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NEED ASSESSMENT: SLUM HOMES
SETTING UP A MODEL TENT IN TUBURAHALLI SLUM
1
4-7
SLUM HOUSING: AN OVERVIEW
An Overview
Types of Slums
Focus: Bengaluru
CASE STUDIES
Krishnappa slums
Yelahanka 4th phase
Jai prakash colony
Lingrajpuram
Pai layout
8-15
CONSTRUCTING THE SLUM HOME
Tuburahalli – an overview
General observations
Path forward
The construction process
16-20
RESERCH
Systems
Material
21-35
CONCEPTS AND IDEAS
Ventilation
Storage
36-38
MODIFICATIONS
Natural light
Chimney
Ventilation
Door
NEXT STEPS
39-43
44-45
2
CONTENTS
3
BACKGROUND
OBJECTIVES
India is urbanizing rapidly and along with this, the slum
population is also increasing. One of the ways of identifying a
slum is the distinct housing. Creating a basic shelter is a skill
that they have developed naturally, but its modification into a
comfortable home is seldom done due to various factors.
• CASE STUDIES - To understand slum housing and various
adaptations and innovations done by slum dwellers
• CONSTRUCT A SLUM HOME – To get an understanding of
the finances, materials they use, their construction
techniques, lifestyle, layout plan, issues they face, etc.
• VALUE ADD’S - Using materials found locally within the
stipulated budget, making modifications to the existing slum
home
This project was done in collaboration with 5 students from
Srishti School of Art and Design.
3
BACKGROUND
ABOUT THE PROJECT
SLUM HOUSING
4
URBANISATION AND SLUMS
As defined by the NSSO:
“A slum is a compact settlement of atleast 20 households
with a collection of poorly built tenements, mostly of
temporary nature, crowded together usually with
inadequate sanitary and drinking water facilities in
unhygienic conditions.”
Increasing urbanization as emerging as the most prevalent and
dominant challenge in India today. With our cities becoming
centers of agglomeration economies, investments, technology,
innovation, economic growth and tertiary jobs, they now house
the hopes of millions of migrants from rural India.
Our cities are now increasingly facing the negatives of rapid
urbanization, such as polarization of population in large cities,
high density, slums and squatter settlements, acute shortage of
housing and basic civic amenities, degradation of environment,
traffic congestion, pollution, poverty, unemployment, crime
and social unrest.
HOUSING: A PRIMARY NEED
An estimated 25% of urban population still subsists on
incomes that are below poverty line. 80% of these earnings go
towards food and energy, leaving very little for meeting costs
of living in an increasingly monetized society. The majority
then end up living in slums and squatter settlements in
inhuman conditions that deny dignity, shelter, security, right
to basic amenities, ill-health, etc.
As the percentage of urban households in the next two decades
will rise from the present 28% to 50% of the country’s
population, we can expect that slums will grow at an even
faster rate.
INDICATOR
NUMBER
Number of Slum Households (in lakh)
Total (Slum)
137
Slum in Million Plus Cities
52
Slum in other Cities
85
Number of Slum Households (in %)
Slum in Million Plus Cities
38.1
Slum in other Cities
61.9
Census of India 2011
Sources:
Report of committee on Slum statistics/Census by GOI MHUPA
5
SLUMS – AN OVERVIEW
SLUM: THE DEFINITION
Sources:
Typology of Slums and Land Tenure in Indian Cities by Prof.(Dr.) Neelima Risbud (Co-ordinator In-charge, National Resource Centre on Urban Poverty - Est.
6 by Ministry of
Housing & Urban Poverty Alleviation, GOI. School of Planning & Architecture, New Delhi)
SLUMS – TYPES OF SLUMS
TYPES OF SLUMS (CLASSIFICATION)
DISTRIBUTION OF RECOGNIZED SLUMS IN BANGALORE
According to a 2012 report submitted to the World Bank by
Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, Bangalore has 862 slums
from total of around 2000 slums in Karnataka. It is estimated
that about 20% of Bangalore population reside in urban slums.
