used for domestic purpose It is eco-friendly, economical and simple in design Mostly used in public places such as railways, public toilets, schools etc Disadvantages • • • In Railways Handling capacity is less Sometimes get choked due to public nuisance Continuous monitoring is needed for efficient function Testing of Bio-Toilets Effluents Parameters • • • • • pH Total dissolved solids Total volatile solids Chemical oxygen demand Fecal coli form count Precautions for efficient function A notice are display for passengers awareness: • • Use dustbin inside the toilets No foreign object should throw inside the comod Tools required for clearing jams • • Picker Suction vacuum Presenters: 1.G.Srinivasa Rao-CDO/HYB (South Central Railway) 2.J.ChandraSekhara Rao-CMT/LGDS(South Central Railway) Contracts and Tenders Contracts: A voluntary, deliberate, and legally bindingagreement between two or more competent parties. Contracts are usually written but may be spoken or implied, and generally have to do with employment, sale or lease, or tenancy. All contracts are not agreements but all agreements are contracts. A contract has certain terms and conditions which is to be agreed by the contractor/buyer who is offered the contract to do a specific task or job. A contractual relationship is evidenced by (1) anoffer (2) acceptance of the offer, and a (3) valid (legal and valuable) consideration. Each party to a contract acquires rights and duties relative to the rights and duties of the other parties. However, while all parties may expect a fair benefit from the contract (otherwise courts may set it aside as inequitable) it does not follow that each party will benefit to an equal extent. Existence of contractual-relationship does not necessarily mean the contract is enforceable, or that it is not void (see void contract) or voidable (see voidable Contract). Contracts are normally enforceable whether or not in a written form, although a written contract protects all parties to it. Some contracts, (such as for sale of real property, installmentplans, or insurance policies) must be in writing to be legally binding and enforceable. Other contracts (see implied in fact contract and implied in law contract) are assumed in, and enforced by, law whether or not the involved parties desired to enter into a contract. Tenders: A tender also known as ‘call for bids’ or ‘call for tenders/invitation to tender’ is a special procedure for generating competing offers from different bidders looking to obtain an award of business activity in works, supply, or service contracts. In more general terms, “Atenderisanoffertodoorperformanactwhichthepartyoffering,isboundtoperformtothepartytowh omtheofferismade”. Atendermaybeofmoneyorofspecificarticles;thesewillbeseparatelyconsidered.Tomakeavalidten derthefollowingrequisitesarenecessary: 1. Itmustbemadebyapersoncapableofpaying:forifitbemadebyastrangerwithouttheconsento fthedebtor,itwillbeinsufficient 2. Itmustbemadetothecreditorhavingcapacitytoreceiveit,ortohisauthorizedagent Types of calls for tenders Open tenders, open calls for tenders, or advertised tenders are open to all vendors or contractors who can guarantee performance. Restricted tenders, restricted calls for tenders, or invited tenders are only open to selected prequalified vendors or contractors. This may be a two-stage process, the first stage of which produces a short list of suitable vendors. The reasons for restricted tenders differ in scope and purpose. They are called because: • • • • There is essentially only one suitable supplier of the services or product There are confidentiality issues such as military contracts There are reasons for expedience such as emergency situations There is a need to weed out tenderers who do not have the financial or technical capabilities to fulfill the requirements ECOLOGICAL SANITATION (ECOSAN) What is Ecological Sanitation? Ecological sanitation, which is commonly abbreviated to ecosan is an approach which is characterized by a desire to "close the loop" (mainly for the nutrients and organic matter) between sanitation and agriculture in a safe manner. When properly designed and operated, ecosan systems provide a hygienically safe, economical, and closed-loop system to convert human excreta into nutrients to be returned to the soil, and water to be returned to the land. What are its Objectives? The main objectives of ecological sanitation are: • To bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas. • To reduce the health risks related to sanitation,contaminated water and waste. • To prevent the pollution of surface and ground water. • To reuse nutrients or energy contained within wastes. Why it is needed? Firstly, let us understand what is Sanitation? Sanitation is the hygienic means of promoting health through prevention of human contact with the hazards of wastes as well as the treatment and proper disposal of sewage or wastewater. • • • • • • The sanitation sector is in crisis with about 2.6 billion people around the world have no access to improved sanitation. In India, 53% households in urban areas had access to improved sanitation facilities, 18 % rural population have access to sanitation facilities and overall 45% households using any sanitation facilities. In 2008 , 54% population in urban areas had access to improved sanitation facilities, 21 % rural population have access to sanitation facilities and overall 31% population using any improved sanitation facilities In India, over 41% of urban households and 60 percent of rural households with access to safe water get contaminated water. In India, wide spread access to safe drinking water coexists with very high levels of child morbidity and mortality, partly resulting from waterborne disease The most common improved source of drinking water for urban population is piped water with 71% either having water piped in their living area or use a public tap. In contrast 28% rural population has access to piped water. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF THE ECOSAN Ecological sanitation is based on three fundamental principles: • • • Pre-venting pollution rather than attempting to control it after we pollute; Sanitizing the urine and the faeces; And using the safe products for agricultural purposes. This approach can be characterised as ‘sanitize-and-recycle’. This approach is a cycle – a sustainable, closed- loop system. It treats human excreta as a resource. Urine and faeces are stored and processed on site and then, if necessary, further processed off site until they are free of disease organisms. The nutrients contained in the excreta are then recycled by using them in agriculture. Conserving water, energy and minimising environmental pollution are also the other important objectives of ecological sanitation systems. Conventional treatment processes are often designed based on the principle that human excreta is a waste which has no useful purpose. In nature there is no waste-all the products of living systems are used as raw materials by other living systems. Recycling sanitized human urine and faeces by returning them to the soil serves to restore the natural cycling of life building materials that has been disrupted by conventional sanitation practices. Further, the energy deficiency of this process is greater as recycling takes place more locally. Recycling of faeces and urine prevents direct pollution caused by sewage being discharged or seeping into water resources and ecosystem. A secondary benefit is that of recycling nutrients to soil and plants which reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. It restores good soil organisms to protect plants, and it is always available locally, wherever people live. Nutrients recovered from human excreta can be used to enhance the productivity of horticulture and agriculture in home gardens and farms in urban as well as rural areas Fig: Ecological Sanitation (ecosan) Flow chart Advantages Advantages of ecosan systems are: • • • • • • Minimising the introduction of pathogens from human excreta into the water cycle (groundwater and surface water) - a major consideration in low-lying geographies is pollution of groundwater by pit latrines. In many areas where the water table is high, pit latrines directly pollute the water table, potentially affecting the large numbers of people. Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), organics, trace elements, water and energy Preservation of soil fertility, improvement of agricultural productivity and food security Contribution to the conservation of resources through lower water consumption, substitution of mineral fertiliser and minimisation of water pollution Less reliance on mined phosphorus for fertiliser production Energy reduction in fertiliser production: Urea is the major component of urine, yet we produce vast quantities of urea by using fossil fuels. By properly managing urine, treatment costs as well as fertilizer costs can be reduced. Faeces also contains recognized nutrients, and could be used for modern agriculture, as micronutrient deficiency is a significant problem. Brief Report for the sessions on 5th Nov. 2014 ECOSAN BY I.SURYANARAYANA INTRODUCTION: The word ecosan is abbreviated from ecosanition which means the environmentally friendly hygienic discharge of the sewage waste by undergoing different treatment but specifically implies treatment of human waste. Put in other words: "Ecosan systems safely recycle excreta resources (plant nutrients and organic matter) to crop production in such a way that the use of non-renewable resources is minimised". When properly designed and operated, ecosan systems provide a hygienically safe, economical, and closed-loop system to convert human excreta into nutrients to be returned to the soil, and water to be returned to the land. HISTORY OF ECOSAN: Recovery and re-use of nutrients and organic products found in human urine and faeces is not a new process.since ancient times this process had been adapted and used for different purpose of work but with less application due to absence of technology.With the passage of time and with the availability of technology an ecosan toilet came into picture where in india it was first introduced on 27th November 2012 in regullanka which it is found tobe very fruitful in a country like india because it not only solves the problems of open defecation but also can be used to convert the human waste into different useful product .So,india has also initiated this process. OBJECTIVES OF ECOSAN: The main objectives of ecological sanitation are: • To bring about an improvement in the general quality of life in the rural areas. • To reduce the health risks related to sanitation,contaminated water and waste. • To prevent the pollution of surface and ground water. • To reuse nutrients or energy contained within wastes. NECESSITY OF ECOSAN: • • • The sanitation sector is in crisis with about 2.6 billion people around the world have no access to improved sanitation. In India, 53% households in urban areas had access to improved sanitation facilities, 18 % rural population have access to sanitation facilities and overall 45% households using any sanitation facilities. In 2008 , 54% population in urban areas had access to improved sanitation facilities, 21 % rural population have access to sanitation facilities and overall 31% population using any improved sanitation facilities • • In India, over 41% of urban households and 60 percent of rural households with access to safe water get contaminated water. In India, wide spread access to safe drinking water coexists with very high levels of child morbidity and mortality, partly resulting from waterborne disease • The most common improved source of drinking water for urban population is piped water with 71% either having water piped in their living area or use a public tap. In contrast 28% rural population has access to piped water BASIC COMPONENTS OF ECOSAN TOILET: • • • • • • Vent pipe Urine pipe network and collection tank Faeces collection tank(chamber|vault) Faeces emptying door Squatting pan Pan cover TYPES OF ECOSAN TOILET: • • Drop and store Flush and discharge FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE AND WORKING OF THE ECOSAN Ecological sanitation is based on three fundamental principles: • • • Pre-venting pollution rather than attempting to control it after we pollute; Sanitizing the urine and the faeces; And using the safe products for agricultural purposes. This approach can be characterised as ‘sanitize-and-recycle’. This approach is a cycle – a sustainable, closed- loop system. It treats human excreta as a resource. Urine and faeces are stored and processed on site and then, if necessary, further processed off site until they are free of disease organisms. The nutrients contained in the excreta are then recycled by using them in agriculture. Conserving water, energy and minimising environmental pollution are also the other important objectives of ecological sanitation systems. Conventional treatment processes are often designed based on the principle that human excreta is a waste which has no useful purpose. In nature there is no waste-all the products of living systems are used as raw materials by other living systems. Recycling sanitized human urine and faeces by returning them to the soil serves to restore the natural cycling of life building materials that has been disrupted by conventional sanitation practices. Further, the energy deficiency of this process is greater as recycling takes place more locally. Recycling of faeces and urine prevents direct pollution caused by sewage being discharged or seeping into water resources and ecosystem. A secondary benefit is that of recycling nutrients to soil and plants which reduces the need for chemical fertilizers. It restores good soil organisms to protect plants, and it is always available locally, wherever people live. Nutrients recovered from human excreta can be used to enhance the productivity of horticulture and agriculture in home gardens and farms in urban as well as rural areas Fig: Ecological Sanitation (ecosan) Flow chart MERITS OF ECOSAN TOILET: Advantages of ecosan systems are: • Minimising the introduction of pathogens from human excreta into the water cycle (groundwater and surface water) - a major consideration in low-lying geographies is pollution of groundwater by pit latrines. In many areas where the water table is high, pit latrines directly pollute the water table, potentially affecting the large numbers of people. • Promotion of safe, hygienic recovery and use of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), organics, trace elements, water and energy • Preservation of soil fertility, improvement of agricultural productivity and food security • Contribution to the conservation