Direct3D Initialization Objectives

Direct3D Initialization
6th Week,
W k 2009
Objectives
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To learn how Direct3D interacts with graphics
hardware
To understand the role that COM plays with
Di t3D
Direct3D
To learn fundamental graphics concepts, such as
how 2D images are stored, page flipping, and
depth buffering
To find out how to initialize and draw text with
Di t3D
Direct3D
To become familiar with the general structure that
the sample applications of this book employ
To discover how to debug your Direct3D
applications
Direct3D Overview
■
Direct3D
■
■
A low-level graphics API (Application Programming
Interface)
A mediator between the application and the
graphic device (3D hardware)
Application
pp
■
Direct3D
HAL
Graphics
Device
HAL (Hardware Abstraction Layer)
■
The set of device-specific code that instructs the
device to perform an operation
Devices
■
HAL (a hardware device)
■
■
SW ((a software
ft
d
device)
i )
■
■
■
■
3D hardware acceleration – modern 3D games
Using features that are not available in hardware
Slower than a hardware implementation
Not implementing all Direct3D operations
REF (a reference device)
■
■
A reference rasterizer – emulating the entire
Direct3D API in software
For development only – slow enough that it’s not
practical
i l to use ffor anything
hi
b
but testing
i
COM
■
Component Object Model
■
■
Construction – to obtain pointers to COM
■
■
■
An interface which can be thought of and used as a
C++ class
Through
Th
h special
i l ffunctions
ti
or b
by th
the methods
th d off
another COM interface
Not creating a COM interface with the C++ new
keyword
Destruction
■
Calling Release method rather than delete it
Some Preliminaries
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Surfaces
The Swap Chain and Page Flipping
Pixel Formats
Display
p y Adapters
p
Depth Buffers
Multisampling
Memory Pools
Vertex Processing
i
and
d Pure Devices
i
Device Capabilities
Surfaces
■
A matrix of pixels that Direct3D uses primarily
to store 2D image data
■
Pitch (bytes) ≠ Width (pixels)
Pitch
Width
(0,0)
(0,2)
+X
· · ·
(1 0)
(1,0)
Height
·
·
·
Pitch
Area
Surface Element – Pixel
+Y
The Swap Chain & Page Flipping (1)
■
Swap Chain
■
■
A collection of surfaces (usually two or three)
Surface 1
Surface 2
Front Buffer
Back Buffer
Æ Displaying
Æ Rendering
P
Page
Fli
Flipping
i (Double
D bl B
Buffering
ff i )
■
■
Providing smooth, flicker-free animation between
frames
‘Presenting’: back buffer ↔ front buffer
The Swap Chain & Page Flipping (2)
■
Ex) Presenting two times
Surface 1
Front Buffer
Surface 2
Swap
Surface 2
Front Buffer
Back Buffer
Surface 1
Swap
Back Buffer
Surface 1
Surface 2
Front Buffer
Back Buffer
Pixel Formats
■
Specifying the pixel formats when creating
surfaces
■
■
■
How many bits are allocated for RGBA
How the bits are organized in memory
S
Some
common pixel
i l fformats
t
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■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
D3DFMT_X1R5G5B5
D3DFMT_R5G6B5
D3DFMT_R8G8B8
D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8
D3DFMT_A8R8G8B8
D3DFMT_A8
D3DFMT_R16F
D3DFMT
3
_A16B16G16R16F
6 6G 6 6
D3DFMT_R32F
D3DFMT_A32B32G32R32F
Display Adapters
■
Referring to a physical graphic card
■
■
IDi
IDirect3D9
t3D9 interface
i t f
■
■
A system may have more than one adapter
Î Enumerating all available adapters
Î Picking the best one for the application
A stepping-stone to creating the
IDi
IDirect3DDevice9
t3DD i 9 interface
inte face
Primary display adapter
■
■
The one displaying the Windows desktop
D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT identifier
Depth Buffers (1)
■
A surface that contains depth information
about a particular pixel
■
■
Depth buffering or z-buffering
■
■
■
Depth value: 0.0~1.0
0.0 1.0 (the closest ~ the farthest)
Determining which pixels of an object are in front
of another
Computing a depth value for each pixel and