The families living in the slum are not ready to move into the
temporary shelters. 42% of the households migrated from
different parts of India and 43% of the households had
remained in the slums for over 10 years. The Karnataka
Municipality, works to shift 300 families annually to newly
constructed buildings. One third of these slum clearance
projects lack basic service connections, 60% of slum dwellers
lack complete water supply lines and share BWSSB water
supply.
SLUM POPULATION IN BANGALORE (10%)
10% (847,497 persons) of
Bangalore's population live
in Slums.
OWNERSHIP OF NOTIFIED SLUMS
Gandhinagar
NO. OF
SLUMS
12
NO. OF
HUTS
1901
Chikkapete
6
1343
6956
Binnypete
13
1533
9105
Chamarajpete
22
5034
26439
Shantinagar
6
1233
6795
Basavanagadi
7
1276
5985
Yelahanka
13
3297
18696
Jayamahal
16
2096
13111
Malleswaram
24
4401
25233
Bharatinagar
20
1794
11166
Shivajinagar
1
60
350
Jayanagar
24
7302
42426
Rajajinagar
10
1866
13677
Varthur
23
5916
24468
Uttarahalli
34
14758
83020
TOTAL
231
53810
297352
SUBURB
POPULATION
9925
Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, 2008
Source:
•
"Major Slum Areas in Top Ten Cities of India". WalkThroughIndia. 13 July 2010.
Retrieved 22 October 2012.
• Teja, Bhanu. "Slum dwellers rehoused Bangalore – The SoftCopy". Iijnm.org. Retrieved
22 October 2012.
• "Water India Slums". India Sanitation Portal. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
• "Slum Dwellers Illegally Tap Board of Water Supply Bangalore's Supply".
Youthkiawaaz.com. 19 February 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2012.
• "All India figures at a glance" (PDF). Department of Economics and Statistics,
Government of Karnataka. Retrieved 1 November 2010.[dead
link]http://www.webcitation.org/5hhoB0jVy
7
FOCUS: BENGALURU
SLUMS IN BANGALORE
CASE STUDIES
KRISHNAPPA SLUM . YELAHANKA 4TH PHASE . JAI PRAKASH COLONY . LINGRAJPURAM . PAI LAYOUT
8
This 300 house slum is located behind Bagmane Tech park , in an area called Krishnappa garden. The slum residents are primarily
migrants from Raichur and Gulbarga. The average income per household is approximately INR 7,000 per month
HOUSE 1:
Name: Rosemary
No. of family members: 3
House type: Built (permanent)
Size: 12’ x 8’x 9’ (ht)
Space Study:
Type of Space
Maximum utilization of
space for storage
Size in feet
Entrance Porch
4x2
Room(s)
8x8
Storage space
Along 3 walls
Kitchen
4x2+4x6(storage + sleeping)
Wash area (common)
2x3
Bath(common)
3x3
Toilet
-nil- (Open defecation)
Material Study:
Component
Material
Floor
Cement
Wall
Stones and cement
Roof cover
Corrugated metal sheet
Door
Wood
Window
Metal grill and wood
Storage
Wood
Entrance Porch partially shaded with extended roof
sheet
Kitchen with
loft for storage
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Experimented with material
Proper ventilation because of window
Effective space utilization
No rat issues because of proper side walls
Cemented floor
Shed outside the house
Use of cement stones keeps the house cooler
To prevent stagnant drains they had a dug a hole to collect
9
the waste water, and then emptied it out (cemented)
CASE STUDY 1: KRISHNAPPA SLUM
ABOUT THE SLUM
This slum has come up recently behind the 4th phase bus stop. Its smaller compared to the other slums (has only 8 to 10 houses) and
has been there only for the past 6 months.
HOUSE 1:
Name: Manjunath
No. of family members: 3
House type: Built (blue tent)
Size: 7’x8’x6’ (ht)
Occupation:
8 yr old who works at a cycle shop
after school hours. Father is a
labourer and mother a cook in a
hotel nearby.
Space Study:
The house consists of just one room
of 7’x8’ with no partitions. They
have a small kitchen area and lack
storage space.
