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odkmZ H$W{V aßOH$Vm, JyT>Vm, ahÒ`_`Vm AmoU AX≤^wVaÂ`Vm Aer AZ{H$ d°oeÓQ>Á{ `{VmV.
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_amR>r odkmZ H$Wm AOyZ Amaß^mdÒW{VM Amh{ Ag{ Am[Umg oXgyZ `{V{. odkmZ Am[Î`mH$S>{ P[mQ>ÁmZ{ `{V Amh{ AmoU odkmZmZ{ d{T>b{Î`m
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H$m`©H$maU^md bjmV K{D$Z ]m°o’H$ odMma H$a `mMr gd` Am[Î`mbm ZrQ> bmJb{br Zmhr. ÂhUyZM odkmZ gmohÀ` Am[UmH$S>{ AOyZ
[wa{g{ odH$ogV Pmb{b{ Zmhr Ag{ oXgV{.
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dm.Jm{.Am[Q>{ `mß¿`m "EH$m oXdgm¿`m gwQ>rV' `m ]mbdmMH$mßgmR>r obohb{Î`m H$W{V emÛr` gyà Jwß\$b{b{ Amh{. hrM _amR>rVrb
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(Zd[wÓ[H$aßS>H$, 1916) hr À`mßMr H$Wm _hŒd[yU© Amh{. dm._ß.Mr H$Wm _amR>r odkmZ H$W{bm ]m°o’H$ AmoU d°kmoZH$ [na^mf{Mr Om{S>
X{Umar Amh{. d°kmoZH$ [na^mf{Mm dm[a, _mZdr OrdZmda ^mÓ` AmoU odZm{Xr e°br h{ KQ>H$ À`mß¿`m H$W{V Amaß^r¿`m H$mimV Am[Umg
oXgyZ `{VmV.
^m.am.^mJdV^m.am.^mJdVmßZr Am[br [ohbr odkmZH$Wm "_ßJimda Òdmar' hr "ododYd•Œmm'¿`m 1934 ¿`m oXdmir AßH$mgmR>r obohbr.
"CS>Vr N>]H$S>r' (^maVr` J´ßW^dZ _wß]B©, 1946) hm À`mßMm [ohbm odkmZH$Wm gßJ´h _amR>rVbm [ohbmM gß[yU© odkmZH$WmßMm gßJ´h Amh{.
"CS>Vr N>]H$S>r' _‹`{ ^mJdVmßZr Am[Î`m H$WmoZo_©VrMr ‡oH´$`m gmßoJVbr Amh{.
`m gßJ´hmV "CS>Vr V]H$S>r', "oYH≤$ H$mb`mZ', "_Jimda Òdmar', "JwÈMm ‡dmg', "gy`m©Mr o[Ñ{', "Q>ßJi _ßJi', "Jm{aoQ>Ñm' Aem gmV H$Wm Amh{V. T>m{]i odkmZ gyÃmßMm dm[a H$Í$Z H$Wmb{IZ H{$b{ Amh{. AßVami ‡dmg, [aJ´hmdarb Ordg•Ô>r h{ odf` H$W{V Amb{
Amh{V. H$Wmß_‹`{ ÒdflZ d ^mg `mßM{ oMÃU H{$b{{b{ Amh{. À`mß¿`m H$Wm _Zm{aßOH$, CÀHß$R>mdY©H$ AmoU oMŒm oIidyZ R>{dUmË`m CVaÎ`m
Amh{V.
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hr À`mßMr H$Wm erf©H$mZ{ Y∏$m X{Umar Amh{. `m H$W{V Òdm_r AmÀ_mZßX h{ S>m∞.Am{h{Z [r_a `mß¿`m gmV dfm™¿`m _wbm¿`m hmVmV gwam X{ VmV. hm
gwam aÀZOnS>V gwdUm©Mm Agbm Var Vm{ dm[a `mM{ ehmU[U Zgb{Î`m _wbmOdi Vm{ X{U{ `m{Ω` Zmhr. À`m‡_mU{ A dÛ{ dm[a `mM{ ehmU[U
Zgb{Î`m _mZdOmVr¿`m hmVmV A dÛ{ X{D$ Z`{V-Aer oeH$dU `m H$W{VyZ H$Wm b{IH$mZ{ oXb{br Amh{. odkmZ AmoU _mUyg `mßMm gß]ßY
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`m H$W{VyZ Amb{bm Amh{.
Zmam`U Yma[ `mßMm EH$ _hŒdmMm ‡moVoZoYH$ H$WmßMm gßJ´h "odkmZH$Wm`mÃm' d°oeÓQ>Á[yU© Amh{. AdH$me ‡dmg, H$mb ‡dmg,
`ßÃ_mZd, gßJUH$ h{ odf` À`mß¿`m H$W{V oXgVmV. "]ßoXdmg' hr H$Wm H$mb‡dmgmMr H$Wm Amh{. "P{[' hr H$Wm \$maM bm{H$o‡` Pmb{br
Amh{. À`mß¿`m H$W{Vrb [mÃoMÃU, ‡^mdr dmVdaUoZo_©Vr `mß_wi{ H$Wm gag CVab{Î`m Amh{V Ag{ oXgyZ `{B©b.
^mb]m H{$iH$a AmoU `edßV amßOUH$a^mb]m H{$iH$a `mß¿`m "gmdÎ`mß¿`m g•Ô>r' `m H$WmgßJ´hmVrb H$Wmß_‹`{ AUwe∫$sM{ odX≤‹dßgH$ AmoU gßOrdH$ Ag{ Xwh{ar Í$[
a{ImQ>b{ Amh{. odkmZmM{ ‡m‹`m[H$ AgÎ`m_wi{ À`mß¿`m H$W{V odkmZ AoYH$ Z{Q>H{$[U{ Amb{b{ Amh{ Ag{ oXgV{.
`edßV amßOUH$a h{ B.g.1958 [mgyZ odkmZH$Wm obohUma{ b{IH$ Amh{V. À`mßMm "e{dQ>Mm oXg' (odÌd_m{ohZr [wU{,1982) hm
H$WmgßJ´h odkmZ H$WmßM{ ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aUmam Amh{. "_hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ` [oÃH{$'¿`m "odkmZ H$Wm ode{fmßH$m'_‹`{ "odkmZ H$Wm' `m b{ImV
a.]m._ßMaH$a `edßV amßOUH$amß¿`m odkmZ H$W{gß]ßYr ÂhUVmV, ""odkmZ gmohÀ`modf`rMr amßOUH$amßMr gßH$Î[Zm hr _amR>rV _mßS>br
J{b{br OmÒVrV OmÒV `m{Ω` gßH$Î[Zm Amh{.''2 X{er-[aX{er odkmZgmohÀ`mM{ dmMZ d ÒdmZw^d `mß¿`m AmYmamZ{ À`mßZr Vr _mßS>br Amh{.
odkmZ H$W{V odkmZ KQ>H$mM{ _hŒd V{ _m›` H$aVmV AmoU KQ>H$oZ> ode{fmg _hŒd X{VmZm oXgVmV. "e{dQ>Mm oXg' `m gßJ´hmV EHy$U gm{im
H$Wm Amh{V. `m H$Wmß_‹`{ "[wVb-I{b' (^`H$Wm), "`{br' (gmhgH$Wm), "g_´mQ>', "oVgar g{Zm' (ahÒ`H$Wm), "oVKmS>m' (AX≤^wV H$Wm)
`m odkmZ H$Wm dmQ>V ZmhrV.
O`ßV ZmairH$a‡kmdßV emÛk, odMmadßV AmoU Vi_irM{ odkmZ ‡gmaH$ S>m∞.O`ßV ZmairH$amßZr (O›_ 19 Owb° 1938) 1974 [mgyZ odkmZH$Wm
b{IZmbm gwÈdmV H{$br. "`jmMr X{UJr' (_m°O, B.g.1979), "AßVamimVrb ^Ò_mgya' (B.g.1985), "Q>mB©_ _erZMr oH$_`m'
(B.g.1994) AmoU "gy`m©Mm ‡H$m{[' hm AobH$S>{M ‡og’ Pmb{bm odkmZH$Wm gßJ´h Amh{. AZ{H$ odkmZH$WmH$mamßZr _amR>rV odkmZH$Wm
‡oVo>V H$a `mM{ l{` O`ßV ZmairH$amßZm oXb{b{ Amh{, Ag{ AgVmZmM À`mß¿`m H$W{]‘b Q>rH$m X{Irb Pmb{br Amh{. À`mß¿`m H$W{Vrb
odkmZmMm dm[a, Q>r[m d AmH•$À`m X{ `m¿`m [’Vr, H$W{Vrb [mÃoMÃU, ^mf{M{ diU B. da Q>rH$m Pmb{br Amh{. "odkmZ gmohÀ`mMr
gßH$Î[Zm AmoU Oß`V ZmairH$a `mßM{ odkmZgmohÀ`' `m Am[Î`m [wU{ od⁄m[rRmg gmXa H{$b{Î`m ‡]ßYmV ZmairH$amß¿`m odkmZH$Wm odf`r
d°embr ^mbqgJ ÂhUVmV, ""odkmZmMm Zm__mà AmYma K{UmË`m _amR>r [aß[a{V odkmZmMm ^∏$_ AmYma Amg{bbr, "gm∞‚Q> gm`›g{g' H$Sy>Z
"hmS>© gm`›g{g'H$S>{ _m{ham diodUmar H$Wm ZmairH$amßZr obohbr. À`m]am{]aM dV©_mZmM{ dmÒVdXeu oMÃU H$aUmar odkmZH$Wm obhˇZ
À`mßZr [mÌMmÀ` odkmZgmohÀ`mMr gßH$Î[Zm AoYH$ Ï`m[H$ H{$br.''3
ZmairH$amßZr Am[Î`m odkmZ H$W{V emÛkmßMr ]h˛aßJr g•Ô>r, OmJoVH$ odkmZ j{ÃmßV dmdaUma{ emÛk, AOm{S> Ag{ [aX{e oMÃU,
‡À``H$mar dmVmdaU oZo_©Vr H{$br Amh{ Ag{ oXgyZ `{V{. À`mß¿`m H$W{bm odkmZmMr ^∏$_ ]°R>H$, ^maVr` bm{H$_mZgmMr gIm{b OmU,
gm_moOH$ emÛmßMm Ï`mgßJ Amh{. À`m_wi{ À`mß¿`m odkmZH$W{Z{ dmMH$mbm odkmZmo^_wI H{$b{ Amh{ Ag{ ÂhUmd{ bmJ{b. À`mßMr H$Wm _amR>r
odkmZH$W{¿`m [aß[a{V _›dßVa KS>odUmam Q>fl[m R>aVm{ Ag{ O{ ÂhQ>b{ OmV{ V{ Ia{ Amh{.
oZaßOZ KmQ>{oZaßOZ qghß{– KmQ>{ h{ _amR>rV odkmZH$Wm b{IZ H$aUma{ EH$ _hŒd[yU© b{IH$ Amh{V. B.g.1971 _‹`{ [ohbr odkmZH$Wm obhˇZ
À`mßZr `m j{ÃmV ‡d{e H{$bm. AmO[`™V À`mßMr EH$e{ [ßMdrg [wÒVH{$ ‡og’ Pmbr Amh{V. À`mß[°H$s Odi Odi eß^a [wÒVH{$ odkmZ
odf`mdarb Amh{V. À`mß¿`m b{IZm_mJrb [´_wI h{Vy hm _amR>r odkmZgmohÀ`mMm BoVhmg AmoU ÒdÍ$[ Ò[Ô> H$aU{ hm Amh{ Ag{ oXgyZ `{B©b.
