pattern matters in interior space perception
Transcription
pattern matters in interior space perception
PATTERN MATTERS IN I N T E R I O R S P A C E P E RC E P T I O N Christoph von Castell, Heiko Hecht, Daniel Oberfeld Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Department of Psychology, General Experimental Psychology MOTIVATION Interior-design experts: o Horizontally striped walls make a room appear wider and lower, vertically striped walls make a room appear higher and narrower (e.g., Neufert & Kister, 2009) Visual expansion in the orientation of striped patterns Previous findings of surface-characteristics effects on the perceived size of small objects: o Helmholtz-square (von Helmholtz, 1867): A horizontally striped square appears taller than wide, a vertically striped square appears wider than tall o Oppel-Kundt-illusion (OKI; Kundt, 1863; Oppel, 1861): An exocentric distance between two vertical sticks appears larger when divided by additional vertical sticks o OKI depends on the number of dividing sticks – e.g., Mikellidou & Thompson (2014): Maximum visual expansion with eight to 12 sticks, reversal of effect with one stick Visual expansion perpendicular to the orientation of striped patterns Who is right? Or, do interior space and objects behave differently? METHOD DESIGN AND PROCEDURE Independent variables (IVs) o Room width: 4.30, 4.50, 4.70 m o Ceiling height: 2.90, 3.00, 3.10 m Dependent variables (DVs) o Perceived width o Perceived height Centimeter ratings in two separate blocks Order of blocks balanced between subjects EXPERIMENT 1 o Pattern orientation: Plain, vertical stripes, horizontal stripes (10 cm stripe width) 3 trials per combination of the IVs × 2 DVs = 162 trials per subject STIMULI APPARATUS 3D room simulations o Variation of wall pattern o Variation of room width o Variation of ceiling height o Constant room depth (6.00 m) o Constant overall lightness of walls (controlled by spectroradiometer) Large projection screen o Stereoscopic viewing o Eye position horizontally and vertically centered to screen o Viewing distance: 2.00 m o Virtual eye height: 1.30 m o FOV: 66.00° horizontal and 52.00° vertical EXPERIMENT 2A o Number of vertical stripes (spatial frequency): 0, 4, 12, 36 3 trials per combination of the IVs × 2 DVs = 216 trials per subject Observer’s (O) position relative to the projection screen (S) and the variably wide virtual room (rectangular frames). The grey shaded area was not visible to the observer. Virtual dimensions are printed in grey, real dimensions are printed in black. EXPERIMENT 2B o Number of vertical stripes (spatial frequency): 0, 36, 72, 144, 288 3 trials per combination of the IVs × 2 DVs = 270 trials per subject SUBJECTS o N = 20 subjects each RESULTS Separate rmANOVAs for both DVs o Room width in all experiments Perceived width increased with increasing room width o Ceiling height in all experiments Perceived width decreased with increasing ceiling height Wall pattern × Room width × Ceiling height o Room width in all experiments Perceived height decreased with increasing room width o Ceiling height in all experiments Perceived height increased with increasing ceiling height Note: All other effects n.s. CONCLUSION o EXPERIMENT 1: Virtually no effect of pattern orientation on width and height estimates At odds with both the experts' design recommendations and von Helmholtz's (1867) assumptions Probably due to relatively low number of stripes? o EXPERIMENT 2A and EXPERIMENT 2B: Considerable effect of the number of vertical stripes Smaller width and height estimates for low-frequency (up to 12 vertical stripes) wall paints than for plain (unstriped) wall paints Larger width and height estimates for high-frequency (288 vertical stripes) wall paints than for plain (unstriped) wall paints Width estimates consistent with previous results on the number of dividing sticks in the OKI (e.g., Mikellidou & Thompson, 2014) When you seek to visually enlarge your room's perceived size by means of a striped wall paint, we recommend working with a slender brush. REFERENCES Kundt, A. (1863). Untersuchungen über Augenmass und optische Täuschungen. Poggendorffs Annalen, 120, 118-158. Mikellidou, K., & Thompson, P. (2014). Crossing the line: Estimations of line length in the Oppel-Kundt illusion. Journal of Vision, 14(8). Oppel, J. J. (1861). Über geometrisch-optische Täuschungen (zweite Nachlese). Jahresbericht des physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main 1860/61 (pp. 26-37). Von Helmholtz, H. (1867). Handbuch der physiologischen Optik (Allgemeine Encyklopädie der Physik, Vol. 9). Leipzig: Voss. CONTACT: [email protected] TEAP 2016 HEIDELBERG r epr int We are grateful to Agnes Münch for programming the experiments. This study was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft: "Innenraumwahrnehmung", HE 2122/10-1 (Heiko Hecht) and OB 346/5-1 (Daniel Oberfeld). Sc an for ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS