final examination semester ii, 2014/2015 session course code
Transcription
final examination semester ii, 2014/2015 session course code
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering FINAL EXAMINATION SEMESTER II, 2014/2015 SESSION COURSE CODE : SKMM 2433 COURSE NAME : APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TRANSFER PROGRAMME : SKMT/SKMV DURATION : 3 HOURS DATE : JUN 2015 INSTRUCTION TO CANDIDATES : 1. ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS WARNING ! Students caught copying/cheating during the examination are liable for disciplinary actions and the faculty may recommend the student to be expelled from the University THIS EXAMINATION PAPER CONSISTS OF (8) PRINTED PAGES ONLY -2SKMM 2433 Q1 a) Using schematic and T-s diagrams, explain how modification of basic cycle using reheat process affects the work ratio and cycle efficiency of a gas turbine power plant? (5 marks) b) A gas turbine power plant operates with two-stage expansion and a reheat process. The compressor is driven by the high-pressure turbine while the low-pressure turbine delivers 9 MW of power to drive an electric generator. Air enters the compressor at 100 kPa and 25°C and the pressure ratio of the compressor is 6. The gases temperature at the entry to the high-pressure turbine is 820°C while the temperature of gases leaving the reheater is 800°C. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 0.85 and the isentropic efficiency of each turbine is 0.8. Sketch the schematic diagram of the plant and the cycle on a T-s diagram and calculate, i) the mass flow rate of the combustion gases, kg/s ii) the total heat input, kW, and iii) the thermal efficiency, %. For the compression process take cp = 1.005 kJ/kgK and γ = 1.40 and for the combustion and expansion process take cp = 1.15 kJ/kgK and γ =1.33. (20 marks) Q2 a) Sketch the reversed Carnot cycle on a T-s and P-h diagrams and give three (3) reasons why this cycle is not a realistic model for refrigeration system. (5 marks) b) A refrigeration system uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on a vapor compression cycle between 1.2 MPa and 0.24 MPa. The refrigerant enters the compressor at a temperature of 0 oC and leaves the condenser at a temperature of 36 oC. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is 0.05 kg/s. Show the cycle on a T-s and P-h diagrams with respect to saturation lines. Changes in kinetic and potential energies can be neglected. If the isentropic efficiency of the compressor is 90 percent, determine, i) the refrigerant temperature at the compressor outlet, oC ii) the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, kW iii) the rate of heat rejection to the environment, kW iv) the power required by the compressor, kW, and v) the coefficient of performance of the refrigeration system. (20 marks) -3SKMM 2433 Q3 a) i) What is forced convection? ii) In which mode of heat transfer is the convection heat transfer coefficient usually higher, natural convection or forced convection? Why? (5 marks) b) An electrical cable with a radius of 1.94 mm is placed in 1 atm air stream at temperature of 30 °C. The cable is then subjected to airflow with velocity of 50 m/s perpendicular to the wire. An electric current is passed through the wire, raising its surface temperature to 50 °C. Calculate, i) the Reynolds number, ii) the Nusselt number, (please refer to the formulas provided) iii) the heat transfer coefficient, W/m2.