"odkmZ, _amR>r AmoU odkmZdmL≤>_`' (2000), "odkmZgmohÀ`odÌd' (2001), "odkmZgmohÀ` AmoU gßH$Î[Zm' (1980) Aem
[wÒVH$mßVyZ À`mßMm odkmZgmohÀ` odMma Amb{bm Amh{.
"Py', "‡oVÍ$[' (AZwdmoXV), "OrdZXmo`Zr AmoU BVa H$Wm', "gw[a_{Z', "‡m{Q>m{H$m∞b', "Ò[{gO∞H$', "^odÓ`d{Y' (1889),
"`ßÃb{IH$' (1996), "_•À`yXyV', "`ßÃ_mZdmMr gmj' (2000) `m gd© odkmZ H$WmgßJ´hmßVyZ À`mß¿`m odkmZH$WmßM{ Xe©Z KS>V{.
KmQ>{ `mß¿`m H$Wmß_‹`{ ‡m_wª`mZ{ H$mb`ßÃ, `ßÃ_mZd, H•$oÃ_ O›_, AdH$me ‡dmg, earamda [naUm_ H$aUmar Am°fY{ `m odf`mßda
H$Wmb{IZ Amb{b{ Amh{. H$W{_‹`{ odkmZmMm dm[a H$_r ‡_mUmV oXgyZ `{Vm{. d°kmoZH$ V[erb H$Wmß_‹`{ \$magm oXgV Zmhr. [aX{e,
[aX{er [mÃoMÃU À`mßZm H$Wmß_‹`{ gmYb{b{ Zmhr. À`mß¿`m H$Wm JS>]S>rV obohb{Î`m Amh{V Ag{ dmMH$mg dmQ>V amhmV{.
b˙_U bm|T>{1970 [mgyZ odkmZH$Wm b{IZ H$aUma{ H$WmH$ma b˙_U bm|T>{ ÂhUyZ gd©[naoMV Amh{V. "22 Owb° 2095' (amOm ‡H$meZ, _wß]B©,
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odZme Wmß]odV{. hm odf` Ambm Amh{. "gßOrdZr' `m H$W{V H∞$›gada gßem{YZ H$aUma{ S>m∞.amZS>{ `mß¿`m À`mJ[yU© H$m`m©M{ CR>mdXma oMÃU
H{$b{ Amh{. "H$]wVa' hr H$Wm _mZemÛr` diUmZ{ OmUmar Amh{. "E_.E_.Ama. 8725' hr [m{obgr V[mgmMr H$Wm Amh{. "Z [aVrMm
‡dmg' hr H$Wm _mUyg _•À`y [mdbm Ag{ Z∏$s H{$Ïhm g_Omd{ `m odf`mdaVr obohb{br Amh{.
S>m∞.]mi \$m|S>H{$]mi \$m|S>H{$ `mßM{ "A_mZwf', "JwS>]m` AW©', "Jm{b_mb' "H$mbdb`', "Ïh¿`w©Ab naA∞obQ>r' (_{hVm [p„bqeJ hmD$g [wU{
2001) hm AobH$S>{M ‡og’ Pmb{bm EH$ _hŒd[yU© odkmZH$WmgßJ´h Amh{.
gw]m{Y OmdS>{H$aodkmZgmohÀ`mM{ g_rjH$ AmoU odkmZH$WmH$ma ÂhUyZ gw]m{Y OmdS>{H$amßMm CÑ{I H$amdm bmJVm{. "JwJbr', "dm_ZmM{ Mm°W{ [mD$b',
"AmH$me^moH$V{', "gßJUH$mMr gmdbr' h{ À`mßM{ odkmZ H$WmgßJ´h Amh{V. À`mßZr odkmZH$WmßMr Í$T> Mm°H$Q> gm{Sy>Z d{Jd{Ji{ odf` hmVmib{b{
Amh{V. odkmZ-VßÃkmZmZ{ ‡JV Pmb{Î`m [nagamVrb _mZdr ^md-^mdZmßMr Ò[ßXZ{ V{ Am[Î`m H$W{V oQ>[VmV. odH$ogV hm{UmË`m, odH•$V
hm{V OmUmË`m g_mOaMZ{M{ oMÃU V{ H$aVmV. `m odkmZH$Wm ¯m aßOH$ AmoU d{YH$ CVab{Î`m Amh{V.
_amR>r odkmZ H$W{Mr [aß[am g_•’ H$aUma{ AmUIr H$mhr _hŒd[yU© H$WmH$ma [wT>rb‡_mU{ gmßJVm `{Vrb.
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`m b{oIH$mßZrhr M_H$Xma odkmZH$Wm oZo_©Vr H{$br Amh{.
_amR>rVrb odkmZH$Wm b{IZmodf`r Am[Î`m hmVr H$mhr oZÓH$f© o_iVmV V{ [wT>{ Zm|XdrV Amh{(1) odkmZH$Wm dmÒVdodÌdmMr [wZoZ©o_Vr H$arV Zmhr Va À`mM{ ‡oVoZoYÀd H$aV{.
(2) odkmZH$W{V EImXm og’mßV, EImX{ VŒd, EImXm em{Y, Vßà qH$dm `ßà _yi AgV{ Ag{ oXgV{.
(3) _amR>r odkmZH$Wm [mÌMmÀ` H$WmßM{ AmXe© S>m{˘`m[wT>{ R>{dyZ dmQ>Mmb H$arV Amh{.
(4) _amR>rVrb odkmZH$Wmb{IH$ odkmZ `m KQ>H$mH$S>{ \$mag{ bj X{V ZmhrV Ag{ oXgyZ `{V{.
(5) _amR>rVrb odkmZH$W{V odkmZ AmoU _mZdr OrdZ `mßM{ ‡^mdr oMÃU AmÎ`mg _amR>r odkmZH$Wm OmJoVH$ odkmZ gmohÀ`mV
ÒdVïMr Am{iI Ò[Ô> H$arb.
gßX^©(1) KmQ>{ oZaßOZ, "odkmZ, _amR>r AmoU odkmZ dmL≤>_`', [ŸJßYm ‡H$meZ, [wU{ 2000, [•.13.
(2) _ßMaH$a a.]m., "_hmamÔ≠> gmohÀ` [oÃH$m'"odkmZH$Wm' ode{fmßH$ g_modÔ> b{I, "_amR>rVrb odkmZH$Wm' ‡H$meH$ - _hmamÔ≠>
gmohÀ` [nafX, [wU{-30, [•.11.
(3) ^mbqgJ d°embr, "odkmZ gmohÀ`mMr gßH$Î[Zm AmoU O`ßV ZmairH$a `mßM{ odkmZ gmohÀ`' [rEM≤.S>r. ‡]ßY [wU{ od⁄m[rR>, [wU{
2006, [•.396.
(4) gmdX{H$a odÌd{Ìda, "odkmZ gmohÀ` ï EH$ dmL≤>_` ‡H$ma', `wJdmUr, _mM©-Eo‡b 1884.
(5) amßOUH$a `edßV, "e{dQ>Mm oXg' odÌd_m{ohZr , [wU{ , 1982 `m gßJ´hmMr A[©U [oÃH$m.
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Am.Zm.[{S>U{H$a (1928-2004) h{ b{IH$ ÂhUyZ AmO¿`m o[T>rbm \$mag{ _mhrV ZmhrV. _mà _m°O, gÀ`H$Wm, Zdb, hßg,
_m{ohZr hr _mogH{$ O{Ïhm ^amV hm{Vr À`md{i¿`m aogH$ dmMH$mßZm Am.Zm.[{S>U{H$a h{ Zmd MmßJb{ [naoMV hm{V{. H$Wm, H$odVm, ]mb gmohÀ`,
g_rjm, ^mfmßVa Aem ZmZm ‡H$ma¿`m gmohÀ` ‡H$mamßVyZ V{ À`md{ir AZ{H$ _mogH$mßVyZ obhrV hm{V{. ode{fVï À`md{ir À`mßMr ‡og’r H$dr,
H$WmH$ma AmoU Hw$_mamßgmR>r b{IZ H$aUma{ XO}Xma b{IH$ ÂhUyZ OmÒV hm{Vr. AZwdmXH$ma, g_rjH$ hr À`mßMr ZßVaMr ‡og’r. lr.[w.^mJdV,
am_ [Q>dY©Z dJ°a{ _ßS>ir O{Ïhm "gÀ`H$Wm' MmbdrV hm{Vr V{Ïhm Am.Zm.[{S>U{H$a h{ Zmd gÀ`H$W{er AoV OdiM{ hm{V{. 1950 V{ 70 ¯m
H$mbIßS>mV A.Zm.[{S>U{H$amß¿`m H$Wm, H$odVm gÀ`H$W{V od[wb ‡_mUmV `{V hm{À`m. gÀ`H$W{_‹`{ gbJ Mma AßH$mß_‹`{ H$Wm N>m[yZ `{Uma{
V{ gÀ`H$W{M{ [ohb{M b{IH$ ! À`mM H$mimV À`mßZr Hw$_mamßgmR>r H$Wm, H$odVm od[wbV{Z{ obohÎ`m. ZmQ>ÁN>Q>m, oZ]ßY `mßM{hr b{IZ H{$b{.
À`mßMr [wÒVH{$hr Ambr.
