4rd - The Geological Society of Hong Kong

NEWSLETTER
Vol. 1 No. 6 September, 1983
CONTENTS
Structure of the Sout]
Excursion to Port Isla
Meeting with Geoscici
Honorary Members
Book Review
Forthcoming Program
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GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF HONG KONG
GENERAL COMMITTEE
Chairman
Vice-Chairman
Secretary
Assistant Secretary (Editor)
Treasurer
Members
Dr A.D. Burnett
Mr W.W.S. Yim
Dr D.R. Workman
Mr E.P.Y. Chau
Mr M. Atherton
Mr C.M. Lee
Mrs T. Pearson
Mr K.W. Lai
Mr P.A. Randall
Programme Committe
Mrs T. Pearson,
Mr K.W. Lai
Mr P.A. Randall
Mr K.W. Lee
Mrs W.C. Li
Mr P.S. Nau
Editorial Committee
Mr E.P.Y. Chau
Mr J. Sekula
Mr K.M. Wong
Mr C.M. Lee
Mr C.H. Tan
Dr D.R. Workman
NOTES FOR THE GUIDANCE OF CONTRIBUTORS TO THE NEWSLETTER
General :
Typescripis, enquiries and all correspondence should be addressed to the Secretary,
Geol
ogical Society of Hong Kong. c/o Dept. of Geography and Geology, University of
Hong Kong. The Society does not assume copyright of material published in the News.
letter. Any other previous, current or expec t ed future use of such material by the
author must be stated at the time of submission.
Articles of a technical nature, as well as reports of interesting events, reviews and other
topical items are welcome. Contributions must be short. 1,200 words is regarded as the normal
acceptable length, although exceptions may he made at the discretion of the Society. Figures, tables
and half-tone plates must he kept to a minimum and IIIUSI all be oil
sheet.
Typescripts must be accurate and in their final form. Two complete copies should be
sent to the Secretar y . IypeScripts should he double-spaced, including references, on one side of the
paper only with a 2.5 cm margin on each side. A4 paper is preferred. All pages should bear the author's
name and be numbered serially.
Send only photocopies of illustrations, retaining the originals until the Society asks for
them. Originals should bear (lie author's name. Diagrams should he in black on tracing material or
smooth white paper or board with a line weight and lettering suitable for reduction. A metric scale
Should he included, and north point (or where relevant, coordinates of latitude and longitude) oil
maps.
References
The author is responsible for ensuring that the references are correct and that Journal
abbreviations comply with those in the List of Serial Publications held in the Library
of the Geological Society of London (Geological Society, 1978).
Offprints
The society does not provide authors with free offprints of items published in the Newsletter. but will obtain quotations on behalf of authors of technical articles who may
which to purchase oft'prints from the printer.
Cover Photograph C'ourrcsm' - Dr. S. R. ilencher
flvkc crosscutting folded colwnnar jointed i'olcwiics,
High Island R esei-roir, IIn,g K ) ,'. -
STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA BASIN
D.R. Workman, University of Hong Kong
j/
The central part of the South China Sea basin is on average just over 4 km deep. with a maximum
,/ depth of 44 km and a fairly smooth floor studded with more than 20 seamounts. The hathymetry (fig. I)
and some seismic refraction and magnetic profiling suggest that this sea floor is oceanic crust (basalt). It
is supposed that the seamounts are old volcanoes and the Mohorovicic discontinuity is about I 1 km
beneath sea level. The northern part of the deep ocean floor has a cover of sediments which thins rapidly
southwards from the foot of the continental slope off the South China coast. A down-to-the-north
monoclinal flexure in the basin floor at about 18°N effectively bars prograding of sediment further
southward.
Magnetic profiling in the northeastern part of the deep basin shows a not-very-well-defined pattern
of magnetic reversal strips aligned roughly 080 0 which, matched with th oe magnetic reversal time scale
for the Cenozoic, are approximately dated as ranging from early Miocene (20 Ma) along the central axis
to middle Oligocene (32 Ma) on the northern periphery of the deep basin. It is thus thought that sea-floor
spreading occurred during this time interval, possibly with an earlier beginning but ceasing in the early
Mtocene Extrapolations to the west are tentative 1- /
'(
p.
.
1 As sea-floor spreading took place, southward suhuction occurred at theTalawan tenc
fi, ff!ong the
northern border of Borneo j Borneo had been rotating anticlockwise to reach its present orientation by
about that time. During (?) and after the subduction, the trench was partly filled by a prograding
sedimentary pile which locally reaches thicknesses of 9,000 m. It is from these sediments that all the oil
currently produced in the South China Sea is obtained, most of it from late Miocene sands.
