Mapping of Soybean production areas In Nigeria - Propcom Mai

Transcription

PrOpCom
Making Nigerian Agricultural Markets Work for the Poor
Monograph Series # 28
MAPPING OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION AREAS
IN NIGERIA
By
Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre (AMREC)
University of Agriculture,
PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
March 2007
Funding for this programme is provided by the United Kingdom’s
Department for International Development (DFID)
40 Mississippi Street, Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria • Tel: +(234) 9 413 8291/2 • Fax: +(234) 9 413 829
Disclaimer
The PrOpCom Monograph Series seeks to provide a broader dissemination of the
information and views collected through the efforts of the various service providers
and consultants undertaking work in support of the PrOpCom programme. We
believe this information will be useful in informing the policy dialogue in Nigeria and
for improving the planning and execution of agricultural and agribusiness activities
within the country.
The documents in this series represent the final deliverables as presented by the
engaged service providers or consultants in responds to terms of reference of
contracts let by PrOpCom in execution of its programme. They have not been further
edited or editorially polished. Consequently, there is wide variation in the editorial
quality of these documents. Nevertheless, the information contained in these
document is deems useful for policy and planning purposes.
The views and opinions expressed in these documents are solely those of the
authors of the document and do not necessarily represent the views of PrOpCom,
SAII Associates, Chemonics International or PrOpCom’s funding agent, the
Government of the United Kingdom’s Department for International Development
(DFID)
Information from these documents can be freely used and quoted on condition that it
is properly sourced to the concerned document.
MAPPING OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION AREAS
IN NIGERIA
By
Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre (AMREC)
University of Agriculture,
PMB 2240, Abeokuta, Nigeria
REPORT OF A SURVEY COMMISSIONED
BY
PrOpCom
(Promoting Pro-Poor Opportunities in the Commodity and
Service Market)
40, Mississippi Str., Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria
March, 2007
1
AMREC RESEARCH TEAM
1. A. M. Omotayo
-
Rural Sociologists/Spatial Analyst
2. E. Fabusoro
Socioeconomist
3. M. A. Jaiyeola
-
4. I. A. Adeniji
Senior Extensionist
5. J. Oyedepo
-
Senior Extensionist
GIS Analyst
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………….......
AMREC Research Team………………………………………………………………
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………..
List of Tables…………………………………………………………………………….
List of Figures……………………………………………………………………...........
Executive Summary……………………………………………………………………
List of Acronyms………………………………………………………………………
1.0
2.0
3.0
32
1
2
3
4
4
6
8
Introduction and Terms of Reference …………………………………...
9
1.1
Background ……………………………………………………………….. 9
1.2
Terms of Reference………………………………………………………... 10
Methodology ……………………………………………………………….. ……. 10
2.1
Study Locations ……………………………………………………………. 11
2.2
Sampling of Major Producers and Processors…………………………..11
2.3
Secondary Data collection……………………………………….............
11
2.4
Spatial Data Collection ………………………………………………........ 12
2.5
Project Phases…………………………………….……………
….…… 13
2.6
Analysis
……………………………………………………………………...
13
2.7
Time Line and Schedule of Activities …………………………………… 13
Desk Review of Soybean Production in Nigeria………………………………15
3.1
Soybean Production in Nigeria…………………………………………...14
3.2
Soybean Production for Local Governments in Benue and
Kano States for 2006…………………………………………………………
4.0
Production Characteristics of Soybean Producers in Study Locations………....37
5.0
4.1
Socioeconomic Characteristics of Soybean Producers………………………..37
4.2
Production Characteristics of Soybean Producers……………………………37
4.3
Distance Analysis of Sources of Seed …………………………………………47
Experience of PROSAB in Soybean Commodity Chain…………………………… ..53
6.0
Location of Processors, Demand and Movement of Soya Based Products……...54
6.1
6.2
Location of Soybean Commercial Processors……………………………… ………...54
Demand for Soybean among Identified Processors and Sources of
Supply
of
Soya
Based
raw
Materials……………………………………….…………....58
6.3
Destination
of
soy
bean
end
products………………………………………………….65
7.0
Soybean Commodity Chain………………………………….…………...…………....69
8.0
Conclusion and Recommendation……………..………………………………………72
8.1
References…………………………………………………………………………...
…73
3
List of Tables
Table 1: States and selected LGAs for the study …………………………………………
11
Table 2: Time line and work schedule for the Study’s activities……………………………
Table 3: Soybean production per state (2000-2004) (‘000 Tonnes)………………………
Table 4: Soybean Production Level of LGAs in Benue State, 2005……………………
Table 5: Soybean Production Level of LGAs in Kano State………………………………
Table 6: Socioeconomic/Production Characteristics of Soybean
Producers in Study Locations….
Table 7: List of Identified Commercial Processors of Soybean……………………………
Table 8: List of major soybean processors and the sources of supply………………………
Table 9: Locations of domestic demand for soy based products……………………………
14
16
32
33
38
54
60
65
List of Figures
Figure 1:
Map of Nigeria showing the Study Locations and an insert map
of Africa
12
Figure 2:
Percentage of Soybean production of major producing States
in Nigeria (2000-2005
17
Figure 3:
Trend of soybean production in four leading States
in Nigeria 2000 – 2005
17
Figure 4:
Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State,
2000 (‘000 tonnes)
19
Figure 5:
Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, 2001 (tonnes) 20
Figure 6:
Figure 7:
Figure 8:
Figure 9:
Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State,
(Total: 2000 -2004, tonnes)
24
Figure 10:
Soybean production level for LGAs in Benue States,
2005 (tonnes)
25
Figure 11:
Total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2004, (‘000 ha)
26
Figure 12:
Total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2005, (‘000 ha)
27
Figure 13:
Average total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2004
and 2005, (‘000 ha)
28
Figure 14:
Yield of soybean per state in 2004 (‘000 Ha)
29
Figure 15:
Yield of soybean per state in 2005 (‘000 Ha)
30
Figure 16:
Average yield of soybean in 2004 and 2005 (000’ ha)
31
Figure 17:
Soybean production level for LGAs in Benue States, 2005 (‘000 tonnes)
34
Figure 18:
Soybean production level for LGAs in Kano States, 2005, (tonnes) 35
Figure 19:
Soybean Land Area Cultivated for LGAs in Kano States, 2005
36
Figure 20:
Total soybean output for the five study States in tonnes
41
Figure 21:
Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean producers
in LGAs covered in Benue State
42
Figure 22:
Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of
Soybean producers in LGAs covered in FCT
43
Figure 23:
Soybean producers in LGAs covered in Kano State
44
Figure 24:
Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean
producers in LGAs covered in Ondo State
45
Figure 25:
Soybean producers in LGAs covered in Oyo State
46
Figure 26:
Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed
4
Figure 27:
Figure 28:
Figure 29:
Figure 30:
Figure 31:
Figure 32:
Figure 33:
Figure 34:
Figure 35:
Figure 36:
Figure 37:
input in Benue State
input in the FCT
input in Kano State
Input in Ondo State
input in Oyo State
Location of Soybean processors in Study Locations
Quantity of Soya based materials demanded by selected processors
Major sources of Soya based materials (States)
Movement map of soya bean supply from sources to processors
Locations of soya based products in Nigeria
Movement Pattern of soya based products for domestic
demand Nigeria.
Soybean Commodity Chain
5
48
49
50
51
52
57
62
63
64
67
71
68
Executive Summary
Soy bean production has received considerable attention and direct government support in
Nigeria in the last two decades. The interest in promoting soybean production and utilization is
not unconnected with the immense economic and nutritional value of the crop. To target
development agenda aimed at sustainable increased production of soybean in the country, there
is a need to identify location, size and other features of the producers and production areas. This
is the reason for the mapping of Soybean production and utilization areas.
The broad objective of this study is to provide empirical information for PrOpCom for
developing a viable programme for the Soya commodity chain in Nigeria. The mapping exercise
is to present maps showing where Soya production takes place, where it is processed and into
what form, and where both the beans and its bye products are consumed or used.
Specifically, the study team had a mandate to:
a. Conduct a desk review of soybean production in Nigeria from 2001 to 2006, indicating
production level per state and local government areas in the country.
b. Develop a GIS Map of Nigeria indicating the production levels per State and local
government areas
c. Visit and report the experience of PROSAB project in Borno State on linkages between
Soya producers and processors.
d. Examine the relationships and linkages between Soya producers and processors and
identify important channels in the Soya commodity chain
e. Develop GIS Maps depicting the following:
 Soya production and processing areas,
 Quantities produced per production area
 Destination and use by quantities of bye-products and
 Types of processors
The desk review shows that Benue, Kaduna, Plateau and Niger are the major Soya producing
states in Nigeria, in descending order. Other Soya producing areas include Nasarawa, Kebbi,
Kwara, Oyo, Jigawa, Borno, Bauchi, Sokoto, Taraba and the FCT. Benue State produced about
44 per cent of the national output while Kaduna State produced 26.7 per cent. The producing
States for soybean accounted for 96 per cent of soybean produced in Nigeria.. The high
production levels in benue state is both as a result of the large individual farm holdings and the
number of producers. However, it was observed that, in Benue State, soybean is produced as a
major crop in every LGA, accounting for over half of the farm size of individual farmers. While
in Kaduna state the production of soybean is localized in only few LGAs, soybean is produced in
all the LGAs in benue State. The LGAs producing higher quantities of soybean in Ondo and
Oyo States are Akure North and Saki West indicating that these two LGAs have large markets
for soybean in Southwest Nigeria.
The GIS maps show the distribution and production intensities of soybean in the states. The
geo-coded data gave information, in a relational manner on the geographic location of producers,
the production level per state and local government areas involved, processing points and
markets outlets for products, quantities stored of total harvest, type of storage system adopted,
and the forms into which Soya was processed.
It was found that PROSAB was actively involved in promoting trade and establishing linkages
between soybean producers, marketers and processors in the Northern state of Borno. The
strategies employed to achieve this includes, among others, market and production surveys to
identify producers, marketers and processors and facilitating trade linkages between them. The
survey also include the enumeration of domestic and industrial users/markets and capacity of
6
such market for soybean products. PROSAB was also involved with the provision of advisory
services to farmers on improved practices on soybean production, marketing and processing.
The advisory services were provided through among other methods, periodic stakeholders’
workshop, involving producers, marketers and processors and identifying constraints in the
linkages between them. The workshops also provide opportunity for first hand identification of
quantity, quality, and price requirements of processors in order to afford the farmers the
opportunity of engaging actively in the market.
The relational linkages between Soya producers and processors point to important channels in
the Soya commodity chain. The critical position of the market intermediaries are set forth in their
value-addition and exchange-facilitating roles in the collection/transportation of soybean from
farmers’ field, and from the primary markets to the processors. Two categories of middle men
were identified; those who buy directly from farmers and re-bag, store and transport to the
feeder and central markets (wholesalers); and those who buy from the feeder and central markets
and supply directly to industrial processors (agent middlemen). The criticality of the activities of
middlemen is encouraged by the small, fragmented and dispersed nature of the individual farm
holdings and output. These production characteristics limit direct contractual/hedging
agreements between the farmers and processors.
Analysis of end product movement of soy based industries shows that end products move in
direct opposite to that of raw materials. While soya raw materials move mainly from the North to
the southern part of the country, end products move from the south to the northern parts of
Nigeria. Similarly, the destinations of end products of small scale industries appear restricted
within the States. The farthest final destination for small-scale enterprises would seem to be
limited to the geo-political zone where production takes place within the country. This
underscores the need to stimulate and develop cottage industries at the local level.
PropComs’ proposed catalytic activities in the Soya commodity chain would maximally benefit
the poor if the issue of capacity building and strategic empowerment of the poor is accorded
priority. This study has clearly and precisely indicated where the potential beneficiaries of such
proposed interventions are, what they do and where they do them.
7
List of Acronyms
ADPs Agricultural Development Programmes
AMREC –
Agricultural Media Resources and Extension Centre
BNARDA - Benue State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority
CBN –
Central Bank of Nigeria
CTA – Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation
FCT – Federal Capital Territory
GIS –
Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning Systems
IAR&T Institute of Agricultural Research and Training
IITA – I
International Institute of Tropical Agriculture
KNARDA - Kano State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority
LASADA Lagos State Agricultural Development Authority
LGAs Local Government Areas
PCU Project Coordinating Unit
PLC –
Public Liability Company
PME –
Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
PrOpCom - Promoting Pro-Poor Opportunities in the Commodity and Service Market
PROSAB RMRDC Raw Materials Research and Development Council
TOR –
Terms of Reference
8
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Soybean has been described in various ways. Some call it the “miracle bean” or the “golden
bean” because it is a cheap, protein-rich grain. It contains 40 per cent high quality protein, 20 per
cent edible vegetable oil, and a good balance of amino acids. It has therefore, tremendous
potential to improve the nutritional status and welfare of resource-poor people particularly in a
developing country like Nigeria. Soybean can also contribute to enhanced sustainability of
intensified cropping systems by improving soil fertility through nitrogen fixation, permitting a
longer duration of ground cover in the cropping sequence, and providing useful crop residues for
feeding livestock. However, soybean is a relatively new crop in Africa. Until recently, it was seen
as being appropriate only for large-scale commercial farming where the crop can be utilized
industrially and for formulation of livestock feed (Shannon et al. 1995). A commonly held view
however is that soybean is of little or no importance in sub-Saharan Africa because it has not
attained the status of one of the popular staple foods.
With improvement in breeding and processing research however, soybean cultivation, domestic
marketing, processing and utilization has grown considerably in Nigeria. Soybean has been
recognized in the country as an important oilseed crop, as well as in indispensible source of
protein in animal feeds.. Industrial and domestic processing of soybean has given rise to
numerous products utilized as food for both human and livestock.
Soybean is gaining prominece in Nigeria as over 200,000 ha of land was devoted to its cultivation
as far back as 1992. This according to CTA was then the largest area of land devoted to soybean
cultivation in the whole of Africa (CTA, 1992). Soya is farmed extensively, mainly by small scale
farmers, which may account for its low yields. Despite this, Nigeria's experiment in the use of
Soya as a food crop offers a lot of promise. Women in Northern Nigeria have come up with the
idea of using the beans to make "daddawa", a local condiment which is usually made from the
seeds of Locust bean (Parkia biglobosa), a leguminous tree from the savanna regions.