performing
f
i
ad
depth
h test
The format of the depth buffer
■
■
■
■
■
D3DFMT_D32
D3DFMT
D32
D3DFMT_D24S8
D3DFMT_D24X8
D3DFMT D24X4S4
D3DFMT_D24X4S4
D3DFMT_D16
Depth Buffers (2)
■
Depth test
■
Comparing the depths of pixels competing to be
written to a particular
pixel location on the back
P3
buffer
P2
P
P1
d2
d1
P
d3
Viewer
View Window
View Window
Drawing Order
Od
Depth
h Test
Backk Buffer
ff
Viewer Initialization
Default Color
Cylinder
d3 < 1.0
10
P3
Sphere
d1 < d3
P1
Cone
d2 > d1
P1
P1
d1
P2
P3
d2 d3
Depth
h Buffer
ff
1.0
d3
d1
d1
Multisampling
■
Antialiasing technique
■
■
Taking the neighboring pixels into consideration
when computing the final color of a pixel
The type of multisampling
■
■
D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE
D3DMULTISAMPLE
NONE
D3DMULTISAMPLE_2_SAMPLES, …,
D3DMULTISAMPLE 16 SAMPLES
D3DMULTISAMPLE_16_SAMPLES
“Stairstep” (aliasing)
Antialiasing
Memory Pools
■
Memory type
RAM (system memory), VRAM (video memory), or
AGP memory (Accelerated Graphics Port)
Î The graphic device can directly access VRAM or
AGP
■
■
The Direct3D memory pool
■
■
■
■
determining the memory type in which a resource
is placed
D3DPOOL MANAGED
D3DPOOL_MANAGED
D3DPOOL_DEFAULT
D3DPOOL SYSTEM
D3DPOOL_SYSTEM
Vertex Processing and Pure Devices
■
Software Vertex Processing
■
■
Hardware Vertex Processing
■
■
■
■
Always supported (Æ always can be used)
Only can be used if the graphics card supports vertex
processing
p
g in hardware
Faster than software
Unloading
g calculation from CPU
Pure Device
■
■
Referring
g to a device in which some of Get style
y
methods (e.g. render state, transform state, lights, and
texture Get methods) are disabled
O l can b
Only
be specified
ifi d with
ith vertex
t h
hardware
d
processing
i
Device Capabilities
■
Initializing the members of a D3DCAPS9 object
based on the capabilities of a particular
hardware device
■
To check whether a device supports a feature by
checking the corresponding data member or bit in
a D3DCAPS9 instance
Initializing Direct3D
Acquire a pointer to IDirect3D9 interface
Verify hardware support
Check the device capabilities (D3DCAPS)
Initialize an instance of the D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS
Create the IDirect3DDevice9 interface
Acquiring an IDirect3D9 Interface
■
A Direct3D function to acquire a pointer to an
IDirect3D9 interface
IDirect3D9* md3dObject;
md3dObject = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);
■
D3D_SDK_VERSION: to guarantee that the
application is built against the correct header files
Verifying HAL Support (1)
■
Verifying that the pixel format combination for
the display and back buffer are supported by
the hardware
HRESULT IDirect3D9::CheckDeviceType(
UINT Adapter,
D3DDEVTYPE DeviceType,
D i T
D3DFORMAT DisplayFormat,
D3DFORMAT BackBufferFormat,
BOOL Windowed );
■
■
■
■
Adapter: the display adapter
DeviceType: the device type (usually
D3DDEVTYPE_HAL)
DisplayFormat, BackBufferFormat: the display
and back buffer formats
Windowed: windowed (true) or full-screen (false)
mode
Verifying HAL Support (2)
D3DDISPLAYMODE mode;
md3dObject->GetAdapterDisplayMode(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, &mode);
HR(md3dObject >CheckDeviceType(D3DADAPTER DEFAULT
HR(md3dObject->CheckDeviceType(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
mDevType, mode.Format, mode.Format, true));
HR(md3dObject->CheckDeviceType(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
mDevType, D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8, D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8, false));
Checking for Hardware Vertex
Processing (1)
■
First, initializing a D3DCAPS9 instance based
First
on the capabilities of the primary display
adapter
HRESULT IDirect3D9::GetDeviceCaps(
UINT Adapter,
D3DDEVTYPE DeviceType,
D3DCAPS9 *pCaps );
■
■
■
■
Adapter: the display adapter
DeviceType: the device type (e.g.