of resources through lower water consumption, substitution of mineral fertiliser and minimisation of water pollution • Less reliance on mined phosphorus for fertiliser production • Energy reduction in fertiliser production: Urea is the major component of urine, yet we produce vast quantities of urea by using fossil fuels. By properly managing urine, treatment costs as well as fertilizer costs can be reduced. Faeces also contains recognized nutrients, and could be used for modern agriculture, as micronutrient deficiency is a significant problem. • It is very economical DEMERITS OF ECOSAN TOILET: • It is confined mostly for rural areas only where open defecation is largely practice. • Difficulty in convincing the mindset of the rural people that the by-product is ecofriendly PRESENTATION BY BANKA BIOLOO PVT.LTD. Presented by Mrs. Namita Banka (Founder and CEO) Introduction • It is a women-led business organization engaged in promoting and developing innovative environmental friendly products and services for Human Waste ManagementSystem. • Their main focus is to deal with the problem of open defecation that takes place every day. The technology helps in degrading Human waste in the most effective manner. The sanitation systems, is to be installed at places where conventional toilets facility cannot be made available. They build/promote/manufacture and supply ELOO – The Bio Digester toilets. Vision • Banka Enterprises is a proprietorship firm engaged in trading and supplies of various mechanical and engineering products to clients as per their requirement. Services • • • • • • Manufacturing, Supplying and Installation of Bio-tanks for digestion of human waste as complete solution. Rentals and AMC of mobile Bio-toilets. Consultancy for development of large Bio Tank. Waste water treatment and recycling solutions Handling low cost housing Projects for better sanitation requirement at rural area. Sales of spares of Control Discharge Toilet system (CDTS) to Indian Railways The Situation of Sanitation in India Glance at the sanitation and water status in India would reveal that: Almost 50% of households even in big cities like Bangalore and Hyderabad do not have sewerage connection; Only 21% of waste water is treated, as compared to 57% in South Africa; In about 80% of the rural households, the average water supply is less than 5 hours a day and over 70% of the household do not have access to toilets or sewerage system; Out of 600,000 villages 350,000 open defecation takes place every day. India accounts for 58% of the world’s population of open defecators. With the current rate of progress the nation is feared to miss the sanitation target by 32 years. The Indian Minister for Rural Development and Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Jairam Ramesh too says, "Sanitation is the biggest blot on the human development portfolio in India, as the sanitation situation is disastrous." Given this dismal scenario, it seems ironical that the states have been unable to utilize even the available funds. For example, in the last fiscal year, under Total Sanitation Campaign for Rural Areas, 27 billion rupees remained unutilized whereas 19 billion rupees were not used in the Rural Water Program me. Consequently, the nation is paying the cost for not spending on drinking water and sanitation in the form of loss of working days, expenditure on healthcare, school drop outs,malnutrition, anaemia, and infant/child mortality. "Every year thousands of children die in India due to a lack of adequate sanitation and clean water. "Even the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), Government of India data of 2008-09 indicates that the poor sections of society, especially in the rural areas, are four times less likely to have access to improved sanitation facilities i.e. having a toilet at home, in comparison to the rich population. According to the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme, India has provided sanitation cover to over 200 million people between 1995 and 2008. However, the progress has been rated as highly inequitable as it displays exclusion of certain caste and communities. A research by Water Aid illustrates that the Scheduled Castes in particular are denied access to water facilities. Even the children from scheduled caste communities are not allowed to drink water from common water sources in schools or use the toilet facility if available. To draw the attention of the government towards this crisis, Water Aid has joined hands with End Water Poverty Campaign (a campaign involving 190 organizations all across the globe to end the water and sanitation crisis). Together Water Aid had organized 50 ‘Crisis Talk Events’ in 20 nations on World Toilet Day 19 Nov 2011. These talks focused on various dynamics of the issue. Current available solutions for disposal of Human Waste in India: • • • • • • Transportation to disposal sites Burying Incineration Chemical treatment Centralised Sewage System Biodegradation-Aerobic and Anaerobic Systems Bio Toilet Technology It is a technology developed by Defense Research Development Organisation (DRDO) for disposal of human waste in eco friendly manner. The bacteria consortium degrades night soil at any atmosphere temperature between -55 to +60 degree Celsius and produces water which is eco friendly and the smell is eliminated almost completely. Bio Digester Tank System (BDTS) How does a Bio Digester Tank System Work? A consortium of anaerobic bacteria has been formulated and adopted to work at temp as low as 5 degree C. This is the component which acts as inoculums (seed material) to the biodigester and converts the organic waste into methane and carbon dioxide. The anaerobic process inactivates the pathogens responsible for water borne diseases. Bio digester serves as reaction vessel for bio-methanation and provides the anaerobic conditions and required temperature for the bacteria. The optimum temp is maintained by microbial heat, insulation of the reactor and solar heating at places whereverrequired. HOW IT WORKS It is a continuous biological process- Anaerobic Biodegradation Hydrolysis le Large polymers are Converted into simpler monomers Robust Simple monomers are converted into Volatile fatty acids Acidogenesis Volatile fatty acids are converted into Acetic acid, CO2& H2 Sensitive Acetogenesis Acetate & H2 are converted into CH4& CO2 Carbohydrates Sugars Fats Fatty Acids Proteins Amino Acids Methanogenesis Carbonic acids and alcohols Hydrogen Carbon dioxide Ammonia Advantages of Bio-Toilets: • Disposes human waste in a 100% eco-friendly manner. Hydrogen Acetic acid Carbon dioxide Methane Carbon dioxide • • • • Does not require any septic tank, sewage tank connectivity. Almost 100% maintenance free contains biological process. More than 90% elimination of pathogens. Economically viable. Applications of Eloo-Bio Digesters: • • • • • • • • Mobile toilets Septic tanks Resorts Rural housing Hilly terrain Island & beaches Exhibition grounds Remote locations Types of Bio-Toilets/Bio Digester: 1. Domestic Bio-Toilet 2. Trailer Mounted Mobile Toilet clusters 3. Bio-Tank System/Bio-Tanks Fig. Mobile Toilet Fig. Public Toilet Difference between Septic Tank System and Bio-Digester System Septic Tank System(STS) 1. It is the most common type of wastewater disposal system 2. Used for small village houses/farms/factories and in areas where no communal sewer is available. 3. 4. 5. 6. Bio-Digester System(BDS) Innovative technology for disposal of human waste in an ecological manner Can be used for small village houses/farms/factories and in areas where no communal sewer is available, hilly areas, temporary houses, resorts, mobile sanitation system. It will perform well if properly sited, These BDSs function at any atmospheric designed, constructed, used, desludged and temperature between -55 to +66ºC and repaired when necessary over a period of place irrespective of location. time. A proper wastewater disposal system The discharged wastewater can be (including STS) should be installed for the effectively used for irrigation, disposal of both toilet waste and landscaping, gardening, etc. Due to rich sludge/sullage, ie. wastewater from shower nutrients. and sink etc. Disposal of sullage into surface channels can The system degrades night soil and be tolerated only if this does not result in produces colourless, odourless and pollution. inflammable biogas containing 50-70% methane, CO2 and nutrient rich effluent, so there is no pollution. Maintenance-deslugging and cleaning are Maintenance free as there is no sludge or required at regular intervals. scum formation. DOs and DONT’s for Optimum Utilisation • • • • • • • • • Don't overload your BDTS by discharging more than your it can handle Overloading will lead to flooding or overflow Do not waste any water. Use water sensibly Do not flush your toilet unnecessarily Tank a brief shower instead of a bath Dispose of these wastes as refuse Don't deposit any solid waste other than human toilet waste Put all other waster into a garbage bin Fit a screen at every sink, wash basin and floor drain Don't deposit excessive oil or chemicals into your BDTS. Oil will clog up pores in the soil around the soak away pit. Chemicals are generally toxic to the environment and kill the bacteria that have charged in the BDTS. Challenges in India: • • • • • • • Wide variation in temperature Terrain-high altitude, hilly, marshy, desert, etc Water conditions – waterlogged/flood/low and high water table Unpredictable human behaviour Economic constraints Awareness Lack of concern IMPACTS OF BIODIGESTERS ON HEALTH. Presented by : Dr Ramesh Sethi First we need to know “what is health?” . Health is the state of complete physical, mental, and social well being, and not merely the absence of disease. Only 33 per cent of toilets in the urban areas are connected to the sewerage system; sewage from the rest flows in open drains, causing contamination of ground as well as river water, as per 2011 Census. This has serious health implications and is consequently a big economic burden.Time has come to use technology and advances in biological sciences to tackle this problem. Impacts of OPEN DEFECATION on Human Health: • 49.8% of India’s population defecate in the open. • Open defecation can cause many diseases like typhoid, cholera,polio,diarrhea. • There is also strong gender impact of Open Defecation. • • • • • • Lack of safety makes women and girls vulnerable to violence and is an impediment to girls education. Rape and sexual molestation are taking place when women are searching for places for open defecation that are secluded and private,often during hours of darkness. Girls usually drop out of schools due to lack of toilets in the school. Open defecation causes contaminations by flies and leads to many diseases. When people defecate in the open, they ca be bitten by snakes and also attack by wild animals. Young children are particularly vulnerable to ingesting faeces of other people that are lying around after open defecation, because young children crawl on the ground, walk barefoot, and put things in their mouth without washing their hands. Reason for Open Defecation. • Lack of other choices. i.e no toilet available. • Toilet are available but are dirty,smelly and unattractive. • Toilets are available but at far distances. Solution to eradicate open defecation: • A technology like BIODIGESTER and ECOSAN should be implemented. • Creating awareness programs to educate people of the health effects of open defecation. OTHER APPLICATIONS OF BIODIGESTERS. Presented By: Ms.Parkavi Besides the treatment of Human Excreta, there are wide applications of the Biodigesters. The other applications of Bio-digesters are Bio-digester can also be used to treat other waste like • Agricultural waste. • Industrial waste. • Animal waste. • Poultry waste. • Food waste. • Waste water filtration. • Domestic waste. • Food processing industry. The products obtained from the bio-digester can be utilised for many purposes. • Biogas obtained from bio-digester can be used for cooking purposes. • For irrigation and gardening purposes. • For recharging the ground water. • For generation of electricity. • Methane gas emitted from Bio-digester can be as bio-fuel for vehicles. An image below shows the applications of a Bio-digester. Brief Report for the sessions on 6th Nov. 2014 Field visit to South Central Railway Date: 06.11.14 Introduction As we know India has the largest rail network of over 115000 km. It compromises of 20 million passengers travelled by train every day and it runs about 10000 trains daily with 59713 coaches. Introduction of Bio Toilet in railway coaches: It has been known the previous system of toilets mainly compose of open toilets where the human waste was defecated to the tracks, which causes a huge problem to the environment as well as the health factors. So in order to overcome this problem the group of Railway Engineers and DRDO biotechnologist using DRDE bio digester (bio toilets) was formed in March 2010. Bio Toilets in Indian Railway • • • • • • It is mainly a waste management system which helps the environment improve. It is a special type of eco friendly sanitary system which converts human excreta into gas and usable liquid with the help of inoculum bacteria. It works with the help of anaerobic process. The human waste will get converted into gas and useful liquid The liquid is further chlorinated for disinfect discharge. It aims at -Zero -Defecation on the ground. Environmental Factors Of Bio- Toilets • • • • It is an environmental friendly toilet system It prevents damage on tracks due to corrosion Improve aesthetic at Railway station It encourages a healthy habit of keeping the toilet clean. Working of bio-digester It can be shown with the help of a flowchart HUMAN WASTE ANAEROBIC BACTERIA CO2+Methane gas (Liquid Bacteria) released to atmosphere LIQUID WASTE CHLORINATION DISINFECTED LIQUID DISCHARGED INTO THE TRACK The advantages of Anaerobic process over aerobic process Aerobic process Anaerobic Process Force aeration is essential and energy is required No aeration is required Incomplete aeration leads to foul smell Complete anaerobic condition Pathogen is not removed completely Pathogen is removed almost 99% Cannot tolerate detergents and phenyl Detergents and phenyls can be tolerated Generate large amount of sludge Sludge generation is very less Repeated addition of bacteria/enzyme is required for the process One time bacterial inoculation is enough Maintenance and recurring is costly Minimal maintenance and recurring cost Advantage • • • • • • • • Disinfected liquid discharge into the track No foul smell produced Operate in a longer period of time Better than Conventional Sanitation system Chlorinated water can be used for