Some of the problems associated with domestic production of soybean are:
- low level of knowledge of farmers on improved production methods;
- limitation imposed by lack of high-level production inputs;
- poor pricing of agricultural products;
- farmers’ lack of access to credit facilities; and
- poor infrastructural facilities for processing and storage.
The goal of the soya commodity project being facilitated by PrOpCom is to upgrade and add
value to soya commodity chain, in part by helping meet the demand of large commercial
consumers in terms of quantities and quality of soya-based raw materials. This project therefore
seeks to provide empirical information for updating knowledge on the existing situation within
the soya commodity chain with a view to identifying market failures and potential pro-poor
solutions. The outcome of the study will reveal the areas where soybean production takes place,
where it is processed and into what form, and where both beans and its by-products are
consumed or used. This information will assist actors in the sector to work out strategies by
which soya-based markets in Nigeria can be operated efficiently to ensure sustainable markets
and increased benefits. Specifically, the outcome of this study is expected to assist PrOpCom in
developing proposals for catalytic activities related to soya.
To achieve this, empirical data on what the real situation of soybean production and utilization in
Nigeria needs be readily available. Although there has been an explosion of information from
9
book materials i.e. publications and research reports on soya propduction in Nigeria, these may
not be quite useful for precise decision support especially where facts and figures in real or near
real time is concerned. It is essential therefore to have information with dependable, real time,
facts and figures for good and precise decision making. This kind of information can be made
available through GIS mapping of Soya production and utilzation areas.
Since the advent of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), it has become possible to acquire,
store, retrieve and analyse real time data on seemingly complex situations where several inputs
have to be considered. GIS can assit in synthesizing very disparate forms of data gathered on
soybean production, utilization ands marketing and analysed to draw clear and precise inferences.
The outcome of this projectf on Mapping of soya production will therefore be useful in
developing precise interventions for improving soya production, marketing and utilization in
Nigeria.
1.2
Terms of Reference and Specific Objectives
The broad objective of this study is to provide empirical information for PrOpCom on
developing a viable programme for the Soya commodity chain in Nigeria. The mapping exercise
is to present maps showing where Soya production takes place, where it is processed and into
what form, and where both the beans and its bye products are consumed or used.
Specifically, the study team had a mandate to:
f. Conduct a desk review of soybean production in Nigeria from 2001 to 2006, indicating
production level per state and local government areas in the country.
g. Develop a GIS Map of Nigeria indicating the production levels per State and local
government areas
h. Visit and report the experience of PROSAB project in Borno State on linkages between
Soya producers and processors.
i.
j.
Examine the relationships and linkages between Soya producers and processors and
identify important channels in the Soya commodity chain
Develop GIS Maps depicting the following:
 Soya production and processing areas,
 Quantities produced per production area
 Destination and use by quantities of bye-products and
 Types of processors
10
2.0
2.1
METHODOLOGY
Study Locations
Based on the terms of reference, the study was conducted in five States in Nigeria, namely;
Lagos, Kano, Benue, Oyo and Abuja. They have been identified as primary production States for
Soybean in Nigeria (RMRDC, 2004). Among these, Benue is noted for extensive production of
the crop which grows well in all the Local Government Areas (LGAs) of the State. Although,
Kano, Oyo and Abuja have not been reported as major producers of the crop, field reports
indicate that soybean is grown by a large proportion of the farming population in these States.
The report obtained on the production status of Lagos State from the Lagos State Agricultural
Development Authority (LASADA) shows that soybean is not produced in Lagos at the
moment. The State is outstanding for its huge quantity of Soya demand due to the presence of
large commercial processors.
2.2
Sampling of Major Producers and Processors
Sampling of soybean producers was based on the list of farming households provided by the
Agricultural Development Programmes (ADPs) in the States where the study was carried out.
Using the ADPs’ data, the leading soybean producing LGAs were identified in each of the States
and selected purposively for the study. Table 1 presents the Local governments and the number
of producers sampled in each of the States while Figure 1 shows the study areas in the map of
Nigeria.
Table 1: States and selected LGAs for the study
S/N
State
Number of
LGAs selected
LGAs
1.
FCT
7
Kwali, Bwari,
Gwagalada, Kuje, Abaji
Area Council
2.
Ondo
18
Akoko South East,
Akoko north west,
Akoko North east,
Owo, Akure north
3.
Kano
44
Rogo, Tudun-Wada,
Karaye, Kiru, Bebeji
4.
Benue
23
Gboko, Tarke, Buruku,
Gwer East, Konshisha,
Ushongo, Vandeikya
5.
Lagos
20
6.
Oyo
33
Saki West, Atisbo,
Atiba, Oyo West,
Afidjio
2.3
Number of
Producers sampled
194
59
44
351
51
Secondary Data Collection:
Secondary data were collected from existing data from the ADPs of each State, RMRDC,
AMREC, statistical data base of CBN and Federal Office of Statistics. It should be noted that
some of the agencies have not compiled data required for the 2005 and 2006 production years.
However, effort was made to collect existing data and then generate some others from field
reports. Some of the secondary data required are:
11
 Soybean production data for each State from 2001 – 2006
 Soybean Production data for each LGA in the three leading soybean producing States in
the country.
 Data on demand for soya based materials by major processors in the country.

N
Kano
Plateau
Abuja
Oyo
Benue
Ondo
Lagos
Study Lcations
Other States in Nigeria
200
0
200
400 Kilometers
Figure 1: Map of Nigeria showing the Study Locations, inset is map of Africa
2.4
Spatial Data Collection
Locations of farmers and identified commercial consumers were captured with the use of hand
held high precision Global Positioning Systems (GPS) receivers. From these locations, empirical
were collected on the following:
 The geographic location of producers,
 Production level per state and local government area
 Production points, processing points and
 Markets
 Quantities of soybean produced per location,
 Quantities marketed
 Quantities stored,
 Type of storage system,
 Quantities processed and
 The types of processing, forms into which it is processed and problems encountered in
production, storage and processing.
This information is part of the database necessary for spatial analysis and map production. Other
data that were collected are:
 Farm Location
 Farm size (Measured by acquiring the coordinates of farm perimeter)
12





2.5
Yield
Processing forms
Markets
Storage systems and
Problems associated with production, processing and storage.
Project Phases
The study was conducted in five phases namely:
 Field data collection planning
 Acquisition of secondary data/
 Acquisition of primary field (including data and Geographical Coordinates of features to
be mapped)
 Data processing, analysis, map production and
 Final reports
2.5.1 Field data collection planning: The project team members were put through a brief
training on the use of GPS for field mapping and geographical coordinate acquisition.
Questionnaires on the acquisition of secondary data were designed.
2.5.2 Acquisition of secondary data: Existing secondary data with on soybean production and
demand were obtained by each team member and sent for processing and analyses.
2.5.3 Acquisition of primary field data: Data on soybean production, processing and demand
were collected alongside the GPS geographical coordinates of production, processing,
marketing points etc.
2.5.4 Data processing, analysis, map production and final reports: The data collected were
subjected to series of analysis. Maps and reports were prepared.
2.6
Analysis
Digital maps of the study areas were created from geo-referenced topographical maps. Roads,
towns, local government area and state boundaries were captured from analogue national maps
and digitized.
2.6
Time Line and Schedule of Project Activities:
In line with the TOR of this project, the study commenced in February and was completed in
March, 2007. Table 2 below shows the project activities and time schedule.
Table 2: Time line and work schedule for the Study’s activities
13
S/N
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Activities
Preliminary discussion with
designated ToR supervisor
Desk review for identification
historical secondary data and
national statistics
Visit to PROSAB project, in
Borno State
Development of research
instruments
Recruitment and training of
field level research assistants
Acquisition of collected
secondary data
Field level data collection
from primary producers and
spatial data capture
Acquisition of primary data
Processing, analysis and map
production
Preparation of draft report
Interim teleconference with
designated supervisor and
other PrOpCom staff
Development of final report
Submission of Final report
1
x
2
3
4
5
x
x
x
6
7
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
X
x
x
X
Days
11 12
8
9
10
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
13
14
x
x
x
x
x
x
15
16
17
18
x
x
x
19
X
x
14
3.0
DESK REVIEW OF SOYBEAN PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA
3.1
Production in Nigeria
Soybean was first introduced to Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria in 1908 with little or no success in the
rainforest ecology of the State (Fennel, 1966). In 1928, it was introduced to the savanna area of
Northern Nigeria where the soil and climatic conditions supported its production. The crop was
successfully cultivated in 1937 for multiplication and commercial production in Benue State
(Nyiakura, 1982). Since then, many small-scale farmers in the south central part of the country
have continuously incorporated propagation into their cropping systems.
According to a survey report by IITA in 1989, Benue State is the major producer of soybean in
Nigeria. The current expansion in the production of soybeans in Nigeria has been attributed to
many years of research from the mid-1960s through the 1980s when Scientists adopted a
nationally-coordinated approach to Soybean research. In the 1970’s, new attempts were made to
cultivate the crop in southwestern Nigeria through collaborative research initiated between
Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T) and IITA, Ibadan on soybean variety
production trials. Varieties that had those characteristics that made them productive in the moist
savanna and forest areas were developed.
Nigeria is the largest producer of the crop for human and livestock feeds in West and Central
Africa and has great potentials for substituting soy oil for some imported vegetable Oils. The
current domestic demand and home consumption have made the crop a versatile and multipurpose agricultural product that could be processed in almost 365 ways for human, livestock
and industrial purposes. With the current ban on the importation of vegetable oils, some of the
hitherto idle mills across the country are now looking inwards, producing edible oils from
soybeans, preventing inefficiency of vegetable oil processing facilities as well as preventing
inadequate supply of the oils.
At present, the major soybean producing states in the country are Benue, Kaduna, Taraba,
Plateau and Niger. Other growing areas include, Nasarawa, Kebbi, Kwara, Oyo, Jigawa, Borno,
Bauchi, Lagos, Sokoto, Zamfara and FCT. The yield of soybean of 1,700 kg per hectare on
research plots in Nigeria compared favourably with the United States (US) yields of 2000 kg/ha
and Brazil yields of 1,800 kg/ha. However, there is a gap between the yield on farmers’ field and
research plots.
Like most other crops, the total output of the soya crop is invariably influenced by the farmer’s
environment, the genetic potential of the planting material and the farmer’s management
capacity. Total output of soybean per State from 1999 – 2005 is presented in Table 3. Data for
2003 was not available from the data obtained from the Project Coordinating Unit, Abuja. The
data were not disaggregated into LGAs because of inadequate and unreliable production data.
Information obtained from the Planning Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) Units of the ADPs
indicated that collation of production data is done centrally by the Project Coordinating Unit
(PCU) and at State level.
Table 3: Soybean production per state (2000-2005*) (‘000 Tonnes)
STATES
1999
2000
2001
2002
2004
2005
Abia
Abuja
Adamawa
Akwa Ibom
Anambra
0.0
1.35
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.00
1.50
0.16
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
15
0.0
2.16
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.6
0.22
0.0
0.0
0.00
4.04
0.22
0.00
0.00
Average
1999-2005
0.00
2.44
0.10
0.00
0.00
Bauchi
1.07
1.13
1.41
1.27
1.4
Bayelsa
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Benue
160
180
164.0
164.89
164.89
Borno
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Cross River
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Delta
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Ebonyi
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Edo
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Ekiti
0.4
0.44
0.0
0.0
0.0
Enugu
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.13
Gombe
0.0
0.06
0.0
0.06
0.06
Imo
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Jigawa
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Kaduna
90.17
101.45
99.0
105.0
105.79
Kano
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
43.82
Katsina
8.66
9.4
10.0
9.38
14.3
Kebbi
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Kogi
0.67
0.67
0.7
0.7
0.72
Kwara
2.0
2.21
2.0
2.4
0.0
Lagos
0.22
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.50
Lake Chad
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Nassarawa
3.95
3.0
3.0
3.75
2.54
Niger
13.3
15.0
14.0
11.0
20.39
Ogun
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Ondo
0.78
0.78
0.84
0.0
0.35
Osun
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Oyo
4.01
5.3
4.0
4.0
3.81
Plateau
15.92
17.0
19.0
20.5
30.16
Rivers
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Sokoto
0.14
0.16
0.0
0.0
0.0
Taraba
2.84
1.5
2.0
2.0
62.06
Yobe
3.42
3.42
4.0
3.6
0.0
Zamfara
3.42
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
Total
312.21
346.63
329.2
333.96
459.04
Source: Project Coordinating Unit, Abuja; *Data for Year 2003 not available;
180.00
1.31
0.00
167.25
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.06
0.00
0.00
105.82
43.94
16.40
2.40
0.32
0.00
0.49
0.00
3.22
51.49
0.00
0.40
0.00
4.60
27.15
0.00
0.18
63.05
0.21
3.30
495.85
166.82
160.00
140.00
101.21
120.00
100.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
14.63
20.86
21.62
22.24
11.36
16
20.00
0.00
Benue
Kaduna
Kano
Katsina
Niger
Plateau
Taraba
1.27
0.00
166.82
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.19
0.04
0.00
0.00
101.21
14.63
11.36
0.04
0.63
1.44
0.33
0.00
3.24
20.86
0.00
0.53
0.00
4.29
21.62
0.00
0.08
22.24
2.44
3.20
379.0
Figure 2: Average of Soybean production in major producing States in Nigeria (2000-2005)
The total national output of soybean between year 1999 and 2005 was about 265,589,000 tonnes.
During this period Benue State produced about 44 per cent of the national output, while
Kaduna, Kano, Katsina, Niger, Plateau and Taraba States produced 27.0, 4.0, 3.0, 5.5, 5.7 and 5.9
per cents, respectively. These States produced about 94 per cent of the total production for
soybean in Nigeria. The remaining 6 per cent is produced by the other states. Figure 2 shows the
average production data for the major producing States. These data indicate that Benua and
Kaduna States are important market points for soybean in Nigeria and are locations for market
oriented development interventions. The production figures from Benue and Kaduna States had
been consistent over the years showing that soybean is a common crop grown among farmers in
the two States. Other States such as Plateau, Kano, Katisna and Taraba are becoming involved in
soybean production with production figures rising sharply in 2002 (See Figure 3 below).
200
180
Benue
160
Kaduna
140
Kano
120
Katsina
100
Niger
80
Plateau
60
Taraba
40
20
0
1999
2000
2001
2002
2004
2005
Figure 3: Trend of soybean production in four leading States in Nigeria, 2000 – 2005
To a large extent soybean cultivation in Nigeria has grown over the years, as a result of awareness
of its economic benefits. The production level has increased in some States due to increased
awareness of the versatility of soybean among farmers and then the release of high-yielding
varieties from research institutes working on soybean development in Nigeria. The ADPs are
playing an important role in the introduction of improved, high yielding and disease resistant
varieties.