Material Study:
Component
Manjunath
Basic structure
Door made of banner
Bathroom
Material
Floor
Cement (no foundation)
Framework
Nilgiri Poles
Wall
-nil-
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
Roof cover
Tarpaulin on the roof frame
Door
Metal corrugated sheet
covered with banner
•No drinking water supply but water is available 1km away
•No electricity
•One bathroom shared amongst 8 houses
•Have one tap set up for all the 8 house to wash clothes and vessels
Storage
No built storage
No built storage
Kitchen storage
10
CASE STUDY 2: YELAHANKA 4TH PHASE
ABOUT THE SLUM
Located near Jaiprakash colony, this slum has been there for the past 10 years. Less than a year back, the government replaced a
few of these kuccha houses were by Pucca (cement) houses.
HOUSE 1:
Name: Narang
No. of family members: 4
House type: Built (temporary)
Size: 10’ x 8’x 8’ (ht)
Space Study:
Type of Space
Size in feet
Room(s)
10x8
Storage space
Along 3 walls
Kitchen
Small area
Wash area
-nil- (outside tent)
Bath
Small temporary setup
outside tent
Toilet
-nil- (Open defecation)
Material Study:
Component
Material
Floor
Cement
Wall
Cement blocks, brick and
stones with mud mortar
Roof cover
2 coconut leaves woven
together
Door
Metal sheet
Storage
Wall platform
Partition to separate
kitchen area from living.
Partition for
changing
clothes
Inbuilt storage
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
• The government replaced homes have been
given water supply for 5 hrs per day and free
electricity
• Some homes have still not been replaced and
hence have not been given any amenities
• Relatively larger tents with partition walls
and segregated spaces
• Sufficient storage space is seen in all
• Use of coconut leave to keep the house cool
Storage in kitchen
11
CASE STUDY 3: JAIPRAKASH COLONY
ABOUT THE SLUM
Located in Henurdepo, kacharkanhalli, lingarajpuram, this land that was once a lake, now houses 300 homes. Its just along side the
Ramakeishna mandir trust. The residents are mainly migrants from different parts of Karnataka.
HOUSE 1:
Name: Satya
No. of family members: 5
House type: Built (temporary)
Size: 12’x8’x8’(ht)
Space Study:
Type of Space
Size in feet
Room(s)
10x8
Storage space
Along 3 walls
Kitchen
Small area
Wash area
-nil- (outside tent)
Bath
Small temporary setup
outside tent
Toilet
-nil- (Open defecation)
Storage platforms
Huge platform made out of plywood
Roof covered with tarpaulin and structure
made of nirgiri.
Material Study:
Component
Material
Cooking area (mud chulha)
Floor
Cement
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
Wall
Cement blocks and stones
with mud mortar (2’ ht.)
Roof cover
Nilgiri poles framework
with tarpaulin
Door
Scrap plywood
Storage
Scrap plywood
•No electricity
•No water supply
•Has experimented with tiles on floor
•Rats entering the house
•Some houses have built a katte outside for seating (Porch) with good shade
•Poor drainage
•Had innovated a chimney made of sticks and cement bags
12
CASE STUDY 4: LINGARAJPURAM
ABOUT THE SLUM
Located off Old madras road, At the end of 16th ‘A’ Cross are a few ‘houses’ built out of jute bags and plastic covers.
HOUSE STUDY (general)
Space Study:
Type of Space
Size in feet
Room(s)
10x8
Storage space
Back wall
Kitchen
Small area
Wash area
-nil- (outside tent)
Bath
Small temporary
setup outside tent
Toilet
-nil- (Open
defecation)
Typical lane
Storage along the back wall
Material Study:
Component
Material
Floor
Cement
Wall
Cement blocks and
stones with mud
mortar (2’ ht.)
Roof cover
Thatch with bamboo
framework (layer of
tarpaulin inside)
Door
Deal wood
Storage
Scrap plywood and
stone slabs
Thatch roof
Layer of tarpaulin
Wooden door
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
• The people in this slum had no proper bath or toilet and had to use the area near the
railway tracks close by.