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À`mßMm H$WmgßJ´h 1972 ¿`m gw_mamg ‡H$moeV Pmbm. [wT>{ À`mbm am¡` gmohÀ` [waÒH$mahr o_imbm. (À`md{ir AmO¿`mgmaIr am¡`
[waÒH$mamß_‹`{ ‡mX{oeH$Vm Kwgbr ZÏhVr !) e{bwH$, a{S>J´rZ, _°Ã h{ [{S>U{H$amßM{ ‡_wI H$WmgßJ´h. a{S>J´rZ _‹`{ À`mßZr \±$Q>gr MmßJÎ`m obohÎ`m
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"a{S>J´rZ' H$WmgßJ´hmMm am¡` gmohÀ` [waÒH$ma ZmH$mabm. "E{b[°b' hr À`mßMr ]m`m{¿`m OrdZmdaMr EH$_{d H$mXß]ar.
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[{S>U{H$amßZr brb`m [{bb{. À`mßMm d{S>m Amß]m (H$Wm)-Mad Mango ÂhUyZ BßJ´OrV J{bm. Ò\w$Q>oZH$ H$Wm O[mZr ^mf{V J{br. [{S>U{H$amßZr
AmO[`™V S>PZ^a Var [wÒVH$mßMr _amR>rV ^mfmßVa {H{$br. À`mßVrb Q>m∞bÒQ>m∞`¿`m War & Peace H$mXß]arM{ [{S>U{H$amßZr _amR>rV "`w’
AmoU emßVr' `m ZmdmZ{ H{$b{b{ ^mfmßVa \$ma _m{bmM{ Amh{. À`mg gm{pÏhEV b±S>Mm Z{hÍ$ [waÒH$mahr o_imbm. À`mßM{ ÒZ{hr ‡m.Jm{.od.H$aßXrH$a
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\$ma _hŒdmM{ Amh{. À`mß¿`m Zmdmdda AmO ododY ‡H$maMr Vrg [wÒVH{$ Amh{V.
ZwH$VmM À`mß¿`m _•À`yZßVa À`mßZr BßJ´OrVyZ AZwdmoXV, Í$[mßVnaV H{$b{Î`m H$WmßMm gßJ´h "CS>Vm _mUyg' ZmdmZ{ ‡og’ Pmbm Amh{.
À`m [wÒVH$mM{ ‡gyoVH$aU, ]mb[U AWm©V≤ À`m [wÒVH$mM{ _wI[•> V`ma H$aU{, _wo–V{ V[mgU{, [´H$meZ dJ°a{ hr H$m_{ _r H$arV AgVmZm _mP{
Am[m{Am[M À`m H$WmßM{ EH$Ã dmMZ Pmb{. (À`mVrb H$mhr H$Wm AmYr _r dmMÎ`m hm{À`m.) `m gßJ´hmV EHy$U 15 H$Wm AgyZ À`m Xm{Z
‡H$mamV od^mJÎ`m Amh{V. AZwdmoXV AmoU (Í$[mßVnaV) AmYmnaV. Xm{›hr ‡H$ma¿`m H$WmßV \±$Q>grMmhr ^aUm Amh{. `m gmË`m H$Wm
dmMVmZm [{S>U{H$amßMr ^mfmßVa H$aVmZmMr EH$ Or b` AgV{ Vr Xm{›hr ^mfmßVrb g_b` OmUdV{. AmoU ¯m gmË`m H$Wm dmMH$mbm EH$m
OJm¿`m d{J˘`m AZm{iIr ‡X{emV K{D$Z OmVmV; dmMH$m¿`m AZw^dj{Ãm[{jm d{Ji{ H$mhr X{D$Z OmVmV. `m—Ô>rZ{ _amR>r H$WmßV ¯m H$WmßM{
_hŒd AZ›`gmYmaU Amh{.
gßJ´hmVrb [ohbr H$Wm "CS>Vm _mUyg' ZmdmMr Amh{. Vr _ybVï "Zdb'_‹`{ "CS>À`m _mUgmMr Jm{Ô>' ZmdmZ{ 1959 gmbr ‡og’
Pmbr Amh{. ¯mM Jm{Ô>rdÍ$Z gßJ´hmg "CS>Vm _mUyg' h{ Zmd d{J˘`m odÌdmVrb H$WmodÌd Aem AWm©Z{ X{ `mV Amb{ Amh{. hr H$Wm
dmMVmZm hr \±$Q>gr Amh{ h{ ghO OmUd{b. amKm{ oedm H$mdi{ hm gmYmgm [m[^rÍ$ naQ>m`S>© Agm ‡mWo_H$ oejH$. ZmH$mg_m{a MmbUmam.
[U EH$ oXdg hZw_mZ^∫$ amKm{bm Hw$ `m Òdm_r¿`m ‡dMZmZ{ gmjmÀH$ma KS>bm AmoU Vm{ M∏$ hd{V [˙`mgmaIm CSy> bmJbm. KamV
CS>VmCS>Vm Vm{ ]mh{ahr CSy> bmJbm AmoU ]m{b ]m{bVm À`mMr ª`mVr gd©Ã [gabr AmoU À`mM{ CS> `mM{ ‡`m{J oVoH$Q>mdahr hm{D$ bmJb{.
BH$S>{oVH$S>{ À`m¿`m _wbmIVr hm{D$ bmJÎ`m. dV©_mZ[ÃmV À`m¿`m ]mVÂ`m `{D$ bmJÎ`m. gmYm ‡mWo_H$ oejH$ Agm_m›` Agm odH´$_H$Vm©
Pmbm. H$m{H$U¿`m _mVrVrb Vm{ odH´$_dra Pmbm. À`m odH´$_dramM{ C»>mUmM{ _wß]B©Vhr ‡`m{J Pmb{. AemV Vm{ _wß]B©^a CS>Vm CS>Vm
\$m{Q>©_‹`{ amOm]mB© Q>m∞dada ]gbm. À`md{ir C»>mU H$aVmZm À`mbm [mhVm[mhVm [mhUmË`mß_wi{ _wß]B©V aÒÀ`mßda Vm{]m JXu Pmbr. a{Îd{, Q≠>∞_,
]gJmS>Ám, Km{S>ÁmJmS>Ám `mßM{ AZ{H$ A[KmV Pmb{. Q≠>∞o\$H$ Om_ Pmb{. `mVyZ amKm{bm Am[Î`m H•$VH$_m©Mm [ÌMmŒmm[ Pmbm. `mVyZ Vm{
AmoU À`mMr [ÀZr _°Zm Xya Hw$R>{Var CSy>Z J{br. _mUgmß¿`m JUVrV [wT>{ amKm{ oedm dJ°a{ Hw$Ur Cabm Zmhr.
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hr \±$Q>gr dmMVmZm Am[U amKm{ oedm¿`m C»>mUm]am{]a aßJyZ OmVm{ oZ ed{Q>r H•$oVey›` _mUgmM{ ApÒVÀd em{YV Am[Uhr ey›`M
hm{Vm{ ! \±$Q>gr ÂhUO{ _ZïH$pÎ[V. BW{ amKm{ oedmM{ _ZïH$pÎ[V dmMH$mbm odMma‡d•Œm H$aV{. g_mOH$m`© odÂ_wImM{ ApÒVÀd V{ H$m`?e{dQ>r ey›`M !
H$Yrhr Zmhr..., ^yV, [a_{Ìdar H•$[m, Ka^mS>{ H$[mV, dV©_mZ[ÃmVrb d•’m Aem À`mßVÎ`m AmUIr AmYmnaV H$Wm. _yi BßJ´Or
H$WmßZm [{S>U{H$amßZr ]{_mby_ Agm _amR>r (AWm©V≤ ^maVr`) gmO MT>odbm Amh{ H$s ¯m H$Wm [{S>U{H$amßZr AmYmnaV$ H$Wm Ag{ ÂhQ>b{ ZgV{
Va Hw$Um¿`m bjmV X{Irb ¯m H$Wm AmYmnaV Amh{Vem AmÎ`m ZgÀ`m. À`mßVrb ^yV, dV©_mZ[ÃmVrb d•’m ¯m \±$›Q>gr¿`m AßJmZ{ OmUmË`m
H$Wm. Ka^mS>{ H$[mV gmaIr H$Wm AMmZH$em gm‹`m H{$b{Î`m Ka^mS>{ H$[mVrVyZ Agm_m›`mH$S>{ Z{V{ AmoU e{dQ>r dmMH$ MH´$mdyZ OmVm{.
^mfmßVnaV H$WmßV Xr[J•hmMm aIdmbXma (_yi H$Wm h{p›aH$ Ò[|oH$od∑P), _hmH$m` a{oS>Am{ (Om∞Z MrÏha), _m∞S>{b (]Zm©S>© _∞b_wS>),
C[mgH$bm{[mgH$ (\´$mßP H$m‚H$m), I{S>di Zm`H$ (ÒQ>rÏhZ brH$m∞H$), oh_XwJ© (Om{g{\$ h{ba), Zm{Am¿`m S>m`arVrb [mZ{ (AÎdmam{ X
bm`Ωb{og`m), [mVH$ (obAm{ZS>© am∞o]›gZ), gm{S>V (ebu O∞∑gZ) Aem H$Wm Amh{V. `mßV aoe`Z, A_{naH$Z AmoU BVa _m›`da BßJ´Or
H$Wm b{IH$mß¿`m H$Wm [{S>U{H$amßZr Img Am[Î`m ^mfmßVar e°brV ^mfmßVnaV H{$Î`m Amh{V. ¯m H$Wm H{$di ^mfmßVnaV H$am`¿`m ÂhUyZ
H{$Î`m ZgyZ À`mß_mJ{ À`m gßÒH•$VrVrb d{Ji{[U [{S>U{H$amßZm _amR>rV AmUmd`mM{ hm{V{. ]am{]aM À`md{ir AmoU AmOhr R>amodH$ AmdVm©V
Km{iV Agb{Î`m _amR>r H$W{bm Ï`m[H$g{ [na_mU ⁄md{ ¯m h{VyZ{ ¯m H$Wm ^mfmßVnaV H{$Î`m Amh{V. BßJ´Or b{IH$ oH$Vr Im{bda AZw^d
K{D$Z _J H$Wmb{IZ H$aVmV AmoU OrdZm¿`m oH$VrVar AßJmßZm Ò[e© H$arV H$Yr oZ`Vr Va H$Yr oZgJ©, Va H$Yr _mZdoZo_©V VS>mª`mßZm
_mZdmbm Vm|S> ⁄md{ bmJV{ `mMr OmUrd H$Í$Z X{VmV h{ À`mßVyZ OmUdV{. \±$Q>grVyZ _mZdr _ZmMr ÒdflZ_`Vm gmßJVmV.