*fri
The greatest puzzle at present is the nature of the floor of the South China Sea to the northwest
and south of the deep basin. These two areas are characterised by a highly irregular, often shallow,
submarine topography with numerous coral islands and reefs.hypothesis at present
,j.that the sea for inese
Irarticula
aareas is subsided continental crust. This is supported y the
•
available seismic evidence.
(7
A detailed comparison of the stratigraphy of southern China, Taiwan, the South China shelf, Reed
Bank, N Palawan. the Calamian Islands and Mindoro has been made by Holloway (1981), making use of
published information on surface geology as well as data from petroleum boreholes. This study has shown
that the Triassic-Oligocene stratigraphy of all these areas is similar in all the principal aspects. However, the
post-Oligocene stratigraphy shows significant differences between areas which are on the north side of the
South China Sea and those which lie to the south.
2
A second important discovery, from seismic profiling, is that the Palawan troug hJthe former subduction trench) does not extend northeastwards beyond a point offshore of central Palawan (Ta ylor &
Hayes. 1981). South ChJa Sea floor was suhdteT _SF1awan—btrt-pparentiv not beneath N
Palawan (see fig. 2). his the referasonablëiilude. as both Hollowa y (op. ci:.) and Taylor & Hayes
(1981) do. that all now found in the W Philippines ALas. like the Reed Bank block to the
west, pa r t of the South China continental margin until the Oligocenc, and that its separation and drift to
its present position was the result of the sea-floor spreadin that created the South C hi na Sea ba s' with
spreading rates greatest in the eastern part o tie asin.
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AI1'P
I BATHYMETRY OF THE SOUTH CHINA
SEA
Depths less than 200m
(shelf and major banks
Depths exceeding 4000m
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250
500 km
Fig. 2 PRINCIPAL STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA BASIN
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Southward
extension of
Red R rift
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TAIWAN • Arc continent
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_lcollision in late Pliocene
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shows reported
No details
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Curroit sea floor spreading
-- 18
ATTENUATED AND
SUBSIDED
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CONTINENTAL
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PHILIPPINE SEA
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ATTENUATED AND \
SUBSIDED
CONTINENTAL
c':/0
CRUST
Fragments of pre-Tertiary
continental cusl ( Mindoro
and N Palawan-Calanipan
believed 'ep1rdled from
S China rifd margin ,n km
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250
500
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Areas of sedimentary cover >1 km thick I Oligocene -Holocenein south. max age unknown in north I
( ---a - - - thickness 4 km I
PETROLEUM OCCURRENCES
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B
Baram Delta I Brunei -Sarjwak I Major
S
SarrorangSabah)
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Minor
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TembungoSabah)
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Minor
N
Nido I Palawan I
Minor
M
Mekong Delta (Vietnam I Showings
X.Y
Offshore China I no name)
Showings
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0
Active thrusts. barbs on overthrust flank
Old ( iriar.tive ) thrusts, barbs on former
overthrust flank
Major active 'Ira-plate strike-slip fault
Cretaceous-Early Tertiary subducion-related
melange. Natuna- Kalimantan -Sahah -Palawan OCEANIC CRUST OF S. CHINA SEA AND SURROUNDS
0
01
o°o°oj
Other major faults
Axis of former sea-floor spreading
( S. China Sea
M ocene
Volcanic seamount
-
Oligocene
.1..
Volcano active in historical time
I mainly <1000 yr. I
Prehistoric Holocene . volcano
Zone with some earthquake foci at depths >70 km
(elsewhere. focal depths do not exceed 70 km I
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Magnetic lineations I numbered whore
correlated with geomagnetic time scale)
Mum
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• According to Holloway, spreading at the South China continental marein took place in two separate
stages.,4It.he.1iuJ..st.i.gg, from somewhere around the end ot the Cretaccous to the middle Oligocene, 4:1 .
spreading was in the form oj crustal att'nuation perhaps mainlyy. Ustric normal faulting. Numerous
grabens bounded b y normal faults and treiding WSW-ENE developed along the continental margin. One of
the largest of these is the offshore Zhujiangkou (Pearl River mouth) basin, a composite fault-block structure
whose sedimentary liii is the main target for S. China offshore petroleum exploration.
(A
Crustal attenuation att'tincd its greatest extent at the western end of vhat is now the South China
Sea basin.&As previously noted, actual sea-flo spreading did not begin until the middle Oil ocene. This
occurred mainl y in the central and easterriparts of - the basin. The amount of oceanic crust in the western
----part of the basin and its age are not known with any certairiliVit the moment.