• The main sewer line from the residential areas passed through the slum. This caused
accumulation of garbage around it and the problem of stagnant drains.
13
CASE STUDY 5: PAI LAYOUT
ABOUT THE SLUM
MATERIALS USED / SPECIFICATIONS
Type
Kutcha and of temporary nature
Floor
Usually cement with jelly (thin
layer). In some cases they use
broken tiles, especially at the
entrance.
Family type
Nuclear
Monthly income
INR 7,000-10,000
No. of rooms
1
Fame work/ structure
General trend is to use casurina or
nilgiri poles that are easily available
Size
40-85 sq.ft.
Entrance porch
Present as an extended katte in most
houses. Roof may extend over and
variation is size as per material
availability
Walls
Walls are made by either bricks,
stones or cement block, depending
on what they find. To lay them, they
use mud mortar.
In some slums we saw the use of GI
sheets as walls
Kitchen
Small space where a mud stove is built
Wash Area
Demarcated in a few cases as a
stone/tiled area
Wall finishes
A few used chunha but in most cases
they stuck to mud plaster
Bath Area
Temporary structure without any roof.
Just a 2.5’x2.5’ cubicle.
Used by ladies to urinate in some cases.
Doors
Toilet
None present. Open defecation is
predominant in all these spaces
Most explored, we found doors to be
made of oil tin cans, scrap wood,
plywood, metal sheets, thatch. GI
sheets, etc.
Windows
No windows or any opening as they
become an easy inlet for rats and
lead to security issues.
Roof covering
Primarily used tarpaulin but had
layers like thatch/coconut leaves to
keep the tent cool.
GI sheets were also being used.
Interior storage
Built storage was just pieces of
plywood hanging from the roof
framework. In some cases they used
pieces of stone of the top of the wall
14
CASE STUDY: INFERENCES
SPACES AND LAYOUT
1
3
Stone slabs for storage
2
1.Door made with
oil tin cans
2.Door made with
crate wood planks
3.Slit bamboo door
4.Pivot for door
made with
coconut shell
4
Ply racks made for storage
1
2
3
1.Chimney made with
plywood embedded in the
cement and a banner
2.Outlet for chimney smoke
(can be closed)
3.Chimney with plywood
frame and cement bags
Tiled entrance porch and house entrances
15
CASE STUDY: INFERENCES
INTERESTING INNOVATIONS
CONSTRUCTING A SLUM HOME ( TUBURAHALLI)
16
Category
Slum / Low Income / Midway
Total population 1200
Male: Female 500:700 approx
15-30: 350
30-50: 350
50+: 150
People staying: Locals/ migrants (mention from which areas?)- Gulbarga,khedgaon,deodurga and A.P
Land owner Link (if any):
Households:
Leased
Rented
Owned
Amt?
Rent? Rs 200
nursappa stays near the slum
On a scale of 1-10 how temporary/ permanent?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
(10 months in Blore, 2 months in Village)
Type of Households? Tents
No of rooms: Wall
Roof
Floor
Size/ space details?
1
No
palithin covered
Cement
12/15 sqr fit
Toilet / Sanitation
Private
Common
No toilet/ open
Basic Drains (no/yes)
Bath area
Private
Common
Water Source:
Piped into
Public tap/
Tanker
Drinking water? no
paid/ free
proximity? Half km
dwelling
private tap
Here/ There
Energy Source
Type?
Amt?
Other Gadgets
Nil
Lighting
Mobile Charging
Kerosene
Close by shop/ workplace
Rs200/
Rs 5/charge or free at work place
month
Cooking: Type of Fuel- Firewood
Type of food: Roti, Rice, Curry, Sambar, Sabji
Cost: 300/ month
Cost: 6000-7000/ month
Education
Opportunity
Adults most- Children
Barriers
Literacy Levelschools are in 1 km 0 literacy,
Basic Reading writing, >financial issues in family
distance from the
few- bellow some are bellow 5th
>no support from parents
slum
10th
class
>interest level low
Type of professions?
