e-waste assessment in south africa

Transcription

Materials Science & Technology
e-Waste Assessment
in South Africa
A case study of the Gauteng province
Final Version
Rolf Widmer & Ray Lombard
A report of the Swiss global e-waste programme
«Knowledge Partnerships in e-Waste Recycling»
St.Gallen, Switzerland, 2005
Supported by:
Materials Science & Technology
Lerchenfeldstrasse 5
CH-9014 St. Gallen
Phone +41 (0)71 274 74 74
Fax +41 (0)71 274 74 99
www.empa.ch
Authors:
Rolf Widmer
Empa, Technology and Society Laboratory, [email protected]
Ray Lombard
Lombard & Associates, South Africa, [email protected]
A report of the Swiss global e-waste programme
«Knowledge Partnerships in e-Waste Recycling»
www.e-waste.ch
Table of Contents
1. Executive summary......................................................................................................................................3
1.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................3
1.2 E-waste Categories................................................................................................................................3
1.3 The South African Framework................................................................................................................3
1.4 Methods and Limitations........................................................................................................................3
1.5 Results of SA Investigation....................................................................................................................4
2. Introduction..................................................................................................................................................5
2.1 Problem Identification.............................................................................................................................5
2.2 Objectives of the Assessment................................................................................................................5
3. The RSA Framework Conditions..................................................................................................................6
3.1 Gauteng.................................................................................................................................................7
4. E-waste Categories......................................................................................................................................8
5. Methods........................................................................................................................................................8
5.1 Limitations to the study...........................................................................................................................9
6. Results of E-Waste Assessment ................................................................................................................10
6.1 Structural framework / System Parameters..........................................................................................10
6.1.1 Political Structure.........................................................................................................................13
6.1.2 Policy and Legislation.................................................................................................................16
6.1.2.1 Overarching Legislation.............................................................................................................16
6.1.2.2 Legislation regulating Waste Management................................................................................17
6.1.2 The Economy...............................................................................................................................18
6.1.3 Society and Culture......................................................................................................................19
6.1.5 Science and Technology..............................................................................................................19
6.1.5.1 Parastatal Institutions................................................................................................................19
6.1.5.2 Universities and Other Institutions.............................................................................................21
6.2 Stakeholders........................................................................................................................................22
6.2.1 Importers / manufacturers...........................................................................................................22
6.2.2 Traders /retailers.........................................................................................................................23
6.2.3 Consumers..................................................................................................................................23
6.2.4 Authorized E-waste Collection Points..........................................................................................23
6.2.5 Licensed Sorting and Dismantling Companies............................................................................23
6.2.6 Recyclers.....................................................................................................................................24
6.2.6.1 Formal Recyclers......................................................................................................................24
6.2.6.2 Informal Recyclers....................................................................................................................25
6.2.8 Final Disposers............................................................................................................................25
6.3 WEEE (Waste Electronic Electrical Equipment) System......................................................................26
6.3.1 E-waste generation......................................................................................................................26
6.4 Impacts................................................................................................................................................27
6.4.1 Labour..........................................................................................................................................27
6.4.2 Health...........................................................................................................................................27
6.4.3 Environment.................................................................................................................................28
6.4.4 Value added.................................................................................................................................28
7. Discussion / Conclusions............................................................................................................................28
7.1 Force Field Diagram Analysis..............................................................................................................28
7.2 WEEE System......................................................................................................................................30
7.2.1 E-waste regulation and awareness..............................................................................................30
7.2.2 E-waste generation and handling.................................................................................................30
7.2.3 E-waste Recycling........................................................................................................................31
7.2.4 Disposal.......................................................................................................................................31
8. Next Steps...................................................................................................................................................31
8.1 Strategies for minimizing E-Waste in South Africa...............................................................................32
8.1.1 E-waste Working Group...............................................................................................................33
8.1.2 Employment opportunities through waste recovery......................................................................33
8.1.3 Refurbishment and the use of OpenSource Software ................................................................33
8.2 Project Schematic................................................................................................................................34
8.2.1 Refurbished hardware installed in modified marine containers.....................................................34
8.2.2 Pilot Projects................................................................................................................................34
8.2.3 Use of OpenSource software and hardware specifications..........................................................34
8.2.3.1 Stand-alone desktops................................................................................................................35
8.2.3.2 Thin client machines in an LAN.................................................................................................35
8.2.3 Interested Parties.........................................................................................................................35
8.2.3.1 Metropolitan Municipalities........................................................................................................35
8.2.3.2 Government..............................................................................................................................35
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1:
System Framework/System Parameters
Table 2:
Political Structure and Hierarchy
Table 3:
Force Field Table
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1:
South Africa's Political Structure
Figure 2:
Current ICT System in South Africa
Figure 3:
PC Entry Rate in IT Market and the Subsequent E-waste Generation Projections
Figure 4:
Cradle to Cradle WEEE Management System
Figure 5:
Proposed Framework for Minimising E-waste in South Africa
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1:
Mapping
Map 1: Provincial Map of South Africa
Map 2: Map of Gauteng Province
Map 3: Map of the Cape Metropolitan Area
Appendix 2:
Detailed SA Mission Process Information
A.
First mission workshop details
1. Cape Town workshop programme
2. CSIR workshop synopsis
B.
Second mission workshop details
1. Attendance list
2. Force field diagram
C.
Appendix 3:
SA WEEE process description
General Waste Legislation of South Africa
1.
Executive summary
1.1
Introduction
In South Africa, there has been a substantial increase in the general population’s access to electronic
goods in the last decade, particularly mobile or cellular phones. The rate of generation of e-waste is
thus rapidly increasing. As part of the project “Knowledge Partnerships with Developing and Transition
Countries in e-Waste Recycling”, an investigation to assess the management, handling and practices of
e-waste recycling in South Africa, using the computer hardware industry as the indicator, with Gauteng
as the study area was launched in February 2004.
1.2
E-waste Categories
The definition of e-waste in this study, derived from already established statutes and guidelines in other
countries, refers to all old, end-of-life electronic appliances, including information technology equipment,
office machines, telecommunications equipment, consumer electronics, household equipment and
accessories. The e-waste categories currently being recycled in South Africa include telecommunication
equipment, desktop computers, mainframes, medical and radio equipment.
1.3
The South African Framework
The South African e-waste recycling system is embedded in a framework built on a complex cross
linking of many factors that have influenced its development including; the prevailing economic situation,
the politics, legislation and its enforcement, science and technology, as well as cultural aspects.
Initially, the metropolitan areas of Johannesburg and Tshwane (Pretoria) were selected as the study
areas, since they are regarded as the economic hub and seat the administrative government of south
Africa respectively. However it was later realised that whilst some 270 organisations were trading in
greater Johannesburg only 22 were engaged in the industry in Pretoria. Furthermore, it was established
that the Ekurhuleni Metropolitan area was particularly important in the context of e-waste recycling.
Some of the major recycling companies were also active in the Cape Metropolitan Council Area
therefore that area was also visited during the first mission and contact was maintained with key role
players in that area throughout the study.
1.4
Methods and Limitations
The investigation was undertaken through a desk-top investigation, interviews, sites visits and
workshops. Limitations inherent to this study include lack of information and inconsistency in data
records derived from the available information resources. For instance, the Department of Customs and
Excise in the South African Revenue Services changed its database in the last and code system in the
last six years to the extent that it proved impossible to correlate customs codes and the various
products imported under the category computers and related products.
3/41
1.5
Results of SA Investigation
South Africa is a multicultural, middle income, developing country with abundant resources and well
developed financial, legal, communications, energy and transport sectors. It is divided into 9 provinces,
6 Metropolitan Municipalities, 47 District Municipalities and 231 Local Municipalities. Government is
instituted at national, provincial and local spheres. These tiers of government operate through three
different authority branches namely; the Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial authorities.
E-waste is a relatively new concept in South Africa at present, and there is no legislation regarding its
handling or recycling. Most of the e-waste material is stored and eventually disposed of in municipal
landfill sites. It must be noted that less than one percent of waste deposited on South African landfill
sites is salvaged by the informal sector operating on those sites where that activity is tolerated. It is
government's policy to discourage salvaging off landfill sites and instead to promote the provision of
clean work for the salvagers. Some commercial manufacturers and distributors pay for the disposal of ewaste in permitted hazardous waste disposal sites, obtaining a certificate of safe disposal from the
contractors that carry out that work. It is thought that this approach is due to concerns regarding data
integrity and safety. Waste originating from these sources is thus generally buried inaccessibly in
permitted hazardous waste disposal facilities. In Gauteng there is one such site, Holfontein H:H Landfill,
which is permitted in terms of the Environment Conservation Act and the Minimum Requirements for
Waste Disposal by Landfill as maintained and, currently, managed by DWAF.
The South African e-waste system comprises importers and manufacturers such as IBM, Dell,
HP/Compaq, Toshiba, Sony etc. Device SA, a multinational company, and FreeCom Group (Pty) Ltd.
are also involved in importing refurbished machines for resale or donation. Traders and retailers
interviewed included Axiz and Mustek. In South Africa, there are currently no organised take-back
systems and no licenses are required to sort or dismantle e-waste. This function is performed by scrap
metal merchants. Recycling companies include Universal recycling company and Desco Electronic
Recyclers. Rand refinery is the principal refinery located in Johannesburg. Investigations have shown
that very little informal e-waste recycling occurs, due to the strict precious metal regulations that are in
place.
Based on a force field diagram analysis, the recommended system enshrines the 'Cradle to Cradle'
WEEE (Waste Electronic Electrical Equipment) system, which encourages the maximisation of repair,
re-use and recycling, effectively reducing the amount of e-waste going to landfill. The proposed South
African project scheme includes the establishment of an E-waste Interest Group, the creation of
employment opportunities with recovery of old machines from storage through buy-back centres and the
extension of equipment life cycles through the use of open source software.
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2.
Introduction
2.1
Problem Identification
While rural and low-income urban areas of South Africa lack formal infrastructure, there has been a
substantial increase in the general population’s access to electronic goods in the last decade,
particularly cellular phones, which are practical and cost-effective in the absence of telephone networks
in informal settlements (UNDP’s 2003 indicators show a leap in telephone subscribers – land line and
cellular – from 9.4/100 people in 1990 to 35.3/100 in 2001). The rate of generation of e-waste is thus
rapidly increasing. Waste legislation is well established and municipal waste management systems are
in place. A successful recycling industry exists, with recovery rates of 63% tin-plate steel cans, 52%
paper, 26% plastics and 29% for glass are currently recovered (Ray Lombard, National Recycling
Forum, 2002). However, there is no specific legislation pertaining to the management of e-waste.
Although appreciable levels of e-waste recycling are occurring, the majority of obsolete or redundant
electronic goods are stored and will eventually be discarded into the general waste stream for disposal,
without recovery of any materials, in permitted landfill sites.
There is an extensive informal recycling system for the collection of paper, scrap metal, plastics and
glass which generates income at buy-back centres or through direct trade with the recycling companies.
However, there does not appear to be any significant informal recovery of material from the electronic
waste stream. Instead a substantial amount of computer hardware is recycled through contracts
awarded to organisations or individuals who tender for these job lots competitively. Stringent controls
on the processing and trade in precious metals, such as those found in computer circuit boards,
together with the decrease in the quantities of these metals present in the more modern electronic
components, may make informal recycling less attractive in South Africa. Further, the importation of
second-hand or used goods is strictly controlled through an Import Permit System that requires that an
application for a permit be made for each consignment of used goods that will be imported, despite the
fact that the company concerned will have an Importers Licence and will therefore be registered with the
Department of Trade and Industries as an importer.
2.2
Objectives of the Assessment
As part of the project “Knowledge Partnerships with Developing and Transition Countries in e-Waste
Recycling”, this investigation assesses the management, handling and practices of e-waste recycling in
South Africa using the computer hardware industry as the indicator, with Gauteng as the study area.
The Main Goals of the assessment phase were to:
▪
Inform and increase awareness of e-waste recycling opportunities in Gauteng;
▪
Publish findings, insights and inspiration that develop on www.ewaste.ch;
▪
Assess and document the present e-waste recycling system especially the technological,
economical and social aspects in the informal and the formal sector;
▪
Collate and assess data on e-waste and its impacts on health, safety and the environment;
▪
Assess any synergies that might be possible with similar recycling projects, e.g. batteries, scrap
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metal, plastics, glass, etc. with Ministries and donor organizations active in the Gauteng;
▪
Rank these e-waste recycling situation reports in a selection process for possible project
continuation in the Planning & Implementation Phase.