4 ,Presentl, 5outhChina Sea floor is being ov den froni the castjJe jtheLu.parL.offl
Philipjne island arc, which isi ing puse westwards by sea-floor spreading in the l'acitic. To the north.
in Taiwan. tius motion has alread y resulted in the collision of the arc with the Asian continent. This
happened about 4 million years ago. At the existing spreading rate it may he concluded that Luzon will
collide with the continental slopee off South China near the Pratas Islands. in another 2 million -y ears or so.
*
This article is based on part of a lecture given at a society meeting on June 8th. The maps arc newly
compiled by the author and drawn by Mr. T.B. Wong.
PRLVCIPA I. Rl:EERENCES
ANON, 1981. Tertiary sedunentaro' basins of' 1/it' Gulf of Thailand and South china Sea: stratigraphv,
slructhre and /zo'drocarbon occurrences. ASLA V council on Petroleum (.-IScOPE), 72 p.. maps.
COUNCIL FOR /W1:RG) AND M/V/:R.-lI, RESOURcI:S, 1981. 1'/ate tectonic tnap oft/ic ('ircun-Pacific
region N. W Quadraizi, / : it) m illion.
DU B(ilS, h.P., 1981.
Hydrocarbons and the South china Sea, ('COP Veit.'sleucr, 8, no. 1, 1-8, UN ESrA I',
Bangkok.
BOW/N, CO., R.S. L L, CS. LEE & H. SC'HOUTEV, 19 78. Plate convergence and accretion i'm the TaiwanLuzon region. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull., 62, 164-5-10772.
/-'L-WG Zi/IQIA,VG & ZIIEVG WE/JUN'. 1982. Tectonic evolution ojZhuiangkou (Pearl R. mouth) basin
and origin of South China Sea. ilcra Geolo gica Sinica 56, no. 3, 212-222.
IIOLLOWA 1, N.!!., 1981 The Non/i Pala wan block, Philippines: its re/anon to the Asia,: Main/amid and its
role in the evolution of ti l e Sour/i (7,ina Sea. Bull. Geol. Soc. Malai'sia, i. 14.1). 19-58.
IJU 1IXU4N, 1981. A nali'sis of regional fault structure of the 'na p/time region of Sour!: china. Geol.
Pub!. [louse, Beijing. 120 p.
I.UDlt'l(,. WJ, R.F. IJOUTZ & N. Kal14R, 1979. Profiler-So,zobuoi' measurements in the South china
Sea Basin. J. Geo,thi's. Res., 84, 3505-357,S
TA )LOR, B. and I/A YES. D. E.. / 980. The tectonic evolution of the South china basin in The tectonic
and geological eroliitio,i of Southeast Asian seas and islands, Amer. Geopho's. Union, Geophvs.
1Iomiograph 23. P. 89-104.
S
-
4
EXCURSION TO PORT ISLAND AND DOUBLE ISLAND
J D Bennett & C M Lee
Despite alternative attractions (such as absence on overseas leave!) many familiar laces and not a
few very welcome new ones embarked oil
junks at the Chinese University pier for the visit to Port island
and Double Island oil
14th August, 1983.
The approach to Poit Island provided a good view of the general geology arid structure of the island,
notably the regularly dipping beds of the Port Island Formation resting unconforniably on the more
featureless tuffs of the Repulse Bay Formation, and the clear indications of faulting. Unfortunately our
arrival coincided with the start of several hours of steady rain. Only a relatively few members negotiated
the scramble, made somewhat precarious in parts by the conditions and a relatively high tide, to the site
of the unconformity, but other members went tip and explored the ridge above the landing place.
In murky conditions the junks headed for (and found!) Double Island. There, several people swam
and a few diehards walked and waded to examine the thrust contact between the Repulse Bay Formation
and the (here) underlying Port Island Formation. The fault is a reverse fault, with a northeast strike, dipping
northwest at about 650. Oil northwest side of the fault is a line welded tuff with a blocky structure, and
on the other side are red beds, conglomerate and rudaceous sandstone.
True to form, the weather improved oil return trip up Tolo Harbour to end a day which, though
somewhat disappointing from the geological point of view, was nevertheless enjoyable. Our thanks to the
Organisers for their efforts.
MEETING WITH GEOSCIENTISTS FROM THE SOUTH CHINA SEA INSTITUTE OF OCEANOLOGY
A delegation consisting of four members from the South China Sea Institute of Oceanology led by
Professor Liu Chiao-Shu (j ), Hon. Member, stopped over in Hong Kong on 15th September en
route to North America. On their wa y back, they will make a longer stop-over front 81h October.