Specific jobs (predominant)
Average income (per household)
Major Expenditures
Health:
Expenditure on health 150-200
Rent 200
Daily wage Salaried
Labor/
construction
Men-200Women- 150
250
Energy 1500
Most common illnesses
Fever, Cold, Cough
Needs (if any)
water with in their community
Per piece rate
Small businesses
Total: 10,000- 12,000/ household
Groceries 1000-1500
Health Problems (significant)
Nil
17
TUBURAHALLI – AN OVERVIEW
Name of location
Kundanhalli gate, Tubrahalli
Landmarks/ nature of space
Open Land surrounded by apartments
Total number of households 150
Average size of families 5-6
Infants (0-3): 150
< 15: 100
Time its existed: 15 years
Land Type and details:
HAPHAZARD STORAGE (INADEQUATE)
Wood slab kept on the cement wall
used as a platform
SMOKE ACCUMULATION
Most of the cooking is
done indoors and there is
no exhaust vent which
can severely harm the
women's health
Stone(granite) on partition wall
RATS!!!
Stove right next to the door, letting
all the smoke out
Cats have been adopted as a
cure to the rat problem but
this is hardly efficient as the
cat doesn’t eat the rats she
if is full
OPEN STAGNANT DRAINS
Breeding ground for
diseases
18
TUBURAHALLI – GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
Storage of water pots
takes a lot of space inside
the tent.
APPROACH
Ventilation & chimney smoke
storage
RENT
• Rent out the land from the landowner
BUILD
• Work with the slum dwellers to build a tent
home from scratch
LEARN
• Through this we learn their techniques and
understand their use of materials and cost
EXPLORE
• Through case studies and research explore
issues and solutions done in other places
CONCEPTS
• Work towards 10 modifications on a
conceptual level
MODIFY
• Implementation of ideas to see their
practicality
Natural light
Stagnant water
Cooling techniques
Storage (mainly water)
Rainwater harvesting
WHY MODIFICATIONS?
IMPROVE
existing problems like ventilation, water, drainage and light in
the slum houses
TIME FACTOR
Temporary settlements
INVOLVE
sharing of ideas and community involvement
UTILIZE
utilization of available cheap reusable materials
REALIZE
make them realize their problems and teach them to
implement solutions themselves
EVALUATE
• Based on the community’s reaction, evaluate
the scope of taking the modification forward
19
TUBURAHALLI – PATH FORWARD
ISSUES TO ADDRESS
•
•
•
•
We identified a person from the community (Erappa) who could help us speak to the land owner and also help us build the tent
Erappa then finalized on a monthly rent of INR 200 with and advance of INR 800 for the already existing structure
He then organized for the materials and labour to build the tent
We were told that hey spent between INR 3,000-INR 5,000 on building their houses
MATERIALS BOUGHT/PICKED UP/FOUND
LABOUR
MATERIAL
USAGE
Casurina poles (8 nos. big)
Main framework
800
Errappa
Supervisor
600
Small wooden poles
Roof framework
390
Men labourers (2 nos.)
Construction
600
Jute rope
Tying framework
120
Roof cover
550
Water and material
sourcing
400
Tarpaulin sheet
Women labourers (2
nos.)
Yellama
For stove
200
Sand
Mortar, plaster &
stove
300
Cement blocks
Wall
Free
Cement
Floor
300
Jelly
Floor
200
Existing structure
800
Water
Mixing mortar
Only labour
Monthly rent
200
TOTAL MATERIAL COST
COST
2660
PERSON
JOB
COST
TOTAL LABOUR COST
RENT
TOTAL COST
20
1800
1800
TUBURAHALLI – THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
IDENTIFYING HELP FROM THE COMMUNITY
1
3
2
5
8
6
4
7
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Soaking the jute ropes in water (for strength)
Tying the bigger poles (main frame)
Adding in the smaller poles
Framework
Mixing mud mortar
Laying cement blocks
Applying mud plaster (very dilute)
Putting the tarpauline
21
TUBURAHALLI – THE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
THE PROCESS
RESEARCH
22
RESEARCH: SYSTEMS
RAINWATER HARVESTING
COLLECTION
A good natured bamboo can be split into half and be used to collect water.