The investigation was undertaken in two phases referred to as the first and second missions
respectively. The first mission carried out the following tasks:
▪ Set up an investigation team
▪ Manage a workshop intended to introduce the project to pre-determined would-be key role players
▪ Assess and document the present situation of e-waste recycling, especially the technological,
economical and social aspects in the informal and the formal sector.
▪ Meet resource persons in the relevant sectors to discuss the following issues:
▬ Data on e-waste streams and their impact;
▬ Possible synergy with similar recycling projects with Ministries and donor organizations active in
Gauteng;
▬ The legal framework conditions of waste disposal and any bills pending in legislatures pertaining
to separate treatment of electronic waste;
The second mission carried out the following tasks:
▪ presented the findings of the assessment undertaken during the first mission to a workshop;
▪ received input and shared creative solutions on key issues after examining bottlenecks in e-waste
handling in South Africa, by highlighting the opportunities and constraints associated with diverting ewaste from landfill or other means of ultimate disposal;
▪ examined aspects relating to the impacts of existing policies, politics, business, finance, technology
and skills on e-waste handling or management;
▪ integrated both the findings of the assessment and the inputs in order to establish a way forward.
3.
The RSA Framework Conditions
The South African recycling system is embedded in a framework built on a complex cross-linking of
many factors that have influenced its development, including
•
the prevailing economic conditions,
•
the political situation,
•
legislation and its enforcement,
•
science and technology, as well as
•
cultural aspects.
The case study in South Africa was launched in February 2004 with the start of the first mission. The
metropolitan areas of Johannesburg and Tshwane (Pretoria) were initially selected for the study as they
were regarded as the economic hub and seat of administrative government of South Africa respectively.
Very soon it became apparent, as a result of a “telephone directory” survey, that while some 270
organisations were trading in IT in greater Johannesburg only 22 were engaged in the industry in
Pretoria. Further, as the investigations developed it was seen that the Johannesburg and Ekurhuleni
6/41
Metropolitan areas (Appendix 1, Map 2) were particularly important in the context of e-waste recycling.
Some of the major recycling companies were also active in the Cape Metropolitan Council Area
(Appendix 1, Map 3). Consequently, that area was also visited during the first mission and contact was
maintained with key role players in that area throughout the study.
3.1
Gauteng
Gauteng is the most densely populated province in South Africa. It houses more than seven million of
the country's population of 42 million. The level of urbanisation is 97%. Gauteng has the most important
educational and health centres in the country. Pretoria boasts the largest residential university in South
Africa, the University of Pretoria, and what is believed to be the largest correspondence university in the
world, the University of South Africa (Unisa). Only some 9.5% of adults in the province have received no
schooling. Numerous scientific institutes that are located in and around Pretoria, including the Council
for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute and the South African
Bureau of Standards (SABS). Johannesburg has two residential universities, the University of the
Witwatersrand and the Rand Afrikaans University. There are several teacher training colleges, technical
colleges and technikons in the province. More than 60% of South Africa's research and development
takes place in Gauteng. In comparison with other provinces, Gauteng has the lowest poverty rate of
19%, which is derived by identifying the percentage of people earning less than R840 per month (World
Bank, 1995).
Gauteng is an integrated industrial complex with major areas of economic activity in five subregional
areas: the Vaal Triangle, the East, West and Central Rand, and Pretoria. The Vaal Triangle has a strong
manufacturing sector; the West Rand concentrates on primary mining, and the Central Witwatersrand is
dominated by the manufacturing and finance sectors, with mining capital playing a major role. All
sectors rely heavily on the Vaal Dam which is located on the Vaal River, from whence water is piped
across the province. Due to the shortage of water in the region, it is transferred through a massive and
complex system from other catchment areas, e.g. the Katse Dam in the Lesotho highlands (Lesotho is a
neighbouring independent country). Gauteng has a greater proportion of its labour force in professional,
technical, managerial and executive positions than any other province. Johannesburg houses the
Johannesburg Stock Exchange, the largest in Africa. The province's economic magnetism draws a large
inflow of migrant labour from the poorer regions in the country. It is the province with the highest per
capita income.
Johannesburg is South Africa’s largest city and is spread out such that its boundaries coalesce with
those of its neighbours. It is the most powerful commercial centre on the African continent and its
municipal area sprawls over 1 645 kilometres. Johannesburg is one of the world's few large metropolitan
areas to be based on neither an ocean port nor a major river. Johannesburg itself generates 16% of
South Africa's GDP and employs 12% of the national workforce. The poverty profile for the Greater
Johannesburg is 'relative' since it is derived through comparisons with other provinces in South Africa
and other international regions. A common trend in poverty analysis is that the majority of the poor live
in rural/non-urban areas. In Gauteng, 58% of the people living below the poverty line are from the rural
areas and 28% from urban areas.
7/41
Recently, the changing of municipal boundaries has made it difficult to interpret historical census data,
but city authorities have estimated the population at 3.8 million based on a survey made in 1998, with an
estimated population growth rate of 3,4%. This will take the population to 5.7 million by the year 2010.
Other large metropolitan areas have developed around Durban, Cape Town and Pretoria.
4.
E-waste Categories
There is no generally accepted definition of e-waste, hence a definition for the South African context will
be derived from already existing definitions listed in various statutes and guidelines from areas where
the concept of e-waste recycling is already at a more advanced stage, such as the Swiss Ordinance,
SWICO, SENS, the EU Directive and the WEEE Tracer definition.
Electronic waste or e-waste, in this context, will refer to any old, end-of-life electronic appliances, which
have been disposed of by their original users such as:
▪ Information technology (IT) equipment, e.g. PCs, servers, peripheral equipment (monitors,
keyboards, printers, scanners);
▪ Office machines, e.g. fax and copy machines, typewriters, paper shredders, overhead projectors;
▪ Equipment used in the graphics industry, e.g. printing systems, lighting, development machines;
▪ Telecommunications equipment, e.g. cellular phones, telephone equipment, telephone exchange
systems;
▪ Consumer electronics, e.g. recording equipment, television sets, video projectors, cameras, radios,
satellite receivers, loudspeakers;
▪ Accessories, consumables and packaging, e.g. CDs, disks, toner cartridges, headphones, cables,
packaging and
▪ Household equipment.
5.
Methods
The South African investigation was undertaken in the following stages:
•
A desktop study was undertaken to establish the current waste management framework in South
Africa with particular reference to e-waste, and also to establish major role players in the e-waste
system.
▪ Interviews were undertaken with all relevant role players in an attempt to establish the specific rates
of e-waste generation, the extent of recycling, and the disposal methods currently practiced.
▪ Site visits to e-waste recycling facilities were undertaken to establish the methods and mechanisms
used in the process.
▪ Workshops were held in Cape Town and Gauteng to share information with all relevant role players
while building awareness through coverage in ReSource (the journal for the South African waste
management and recycling industries).
Workshop proceedings, presentations, attendance registers and records of interviews undertaken for
these workshops are included as Appendix 2.
8/41
5.1
Limitations to the study
The concept of e-waste is relatively new in South Africa, hence the following limitations to this
assessment:
▪ There is a general lack of data pertaining to e-waste
▪ Inconsistency in database coding for existing information made it difficult to reconcile the data over
time to establish trends.
9/41
6.
Results of E-Waste Assessment
6.1
Structural framework / System Parameters
Table 1: System Parameters
SYSTEM
POLITICS &
LEGISLATION
SUBCATEGORIES
Political system
INDICATOR
Political system
UNIT
[-]
VALUE / QUALITATIVE DESCRIPTION
― South Africa, is a sovereign, secular, democratic Republic with a
Parliamentary system of Government. The South Africa polity is governed in
terms of the Constitution, which came into force on 3 February 1996.
― The President is the head of government working through a Ministerial
Cabinet. The Cabinet and President are collectively responsible to the
Parliament.
Sustainability in
politics
Civil and political
liberties
Sustainable thinking in politics
Civil and political liberties
[-]
[-] Index 1 - 7
― The Parliament is elected by the citizens of South Africa. It is the legislative
authority of South Africa and has the power to make laws for the country in
accordance with the Constitution. It consists of the National Assembly and the
National Council of Provinces (NCOP).
─ Various movements and groups in South Africa have mobilised around diverse
causes, including democratic and human rights issues, equity and equality,
environmental justice and sustainability and development. These movements
have become more powerful and prominent since the new democratic
dispensation in 1994.
─ A strong supporter of the UNEP, South Africa is a signatory of the Basel
Convention, Kyoto Protocol and several other global treaties for protecting the
environment.
5.5 (for 2001)
1 – 2.5 = free, 3 – 5.5 = partly free, 5.5 – 7 = not free)
Reference: www.freedomhouse.org, via www.nationmaster.com, average of two
indicators - civil liberties and political liberties;
Legal framework
Legal framework
[-]
─ The South African legal framework is based on English common law
─ The Department of Environment Agriculture and Tourism (DEAT) is the
national government department responsible for the planning, promotion and
coordination of all environmental programmes and related policy formulation.
The powers are disseminated to the provincial level through their respective
environmental departments.
10
SYSTEM
ECONOMY
SUBCATEGORIES
Economic System
Consumption
patterns
Infrastructure
Labour corruption
INDICATOR
GDP per capita
UNIT
GNI per capita
GDP p C $10000.30
GNI p C $2852.55
Informal economy
Foreign debts related to GDP
[%]
(2001, Nationmaster.com)
28.4
5.8
Economic growth (GDP)
[%]
($24.7 billion/4427.7 billion; 2002 est., Nationamaster.com)
3
Population below poverty line
% of total
population
Annual energy consumption
per capita
Kg oil equiv.
Internet users
% of total
population
Mobile phone users
% of total
population
Research and development
spending
% of total
spending
budget
% of total
labour force
Unemployment rate
Corruption perception index
(CPI)
[USD/pers.]
CPI score (0 10)
(2002 est., Nationmaster.com)
50
(2000 est., Nationmaster.com)
2513.85
7.17
(3.068 million/42.77 million; 2002 est., Nationmaster.com)
18.03
(Statistics SA, Census 2001)
0.6
(Nationmaster.com)
37
4.4
(2003, Transparency International; 10 = highly clean, 0 = highly corrupt;
http:www.transparency.oorg/pressrelease_archive/2003/2003.10.07.cpi.en.html)
11
SYSTEM
SOCIETY AND
CULTURE
SUBCATEGORIES
Socio-cultural
systems
INDICATOR
Socio-cultural system
UNIT
[-]
The South African population is richly diverse. It consists of the following groups:
the Nguni, consisting of Zulu, Xhosa, Ndebele and Swazi; the Sotho-Tswana, who
include the Southern, Northern and Western Sotho (Tswana); the Tsonga; the
Venda; Afrikaners; the English; Coloured people (mixed descent); Indians
(including Hindu, Muslim, Tamil, Urdu, Telegu and Gujarati) and those who have
immigrated to South Africa from the rest of Africa, Europe and Asia and maintain
a strong cultural identity, such as Greeks and Portuguese. A small population of
Khoi and San remain in South Africa.
South Africa is often called the cradle of humankind, for this is where
archaeologists discovered 2,5-million-year-old fossils of our earliest ancestors, as
well as 100 000-year-old remains of modern man.
Gini Index of
income inequality
Population growth
Expenditure on
Health
Expenditure on
eduction
Environmental
awareness
Gini Index
%
(http://www.gov.za/yearbook/2004/landpeople.htm)
59.3 (1993-94, www.nationmaster.com; weighted average 40.12)
Population growth rate
Public expenditure on health
as % of GDP
Public expenditure on
education as % of GDP
Environmental awareness
%
%
0.01 (2003 est., www.nationmaster.com)
3.7 (2000 est., UNDP,
%
5.5 (1998-2000 est., UNDP,
http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/indi_80_3_1.html)
South Africa faces many of the problems experienced by developing countries, in
which rapid industrialisation, population growth and urbanisation pose a threat to
the quality of the environment. As in India, there are huge income disparities
between the affluent and those living in poverty. Poverty narrows the
environmentally appropriate lifestyle choices available to people. It is also linked
to lower levels of education and thus to people lacking awareness of the
environmental impacts of their actions.