"Xr[J•hmMm aIdmbXma' H$W{Vbm Zm`H$ AZ{H$ j{Ã{, X{e ^Q>Hy$Z oOdmbm emßVVm Hw$R>{ o_i{b Ag{ ÒWmZ-Zm{H$ar em{YrV AgVm{.
AemV À`mbm Xr[J•hmda aIdmbXmamMr Zm{H$ar o_iV{. [U oVW{hr oZ`Vr AmS> `{V{. _mV•^y_r¿`m AmR>dUrV Am[b{ aIdmbXmamM{ H$V©Ï`
Vm{ odgaVm{ AmoU aIdmbXmamMr Zm{H$ar J_mdyZ ]gVm{. e{dQ>r oZ`VrB¿N>m]©ob`gr. "_hmH$m` a{oS>Am{'Vrb Va H$Î[ZmM A\$mQ>. À`m ZÏ`m
a{oS>Am{_YyZ e{OmË`m[mOmË`mßM{ gma{ gma{ gwIXwïI E{H$m`bm `{V{ AmoU e{dQr gma{OU XwïIr Amh{V; ‡À`{H$ Kar Am[Î`mgmaI{M Mmbb{
Amh{; Am[UM H$mhr [yU© gwIr AJa XwïIr Zmhr Amhm{V Aer OmUrd À`m XmÂ[À`mbm hm{V{. "C[mgH$bm{[mgH$' hr H$Wm Va _amR>r H$W{V
d{JirM Amh{. [aX{emV C[mg H$aUmË`mM{ ‡Xe©Z ^aV{, À`mbm [mhm `mgmR>r bm{H$ `{VmV hr H$Î[ZmM d{Jir Amh{. "I{S>di Zm`H$' _Ybm
Zm`H$ I{S>di ÂhUyZ À`mbm Zm{H$ar o_iV Zmhr, _J Vm{ AoVa{H$s ]ZVm{ >AmoU _J Aem _mUgmbm gJirH$Sy>Z gßajU o_iV{; hr Va
AmO¿`m OJmMr arVM Amh{ ! "gm{S>V' gmaª`m H$W{V bm∞Q>arMr gm{S>V H$mT> `mMm ‡gßJ XrK© Amh{. [U À`mVyZ _mZdr Òd^mdmM{ ZmZm Hß$Jm{ a{
gm_m{a{ `{VmV. "oh_XwJ©' _Yrb [napÒWVrZ{ JmßOb{b{ S>{pÏhS> Om{S>[{ dmMH$mbm Jna]r¿`m odÌdmV Z{VmZ{Vm S>{pÏhS> H$mH$m¿`m Òdmo^_mZr
d•ŒmrVyZ (gß[H$mimV AZ{H$ H$m_JmamßM{ gßgma CX≤‹dÒV hm{V AgVmZm V{W{ S>{pÏhS> H$mH$mbm gß[H$mimV o_imb{br Zm{H$ar Vm{ ÒdVïM ZmH$maVm{.)
gV≤‡d•ŒmrMr oeH$dU o_iV{. VerM "[mVH$' H$W{Mr YmQ>Ur Amh{. oºÌMZ Y_m©Vrb Y_©JwÈ [mVH$ Zmhrg{ H$aUmam; [U V{M [mVH$ _ZmV
CaV{ V{ Vm{ H$gm Zmhrg{ H$aUma? BWbm "Vm{'Mm gßKf© e{dQ>r À`m¿`m hg `m]am{]a dmMH$mbm AßV_w©I H$aVm{.
"CS>Vm _mUyg' _Yrb ¯m ^mfmßVnaV d AmYmnaV H$Wm dmMVmZm d{J˘`m odÌdmMr d{Jir Am{iI hm{V{. e{dQ>r OJmVrb _mUgmßMr
gwI-XwïI{ gmaIr Agbr Var À`mM{ [Xa d{Ji{ AgyZ À`mMr VËhm d{Jir AgV{ h{ BW{ OmUdV{ AmoU V{Wrb [aX{er b{IH$ h{ gma{ oMVmarV
AgVmZm oH$Vr gIm{bV{Z{, VmXmÀÂ`mZ{ AmoU d{Ji{ odf` K{D$Z oMVmaVmV h{ `m gmË`m ^mfmßVamßVyZ oXgV{. Aem H$Wm dmMVmZm _amR>rVrb
dmMH$mßMr d°MmnaH$, AmÒdmXH$ —Ô>r odemb hm{B©bg{ dmQ>V{. 1954 V{ 91 ¯m H$mbIßS>mVrb gÀ`H$Wm, Zdb, hßg, AoY>mZ, _m{ohZr,
A[yd© `mßgmaª`m XO}Xma _mogH$mßVyZ [yd©‡og’ Aem ¯m H$Wm AmO¿`m dmMH$mßZm ZdrZ dmQ>Vrb `mV eßH$m Zmhr.
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da¿`m ^mJmVÎ`m COÏ`m H$m{[Ë`m¿`m bJVMm ^mJ XrS>{H$ Ò∑d{Aa \w$Q>-Q>r.Ïhr.¿`m [S>⁄mgmaIm ‡H$moeV hm{Vm{. [S>⁄mda S>m∞∑Q>a Jm{pÎS≠>®JMr
hßgar _yVu oXgV{. S>m∞∑Q>a ÒdmJV H$arV ÂhUVmV,
"Am`≤ d{bH$_≤ `y pÏhoOQ>a !... H$gbr VH´$ma K{D$Z Ambm AmhmV?'
"`y.gr... S>m∞∑Q>a _mPß ZmH$ \$ma ÂhUO{ \$maM ]mßH$Xma Amh{. oJYmS>m¿`m Mm{MrgmaIß... oH$ß]h˛Zm À`mhˇZhr ^{gya !'
"Am`≤ H∞$Z≤ gr BQ≤>...flbrO≤ H$_≤ BZ≤ A±S≤> Q>{H$ A grQ≤> o_ÒQ>a @@@...'
"S>m∞gZ≤. X∞Q>g≤ _m`≤ Z{_. odd{H$mZßX ÒQ≠>rQ>da _mPß oS>[mQ>©_{›Q>b≤ ÒQ>m{Aa Amh{. "o[Z≤ Qw> o[AmZm{.' H$YrH$mir _m¬`m ÒQ>m{Aa_‹`{
Ambmhr Agmb. H$maU _{oS>H$b Ï`dgm`mgmR>r bmJUmar gd© VËh{Mr C[H$aU{ AmoU ZmdmOb{Î`m Hß$[›`mßMr Am°fYßhr _m¬`mH$S>{ Amh{V.'
-gm{‚`mda ]gV S>m∞gZ≤ ÂhUmbm.
"`g≤ o_ÒQ>a S>m∞gZ≤... _r Va Vw_Mß H$m`_Mß oJËhmB©H$. VwÂhmbm _mà oVWß H$YrM [mnhbß Zmhr _r.'
"H$gß e∑` Amh{ S>m∞∑Q>a?... _r _m¬`m ]ßX H{$o]Z≤_‹`{ ÒdVïbm H$m|Sy>Z K{Vb{bß AgVß. H{$o]Z¿`m ‡À`{H$ q^Vrda Q>r.Ïhr.g{Q≤> Amh{.'
"Am{\≤$...Am`≤ gr @@'
oS>[mQ>©≤_{›Q>≤¿`m ‡À`{H$ g{∑eZ_‹`{ Mmbb{Î`m Ï`dhmamMr [mhmUr _r Q>r.Ïhr.¤mam naÏhm∞pÎÏh®J M{Aada ]gyZ H$Í$ eH$Vm{. À`moedm`
BßQ>aH$m∞_Mr Ï`dÒWmhr Amh{. Hw$Umbm H$mhr gyMZm ⁄m`¿`m AgÎ`m Va _r À`m BßQ>aH$m∞_dÍ$Z X{D$ eH$Vm{. Wm{S>∑`mV ÂhUO{ [S>⁄mAmS>
amhˇZM _bm h{ gmaß H$amdß bmJVß. H$maU...oJËhmB©H$mßZm Vm|S> XmIod `mMr _bm...
"Am`≤ AßS>aÒQ>±S≤> `wda \$sbtΩO≤ o_ÒQ>a S>m∞gZ≤≤ !'
"EImXr Ûr AJa EImXß _yb _bm [mhˇZ qH$H$mir \$m{S>rb H$s H$m`? Aer eßH$m`w∫$ ^rVr dmQ>V{ _bm. _m¬`m `m ^`ßH$a Ï`ßJmMm
_m¬`m o]oPZ{g≤dahr od[arV [naUm_ hm{B©b hr H$miOr _mPß H$mirO Hw$aVS>rV AgV{. BZ≤ \∞$∑Q≤> S>m∞∑Q>a, Am`≤ h{Q≤> _m` Am{Z≤ g{Î\$ !'
"S>m{›¿`y]r gm∞ar _m`≤ \´{$›S≤> ! `y `wdag{Î\≤$ _m`Zg≤ `wda ]rH$s Zm{O≤ _{H≤$g≤ A Ïh{ar h∞›S>≤g_≤ bwqH$J [g©Z ! o]brÏh _r S>m∞gZ≤, h{ _r EH$
S>m∞∑Q>a ÂhUyZ ]m{bV Zmhr`{, EH$ gÉm o_Ã, ‡m_moUH$ oZarjH$ ÂhUyZ...'
"`y g{S≤> BQ≤> S>m∞H≤$ ! `y Jm∞Q≤> _m`≤ [m∞B©›Q≤>...`y h∞d...!'
"Am`≤ h∞d≤ A∞∑g{flQ>{S≤> X M∞b{›O≤ _m`≤ \´{$›S≤> !'
"`y _rZ≤ S>m∞∑Q>a...`y...'
"Vw_¿`m Ï`o∫$_Àdmbm em{^{b AgßM EH$ Zdß ZmH$ X{Umam`≤ _r VwÂhmbm...'
"_mPm M{ham AmH$f©H$ hm{B©b?...Ama≤ `y ewAa S>m∞H≤$? IaßM?'
"Am∞\≤$H$m{g© o_ÒQ> S>m∞gZ≤ !'
"Am{\≤$...hmD$ E∑gmBqQ>J≤ !...hmD$ dßS>a\w$b !!'
"Vw_Mß g⁄mMß ZmH$ gm{S>bß, Va...'
"Va H$m` S>m∞∑Q>a ?'