Figures 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 represent the production level per State for soybean from 1999 to 2005
respectively while Figure 10 shows the total for the various States for the seven year period. The
data used in generating this map are inscribed in the maps. Obviously, Benue and Kaduna States
are the leading soybean producing States in the country. This implies that the crop is an
important economic crop among the farmers in the States and contributes significantly to the
livelihoods of farming population in the States.
17
In terms of the yield and area cultivated for each of the States of the Federation, Figures 11 – 16
show the area cultivated in 2004 and 2005 and the yield for the two years. The total area
cultivated for soybean in the country was about 299,000 ha and 318,000 ha in 2004 and 2005,
respectively, while the average yield was 0.56 tonne and 0.66 tonne, respectively for 2004 and
2005. The yield data indicate the average production per hectare. This figure is abysmally low
when compared to the expected yield of about 1.7 tonnes on the research field and about 2.0
tonnes in the United States.
The maps show that on the average, about 85,000 ha of land are used to cultivate soybean in
Benue States. In Kaduna, averagely, about 75,000 ha of land are used for soybean while Taraba
States cultivates about 33,000 ha. Kano, Niger and Plateau States cultivate about 29,000 ha each
while the south eastern and south-southern States do not cultivate soybean at all. The level of
production of soybean among the States is determined mainly by land suitability, agro-climatic
conditions and farmers’ experience over the years on the economics of the crop. Among the
soybean producing States in 2004 and 2005, Benue State has the highest average yield of 1.96
tonnes while Sokoto has the lowest yield of 0.3 tonne. Taraba State has an average yield of 1.9
tonnes followed by Federal Capital Territory, Abuja (1.87 tonnes), Yobe State (1.5 tonnes), Niger
State (1.53 tonnes) and then Kaduna (1.42 tonnes). Although, States such as Taraba, Yobe,
Niger and the FCT have smaller soybean cultivation area, their yield is higher indicating that
farmers in these States have better management practice as well and possibly favoured in the area
by natural, political and institutional factors.
18
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
E
Lake Chad
Sokoto
0.14
S
Katsina
Zamfara
Kebbi
12°
Jigawa
8.66
3.42
4°
6°
8°
90.17
W
E
Niger
0.16
13.30
Sokoto
S
12°
8°
10°
6°
Lake Chad 10°
Adamawa
Yobe
Kwara
Oyo
5.30
4°
100
2.21
Borno
12°
3.42
Taraba
8°
2.84
Gombe
Bauchi
1.13
0.06
10°
6°
Adamawa
ImoAbia Cross River Plateau
1.50
0.16
17.00
Abuja
14°
14°
15.00
Delta
8°
12°
Plateau
15.92
Jigawa
Katsina
Abuja
Kwara
1.35 9.40
Nassarawa
Kebbi
Zamfara
Oyo
2.00
3.95 Kano
3.20
4.01
Ekiti
Kogi
Benue
Osun 0.40
0.67
159.89
Ondo
Ogun
0.78
Kaduna
Lagos
Enugu
Edo
Ebonyi
0.22
Niger Anambra 101.45
12°
Gombe
Bauchi
1.07
N
10°
Borno
0.00
10°
Kaduna
14°
Yobe
3.42
Kano
Ibom
Nassarawa
Bayelsa Rivers Akwa
3.00
8°
Taraba
Ekiti
0.44 6°
Osun
0 Ondo
100
Kogi
8°
Benue
0.67
200 Kilometers
10°
1.50
12°
14°
180.00
Ogun
Figure 4: Map
of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, year 1999 (‘000 tonnes)
0.78
Enugu
Lagos
Edo
0.25
Anambra Ebonyi
6°
6°
Delta
ImoAbia Cross River
100
0
100
200 Kilometers
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
Lake Chad
E
Sokoto
S
Katsina
Kebbi
12°
Jigawa
10.00
Zamfara
3.00
10°
Yobe
Kano
Niger
12°
4.00
Kaduna
Bauchi
99.00
1.41
Gombe
10°
14.00
Figure 5: Map of Nigeria
soybean production per State,
(‘000tonnes)
Borno
Adamawa
2.00
Abuja
Kwara
2.00
Plateau
19.00
3.00
Nassarawa
Oyo
8°
4.00
Taraba
Ekiti
Osun
Ondo
Ogun
8°
Kogi
2.00
Benue
0.70
164.00
0.84
Lagos
Edo
0.25
Enugu
Anambra Ebonyi
6°
6°
Delta
Bayelsa
4°
6°
Imo Abia Cross River
Rivers 20
Akwa Ibom
8°
100
10°
0
100
200 Kilometers
12°
14°
showing
year 2000
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
Lake Chad
E
Sokoto
S
Katsina
Kebbi
12°
Jigawa
9.38
Zamfara
3.00
0.06
1.27
11.00
Oyo
8°
4.00
Adamawa
Nassarawa
2.40
3.75
8°
Taraba
Kogi
Osun
Ondo
Lagos
2001(
20.50
2.16
Ekiti
Ogun
10°
Plateau
Abuja
Kwara
12°
Gombe
Bauchi
105.00
Niger
Borno
0.00
3.60
Kaduna
10°
Yobe
Kano
Edo
0.25
Figure 6: Map of
Nigeria showing soybean
production per State, year
‘000tonnes)
2.00
Benue
0.70
164.89
Enugu
Anambra Ebonyi
6°
6°
Delta
100
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
4°
6°
8°
0
100
200 Kilometers
21
10°
12°
14°
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
Lake Chad
E
Sokoto
S
Katsina
Kebbi
12°
Jigawa
14.30
Zamfara
3.30
0.06
10°
105.79
Niger
Adamawa
Plateau
Abuja
of
3.81
Nassarawa
2.54
Kogi
Osun
Ondo
Lagos
0.35
Edo
6°
Delta
62.06
Benue
0.72
0.50
164.89
Enugu
1.13 Ebonyi
Anambra
6°
100
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
4°
8°
Taraba
Ekiti
Ogun
0.22
30.16
3.60
Oyo
8°
12°
Gombe
Bauchi
1.40
20.39
Kwara
Borno
43.82
Kaduna
10°
Yobe
Kano
6°
8°
0
22
10°
100
200 Kilometers
12°
14°
Figure 7: Map
Nigeria showing soybean
production per State, 2002
(tonnes)
Figure 8: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, 2004 (tonnes)
23
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
Lake Chad
E
Sokoto
S
0.18
Katsina
Kebbi
12°
Jigawa
16.40
Zamfara
3.30
2.40
10°
Yobe
Kano
Kaduna
Bauchi
105.82
1.31
Gombe
0.06
51.49
Plateau
Abuja
Nassarawa
3.22
Ekiti
Kogi
Osun
Ondo
Ogun
Lagos
0.40
0.22
27.15
4.04
Oyo
4.60
10°
Adamawa
s
8°
12°
43.94
Niger
Kwara
Borno
0.00
0.21
Benue
0.32
Edo
0.49
6°
Delta
8°
Taraba
63.05
167.25
Enugu
Ebonyi
Anambra
6°
100
0
100
200 Kilometers
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
4°
6°
8°
10°
9: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, 2005 ( ‘000tonnes)
24
12°
14°
Figure
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
Lake Chad
E
Sokoto
S
Katsina
0.08
Kebbi
12°
Jigawa
Zamfara
11.36
3.20
Yobe
Kano
14.63
0.04
1.27
10°
20.86
Plateau
Abuja
8°
Nassarawa
Kogi
Ekiti
Osun
Ondo
Ogun
Lagos
0.53
0.10
Taraba
3.24
4.29
Adamawa
21.62
2.44
Kwara
Oyo
0.04
101.21
1.44
12°
Gombe
Bauchi
Kaduna
Niger
10°
Borno
2.44
0.63
8°
22.24
Benue
166.82
Edo
0.33
6°
Delta
Enugu
0.19 Ebonyi
Anambra
6°
100
0
100
200 Kilometers
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
Figure 10: Map of Nigeria showing soybean production per State, (Total: 1999 - 2004,’000 tonnes)
25
14°
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
Lake Chad
E
Sokoto
S
Katsina
Zamfara
Kebbi
12°
Jigawa
14.12
3.70
Yobe
Borno
12°
Kano
30.00
Gombe
10°
8°
1.81
Nassarawa
Ogun
Lagos
0.25
0.64
8°
32.05
Benue
0.84
Osun
Ondo
0.34
Taraba
Kogi
Ekiti
Adamawa
29.57
1.95
6.85
10°
Plateau
Abuja
Kwara
0.12
2.10
74.50
15.10
Oyo
Bauchi
Kaduna
Niger
84.13
Edo
6°
Delta
Enugu
1.08 Ebonyi
Anambra
6°
100
0
100
200 Kilometers
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
4°
6°
8°
10°
Figure 11: Total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2004, (‘000 ha)
26
12°
14°
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
Lake Chad
E
Sokoto
S
0.30
Zamfara
Kebbi
12°
Katsina
3.70
2.90
Jigawa
16.24
Yobe
Kano
Borno
12°
0.07
28.91
Gombe
Kaduna
Niger
10°
Abuja
8°
7.75
0.34
24.41
Taraba
8°
34.08
Benue
0.51
Osun
Ondo
0.28
Adamawa
Kogi
Ekiti
Ogun
Lagos
10°
Plateau
2.30 Nassarawa
2.48
Kwara
0.09
2.02
74.52
30.29
Oyo
Bauchi
85.77
Edo
0.63
6°
Delta
Enugu
Ebonyi
Anambra
6°
100
0
100
200 Kilometers
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
Figure 12: Total land area cultivated for soybean by States, 2005, (‘000 ha)
27
14°
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
E
Lake Chad
Sokoto
S
Katsina
0.15
Zamfara
Kebbi
12°
Jigawa
15.18
Yobe
Kano
3.70
1.45
29.45
Gombe
Bauchi
Kaduna
74.51
Niger
10°
0.11
10°
22.69
7.30
Ogun
Lagos
0.64
0.34
2.06 Nassarawa 26.99
Kwara
Taraba
2.21
Kogi
Ekiti
Osun
Ondo
0.27
Adamawa
Plateau
Abuja
8°
12°
0.04
2.06
Oyo
Borno
0.68
Edo
6°
Delta
8°
33.06
Benue
84.95
Enugu
0.54 Ebonyi
Anambra
6°
100
0
100
200 Kilometers
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
Figure 13:
4° Average total6°land area cultivated
8°
for soybean
10°by States, 2004
12°and 2005, (‘000
14°ha)
28
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
E
Lake Chad
Sokoto
S
Katsina
Zamfara
0.892
Kebbi
12°
1.013
Jigawa
Yobe
Borno
12°
Kano
1.469
Gombe
Niger
10°
Bauchi
0.667
Kaduna
1.420
1.350
0.500
Adamawa
Plateau
8°
Abuja
1.989 Nassarawa 1.020
1.303
Kogi
Benue
0.857
1.960
Kwara
Oyo
0.556
Ekiti
Osun
Ondo
1.400
Ogun
Lagos
0.781
Edo
6°
Delta
10°
0.647
Taraba
8°
1.963
Enugu
1.046
Ebonyi
Anambra
6°
100
0
100
200 Kilometers
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
29
14°
Figure 14: Yield of soybean
per state in 2004 (‘000 Ha)
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
E
S
Katsina
Zamfara
0.892
Kebbi
12°
Lake Chad
Sokoto
0.60
Jigawa
1.010
Yobe
3.000
Kano
1.520
0.828
Borno
12°
Gombe
10°
Niger
Kaduna
1.700
1.420
Bauchi
0.667
0.649
Adamawa
Plateau
8°
Abuja
Nassarawa 1.112
1.757
1.298
Kogi
Benue
0.627
1.950
Kwara
Oyo
0.594
Ekiti
Osun
Ondo
1.449
Ogun
Lagos
0.778
Edo
Delta
0.647
Taraba
8°
1.850
Enugu
Anambra
6°
10°
Ebonyi
6°
100
0
100
200 Kilometers
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
4°
6°
8°
10°
Figure 15: Yield of soybean per state in 2005 (‘000 Ha)
30
12°
14°
4°
6°
8°
10°
12°
14°
14°
14°
N
W
E
S
0.30
Zamfara
Kebbi
12°
Lake Chad
Sokoto
Katsina
Jigawa
1.01
0.89
Yobe
Kano
0.41
1.49
Gombe
Bauchi
Kaduna
1.42
Niger
10°
0.58
10°
1.53
8°
Abuja
1.87 Nassarawa
1.30
Kwara
0.58
1.42
Adamawa
Plateau
0.65
1.07
Taraba
Kogi
Ekiti
Osun
Ondo
Ogun
Lagos
0.78
12°
1.50
0.66
Oyo
Borno
0.00
Benue
0.74
8°
1.90
1.96
Edo
6°
Delta
Enugu
0.52Ebonyi
Anambra
6°
100
0
100
200 Kilometers
Rivers Akwa Ibom
Bayelsa
4°
6°
8°
10°
Average yield of soybean in 2004 and 2005 (000’ ha).
31
12°
14°
Figure 16:
3.2
Soybean Production for Local Governments in Benue and Kano States For 2006
As earlier noted, disaggregated data on production levels in the States and LGAs were not available.
However, a compilation of data from the annual reports of Benue State Agricultural and Rural
Development Authority (BNARDA) and Kano State Agricultural and Rural Development Authority
(KNARDA) was conducted and data on soybean production level and total land area cultivated for
2005 was generated. The data are presented in Tables 4 and 5 and depicted on the map of the States
in Figures 17, 18 and 19. The data on total land area cultivated in Benue State was not available as at
the time of the study but the estimated cultivated area for soybean in 2005 in the entire State was 85,
770ha. This is almost the same value obtained from the secondary data.
Based on the data (Figure 17), Konshisha and Buruku LGAs were the highest producers of soybeans
in Benue State. Figure 17 shows that soybean is produced in all the LGAs of the State. However,
soybean production in the State concentrates in the States located on the southern guinea region of
the State. The land area under soybean cultivation in Kano (Figure 18 also shows that two LGAs
(Gaya and Tsanyawa) cultivated the highest land area (1933.33 and 1760.78, respectively). These data
were actually correlated with the data obtained during the filed work and it was found to be correct
and true representation of the production level among the LGAs in the States.