[-]
12
6.1.1
Political Structure
South Africa is divided into nine provinces (see Map 1 attached in Appendix 1), instituted with the new
political dispensation in 1994. The African National Congress (ANC) has been the ruling party since the
first democratic election held in 1994. Government is constituted by national, provincial and local
spheres, which are distinctive, interdependent and interrelated. Figure 1 shows the government
structure and the relationships within. These tiers of government operate through three different
authority branches: the Executive, the Legislative and the Judicial authorities, which, although
interrelated, operate separately from each other. Table 2 describes how these authorities operate and
how they interact.
PARLIAMENT
NATIONAL
CABINET
Comprises the President as the
Head of Cabinet, the deputy President
and the Ministers.
PROVINCIAL
(9 Provinces)
Gauteng,
KwaZulu-Natal
Free State
Mpumalanga
Western Cape
Eastern Cape
Northern Cape
Limpopo
Northern Province
LOCAL
MUNICIPALITY CATEGORIES
A: Metropolitan Municipalities (6)
B: District Municipalities (47)
C: Local Municipalities (231)
LEGISLATURE
Comprises the Premier and a few
members.
NATIONAL
COUNCIL OF
PROVINCES
NATIONAL
ASSEMBLY
PRESIDENT'S
CO-ORDINATING
COUNCIL
Comprise of the
President & the
Premieres
DEPARTMENT OF PROVINCIAL
AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT
NATIONAL HOUSE OF
TRADITIONAL LEADERS
LOCAL
BY-LAWS
&
POLICIES
N
A
T
I
O
N
A
L
L
E
G
I
S
L
A
T
I
O
N
SOUTH AFRICAN LOCAL
GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION
Figure 1: South Africa's Political Structure
13/41
Table 2: Political Structure And Hierarchy
AUTHORITY
SYSTEM
EXECUTIVE
LEGISLATIVE
JUDICIAL
AUTHORITIES
DESCRIPTION
The President
The President is the Head of State and leads the Cabinet. He or she is elected by the National Assembly from among its members,
and leads the country in the interest of national unity, in accordance with the Constitution and the law. The current President of
South Africa is Thabo Mbeki.
The Deputy President
The President appoints the Deputy President from among the members of the National Assembly. The Deputy President must assist
the President in executing government functions. South Africa’s current Deputy President is Jacob Zuma.
The Cabinet
The Cabinet consists of the President, as head of the Cabinet, the Deputy President and Ministers. The President appoints the
Deputy President and Ministers, assigns their powers and functions, and may dismiss them. The President may select any number
of Ministers from among the members of the National Assembly, and may select no more than two Ministers from outside the
Assembly. The President appoints a member of the Cabinet to be the leader of government business in the National Assembly.
Deputy Ministers
The President may appoint Deputy Ministers from among the members of the National Assembly.
Public Service
Government has a range of institutions that render services to citizens. These institutions are generally referred to as the public
sector and range from national and provincial government departments, constitutional institutions, and national and provincial public
entities.
Traditional Leadership
According to Chapter 12 of the Constitution, the institution, status and role of traditional leadership, according to customary law, are
recognised, subject to the Constitution. The Directorate: Traditional Leadership and Institutions in the Department of Provincial and
Local Government gives support to traditional leaders and institutions, and is responsible for the development of policy in this regard.
It also renders an anthropological service, and gives advice and support to traditional leadership and institutions with regard to
governance and development matters. It advises and supports the National House of Traditional Leaders, and maintains a database
on traditional leadership and institutions.
Provincial Leadership
In accordance with the Constitution, each of the nine provinces has its own legislature consisting of between 30 and 80 members.
The number of members is determined in terms of a formula set out in national legislation. The members are elected in terms of
proportional representation. The Executive Council of a province consists of a Premier and a number of members. The Premier is
elected by the Provincial Legislature. Decisions are taken by consensus, as happens in the national Cabinet.
Parliament
Parliament is the legislative authority of South Africa and has the power to make laws for the country in accordance with the
Constitution. It consists of the National Assembly and the National Council of Provinces (NCOP).
Constitutional Court
•
National Assembly: The National Assembly is elected to represent the people and to ensure democratic governance as
required by the Constitution. It does this by electing the President, by providing a national forum for public consideration of
issues, by passing legislation, and by scrutinising and overseeing executive action.
•
The National Council of Provinces (NCOP): The NCOP aims to represent provincial interests in the national sphere of
government. Delegations from each province get a mandate from their respective provinces.
The highest court for interpreting and deciding constitutional issues.
Supreme Court of Appeal The highest court for non-constitutional matters.
High Courts and
Magistrate's Courts
Most cases are heard in the high courts or magistrate's courts.
14
15
6.1.2
Policy and Legislation
The Consultative National Environmental Policy Process (CONNEPP) was the first step in a series of
environmental policy initiatives by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT). This
process culminated in the promulgation of the existing environmental legislation, which either directly or
indirectly has implications to waste management (Appendix 3). Key legislation and processes relevant
to waste management activities in South Africa have been identified and are briefly outlined below.
6.1.2.1 Overarching Legislation
The Constitution: This the supreme law in South Africa. Its relevance in this study is two-fold:
•
The determination and allocation of powers for the different levels of government. Whereas national
government structures set national policy, which is enacted through statutes and legislation that
enable the attainment of the national strategy, provinces effectively prescribe and administer the
norms and standards of environment controls. However, the constitution states that local authorities
are responsible for administering the legislation and, if necessary, supplementing it by means of bylaws. Provincial government must establish the parameters within which local government has to
operate to ensure consistency and compliance with the comprehensive minimum standards that
have been set. The Johannesburg, Tshwane and Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Areas have therefore
undertaken to develop waste management strategies for their areas of jurisdiction for approval and
authorisation by the Gauteng Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Land Use as part of its
provincial strategy.
•
Establishing basic environmental rights, including certain administrative and economic rights, which
provide the foundation for environmental (including waste management) regulations. The following
rights may be viewed as having a direct or indirect relevance to waste management:─ an environment that is not detrimental to one's health;
─ just administrative action and,
─ access to information
The National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998) (NEMA) is intended to provide the
principal framework for integrating good environmental management into all development activities.
NEMA provides a series of principles for decision-making on matters affecting the environment through
the following:•
Chapter 4 reinforces the constitutional principles of fair decision-making and conflict resolution;
•
Chapter 5 motivates public participation and the need for capacity building for stakeholders at all
levels, within the associated processes
•
Chapter 6 includes international obligations and agreements.
NEMA makes provision for waste management through the principles that refer to avoidance or
minimisation and remediation of pollution, including waste reduction, re-use, recycling and proper waste
disposal, and the “polluter pays” and “cradle to grave” principles.
The Municipal Services Act (Act 32 of 2000) provides the principles and mechanisms to achieve
effective governance at the local level, including:-
16/41
•
the manner in which powers and functions should be exercised;
•
the public participation process;
•
planning;
•
human resource development;
•
monitoring and standard setting.
It therefore has implications for the environmental management function exercised by local government
(which includes waste management).
The Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993) (OHSA) provides for the health and safety of
persons at work and for the health and safety of persons in connection with the use of plant and
machinery, the protection of persons other than persons at work against hazards to health and safety
arising out of in connection with the activities of persons at work. The Act is based on the principle of
self-regulation which involves the agreement between workers and employers on the management of
occupational health and safety in the workplace. Its purpose is to ensure a working environment that is
without health and safety risks for workers, as well as persons other than workers who might be affected
by worker's activities. The most important aspects of the OHSA include:
▪ the need to have a health and safety policy
▪ appointment of health and safety representatives and health and safety committees
▪ undertaking health and safety inspections, risk assessment and occupational hygiene monitoring
▪ qualified practitioners conducting medical surveillance
▪ mandatory reporting of occupational diseases by the occupational medicine practitioner to the Chief
Inspector
▪ education and training of workers regarding the health and safety risks they are exposed to
▪ outlawing discrimination against workers found to have occupational diseases as a result of medical
surveillance
6.1.2.2 Legislation regulating Waste Management
The Environment Conservation Act: The primary objective of Act 73 of 1989 (ECA) is to provide for the
effective protection and controlled utilisation of the environment. The ECA makes specific reference to
waste disposal in Section 20 and defines the role of the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
(DWAF) in permitting waste disposal sites. DWAF has given effect to its responsibility for the permitting
of waste disposal facilities through the formulation of the “Minimum Requirements” series of documents
guiding the disposal of waste by landfill. These Minimum Requirements state the requirements,
standards and procedures that apply in the permitting of waste disposal and handling facilities. The
ECA makes provision for the EIA (environmental impact assessment) process in terms of Section 21, 22
and 26. An EIA is required for activities associated with waste disposal. More recently, in August 2003,
the National Parliament amended Section 20 to return the administration of the function of waste
disposal to the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT). DEAT is presently building
capacity to take over this function and has not yet assumed responsibility for the administration of waste
disposal.
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The White Paper on Integrated Pollution and Waste Management: The White Paper on Integrated
Pollution and Waste Management (IP&WM) sets out the principles for the allocation of environmental
and waste management functions and powers for national, provincial and local governments. The
IP&WM policy process was further developed into the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS)
and Action Plans through a joint venture between the DEAT and the Department of Water Affairs and
Forestry (DWAF) in an initiative supported by the Danish donor agency. The Action Plans that were
developed under the NWMS initiative were focused on the following:•
Integrated waste management planning
•
Waste information system
•
General waste collection
•
Waste treatment and disposal
•
Capacity building, education, awareness and communication
•
Implementing instruments
As a result of the 1999 Annual Consultations between Denmark and South Africa, the Danish donor
assistance programme has undertaken to assist South Africa in addressing some of the key issues
relating to holistic waste and pollution management. Recycling, together with Waste Information
Systems and Health Care Waste (HCW) have been selected as priority areas that need to be
addressed in the short term. One of the key objectives for recycling is to extend and increase the
concept of recycling to other waste streams (apart from the ones already in place) where recycling
opportunities exist. The South African e-waste recycling initiative therefore presents such an
opportunity.
The Health Act: Act No. 63 of 1977 promotes healthy living and working conditions. Its relevance in
waste management is therefore related to the potential health risk implications of waste. Section 20
places the obligation on local authorities to ensure that their areas of jurisdiction are maintained in a
clean hygienic condition. Furthermore, Sections 34 and 38 authorise the Minister of Health to make
regulations which have relevance to waste management.
The Hazardous Substances Act: Act No. 15 of 1973 provides the regulations to control the
management of hazardous substances and the disposal of hazardous waste.
6.1.2
The Economy
South Africa is a middle-income, developing country with an abundant supply of resources, welldeveloped financial, legal, communications, energy, and transport sectors, a stock exchange that ranks
among the 10 largest in the world, and a modern infrastructure supporting an efficient distribution of
goods to major urban centres throughout the region. However, growth has not been strong enough to
significantly reverse the 30% unemployment rate. Other problems are crime, corruption and HIV/AIDS.
The new government demonstrated its commitment to open markets, privatisation, and a favourable
investment climate with the release of its macroeconomic strategy in June 1996 called "Growth,
Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)" The GEAR policy framework includes the introduction of tax
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incentives to stimulate new investment in labour-intensive projects, expansion of basic infrastructure
services, the restructuring and partial privatisation of state assets, continued reduction of tariffs,
subsidies to promote economic efficiency, improved services to the disadvantaged, and integration into
the global economy.
South Africa is rich in mineral and energy resources, which has played a significant role in shaping the
country's history, legal and administrative structures. These resources contribute to the country's
strategic importance on regional and global markets. The country's agricultural and forestry sectors
produce a wide variety of products in accordance with its climatic diversity. Industrial developments
resulted in support of these activities (see 1.2.2 for the development of the chemical industry). South
Africa's wealth of natural resources, which includes gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore,
manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, uranium, gem, diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt and
natural gas contribute about 25% to the GDP, while the industrial sector contributes about 30% to the
GDP with a labour force of about 25%. The supporting economic infrastructure consists of the major
economic centres, well organised metropolitan cities, modern highways that connect the main centres,
international airport, harbours and ports. Although South Africa is classified as an upper middle income
country by the World Bank, quite a large proportion of South Africa's population display human
development qualities mostly associated with low income countries and are living below the poverty line
(DBSA, 2001). The poverty line is a measure commonly used to assess the level of poverty within a
country through the identification of the levels of income or expenditure below which a person is
considered to be poor (DBSA, 2001).