D3DDEVTYPE HAL or D3DDEVTYPE_REF)
D3DDEVTYPE_HAL
D3DDEVTYPE REF)
pCaps: initialized capabilities structure to be
returned
Then, checking the capabilities
Checking for Hardware Vertex
Processing (2)
D3DCAPS9 caps;
HR(md3dObject->GetDeviceCaps(D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, mDevType,
&caps));
DWORD devBehaviorFlags = 0;
if( caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_HWTRANSFORMANDLIGHT )
devBehaviorFlags |= mRequestedVP;
else
devBehaviorFlags |= D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING;
// If pure device and HW T&L supported
if( caps.DevCaps & D3DDEVCAPS_PUREDEVICE &&
devBehaviorFlags & D3DCREATE
D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING
HARDWARE VERTEXPROCESSING )
devBehaviorFlags |= D3DCREATE_PUREDEVICE;
D3DPRESENT PARAMETERS (1)
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS
■
Filling out an instance of the
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS structure
typedef struct _D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS_
D3DPRESENT PARAMETERS {
UINT
BackBufferWidth, BackBufferHeight;
D3DFORMAT BackBufferFormat;
UINT
U
BackBufferCount;
ac u e Cou t;
D3DMULTISAMPLE_TYPE MultiSampleType;
DWORD
MultiSampleQuality;
p
D3DSWAPEFFECT SwapEffect;
HWND
hDeviceWindow;
BOOL
Windowed;
BOOL
EnableAutoDepthStencil;
D3DFORMAT AutoDepthStencilFormat;
DWORD
Flags;
UINT
FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz;
UINT
PresentationInterval;
} D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS;
D3DPRESENT PARAMETERS (2)
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
BackBufferWidth, BackBufferHeight: width and
height of the back buffer surface in pixel
BackBufferFormat: pixel format of the back buffer
BackBufferCount: number of back buffers to use
MultiSampleType, MultiSampleQuality: type and
quality
li llevell off multisampling
li
li
SwapEffect: how the buffers in the flipping chain will
be swapped
EnableAutoDepthStencil: true Æ creating and
g the depth/stencil
p
buffer automaticallyy
maintaining
AutoDepthStencilFormat: the format of the
depth/stencil buffer
PresentationInterval: immediate / default
D3DPRESENT PARAMETERS (3)
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS md3dPP;
md3dPP.BackBufferWidth
md3dPP.BackBufferHeight
md3dPP.BackBufferFormat
md3dPP.BackBufferCount
md3dPP.MultiSampleType
md3dPP.MultiSampleQuality
md3dPP.SwapEffect
md3dPP.hDeviceWindow
md3dPP.Windowed
3
md3dPP.EnableAutoDepthStencil
md3dPP.AutoDepthStencilFormat
md3dPP.Flags
d3dPP Fl
md3dPP.FullScreen_RefreshRateInHz
md3dPP.PresentationInterval
D3DPRESENT INTERVAL IMMEDIATE;
D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
0;
0;
D3DFMT_UNKNOWN;
1;
D3DMULTISAMPLE_NONE;
0;
D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
mhMainWnd;
true;
true;
D3DFMT_D24S8;
0
0;
D3DPRESENT_RATE_DEFAULT;
Creating the IDirect3DDevice9
Interface (1)
■
Finally creating the IDirect3DDevice9 interface
HRESULT IDirect3D9::CreateDevice(
UINT Adapter,
D3DDEVTYPE DeviceType,
De iceT pe
HWND hFocusWindow,
DWORD BehaviorFlags,
D3DPRESENT PARAMETERS *pPresentationParameters
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS
*pPresentationParameters,
IDirect3DDevice9** ppReturnedDeviceInterface );
■
■
■
■
■
■
Adapter: the display adapter
DeviceType: the device type
hFocusWindow: handle to the window
BehaviorFlags: the creation flag
pPresentationParameters: an initialized
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS
_
instance
ppReturnedDeviceInterface: the created device
Creating the IDirect3DDevice9
Interface (2)
IDirect3DDevice9* gd3dDevice = 0;
HR(md3dObject->CreateDevice(
D3DADAPTER DEFAULT // primary adapter
D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT,
mDevType,
// device type
mhMainWnd,
// window associated with device
devBehaviorFlags,
// vertex processing
&md3dPP,
// present parameters
&gd3dDevice));
// return created device
Lost Devices (1)
■
E g ) using Alt+Tab from full-screen
E.g.)
full screen mode
■
■
an event that causes the device to be lost
Only two device methods work:
■
IDirect3DDevice9::TestCooperativeLevel –
g the current state of the device
returning
■
■
■
■
■
D3DERR_DEVICELOST – the device is lost and cannot be
reset yet
D3DERR DRIVERINTERNALERROR – an internal driver error
D3DERR_DRIVERINTERNALERROR
has occurred
D3DERR_DEVICENOTRESET – the device is lost but can be
restored by calling IDirect3DDevice9::Reset
D3D_OK – the device is running
IDirect3DDevice9::Reset
Lost Devices (2)
bool D3DApp::isDeviceLost()
{
// Get the state of the graphics device.
