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High efficiency solar cells by nanophotonic design Albert Polman Piero Spinelli Claire van Lare Jorik van de Groep Bonna Newman Mark Knight Paula Bronsveld Frank Lenzmann Ruud Schropp Wim Sinke Center for Nanophotonics FOM-Institute AMOLF Amsterdam, The Netherlands Marc Verschuuren Guanchao Yin Martina Schmid Dhritiman Gupta Martijn Wienk Bart Macco Erwin Kessels Rene Janssen Lourens van Dijk Vivian Ferry Dennis Calahan Matt Sheldon Harry Atwater Outline Light coupling and trapping Nanopatterned ARC on glass Transparent metal nanowire networks Plasmoelectric effect in metal nanostructures Jsc and Voc relative to SQ limit (at given bandgap) carrier management light management © AMOLF The scattering solar cell Light coupling and trapping by resonant light scatterers 4% n=1.0 n=3.5 96% H.A. Atwater and A. Polman Nature Mater. 9, 205 (2010), Nature Mater. 11, 174 (2012) Silicon Mie scatterer on a Si substrate Si sphere Si cylinder Si Si Mie resonance Si Silicon nano-cylinders act as cavities for light and direct light into the substrate Si Piero Spinelli Nature Comm. 3, 692 (2012) Black silicon using leaky Mie resonances Average reflectivity: 1.3% Si3N4 Si Si Piero Spinelli Nature Comm. 3, 692 (2012) Substrate conformal imprint lithography PDMS Stamp Thin glass PDMS stamp (6”) on 200 µm AF-45 glass 1 m Full-wafer soft nano-imprint • Flexible rubber on thin glass • Conform to substrate bow and roughness • No stamp damage due to particles Marc Verschuuren PhD thesis, Utrecht University (2010) Light trapping in 5 m crystalline Si slab FDTD simulation Absorption (%) 100 Mie (random) 80 Si t = 5µm Back reflector Mie (periodic) 60 40 Si3N4 flat coating 20 0 400 600 800 1000 Wavelength (nm) Piero Spinelli IEEE J. Photovolt. 4, 554 (2014) Optimizing spatial frequency of scattering pattern Asahi U-type Claire van Lare ACS Photon. 2, 822 (2015) Effect of EVA encapsulation EVA Si Si Piero Spinelli IEEE J. Photovolt. 5, 559 (2015) TiO2 nanoscatterers on Si Al2O3 surface passivation TiO2 Mie coating 5 nm Al2O3 Si wafer ( = 3 ms) 5 nm Al2O3 Bare Si wafer 32.1% TiO2 Mie coating 2.6% 1.6% Piero Spinelli, Bart Macco Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 233902 (2013) Nanopatterned Si solar cell designs Piero Spinelli, Bonna Newman Ultra-thin a-Si:H solar cell: 90 nm i–layer Experiment 400 nm pitch patterned flat enhanced red and blue response by Simulation resonant dielectric scatterers 400 nm pitch 400 nm pitch flat 500 nm pitch 500 nm ITO pitch a-Si:H ZnO:Al Ag sol-gel flat 500 nm Vivian Ferry, Claire van Lare Nano Lett. 11, 4239 (2011), Optics Express 21, 20739 (2013) Nanopatterned CIGS solar cell designs TiO2 AZO (240 nm) ITO (130 nm) CdS (100 nm) CIGS (460 nm) Mo (800 nm) nano nano flat flat + enhanced Voc reduced backrecombination Claire van Lare, Guanchao Yin ACS Nano 9, 9603 (2015) Nanopatterned GaAs, thin crystalline Si simulations Piero Spinelli, Dennis Callahan, Lourens van Dijk The solar cell as an optical integrated circuit =670 nm ITO a-Si:H ZnO:Al Ag sol-gel 500 nm Vivian Ferry, Claire van Lare Nano Lett. 11, 4239 (2011), Optics Express 21, 20739 (2013) Soft-imprinted nanopatterned AR interference coating Silica sol-gel Rubber stamp Nanoglass Flexible Silica nanopattern with effective index n=1.22 100 nm d = 240 nm h = 120 nm p = 325 nm Jorik van de Groep, Piero Spinelli Nano Lett. 15, 4223 (2015) Measured total reflection Silica nanopattern on glass substrate 7.3 % 4.3 % 1.1 % Jorik van de Groep, Piero Spinelli Nano Lett. 15, 4223 (2015) Nano-imprinted encapsulated Si solar cells 3.8% increase in photocurrent Jorik van de Groep, Piero Spinelli Nano Lett. 15, 4223 (2015) Nano-imprinted smart