"Vw_M{ ]mH$sM{ \{$oe`b Am∞J©›g≤ oS>≈>m{ am{ZmÎS≤> H$m{b≤_Z gmaI{M Amh{V !'
"ÂhUO{ Vm{ [S>⁄mdaMm oham{?'
"Vm{M Vm{. E_≤.Or.E_≤. _YÎ`m gmË`m ZQ>Ám Ord Q>mH$VmV À`m¿`mgmR>r !'
"IaßM _r À`m¿`mgmaIm oXg{Z?'
"hßS≠>{S> [g}›Q>≤ ewAa !...Am`≤ A∞_≤ Zm∞Q≤> Om{qH$J≤ _m`≤ \´{$›S≤> !'
XmamdaMr ]{b dmObr. Q>{[≤da AmdmO C_Q>bm.
"E∑g≤∑`yO≤ _r.'... S>m∞∑Q>a Xadm¡`mH$S>ß OmV ÂhUmb{.
"_r AmVÎ`m È__‹`{ Wmß]Vm{. S>m∞∑Q>a...oQ>b≤ `y o\$oZe≤..'
"X∞Q≤> odb≤ Sy>.'
S>m∞gZ≤ AmßVÎ`m Im{brV J{bm. S>m∞∑Q>amßZr XadmOm CKS>m`Mm AmdmO À`mZß E{H$bm...
"hm` S>m{am{Wr !'
"JwS>≤ _m∞qZJ≤ S>m∞∑Q>a.'
"JwS≤> _m∞oZ™J...flbrO H$_≤ BZ≤ S>m{am{Wr. h∞d A grQ≤>.'
"W±∑g≤ !'
"H$m` ÂhUVm{`≤ AmßJR>m VwPm?'
& Ajad°X^u & \{$]´wdmar-2010$& 7 &
"_bm dmQ>Vß hiwhiy Om{_ `{B©b. A⁄m[ Var ]Yra ]Yra dmQ>Vß`≤.'
"a∫$‡dmh gwairV Mmby hm{B©[`™V AmUIr H$mhr H$mi Omdm bmJ{b... _J g_OUmahr Zmhr Vwbm H$s À`mMß J´mp‚Q>®J H{$bß`≤.'
"Ver KmB© Zmhr S>m∞∑Q>a... `y h∞d≤ S>Z≤ A dßS>a\w$b≤ Om∞]≤ !'
"hmVmMr hmbMmb Ïhm`bm hdr. N>m{Q>rN>m{Q>r H$m_ß H$am`bm haH$V Zmhr. X∞Q≤> odb≤ h{Î[≤ „bS≤> g∑`w©b{eZ≤. _mà BV∑`mV OS> H$mhr
CMby ZH$m `m hmVmZß.'
"Am`≤ e∞b≤ Q>{H≤$ H{$Aa. Iaß ÂhUO{ _r hm g{H$›S≤> B›ÒQ>m∞b≤_{›Q≤>Mm M{H$ ⁄m`bm Amb{ hm{V{. Xm{Z oXdg CeraM Pmbm.'
"Zm{...Zm{...S>m{am{Wr, Am`≤ S>m{›Q≤> _mB©›S≤> X nS>b{ !..AZ≤ Cera Vm{ oH$Vr?...Adø`m Xm{ZM oXdgmßMm-'
"V{ Iam`≤...[U Am`≤ _ÒQ≤> H$s[≤ _m`≤ ‡m∞o_g≤ !'
"`y Ama H$sZ≤ A∞›S≤> ewAa S>m{am{Wr !'
"Am`≤ A∞_≤ Am{„bmB©¡S≤> Qw> `y S>m∞H≤$ !... _wimV Vw_Mr AmoU _mPr JmR> [S>br ZgVr, Va h{ Ï`ßJ K{D$ZM C^m O›_ H$mT>mdm bmJbm
AgVm _bm. AmVm e{H≤$ h∞›S≤> gmR>r hmV [wT>{ Z H{$Î`m]‘b oeÔ> AmoU Jod©> [UmMm Xm{f _bm Hw$Urhr bmdUma Zmhr. AZ≤ ]mam _ohZ{
AR>amH$mi h{ _{b{ Ωbm{ÏhO≤ [U gVV Kmbmd{ bmJUma ZmhrV. Am`≤ A∞_≤ J´{Q>\w$b Qy> `y !'
"S>m{›¿`y ]r ogbr S>m{am{Wr. _r _mPr S>ÁwQ>r H{$br. Hw$R>Î`mhr ‡H$maMr _{ha]mZr H{$br Zmhr. Vw_¿`mH$Sy>Z ^a[ya [°g{ K{Vm{`≤ _r _m¬`m
H$m_mM{...'
"`y oS>Pd©, X H´{$oS>Q≤> !'
H$›gpÎQ>®J≤ È__YyZ qeH{$Mm AmdmO Ambm. Vm{ E{Hy$Z S>m{am{Wr ÂhUmbr,
"VwÂhr Hw$UmMr Var V[mgUr H$arV hm{Vm H$m?'
"hm{`..EH$ [{e›Q≤> Amh{ AmV.'
"Am{\≤$ !...[mS>©Z≤ _r !...A_yÎ` d{i K{Vbm Vw_Mm. oZKV{ _r...]m@@`≤..S>m∞∑Q>a !'
"]m`≤ S>m{am{Wr...gr @@ `y...'
S>m∞gZ≤Mr ImÃr [Q>br. hm S>m∞∑Q>a AX≤^wV oH$_`mJma >Amh{.
"flbrO≤ H$_≤Am°Q> o_ÒQ> S>m∞gZ≤..'
S>m∞∑Q>amßZr ]m{bmdbß.
S>m∞gZ≤ Í$__YyZ ]mh{a AmÎ`mda S>m∞∑Q>a ÂhUmb{,
"VwÂhr E{H$bßM Ag{b...`m o]MmË`m S>m{am{WrMm COÏ`m hmVmMm AmßJR>m gwB™J _erZMr gwB© KwgyZ Om`]ßXr Pmbm hm{Vm. À`md{ir
H$miOr K{Vbr Zmhr. À`m_wiß g{pflQ>H≤$ Pmbß. H$mQ>ÁmMm Zm`Q>m ÂhUVmV Vgß hm{D$Z AI{arg AmßJR>m H$m[yZ H$mT>mdm bmJbm. ¡`m Hw$Um
gO©Z≤Zß AmßJR>m A∞Âfl`yQ≤> H{$bm, Vm{ S>m{am{Wrbm Zdm AmßJR>m X{D$ eH$bm Zmhr. Vr _m¬`mH$S>ß >Ambr. ZwH$VßM _r V{ ZÏ`m AmßJR>ÁmMß J´mp‚Q>®J
H{$bß`≤. H$mhr oXdgmßZr oV¿`m bjmVhr amohb{bß Zg{b H$s H$YrH$mir Am[bm AmßJR>m H$m[yZ Q>mH$bm hm{Vm.'
"H$_mbm`≤ S>m∞∑Q>a !... _bm gw’m Zdß ZmH$ ]gd `m[ydu h{ ohoS>g≤ ZmH$ Vim[mgymZ H$m[yZ ø`mdß bmJ{b?'
"Am∞\$H$m{g© !...[U À`mV Km]a `mgmaIß H$mhrhr Zmhr. VwÂhmbm XwïI AoO]mV OmUdm`Mß Zmhr. J´mp‚Q>®JZßVa EH$m AmR>dS>Ám^amVM
]Km... A S≠>∞_∞oQ>H≤$ M|O≤ pÏhM≤ `y B›Q>{›g≤br oS>Pm`a !'
"gmYmaU[U{ oH$Vr oXdg bmJVrb J´mp‚Q>®Jbm?'
"oXdg oH$Vr bmJVrb V{ Z∏$s gmßJVm `{Uma Zmhr...BQ≤> oS>[{›S>g≤...'
"oS>[{›S>g≤ Am∞Z Ïhm∞Q>≤?'
"oS>[{›S>g≤ Am∞Z g_]S>r H$o_ßJ \$m∞adS>© Qw> Am∞\$a gwQ>{]b≤ Zm{O...'
"Am∞\$a?...`y _rZ≤ Ad`dmßMr Am∞\$a `{V{ VwÂhmbm?'
"S>m`a{∑Q≤ _bm Zmhr...[U _m¬`m EOßQ>bm `{V{...'
"Am{\≤$ Jm∞S≤> !...BQ>≤g≤ AZ≤o]brÏh{]b !... _mUgß ÒdVïM{ Ad`d odH$VmV?'
"hm{` !...' S>m∞∑Q>a S>m∞gZ≤¿`m S>m{˘`mV [mhmV ÂhUmb{... EImXm Ad`d J_mdyZ [m{Q>m[m `mMr O›_^amMr XXmV o_Q>dVmV hr _mUgß
!... Am[U oXgmdß H$gß `m[{jm OJmdß H$gß?- hr g_Ò`m AgV{ À`mßMr. Aem‡H$ma{ Ad`dmßMr A[nahm`©[U{ odH´$s H$a `mË`m AJoVH$mbm
_w∫$hÒV{ ^a[mB© X{Uß h{ JaOyßMß H$V©Ï` R>aVß !'
"_m›` ! EH$X_ _m›` !!... À`m o]MmË`mßZm O›_^a Adh{bZm ghZ H$amÏ`m bmJUma!... [a_{ÌdaH•$[{Zß _m¬`mOdi [°emßMr H$_VaVm
Zmhr. gmßJm S>m∞∑Q>a, A∞S≤>Ïhm›g oH$Vr X{D$?'
"oZÂ_{ BZ≤ A∞S>Ïhm›g≤ ⁄m... ]mH$sM{ J´mp‚Q>®J [yU© PmÎ`mda.'
"Am`≤ Sy> A∞J´r...[U oZÂ_{ ÂhUO{ oH$Vr?'
"drg hOma S>m∞bg© \$∫$.'
"M{H$ ]wH$ AmUbß`≤ _r ]am{]a. Hw$Um¿`m ZmdmMm H$mT>m`Mm M{H$?'
"_m¬`mM ZmdmMm..S>m∞. _m`H{$b Jm{pÎS≠>®J≤.'
& Ajad°X^u & \{$]´wdmar-2010$& 8 &
S>m∞gZ≤Zß≤ S>m∞∑Q>amß¿`m ZmdmMm M{H$ oXbm AmoU Vm{ ÂhUmbm,
"odW≤ flb{Oa AmoU ]{ÒQ> Am∞\$ bH≤$ !... Zoe]mMmM ^mJ _wª`.. Zmhr H$m?.. H$maU _bm o\$Q≤> hm{B©b Agß ZmH$ C[b„Y Ïhm`bm
hdß.'