STORAGE
One of the big concerns seems to be the cost and durability of water tanks One
way to seal the tank is to use concrete. Berhorst said. "We needed a tank that
didn't rust away every few years and a local excavating company needed to
dispose of a worn out, heavy-equipment tire. "The tank cuts down on erosion,
recycled tire tanks enable farmers, ranchers, and anyone to have a safe and
reliable way to water these tanks are virtually indestructible.
In Africa a flat sheet with enough space to
receive lots of rain water is used to collect
water during the
rains.
Installing rain barrels around the tent at
the same level
23
A bio sand filter can be also used for obtaining drinking water depending on the contents and the type of water. The dirty water goes
through different layers of stone and rocks which sieves and filters the water. This is a natural process which also happens in the
soil and water gets collected.
For efficient usage of a sand filter is to level each layer of the different grades of sands and rocks according to consistency.
Discard rock > 12
mm (½“)
Drainage Gravel
6 mm (¼”) - 12 mm
(½“)
Separating Gravel
6 mm (¼”) - 1 mm
(0.04”)
Concrete Sand
1 mm (0.04”)
Filtration Sand
≤ 0 7 mm (0 03”)
24
RESEARCH: SYSTEMS
SAND FILTERS – PURIFICATION AND PERCOLATION
RESEARCH: SYSTEMS
NATURAL VENTILATION
25
Solar bottle bulb: plastic bottles filled with purified water and some bleach serve as a light bulb in day time. In order to make the
water bottles light up, holes are cut in the metal roofs of homes and a bottle is placed and sealed into each hole so that its lower half
emerges from the ceiling. The clear water disperses the light through refraction.
HOLES AND OPENING SIZEZ TO PREVENT RATS
The paired front teeth (inscisors) of rats and mice curve slightly inward, making it difficult for them to gnaw on reound surfaces
larger than 7/8”, flat or harder than iron (such as steel). Thus, when given a rough surface or an edge, they can quickly gnaw into
most materials.
Take special care to locate and secure all structural crevices. Rats only need slightly more than a ½” gap to enter; mice only need
slightly more than ¼” gap. Don’t ignore smaller crevices as rodent gnawing can quickly enlarge them.
26
RESEARCH: SYSTEMS
LIGHTING
ADVANTAGES
•
•
•
Bamboois a renewable
resource because it's one
of the fastest growing
plants.
bamboo is an extremely
flexible building device
because it bends
it's immensely durable.
DISADVANTAGES
•
•
•
Bamboo does have to be
treated with some
chemicals in order to
ensure that it's
waterproof and insectresistant which is an
expensive process.
Bamboo shrinks more
than wood when it loses
water. The canes can tear
apart at the nodes.
It is also slightly
expensive in the Indian
market.
POSSIBLE USES
•
•
•
Structure of the hut
Roof
storage.
PROCESS
The entire treatment process :
http://abari.org/treatment
http://www.chaletbamboo.com/treatment.html
27
RESEARCH: MATERIAL
BAMBOO
ADVANTAGES
•
•
•
Earth bag homes, which are
made of polypropylene or
burlap bags stuffed with
dirt and stacked like bricks,
are similarly strong.
The dirt in the bags presses
down after each layer is
placed, and this
compression makes the dirt
into a kind of selfsupporting brick
Earthbag homes has high
thermal mass
DISADVANTAGES
• The design looks very bulky.
• The houses also require a
great deal of plaster in
construction to ensure water
integrity.
• Materials used to fill the
earthbags needs to be stable
and not contain moisture.
POSSIBLE USES
•
Wall system
PROCESS
The walls are plastered to
add to their durability.
Make sure you level it and
check at every stage while
building
Add wire for increased
strenght
A small mixture of cement
into the bags can give
increased stability.
28
RESEARCH: MATERIAL
SAND / EARTH BAGS
ADVANTAGES
•
•
•
Strong, durable, and readilyavailable material.
It may be an automatic assumption
that homes made of tires, which are
highly flammable, would pose
serious fire risks. Because the tires
are sealed within thick walls, they
are not reacting with oxygen.