°C, and iv) the heat loss per unit length, W/m. Please refer Table A-22 for properties of air and Appendix 1 for empirical correlations. (20 marks) Q4 a) Physically, what does the Grashof number represent? How does the Grashof number differ from the Reynolds number? (5 marks) b) A thin circular plate with a diameter of 600 mm is placed in a room at a temperature of 30 oC. One side of the plate is maintained at a temperature of 90 oC while the other side is insulated. Determine the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer, in Watts, from the plate by natural convection if the plate is i) horizontal with hot surface facing up ii) vertical Please refer Table A-22 for properties of air and Table 20-1 for empirical correlations. (20 marks) -4SKMM 2433 VERSI BAHASA MALAYSIA S1 a) Dengan menggunakan gambar rajah skema dan T-s, terangkan bagaimana pengubahsuaian kitaran asas menggunakan pemanasan semula mempengaruhi nisbah kerja dan kecekapan kitaran loji turbin gas? (5 marks) b) Dalam sebuah loji kuasa turbin gas beroperasi dengan dua-peringkat pengembangan dan pemanasan semula, pemampat dipacu oleh turbin bertekanan tinggi manakala turbin tekanan rendah menghasilkan 9 MW kuasa untuk memacu penjana elektrik. Udara memasuki pemampat pada 100 kPa dan 25 °C dan nisbah tekanan pemampat ialah 6. Suhu gas pada bahagian masuk turbin tekanan tinggi ialah 820 °C. Suhu gas yang keluar dari pemanas semula ialah 800 °C. Kecekapan seentropi pemampat adalah 0.85 dan kecekapan seentropi setiap turbin 0.8. Lakarkan gambar rajah skematik loji dan gambar rajah T-s kitar dan kira, i) kadar alir jisim udara, kg/s ii) jumlah kadar haba yang dibekalkan kepada loji, kW iii) kecekapan haba, %. Untuk proses pemampatan ambil cp = 1.00 kJ/kgK dan γ = 1.4 dan bagi proses pembakaran dan proses pengembangan ambil cp = 1.15 kJ/kgK dan γ = 1.33. S2 a) Lakarkan kitar Carnot balikan di atas gambar rajah T-s and P-h dan berikan tiga (3) sebab kenapa kitar ini bukan model realistik untuk sistem penyejukan. (5 markah) b) Sebuah sistem penyejukan menggunakan bahan pendingin R134a sebagai bendalir kerja dan beroperasi di antara tekanan 1.2 MPa and 0.24 MPa. Bahan pendingin memasuki pemampat pada suhu 0 oC dan mengalir keluar dari pemeluwap pada suhu 36 oC. Kadar alir jisim bahan pendingin ialah 0.05 kg/s. Lakarkan kitar sistem penyejukan ini di atas gambar rajah T-s dan p-h. Perubahan tenaga kinetik dan upaya boleh diabaikan. Jika kecekapan seentropi pemampat adalah 90 peratus, tentukan, i) suhu bahan pendingin pada bahagian keluaran pemampat, oC ii) kadar haba yang disingkirkan dari ruangan yang disejukkan, kW iii) kadar haba yang disingkirkan ke sekitaran, kW iv) kuasa yang diperlukan oleh pemampat, kW v) pekali prestasi sistem penyejukan. (20 markah) -5SKMM 2433 S3 a) i) Apakah perolakan paksa? ii) Pekali pemindahan haba yang manakah biasanya lebih tinggi, perolakan semulajadi atau perolakan paksa? Mengapa? (5 markah) b) Wayar elektrik dengan radius 1.94 mm diletakkan dalam aliran udara pada 1 atm dan 30 °C. Wayar ini kemudian didedahkan kepada aliran udara dengan halaju 50 m/s normal kepada wayar. Arus elektrik yang dialirkan melalui wayar, meningkatkan suhu permukaannya kepada 50 °C. Kira, i) nombor Reynolds, ii) nombor Nusselt, (Sila rujuk formula yang diberikan) iii) pekali pemindahan haba, W/m2.°C, dan iv) kehilangan haba per unit panjang, W/m. Sila rujuk Jadual A-22 untuk sifat udara dan Lampiran 1 untuk korelasi empirical. (20 markah) S4 a) Terangkan apakah nombor Grashof secara fizikal? Bagaimana nombor Grashof berbeza dari nombor Reynolds? (5 markah) b) Sekeping plat nipis berbentuk bulat dengan garis pusat 600 mm diletakkan di dalam sebuah bilik yang bersuhu 30 oC. Satu permukaan plat ditetapkan pada 90 oC sementara satu lagi permukaan ditebat. Tentukan pekali pemindahan haba dan kadar pemindahan haba, dalam Watt, dari plat secara perolakan semulajadi jika plat diletakkan secara, i) horizontal dengan permukaan panas ke atas, ii) menegak Sila rujuk Jadual A-22 untuk sifat udara dan Jadual 20-1 untuk korelasi empirikal. (20 markah) -6SKMM 2433 Appendix 1/Lampiran 1 Empirical Correlations for Q3/ Korelasi Empirikal untuk S3 5 8 0.62 Re Pr Re Nu 0.3 1 14 282000 2 3 1 0.4 Pr 12 13 12 Re Nu 0.3 1 14 282000 2 3 1 0.4 Pr 0.62 Re 1 2 Pr1 3 45 for Re 20000 for Re 20000 -7SKMM 2433 Appendix 2/Lampiran 2 -8SKMM 2433
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