"\$∫$ o\$Q≤> ZÏh{..'
"AmUIr H$m`?'
"Vw_¿`m Ï`o∫$_ÀdmV ^a KmbUmaß. VwÂhmbm am{ZmÎS≤> H$m{b_Z≤¿`m l{UrV Z{D$Z ]gdUmaß...'
"VwÂhmbm H$m` dmQ>Vß S>m∞∑Q>a? ghOmghOr o_i{b?'
"ewAa !...X{Aa ewS≤> ]r Zm{ ‡m∞„b{_≤...'
S>m∞∑Q>amßZr e{H≤$ h∞›S≤>gmR>r [wT>ß H{$b{bm hmV ÒdVï¿`m hmVr K{D$Z S>m∞gZ≤ ^odÓ`mV VÑrZ Pmbm.
* * *
-H$m∞b≤]{b≤ E{Hy$Z Om∞O© XadmOmH$S>ß J{bm. À`mZß Xma CKS>bß....
"Am{\≤$ ! ebu @@?..._bm dmQ>bß KamH$S>ß [mR> o\$adyZ Vy H$m`_Mr oZKyZ J{br Amh{g.'
"À`mM ‡m{g{g_‹`{ Amh{ _r Om∞O©≤.'
"‡m{g{g≤?'
"`g≤...Am[U H$m`X{era KQ>Ò\$m{Q> ø`m`bm hdm. H$maU À`m oedm` _bm bæ Zmhr H$aVm `{Uma.'
"bæ?..H$m{U H$arb Vw¬`mer bæ?'
"S>m∞gZ≤...'
"H$m{U S>m∞gZ≤?'
"n[Z≤-Qw>-o[AmZm{Mm _mbH$...hr B©O A o_b{oZ`a... _bm [mhmVmjUrM _m¬`m ‡{_mV [S>bm !'
"_yI©M oXgVm{`≤ !'
"Zmhr Om∞O©≤...À`mbm gm¢X`©—Ô>r Amh{. _r O{Ïhm _m¬`m hmVm]‘b gmßnJVbß, V{Ïhm ÂhUmbm... Zm{ ‡m∞„b{_≤ ! Vm]S>Vm{] _bm Vm{ S>m∞∑Q>a
Jm{pÎS≠>ßJH$S>ß K{D$Z J{bm.'
"H$emgmR>r?'
"A⁄m[ VwPß bj J{b{bß oXgV Zmhr... hm hmV À`mZß Om{S>bm.. J´mp‚Q>®J H{$bß. Xm{Z AmR>dS>{ _r S>m∞.Jm{pÎS≠>®J¿`m Am∞aJ∞oZH$ qgoWogg≤
_‹`{ hm{V{. À`mßZr Om{S>b{bm hmV ]K oH$Vr _∞qMJ≤ Amh{. Am{iIy gw’m `{V Zmhr H$s hm J´mp‚Q>®J H{$b{bm Amh{. S>m∞gZ≤≤Zß Mmirg hOma S>m∞bg©
oXb{ J´mp‚Q>®JgmR>r...'
"Zm∞Z≤ g{›g≤ !..ebu, Am`≤ em∞b≤ gr X∞Q> oYg≤ S>m∞gZ≤
Jm{O≤ o]hmB©›S≤> ]mg©...hr B©O A Ò∑dm›S≠>b !'
* * *
"_bm ImÃr[yd©H$ dmQ>Vß o_ÒQ>a B›Ò[{∑Q>a, hm S>m∞∑Q>a X\$Z^y_rV OmD$Z WS>Jr CIS>Vm{. oVWÎ`m JmS>©g≤Zm [°g{ MmÍ$Z gm_rb H$Í$Z
K{Vm{. H$m∞o\$Z≤_Yrb _•V earaß ]mh{a H$mTy>Z À`mM{ Ad`d H$m[yZ K{Vm{...'
jU^a odMma H$Í$Z B›Ò[{∑Q>a ÂhUmbm,
"Am[U g{o_Q>arV OmD$Z CIS>b{Î`m WS>Ω`mVrb ‡{VmßMr V[mgUr H$Í$. VwÂhr gmßJVm Vg{ ‡{VmßM{ Ad`d Jm`] Pmb{b{ oXgb{ Va À`m
S>m∞∑Q>abm AmoU g{_rQ>arVÎ`m Zm{H$amßZm AQ>H$ H$Í$.'
"R>rH$m`≤..._m¬`m JmS>r[mR>m{[mR> Vw_Mr [m{brg Ïh∞Z≤ `{D$ ⁄m.'
* * *
-H{$g E{H$m`bm H$m{Q>m©V Iy[ JXu Ïhm`Mr. ›`m`YremßZr A‰`mg[yU© oZH$mb oXbm. oZH$mb[ÃmV À`mßZr Z_yX H{$bß"Hw$Umhr Ï`∫$sbm _{b{Î`m _mUgm]‘b ‡{_, AmXa dJ°a{ Agy eH{$b. ‡{_i AmR>dUr Agy eH$Vrb. [U ÂhUyZ H$mhr Hw$Ur ‡{Vmbm
H$dQ>miyZ ]gUma Zmhr. ÒH´∞$[≤ BVH$s gw’m qH$_V ‡{Vmbm ZgV{. Aem ‡{Vmß¿`m Ad`dmßMm C[`m{J bw˘`m [mßJ˘`m Ï`∫$s®Mm [wZÈ’ma
H$aUmË`m S>m∞.Jm{pÎS≠>®J≤Mm _r g›_mZ H$aVm{ AmoU À`mßZm oZXm{©f R>adyZ _w∫$ H$aVm{...!!!'
H$m{Q>m©V Q>m˘`mßMm H$S>H$S>mQ> Pmbm. C[pÒWV _ßS>ir S>m∞.Jm{pÎS≠>ßJ¿`m ^m{dVr O_br AmoU gdm™Zr CX≤Km{f H{$bm,
"S>m∞∑Q>a Jm{pÎS≠>®J...
oh[≤-oh[≤-oh[≤...
h˛a}...oh[≤ oh[≤- h˛a} @@@ !!!'
-eßH$a BZm_Xma
36/37, eßH$a[wam[{R>, _hmOZdmS>m,
Owfia ([wU{) 410502
Xya‹dZr- 02132-223515
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& Ajad°X^u & \{$]´wdmar-2010$& 9 &
em{YoZ]ßY
bm{H$ohVdmXtM{ eV[ÃmßVrb Y_©odMma
Y_©odf`H$ ^yo_H$m hm bm{H$ohVdmXt¿`m ^yo_H{$Mm EH$ _yb^yV AmYma Amh{. ]´m˜UmßZr AmoU qhXyßZr MmbrarVr d Y_© `mßVrb \$aH$
—Ô>rAmS> H{$bm AmoU gmamgma odMma gm{S>bm. `m_wi{ AJXr CKS> CKS> Amj{[mh© qH$dm À`m¡` dmQ>UmË`m Mmbr ]XbmÏ`m ÂhQ>Î`m Var
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g∫$sM{ d°YÏ`, [aX{eJ_Z oZf{Y, oÛ`mßMr Jwbm_oJar, AZmdÌ`H$ dÒVy Ia{Xr H$a `mVrb M°Z d CYi[≈>r, gw_ma{ EH$ Xemße bm{H$mßM{
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`m AZwfßJmZ{ [m[-[w ` dm ÒdJ© `m [maß[naH$ H$Î[ZmßZm Zdm AW© X{ `mMm ‡`ÀZ À`mßZr H{$bm Amh{. ""`{W{ ^´mßVr Amh{ ÂhUyZ XwïI d
V{W{ ^´mßVr Zmhr d kmZ Amh{ ÂhUyZ gwI BVH$mM ^{X ÒdJm©g d _•À`wbm{H$mßg Amh{'' ([à H´$. 28) ""[mÃm[mà [mhˇZ AkmZ O{ Amh{, À`mßg
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_mZ H$aU{ hrM ZrVr d h{M [w `.'' ([Ã H´$. 36)
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gIm{b odMma Zmhr. À`mß¿`m obImUmV Y_m©¿`m bm°oH$H$ ÒdÍ$[mM{ dU©Z Amh{. V{ A‹`mÀ_m¿`m ]wS>mer OmV Zmhr, `mM{ H$maU CKS> Amh{.
bm{H$ohVdmXtZm Y_m©¿`m gm_moOH$ Ame`m_‹`{ AoYH$ ag hm{Vm. Y_m©M{ g_mOOrdZmda Pmb{b{ [naUm_ d gm_moOH$ ‡JVr¿`m —Ô>rZ{
AmdÌ`H$ dmQ>Uma{ Ymo_©H$ [nadV©Z `m odf`r bm{H$ohVdmXtZm oOÏhmim dmQ>V hm{Vm.''2
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YZwYm©ar "dmΩ]mU' d "VwJra ^maVr' ¯m gXamImbr B.g.1889 _‹`{ b{I ‡og’ H$arV AgV-Agm Ãm{Q>H$ CÑ{I "Adm©MrZ
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e{VH$ar, AW©emÛ, odUH$m_ BÀ`mXrda À`mßM{ b{I `{V AgV. "e{Vr, e{VH$r AmoU e{VH$ar' `m ZmdmMr H$mZS>r d _amR>r [mojH{$ AmoU
"Ï`m[ma CXr_' h{ _amR>r [mojH$ H$mT>V AgV.4 ]S>m{⁄m¿`m "g`mOr kmZ_ßOyfm' _mb{[°H$s "oh›XwÒWmZMm Ï`m[mar ^yJm{b' d "BßXya ‡H$aUr
Xwgar AmoU Iar ]mOy' hr [wÒVH{$ À`mßZr obohbr.
ÒdY_©kmZ‡gma [wÒVH$ _mb{Mr AR>am d bhmZ _wbmßM{ oM_wH$b{ dmMZmb` `mMr [ßYam BVH$s [wÒVH{$ `mßZr ‡og’ H{$br Amh{V.
EImX{ d{ir odoeÔ> A‰`mg[yU© b{I qH$dm b{I_mbmhr V{ obhrV. "YmdVm Ym{Q>m' hr hmV_mJmgß]ßYr b{ImßMr _mbm obhˇZ À`mßZr hmVodUH$amßZm
EH$ Zdm _mJ© XmIodbm. h˛ßS>Umdirgß]ßYr [aX{er h˛ßS>r]‘b À`mßZr ]a{M b{I obohb{ >Amh{. BoVhmg d Y_© h{ À`mßM{ AmdS>V{ odf` oXgVmV.