HRESULT hr = gd3dDevice->TestCooperativeLevel();
// If the device is lost and cannot be reset yet then
// sleep for a bit and we'll
we ll try again on the next
// message loop cycle.
if( hr == D3DERR_DEVICELOST )
{
Sleep(20);
return true;
}
// Driver error, exit.
else if( hr == D3DERR_DRIVERINTERNALERROR )
{
MessageBox(0 "Internal
MessageBox(0,
Internal Driver Error...Exiting
Error
Exiting", 0,
0 0);
PostQuitMessage(0);
return true;
}
// The device is lost but we can reset and restore it.
else if( hr == D3DERR_DEVICENOTRESET
D3DERR DEVICENOTRESET )
{
onLostDevice();
HR(gd3dDevice->Reset(&md3dPP));
onResetDevice();
return false;
}
else
return false;
}
Downloading Sample Program
‘Hello
Hello Direct3D’
Direct3D Solution
Project Æ Properties
■
Configuration Properties Æ Linker Æ Input
■
Additional Dependencies: d3d9.lib d3dx9d.lib
dxguid lib dxerr9
dxguid.lib
dxerr9.lib
lib dinput8
dinput8.lib
lib
Result – Hello Direct3D
Sample Code: Hello Direct3D
d3dApp.h
: the core Direct3D application class code
d3dApp.cpp
d3dUtil.h
: useful utility code
derivation
HelloDirect3D.cpp
pp
code
: our application
D3DApp (1)
class D3DApp
{
public:
D3DApp(HINSTANCE hInstance, std::string winCaption, D3DDEVTYPE
devType, DWORD requestedVP);
virtual ~D3DApp();
HINSTANCE getAppInst();
HWND
getMainWnd();
virtual
virtual
virtual
virtual
i t l
virtual
bool
void
void
void
id
void
checkDeviceCaps()
{ return true; }
onLostDevice()
{}
onResetDevice()
{}
updateScene(float
d t S
(fl t dt) {}
drawScene()
{}
virtual void initMainWindow();
virtual void initDirect3D();
virtual int run();
virtual LRESULT msgProc(UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam);
void enableFullScreenMode(bool enable);
bool isDeviceLost();
D3DApp (2)
protected:
std::string
td
t i
mMainWndCaption;
M i W dC ti
D3DDEVTYPE mDevType;
DWORD
mRequestedVP;
HINSTANCE
HWND
IDirect3D9*
bool
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS
mhAppInst;
h
mhMainWnd;
md3dObject;
mAppPaused;
md3dPP;
};
D3DApp (3)
■
Data Members
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
mMainWndCaption: string value to appear in the
main window’s title bar
mDevType: device type (D3DDEVTYPE_HAL or
D3DDEVTYPE_REF)
mRequestedVP: vertex processing
i
type
mhAppInst: copy of the application instance
handle
mhMainWnd: copy of the main application window
handle
md3dObject: pointer to an IDirect3D9 object
mAppPaused: true Æ the application is paused
md3dPP: copy of D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS
D3DApp (4)
■
Non-Framework
Non
Framework Methods
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
■
D3DApp: constructor (calling initMainWindow and
initDirect3D)
~D3DApp: destructor (releasing COM interfaces)
getAppInst: to return mhAppInst
getMainWnd: to return mhMainWnd
initMainWindow: to initialize the main application
window
initDirect3D: to initialize Direct3D
enableFullScreenMode: to switch to full-screen
mode
isDeviceLost: to check the state of the device
msgProc:
g
window p
procedure function
run: message loop
D3DApp (5)
■
Framework Methods
■
■
■
■
■
checkDeviceCaps: checking device to verify that
the hardware supports any special features
onLostDevice: being called before a device is to
be reset
onResetDevice: being called after a device has
been reset
updateScene: being called every frame and used
to update the 3D application over time
drawScene: being invoked every frame and used
to draw current frame
“d3dApp
d3dApp.cpp
cpp”
“d3dUtil
d3dUtil.h
h” (1)
#ifndef D3DUTIL_H
#define D3DUTIL_H
#if defined(DEBUG) | defined(_DEBUG)
#ifndef D3D_DEBUG_INFO
D3D DEBUG INFO
#define D3D_DEBUG_INFO
#endif
#endif
#include
#include
#include
#include
#include
<d3d9.h>
<d3dx9.h>
<dxerr9.h>
<string>
<sstream>
// Globals for convenient access.