Wyss Yim is making arrangements for an informal nieelirig to be held at the Hui Oi-chow Science Building,
second floor, room 2-22, 1-IKU. at 6 p.m. on Monday 17th October for GSHK members to meet the visitors.
This will probably he followed by dinner at the Jumbo Restaurant with costs shared between the
participants. An y one wishing to attend this meeting should contact Mr. P.S. Nau (Tel: 5-4097232) or
Wy ss Yim (Tel: 5409722), Other members in the delegation are ('hen Sen Qiang ( ),Fan
&, Slit
.
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) arid Sir Da Quan ( . .t 4* ).
Q1,1121( :
4
FOR S\ I.E
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I )p -i: in I long Kong and satchels bearing rue Society's logo can he purchased b y contacting Mr. P.S. Nau
:[t Tel. 5-4097232 or Mr. W. Yim at Tel. 54097229. The abstracts cost 510 per copy and the satchels S20
ii 'inihem
5
HONORARY MEMBERS
The Societ y is pleased to iecord that live distinguished geosciciltists. including three in
the People's Republic of China, have accepted its invitation to become honorar y members. offered in
recognition of significant contributions to the aims of the Society as stated in the constitution.
The five honorary members are Prof. Chen (uoda. Prof. Huang Yukun, Dr. Stephen
S.F. Hui. Prof. Liii Chiao-shu and Mr. B.P. Ruxton. Replies to a further three invitations are awaited.
In this issue of the Newsletter we give some brief biographical information on Professors
(lien, Liu and I luang. Articles about our other honorar y members will appear in future issues.
Professor Chen Guoda
Prof. Chen is Director of the Changsha Institute ofGeotectonics of the Academia Sinica
and Vice-Chancellor. Head of the Geology Department and Vice-Director of Research at the Zhongnan
Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, also in Changsha. He has held these posts for 22 and 31 years.
respectively.
Prof. Chen began his career with the Geological Surveys of Guangdong-Guangxi and
Jiangxi. He joined the Department of Geology of Zhongslian University. Guangzhou in I 942 as a
professor and later became head of the Department before moving to Changsha ill 1952.
Over the years. Prof. Chen has been a prolific writer. A recentl y -published bibliography
of his work cites 335 items! He has presented copies of over 20 of' his publications, including some
important contributions to tectonic theory, to the society. Prof. (lien was Fditor-in-Chief of the
Tectonic Map of China (1: 4 million) published in 1977.
Prof. Chen is7l.
Professor Liu Chiao-Shu
Prof. Liu has been on the staff of the Ocean Tectonics Department of the South China
Sea Institute of Oceanology. Academia Sinica, located in Guangzhou, since 1961. He is at present
Assistant to the Director of Research at the Institute and is directing a major programme of research in
the South China Sea.
Prof. Liu graduated from the Changchun Institute of Geology in 1953. He was a post.
graduate student at the Moscow Institute of Petroleum. graduating from there in 1959. His research
interests have included seismic investigations of offshore areas, ocean tectonics including trough-arcbasin systents and the origin of petroleum.
Prof. Liu is 52.
Professor Huang Yukun
Prof. Huang is Acting head and Vice-Chairman of the Department
of
Geology of
Zhongshan Universit y in Guangzhou. Ftc graduated from Zhongshan University in 1953 and, after
post-graduate studies at the Beijing Institute of Geology, returned to Zhongshan as a lecturer in 1956.
I-or many years Prof. Huang has been very active in geotogical research in South China and has published many papers. His special fields are quaternary geology and neotectonics. He has worked extensiveill the Pearl River delta and on studies of major faults in Guangdong. I-Ic is currently Vice-Chairman
:1 Seisinoloeical Society of Guangdong.
BOOK REVIEW
Site Investigation Practice
By Michael D. Joyce. E. & F.N. Spon, distributed by Methuen, Inc.. 733 Third Avenue, New York, NY
10017. 1982. 369 pages.
This publication covers all the commonly employed site investigation methods. Trial pitting, probing,
shell and auger boring, and rotary drilling are described in some detail together with in situ testing and
specialist sampling. Chapters are also devoted to site investigation planning. desk studies, sample description, laboratory testing, instrumentation and geophysics. The production of a professional engineering
report is not neglected nor is on-site safety. A typical specification and bill of quantities for a ground
investigation is included as an appendix. Photographs and line drawings are used wherever possible
to give a clear explanation of plant and techniques. 1MM
Handbook Of Geology In Civil Engineering
By Robert F. Legget and Paul F. Karrow. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY 10020. 1983. 1.340 pages.