Table 4: Levels of Soybean production in LGAs in Benue State, 2005
S/N
LGA
Output (‘000 tonnes)
1.
Agatu
5.77
2.
Guma
5.8
3.
Gwer West
6.87
4.
Markudi
2.54
5.
Buruku
15.44
6.
Logo
6.06
7.
Gboko
6.0
8.
Ukum
6.0
9.
Gwer East
8.57
10.
Otukpo
2.09
11.
Ohinimi
2.00
12.
Okipokwu
4.80
13.
Ogbadibo
5.92
14.
Ado
5.06
15.
Oju
1.21
16.
Obi
2.18
17.
Konshisha
18.77
18.
Vandeikya
12.22
19.
Kwande
5.61
20.
Katsina-Ala
5.00
21.
Ushongo
5.06
Source: BNARDA Annual report, 2005
Table 5: Soybean Production Level of LGAs in Kano State
S/N
LGA
Output (tonnes)
1.
Ajingi
NA
2.
Albasu
1537.94
3.
Bagwai
NA
4.
Bebeji
1506.84
5.
Bichi
2410.73
6.
Bunkure
1985.91
7.
Dala
NA
8.
Dambatta
2033.93
9.
Dawakin Kudu
1458.27
10.
Dawakin Tofa
1711.03
11.
Doguwa
1033.21
12.
Fagge
NA
13.
Gabasawa
1386.15
14.
Garko
NA
15.
Garum Mallam
NA
16.
Gaya
3073.99
17.
Gezawa
1554.58
18.
Gwale
NA
19.
Gwarzo
1497.89
20.
Kabo
902.66
21.
Kano Municipal
NA
22.
Karaye
2485.73
23.
Kibiya
NA
24.
Kiru
1389.29
25.
kumbotso
873.42
26.
Kunchi
NA
27.
Kura
1456.77
28.
Madobi
830.86
29.
Makoda
NA
30.
Minjibir
1543.37
31.
Nasarawa
NA
32.
Rano
1799,41
33.
Rimin Gado
628.03
34.
Rogo
NA
35.
Shanono
993.76
36.
Sumaila
1195.65
37.
Takali
1362.99
38.
Tarauni
NA
39.
Tofa
777.41
40.
Tsanyawa
2799.64
41.
Tudun Wada
1420.1
42.
Ungogo
1548.14
43.
Warawa
1250.49
44.
Wudil
2293.45
Total
44,942.3
Source: Annual Report of KNARDA, 2005. NA = Not available
33
Land Area Cultivated (ha)
NA
967.26
NA
947.7
1516.18
1249
NA
1279.2
917.15
1076.12
649.82
NA
871.8
NA
NA
1933.33
977.73
NA
942.07
567.71
NA
1563.35
NA
873.76
549.32
NA
916.21
522.56
NA
970.67
NA
1131.7
394.99
NA
625
751.98
857.23
NA
488.94
1760.78
893.15
973.67
786.47
1442.42
29,397.27
LGA
7°30'
8°00'
8°30'
9°00'
Agatu
Guma
Gwer West
Markudi
Buruku
Logo
Gboko
Ukum
Gwer East
Otukpo
Ohinimi
Okipokwu
Ogbadibo
Ado
Oju
Obi
Konshisha
Vandeikya
Kwande
Katsina-Ala
Ushongo
9°30'
N
8°00'
8°00'
Guma
5.77
5.80
Agatu
Markurdi
Gwer West
2.54
6.87
Apa
Logo
6.06
Tarka
Ukum
12.35
Bukuru
7°30'
Gboko
2.89
7°30'
Gwer East
Oturkpo
Katsina- Ala
8.57
6.00
Ohimini
15.44
5.00
2.00
Okpokwu
7°00'
Konshisha
Obi
Ogbadibo 4.86
5.92
Ado
5.06
5.06
Ushongo
2.18
1.21
18.77
Oju
Vandeikya
7°00'
Kwande
12.22
5.61
View1
6°30'
7°30'
8°00'
40
0
8°30'
40 Kilometers
9°00'
9°30'
ProductionperLGA
1.21
1.21- 2.89
2.89- 5.06
5.06- 6.06
6.06- 8.57
8.57- 12.35
12.35- 18.77
Output
(‘000 tonnes)
5.77
5.8
6.87
2.54
15.44
6.06
6.0
6.0
8.57
2.09
2.00
4.80
5.92
5.06
1.21
2.18
18.77
12.22
5.61
5.00
5.06
Figure 17: Soybean
production level for
LGAs in Benue States,
2005 (‘000 tonnes)
LGA
7°30'
8°00'
8°30'
9°00'
9°30'
N
Makoda
Dambatta
Kunchi
8°00'
8°00'
2033.93
Bichi
Tsanyawa
2799. 64
2410.73
Minjibir
Gabasawa
1711. 03
993.76
Shanono
1543.37
Dawakin Tofa
Bagwai
1386.15
Ungogo
Gezawa
1548. 14
Tofa
Rimin Gado
1497.89
Gwarzo
902.66
Kabo
Dala
777.41
Fagge
Gwale
Ajingi
Tarauni
Kano Municipal
873.42
Kumbotso
628.03
1250.49
Warawa
Madobi
830.86
7°30'
1554.58
2485.73
Gaya
Kura
Dawakin Kudu
1456.77
1458. 27
Wudil
7°30'
3073.99
Karaye
2293.45
1389. 29
GarumMallam
Bunkure
Albasu
1985.91
Kiru
1537.94
1506. 84
Garko
Rogo
Bebeji
Rano
Kibiya
Takai
1362. 99
1799. 41
Sumaila
Tundun Wada
1195.65
7°00'
7°00'
1420.10
Doguwa
1033.21
View1
6°30'
7°30'
8°00'
50
8°30'
0
9°00'
9°30'
50 Kilometers
productionperLGAS2006
0
0- 902.66
902.66- 1195.65
1195.65- 1458.27
1458.27- 1799.41
1799.41- 2485.73
2485.73- 3073.99
Figure 18: Soybean production level for LGAs in Kano States, 2005, tonnes)
Source: Annual report of KNARDA, 2005
35
Ajingi
Albasu
Bagwai
Bebeji
Bichi
Bunkure
Dala
Dambatta
Dawakin Kudu
Dawakin Tofa
Doguwa
Fagge
Gabasawa
Garko
Garum Mallam
Gaya
Gezawa
Gwale
Gwarzo
Kabo
Kano Municipal
Karaye
Kibiya
Kiru
kumbotso
Kunchi
Kura
Madobi
Makoda
Minjibir
-sarawa
Rano
Rimin Gado
Rogo
Shanono
Sumaila
Takali
Tarauni
Tofa
Tsanyawa
Tudun Wada
Ungogo
Warawa
Wudil
Output
1537.94
1506.84
2410.73
1985.91
2033.93
1458.27
1711.03
1033.21
1386.15
3073.99
1554.58
1497.89
902.66
2485.73
1389.29
873.42
1456.77
830.86
1543.37
1799.41
628.03
993.76
1195.65
1362.99
777.41
2799.64
1420.1
1548.14
1250.49
2293.45
8°00'
8°30'
9°00'
9°30'
N
W
12°30'
E
12°30'
M
akoda
1279.20
Kunchi
1760.78
Tsanyawa
1516.18
Bichi
Shanono
M
injibir
DawakinTofa
Bagwai
973.67
Tofa
394.99
942.07
G
warzo
RiminGado
56
7
.7
1
K
a
bo
549.32
1442.42
1933.33
G
aya
Bunkure
873.76
11°30'
DawakinKudu
W
udil
1249.00
Kiru
967.26
G
arumM
allam
947.70
R
ogo
W
arawa
917.15
Kura
Karaye
12°00'
Ajingi
786.47
Kum
botso
522.56 916.21
M
adobi
1563.35
G
abasawa
977.73
Ungogo
G
ezawa
Dala
Fagge
Tarauni
488.94
12°00'
871.80
970.67
1076.12
625.00
S
Dambatta
Bebeji
Albasu
G
arko
1131.70
Kibiya
11°30'
857.23
Rano
Takai
751.98
Sum
aila
893.15
TundunW
ada
11°00'
11°00'
649.82
Doguwa
10°30'
10°30'
8°00'
20
0
8°30'
9°00'
20 40 60 Kilom
eters
9°30'
Studyareas(FarmsizeinHa)
394.99-522.56
522.56-649.82
649.82-786.47
786.47-947.7
947.7- 1131.7
1131.7-1563.35
1563.35-1933.33
OtherLGAs
LGA
Ajingi
Albasu
Bagwai
Bebeji
Bichi
Bunkure
Dala
Dambatta
Dawakin Kudu
Dawakin Tofa
Doguwa
Fagge
Gabasawa
Garko
Garum Mallam
Gaya
Gezawa
Gwale
Gwarzo
Kabo
Kano Municipal
Karaye
Kibiya
Kiru
Kumbotso
Kunchi
Kura
Madobi
Makoda
Minjibir
-sarawa
Rano
Rimin Gado
Rogo
Shanono
Sumaila
Takali
Tarauni
Tofa
Tsanyawa
Tudun Wada
Ungogo
Warawa
Wudil
Farm size (ha)
NA
967.26
NA
947.7
1516.18
1249
NA
1279.2
917.15
1076.12
649.82
NA
871.8
NA
NA
1933.33
977.73
NA
942.07
567.71
NA
1563.35
NA
873.76
549.32
NA
916.21
522.56
NA
970.67
NA
1131.7
394.99
NA
625
751.98
857.23
NA
488.94
1760.78
893.15
973.67
786.47
1442.42
Figure 19: Soyabeean Land Area Cultivated for LGAs in Kano States, 2005
Source: Annual report of KNARDA, 2005
The implication of these findings is that there were ample opportunities for improved Soya market
access among small scale producers and market expansion at State and LGAs levels. This
information is also useful for processors in identifying market areas where soybean is produced in
large quantities. It is also useful for policy intervention that could make the market work better for
the poor.
4.0
PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOYBEAN PRODUCERS
36
4.1
Socioeconomic Characteristics of Soybean Producers
Soybean was found to be one of the major crops in the cropping system of farmers in the States
surveyed except Lagos where information on areas of soybean production could not be ascertained.
In Benue State, soybean is produced in every LGA as a major crop. It accounts for over half of the
farm size of individual farmers. Table 6 presents the socioeconomic characteristics of soybean
producers in the States. This is also depicted in Figure 20.
The mean age of farmers was 46 years indicating that majority are young and are in the active and
perhaps very productive age grade. This is at variance with the common belief that Nigerian farmers
are aged and weak. These data may however need to be interpreted with extreme caution as data
collection on age in a study like this posses a very big challenge as many rural people do not keep
records and could therefore not provide accurate data. However, the evidence in several documents
shows that the mean age of farmers in Nigeria is between 45 and 60 years. In terms of gender, there
were more male than female in soybean production in all the States. It was observed that women
were involved in every stage of soybean production, helping their husbands in planting and
harvesting, in particular. Women are fully involved in threshing and household level processing into
milk, cheese, ogi, dadawa and other household level uses of the crop, where such processing is done.
In all the States, except Benue, over half of the producers are members of Farmers Cooperatives and
Associations. In all, 63.5 per cent belonged to a local association; the importance of local
organizations in the empowerment of rural people can not be overemphasized.
4.2
Production Characteristics of Soybean Producers
The production characteristics of soybean producers are important in understanding the production
system and inherent constraints. The mean farm size for soybean among the producers sampled was
1.64 ha indicating that the majority of producers are small scale farmers. Although larger farms were
identified, production of soybean in Nigeria is in the hands of small scale farmers. It has been
argued that a progressive improvement can not be achieved if our agriculture remains in the hands
of small scale farmers. The reason is that they are resource poor and their activities determine the
quantity and quality of produce available in the markets.
Mixed cropping was the predominant cropping system in all the states except Oyo where soybean is
grown sole. Soybean is commonly grown in association with maize or sorghum. Mixed cropping is
common because it affords the farmer the opportunity of maximizing production potentials of his
small land area and acts as a shield against total crop failure. The mean years of experience in
soybean cultivation which was 15 years was highest in Benue (see Table 6).
Table 6: Socioeconomic/Production Characteristics of Soybean Producers in Study Locations
Parameters
Socioeconomic Characteristics
 Age (Mean, Years)
 Sex (% of Majority = Male)
 Marital Status (% of Majority =
Benue
n=351
47
95.5
FCT
n=194
38
72.7
37
Kano
n=44
49
100
Ondo
n=59
48
86.4
Oyo
n=51
47
86.3
Total
N=699
46
88.1
Married)
Membership of Organisation (%
of Yes)
Production Characteristics
 Soybean Farm Size (Mean, ha)
 Production System (% of Mixed
cropping)
 Soybean Production experience
(Mean, Years)
 Output (Total, Tonnes)
 Quantity Sold (Total, Tonnes)
 Type of Variety planted (% of
majority = Improved Variety)
 Input Utilisation
o Seed (Kg/ha, mean)
o Fertilizer (Kg/ha, mean) bags
o Herbicide (Litres/ha, mean)
o Pesticide (Litres/ha)
Processing/Marketing
Characteristics
 Have a direct link with processors
(% No)
 Threshing Method (% of majority,
manually)
 Marketing Avenues*
o Through Government
o Through Middlemen
o Through Cooperatives
o Through a processor
o Through a company
o Direct sale to users
 Market Venues*
o Village (Primary) Market
o Distant city market
o Distant rural market
o Home
o Direct supply to end users
o Personal use

94.9
94.3
100.0
100.0
73.2
92.4
34.7
58.5
77.3
59.3
88.2
63.5
2.3
0.84
0.85
0.87
3.32
1.64
52.0
60.8
54.5
54.2
9.9
46.2
14.85
5196
3674
8.9
2186
1937
8.9
1843
616
4.6
4115
3636
7.5
2825
1866
8.95
16165
11729
84.6
78.4
79.5
100.0
100.0
88.5
40.6
131.4
4.22
1.24
23.9
36.5
1.63
0.51
55.3
88.82
0.16
2.88
41.03
10.2
0.02
0.03
25.0
17.8
1.2
0.85
37.17
56.9
1.5
1.1
96.0
95.8
97.7
93.2
96.1
95.8
100.0
97.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
99.6
2.3
91.2
1.1
0.6
0.3
0.3
3.6
87.6
0.0
6.7
0.0
1.5
2.2
36.4
59.1
0.0
0.0
2.3
6.7
65.8
0.0
6.7
0.0
1.6
35.8
68.6
41.2
0.0
0.0
15.7
10.1
69.9
20.3
2.8
0.06
4.3
51.4
6.8
7.7
10.2
0.3
14.2
74.7
9.3
1.0
1.0
4.1
13.2
88.6
0.0
0.0
3.8
2.3
4.5
67.8
5.1
3.4
8.5
1.6
3.4
64.1
9.8
19.6
7.8
1.2
27.4
69.3
6.2
6.34
6.3
1.9
12.5
The total output of farmers interviewed?? in each of the States is shown in Table 6. Benue has the
highest output in tonnes (5,196 tonnes), followed by FCT (2,186.41 tonnes), Kano (1,843.59
tonnes), Oyo (282.5.0 tonnes) and Ondo (411.5 tonnes). These findings corroborate the data
obtained from the desk review. The findings show that soybean is produced more in the north than
the south implying larger markets for the crop in the northern part of Nigeria. According to the
study on soybean demand, the sources of supply for soybean in Nigeria are in the central and
northern States (Benue, Kaduna, Taraba, Niger and Plateau).
38
Out of the total harvest, it was observed that over half of the harvest was sold while only a small
proportion are stored at home for domestic consumption. In the States, 70.7, 88.6, 33.4, 88.4, and
66.1 per cent were sold to markets in Benue, FCT, Kano, Ondo and Oyo respectively. In Kano
where about 33 per cent was sold, it was found that soybean utilization for domestic purposes was
very high in the State. The production of ‘dadawa’ and ‘awara’ and other soy based products may
explain the large quantity kept for household consumption in the state.
The findings suggest that between 70 and 80 per cent of the total harvest were sold. This makes
soybean an important cash crop among resource poor households in all the states surveyed. Any
effort directed at the improvement and stability of soybean production, utilization and marketing,
could translate into improved income and welfare among this category of poor people in Nigeria.
The majority of the producers (88.5%) planted the improved variety of soybean, TGx 1448, and
Samsoy II. These varieties have been with the farmers for a long time and need to be reviewed for
further improvements.
In terms of linkages with processors of soya products, almost all (95.8%) the farmers did not have
direct link with processors. About 99% of the farmers were using manual threshers situated close to
the farms. The threshed soya are later transported to nearby village markets or stored at home.
Having a direct link with processors could enable farmers to obtain better market bargain and a
higher value for their products. This may be an uphill task since most farmers lacked modern storage
facilities and could not afford the additional cost of transportation that such direct market access
may require. It was not much of a surprise therefore, to find that 91.2 per cent of the farming
population in Benue sold their products through middlemen.
The village primary markets feature prominently in the market chain as a place where the farmers
bring their goods to sell and where middlemen often buy soybean, re-bag, store and later sell to
processors. Most farmers did not patronize distant rural and city markets but sell some of their soya
in their village markets.
Figures 20 – 25 are maps representing the production characteristics of soybean farmers in the five
States. Summarily, the Figures show that:
 Benue State produced more soybean than any other States and the total land cultivated in
each LGA was higher compared to other States;
 The data for Benue, Kano and FCT shows a uniform soybean production capacity of the
LGAs in each of the States and implying similar production practices and resources
 TGX 1448 variety was common among farmers in the five States. Samsoy II was also
common to farmers in Benue, FCT and Kano while TGX 923-2E was common to farmers
in Oyo State.
 Farmers in Oyo State sold almost all of their harvested soybean indicating a low level of
domestic or household level utilization.
 The LGAs producing higher quantities of soybean in Ondo and Oyo States are Akure North
and Saki West indicating that these two LGAs had larger markets for soybean in Southwest
Nigeria.
39
40
3°20'
4°40'
6°00'
7°20'
8°40'
10°00'
11°20'
14°00'
N
13°20'
W
Sokoto
Katsina
Kebbi
12°00'
E
13°20'
S
Zamfara
Kano
Yobe
Jigawa
Borno
10°40'
12°00'
10°40'
Gombe
Bauchi
Kaduna
Niger
Adamawa
9°20'
Abuja
Kwara
9°20'
Plateau
Nassarawa
Oyo
8°00'
Kogi
Benue
Ondo
Ogun
6°40'
8°00'
Taraba
Ekiti
Osun
Lagos
Enugu
Edo
Anambra
6°40'
Ebonyi
Delta
5°20'
5°20'
AkwaIbom
Bayelsa
3°20'
200
4°40'
0
6°00'
Rivers
7°20'
8°40'
200 Kilometers
10°00'
11°20'
14°00'
Production per state (year 2006)
28.25
28.25 - 41.16
41.16 - 191.72
191.72 - 221.58
221.58 - 515.71
No Data
LGA
Figure 20: Total soybean output for the five study States in tonnes
Level Data)
Benue
FCT
Kano
Ondo
Oyo
Output
( tonnes)
5196
2186
1843
4115
2825
Number of
LGAs
7
5
6
5
6
(Field
7°30'
8°00'
8°30'
9°00'
Parameter
Gboko
Variety planted
Average a
9°30'
Guma
N
Tarka
8°00'
Markurdi
Gwer West
8°00'
Logo
Uku
Variety planted
TGX1448-2E
Av. age of farmer = 52
Farm size 120 Ha
Gboko
Gwer East
Gboko
7°30'
turkpo
Variety planted:
TGX1448-2E
Farm size 74 Ha
Bukuru
Variety planted:
TGX1448-2E
Farm size 77 Ha
7°30'
Variety planted
TGX1448-2E
Katsina
Farm size 133 Ha
Ushongo
Konshisha
7°00'
Obi
Farm size 217 Ha
7°00'
Variety planted:
TGX1448-2E
Variety planted:
TGX1448-2E, TGX1448-2D
Variety planted
TGX1448-2E
Farm size 100 Ha
Vandeikya
Oju
Av farmsize: 120 Ha
7°30'
8°00'
20
0
8°30'
20 Kilometers
9°00'
Kwande
9°30'
Proportion of soya (Tons)
Output
Sold.
Stored
6°30'
Total Farm size (ha)
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Bukuru
Variety planted
Average age of farmers
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Ushongo
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Konshisha
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Vandelkya
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Gwer East
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Tarka
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
%
TGx 1448
30
77.0
69.1
94.5
5.5
TGx 1448, Samsoy II
133
40
92.0
95.5
4.5
TGx1448
49
100
77.4
47.3
52.7
TGx 1448, Samsoy II
45
217
62.8
100.0
0.0
TGx 1448
44
120
92.8
55.0
45.0
TGx 1448
42
74
40.1
72.8
27.2
TGX 14448-2E
52
42
93.6
62.4
37.6
Figure 21: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean producers in LGAs covered in Benue
State
42
7°00'
7°30'
N
Gwagwalada
Varieties planted
Samsoy II
TGX
Improved
Varieties planted
Samsoy II
TGX
Improved
Farm size =264.96Ha
Abaji
Farm size =132.98
Av age of farmers = 34
9°00'
9°00'
Bwari
Varieties planted
Samsoy II
TGX
Improved
Farm size = 24.17
Varieties planted
Samsoy II
TGX
Improved
Farmers variety
4Fam size = 1.09Ha
Abuja Municipal
Varieties planted
Samsoy II
TGX
Improved
Farm size = 525.92
8°30'
Kuje
8°30'
7°00'
10
0
10
20
30 Kilometers
7°30'
Proportions of soya (000 Tons)
Out put
Sold
Stored
Parameter
Gwagalada
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Bwari
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Abaji
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Kuje
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Kwali
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
%
TGx 1448 & Samsoy II
47
264.96
392.2
86.7
13.3
TGx 1448 & Samsoy
34
132.98
196.8
86.7
13.3
TGx 1448 & Samsoy
39
24.17
14.9
85.5
14.5
TGx 1448 & Samsoy
36
525.92
779.7
86.7
13.3
TGx 1448 & Samsoy
36
1.09
65.5
83.6
16.4
Figure 22: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean producers in LGAs covered in FCT
43
7°30'
8°00'
8°30'
9°00'
9°30'
488.94
488.94
Dala
Tofa
N
Fagge
Gwarzo
Rimin Gado
Variety planted:
TGX 1448
8°00'
Kumbotso
8°00'
Kabo
Av. Age of farmers = 43
Farm size= 42 Ha
Karaye
Variety planted:
TGX 1448 Sansoy II
Av. Age of farmer = 45
7°30'
Farm size = 63 Ha
Rogo
Kiru
Variety planted
TGX 1448
Farm size = 46 Ha
7°00'
Garum Mallam
Variety planted
TGX 1448
Farm size = 48 Ha
Av. age of farmers = 48
Variety planted
TGX 1448 Sansoy II
Bunkure
7°30'
Rano
7°00'
Farm size = 47 Ha
Bebeji
Variety planted
TGX 1448
Farm size = 48 Ha
Tundun Wada
7°30'
8°00'
10
0
10 Kilometers
8°30'
9°00'
9°30'
Proportion of soya (000 Tons)
Output
Sold
Stored
6°30'
Parameter
Gwarzo
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Karaye
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Kiru
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Bebeji
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Tundun Wada79.4
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Rogo
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
%
TGx 1448
43
42
45
26.7
73.3
TGx 1448, Samsoy
II
45
63
16.5
0.0
100.0
TGx1448
48
48
11.0
0.0
100.0
TGx 1448, Samsoy
II
54
47
35.0
79.4
20.6
Figure 23: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean producers in LGAs covered in Kano
State
44
TGx 1448
53
48
113.7
17.5
82.5
TGx 1448
42
46
50.0
55.6
44.4
7°30'
8°00'
8°30'
9°00'
9°30'
N
8°00'
8°00'
Akoko North-West
Variety planted:TGX 923 -2E
Akoko North-East
Farm size = 38.50
Variety planted:TGX 923 -2E
Average farm size = 16.50
7°30'
edore
Akoko South-West
Akure North
Akoko South-East
7°30'
Variety planted: TGX 923 -2E
Farm size = 15 Ha
Variety planted: TGX 923 -2E
7°00'
7°00'
Farm size 56 Ha
Owo
Akure South
Variety planted TGX 923 -2E
Idanre
Farm size = 128.30
6°30'
Ose
7°30'
8°00'
20
0
8°30'
20 Kilometers
9°00'
9°30'
Out put
Sold
Stored
Parameter
Akoko North West
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Akoko North East
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Akoko South East
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Owo
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Akure North
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
%
TGX 923-2E
42
38.50
43.9
78.6
21.4
TGX 923-2E
51
16.50
47.3
96.0
4.0
TGX 923-2E
454
14.67
8.72
90.7
9.3
TGX 923-2E
49
128.3
46.0
89.2
10.8
TGX 923-2E
196.25
66
63.9
88.7
11.3
Figure 24: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean producers in LGAs covered in Ondo
State
45
Parameter
Saki West
7°30'
8°00'
8°30'
9°00'
9°30'
Orelope
N
Olorunsogo
Saki East
8°00'
8°00'
Saki West
Variety planted:
TGX1448,
Farm size= 112.50Ha
7°30'
Atisbo
Variety planted:
TGX1448
Variet planted:
TGX1448
Ori-Ire
7°30'
Farm size= 2.5 Ha
Atiba
Farm size = 18Ha
Itesiwaju
7°00'
7°00'
Kajola
Iwajowa
Oyo West
Iseyin
Variety planted:
TGX1448
Farm size=19.8 Ha
7°30'
8°00'
20
0
8°30'
20 Kilometers
Oyo East
9°00'
Variety planted:
TGX1448
Farm size= 12.8 Ha
6°30'
Afijio
9°30'
Output
Sold
Stored
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Atiba
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Oyo West
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Oyo East
Farm size = 7.4 Ha
Variety planted:
TGX1448, TGX1440-1E
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Atisbo
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Afidjo
Variety planted
Output (tonnes)
% Quantity sold
% Quantity stored
Figure 25: Selected Socioeconomic and Production Characteristics of Soybean Producers in the LGAs in Oyo State
46
%
TGX 1448,
923, 1440-1E
51
112.5
120.0
100.0
0.0
TGX 1448,
923, 1440-1E
47
18.0
16.0
100.0
0.0
TGX 1448,
923, 1440-1E
41
25
12
100.0
0.0
TGX 1448,
923, 1440-1E
54
7.4
2.7
100.0
0.0
TGX 1448,
923, 1440-1E
53
12.8
30.0
100.0
0.0
TGX 1448,
923, 1440-1E
42
19.8
7.8
100.0
0.0
4.3
Distance Analysis of Sources of Seed
The distances of seed sources to location of farmers were determined, using the distance analysis
menu on Arc view 3.2. This is to ascertain the proximity and availability of seed inputs to farms in
the study. Seed is an important input required by farmers to sustain their production. Soya seed in
particular is noted for its proneness to loss of viability. Although, it is believed that a majority of the
farmers have inventories of seed, they often purchase improved seeds from input agencies and
private agro-allied firms. Figures 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30 are maps showing distance analysis in the
form of buffers. The buffers show the number of farm located within 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50
kilometres distance to the source of seed.
We discuss in the following section the findings on distance analysis:





In Benue State, 65.9 percent of the producers were within 0 and 10 km distance buffer
indicating that over 65 percent of the farmers traveled a distance of at least 10 km to access
seed input. About 18 percent were within the 10 and 20 km buffer while 16.05 per cent fell
within 20 and 30 km distance buffers. This finding implies that the majority of farmers was
close to seed sources and would probably have access to improved varieties and other
inputs.
In the FCT, only about 25.3 per cent of the producers fell within the 10 km radius indicating
that the majority of producers traveled beyond 10 km to access seed inputs. Over 25 per
cent would need to travel beyond 30km to have access to input. The implication of this is
that soybean producers in the FCT are far away from locations where they can buy seeds
and other inputs. This could serve as disincentive to farmers in adopting improved
technologies.
In Kano State, it was noted that all the farmers’ locations fell within the 10 km buffer
indicating that the seed services of the State are very close to farmers. This suggests that
soybean farmers in Kano State would have access to improved seeds and more readily adopt
improved technologies than farmers in other States.
In Ondo State, about 61 per cent of the farmers’ locations fell outside the 10 km distance
buffers.
The distance buffers of Oyo State show that majority of the farmers do not have to travel far
distances to obtain seed; 84.33 percent of the farmers fell between 0 and 15km distance
buffers.
Generally, the location of seed and other inputs sources are very important in determining how
accessible agricultural inputs are to farmers and in designing what interventions are necessary to
ensure the provision of input services to farmers in their localities.
7°30'
8°00'
8°30'
9°00'
9°30'
Guma
N
#
Markurdi
8°00'
Logo
8°00'
Gwer West
Ukum
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Tarka
%
#%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Gwer East
7°30'
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
# %
%
#%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Data Table
%
%
%
%
%
%%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%%
%
%
%
%
#
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%%
%
%%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
# %
%
%
%
%
Gboko
7°30'
#
%
Bukuru
Katsina- Ala
%
#
#
7°00'
%
Obi
Konshisha
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%%
%
%
%
%
%%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%%
%
%%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
#
%
%
%
%
%
7°00'
Ushongo
Buffer
distance
10
20
30
Number
of
farmers
230
63
56
% (n = 351)
65.9
18.05
16.05
40
50
0
0
0
0
#
Vandeikya
Oju
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%#
% %%
%
#%
%# %
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Kwande
View1
6°30'
7°30'
8°00'
8°30'
9°00'
9°30'
Seedsources
Farmslocation
Distance toseedsources
10
20
30
40
50
Benuestate
#
%
30
Figure 26: Distance analysis
State
0
30 Kilometers
of location of farmers and source of soybean seed input in Benue
7°00'
7°30'
N
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%%
Bwari
7°40'
%
Gwagwalada 8°00'
%
12°20'
%
%
%
%
%
%%
%
%
%%
%
%%%
%%
%
%
%%
%
%
Abaji
9°00'
%
12°20'
%
%%
%%% %
%
%
%
%
%
%%
%
%
%
%
9°00'
Bichi
Bagwai
Ungogo
12°00'
Kwali
#
Rimin
Kuje Gado
#
%
%
%
% %
%
%%
% %
%%
%%
Kumbotso
Warawa
Kabo
#
%
Gezawa
Dala
Tofa
Gwarzo
%
Gabasawa
#
Madobi
Kura
#
Wudil
Karaye
#
8°30'
11°40'
Bunkure
Kiru
#
#
Garum Mallam
#
#
#
#
##
7°00'
E
Distance
Buffers
10
12°00'
20
Aj
30
%
Seed source 40
%
Farm Locations50
S
FCT
Distance
to seed sources
Gay
20
8°30'
40
11°40'
60
80
Number of
farmers
% (n= 194)
49
25.26
47
24.23
47
24.23
27
13.92
24
12.36
Garko
7°30'
Rogo
Data Table
N
W
Minjibir
Dawakin Tofa
%
Shanono
8°40'
Abuja Municipal
Tsanyawa
%%
%%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
8°20'
Kibiya
Bebeji
Rano
10
0
10
20
30 Kilometers
11°20'
#
#
Sumaila
#
#
11°20'
Figure 27: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of
soybean seed input in FCT
##
Tundun Wada
7°40'
8°00'
8°20'
8°40'
Seed sources
Farm locations
Distances to seed sources
15
30
49
45
60
Kano state
#
#
10
0
10
20 30 Kilometers
Data Table
Distance
Buffers
10
20
30
40
50
Figure 28: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed input in Kano State
50
Number of
farmers
43
0
0
0
0
% (n= 194)
100
0
0
0
0
5°10'
5°20'
5°30'
5°40'
5°50'
6°00'
7°40'
N
7°40'
Akoko North-West
%
% %% %%
%
%
%
#
%
%
7°30'
%
%
%
%
%
%
Akoko North-East
7°30'
%
% %
%
%
Akoko South-East
%
%
%
%
%
%
Akoko South-West
Ifedore
7°20'
7°20'
Akure North
%
%%
%
% %
##
%%
%
%
%%
%
Akure South
Data Table
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
#
%
%
%
7°10'
Distance
Buffers
10
20
30
40
50
Number of
farmers
23
28
8
0
0
% (n= 194)
38.98
47.46
13.56
0
0
7°10'
Owo
Idanre
Ose
7°00'
7°00'
5°10'
5°20'
5°30'
5°40'
5°50'
6°00'
Seedsource
% FarmLocations
Distance toseedsources
10
20
30
40 29: Distance analysis
50
Ondostate
#
10
0
Figure
input in Ondo State
10
20 Kilometers
51
of location of farmers and source of soybean seed
3°00'
3°30'
4°00'
4°30'
N
Orelope
Olorunsogo
Saki East
#
#
#
###
#
#
#
Saki West
8°30'
8°30'
Data Table
Ori-Ire
Atisbo
Atiba
Itesiwaju
Ogbomosho North
Surulere
Kajola
Iwajowa
8°00'
8°00'
Iseyin
#
#
#
Oyo West
Ogo Oluwa
## #
Oyo
# East
#
##
#
#
##
##
#
#
#
#
#
#
##
Afijio
Ibarapa North
Ibarapa East
Ido
7°30'
Ibarapa Central
Akinyele
7°30'
Lagelu
#
Egbeda
Ona Ara
Oluyole
3°00'
3°30'
4°00'
4°30'
Seedssources
Farmlocation
Distancetoseedsouces
5
10
15
20
Oyostate
#
#
20
0
20
40 Kilometers
Figure 30: Distance analysis of location of farmers and source of soybean seed input in Oyo State
52
Buffer
Distance
5
10
15
20
Number of
farmers
5
4
34
8
% (n
= 51)
9.81
7.85
66.67
15.67
5.0
EXPERIENCE OF PROSAB IN THE SOYBEAN COMMODITY CHAIN
PROSAB is a project (financed by the Canadian CIDA and implemented by the International
Institute of Tropical Agriculture, IITA. It is located in Borno State, with an office in Maiduguri, and
is aimed at promoting trade and establishing linkages between soybean producers, marketers and
processors in the State. The following strategies are employed in achieving the objectives of the
project.
a. The project commenced with identification of producers, marketers and processors and
facilitating trade linkages between them.
b. Survey of markets for soybean in the State for domestic and industrial purposes; identification of
these markets and capacity of such markets for soya-based products.
c. Provision of advisory services to farmers on improved practices on soybean production,
marketing and processing.
d. Organization of Stakeholders’ workshop involving producers, marketers and processors and
identifying constraints in the linkage between them. The workshop was also used to identify
quantity, quality, and price requirements of processors in order to afford the farmers the
opportunity of being actively involved in the market.
e. Organisation of capacity building trainings for farmers on processors requirements, market
opportunities, trade development agenda, information on credit sources and facilities towards a
sustainable financing of the trade.
The supply side market surveys are carried out by the agency to identify producers and processors.
The enumeration includes data collection on actual and potential production capacities of farmers;
identification, by type and capacities, of intermediaries and agents involved in the soybean trade. The
demand side market survey include the identification and data collection on processors and endusers, actual and potential demand structures, forms, quality and quantities of soybean product used
and demand frequencies.
6.0
LOCATION OF PROCESSORS, DEMAND AND MOVEMENT OF SOYA
BASED PRODUCTS
6.1
Location of Soybean Commercial Processors
Soybean Commercial processors have been identified in a study on Commercial Demand of
Soybean in Akure, Jos, Kano and Lagos, Nigeria. A total of forty six soybean processors were
identified in the four locations with Lagos having the highest number and concentration of soybean
processors, but which process the lowest volumes among the four cities. Apart from Lagos where a
sample of the processors was surveyed, a complete census of soybean processors in other locations
was taken.
Different categories of commercial consumers were identified. This comprised 10 oil mills, 18
livestock feed mills, three flour mills, five infant food and 10 instant food industries. No paint,
pharmaceutical or cosmetic industry using soybean was identified. The livestock feed mills were
many in number and utilize large quantities of soybean cake and meal. It was found that soy based
materials are considered relatively expensive to be utilized in other industrial products such as paints,
pharmaceuticals, confectioneries and cosmetics, where cheaper alternatives could be utilized. Table 7
below shows the locations, soybean processing capacity and the industry type.
Table 7: List of Identified Commercial Processors of Soybean
S/N
Location
Name of Organization
Soybean
processing tonnes
/day
120
Industry type
1.
Akure/Owo
JOF Ideal Family Farm
2.
Akure/Akoko
Olonimoke Feedmill
10
Livestock Feed mill
3.
Akure/Akoko
Serena Feedmill
2.5
Livestock Feed mill
4.
5.
Akure/Akoko
Akure/Akoko
PAM, Feedmill
His Grace Feedmill
0.5
1.0
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
6.
Akure/Owo
Opeyemi Feedmill
2.0
Livestock Feed mill
7.
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Grand Cereals & Oil Mills
100
Oil Mill
ECWA Rural Development
MJ-ONE Nig. Ltd.
Pierodex Farms Nig. Ltd.
MEGATECH Industries Ltd.
AGRO-MILLERS Ltd.
Aminimoh & Sons
Dagwom Farm Department.
Lauret Oil Mills Ltd.
Fortune Oil Mill Limited
Talamiz Oil
Yakasai Oil Mill Limited
Karami Oil Limited
Danlabi Oil Mill
Alhaji Lawan Farms
120
10
15
20
2
2
10
5
250
100
20
20
15
15
Livestock Feed mill
Oil and Feed Mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Oil Mill
Oil Mill
Oil Mill
Oil Mill
Oil Mill
Oil Mill
Livestock Feed mill
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
54
Oil and feed mill
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
36.
37.
38.
39.
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Alhaji Abba Zaggae Farms
Nana Farms
Animal Care
Superb Feeds
Sovet Feeds
JIKS Global Ventures Limited
Comfort Mills & Farms
High Trees Nig. Limited
Golden Lay farms Limited
Solution Feed Mill
Sabina Pad Nig. Limited
Soleace & Moxie Investments
Boom Commercial Enterprises
Fola-Afe Agro Vet Services
and Ventures
Spectra Foods
Samdor Feeds
S.K Grinding & Pelleting
Federal Institute of Industrial
Research FIIRO
Livestock Feeds Plc.
Candor Foods
Life Flour Group
Willmerc (La cussion)
Grand Cereal and Oil Ltd
Moreson Nigeria Limited
Nestle Foods Plc
5
5
4
2
1
0.002
0.0012
0.001
0.0007
0.005
0.02
0.01
0.001
0.015
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.01
0.0005
0.01
0.0002
150
0.005
0.06
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Food Industry
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Food Research
Institute
Livestock Feed mill
Livestock Feed mill
Feed and Flour Mill
Feed mill and
Oil Mill
Food Industry
Food Industry
Apart from these, there are other processors of soybean, identified in the literature, outside the four
locations and some other not among the sample in Lagos. Some of these processors were
geographically positioned to create the maps. The ones identified are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Bendel Feed and Flour Mill Limited. Edo State
Lisabi Foods, Maryland, Lagos
Glaxo Nigeria Limited, Apapa, Lagos
Cadbury (Nig.) Limited, Lagos
Odichie Bakery, Lagos
S&D Farms Nigeria Limited, Abeokuta – Ibadan, Rd, Itesi Ajegunle Village, Abeokuta
Fedex (Nig.) Limited, Kudanda Industrial Layout, Kaduna
SEEPC Nigeria Limited, Kachia Rd., Kaduna
Rosana Vegetable Oil Mill Nassarawa Eggon, Nassarawa State
Ogo Oluwa Interbiz Oyo Road, Ibadan
B&T Ventures Nigeria Limited. Ojoo, Ibadan
Ezekiel and Sons Grinding, Company Nnung Ikot Asanga, Akwa Ibom State
Taraku Mill, Limited Taraku, Benue State
55
14. Golden Oil Mills, Onitsha, Anambra State
15. Obasanjo Farms Limited, Ota, Ogun State
Figure 31 shows the map of Nigeria indicating the locations of major soybean processors in Nigeria
in Nigeria. Generally, it was observed that the livestock feed millers are more in number from one
location to the other and therefore important in determining the level of utilization of soybean in
Nigeria. Although they have alternative and cheaper source of protein, they prefer soybean because
of its low oil content and a rich source of protein.
56
3°20'
4°40'
6°00'
7°20'
8°40'
10°00'
11°20'
14°00'
N
13°20'
W
E
13°20'
S
Sokoto
12°00'
12°00'
Katsina
Kebbi
[
%
P.S. mandridesPlc.
Zamfara
Yobe
Jigawa
Borno
Kano
RosanaVegetableOil
[
%
Funtua Cotton seed crushingCo.
Nana Farms
[
%
SunseedNigLtd
Talamiz Oil
Premeer seedNig Ltd
[
%
10°40'
10°40'
FedexNigLtd
[
%
Niger
SEEPCNigLtd
Gombe
Bauchi
Kaduna
[
%
[%
Lauret Oil MillsLtd.
Adamawa
9°20'
9°20'
Plateau
Kwara
Abuja
[ Min of Agricand Natural Resourc
%
Nassarawa
Oyo
Taraba
OlonimokeFeedmill
8°00'
AdonNig Ent.
Zest concept Ltd
[%
[
%
[
%
[%
[
%
Ondo
[
%
[%
Ogun %
[ AnimalCare
Obasanjo Farms LTD
[%
%
[%
[ L%
[ago
Li vestock Feeds Plc.
[%
s
Taraku Mill Ltd
[
%
Benue
Enugu
Edo
Federal Instituteof Industrial
Ebonyi
Anambra
Bendel feedand flour mill Nig Ltd
6°40'
[
%
6°40'
Imo Abia
Delta
Cross River
AkwaIbom
Bayelsa
[
%
Rivers
5°20'
200
3°20'
Soybean processors
8°00'
Ekiti
SerenaFeedmillKogi
PAM, Feedmi ll
Opeyemi Feedmill JOF Ideal Family Farm
Osun
4°40'
0
6°00'
Major soya processors
Nigeria.
5°20'
200 Kilometers
7°20'
8°40'
10°00'
11°20'
14°00'
Figure 31: Location of
in the study areas
6.2
Demand for Soybean among processors and sources of supply of Soya based raw
materials
Demand for soybean and other related products by commercial consumers was obtained and
aggregated in this report. It was observed that demand for the various forms of soy follows similar
pattern across processors and locations. The oil mills provide demand for soybeans to produce cake,
meal and oil which is used by feed mills and other industries. However, some medium and large
scale processors in the food industry use the bean as well. Demand for soy oil could not be
ascertained because all the processors identified did not use soy oil but rather produced it.