"OdmZ _X© _amR>{ JS>r' "]´m˜U ^mB©', "Am_¿`mVrb EH$ AZ_m{obH$ ÛraÀZ', "eya A]bm' Aer [ßYam-gm{im [wÒVH{$ À`mßZr obohbr.
"Xam{S>{Im{a o^Ñ VßQ>Ám' h{ hr EH$ MnaÃM Amh{.
C⁄m{J d Ï`m[ma `mgß]ßYr YZwYm©atM{ b{IZ od[wb Amh{. "C[mer _hmamÔ≠>mg C⁄m{J', "[°gm H$gm o_i{b' BÀ`moX [wÒVH{$ obhˇZ
C⁄m{Jm¿`m ZÏ`m H$Î[Zm gmßoJVÎ`m. Aem YZwYm©atM{ gma{ OrdZ Xmna–ÁmVM J{b{. À`mß¿`m OrdZmVrb EH$_{d gß[Œmr ÂhUO{ À`mßMr b{IUr
hm{`. hrM H$m` Vr À`mß¿`m OrdZmMr, gmohÀ`Xe©ZmMr Am{iI H$Í$Z X{Umar Amh{.
YZwYm©arM{ dmL≤>_`YZwYm©ar h{ EH$ ‡og’ b{IH$ hm{V{. À`mßZrM ‡W_ J´m_rU ^mJmMm odMma H{$bm Ag{ À`mß¿`m "o[amOr [mQ>rb' d "dmB©H$a ^Q>Or'
dÍ$Z oXgV{. VÀH$mbrZ g_mOmM{ oZarjU H$Í$Z À`mßZr Am[br odMmagß[Xm ododY Í$[mßVyZ g_mOmg_m{a R>{d `mMm ‡`ÀZ H{$bm. E{oVhmogH$,
Ymo_©H$, AmoW©H$ BÀ`moX J´ßWmVyZ À`mßZr Am[br odMmagaUr _mßS>br Amh{.
(A) E{oVhmogH$ dmL≤>_``m_‹`{ À`mßZr H$mhr _hŒdmM{ J´ßW obohb{ V{ `m‡_mU{(1) OdmZ _X© ]´m˜U ^mB© hna[ßV \$S>H{$ (1893)
(2) OdmZ _X© ]´m˜U ^mB© ]m[y Jm{Ib{ (1893)
(3) OdmZ _X© ]´m˜U ^mB© od«>b oedX{d qdMyaH$a (1908)
(4) OdmZ _X© _amR>{ JS>r OZH$m{Or qeX{
(5) OdmZ _X© _amR>{ JS>r _Îhmaamd hm{iH$a (1893)
(6) \$S>Urg ZmZm (1907) Am. o¤Vr`
(7) draÒZwfm amYm]mB© (1894)
(8) [mZ[VMm _m{ham (1925) Am. oVgar
(9) eya A]bm
(10) _amR>ÁmßMr _Xw©_H$s - ^mJ 1 d 2 (1930) Am. Mm°Wr
(11) BßXya ‡H$aUr Iar AmoU Xwgar ]mOy
(12) Am[Î`m X{emMm (qhXwÒWmZMm) bhmZgm BoVhmg (1892)
(13) _amR>ÁmMm [Ã]’ BoVhmg
(14) g{Zm[Vr Xm^mS>{
(15) X{dr AohÎ`m]mB© hm{iH$arU BÀ`moX.
_amR>Ámß¿`m BoVhmgm]‘b YZwYm©atZm Ao^_mZ Amh{. BoVhmgmV O{ H$mhr _X© _amR>{ d ]´m˜U^mB© dra Ûr d [wÈf hm{D$Z J{b{ À`mß¿`m MnaÃmMm
A‰`mg H$Í$Z g_mOm_‹`{ EH$ AmXe© R>{dmdm ¯m —oÔ>H$m{ZmVyZ À`mßZr bhmZ-ghmZ MnaÃ{ obohbr, ¡`m_‹`{ hna[ßV \$S>H{$, ]m[y Jm{Ib{,
OmZH$m{Or qeX{, od«>b odßMyaH$a, _Îhmaamd hm{iH$a, amYm]mB© BÀ`moX J´ßWmßVyZ YZwYm©atZr BoVhmg oOdßV H{$bm. Vm{ g_mOmg_m{a R>{d bm.
`mVyZ À`mßMr g_mOmbm OmJ•V H$a `mMr d amÔ≠>mo^_mZ dmT>od `mMr B¿N>me∫$s oXgV{.
(]) Ymo_©H$ odMmaE{oVhmogH$ ÒdÍ$[m¿`m J´ßWm]am{]a À`mßZr Ymo_©H$ Ame` _mßS>Uma{ bhmZ bhmZ J´ßW obohb{. À`mß_‹`{(1) JwÈ^∫$s - Iam VaUm{[m`
(2) ÒdY_m©V _aU ]a{ [U [aY_m©M{ Zmd ZH$m{
(3) ZmJ[ßM_r
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(6) Y_©oejUmMr C[{jm d À`mM{ AZW©
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Y_m©odf`r À`mßZm Ao^_mZ Amh{ ÂhUyZ ÒdY_m©V _aU ]a{ [aY_m©M{ Zmd ZH$m{ >Ag{ V{ ÂhUVmV. Am_Mm Am`©Y_© H$gm MmßJbm Amh{ d [wamVZ
Amh{ `mMrhr _mohVr À`mßZr "Am`©Y_m©Mm BoVhmg' `m_‹`{ oXbr Amh{. qhXy gßÒH•$Vr _‹`{ gUmbm _hŒdmM{ ÒWmZ Amh{ ÂhUyZ "ZmJ[ßM_r'
gmaª`m gUmMr _mohVr À`mßZr oXbr Amh{. EHß$XarV qhXy gßÒH•$VrVrb Ymo_©H$ odMma d "Y_m©Mr _ybVŒd{' À`mßZr Am[Î`m[arZ{ g_mOmg_m{a
R>{dbr Amh{V.
(H$) AmoW©H$ odMmaAmoW©H$ odMma gw’m YZwYm©arZr _mßS>b{ Amh{V. V{ [wT>rb [wÒVH$mßVyZ(1) Ï`m[mar dmMZ[mR>
(2) dmMm AmoU dmQ>Î`mg odMma H$am (1898)
(3) [°gm H$gm o_i{b?
(4) C[mer _hmamÓQ≠>mg C⁄m{J
(5) Am_Mr JniVmMr Ym›`{ B.
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"Ï`m[mar dmMZ [mR>' _‹`{ H$aVmZm oXgVmV. `mdÍ$Z _hmamÔ≠>m_‹`{ gwYmaUm H$amd`mMr AgÎ`mg AmoW©H$ gwYmaUm H{$Î`moedm` [`m©`
Zmhr h{ YZwYm©atZr Am{iIb{ hm{V{ h{ CKS> hm{V{. ÂhUyZ À`m —Ô>rZ{M À`mßZr AmoW©H$ odMma _mßS>b{ Amh{V. `mVyZ À`mßMr Xya—Ô>r oXgy Z `{V{.
(S>) BVa J´ßW(1) [mÌMmVmfl`mMm [mßOa[m{i
(2) VmÀ`m C\©$ VßQ>Ám o^ÎÎ`m
(3) ^mD$gmh{] Jw·{ `mßM{ MnaÃ
(4) Hw$bdYyMm kmZH$m{e
(5) Am[Umdarb O]m]Xmar
BÀ`moX J´ßWmßVyZ À`mßZr Am[b{ odMma _mßS>b{ Amh{V. darb gd© J´ßWmßMr gߪ`m [mohÎ`mZßVa Am[Umg YZwYm©at¿`m gmohÀ`gß[XmßMr H$Î[Zm
`{V{ AmoU À`m_YyZ À`mMr gd©Ï`m[r Aer odMmagaUr bjmV `{V{.
dmL≤>_`rZ J´ßWYZwYm©at¿`m E{oVhmogH$, Ymo_©H$ d AmoW©H$ J´ßWm]am{]aM À`mßM{ dmL≤>_`rZ —ÓQ>Ám _hŒdmM{ O{ Xm{Z J´ßW Amh{V V{ ÂhUO{(1) dmB©H$a ^Q>Or (1888)
(2) o[amOr [mQ>rb (1903)
YZwYm©ar h{ hna^mD$ Am[Q>{ H$mbIßS>mVrb ÂhUO{M B.g.1875 V{ 1920 `m H$mbIßS>mVrb b{IH$ hm{V. YZwYm©atZr [ßYam EH$
E{oVhmogH$ J´ßW obohb{ AmoU "dmB©H$a ^Q>Or' AmoU "o[amOr [mQ>rb' `mgmaª`m MmßJÎ`m gm_moOH$ H$mXß]Ë`m obohÎ`m. [U À`mß¿`m
H$mXß]ar dmL≤>_`mH$S>{ _mà H$m{UÀ`mhr odMmadßVmßM{ dm Q>rH$mH$mamßM{ ÂhUmd{ Vg{ bj J{b{b{ Zmhr. Var, Ag{ _mà oZpÌMV ÂhUVm `{B©b H$s `m
H$mbIßS>mV Am[m[Î`m [arZ{ H$mXß]ar b{IZ H$aUma{ H$mhr H$mXß]arH$ma hm{V{ AmoU -À`mß_‹`{ Am[Î`m OrdZ—Ô>rZ{, AZw^dmZ{ H$mXß]ar b{ IZ
H$aUma{, Am[b{ d{Ji{[U XmIodUma{ b{IH$ ÂhUO{ YZwYm©ar hm{V{ h{ odgaVm `{V Zmhr.
YZwYm©arMr "dmB©H$a ^Q>Or'hr H$mXß]ar B.g. 1888 gmbr obohbr. YZwYm©arZr "dmB©H$a ^Q>Or' `m H$mXß]arVyZ g_mOmbm ZdrZ —Ô>r oXbr. `m_YyZ À`mßZr
VÀH$mbrZ _‹`_dJu` ]´m˜U Hw$Qw>ß]mM{ oMÃ C^{ H{$b{ Amh{. hr H$mXß]ar Oar BßJ´Or J´ßWm¿`m AmYmamda Í$[mßVnaV Agbr Var À`mbm À`mßZ r
[yU©[U{ _amR>r d{f MT>odbm Amh{. ÂhUO{ hr H$mXß]ar EdT>r _amR>r diUmMr Pmbr Amh{, H$s À`mVyZ Vr Í$[mßVarV Amh{, h{ gw’m MmßJÎ`m
OmUH$mamß¿`m bjmV `{V Zmhr. VÀH$mbrZ H$mbIßS>m_‹`{ Aem ‡H$ma¿`m Í$[mßVnaV H$mXß]Ë`m oZ_m©U PmÎ`m. [U YZwYm©atM{ d{Ji{[U
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CXmhaU Amh{.''5 `mdÍ$Z YZwYm©ar `mßM{ d{Ji{[U bjmV `{V{.