6.1.3
Society and Culture
South Africa is a multicultural country with eleven official languages: Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, North
Sotho, South Sotho, iSiSwati, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, iSiXhosa and iSiZulu. Other widely spoken
languages include Hindi, Gujarati, Tamil, Portuguese, Greek, German and Hebrew. English is generally
understood by most to a greater or lesser degree, and literacy levels vary. South Africans often refer to
themselves as a “Rainbow Nation” due to the fusion of African, European and Asian cultural influences.
There are huge disparities in income distribution, education levels and quality of life, stemming in part
from the shadowy legacy of the previous dispensation’s Apartheid policies, which segregated people on
the basis of racial categories, discriminating against millions on the basis of their skin colour.
Democratic government was instituted in 1994, along with a new, progressive constitution, with forwardthinking environmental legislation. Despite these positive advances, many South Africans still live in
poverty, with inadequate access to sanitation, water and healthcare, particularly critical given the scale
of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Environmental awareness is low among people who are struggling to subsist.
6.1.5
Science and Technology
6.1.5.1 Parastatal Institutions
The South African Department of Science and Technology, has promulgated Policies and established
research bodies and councils in order to align research with the nation's needs and as a support system
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towards technology development and innovation.
The National Biotechnology Strategy (NBS) was approved by cabinet in 2001 to address new
developments in biotechnology and the country's vulnerability based on its biodiversity, indigenous
knowledge and the advent of new technologies.
The National Research and Development (R&D) Strategy was approved by cabinet in 2002 to ensure
the enhancement of the National Systems of Innovation (NSI). The NBS forms an important part of the
R&D Strategy. The following bodies were subsequently formed to facilitate the implementation of the
R&D Strategy (South African Yearbook 2003/04):▪ The National Advisory Council on Innovation (NACI) - The NACI serves as an advisory body to
government for the implementation of the R&D policy through research and consultation in
accordance with the NSI.
▪ Public Understanding of Science, Engineering and Technology (PUSET) - The focus of PUSET is to
ensure that all sectors of the population have access to available science and technological
information. Some of the mechanisms employed to deliver this information include the establishment
of:
─ The Science Radio Journalism Fellowship Programme,
─ The Reference Group of Women in Science and Technology,
─ The National Science Week and
─ The International Public Communication of Science and Technology Network in Africa.
▪ Technology Diffusion and Transfer - A partnership programme between the German Agency for
Technical Co-operation and the Committee of Technikon Principals was formed and launched as
Tshumisano Technology Stations Trust in 2002 as part of the Technology Stations Programme
(TSP). TSP provides skills-development training to small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) to
enhance their innovation capacity and competitiveness and also to expose technology students to
practical situations in their areas of study.
▪ The Godisa Programme - The Godisa Programme, which aims to encourage technology transfer and
capacity building for small companies so as to enable them to compete globally, was launched by
the Departments of Science and Technology and of Trade and Industry in 2001, with the support of
the European Union (EU).
▪ The Poverty Reduction Programme - The focus of this programme is to fight poverty through skills
transfer, the utilisation of low-cost labour, intensive technology and the stimulation of demand within
the local market.
There are no specific councils or programmes for waste-related research or technology innovation. The
following are some of the established research councils, which may have direct or indirect relevance to
waste:
▪ The Agricultural Research Council (ARC): The ARC is a parastatal body established to improve the
agricultural sector and other related sectors through the promotion of research and technology
development and transfer.
▪ The National Research Foundation (NRF): Responsible for promoting and supporting basic and
20/41
applied research and innovation. The NRF mostly funds academic research, including postgraduate
research training, which is perceived as a vital component in the promotion and development of
science and technology in South Africa.
▪ Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR): This is the largest community and industry-
directed scientific and technological research, development and implementation organisation in
South Africa and currently undertakes approximately 10 per cent of all research and development
work on the continent. The CSIR's eight operational divisions are responsible for its research,
development and implementation activities that provide technology solutions and information across
a broad range of technologies, such as aeronautical systems, building, communication,
development, food, information, infrastructure, manufacturing, materials, mining, textiles and the
environment.
▪ Mintek: Mintek is South Africa's national minerals research organisation, which strives to ensure
sustainable industrial growth of the minerals sector through technology development and transfer.
Mintek was established in 1934 and has since expanded and is currently one of the leading
technology organisation in the world. Mintek is also focused on developing environmentally
acceptable technology for the recovery and recycling of metals from metallurgical residues (South
Africa Yearbook, 2003/04).
▪ The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC): The HSRC was established in 1968 to support
large-scale, policy-relevant social-scientific research projects within the country as well as the rest of
Africa.
▪ The Medical Research Council (MRC): The aim of the MRC is to ensure an improved health status
and quality of life for South Africans through relevant research that targets the nation's needs and
promotes equity and development.
▪ The Council for Geoscience (CGS): The aim of this council is to manage all geological surveys in
South Africa to ensure a comprehensive and all inclusive database of all relevant information
pertaining the geology and related issues within South Africa.
6.1.5.2 Universities and Other Institutions
Universities and Institutes of Technology undertake research projects with relevance to waste using
grants provided by the above mentioned parastatal organisations:
▪ Energy research
▪ The Water Research Commission Studies
▪ Environmental research, including waste management and pollution.
Training and learning in hazardous waste is undertaken by the following institutions:
▪ The Institute of Waste Management of Southern Africa which is active in the Southern African
Development Community
▪ The National Recycling Forum
▪ The Basel Convention Regional Centre
▪ Academic institutions
▪ Consulting companies.
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6.2
Stakeholders
In South Africa at present, there is no legislation regarding the handling or recycling of e-waste. Most ewaste material is stored and eventually disposed of in municipal landfill sites. Less than one percent of
waste deposited on South African landfill sites is recovered by the informal sector operating on those
sites where salvage activity is tolerated. It is government's policy to discourage salvaging off landfill
sites and instead to promote the provision of clean work for the salvagers. Some commercial
manufacturers and distributors pay for the disposal of e-waste in permitted hazardous waste disposal
sites, obtaining a certificate of safe disposal from the contractor, due to concerns regarding data
integrity and safety. Waste originating from these sources is thus generally buried inaccessibly in
permitted hazardous waste disposal facilities. In Gauteng there is one such site, Holfontein H:H Landfill,
which is permitted in terms of the ECA and the Minimum Requirements for Waste Disposal by Landfill
as maintained and managed by DWAF.
Despite the relatively low percentage of e-waste that is recycled – Mr Dudley Bradford of Desco
Electronic Recyclers estimates that around 30% is recycled (Cape Town e-waste workshop, 25
February 2004) - there are well established e-waste recycling systems in place.
The recycling industry is tightly controlled by a few major players. There are many small scrap metal
merchants who operate on the “fringes” of the industry. However, due to the very strictly applied
regulations governing the trade in precious metals, as well as the implementation of ISO 14000 at
refineries, which require the screening of the premises of any organisation that has produced metal for
refining, it is difficult for any of the fringe operators or any of the informal recyclers to find a refinery
willing to process their raw materials if their operations do not comply with the required specifications
and self-regulatory framework set by the Metal Recycling Association of South Africa.
6.2.1
Importers / manufacturers
Unlike Switzerland, South Africa has no laws governing extended product responsibility. Hence a
system similar to the Swiss SWICO system has not yet evolved. However, the metal recovery industry
is becoming organised and may eventually recognise the need to organise a self-regulatory body with
similar objectives to the SWICO system.
All major computer manufacturers, such as IBM, Dell, HP/Compaq, Toshiba, Sony, etc. are represented
in South Africa. Generic machines are also built with components imported from the Far East by smaller
suppliers. The importation of components is dominated by one large supplier, Sahara Computers.
Refurbished machines are also imported for resale or donation to disadvantaged areas by companies
such as Device SA, a multinational company, based in the Netherlands, with branches in Poland, Czech
Republic, Hungary, Belgium, Germany, United Kingdom, Slovakia and South Africa. Through
agreements with manufacturers such as HP/Compaq and Dell, they receive lease-expired personal
computers, which they data-wipe and refurbish, then resell, both to dealers (generally consignments of
10 to 50 machines) and the public, via their outlet at Kyalami Shopping Centre. Device SA receive
marine containerloads of stock from the Netherlands – sometimes up to three per month. Some of these
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computers are already refurbished, others are processed in South Africa. In the latter case, obsolete or
replaced parts are sold for scrap to Desco Electronic Recyclers.
Device SA are also involved in the Digital Partnership, a UK initiative which donates refurbished
computers to the townships where the majority of the previously disadvantaged people of South Africa
live. Device SA distribute and install the donated computers in South Africa. They also supplied the
Women’s Development Bank with computers.
FreeCom Group (Pty) Ltd which is based in the Cape Metropolitan Council administered area manages
a similar operation but is a South African initiative that is supported by the Swiss Contact Business
Group.
6.2.2
Traders /retailers
In South Africa, there is no Advance Recycling Fee System or extended product responsibility attached
to the trade of computers and other electronic goods. However, distributors such as Axiz swap out
obsolete computers when supplying clients with new equipment. For the most part, these computers are
not recycled.
▪ AXIZ: Axiz are major distributors for computers and related peripheral electronic goods. They swap
out obsolete computers when supplying new equipment to clients. However, they do not trade in ewaste at present. Instead, they pay Enviroserv to landfill recovered material that stems from their
extended product responsibilities at the Holfontein site, and are issued with a certificate of safe
disposal.
▪ MUSTEK: Mustek are one of the larger suppliers in the retail market for computers and peripherals.
6.2.3
Consumers
Information derived from a number of suppliers corroborates the statement made by Mr Wayne Vermij
of Axis that some 80% of all computer sales are made to government departments whether at local,
regional, provincial or national levels. Officials from a number of government departments have also
stated that they know of many computers that no longer work but are in storage in government offices
throughout the country. Small businesses and households also appear to store their obsolete machines
and eventually dispose of them to the municipal solid waste collection system and these are landfilled in
permitted general waste sites. Very little of this material is recovered by salvagers operating on the
landfill sites.
6.2.4
Authorized E-waste Collection Points
There are currently no organised take-back systems, although in Gauteng, Pikitup, the Johannesburg
Metropolitan Municipality’s waste management utility, and Ekurhuleni Metro Waste Management are
planning to provide drop-off points at their garden refuse transfer stations to assist with data collection
regarding household e-waste generation.
6.2.5
Licensed Sorting and Dismantling Companies
In South Africa, no licenses are required to sort or dismantle e-waste. This function is performed by
23/41
scrap metal merchants.
6.2.6
Recyclers
6.2.6.1 Formal Recyclers
▪ Universal Recycling Company: Universal Recycling operates from four locations. They process 1800
tonnes of electronic scrap per annum, using sophisticated technology including mechanical
shredders, pulverisers, rotary magnets, granulators, shears and balers on “disassembly” lines.
Ferrous materials are separated from non-ferrous, and then aluminium is extracted using an eddy
current separator. Heavy and precious metals are shipped to a European refinery, steel is processed
locally and aluminium is exported to the Far East. Non-metallic fractions are landfilled. A reliable
market for plastics has not yet been located.
The following figures provided by Mr David Loewenthal of Universal Recycling illustrate the recovery
rate that the company is able to report with e-waste:
•
40 - 50% ferrous content could be recovered – 60 tonnes per annum
•
7 - 10% recoverable aluminium
•
6 - 10% recoverable non magnetic stainless steel
•
5% recoverable zinc
▪ Desco Electronic Recyclers: Desco deals exclusively with e-waste. They state that they are the
largest Printed Circuit Board (PC board) recycler in South Africa. Desco purchases PC boards from
scrap dealers and industry throughout South Africa and neighbouring African countries. It processes
approximately:
•
400 tonnes of PC boards per annum.
•
2000 tonnes of general electronic scrap, including telecommunication equipment, desktop
computers, mainframes, medical and radio equipment etc per annum.
All electronic scrap is manually stripped, a labour-intensive process that yields jobs for local people. PC
boards are processed with specialised machinery designed and built by Desco. No incineration or
chemicals are used in the process. Desco has been in operation in Gauteng since 1992. There is also a
branch in Cape Town, which at present generates 100 tonnes of e-scrap per annum. Mr Costa Airaga of
Desco commented that CRTs (cathode ray tubes) still pose a major problem for e-waste in South Africa.
Desco currently has 25 tonnes of CRTs in storage, and nowhere to send them for recycling.