domestic purpose It is eco-friendly, economical and simple in design It can be easily connected to the already existing commode without altering the whole It is simple in design and manufacture Disadvantages • • • • • • • In Railways Handling capacity is less Sometimes get choked due to public nuisance Continuous monitoring is needed for efficient function cannot certain the amount of people using the toilet presence of other foreign materials hamper the process If problems occur internally the whole tank needs to be removed the toilet tank is limited to two instead of four which affect the overall dynamic of the coach Construction features of Bio tank • • • • Tanks are made of stainless steel Size of the tank is 540 x 115 x 720mm Provision of 04 Nos. mounting brackets at both the sides Each bracket is provided with 02 nos of M16 bolts. The tank is secured with 'J' brackets Components of bio-digester • • • • • • • • • Stainless steel tank Bend pipes(J shape) P trap Poly grass mats Contains 6 chamber Ball valve Chlorination chamber Vent pipes Containers with movable lid Other Components of Bio Toilet Tank • • • • • • • • Mounting Bracket - 04 Nos. Safety Rope -02 Nos. Locking Plate -08 Nos. Hex. Head Bolt (M16 x 70) - 16 Nos. Hex. nut (M16) - 16 Nos. Spring Washer (B16 ) - 16 Nos. Hex. Head Bolt (M8 x 35) -16 Nos. 'U' Bracket (8 x 20 x 38) -08 Nos. Some of the main parts of the Bio Digester tank P Trap Ball Valve 0pen Chlorine Chamber polygrass mat Inoculum INSTALLED BIODIGESTERS: TOOLS FOR MAINTENANCE: Guidelines for handling bacteria: Always wear gloves while handling bacterial culture. Store bacterial culture in container with lid which can be closed. During transportation lids should be tightly closed. During storage , lids should be kept loose, so that the gas generated inside the container can escape easily otherwise container will get damaged physically. Do not mix detergents/acids with bacteria at any stage during use. Toilets fitted with bio-digesters/bio toilets should be preferably be cleaned by pressurized water cleaning so as to minimize the water usage. Clean/sanitize hands with detergents/soaps after handling of the bacteria. TESTING OF BIO-TOILETS EFFLUENTS Presenter-Mr. Chandra Shekhar, Chemist and Metallurgy, Carriage workshop, Lalaguda, South Central Railway, Secunderabad After the bio-digesters have been installed, a quantitative amount of inoculum bacterias are fed on to the bio-digester tank which then gets ready for the passengers for their use. After every 3 months from the date of its use, samples of the effluents are collected and brought up to the laboratory that has to be tested to see and check the proper functioning of the process taking place inside the bio-toilets. The Following tests are taken to see the physical, chemical and biological agents of the effluents Tests which are done for Bio-Toilet Effluents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. pH Total Solids Total Dissolved Solid Total volatile Solids Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Feacel Coli Form Count 1.pH TESTING S.No. Description Details 1. Purpose of Test 2. Target Value To measure pH value of the effluent of bio-toilets to ensure environmental safety. 6-9 pH 4. Equipments Required Consumables 5. 6. Quantity Sample Table top pH meter/portable pH meter/pH indicator strips & magnetic stirrer pH calibration buffers(4.0,&.0,10.0), and magnetic stirrer bars of 50-100ml APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING: pH metre, Magnnetic stirrer, Magnetic bars, pH indicator strips. TESTING PROCEDURE (for pH) 1. Calibrate the pH meter with standard buffers. 2. Take 50-100 ml of effluent sample in a beaker and mix continuously by magnetic stirrer 3. Now take pH value with table top pH meter 4. Or we can also simply dip the digital pH meter on to the sample and directly see the pH level. 2.TOTAL SOLIDS Sometimes some solid particles after chlorination still remains in the effluents. Thus, to see and estimate the amount of total solids present in the effluents, this test is done. S.No. Description Details 1. Purpose of Test To estimate amount of total solids in the effluent. 2. Set Target <750mg/100ml 4. Equipments Required Consumables Electronic weighing balance, pipettes, crucible, hot air oven, desiccators. Self indicating silica gel 5. 6. Quantity Sample of 25ml silica APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING: Electronic weighing balance, pipettes, Hot air oven, Silica crucible, Dessicators. TESTING PROCEDURE FOR TOTAL SOLIDS 1. We take initial weight of empty, clean and dry silica crucible. 2. Pipette 25 ml of sample and keep it hot air oven at 103-1050C for 1 hour. 3. Remove and take the final weight. Calculations: Total solid/100ml = (A-B) x 100 x 1000 / volume of sample Where, A- weight of the dried residue + dish (g) B- weight of dish (g) 3.TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS) This test is doneto estimate amount of dissolved solids in the effluent. S.No. Description Details 1. Purpose of Test 2. Set Target To estimate amount of dissolved solids in the effluent. <350mg/100ml 4. Equipments Required 5. Consumables 6. Quantity Sample Electronic weighing balance, pipettes, silica crucibles, hot air oven, desiccators, filter assembly, vacuum pump. Self indicating silica gel. Whatman glass wool filters. of 25ml APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING: Flask with filter, Filter assembly, Vacuum pump. TESTING PROCEDURE (TDS) 1. Take initial weight of empty, dry and clean silica crucible. 2. Stir sample with a magnetic stirrer and pipette a measured volume (25ml) into a glass fibre filter with applied vacuum. 3. Wash with three successive 10ml volume of distilled water, allowing complete drainage between washings. 4. Transfer total filtrate (with washings) to a pre-weighed clean silica crucible. 5. Dry it in a hot air oven at 180 + 20C for 1 hour in an oven and note final weight. Calculations: TDS/100 ml = (A-B) x 100 x 1000 / volume of sample Where, A- weight of the dried residue + dish (g) B- weight of dish (g) 4.TOTAL VOLATILE SOLIDS (TVS) This test is doneto estimate amount of dissolved solids in the effluent. S.No. Description Details 1. Purpose of Test 2. Target Value To estimate amount of dissolved solids in the effluent. <500mg/100ml 4. Equipments Required 5. Consumables 6. Quantity Sample Electronic weighing balance, pipettes, silica crucibles, hot air oven, desiccators, filter assembly, vacuum pump. Self indicating silica gel, Whatman glass wool filters. of 25ml APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING: Muffle Furnace. TESTING PROCEDURE (TDS) 1. Take initial weight of empty, dry and clean silica crucible. 2. Pipette 25 ml well mixed sample to a pre-weighed silica crucible. 3. Keep the crucible in a hot air oven for 1 hour at 103-1050C. Keep till the water gets dried. 4. Remove the silica crucible and keep it in muffle furnace at 5500C for 1 hour. Take final weight after cool. Calculations: TDS/100 ml = (A-B) X 100 X 1000 / volume of sample (ml) Where, A – Total Solids (mg) B - Weight of the dried residue + dish (g) Weight of dish (g) then convert the value to milli gram 5.CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) COD test commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in effluent. COD is often measured as a rapid indicator of organic pollutant in effluent. It is expressed in milligrams per litre (mg/l) also referred to as ppm (parts per million), which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per litre of solution. S.No. Description Details 1. Purpose of Test To estimate COD of the effluent. 