The aggregate demand for soybean was far higher than aggregate demand for other forms such as
meal, cake and oil. This is partly because oil mills and some food industries provide demand for
large quantities of soybean and demand from the industries that utilize mainly the meal and or cake
seems less intense. Twenty three of the processors (50%) used soy bean while 18(39.1%) and 21
(45.7%) used meal and cake respectively. Only one of the processors used soy oil which is used in
formulation of some poultry feeds.
Table 8 shows the quantity of soy based materials demanded for by each of the processors. The
aggregate shows that processors in Kano have the highest aggregate demand of 178,200 and 9,248
tonnes per annum for bean and cake respectively. This is followed by Akure and Jos with 43,200
and 38,166 tonnes respectively for bean. The aggregate demand per annum for the four locations for
bean, cake and meal were 296,412; 10,780 and 11, 440 tonnes, respectively.
There was no demand for soya oil by industries in any of the study locations visited. Apart from the
oil mills, other processors such as Spectra Foods and Moreson Nigeria Limited both in Lagos
utilized oil generated from the production of their soy foods. In Kano, none of the oil mills
packaged their oil for domestic consumption. It was reported that there are middlemen that do
purchase the oil in large quantities and resell either in small drums at local markets, some
industrialists or mix with other form of oil (groundnut and cotton seed oils), package and produce
generic vegetable oil. It was also found in Kano that they do supply some paint industries from the
southeast and some big farms from the south west), with raw and neutralized oil directly. The local
supply for soy oil of Karami Oil in Kano however, is done through middlemen that buy soy oil and
mix with groundnut oil and package as vegetable oil. The proportion of soy in this adulterated oil is
about 30 per cent.
It was found that Grand Cereals and Oil Mills Limited (Jos and Lagos) and JOF Ideal Farms Limited
are the only oil milling companies that had branded soy oil (Grand Oil and Executive Chef,
respectively) in the market in Nigeria. The companies have major distributors all over the country.
From the foregoing, the demand for soy oil by various commercial buyers and industrial users could
not be ascertained at the time of the study. Table 7 highlights the soybean processors identified in
the four locations, quantity processed, soya based products produced and sources of supply for soya
based raw materials. The data in Table 7 were used to generate Figures 25, 26 and 27. Table 7 and
Figure 25 shows that Grand Cereals and Oil Mills Limited is the highest consumer of soyabean in
Nigeria followed closely by Nestle Nigeria Limited, Lagos.
Figure 26 shows the major sources of supply of soya based raw materials. It was noted that soya
beans are supplied mainly from the central and northern States of Nigeria such as Benue, Kaduna,
Jigawa, Katsina, Plateau and Bauchi States. These States, particularly Benue, Kaduna and Katsina
appear prominent among the supply sources. However, the particular locations in terms of
community or village where soya beans are sourced can only be provided by middlemen who do
most of the supplies.
It was found from the oil mills that there are several levels of middlemen in the soybean commodity
chain. These middlemen buy directly from farmers and primary markets; they bag, store and supply
the companies. The majority of these middlemen are not involved in any form of soybean
processing but controlled the price of soybean especially during the rainy season (March – August).
These middlemen play significant roles in meeting the demand for soya based products by different
levels of processors. Sadly, they are also responsible for the adulteration of the products in a bid to
meet demand.
On the part of the feed mills and other consumers, their sources of supply for soy meal and cake are
mainly the oil mills within and around their locations. In some of these locations such as Akure, Jos
and Kano, a business cluster could be formed to further strengthen the existing relationship among
the group. The dependence of the feed mill in particular, on the oil mills underscores their
importance in the soya commodity chain. It was noted that some large Feed Mills in the country
depend mainly on supply from oil mills in the north. For instance, Fortune Oil, Kano supplies
Animal care in Ogun State; Karami Oil, Kano is a major supplier of soy cake and meal to Obasanjo
Farms Limited, Ota, Ogun State.
Information was obtained on the reason for patronizing these sources. The first and the most
important reason given by processors is quality of the soy based materials. Over the years, they had
established quality preferences and got their suppliers to comply. All the processors indicate that
their priority for supply is quality. Getting quality soy based products which will have expected value
is sine qua non to ensuring good quality from suppliers. Other reasons given for the patronage of
their sources of supply are:
i.
Price: They tend to patronize a source that is relatively cheaper than other sources,
however with same quality standards.
ii.
Regularity of supply and availability of materials: Often times they patronized a source
of supply for its regularity and consistency of supplying them materials. This means that
supply is always guaranteed by these sources. This assures processors that they will be
able to get supply any time required.
iii.
Nearness of the supplier: This is very important as it determine the price of the
products. Processors often prefer to buy from nearby sources to reduce the price since
the cost of transportation increases the cost of the product. However, for processors
requiring soy bean, they patronize sources from the Northern part of Nigeria because
soybean is always available and at a cheaper price.
iv.
No alternative supplier: In some cases like in Akure and its environs, majority of the
feed mills purchased their cake and meal from JOF mainly because they did not have an
alternative close bye.
Figure 27 is a destination map showing identified movement of the supply of soybean from various
sources to the processors. The directions of the arrows indicate the direction from source of
supplies to point of processing. With many the arrows pointing southwards confirms that soybean
production takes place in the north while its processing, utilization and market is in the south,
particularly the southwest. The arrows also show an estimated quantity of soybean being supplied
from the various processing points.
59
Table 8: List of major soybean processors and the sources of supply
S/N
Forms of soy
based materials
Sources of supply (State)
1.
JOF Ideal Family Farm, Akure
Bean
Benue, and Kaduna
2.
Olonimoke Feedmill, Akure
Cake and meal
3.
Serena Feedmill, Akure
Cake and meal
JOF Ideal Family Farm and Oyo
4.
5.
PAM, Feedmill, Akure
His Grace Feedmill, Akure
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
6.
Opeyemi Feedmill, Akure
Cake and meal
7.
Grand Cereals & Oil Mills, Jos
Bean
Plateau, Benue, Kano, Kaduna, Katsina, Jigawa
8.
Ltd., Jos
MJ-ONE Nig. Ltd., Jos
Pierodex Farms Nig. Ltd., Jos
Megatech Industries Ltd., Jos
AGRO-MILLERS Ltd., Jos
Aminimoh & Sons, Jos
Dagwom Farm Department.,
Jos
Lauret Oil Mills Ltd., Jos
Fortune Oil Mill Limited, Kano
Talamiz Oil, Kano
Yakasai Oil Mill Limited, Kano
Karami Oil Limited, Kano
Danlabi Oil Mill, Kano
Alhaji Lawan Farms, Kano
Alhaji Abba Zaggae Farms,
Kano
Nana Farms, Kano
Cake and meal
Plateau, Kano, Bauchi, Kaduna and Abuja
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Plateau, Grand Cereals, Benue
Bean
Bean
Bean
Bean
Bean
Bean
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Plateau, Benue and Kaduna
Kano, Katsina, Benue and Kaduna
Cake and meal
24.
25.
26.
27.
Animal Care, Kano
Superb Feeds, Kano
Sovet Feeds, Kano
JIKS Global Ventures, Kano
Limited, Lagos
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Dewanu Enterprises, Sharada, Kano, Fortune Oil Mill, Kano,
Mutan Enterprises
Dewanu Enterprises, Sharada, Kano, Fortune Oil Mill, Kano
28.
29.
30.
Comfort Mills & Farms, Lagos
High Trees Nig. Limited, Lagos
Golden Lay farms Limited,
Lagos
Solution Feed Mill, Lagos
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Sabina Pad Nig. Limited, Lagos
Soleace & Moxie Investments,
Lagos
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
31.
32.
33.
Cake and meal
60
MJ-ONE Ltd and MEGATECH Ind. Ltd.
Kano, Benue, Kaduna
MJ-ONE Ltd
Plateau and Kaduna
Benue
Mutan Enterprises, Asada Market, Kano
Mutan Enterprises, Asada market, Kano, Fortune Oil Mill, Talamiz
Oil Mill
Karami Oil Mill
Fortune Oil Mill
Golden Oil, Sapele, Onitsha.
Life flour group (Sanders), Morrison, Lagos
Moreson Nig.Ltd., Ojodu, Lagos
Golden Oil, Onitsha
Karami Oil, Kano
Golden oil, Onitsha
Katsina, Kaduna
Life flour group, Moreson, Lagos
Golden oil, Onitsha
34.
Boom Commercial Enterprises,
Lagos
Cake and meal
35.
Fola-Afe Agro Vet Services and
Ventures, Lagos
Cake and meal
36.
37.
Spectra Foods, Lagos
Samdor Feeds, Lagos
Bean
38.
S.K Grinding & Pelleting,
Lagos
Cake and meal
39.
Research FIIRO, Lagos
Livestock Feeds Plc., Lagos
Candor Foods, Lagos
Life Flour Group, Lagos
Bean
Willmerc (La cussion), Lagos
Grand Cereal and Oil Ltd,
Lagos
Moreson Nigeria Limited, Lagos
Nestle Foods Plc, Lagos
Bean
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Cake and meal
Bean
Bean
Bean
Golden oil, Onitsha
Golden Oils, Onitsha
Grand Oils & Cereal, Jos
Benue
Benue
Soya oil from Sun seed Mill
Life flour group, Lagos, Moreson Nig. Ltd,
Lagos, Golden Oil, Onitsha; Benue
Mile 12, Lagos
Benue, and Katsina
Abattoir, Oko-oba Lagos,
Grand Cereals, Lagos, Benue
and import
Mile 12 Market, Lagos; Benue
Benue
Kastina, Lagos, Benue
Oyo, Benue, Kano and Kaduna
61
3°20'
4°40'
6°00'
7°20'
8°40'
10°00'
11°20'
14°00'
N
13°20'
W
E
13°20'
S
&
Sokoto
Katsina
12°00'
Kebbi
& %
[
P.S. mandrides Plc.
Zamfara
Kano
RosanaVegetable Oil
Yobe
Jigawa
Borno
12°00'
&
[
%
Funtua Cotton seed crushing Co.
Nana Farms
[
%
Sunseed Nig Ltd
[
%
Talamiz Oil
Premeer seed Nig Ltd
10°40'
10°40'
&
Fedex Nig Ltd
[
%
Niger
SEEPCNig Ltd
9°20'
Gombe
Bauchi
&
Kaduna
[&
%
[%
Adamawa
&
9°20'
Plateau
Kwara
Abuja
[ Min of Agric and Natural Resourc
%
Nassarawa
Oyo
&
8°00'
Zest concept Ltd
[%
[
[%
%
Osun
[
%
[%
Serena Feedmill Kogi
[
%
Taraku Mill Ltd
PAM, Feedmill
Opeyemi Feedmill
[
%
[%
[ AnimalCare
%
Obasanjo Farms LTD
[%
%
[%
[ Lagos
[ Livestock Feeds Plc.
%
[%
&
Ogun
Ekiti
Ondo
6°40'
Taraba
&
Olonimoke Feedmill
Adon Nig Ent.
[
%
8°00'
Benue
Enugu
Edo
Ebonyi
Anam
& bra
6°40'
Bendel feed and flour mill Nig Ltd
[
%
Delta
Imo
Abia
Cross River
AkwaIbom
5°20'
Bayelsa
3°20'
200
4°40'
6°00'
0
7°20'
5°20'
Rivers
8°40'
200 Kilometers
10°00'
11°20'
& Major source of soya raw materials
[
%
Nigeria.
Sources
of
14°00'
Figure 32:
Soya based materials
3°10'
4°20'
5°30'
6°40'
7°50'
9°00'
10°10'
12°30'
13°20'
13°20'
Sokoto
40000
Katsina
12°10'
Kebbi
Zamfara
#
Kano
10000
Yobe
Jigawa
Borno
12°10'
#
6
#
60000
25
#
#
11°00'
11°00'
15000
Niger
9°50'
Gombe
Bauchi
Kaduna
24000
#
#
##
#
###
9°50'
Adamawa
8°40'
Plateau
Abuja
2
#
Kw
ara
8°40'
Nassarawa
Oyo
N
7°30'
10000
#
##
Osun
10000
#
##
Taraba
3600
#
Ekiti
20000 15000
Kogi
#
#
43200
3240
#
####### 480
#
##Lagos
#
Enugu
Edo
5000
6°20'
7°30'
Benue
72000
#
#
Ondo
Ogun
# 10000
Anambra
10000
Ebonyi
6°20'
#
Delta
5°10'
5°10'
Bayelsa
3°10'
4°20'
5°30'
6°40'
Rivers
AkwaIbom
7°50'
9°00'
10°10'
12°30'
Major processors by quantity of soya demanded
0 - 2016
#
2017 - 6000
#
6001 - 15000
# 15001 - 24000
# 24001 - 72000
Nigerian administrative boundary
#
200
0
200 Kilometers
Figure 33:
Soya based materials demanded by selected processors
63
Quantity of
0°0'0"
5°0'0"E
10°0'0"E
15°0'0"E
15°0'0"N
15°0'0"N
22
"
15
µ
Sokoto
3
Katsi na
20
Yobe
Jigawa
Zamfara
"
!
Kano
!
15
21
1
!
17
31
"
!
Gombe
10°0'0"N
37
13
Bauchi
"
!! "
47
K aduna
4
Niger
Borno
"
12
!
10°0'0"N
9
Kebbi
2
Adam awa
Plateau
"
Kwara
Abuja
3
!
Nassarawa
Oyo
21
Taraba
"
!!
Osun
"
E kiti !
!
Kogi
!
!
Ondo!
!!
Ogun!
Benue
10
!!!! !
!!
Lagos
"
Enugu
Anambra Ebonyi
Edo
"
!
Del ta
68
5°0'0"N
Bayel sa
Cross River
Imo Abia
Legend
Akwa Ibom
Riv ers
"
Major source of soya
!
5°0'0"N
National Administrative boundary
Quantity of Soya (000 Tons)
1- 4
0
95
190
380
Kilometers
5 - 17
18 - 37
38 - 68
Movement of Soybean supply
0°0'0"
5°0'0"E
10°0'0"E
64
15°0'0"E
Figure 34:
from sources to processors
6.3
Destination of Soy-based end products
Table 9 below indicates the various locations of domestic demand for soy based products. These
findings suggest that small and medium scale enterprises sell their products close to their own
locations while the larger processors have a nationwide coverage of product distribution. Figure 35
is a map depicting the locations of soya based products in Nigeria indicating locations of producers
(processors). The map shows clearly where these products can be sourced directly from producers.
Figure 36 shows the movement of these products to various destinations of demand within Nigeria.
Table 9: Locations of domestic demand for soy based products
S/N
Location
1.