Throughout this comprehensive reference, the authors emphasize efficient and economical methods that
rely on techniques of proper site investigation and effective preconstruction planning. They explore the
fundamental geological inter-relationships with all civil engineering works. It features information on new
techniques and recently developed materials for use in the field as well as the latest information on
geological formations. An extensive section examines ways to handle adverse geological conditions in
planning and building from tunnels and marine works through canals, roads, railways, and airfields, to the
foundations of buildings, power houses, bridges, and dams. In addition, it explains aspects that relate to
preliminary studies including the interpretation of geological maps, test boring and drilling, and both
natural and manufactured materials for construction use. [MM
Glossary of Geology
R.L. Bates and J. Jackson (Eds.), American Geological Institute, One Skyline Place, 5202 Leesburg Pike,
Falls Church, Va 22041, U. S. A. 2nd Edition, 749 pages
Geologists are often criticized by non-geologists (as well as by their fellow geologists) for unnecessary
use of obscure jargon'. We are criticized almost as often for imprecise or incorrect use of geological
terms and for not having a sufficiently well-defined terminology in the first place. In self-defence we
claim that this is a problem built into any descriptive science, but we do not always do what we ought to
minimize it. We should not assume that our readers will be as familiar with specialist or obscure terms as
we happen (often momentarily) to be.
There have been geological dictionaries around for a long time but the Glossary of Geology is in a class
of its own for breadth of coverage and sheer scholarship. There are 36,000 terms in the Glossary (which
should be enough for anyone) and a bibliography of more than 2,000 references. Everything is fully
explained with the utmost clarity, reflecting current common usage and providing guidance remarkedly
free from bias. Everyone writing about geology should have access to a copy of this book and should
make regular use of it. It's hard for an Englishman to admit, but the Americans have won hands down in
providing a basis of standard Geo-English for everyone to follow.
The glossary costs USS60 and can be purchased for a Visa card. 7
D.R.W.
FORTHCOMING PROGRAMME
Field Excursion to Chaiwan MTR Depot Saturday 22nd October
Substantial site formation works for the depot have included cut slopes upto 80 in high. These cuttings are
mainly in rock and expose granite, monzoriite and Repulse Bay pyroclastics including some unusually coarse
agglomerates. The contacts between these rock types are also exposed. The influence of the rock types and
Of faulting on the topography is very distinct and a fault zone within the granite can be seen in the cuttings.
The cut slopes also provide, from their tops spectacular views of this busy site involving reclamation, seawall
construction, retaining wall, foundation and road construction as well as the building of the depot structure
itself.
For safety reasons the group will be limited to 20 people and each must bring his own safety helmet.
A bus will leave the car park of the Murray Building. Garden Road. at 9:30 a.m. and the charge will be
UKS 10, payable on the day. To book your place please telephone Peter Randall on 5-283031. If the trip is
over subscribed it may be possible to re-run it on a subsequent Saturday.
Lecture on the Engineering properties of Relict Joints Wednesday 2nd November
Last November Richard Harris won the Cooling Prize awarded by the British Geoteclinical Society, a
sub-group of the Institution of Civil Engineers. He has kindly agreed to repeat his award winning lecture for
us and to illustrate it with photographs and examples from throughout Hong Kong. The lecture was entitled
"Mass oi Massive - a technique for jointed soils" and includes the application of rock mechanics principals to
the analysis of soils with relict joints.
The nature, extent and influence of relict joints on Hong Kong slopes and cuttings is still very poorly recorded or understood. If you have any observations or photographs of these factors please bring them along and
share them with us after Richard's talk.
The meeting will he held in the Geology Laboratory, Hong Kong Polytechnic at 6:30 p.m.
Field Excursion to South Lantau
Sunday, 27th November
David Workman will lead a visit to some tine exposures of tuffs and Fan Lau intrusives. We shall make use
of public transport but the trip will involve some walking.
If you would like to come please return the reply slip with a contact telephone number so that we can tell
you later the detailed arrangements for transport.
%ed,ie'd:i . 14th December
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I: sonic of Maurice's excellent technical films.
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REPLY SLIP (Field Excursion ot South L.antau)
I wish to attend and will be accompanied by ( NAME
TEL. NO. 'r,FI
(Office)
Sunday. 27th November
adults and
) children.
(Home)
Send this slip to Mrs. A. Pearson. C7 Hill grovc, 18Cape Drive, Chung, Horn Kok, Hong Koii.
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