▪ Reclam: Managing Director and major shareholder of Reclam, the largest recycling organisation in
South Africa, Mr David Cassell, was mentioned by several links and sources as an important person
to speak to about the scrap industry in South Africa and, especially, Gauteng Province. He was very
receptive and contributed valuable insights. Reclam only deals in the traditional markets of ferrous
and non-ferrous scrap. They are not involved in e-waste processing themselves. However, they will
collect it as a service to their regular clientele, then broker it to Universal Recycling. All other smaller
scrap merchants surveyed either do not accept e-waste at all, or, when they accept PC boards, they
resell them to either of the abovementioned companies.
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▪ Jimmy's Scrap Metals: Will accept motherboards, but sells them to Desco.
▪ Schutte & Son: Do not deal much with computer waste, but accept PC boards, which are then sold to
a recycler.
6.2.6.2 Informal Recyclers
Preliminary investigations suggest that the informal e-waste recycling situation in South Africa differs
substantially from the status quo in India and China.
Precious metals are strictly regulated in South Africa. Mr Martin Griffiths of Rand Refinery explained
that, being an ISO 14000 accredited business, his company must inspect the premises of the operations
they deal with. They will not accept backyard products. He confirmed that, to his knowledge, virtually no
informal recovery operations still exist in Gauteng. He said that five years ago, there were definitely
yards using environmentally unacceptable means – drum burning etc. – to recover materials from ewaste. These have all but disappeared, which he attributed to the fact that, due to technological
advances, there are far lower quantities of precious metals present in newer generation circuit boards
than there used to be. It is no longer profitable for backyard businesses to carry out small-scale
recycling.
Discussions with Mr David Cassell of Reclam reiterated what other evidence has indicated so far: there
is little informal sector activity in this field. This echoes the experience of recovery of other material from
landfill sites in South Africa: less than 1% of the waste stream is recycled through salvaging activities
(dealt with later in this document in Section 7.2.4, entitled “Disposal”). Far more recovery takes place at
industrial and commercial outlets. These are well-networked with one another, brokering and referring ewaste to established recycling businesses.
6.2.7
Refiners /Conditioners
▪ Rand Refinery: Rand Refinery, the principal refinery in Gauteng, processes hundreds of tonnes of
recovered material per annum from e-waste recyclers (there were no exact figures readily available).
According to Mr Martin Griffiths, the two biggest e-waste recycling companies, Desco and Universal
Recycling, have virtually cornered the local market. They receive small amounts from L A Metals,
another small recycler, mostly of PGMs (platinum group metals), especially palladium. L A Metals
export their lower grade sweeps overseas. Rand Refinery also receives pre-processed material
exported from the Far East and U.S.A – mainly precious metal dust. They principally process gold,
while another refinery, IRS (Impala Refining Services) deals with high grade PGMs.
6.2.8
Final Disposers
The majority of computer waste in South Africa is landfilled either in permitted hazardous waste disposal
sites, such as Enviroserv’s Holfontein site, where disposal is paid for, and the client is issued with a
certificate of safe disposal, or it is disposed of in the municipal waste stream and is landfilled in the local
general waste disposal site. Informal salvaging is discouraged in accordance with government's
directives. Very little e-waste is recovered from permitted landfills in South Africa. It is only in the major
25/41
centres that e-wastes are produced in significant quantities and nearly all the landfill sites managed in
these areas have been permitted. The Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality, which currently operates
five waste disposal sites, reported that, on average, 2.2 tonnes of e-waste per month are disposed at
the Weltervreden Landfill site in Brakpan. No e-waste was recorded from any of the other landfill sites.
6.3
WEEE (Waste Electronic Electrical Equipment) System
The involved actors, and the material and financial flows are described qualitatively for the recycling
system. The quantity of generated waste and the boundary conditions define the dynamics of the
system and are interrelated with the impacts. Waste generation can be reduced by reusing appliances
or components (ICs, CRT, etc.). Hence the product life spans increase and the impacts decrease.
Further processes are shown which recover valuable materials such as precious metals, copper, lead,
plastics, etc. The applied processes appear in an enormous variety in different contexts around the
world. The focus of this presentation is on thermal recovery technologies and disposal processes. The
technologies applied determine the impacts of the system on humans and the environment. The
processes are analysed in detail and described in process diagrams.
E-WASTE RAW
MATERIAL
IMPORTERS OF
NEW UNITS:
AXIZ, HP, IBM,
Sahara
IMPORTERS OF
USED UNITS:
e.g. Device
SOFTWARE
FORMAL E-WASTE
RECYCLERS:
Universal Recyclers
Desco
Precious Metal
Recovery Systems
CONSUMERS:
- Government
- Corporate
- Households
PROPRIETARY
SOFTWARE
STORAGE
LANDFILL
Open Source
Figure 2: Current WEEE System In South Africa
6.3.1
E-waste generation
Generally, the life cycle of PCs is estimated to be 7 years; the first 3 years with the first owner, 2 years
with the second owner and two more years with a third owner or in storage. Figure 6.1 shows the
relationship between the PC entry rate into the IT market and the expected e-waste generation after the
7 year life cycle has lapsed. In South Africa however, the waste stream does not reflect this situation,
since most obsolete machines are stored. A recent waste stream analysis for Johannesburg (Jarrod Ball
26/41
& Associates Consortium, 2001) revealed that there was very little e-waste in the waste stream.
1'400'000
added to the IT market
PCs joining e-Waste stream
1'200'000
1'000'000
800'000
600'000
400'000
200'000
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
* Time series: annual data available from the past / extrapolation in the future (until 2015)
** Coefficient: relative to a reference flow (e.g. per kg product (100%, reference flow) 0.2 kg waste is generated -> 20%)
Figure 3: PC Entry Rate In IT Market And The Subsequent E-waste Generation Projections
6.4
Impacts
There are some expected health, labour and environmental impacts from the e-waste recycling process.
These are however minimised or mitigated through the adoption of appropriate operating procedures
and policies as prescribed in the relevant legislation and guideline documents.
6.4.1
Labour
Currently, e-waste recycling is highly specialised, hence there are no major labour accounts, with the
exception of the dismantling process. However, any labour related impacts associated with the recycling
process would be mitigated by the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) which protects workers
and ensures a safe and healthy working environment.
6.4.2
Health
The South African e-waste recyclers will have direct and indirect impacts on human health.
Direct impacts on human health may be caused by:
•
Dust in indoor air generated in manual and mechanical dismantling processes (e.g. when processing
plastics or CRT);
•
Filter dust generated in the mechanical dismantling process .;
•
Noise emissions during the manual and mechanical dismantling process (conveyor belts, hammering,
shredders etc.);
•
Deviations from occupational safety standards.
For most of these direct impacts, the OHSA has defined MAL (Maximum Allowable Limit) values.
Compliance with these values is intended to minimize the risk of adverse health effects.
27/41
Indirect impacts on human health may be caused by:
▪ Air pollution related to high-temperature (HT) incineration (however, the situation has been very much
improved since waste gas purification systems became a common standard);
▪ Emissions due to transportation of e-waste materials;
▪ Contamination of water systems and soil near landfills.
▪ The indirect impacts on human health are difficult to quantify, because of synergistic effects and the
time-lag between exposure and reaction among other reasons.
6.4.3
Environment
The environmental impacts associated with the disposal of e-waste into landfill include the leaching of
toxins into groundwater, and the emission of toxic air pollutants, including dioxins. The Waste
management series published by the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, which sets out the
waste classification system, the Minimum Requirements for waste disposal by landfill and for monitoring
at waste management facilities, ensures that any negative environmental impacts are minimised and/or
mitigated.
Furthermore, the EIA process, which is a requirement for the siting and permitting of any waste disposal
sites in terms of the Environment Conservation Act (Act 73 of 1989), ensures that any anticipated social,
environmental and economic impacts of a disposal facility during its construction, operational and post
operational stages are avoided or, where they cannot be completely avoided, minimised and/or
mitigated against.
6.4.4
Value added
Approximately 1.2 to 1.5 million computers enter the market every year in South Africa. Only a very small
percentage of these machines are found in the waste stream. This is because most obsolete machines
are stored. The proposed recycling initiative will recover these out-of-circulation computers, thereby
extending their life cycles. Additional benefits of this system include associated job opportunities, a
reduced waste stream and a reduction in the attendant negative impacts associated with waste disposal
by landfill.
7.
Discussion / Conclusions
7.1
Force Field Diagram Analysis
The Force Field Diagram (FFD) is a very simple diagram showing opposing forces; the driving forces to
change the current situation and the restraining forces to those changes. The following key issues were
assessed using this model (Presentations and workshop worksheets are included in Appendix 2):
▪ Recovery of stored machines
▪ Maximising re-use
▪ Maximising recycling
▪ Minimising disposal
▪ Manufacturing/Importers taking the lead
28/41
Table 3 below outlines the driving and constraining forces identified for each of the above issues, in
order of importance, starting with the most important.
Table 3: Force Field Diagram Table
FORCE FIELD
DIAGRAM
RECOVERY
DRIVING FORCE
RESTRAINING FORCE
Environmental and health considerations as
well as the waste volume reduction.
Cost of initiating collection system
Need for storage space
Cost to generator of removal, recycling and
disposal of waste
Hazardous waste legislation, including
international treaties
Informal recovery may have safety, health and
environment (SHE) concerns.
Landfills should not accept e-waste.
Saturation of the market for collectors & recyclers
leads to unsustainable reduced income.
Poverty alleviation and job creation.
Illegal dumping at poorly-managed hazardous
waste sites.
The percentage of components that are
recoverable.
Small recycling market.
MAXIMISE REUSE
MAXIMISE
RECYCLING
Encourage re-use by incentives for trade-ins
and donations.
Customer behaviour.
Formalise “hand-me-down” culture through
establishing collection systems for 2nd hand
goods (drop-off points).
Marketing
Design electronic equipment that lasts.
Imported components & little back-up
Increase cost of disposal.
Safety for re-use.
Promulgate legislation for e-waste
management.
Sustainability of re-use.
Manufacturers should provide product
information and support.
Support, legislation & funding
Almost everything is recyclable – viability only
depends on the payback.
Cost of landfilling
Cost of recycling process.
Cost of environmental controls
Tax incentives.
Lack of education & poor communication
Infrastructure available.
Recycled products are seen as inferior
Perceptions.
No end market
Job creation.
MINIMISE
DISPOSAL
Better design (technology & quality)
No market
Financial incentives
Resistance to cost
Controls on G sites
Resistance to change
Increasing H:H disposal costs
Illegal dumping
Knowledge of impacts
Inadequate resources & Knowledge
Housekeeping and space
Psychological factors
Inconvenience
MANUFACTURING/IMPORTERS
TAKING THE
LEAD
Stakeholder & product management & formal
committee
No formal channel to deal with e-waste
Education, awareness, certification & waste
minimisation
Lack of education, framework & responsibility
Total participation of government
Implication of current business practice
29/41
Based on the force fields diagram analysis, the most important driving forces are:
▪ The environmental and health concerns
▪ Legislation and controls on e-waste disposal
▪ Encouraging re-use and recycling
▪ Establishment of Stakeholder organisation
The following were identified as the most important constraints, which have to be targeted during the
implementation process to ensure the sustainability of the proposed system:
▪ Cost of initiating management systems
▪ Market saturation and other concerns relating to markets
▪ Customer behaviour, including psychology, perceptions and the role of inconvenience, resistance to
change and illegal dumping.
▪ Lack of education, awareness and resources.
7.2
WEEE System
7.2.1
E-waste regulation and awareness
In South Africa "e-waste" is a relatively new concept about which very little is known and which has not
been given much priority to date. There is currently no direct legislation monitoring e-waste's handling,
recycling and disposal, because it has not been identified as a waste stream in any of the
characterization studies that have been regularly carried out on municipal waste streams. Low levels of
awareness of existing waste legislation were identified among key role players, especially in the private
sector. This indicates a lack of communication and/or weakness in the implementation and enforcement
structures. However, much experience in all aspects of waste handling and recycling are available in the
private and public sector. This provides a good platform for the introduction and implementation of ewaste handling and recycling systems.
First comments regarding e-waste handling were expressions of surprise ("What is e-waste? I've never
heard of it!"), followed by vague or even contradictory statements about its management. However, as
soon the topic was explained, there was tremendous enthusiasm to support the investigation. Actors in
the formal business sector appeared commendably transparenit regarding their approaches. In some
ways, this “kick-off mission” became an effective "awareness campaign"!
The workshops and meetings revealed great interest from the recycling industry in this topic. One
reason for this could be the difficulties involved in handling some of the recycled fractions, especially
CRT glass and flame retardant plastics. As these have to be disposed of safely (and cost-effectively),
they become a major problem for recyclers.