class D3DApp;
extern D3DApp* gd3dApp;
extern IDirect3DDevice9
IDirect3DDevice9* gd3dDevice;
“d3dUtil
d3dUtil.h
h” (2)
// Clean up
#define ReleaseCOM(x) { if(x){ x->Release();x = 0; } }
// Debug
#if defined(DEBUG) | defined(_DEBUG)
#ifndef HR
#
#define HR(x)
{
HRESULT hr = x;
if(FAILED(hr))
{
DXTrace(__FILE__, __LINE__, hr, #x, TRUE);
}
}
#endif
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
#else
#ifndef HR
#define HR(x) x;
#endif
#endif
#endif // D3DUTIL_H
Debugging Direct3D Applications (1)
■
Turning on Direct3D
debugging
■
■
Control Panel Æ DirectX
or
Programs Æ Microsoft
DirectX SDK Æ DirectX
Utilities Æ DirectX
Control Panel
Î Performance speed is
significantly decreased
Debugging Direct3D Applications (2)
■
Enabling Direct3D debugging by defining the
following symbol
#if defined(DEBUG) | defined(
defined(_DEBUG)
DEBUG)
#ifndef D3D_DEBUG_INFO
#define D3D_DEBUG_INFO
#endif
#endif
■
■
Linking “d3dx9d.lib” for debug builds instead
of “d3dx9.lib” (for release mode)
HR macro
■
For further details about an error code, DXTrace
function used
HRESULT DXTrace(CHAR *strFile, DWORD dwline,
HRESULT hr, CHAR *strMsg, BOOL bPopMsgBox);
Debugging Direct3D Applications (3)
#if defined(DEBUG) | defined(
defined(_DEBUG)
DEBUG)
#ifndef HR
#define HR(x)
{
HRESULT hr = x;
if(FAILED(hr))
{
DXTrace(__FILE__, __LINE__, hr, #x, TRUE);
}
}
#endif
#else
#ifndef HR
#define HR(x) x;
#endif
#endif
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
Hello Direct3D (1)
■
Deriving a new class from D3DApp and
overriding the framework functions
class HelloD3DApp : public D3DApp
{
public:
HelloD3DApp(HINSTANCE hInstance, std::string
winCaption,
i
i
D3DDEVTYPE
3
d
devType, DWORD requestedVP);
d )
~HelloD3DApp();
bool
void
void
void
void
checkDeviceCaps();
onLostDevice();
onResetDevice();
updateScene(float dt);
drawScene();
private:
ID3DXFont* mFont;
ID3DXFont
};
Hello Direct3D (2)
■
Instantiating an instance of our child class and
entering the message loop
int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE prevInstance,
PSTR cmdLine, int showCmd)
{
// Enable run-time memory check for debug builds.
#if defined(DEBUG) | defined(_DEBUG)
_CrtSetDbgFlag( _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF |
_CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF );
#endif
HelloD3DApp app(hInstance, "Hello Direct3D",
D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, D3DCREATE_HARDWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING);
gd3dApp = &app;
return gd3dApp->run();
gd3dApp >run();
}
“HelloDirect3D
HelloDirect3D.cpp
cpp”
Exercises
■
Change the main window:
■
■
■
the background color
the title
Change the text:
■
■
■
■
■
its font
f
its size
its position
drawing your name
fixed color
Result – Exercises
연습문제
■
메인 윈도우를 변경하시오.
변경하시오
■
■
■
배경색
타이틀
텍스트를 변경하시오.
■
■
■
■
■
폰트
크기
위치
내용 (이름 출력)
색상
제출 방법
■
소스 코드
■
■
*.cpp, *.h, *.sln, *.vcproj
실행 결과 화면 캡쳐 Æ chap04.jpg
■
Alt + PrintScreen Æ 그림판
림판 Æ 붙여넣기
여넣기 Æ 저장
■
위 파일들을 압축 Æ ‘본인학번.zip’
■
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