2. Target Value <2000mg O2/ litre 4. Equipments Required 5. Consumables 6. Quantity Sample Electronic weighing balance, pipettes, silica crucibles, hot air oven, desiccators, filter assembly, vacuum pump. Sulphuric Acid, Silver sulphate, mercuric chloride, potassium dichromate, ferroin indicator, ferrous ammonium sulphate. of 5-10ml of sample. APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING: COD Digestion Apparatus. TESTING PROCEDURE (TDS) 1. 2. 3. 4. Take initial 5ml of sample and dilute it to 50 ml (distilled water). Sample is oxidised by potassium dichromate in 50% sulphuric acid solution. Reflux the sample for 2 hrs at 1500C in COD digestion apparatus. Titrate excess potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) with ferrous ammonium sulphate (FAS) using feroin indicator. Calculations: COD (mg/ ml) = (A-B) x N x 8000 x Dilution Factor / ml of sample Where, A- ml of FAS used for blank B- ml of FAS used for sample N – Molarity of FAS 8000 – Milli equivalent weight of oxygen. 6.FECAL COLI FORMS COUNT Fecal coli form test is used to determine whether effluent has been contaminated with fecal matter. Members of two bacteria groups, coliforms and fecal streptococci are commonly found in human and animal feces. Although they are generally not harmful, they indicate the possible presence of pathogenic (disease causing) bacteria, viruses, and protozoans that also live in human and animal digestive systems. Therefore, their presence in discharge water could spread diseases. S.No. Description Details 1. Purpose of Test 2. Set Target To estimate fecal coli form bacteria count of the effluent. <108/100ml 4. Equipments Required Consumables 5. 6. Quantity Sample Laminar air flow chamber, incubator Test tubes, FC media plates, spreaders, pipettes, conical flasks, glass marker, magnetic stirrer of 10 ml APPARATUS/EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED FOR TESTING: Laminar air flow chamber, incubator. TESTING PROCEDURE (TDS) 1. Take 10 ml of well mixed effluent sample and add to 90 ml water blank to make (10-1) dilution and mark No.1. 2. Transfer 10 ml of suspension from No.1 into No.2 tube to make (10-2) dilution and make further dilutions and mark 10-3, 10-4, 10-5. 3. All dilutions are made in laminar air flow chamber. 4. Spread 0.1 ml (100 μl) of suspension each from different dilution on to medium petridish. 5. Incubate the plates for number and distribution of blue/bluish tinged colonies (bacterial growth) OBSERVATIONS: After the baterias have been fed on to the petridish, we can easily observe, see and count the growth of bacterial colonies with our naked eyes or see it with the help of a microscope or under a magnifying glass. CALCULATIONS: Fecal coli form count = mean plate count X dilution factor X 100/ volume of sample (CFU / 100 ml) CONCLUSION AFTER TAKING THE TESTS From the above tests conducted,it has been seen that the installation of the bio-toilets on to the Indian Railways has significantly reduce the direct discharge of human wastes on to the railway tracks and has shown many positive effects and advantages and has been successful upto a considerable and quantitative rate till date. However, if any one of the tests results showing either the pH level, amount of solids, total dissolved solids, total volatile solids, COD or fecal coli form counts of the effluents, comes out to be more or less than the target value or specified value given in the tests, than the proper functioning of the bio-digester in the bio-toilets are not being accomplished. Hence, to ensure its working and to make it properly functional, more inoculum bacterias are fed on to the bio-digester tanks again. Hence, to ensure its proper functioning and maintenance, the publics and the passengers using these bio-toilets need to be educated and aware for not to throw rubbish, cigarettes, gutkha packets, bottles etc. If all these things are made aware to the passengers than we will have a successful bio-toilets in and all around the country with great efficiency success. TRAINING REPORT ON 7/11/2014 FIELD VISIT- BIODIGESTERS INSTALLED AT TRAFFIC POINT, LABOUR COLONIES & GOVT. SCHOOLS BY BANKA BIOLOO PVT. LTD. AROUND HYDERABAD 1. TRAFFIC SIGNAL POINT, NEAR CYBER TOWER, HI-TECH CITY, HYDERABAD: Fig.Traffic Point Fig.Space for Bio-digester Tank Fig. FRP Bio-digester Tank 2. LABOUR COLONY Fig.Bio-Toilets installed at Labour Colony Fig. Bio-digester at Labour colony Fig.Ongoing construction of Bio-Toilets at Labour colony Fig. Ongoing construction of Bio-digester tank at Labour colony 3. GOVT. SCHOOL – MANDAL PARISHAD PRIMARY SCHOOL, ISHNAPUR VILLAGE, MEDAK DISTRICT Fig.Bio-Toilets at Mandal Parishad primary school, Ishnapur village Fig.Bio-Digester Tank atMandal Parishad primary school, Ishnapur village 4.BANKA BIOLOO PRODUCTION PLANT, CHERLAPALLY, HYDERABAD 1. RAILWAY SECTION Fig.Manufactured Railways Bio-digester Tank 2. WORKSHOP Fig. CNC Plasma cutter Fig. CNC Bending Machine Raw materials (Stainless Steel & pipes) CR-2B finish size 4x8 with PVC coating CNC LASER CUTTING OF SHEETS in sheet components ACID CLEANING PROCESS – Immersion in bath for 10-15 min to remove free from iron PLAIN WATER RINSING SHEET BENDING PIPE CUTTING WELDING TIG- As Per Drawing GRINDING, POLISHING & DRILLING ACID CLEANING PROCESS – Immersionin bath for 10-15 min to remove free from iron PLAIN WATER RINSING LEAK TEST-Fill in the blanks and check the leakage from chambers and weld joints PICKLING & PASSIVATION for min in the bath with solution of conc. HF4 5-6% by volume & conc. H2SO3 20% by vol& with K2 paste & solution CLEANING PROCESS (WATER RINSING) NEUTRALISATION by NaOH solution 10% concentration in the bath FINAL PRESSURE WITH WATER RINSING & Left for DRYING and wiped With cotton cloth to remove water spots and FERROXYL TEST PERFORMED ASSEMBLING OF COMPONENTS-PVC MAT FIXING, RUBBER SEAL, GASKET, NUTS & BOLT Fixing, Handle arrangement fixing MARKING - Name, Mfd batch, S.No. Date of Mfd. PACKING- (Cling Wrap + Create Pack) and Stored QC Check- Dimensions, Fixing etc. DESPATCH Fig. Flow Chart of Processes Fig.Welding Fig.An Overview of Assembled Bio-digester tank without the p trap Fig.Chlorination chamber Fig: FRP Sheets Fig. An installed Bio-Toilet at Manufacturing Plant 4. FRP (FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC) Fig.Fully assembled FRP Bio-digester tank of 800L capacity Fig.Pre-Fabricated FRP Bio-Toilets Fig.An inner view of Bio-digester tank with attached scrubber Fig.FRP Bio-digester tankMould Fig. Resin being applied to the mat (450-610-450) CONCLUSIONS From the above pictures we have seen that the Banka Bioloo company has contributed quite a considerable amount of work in installing the bio-toilets in many private companies as well as Government sectors schemes and it has shown huge amount of positive results in many cases in the installation of these bio-toilets with a great success rate. We would like to thank and show our deep gratitude and appreciation to the CEO of the Banka BiolooPvt. Ltd, Mrs. N. Banka and to the Marketing Head, Mr. Kingshuk for taking out their busy schedule and giving us their precious time and opportunity for the tour to see where