Akure/Owo
Major Soy based
product
Cake, meal and oil
2.
Olonimoke Feedmill
Akure/Akoko
Livestock feeds
Ondo and Ekiti
3.
Serena Feedmill
Akure/Akoko
Livestock feeds
Ondo and Ekiti
4.
5.
PAM, Feedmill
His Grace Feedmill
Akure/Akoko
Akure/Akoko
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Ondo and Ekiti
Ondo and Ekiti
6.
Opeyemi Feedmill
Akure/Owo
Livestock feeds
Ondo and Ekiti
7.
Grand Cereals & Oil Mills
Jos
Oil, cake and meal
All over Nigeria
8.
9.
MJ-ONE Nig. Ltd.
Plateau, Kano, Bauchi,
Kaduna and Abuja
Plateau and Niger
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Pierodex Farms Nig. Ltd.
MEGATECH Industries
Ltd.
AGRO-MILLERS Ltd.
Aminimoh & Sons
Dagwom Farm Department.
Fortune Oil Mill Limited
Cake, meal and livestock
feeds
Oil, cake and meal and
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Oil, cake and meal
Oil
17.
18.
19.
Talamiz Oil
Yakasai Oil Mill Limited
Karami Oil Limited
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Danlabi Oil Mill
Alhaji Lawan Farms
Alhaji Abba Zaggae Farms
Nana Farms
Animal Care
Superb Feeds
Sovet Feeds
JIKS Global Ventures
Limited
Comfort Mills & Farms
Plateau
Plateau
Plateau
Plateau and Eastern Nigeria
Kano, Ogun, Lagos and
Eastern Nigeria
Northern Nigeria
Kano and Kaduna
Kano, Kaduna, Ogun and
Lagos
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
28.
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Jos
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Kano
Lagos
Lagos
Oil
Oil
Oil
Oil
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Locations of Domestic
Demand (State)
Southwest Nigeria
Plateau
Northern Nigeria
Lagos and Ogun
Lagos and Ogun
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
40.
41.
42.
High Trees Nig. Limited
Golden Lay farms Limited
Solution Feed Mill
Sabina Pad Nig. Limited
Soleace & Moxie
Investments
Boom Commercial
Enterprises
Fola-Afe Agro Vet Services
and Ventures
Spectra Foods
Samdor Feeds
S.K Grinding & Pelleting
Research FIIRO
Livestock Feeds Plc.
Candor Foods
Life Flour Group
43.
44.
45.
46.
Willmerc (La cussion)
Grand Cereal and Oil Ltd
Moreson Nigeria Limited
Nestle Foods Plc
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Lagos and Ogun
Lagos and Ogun
Lagos and Ogun
Lagos and Ogun
Lagos and Ogun
Livestock feeds
Lagos and Ogun
Livestock feeds
Lagos and Ogun
Soy foods
Lagos, Ogun and Oyo
Lagos and Ogun
Lagos and Ogun
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Lagos
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Soy foods
Livestock feeds
Livestock feeds
Feed Mill, soy cake and
meal
Soy foods
Oil, meal and cake
Soy foods, cake and meal
Infant foods
Lagos
All over Nigeria
Lagos
All over Nigeria
Lagos and Ogun
All over Nigeria
Lagos
All over Nigeria
It is noted in Figure 32 that the direction of movement of soy based end products is in direct
opposite to that of the raw materials (Figure 30). The end products move from the southern parts
of the country to the north and other States of the country. Similarly, for small industries, the
destinations of their end products appear restricted within the States. The farthest final destination
would seem to be limited to the geo-political zone where production takes place within the country.
For the purpose of clarity some of these movements could not be depicted in the map.
66
3°10'
4°20'
5°30'
6°40'
7°50'
9°00'
10°10'
12°30'
N
13°20'
13°20'
Sokoto
12°10'
Katsina
Zamfara
Kebbi
#
Yobe
Jigawa
Kano
Borno
12°10'
#
#
$
#
11°00'
11°00'
$
#$
$
$#
$
#
#
Niger
9°50'
Gombe
Bauchi
Kaduna
9°50'
Adamawa
Plateau
Abuja
8°40'
Kw
U ara
%
8°40'
Nassarawa
Oyo
#
7°30'
%
Ekiti
##
Osun
# %#
Ogun
$
Ondo
$
U
$%
U
%
$U $
#%
%
U
Lagos
Taraba
$
$
Kogi
#
$%
[
7°30'
Benue
Enugu
Edo
6°20'
Anambra
Ebonyi
6°20'
#
Delta
5°10'
5°10'
Bayelsa
3°10'
200
4°20'
5°30'
0
6°40'
Rivers
AkwaIbom
7°50'
9°00'
200 Kilometers
10°10'
12°30'
Soya processors by product types
$
Livestock Feeds
%
Soy cake/meal
#
Soy flour
#
Soy oil andcake/meal
#
Soy protein concentrate
U Soya foods
%
Soya oil and cake/meal
[
%
Nigerianadministrative boundary
Figure 35: Locations of soya based products in Nigeria
0°0'0 "
5°0'0"E
10°0' 0"E
15°0'0"E
15°0'0"N
15°0'0"N
A ll ove
ig
er
ia
A buj a
Al
lo
ve
rN
µ
r Ni ge
ri a
RosanaVegetable Oil N ort
h
s te
Ea
rn
e
ni g
ria
Al l o
ve r
N ig
eri a
F unt ua Cott on seed crushing Co.Talamiz O il Nana Farms
S ovet F eeds
Ani mal Care
10°0'0"N
Fedex Nig Lt dS EE PC Ni g Ltd
MJ-ONE Nig. Lt d.
AG RO -M ILLE RS Lt d.
10°0'0"N
Min of A gric and Natural Re sourc
PAM , Feedmil l
S eren a Feedmil l
ut
So
n
er
th
ia
t
Ea
Opeyem i Feedm illTaraku M ill Lt d
S amdor FeedsCandor Foods
S pe ct ra Foods
Nest le F oods Plc
r
No
r
ge
h
Zest concept Ltd Adon Nig E nt.
Ogo Oluwa Int erb iz S &D f arms Nig Lt d
Victoria Olufoyin Co. Lt d
A nimal Care
N
B endel f eed and f lour m ill Nig L
h
ut
So
5°0'0"N
5°0'0"N
n
er
st
Ea
ri a
ge
Ni
Legend
0
105
210
420
Kilometers
Soy product destinations
National Administrative boundary
0°0'0 "
5°0'0"E
10°0' 0"E
Movement pattern of soy based end products for domestic utilization in Nigeria
68
15°0'0"E
Figure 36:
7.0
SOYBEAN COMMODITY CHAIN
The commodity chain is to show the stages involved in the production, processing, marketing and
final utilization of a commodity as well as important channels involved. It is a framework that
explains the production process and the distribution channels of a commodity. In this section of the
report, we discussed the soya commodity flow chart which depicts what happens to soybean from
the primary producer, the farmer, through processing and then to the end users.
Figure 37 below shows the Soya commodity chain flow chart constructed from the findings of the
study. The chain shows that soybean has several industrial and domestic levels of utilizations and
engages several players in production, processing and marketing.
The commodity chain shows that middlemen play significant roles in the distribution of soybean
from the farmers’ field or the primary markets to processors. None of the farmers interviewed had
direct link with industrial processors. Although, some farmers indicated having direct link with
major markets, their individual harvests were usually insignificant in such bigger market. Other
problems of transportation and storage usually discourage farmers from venturing into direct market
supply. Farmers however sell their soybean at the local markets to both middlemen and other local
processors. It was observed that soybean is widely utilized among the local people at the household
level.
The middlemen in addition to transporting the beans to markets provide storage. There are two
categories of middlemen:
 those that buy directly from farmers, re-bag, store and transport to the feeder and central
markets; and
 those that buy from these feeder and central markets and supply to industrial processors.
Some however play a dual role and are very important in price determination.
Three levels of markets were identified. These are:
 The primary markets - village markets where farmers bring their harvest for sale. In these
markets, farmers sell their Soya to farm gate marketers who in turn sell to the feeder
markets. Prices of soybean at the primary markets are usually between N3, 500 – N4, 000
per 100kg bag. These markets operate in almost all villages and hamlets.
 Next is the feeder markets – they are found in big villages or communities close to inter-city
roads. The feeder markets act as assembling or collecting centres for large stocks soy
products. Some middlemen have their stores located in these markets and most users come
to these markets to buy soybean in large quantities. Prices of soybean are usually higher
here. A 100kg bag of soybean sold for about N4, 600 in these markets, including the cost of
transportation. Examples of such markets are Dawanu Market in Kano, Funtua market in
Katsina State, Jengre in Plateau State Markarfi Market in Kaduna State, Gamawa in Bauchi
State and Megatesi in Jigawa State, Gboko market in Benue State, among many others. It
was discovered that some of the oil mills, for instance, Grand Cereals, Talamiz and Fortune
Oils purchase directly from these feeder markets to reduce cost.
 The central markets are the urban markets where goods end up and are purchased for
various industrial and commercial purposes. The central markets also act as feeder markets
to other central markets in other urban centres. Examples of such markets are Bodija Market
in Ibadan, Oyo State and Mile 12 markets in Lagos. Some feeder markets could also serve as
central markets if they are located in an urban centre. An example of such market is Dawanu
market in Kano.
At the processing level, oil mills are very important in the chain as they produce soy based products
needed by other industries. Based on the supply data, a total of 234,621 tonnes of soy bean is
utilized by the various processors utilizing the bean. From this quantity, at least about 192,136
tonnes of cake or meal will be generated for the feed mills and some food industries. This quantity
exceeds the sum of aggregate demand for soy cake and meal among the processors. This implies that
there are still over 170,000 tonnes of cake/meal hiding somewhere. However, all the feed mills and
food industries purchasing bean and processing it by themselves into cake or meal (and oil) consume
it entirely and could not be accounted for as their demand. This figure accounted for about 44, 305
tonnes. The remaining 125,695 tonnes of cake or meal are being supplied to other feed mill
industries not identified by the study. As shown in Table 11, the estimated volume of oil produced
by the various oil mills is about 34,202,880 litres. Although, the soya oil supply chain could not be
traced to determine location of demand and quantities demanded, there are indications that the large
quantities of the oil go into the local markets where soya oil is mixed with other form of oil to
produce vegetable oil.
Some middlemen were also observed at this level of processing; they purchase cake and meal from
the oil mills, store and resell to smaller feed mills. The end products of the feed mills and food
industries go directly to the three levels of markets through registered distributors and agents. For
feed mills, it often goes directly to the end user livestock farms.
Soya oil has different levels of utilization. The raw oil is useful in paint industries while
confectioneries and feed mills utilize the neutralized oil. A peculiarity found in Kano is that some oil
mills did not package their finished soy oil. They sell in tanks to other people who mix it with
ground nut oil and package as vegetable oil. Galadima market in Sabo-gari, Kano is one of such
markets where middlemen sell finished soy oil in tanks and drums to wholesalers and retailers who
package the oil and sell to end users. Figure 6 shows a flow of the soybean commodity from the
producer, the farmer through processing into various forms and then to soy based products.
70
Fig 37: Soybean Commodity flow chart
71
8.0
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
The broad objective of this project is to map the locations of production and utilization of soybean
in Nigeria in order to create a clearer view of the linkages between these two important channels in
the Soya commodity chain, identify the weaknesses and suggest how best to make the market work
for the poor. In the six States selected (Benue, FCT, Kano, Lagos, Ondo and Oyo), soybean was
found to be an important crop among small scale farmers particularly in the central and northern
States of Nigeria. The use of GIS in mapping the attributes of producers and processors offers an
innovative approach in designing location-specific pro-poor interventions in the Soya commodity
chain.
In conclusion, this study shows that the leading Soya producing States are Benue, Kaduna, and
Niger, Plateau and Taraba States. Findings from the distance analysis suggest that the soya input
supply need to be moved closer to farmers to reduce the cost of acquiring inputs such as seeds and
fertilizer.
One significant lesson from the PROSAB project is that when the right combination of
interventions are packaged and delivered properly to the poor, results are achieved rapidly. PROSAB
provides advisory services to farmers on improved practices on soybean production, marketing and
processing, through among other methods, periodic stakeholders’ workshop, involving producers,
marketers and processors and identify constraints in the linkages between them. PropComs’
proposed catalytic activities in the soya commodity chain would maximally benefit the poor if the
issue of capacity building and strategic empowerment of the poor is accorded priority. This study
has clearly and precisely indicated where the potential beneficiaries of such proposed interventions
are, what they do and where they do them.
Analysis of end product movement of soy based industries shows that end products move in direct
opposite to that of raw materials. While soya raw materials move mainly from the North to the
southern part of the country, end products move from the south to the northern parts of Nigeria.
Similarly, the destinations of end products of small scale industries appear restricted within the
States. The farthest final destination of such small scale industries’ end products would seem to be
limited to the geo-political zone where production takes place within the country. This underscores
the need to stimulate and develop small scale cottage industries at the village level.
72
References
Danshiell, K.E. (1993).Soybean production and utilization in Nigeria. Paper presented at the
National workshop on small scale and industrial level processing of soybeans , held at IITA, Ibadan,
27th-29th July.
Fennel, M. A. (1966): Present status of research on edible legumes in Western Nigeria. Paper
presented at the first Nigerian Legume, Conference Centre, IITA. Ibadan, August 1966.
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (1999): Manual for training in Seed
Technology and seed production. Trivevedi, R. K., Usman I. A. and Umeh J.C. (Eds) 69 pp.
IITA (1983): “Soybean lines for the lowland tropics” Research Highlights, pp 86 – 88. IITA, Ibadan
IITA, (1995): Annual Report for 1994. IITA, Ibadan, Nigeria.
Katz, F. (1998): "That’s using the old Bean.” Food Technology. 52(6): 42-43.
Lui,K. (2000): “Expanding Soybean Food Utilization”. Food Technology 54(7): 46-47.
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Association, January 2002.
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RMRDC (2004): Soybeans, Lagos, RMRDC
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soybean in Nigeria’s southern Guinea savanna, Ibadan, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture.
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technologies: the expansion of soybean in Nigeria. IITA Research, No 11: 14-18.
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Solabi, G.A. (1993). Industrial processing of soybean in Nigeria: A Dream turns to reality. Keynote
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soybeans. Organized by IDRC/IITA soybeans utilization project, July 27th,1993, Ibadan.
74

Mapping of Soybean production areas In Nigeria - Propcom Mai

Transcription

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