Good thermal mass properties
DISADVANTAGES
POSSIBLE USES
•
•
•
Wall system
Outside seating
Foundation
PROCESS
•
•
Tires give out off-gas
when directly exposed to
the sun on daily basis
hence needs to be
plastered from outside.
The layer of plaster
covering the tires also
provides additional fire
resistance.
29
RESEARCH: MATERIAL
TYRES
ADVANTAGES
• Cob, is a building material
consisting of clay, sand, straw,
water, and earth.
• Cob is fireproof
• resistant to seismic activity
•inexpensive
• stays cold in summers and warm in
winters
DISADVANTAGES
•improper proportion of the
materials can have a ruinous
effect.
If the cob dries too fast there
may be excessive cracking.
POSSIBLE USES
• Wall system
• Make a furnace
• Inbuilt storage space
PROCESS
http://books.google.co.in/boo
ks?id=z_Y2AObAjoC&lpg=PA150&ots=SvsdyGq
SBF&dq=cob%20house%20a
dvantages%20and%20disadv
antages%20process&pg=PA1
59#v=onepage&q=cob%20ho
use%20advantages%20and%
20disadvantages%20process
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RESEARCH: MATERIAL
COB
ADVANTAGES
• The walls were made of a double
layer of tightly woven palm leaves.
The orientation was always northsouth. This keeps the house cool. Dry
palm leaves absorb the sun by about
25 degrees more than the sand.
•Warm in winters cool in summers
•Provides ventilation
DISADVANTAGES
•
•
•
Rats can bite through
Vulnerable to fire risk
Labour intensive
POSSIBLE USES
•
•
Roofing
Wall systems
PROCESS
•Layes need to be applied to
prevent water seepage and rats.
•The pitch of the roof must not be
less than 45 degrees to faciliate fast
water run-off.the greater the steep
the higher durability.
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RESEARCH: MATERIAL
PALM LEAVES
ADVANTAGES
• Tarpaulin contains special UV
stabilizing agents ensuring a longer life
without any discolouration
whatsoever.
•Tarpaulins and has the highest
strength to weight ratio among
plastics.
•Tarpaulin is water proof, rot proof
and also weather proof.That means no
leakages, no Seepages and no attacks
from Microbes or Fungus or Chemicals
•extremely flexible
DISADVANTAGES
•
•
No ventilation
Rats can bite through.
POSSIBLE USES
•
Roofing
PROCESS
•Layes need to be applied to
prevent water seepage and rats.
•It can bend in when too much
water is settled on top
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RESEARCH: MATERIAL
TARPAULIN
ADVANTAGES
• lightweight
•Allows sunlight to pass when
not filled
DISADVANTAGES
Needs to be filled with sand
for strenght
Mesh and tie it together for
further strenght.
heat
POSSIBLE USES
•
•
•
Walls
Partitions
bed
PROCESS
Pouring a small amount of
soil, sand or water into the
bottles prior to assembly
further reduces the risks
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RESEARCH: MATERIAL
PLASTIC BOTTLES
ADVANTAGES
•gives a nice soothing light
•Privacy
•Asthetically beautiful
DISADVANTAGES
Makes the structure weak
POSSIBLE USES
•
•
•
Walls
Partitions
door
PROCESS
embed in plaster or clay.
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RESEARCH: MATERIAL
GLASS BOTTLES
Advantages
Disadvantages
Possible uses
• It is a versatile product as it is
strong
•watertight
•easy to cut
•cheap.
•Rats cant bite through
• Due to its thinness, it has zero
insulation capacity, leaving the
interior virtually fully exposed to
the fierce tropical sun.
In the rainy season steel
roofs are extremely noisy.
•
•
•
•
Roofing
Wall systems
Windows
Doors
process
•It needs galvanization to
prevent it from rusting.
35
RESEARCH: MATERIAL
GI SHEET
CONCEPTS AND IDEAS
36
CONCEPTS AND IDEAS: VENTILATION
VENTILATION USING PLASTIC BOTTLES
The plastic bottles can be used at an downward inclination to
prevent rain water from entering but provide ventilation at the
same time.