7.2.2
E-waste generation and handling
Considerable quantities of e-waste have been identified. Streams emanating from industry and large
scale consumers (government offices, banks etc.) seem to be handled by the formal recycling industry,
while streams from households are rather directed to landfills. However, recent studies by Jarrod Ball &
30/41
Associates, analysing the general waste stream, concluded that there was very little e-waste in the
general waste stream. This is because the majority of obsolete machines are kept in storage. Survey
results quoted by Wayne Vermij of Axis suggest that 80% of IT equipment sales are made to
government and remain tied up in asset registers, prohibited from being disposed of or given away. This
has been confirmed by several government officials from the Departments of Minerals and Energy,
Trade and Industry, and Environmental Affairs and Tourism.
7.2.3
E-waste Recycling
The formal sector of the e-waste recycling industry consists of a handful of large and many smaller
companies. It is mostly well-organized, in many cases state of the art, and very actively entrepreneurial.
Extracted materials, mainly metals, are either exported overseas, or sent to local smelters, depending
on the dictates of strategic metal prices determined by the London Metal Exchange. Importation of
electronic production wastes also takes place.
7.2.4
Disposal
Part of the e-waste stream ends up in municipal landfill sites. Salvagers appreciate precious metal-rich
e-waste as a particularly valuable source of revenue. According to Costa Airaga of Desco, there are
indications that small quantities of PC boards may be returned to "formal" e-waste streams after some
manual dismantling. However, what is really happening with e-waste salvaged at landfills or collected
informally is yet to be researched. Some hints were made that backyard recovery industries similar to
those found in India or China might also exist in South Africa. However, informal activity in this regard
appears to be very marginal. As discussed earlier in this document, working with precious metals is
strictly regulated in the South Africa, thus deterring informal operations in this field.
8.
Next Steps
A sustainable approach to waste management, echoed in both the National Waste Management
Strategy (NWMS) of South Africa and the Polokwane Declaration, moves towards reducing the waste
stream. The proposed WEEE management system, the 'Cradle to Cradle' waste management system
(Figure 4), is in line with both the NWMS and the Polokwane Declaration. It shows an ideal and simple
model which encourages waste minimisation through the implementation and maximisation of re-use
and recycling initiatives. Poverty alleviation through the creation of quality employment opportunities is
one of government's highest priorities. It is hoped that the correct handling of e-waste streams will
generate many such jobs. Apart from reducing the waste stream, the 'Cradle to Cradle' system has the
following added advantages:
▪ Lower the environmental impact associated with disposal by landfill because less e-waste goes to
landfill.
▪ Clean job opportunities as opposed to the normal practice of salvaging.
▪ No cross-subsidisation of recovery, which is viewed as unsustainable.
▪ The model is simple both from an implementation and monitoring point of view and also in terms of
cost recovery.
31/41
max
max
max
M
T
Manufact
ure
The 3 Rs mean:
Trade
C
Consume
R
R
Repair
Reuse
R
Recycle
min
D
Dispose
repair = an item is fixed and remains the same
reuse = working parts extracted for new use e.g. one working PC out of 2 dead PCs
recycle = extract secondary raw materials e.g. metals, glass, plastics etc.
Figure 4: Cradle to Cradle EEE Management System
8.1
Strategies for minimizing E-Waste in South Africa
The following are recommended as ways of boosting and encouraging reuse and recycling of e-waste:
▪ Form an E-Waste Working Group managed by the ICT Industry.
▪ Create employment opportunities with the recovery of old machines from storage, e.g. Buy Back
Centres (Figure 5).
▪ Creation of initiatives to extend the lifecycles of electronic equipment such as 'The Go Open Source
Route' initiated by the Shuttleworth Foundation, together with research undertaken by EMPA into
Open Source Software (Figure 5).
E-WASTE RAW
MATERIAL
IMPORTERS OF
NEW UNITS:
AXIZ, HP, IBM,
Sahara
IMPORTERS OF
USED UNITS:
e.g. Device
SOFTWARE
CONSUMERS:
- Government
- Corporate
- Households
COLLECTORS:
Buy-Back Centres
Drop-off Centres
Salvagers
REFURBISHMENT:
Re-build RSA-used
hardware
Proprietary
Software
FORMAL E-WASTE
RECYCLERS:
Universal Recyclers
Desco
Precious Metal
Recovery Systems
LANDFILL
Open Source
Figure 5: Proposed Framework For Minimising E-waste In South Africa
32/41
8.1.1
E-waste Working Group
A coordinating body should be instituted to address the interests of the ICT Industry in South Africa.
This has been the guiding principle in the establishment of contacts with prominent players in the ICT
Industry in South Africa. A product champion is needed in each centre where the project will be
implemented. The major focus is to eliminate waste whilst simultaneously creating employment
opportunities at all levels.
It is thus proposed to start a small working committee that will oversee the establishment of an e-waste
working group. The ICT industry was selected because computers' lifecycles are relatively easy to track.
Such an organisation would help to create awareness and encourage the importers, local assemblers,
wholesalers, retailers, large user groups, NGOs and interested members of the public, generically
referred to as Interested & Affected Parties (I&APs), to participate in the deliberations of the E-waste
Working Group. To engage these I&APs successfully a central point of focus is required. The working
group will encourage the establishment of a system, perhaps not unlike SWICO, where old electronic
goods are recovered, refurbished for re-use or, if irreparable or obsolete, are recycled.
A sophisticated and successful e-waste recycling industry already exists in South Africa but that should
be the end of the line for e-waste, not the only solution. The National Waste Management Strategy has
a hierarchy of options of which recycling is a low order solution only slightly better that landfill.
Nevertheless, e-waste recyclers should play an important role in the E-waste Working Group.
8.1.2
Employment opportunities through waste recovery
The recovery of old machines from storage can create employment opportunities through the
establishment of buy-back centres. These centres should not operate solely on a “buy back” premise
but should also be available to the communities they service as “take back “ centres, where extended
product responsibility is applied by manufacturers. Brand manufacturers could be responsible for
financing the buy-back centre by paying the operator for the branded equipment recovered. Likewise,
e-waste recyclers have indicated that they are quite satisfied with the idea of having to pay for e-waste.
The sustainability of the system could be ensured by:
▪ Collecting a variety of electronic goods, which could enable the centre to open a used electronics
goods and parts supply business.
▪ Recycling printer cartridges, another source of income. Manufacturers recycle these and an
arrangement involving collection and sorting at the centre would be easily negotiated. Similar
projects have already been initiated by some manufacturers.
▪ Stripping and sorting computer components prior to recycling, to provide employment and create
profitable business.
8.1.3
Refurbishment and the use of OpenSource Software
The most effective strategy to minimise e-waste is the extension of product lifespans. The computer
industry is rife with the “upgrade” philosophy, where the “entry level” for a standard user grows beyond
what was considered “super computer” in the previous year, yet in most cases the user is still
performing the same tasks.
33/41
Computer manufacturers upgrade their clients' systems because the hardware and software
manufacturing industry revolves around developing new products, and a brand's marketability depends
on constant innovation. Millions of computers are replaced every year. Obsolete machines are stored
indefinitely, and only a low percentage recycled. Even less are reused.
To extend a computer's lifespan, its working life, before it fails or becomes obsolete, must be
maximised. Even once a computer is relatively obsolete, there may be alternative uses for it.
OpenSource software can extend the life span of a computer by a number of years. This software is
able to run on older systems with technical specifications far below the ever-increasing “Entry Level”
specifications required for the latest proprietary software, while performing more than adequately in
comparison.
Local Area Networks (LANs), consisting of older machines, refurbished as dumb terminals or thin clients
connected to an intelligent server machine, can even extend the life of Pentium I machines. Older
machines may also be used as programmed logic controllers, managing industrial processes and
instrumentation.
8.2
Project Schematic
8.2.1
Refurbished hardware installed in modified marine containers
Old machines, connected as thin clients to fast intelligent servers, could be installed in recycled and
converted marine containers, to create cost-effective computer centres. The thin clients would be
Pentium I machines, recovered through Buy-Back Centres or by tender from South African sources.
These machines would have been refurbished in workshops created for that purpose in each of the
major centres. Computer centres would be franchised to emerging entrepreneurs, who would be
responsible for administering the networks and premises.
8.2.2
Pilot Projects
This extension of the e-waste project was originally conceived with the Eastern Cape and KwaZuluNatal in mind, as these areas are economically disadvantaged compared to the Western Cape and
Gauteng. Pilot projects may be unnecessary, as similar initiatives have already been established in the
Western Cape, Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal.
8.2.3
Use of OpenSource software and hardware specifications
OpenSource software will be used to eliminate the cost of software licensing. All the software packages
required to operate in a business computing and internet environment are freely available at no cost.
An evolving Linux Network has been running in the Lombard de Mattos & Associates office for the last 5
years. This document was prepared using OpenOffice 1.1.1 as the office software, running on a Fedora
Core 2 Linux Operating System platform, and the message was sent using Mozilla Thunderbird as email client software. There are many other useful productivity packages available. The Shuttleworth
Foundation promotes OpenSource software through its “Go OpenSource” initiative.
34/41
8.2.3.1 Stand-alone desktops
OpenSource software performs quite well on older hardware, provided that the chipspeed is in excess
of 500 MHz and the machine's memory has been boosted to at least 128 Mb, with a hard drive capacity
upwards of 5 Gb.
8.2.3.2 Thin client machines in an LAN
In this case, machines ranging from 486s to Pentium IVs can be used. A network card (if it is not built
into the motherboard), a graphics card, a monitor, keyboard and mouse are required at the desktop
level. The server would require a chipspeed of 1 GHz, memory of at least 2 Gb, and a hard drive
capacity of no less than 20 Gb.
8.2.3
Interested Parties
8.2.3.1 Metropolitan Municipalities
The Ethekwini Metro and the Cape Metropolitan Council have indicated interest in the project. The
project originally involved the assembly of refurbished older machines in work groups, or mini LANS, in
community centres, but that was fraught with difficulty when it came to communities accepting
ownership of the centres in each case. The political complexities relating to community “gatekeepers”
was an almost insurmountable problem. Development initiatives such as these often prove to be a
major source of division within impoverished communities, where employment and sources of revenue
are difficult to come by and hence often controlled by political factions. Hence, the idea of developing
opportunities for entrepreneurship within communities was mooted. Even this will not entirely remove
the initiative from the realms of the politically opportunistic. The backing of a body the size of a Metro
would be advantageous because such a structure would have the political power to deal with the
difficulties of implementation.
8.2.3.2 Government
A spreadsheet is attached which illustrates the business potential of each of the computerised business
and training centre/internet cafe operations. In order to be sustainable this system could not rely on
charity or cross-subsidisation. A simple, self-financed business operation, set in a company that would
have the black economic empowerment (BEE) attributes required for economic advancement of
previously disadvantaged individuals in South Africa would more likely succeed.
The project concept was received with favourable comment by Ms Marba Visagie, Deputy Director of
Environment at the Department of Trade and Industries.
35/41
REFERENCES
Reports
1. Jarrod Ball & Associates Consortium, December 2001, Current Waste Management in the
City of Johannesburg: A Waste Stream Analysis of the general Waste stream, Mini-Project
WM4 on Metro-Wide Waste Management Planning, DANCED Environmental Capacity
Building Project, Johannesburg.
2. Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, 2000, National Waste Management
Strategy,
3. Polokwane Declaration on Waste, Polokwane, Northern Province, South Africa, 26-28
September 2001.
4. Government Communications (GCS), South Africa Yearbook 2003/04, 10th Edition.
5. Development Bank of Southern Africa, March 2001, Guidelines to Regional Socio-economic
Analysis, Development Information Business Unit, Development Paper 145.