the installation of these Bio-toilets have been set-up by them. We thank them for their assistance, help and proper guidance. WORKSHOP/TRAINING COURSE IN DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ESTABLISHMENT (DRDE), GWALIOR (DAY 1& DAY 2) DATE: 10/11/2104& 11/11/2014 BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW BY Dr. D.V. KAMBOJ, Sc ‘F’ Introduction: According to UNICEF / WHO estimates: • About 1/7thof world population still openly defecate in the absence of any toilet / latrine, of which 60% live in India. • Global impact of poor sanitation on human health and infant / child death is profound • Estimated 10 million children under 5 - die globally every year - out of which 2.4 million are in India. SOURCES OF POLLUTION Open toilets Discharge by railways Untreated sewage system CONSEQUENCES Organic pollution Aesthetic nuisance Water borne diseases Viral gastroenteritis, typhoid, cholera Diarrhoea (annually kills 500,000 children) Viral hepatitis (100 cases per 100,000 people) TO OVERCOME THE PROBLEM-DRDE INTRODUCES A NEW TECHNOLOGY OF BIODIGESTER ❖ Eco-friendly & cost-effective (no recurring cost) ❖ Wide applicability under different climatic conditions ❖ Easy to transport and install in hilly terrains ❖ Minimizes water consumption ❖ Recycling of effluent water ❖ Reduction in organic waste by more than 90% ❖ More than 99% pathogens reduction ❖ Generation of odourless and inflammable biogas ❖ Use of phenyl/ cleaning agents is permitted upto 84ppm BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY BACTERIA (INOCULUM) Anaerobic microbial consortium developed by acclimatization/ enrichment of microbes at low temperature and bio-augmentation with critical group of bacteria Fermentation Tank (Biodigester) Fermentation device for accelerated microbial degradation of organic waste Biodigester is made of mild steel/SS/FRP/bricks Dimensions and internal design vary with no. of users, water availability & geoclimatic conditions Biodigester- A Low cost Eco-friendly alternative of Septic Tank Size: 1/4th to 1/10th Less space requirement Low material/ construction cost Can treat bathroom/ kitchen wastewater also No foul smell Maintenance free DEVELOPMENT OF BIODIGESTER ON INDIAN RAILWAYS More than 7000 bio-toilets fitted in passenger coaches 50000 existing coaches to be retro-fitted with biodigesters by 2021 Current Status of Bio-toiltes/ Biodigesters Installed so far High Altitude Low Temperature Areas: 166 Indian Railways: ~7,000 Plain areas: 58 + 1000 (Lakshadweep) Curent/ Future Assignments UT of Lakshadweep: 12000 (M/s MRC, Kapurthala) Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council: 750 (M/s SuperFlow, Industries, Gwalior) UT of Daman: 50 (L1 selected) Shri Amarnathji Shrine Board (M/s MRC, Kapurthala) Fig: Biodigester Fig: Biodigester with water collector tank Fig: Red bed VIVEKANANDA NEEDAM VISIT: BIO-TOILETS AND BIODIGESTERS INSTALLED BY DRDE, GWALIOR Fig: Vivekananda Needam Shelter home Fig: First Bio-toilet installed in Vivekananda Needam Fig: Pipe Connection for the discharge of effluents form the bio-digester tank Trench for constructing Reed Bed Fig: Quality of effluent/sample coming out from the bio-digester Fig: Collector tank for effluent Fig: Bio-plant installed for the generation of bio-gas using secondary treatment with the help of methane and gobar Fig: Vermi-culture used for bio-gas Fig: Organic Fertilizers INOCULATION GENERATION PLANT VISIT/ BIOTOILETS AND BIODIGESTER TANKS Fig: Plant for inoculum bacteria Fig: Inoculum bacteria Fig: A modified bio-digester tank used in railways Fig: Lakshadweep bio-digester model Fig: A bio-toilet model used in Rajasthan Fig: Bio-toilet model for rural area Fig: Pre-fabricated biodigester tank for rural area Fig: FRP Pre- fabricated Bio-digester tank (capacity 700 L) Fig: Interior overview of a FRP Bio-digester tank Fig: Polygrassmats attached/fixed in different chambers for nesting of inoculums ANALYSIS OF BIODIGESTER EFFLUENTS & ANAEROBIC MICROBIAL INOCULUM BY Dr V. VASUDEVAN ADVANTAGE OF ANAEROBIC PROCESSES 1. Less energy requirement as no aeration is needed 0.5-0.75 kWh energy is needed for every 1 kg of COD removal by aerobic processes 2. Energy generation in the form of methane gas 1.16 kWh energy is produced for every 1 kg of COD fermented in anaerobic process 3. Less biomass (sludge) generation Anaerobic process produces only 20% of sludge compared with aerobic process 4. Less nutrients (N & P) required Lower biomass synthesis rate also implies less nutrients requirement: 20% of aerobic 5. Application of higher organic loading rate Organic loading rates of 5-10 times higher than that of aerobic processes are possible 6. Space saving Higher loading rates require smaller reactor volumes thereby saving on disposal cost 7. Ability to transform several hazardous solvents including chloroform, trichloroethylene and trichloroethane to an easily degradable form. LIMITATIONS OF ANAEROBIC PROCESSES 1. Long start-up time Because of lower biomass synthesis rate, it requires a longer start-up time to attain abiomass concentration. 2. Long recovery time If an anaerobic system is subjected to disturbances either due to biomass wash-out,toxic substances or shock loading, it may take longer time for the system to return tonormal operating conditions. 3. More susceptible to changes in environmental conditions Anaerobic microorganisms especially methanogens are prone to changes inconditions such as temperature, pH, redox potential, etc. 4. Treatment of sulfate-rich wastewater The presence of sulfate not only reduces the methane yield due to substrate competition, but also inhibits the methanogens due to sulfide production. 5. Effluent quality of treated wastewater The minimum substrate concentration (Smin) from which microorganisms are able to generate energyfor their growth and maintenance is much higher for anaerobic treatment systems. Anaerobicprocesses may not be able to degrade organic matter to the level to meet the discharge limits forultimate disposal. 6. Treatment of high protein & nitrogen containing wastewater The anaerobic degradation of proteins produces amines which are no longer be degradedanaerobically. Similarly nitrogen remains unchanged during anaerobic treatment. Recently, a process called ANAMMOX (ANaerobicAMMoniumOXididation) has been developed to anaerobically oxidizeNH4+to N2 in presence of nitrite. NH4+ + NO2-→N2 + 2H2O NH4+ + 1.32 NO2- + 0.066CO2 + 0.13H+→1.02 N2 + 0.26NO3- + 0.066CH2O0.5N0.15 ESSENTIAL CONDITIONS FOR EFFICIENT ANAEROBIC TREATMENT • Avoid excessive air/O2 exposure • No toxic/inhibitory compounds present in the influent • Maintain pH between 6.8 –7.2 • Sufficient alkalinity present (mainly bicarbonates) • Low volatile fatty acids (VFAs) • Temperature around mesophilic range (30-380C) • SRT/HRT >>1 (use high rate anaerobic reactors) LOW COST BIODIGESTER TECHNOLOGY S.NO. Volume depends upon the number of users, Climatic conditions, Altitude, Nature of waste, water usage, Septic tank may be converted. Masonry work needs common building material like brick, sand, stone‐chips, cement, pvc pipes, pvc immobilization matrix No. of Users Volume of RCC Biodigester (m3) Volume of Biodigester (m3) 1 5-7 1.0 0.7 2 10-15 2.0 1.5 3 20-30 2.5 2.0 4 50 4.0 Not Advisable 5 100 8.0 Not Advisable 6 200 15.0 Not Advisable 7 500 40.0 Not Advisable 8 1000 60.0 Not Advisable BIODIGESTER: INSTALLATION CHALLENGES