The hole in the bottle is small enough to prevent rats from
entering.
USING PVC PIPES
It can be tied together using wire and put in the triangle space
on top.
Can be embedded between bricks.
It has horizontal spokes on one side to prevent rats from
entering and mesh on the other side that is inside the house.
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FOOD STORAGE
Current scenario has lots of pots filled with water which takes
up a lot of floor space.
Tin can with holes poked in it.
The corners can be utilized well.
With the help of the corners on two sides and 2-3 bamboo
sticks poked into the ground on the other side can provide
enough support to store the pots vertically.
Cover the tin can with clay. Provides a cooling effect.
Cover the layer of clay with jute gunny bag with water
sprinkled on it to further improve cooling.
Cover the tin can with the lid with holes small enough to
prevent rats from eating the food.
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CONCEPTS AND IDEAS: STORAGE
WATER STORAGE
MODIFICATIONS
39
1
2
3
4
1. Mixing mud and water for mortar
2. Adding straw and mixing to make it thick clayey
mass (cob)
3. Pouring water to the base
4. Putting a layer of mud mortar (approx. 1”) &
placing cleaned glass bottles
5. Filling in the spaces with cob
Note: any cracks developed, need to be filled in with
mud mortar at regular intervals (every 2 days for a
week)
Bottles
Free
Mud
Used from previous
Hay
Free
TOTAL COST
5
40
0
MODIFICATIONS: NATURAL LIGHT
NATURAL LIGHT - GLASS BOTTLE STRIP
1
2
3
1. Place the plywood and twigs firmly in
place to create a framework.
2. Stitch up the cement bags together.
Wrap the bag around (1.5’ above the
ground).
3. Ensure that there are no gaps present
on the top and sides
4. Create a flab system on the outside so
that the opening can be closed during
the rains
Twigs + scrap wood
70
Rope
30
Cement bags
Free
TOTAL COST
4
41
100
MODIFICATIONS: CHIMNEY SMOKE
SMOKE REDUCTION - CHIMNEY
1
1. Cut the plastic bottles and tape their mouths together
2. Place the bottles in a wooden frame and seal all gaps in
between the necks with waste plastic pieces
3. Cut out a portion of the tarpaulin where the panel fits in
(preferably in the direction of the wind)
4. Place the panel, tie it secure and close all air gaps
Twigs
10
Bottles (20 nos.)
20
TOTAL COST
2
3
30
4
42
MODIFICATIONS: VENTILATION
VENTILATION – PLASTIC BOTTLE PANEL (VENTURI EFFECT)
THE VENTURI EFFECT
is a jet effect; with a funnel the velocity of air increases.
1
2
1. Straighten out the oil tin can into sheets and attach
it to the wooden frame work
2. Fix the door using wire, to the casurina pole
3. Ensure the base is even for it to rotate freely. Leave
a gap on the top for cross-ventilation
Scrap wood
60
Oil tin cans (4 nos.)
80
TOTAL COST
3
43
140
MODIFICATIONS: DOOR
SECURE AND STURDY – OIL CAN DOOR
NEXT STEPS
44
NEXT STEPS
GLASS BOTTLE STRIP
CHIMNEY
• Highly appreciated by the community, this is a very simple
mechanism
• Bottles are usually available at any kabadi walla at a
minimum rate of INR 1 per bottle
• Doing a larger portion of the wall, along with the
construction, might be useful
• The chimney made is very
fragile with chances of
catching fire as the material
is flammable
• Work towards prototyping a
chimney (affordable) and
look at the possibilities of
making it a product
OIL TIN CAN DOOR
PLASTIC BOTTLE VENTILATION
• Making a more sturdy
framework will ensure
that the door is firm
• Work needs to be done
on the opening
mechanism
• Options of ventilation
can be explored further
• This could be replaced with glass bottles to ensure a more
sturdy set-up
• Half of the rear wall could be taken higher and a similar
glass bottle setup can be built in using cob to seal all gaps
45
THANK YOU
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