Internet Sites
http://www.freedomhouse.org
http://www.nationmaster.com
http://www.transparency.org/pressrelease_archive/2003/2003.10.07.cpi.en.html
http://www.gov.za/yearbook/2004/landscape.html
http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2003/indicator/indic_57_2_2_html
APPENDIX 1: MAPS
Map 1: Provincial Map Of South Africa
Map 2: Map Of Gauteng Province
Map 3: Map Of The Cape Metropolitan Area
Map 1: Provincial Map of South Africa
◙ Device SA
◙ Axiz
◙ Mustek
◙ Holfontein H:H Site
◙ Universal Recyclers
◙ Desco
◙ Reclam
◙ Rand
Refinery
Recyclers
Traders/retailers
Importers
Refineries
Map 2: Map of Gauteng Province
Map 3: Cape Metropolitan Area
APPENDIX 2
DETAILED SA MISSION PROCESS INFORMATION
A. First Mission Workshop Details
1. Cape Town Workshop Programme
2. CSIR Workshop Synopsis
B. Second Mission Workshop Details
1. Attendance List
2. Force Field Diagram
C. SA WEEE Process Description
ANNEX A
Time Schedule 2: Cape Town
Mrs. Susan Dittke facilitated and participated in most of the Cape Town meetings and field visits.
date
We
25.02.04
(RW +
JH)
Thu
26.02.04
(JH)
Time
6:308:40
9:3011:30
Activity
BA 6441 Flight JhB – Cape Town (RW and JH)
Subject / Outcome
location
JhB – Cape Town
Field visit to Athlone refuse transfer station, drop-off center and
information center (Mr. Marc Lyons, Cape Town Munic. Council)
Introduction to Cape Town MSWM
Forthcoming installation of MRF (material recovery facility)
would allow separate collection / monitoring of e-waste.
Cape Town
(Athlone)
11:3014:00
Briefing and lunch with Mrs. Susan Dittke (EnviroSense CC)
Preparation of workshop
Info on recycling activities and initiatives in Cape Town
Cape Town
14:0017:30
Workshop on e-waste with 21 participants
See Annex D
Cape Town,
premises of ECL
Ltd. (Airport)
17.0019:30
RW: BA 6426 Flight back to JhB
JH: in Cape Town, informal meeting with Mr. Jan Palm (Jan Palm
Consulting Engineers), Mr. Peter Novella (current president, Institution
of WM of Southern Africa), Mr. Wouter Loots, Director of SWM, City of
Cape Town, Mr. Richard Emery (BKS Waste Mgt. Services), and other
SWM specialists
Follow-up / contact with workshop participants, recycling companies
(yellow pages), Cape Town Integrated Waste Exchange
(www.capetown.gov.za/iwex), Africa Recycle (www.africa.recycle.net)
Meeting with Mr. Mark Dittke, environmental lawyer
Field visit: Panasonic, television manufacturing / assembly plant (Mr.
Peter Sweeney)
General attitude: surprise, “… never came to my mind … “; ewaste investigation is highly welcomed.
Mr. Jan Palm will organise separate collection and monitoring
of e-waste @ Malmesbury MRF (rural, high-income, MSW
70t/d)
Cape Town
Working plan for 26. and 27.02.
Overview on national, provincial and municipal policy and
legislation development.
Cape Town, office
of EnviroSense
CC (Zeekoevlei)
In-plant management, recycling, transfer of wastes from
production, servicing and packaging. E-waste is bought by
DESCO.
Cape Town,
Athlone
9:0012:00
13:0014:30
e-Waste Project (China)
page 1/6
date
Fri
27.02.04
(JH)
Sa
28.02.04
Time
15:0016:00
Activity
Field visit: DESCO e-waste collection and dismantling site (Mr. Dudley
Bradford)
Subject / Outcome
Medium-scale collection of e-waste (50-100 t/a), management
and operation of dismantling and sorting plant (HR: 5). E-waste
fractions go to DESCO HQ in JhB, glass and plastics to landfill.
Info exchange about other similar operations, buyer markets,
auctions and government tenders, small-scale material
recovery operations in the area.
General info on landfill site management, achievements and
problems. Informal and formalized salvaging, business behind
it. Security problems and costs. E-waste in drop-off area.
ECL is a medium-size local SWM service provider occupying
niches such as sewage sludge transport, restaurant waste
collection, recycling. Prospecting into e-waste management.
location
Cape Town,
Kraaifontein
16:0018:30
Field visit: Vissershoek MW landfill site and drop-off center (Cape Town
Munic. ), with Mr. Salim Haider, SWM Directorate
18:3021:00
Meeting and dinner with Mr. Hans-Jörg Gottschalk, ECL
9:0012:00
Office work
12.0015.00
Meeting and lunch with Mr. Siphiwe Buthelezi (chem. eng. student
@UCT)
15:3018:00
Field visit: Coastal Park MW landfill site and drop-off center (Cape Town
Munic.)
8:3010:30
10:3018:00
JH: BA 6428 Flight Cape Town-JhB
Cape Town - JhB
Team discussion, report writing and planning @ Park View project office
(Abigail’s)
JhB
Cape Town
Cape Town
Cape Town, office
of EnviroSense
CC (Zeekoevlei)
Discussion on ways to investigate e-waste streams in
townships (follow the supermarket kart, use local student
workforce)
Interviews with salvagers. Mr. Bawa, a businessman licensed
by Cape Town Munic. (license yearly tendered for nominal
fee), brings in 40 labourers that salvage recyclables. Payment
per day / person / weight / class of material. Daily income 40200Rd. E-waste commands highest price: 60-120Rd/kg (? To
be confirmed)
page 2/6
Cape Town
Cape Town
ANNEX B
Workshop Gauteng
1. Workshop data
Workshop held 24.02.2004 from 14:00 to 17:00 at CSIR, Pretoria
Invitations by Ray Lombard & Associates and the CSIR
Workshop facilitator: Rolf Widmer, EMPA
Discussion moderator: Tinus Joubert
2. Participants
Stakeholder
group
Company /
Institution
Address
Name
Government
(municipal)
Pikitup Johannesburg (Pty) Ltd
Pvt Bag X74,
Braamfontein, 2017
Government
(municipal)
Government
(national)
Tshwane Metro
P O Box 440, Pretoria Mr
0001
Ms
Tel.
Cell.
Fax
e-mail
Maseram Matiwane
e
011-7125372 082-8559364 011-7125322 [email protected]
Kobie
Pretorius
012-3080550 082-7860869 012-3080503 [email protected]
Sibbele
Hietkamp
DWAF
DEAT
Government
(Research)
CSIR
Dr
Parastatal
Eskom
Mr Chris
Masoku
Mrs Linda
Godfrey
Mr Ndivhuho Raphulu
011-8003613 082-8725348 011-8002938 [email protected]
Industry
Fry's Metals
Mr
Wouter
Verwey
011-8275413 082-9000841 011-8242232 [email protected]
Industry
Fry's Metals
Mr
Jan
011-8275413 082-9260875 011-8242232 [email protected]
Industry
Plastics Federation
of SA
Precious Metal
Recoveries
Mr
Douw
Van
Heerden
Steyn
011-6534794 083-3018157 011-3143765 [email protected]
Mr
Mervyn
Frank
011-8244393 082-6502420 011-8244366 [email protected]
Industry
P O Box 1091.
Johannesburg 2000
P O Box 519,
Germiston 1400
P O Box 519,
Germiston 1400
Pvt Bag X69, Halfway
House 0001
P O Box 14298,
Wadeville 1422
page 3/6
Industry
Industry
Precious Metal
Recoveries
mCommerce
Solutions
Industry
Siemens
Consultant
Kobus Otto &
Associates
Enviro Fringe
Services
Consultant
P O Box 14298,
Wadeville 1420
Postnet Suite 20,
P/Bag X1, GlenVistq
2058
Pvt Bag X71, Halfway
House 1685
P O BOX 10106,
Aston Manor 1630
P O Box 176,
Cramerview 2060
Ms
Jill
Dos Reis
011-8244393 083-6864643 011-8244366 [email protected]
Mr
Pierre
Taljaard
011-4322425 083-6001606 011-4322425 [email protected]
Mr
Ron
Glazer
011-6523358 082-8257137 011-6523388 [email protected]
Mr
Kobus
Otto
011-3915665 082-3769673 113915666
Ms
Sue
Bellinger
011-4634902 082-5777000 011-4634902 [email protected]
Tinus
Joubert
Ms
NL
Mthembi
Ms
Lee
Furter
Consultant
Student
Media
Witwatersrand
Technikon
Resource
e-waste project team
EMPA
SKAT Consulting
Lombard de Mattos
& Associates
[email protected]
072-4598881
011-8870781
011-7861104 [email protected]
Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, Mr Rolf
Widmer
CH-9014 St Gallen
Vadianstrasse 42, CH- Mr Jonathan Hecke
9000, St Gallen
P O Box 115, Link Hills Mr Ray
Lombard
3652
0941712747474
0941712285454
031-7633222 083-2554639
[email protected]
712747862
[email protected]
712285455
P O Box 39525,
Bramley 2018
011-3134474
Minutes to be sent also to:
Industry
Nashua
Mr Braam
Venter
3. Workshop program
page 4/6
4. Discussion notes (taken by Ray Lombard)
Problem awareness and extent

No one knows if there is a problem now, but there was consensus that there may well be a problem in the future and this must be
addressed now.
Pikitup Waste Stream data derived from surveys carried out on two occasions agrees reasonably well and some e-waste was
identified in the waste stream. This data can be made accessible.
ICT Industry Representatives indicate that hardware lifecycles in South Africa are longer than they are in Europe or the USA (7 years
at least to total redundancy). A similar situation is thought to apply in the case of cellphones.
According to ICT industry representatives; in a population of 45 million people there are some 12.5 to 15 million computers in use in
RSA. Of these 3.5 to 5.0 million are personal computers.
People store the redundant machines because they do not know what to do with them. Old machines get scavenged and dumped.
Recovery of useful materials from electronic waste
1
2
3
4
5
Some recycling is taking place; those who recycle occasionally / opportunistically collect and process e-waste.
Those carrying out recycling in the ICT industry rebuild machines that can be rebuilt, recover components from machines that cannot
be rebuilt. E.g. obsolete memory chips have a high market value.
Those in the scrap metal industry recover precious metals but newer hardware has less precious metal, i.e. gold, silver, etc. This has
not yet become a stable industry.
Plastics containing flame retardants are a concern – what's happening to these?
Not much is known about informal recycling activities. Care must be taken not to overlook the SMEs. The viability of existing
businesses, including informal operations, must not be impaired but “good work” opportunities must be provided. “Good work” is
defined as work that does not impair the health of the individual whilst being safe and not causing harm to the environment.
Potential ways of approaching the issue in RSA

The ARF (advanced recycling fee) approach was discussed. Industry representatives clearly against government intervention of any
description as they hold the view that recycling that is financially viable proceeds naturally and is therefore sustainable.
Government sector representatives believe in an incentives and regulations approach (stick and carrot approach).
General consensus on the need to create awareness and educate the public. The example of the ROSE Foundation (oil recycling)
was cited on several occasions but this had not entirely solved the problem.
page 5/6

Suggestion from participants to establish an E-Waste Forum, where the ICT industry and the recyclers could meet to solve mutual
problems. Perhaps this could be affiliated to the already established National Recycling Forum.
Suggestions for the EMPA status quo investigation

Focus on computers or general e-waste (old and irreparable electrical goods, cell phones, games machines and all other electronic
goods)? The investigation will mainly follow the life cycles of computers because these can be considered as useful “tracer” for the
entire e-waste stream.
It was suggested that the NRF could use its members to investigate the fate of the components of the e-waste stream, i.e. glass from
CRT units, precious metals from motherboards, plastic from the covers , keyboards and computer mice. The IWMSA could assist.
The CSIR has a recycler dealing with their waste; this avenue could be followed up relative to e-waste.