AND TROUBLESHOOTING BY Dr. M.K.AGRAWAL Sc ‘E’ AND Dr. ARVIND TOMAR SC ‘C’ Challenges: 1. Social • Population increase • Illiteracy • Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation • Negligence and unhealthy customs • Economic constraints, awareness, lack of concern and participation 2. Physical • Temperature variations Sub-zero temperature, lack of non-conventional sources of energy and water, low oxygen, etc prevails in high altitude & glaciers areas • Terrain – high altitude, hilly, marshy, plains, desert, coastal areas & islands • Water conditions – low/high water table, dry, flooded, water-logged areas Strategies/Troubleshooting: 1. Efficient bacterial consortium for faster degradation • Acclimatization & bio-augmentation 2. Heating of Bio-digester • Solar energy for glaciers • Fabrication material & insulation • Microbial heat 3. Lower retention time Immobilisation matrix • Increase in the bacterial mass • Resist adverse conditions 4. Design • Proper planning, survey, analysis, design, construction, workmanship, etc as per requirements • Purpose of use should be well considered - Primary sanitation or secondary use such as power generation, irrigation, water recycling, etc • Materials used for construction 5. Awareness, instructions should be given to the users or public, local authorities, etc 6. Maintenance like cleaning should be given responsible to users or workers 7. Proper & regular Tests should be done to check whether the Biodigester is functioning or not. OTHER CHALLENGES: AMI Characterization Quality Low cost Low volume & transportation friendly Salt tolerant EFFLUENT Secondary treatment/polishing. Reuse/utilisation. BIOGAS Trap/utilization. Scrubbing and methane enrichment. BIODIGESTERS NEEDED Buses. Short term events (mela, exhibitions, expositions & armyTrials) Ships, boats – sea, high altitude, fresh water. AWARENESS / PROMOTION Dissemination of information – advantages & govt support. AVAILABILITY TO COMMON MAN Source (biodigester&ami). Service. AFFORTABILITY TO COMMON MAN Cost Material of construction. Quality control. Immobilization matrix. Maintanance of toilet. DETERGENTS/ ANTISEPTICS FOR CLEANING • • • • • • • • Phenyl upto 84ppm Harpicupto 250ppm Domexupto 250ppm TASKI R6 upto 250 ppm* TASKI Duck fresh upto 250ppm* TASKI Clonet W4 upto 100ppm* TASKI MM65 upto 100ppm* TASKI MM60 upto 250ppm TESTING OF EFFLUENTS All the effluent testing that is pH, Total Solids, Total Dissolved Solid, Total volatile Solids,Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Feacel Coli Form Count are done the same way as on Railways. Apart from these tests, other tests are conducted by the DRDE, these tests are known as AMI (Anaerobic Microbial Inoculum) testings. The following are the AMI testings carried out by the DRDE. TESTING OF AMI (ANAEROBIC MICROBIAL INOCULUM) • • • • • pH- to measure pH of the inoculum. (Target value of test- 6.5-7.5) Biogas production- to measure the amount of biogas produced during fermentation (Target value- equal amount as of AMI within 48 hrs) Methane content of Biogas- to measure the methane content of biogas produced during fermentation. (Target value- >50% after 72 hrs) Methanogens count/MPN count- to estimate the methane producing bacteria count in inoculums. (Target value- >1000/ml) Total solids content-to see the amount of total solids in the AMI. (Set target- 3-4%) PARAMETERS TARGET VALUE pH 6.5-7.5 Biogas Inflammability Inflammable Methane content of gas 40-70% Total solid content 3-4% Methanogens count(CFU/ml) >103 /ml Experimental set-up: Assemble the set up 1 L Inoculum + 1 L Cow dung solution (500 g Cow dung + 500 ml water) in one 2 L flask ↓ Fill water in other 2 L flask ↓ Water column should be there in exit pipe ↓ Incubate the assembly in 35 0C for 48 Hours for Biogas production and ↓ 72 Hours for methane content test. INTERACTION WITH Dr. LOKENDRA SINGH, SC ‘H’, DIRECTOR, DRDE The Senior Scientist, Dr. Lokendra Singh speaks about the evolution and introduction of the technology of biodigesters and explains what difficulties that they faced in the initial stage of introducing biodigesters. The need and introduction of biodigesters was something new to them in the beginning. The problem arised in Siachen where the army people had to stay in sub-zero temperature climatic conditions and the problem of defecation was a bigger and major issue as human waste in that temperature was not able to decompose itself as also there was problem in the higher altitude region for less oxygen. The human waste was actually creating problem for the areas lying in the lower region where human population was abundant. First, they thought of introducing the aerobic decomposition of human wastes in the Siachen region for the army people but due to higher altitude and sub-zero climatic conditions, the bacterias were able to function the aerobic process and hence no proper decomposition and degradation of human wastes was possible, therefore the introduction of inoculum (bacteria) which was brought from Antarctica which can withstand and function in temperatures lying within the range from -500C to + 500C. These inoculum works under the anaerobic conditions which was best suited for the proper degradation of human wastes in Siachen. Later the introduction of Biodigesters and Bio-toilets were adopted by them which wasagain later adopted by the Indian Railways by the DRDO. The introduction of Biodigesters on to the Indian Railways by the DRDO was also one of the major concerns as the direct discharge of human wastes on the railway tracks was creating serious problems both ecologically and socially, moreover, it was unaesthetic and unhygienic and causes pollution in the environment. The introduction of biodigesters on to the Indian Railways which would not allow the human wastes to discharge directly on to the ground but after chlorination of the effluent, the water is discharged. The effluent discharged on to the railway tracks does not contain any pathogens or harmful chemicals and is perfectly safe, eco-friendly and aesthetically great. Later the concept of biodigesters was focussed looking at the Indian Scenario where most of the people still don’t have toilets and no proper sanitation facilities and do open defecation on the fields. The focus of installing Bio-toilets in places where people don’t have toilets or proper sanitation facilities is now a major concern specially in rural areas where even government schools that does not have toilets which leads to school dropouts specially for girls who cannot go to toilets openly. All these problems lead to the introduction of biodigesters in our country. The biodigester is an eco-friendly& cost-effective (no recurring cost). It has wide applicability under different climatic conditions. It is easy to transport and can be installed in hilly terrains. It minimizes water consumption. Recycling of effluent water which can later be used for gardening and irrigation purpose. Reduction in organic waste is by more than 90% also more than 99% pathogens reduction and generation of odourless and inflammable biogas can also be done. VOTE OF THANKS Our special thanks to DRDE Gwalior, DRDE Senior Scientists and to the Biodigester group members : 1. DR. LOKENDRA SINGH, SC ‘H’, DIRECTOR, DRDE 2. DR. D. V. KAMBOJ, SC ‘F” HEAD, DIVISION BIOTECH 3. DR. M.K. AGRAWAL, SC ‘E’ 4. DR. V. VASUDEVAN, SC ‘C’ 5. DR. ARVIND TOMAR, SC ‘C’