phones flat patterned Jorik van de Groep, Piero Spinelli Nano Lett. 15, 4223 (2015) Hydrophobicity Jorik van de Groep, Piero Spinelli Nano Lett. 15, 4223 (2015) Transparent conductive silver nanowire network 2 m Ag nanowire network fabricated with electron beam lithography width: 45-110 nm height: 60 nm Jorik van de Groep, Piero Spinelli Nano Lett. 12, 3138 (2012) Transparent conductive silver nanowire network Optical transmission 45 nm 110 nm MIM plasmons I-V Localized plasmons Surface plasmons Ag nanowires can replace ITO Jorik van de Groep, Piero Spinelli Nano Lett. 12, 3138 (2012) Ag nanowire network transparent conductors pitch 100 nm Ag nanowires on glass Jorik van de Groep, Dhritiman Gupta Sci. Rep. 5, 11414 (2015) Metal nanowire printed Si HIT cells ITO: reduces Jsc – Ohmic losses – Shading by Ag fingers – Optical absorption – Light reflection sunlight shading Ag fingers Ohmic losses ITO ITO dielectric function 2.5 Drude absorption 0.8 0.6 1 0.4 80 nm ≈ c-Si wafer n type, FZ or CZ, <111> ≈ k n 1.5 optical attenuation p+ a-Si:H i a-Si:H 1 2 50 µm interband absorption 0.5 0.2 a-Si:H i n+ a-Si:H ITO 0 500 1000 0 1500 Ag Wavelength (nm) Synowicki, Thin Solid Films 313, 394 (1998) Mark Knight Jorik van de Groep Metal nanowire printed Si HIT solar cells SCIL in silica sol-gel + Ag evaporation + lift-off Varying array pitch Width ~80 nm 1000 nm 800 nm 600 nm 400 nm Varying wire width Pitch 500 nm 63 nm 82 nm 101 nm 113 nm Mark Knight Jorik van de Groep SCIL on FZ and CZ Si wafers Float-zone Si(100) mechanically polished Czochralski-grown Si(111) chemically polished 5 mm • Flexible PDMS stamp conforms to rough substrate • No stamp damage due to dust, roughness Mark Knight Jorik van de Groep Nanoscale conformality of SCIL soft imprint Rough CZ Si height (nm) height (nm) Polished FZ Si 200 NW height: 50 nm 100 0 0 5 10 position (m) 15 20 NW height: 50 nm 200 100 0 0 5 10 position (m) 15 20 Mark Knight Jorik van de Groep Ag nanowire patterned Si heterojunction solar cells 80 nm ITO 20 nm ITO + Ag NW + SiNx Mark Knight, Jorik van de Groep, Paula Bronsveld Ag nanowire patterned Si heterojunction solar cells NW pitch : 1 µm 2 µm 4 µm ITO only 1 cm 1 µm 80 nm ITO 4.0 7.2 15 width: 80 nm height: 120 nm Mark Knight, Jorik van de Groep, Paula Bronsveld 2 µm 4 µm FF 1 µm Jsc (mA cm-2) Voc (mW) Ag nanowire patterned Si heterojunction solar cells Efficiency (%) no NW Mark Knight, Jorik van de Groep, Paula Bronsveld Soft imprinted nanowire networks 100 nm Jorik van de Groep, Dhritiman Gupta Sci. Rep. 5, 11414 (2015) 20 nm Ag sphere in vacuum ne e2 R p m* 0 Absorption cross section (10-19 cm2) Plasmon resonance depends on charge density Wavelength (nm) Jorik van de Groep, Matt Sheldon Science 346, 828 (2014) F ( N , T ) F F T 0 N N T T N N S T (N ,T ) S (N ,T ) N T/N n/n0 T 0 N Voltage (V) o T(K) Minimize free energy F(N,T) (nm) Plasmo-electric effect in metal nanostructures: thermodynamics (nm) Jorik van de Groep, Matt Sheldon Science 346, 828 (2014) Plasmo-electric potential: experiments Ag colloids on ITO Kelvin probe microscopy 60 nm Au Jorik van de Groep, Matt Sheldon Science 346, 828 (2014) Plasmo-electric effect in metal nanostructures Jorik van de Groep, Matt Sheldon Science 346, 828 (2014) Plasmo-electric effect on resonant Au hole arrays 100 mW/cm2 Plasmo-electric potential spectral dependence shifts with array resonance Jorik van de Groep, Matt Sheldon Science 346, 828 (2014) Plasmo-electric effect in metal nanostructures Jorik van de Groep, Matt Sheldon Science 346, 828 (2014) Conclusions Light coupling and trapping Nanopatterned ARC on glass Transparent metal nanowire networks Plasmoelectric effect in metal nanostructures For details: see www.erbium.nl