Scrap metal recovery and processing specialists attending the workshop offered to assist with contacts to the Non-Ferrous Metal
Industry Association, the Metal Recyclers Association, Foundry Manufacturing Association and the South African Iron and Steel
Institution.
page 6/6
Sheet1
EVALUATION OF FORCE FIELD DIAGRAMS
Driving Forces
Constraints
Environmental & Health Considerations 10
Stakeholder Organisation for Product Management 6
Education & Awareness of Waste Minimisation with Cost Analyses 5
Total Participation by Government & Industry 4
Knowledge of impacts 2
Education Framework & Responsibility 5
Lack of Education 3
Inadequate Resources & Knowledge 3
Poor Communication 3
Poor Awareness 3
Better Design & Quality 6
Longer Lasting Hardware 2
Manufacturers, Suppliers & Retailers to provide product information and support 1
Implications of Current Business Practices 5
Resistance to Change 5
Imported Components with little back-up 4
Safety in Re-use 3
Increase the Percentage of components that can be re-used 3
Storage Space is needed 8
Housekeeping & Space 1
Legislation on hazardous waste 7
Legislation on e-waste management 5
Landfills must not accept e-waste 5
Controls on G Class Landfill Sites 4
Increase the cost of hazardous waste disposal 3
Increase the cost of disposal 1
Illegal Dumping at poorly managed disposal facilities 6
Cost of Disposal 5
Resistance to Cost 5
Illegal Dumping 4
Cost of Environmental Controls 4
Encouraging Informal Recovery might have SHE Concerns 3
Almost everything is recyclable at a cost 6
Encourage Re-use with incentives for trade in & donation 5
Financial Incentives 5
Tax Incentives 4
Poverty Alleviation & Job Creation 4
Formalise Collection Systems for Second-hand Hardware 3
Create Infrastructure 3
Job Creation 1
Cost of Initiating Management System 10
Market Saturation for Collectors & Recyclers 8
Cost of Collection and transport 8
Small or No End Market 6
Customer Behaviour 6
Marketing 5
No formal Channels to deal with e-waste 5
Cost of Recycling 5
Psychological Factors 2
Recycled products are seen as inferior 2
Sustainability of Re-use & Associated Income 2
Perceptions 2
Inconvenience 1
Page 1
Group 1: Recovery Force Field Diagram
Current Situation
Driving Forces
Environmental and Health
considerations as well as
the volume of waste
Need Storage Space
Legislation on hazardous
waste including
International treaties
Landfills not accepting ewaste
Poverty Alleviation & Job
Creation
Ideal Situation
Restraining Forces
Cost of initiating collection
system
Cost to Generator of removal,
recycling and disposal of waste
Informal recovery may have
SHE concerns
Saturation of the market for
collectors & recyclers leads to
unsustainable reduced income
.
Illegal dumping at poorly
managed hazardous waste sites
The percentage of components
that are recoverable
Small recycling market
Group 2 : Maximise Re-use Force Field Diagram
Current Situation
Driving Forces
Encourage re-use by incentives on trade-in
and donation
Culture of passing things down by
formalising collection systems of 2nd hand
(drop-off points)
Designing electronic equipment
that lasts
Increase cost of disposal
Legislation on e-waste management
Manufacturers to provide product
information and support
Ideal Situation
Restraining Forces
Customer Behaviour
Marketing
Imported Components &
little back-up
Safety for Re-Use
Sustainability of Re-Use
Support, Legilsation &
Funding
Group 3: Maximise Recycling Force Field
Diagram
Current Situation
30% recycled material is landfilled
Driving Forces
Almost everything is
recyclable – depends on
price
Cost of recycling
Tax incentives
Infrastructure available
Ideal Situation
Most fractions find a buyer
Restraining Forces
Cost of landfilling
Cost of environmental
controls
Lack of education & poor
communication
Perceptions
Recycled products are
seen as inferior
Job creation
No end market
Group 4: Minimise Disposal Force Field
Diagram
Current Situation
Large quantities are landfilled
Driving Forces
Better design (technology &
quality)
Financial incentives
Controls on G sites
Increasing H:H disposal costs
Ideal Situation
Only hazardous waste is landfilled
Restraining Forces
No market
Resistance to cost
Resistance to change
Illegal dumping
Knowledge of impacts
Inadequate resources &
knowledge
Housekeeping & space
Psychological factors
Inconvenience
Group 5: Manufacturing/Importers taking the
lead Force Field Diagram
Current Situation
Driving Forces
Ideal Situation
Restraining Forces
No formal channel to
deal with e-waste
Stakeholder & product
management & formal
committee
Lack of education,
framework &
responsibilty
Education, awareness,
certification & waste
minimisation (cost
analysis)
Implication on current
business practice R’s &
C’s
Total participation
Government & Industry
communication
APPENDIX 3
GENERAL WASTE LEGISLATION IN SOUTH AFRICA
CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES IN E-WASTE
CHAPTERS,
GOVERNMENT POLICY
PARTS
AUTHORITY
OR
SECTIONS
The Constitution of The Republic of South Africa (Act 108
21, 32, 33, 39(1) National Assembly
of 1996)
and 231 (2)
POLICY
Environmental Management Policy
DEAT
Integrated Pollution and Waste Management Policy
DEAT
A Minerals and Mining Policy for South Africa
DME
Gauteng Policy for Healthcare Waste Management
DACEL
NATIONAL ACTS
Environmental Conservation Act (Act 73 of 1989)
III, V, VI
DEAT
National Environmental Management Act (Act 107 of 1998) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
DEAT
Occupational Health & Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993)
D0L
National Water Act (Act 36 of 1998)
20, 21
DWAF
Forest Act (Act 122 of 1984)
75
DWAF
Minerals Act (Act 50 of 1991)
39, 40
DME
Mine, Health and Safety Act (Act 29 of 1996)
5, 6, 12, 23, 98
DME
Electricity Act (Act 41 of 1987)
25
DME
Nuclear Energy Act (Act 131 of 1993)
DME
Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act (Act 45 of 1965)
24
DOH
Hazardous Substances Act (Act 15 of 1973)
2, 3, 19, 29
DOH
Health Act (Act 63 of 1977)
Human Tissue Act (Act 65 of 1983)
20, 27, 30, 31, 33, DOH
34, 36, 38
37
DOH
Development Facilitation Act (Act 67 of 1995)
DLA
Physical Planning Act (Act 125 of 1991)
DPLG
Local Government: Municipal Structures (Act 117 of 1998)
DPLG
Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (Act 32 of 2000)
DPLG
CHAPTERS,
GOVERNMENT POLICY
PARTS
AUTHORITY
OR
SECTIONS
National Building Regulations and Building Standards Act
(Act 103 of 1977)
10, 11, 12, 17
DTI
National Roads Act (Act 54 of 1971)
16
DOT
Road Traffic Act (Act 29 of 1989)
101, 103, 132
DOT
South African National Roads Agency Limited and National
DOT
Roads Act (Act 7 of 1998)
Animal Protection Act (Act 71 of 1962)
2, 5
DOA
Animal Diseases Act (Act 35 of 1984)
17, 31
DOA
Abattoir Hygiene Act (Act 121of 1992)
17, 24
DOA
Fertilisers, Farm Feeds, Agricultural Remedies and Stock
Remedies Act (Act 36 of 1947)
Sectional Titles Act (Act 95 of 1986)
Regulations in terms of the Sectional Titles Act
Housing Act (Act 107 of 1997)
7bis
DOA
28
DPW
Annexure 9
DPW
Section 2, 7
9
DOH
REGULATIONS
Hazardous Substances Act
DME
Government Notice R453 GG 5467 of 25/3/77
Government Notice R73 of 11/1/85
Environment Conservation Act
DEAT
Government Notice R1182 GG18261 of 5/9/97
Sectional Titles Act
DPW
Regulations (Annexure 9: Conduct Rules)
Minerals Act
DME
Development Facilitation Act
DLA
CHAPTERS,
GOVERNMENT POLICY
PARTS
AUTHORITY
OR
SECTIONS
PROVINCIAL ORDINANCES
Local Government Ordinance
The nine provinces
Town Planning and Township Ordinance
KwaZulu-Natal Planning and Development Act (Act 5 OF
The Province of KwaZulu-
1998)
Natal
Natal Town Planning Ordinance, 1949
The Province of KwaZuluNatal
EXAMPLES OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT BY-LAWS
Builder’s Refuse
Johannesburg Metro
Special Industrial, Hazardous, Medical and Infectious
Johannesburg Metro
Refuse
Disposal Sites
Johannesburg Metro
Littering, Dumping and Ancillary Matters
Johannesburg Metro
NATIONAL GUIDELINES
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Second Edition,
DWAF
1998. Waste Management Series. Minimum Requirements
for Waste Disposal by Landfill.
DWAF
for the Handling, Classification and Disposal of Hazardous
Waste.
DWAF
for Water Monitoring at Waste Management Facilities.
The identification and classification of dangerous
SANS
substances and goods
Integrated Environmental Management Series: Checklists
DEAT
for Environmental Characteristics, 1992
Aide-Mémoire for the Preparation of Environmental
Management Programme Reports for Prospecting and
Mining Operations, 1992
DME
CHAPTERS,
GOVERNMENT POLICY
PARTS
AUTHORITY
OR
SECTIONS
Mining Environmental Management Guideline for planning
DME
and Authorisation (revised Aide-Mémoire)
Mining Environmental Management Guideline for the
DME
Implementation of EMPs
EIA Regulations: Implementation of Sections 21, 22 and 26
DEAT
of the Environment Conservation Act, 1998
Agenda 21: An agenda for Sustainable Development into
DEAT
st
the 21 Century, 1998
Sludge Disposal Guidelines
DOA
OTHER GUIDELINES
Code of Practice for the Bulk Handling and Storage of
Chamber of Mines
Hazardous Chemicals
DOCUMENT
Guide Plans
Provincial Government
Structure Plans
Local Government
Land Development Objectives
Local Government
Abbreviations:
DAEA:
Department of Agriculture and Environmental Affairs
DEAT:
Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism
DLA:
Department of Land Affairs
DME:
Department of Minerals and Energy
DOH:
Department of Health
DOL:
Department of Labour
DOT:
Department of Transport
DOA:
Department of Agriculture
DPLG:
Department of Provincial and Local Government
DPW:
Department of Public Works
DTI:
Department of Trade and Industry
DWAF:
Department of Water Affairs and Forestry
SANS:
South African National Standards
Sheet1
OPERATING COST OF CONTAINER TRAINING ROOM
Cost element
Container as specified with shopfitting
Server
Printer/Fax/Scanner/photocopier
Thin Client Workstations
Contingency Allowance
Depreciation
Units
Unit
Cost
1
1
1
12
Electricity
Telephone (ADSL)
Water
Entrepreneur's Drawings
Assistants Wages
Security Service
Admin/Book keeping
Toilet Hire
Consumables
Technical Maintenance
Running Cost
Total
Cost
80703.00
5537.00
4000.00
2145.00
1
Amortisation
Period
(months)
80703.00
5537.00
4000.00
25740.00
9030.00
9.00
Monthly
Cost
60.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
60
1345.05
153.81
111.11
715.00
150.50
2475.47
1000.00
1400.00
100.00
20000.00
2808.00
500.00
1200.00
1500.00
3000.00
3000.00
34508.00
2808.00
1
Total Operating Cost
Cost Recovery
Running Cost
Unit Running Cost 12 units
Income Potential
Charges
36983.47
Daily hours
Days/month Gross hours Utilisation
Correction
12
per minute
0.35
26
hourly
rate
312
Units
21
0.6
Utilisation
hours
12
2246.4
Income Statement
Gross Revenue
less, Operating Cost
Gross Profit
less,VAT
Profit after VAT
Less, Tax Provision
Profit
Total Cost
36983.47
Cost/hour
197.56
16.46
Gross Monthly
Revenue
47174.40
Gross Monthly
Revenue
47174.40
36983.47
10190.93
1426.73
8764.20
6134.941867
2629.26
0.7
Page 1
Sheet1
OPERATING COST OF CONTAINER TRAINING ROOM
Cost element
Units
Unit
Cost
Container as specified with shopfitting
Server
Printer/Fax/Scanner/photocopier
Thin Client Workstations
Depreciation
1
1
1
12
Electricity
Telephone (ADSL)
Water
Entrepreneur's Drawings
Assistants Wages
Security Service
Admin/Book keeping
Toilet Hire
Consumables
Technical Maintenance
Running Cost
Total
Cost
58300.00
4000.00
4000.00
2000.00
1
Amortisation
Period
(months)
58300.00
4000.00
4000.00
24000.00
9.00
Monthly
Cost
60.00
36.00
36.00
36.00
971.67
111.11
111.11
666.67
1860.56
1000.00
1400.00
100.00
30000.00
2808.00
500.00
1200.00
1500.00
3000.00
3000.00
44508.00
2808.00
1
Total Operating Cost
Cost Recovery
46368.56
Daily hours
Running Cost
Unit Running Cost 12 units
Income Potential
Charges
Days/month Gross hours Utilisation
Correction
12
per minute
0.5
26
hourly
rate
Units
30
Income Statement
Gross Revenue
less, Operating Cost
Gross Profit
less,VAT
Profit after VAT
Less, Tax Provision
Profit
312
0.5
Utilisation
hours
12
1872
Total Cost
46368.56
Cost/hour
297.23
24.77
Gross Monthly
Revenue
56160.00
Gross Monthly
Revenue
56160.00
46368.56
9791.44
1370.80
8420.64
5894.449556
2526.19
0.7
Page 1