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Xwb©ojV Agm Om{ J´m_rU g_mO hm{Vm À`m¿`mH$S>{ Hw$UmM{hr bj ZÏhV{. \$∫$ [mßT>a[{em _‹`_ dJm©Vrb OrdZmda, À`mß¿`m ‡ÌZmßda,
MmbrarVtda, Í$T>r nadmO, gßÒH$ma, [aß[am BÀ`moX odf`mßda H$mXß]Ë`m obohÎ`m OmV hm{À`m. [U `mM H$mbIßS>m_‹`{ XwÓH$mi [S>bm AmoU
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J´m_rU OZVm hdmboXb Pmbr `m dmÒVd gm_moOH$ [napÒWVrH$S>{ _mà Hw$UmM{hr bj J{b{ Zmhr. `mbm hna^mD$ gw’m A[dmX amohb{b{
ZmhrV. Aem J´m_rU OrdZmM{, e{VH$Ë`mM{ oMÃU YZwYm©atZr "o[amOr [mQ>rb' _‹`{ H{$b{ Amh{. `m H$mbIßS>m_‹`{ YZwYm©ar[ydu J´m_rU
OrdZmM{ oMÃU H$aUmam H$mXß]arH$ma oXgV Zmhr. ÂhUyZ AmZßX `mXd ÂhUVmV- "o[amOr [mQ>rb' hr YZwYm©ar `mßZr 1903 gmbr ‡og’
H{$b{br [ohbr _amR>r J´m_rU H$mXß]ar _mZmdr bmJV{.6 À`m _Vmg Am[Umg gh_V Ïhmd{ bmJV{. adr›– R>mHy$a `mßZr gwÈdmVrbm "]ir]m
[mQ>rb' `m H•$ÓUamd ^mb{H$a `mß¿`m H$mXß]arMm CÑ{I H$Í$Z e{dQ>r "o[amOr [mQ>rb' hr _amR>rVrb [ohbr J´m_rU H$mXß]ar ÂhUyZ `Wm©WV{Z{
oZX}e H$amdm bmJVm{.7 Aer [wÔ>r oXbr Amh{. `m_YyZ hr YZwYm©ar `mß¿`m AZw^dodÌdmM{ d{Ji{[U Am[Umg OmUdV{. Ag{ AgyZ gw’m hr
H$mXß]ar C[{ojV amohbr. Aem "o[amOr [mQ>rb' `m H$mXß]ar_‹`{ JmdMm [mQ>rb ÂhUyZ H$m`© H$aVmZm `{UmË`m ‡gßJmbm, Z°goJ©H$ Am[Œmr,
XwÓH$mi `mßZm `mbm H$g{ Vm|S> oXb{ Amh{ `mM{ gwßXa dU©Z H{$b{ Amh{. À`m_‹`{ e{VH$Ë`mdarb, J´m_rU _mUgmdarb AmoU Jmdmdarb ‡{_ Ï`∫$
Pmb{ Amh{. J´m_rU bm{H$mßM{ OrdZ AÀ`ßV g_W©[U{ Ï`∫$ Pmb{ Amh{. À`mVyZ EH$ I{S>{ S>m{˘`mg_m{a C^{ amhmV{.
YZwYm©ar `mßM{ gmohÀ` d À`m_Yrb ododYVm [mohÎ`mZßVa À`mß¿`m Ï`mgßJr AmoU ]h˛lwV Ï`o∫$_ÀdmMr Am{iI hm{V{. gd©gm_m›`
g_mOm]‘b À`mßZm H$idim hm{Vm. dÒVwpÒWVrM{ ^mZ d{im{d{ir V{ g_mOmbm X{VmZm oXgVmV. À`mgmR>r V{ Am[Î`m Ò[Ô>d∫{$[UmZ{ g_mOmbm
OmJ•V H$arV hm{V{. À`mß¿`m Ò[Ô>d∫{$[Um_wwi{ AZ{H$mßZr À`mß¿`mda Q>r>H{$Mr Pm{S> CR>odbr [U À`mMm H$mhr [naUm_ À`mß¿`mda Pmbm Zmhr.
Aem YZwYm©atZr Am[br b{IUr g_W©[U{ Mmbodbr AmoU "dmB©H$a ^Q>Or' AmoU "o[amOr [mQ>rb' ¯m dÒVwpÒWVrXe©H$ dmÒVddmXr
gm_moOH$ H$mXß]Ë`m obohÎ`m. "dmB©H$a ^Q>Or' hr H$mXß]ar _wß]B© od⁄m[rR>, ZmJ[ya od⁄m[rR> d lr.Zm.Xm.R>m _ohbm od⁄m[rR> `mß_‹`{
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[mQ>rb' hr J´m_OrdZ odf`H$ AoYH$ _m°obH$ d dÒVwoZ> Aer Or H$mXß]ar obohbr, À`m H$mXß]arH$S>{ dmL≤>_`rZ BoVhmgH$ma d g_rjH$mßM{
_mà [mohO{ oVVH{$ bj J{b{ Zmhr Ag{ gmßJVmZm Hw$gw_mdVr X{e[mßS>{ ÂhUVmV- "_hmamÔ≠>mVrb J´m_OrdZ, BßJ´Or AoYH$mË`mßMr ]{[dm©B©,
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H$mXß]ar C[{ojbr J{br; Vg{M VÀH$mbrZ H$mbIßS>mV gm_moOH$ [napÒWVr T>mgibr hm{Vr, V{Ïhm g_mOm_‹`{ MmbUmË`m T>m|Jr[Umda d
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YZwYm©atM{ dmL≤>_` [mohb{ AgVm À`m_Yrb À`mß¿`m AZw^dodÌdmM{ d{Ji{[U OmUdV{. À`mßZr g_mOmbm ¡`m H$m{UÀ`m Í$[mZ{ ]m{Y
X{Vm `{B©b À`m Í$[mZ{ X{ `mMm ‡`ÀZ H{$bm Amh{. À`mß¿`m gmohÀ`mV ododYVm OmUdV{. À`mßZr Ymo_©H$, AmoW©H$, d°MmnaH$, gm_moOH$ b{I Z
H{$b{. YZwYm©at¿`m H$mXß]arMm odMma H$aVmZm EH$ ode{f OmUdV{ V{ ÂhUO{ À`mßM{ Ï`o∫$oMÃU hm{`. Ï`o∫$oMÃU a{ImQ>VmZm b{IH$ ]m¯
dU©Zm[{jm À`m Ï`∫$s¿`m AßV_©ZmMm d{Y K{D$Z À`mMr _mZogH$Vm XmIodVmV. À`mVyZ V{ Ï`o∫$oMÃ CR>mdXma d oOdßV hm{V{. gZ≤ 1945
ZßVa¿`m ZdH$W{V Ï`∫$s¿`m _Zm{Ï`m[mamßM{ gy˙_[U{ oMÃU `{D$ bmJb{ [U À`m[yduM Mmirg df} AJm{Xa YZwYm©atZr Am[Î`m H$mXß]Ë`mßVyZ
[mÃmß¿`m _ZmVrb ododY ^md^mdZmßM{, odMma-‡d•ŒmtM{ oMÃU H{$b{ Amh{. `{W{M YZwYm©at¿`m dmL≤>_`mM{ d{Ji{[U Amh{.
Vg{M YZwYm©atMm AmUIr EH$ ode{f ÂhUO{ À`mßZr "o[amOr [mQ>rb' `m H$mXß]arV ‡W_ ^m°Jm{obH$ dmVmdaU oZ_m©U H$a `mMm ‡`ÀZ
H{$bm. `m]m]V ]m[Q> AmoU Jm{S>]m{b{ ÂhUVmV- "Am[Î`mH$S>{ "o[amOr [mQ>rb' gmaª`m VwaiH$ H$mXß]Ë`mßV ^m°Jm{obH$ dmVmdaU oZ_m©U
H$a `mMm J´ßWH$mamßZr ‡`ÀZ H{$b{bm oXgVm{.'9 `mdÍ$Zhr YZwYm©atM{ d{Ji{[U oXgV{. ÒdmZw^dmZ{ [Q>b{br Jm{Ô> V{ g_mOmg_m{a OmUrd[yd©H$
R>{dVmZm oXgVmV. Vg{M ]mboddmh, Y_m™Va, Xmna–Á BÀ`moX ‡ÌZ V{ hmVmiVmZm oXgVmV.
B.g.1875 V{ 1920 `m H$mbIßS>m_Yrb b{IZj{ÃmVrb YZwYm©atM{ ÒWmZ oZpÌMV da¿`m XOm©M{ Amh{. À`mß¿`m gd©Ï`m[r d
Ï`mgßJr Ï`o∫$_ÀdmZ{ H{$b{b{ b{IZ [mhmVm V{ EH$ l{> b{IH$ R>aVmV. [U Aem Ï`∫$sH$S>{ g_rjH$mßM{ AmoU b{IH$mßM{ Xwb©j PmÎ`m_wi{ hm
b{IH$ C[{ojV amohbm Ag{ Z_yX H$amd{g{ dmQ>V{.
gßX^©(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
YZwYm©ar, "o[amOr [mQ>rb', lr.am.oQ>H{$H$a, BßoXam ‡H$meZ, amÔ≠>d°^d ‡{g, _wß]B©-4, [wZ_w©–U 1953, [•.6.
Vðd, [•.10.
og.od.oMÃmd, "Adm©MrZ Mnaà H$m{e', _∞Z{qOJ S>m`a{∑Q>a, ^maVdfu` Mnaà H$m{e _ßS>i, ob. 58, eoZdma [{R>, [wU{-2, [•.320-21.
Vðd, [•.320-21.
X{e[mßS>{ A.Zm., "AmYwoZH$ _amR>r dmL≤>_`mMm BoVhmg' B.g.1874 V{ 1920, pÏhZg ‡H$meZ, [wU{, Am.‡W_, 1957, [•.63.
`mXd AmZßX, "J´m_rUVm ï gmohÀ` AmoU dmÒVd', _{hVm [p„bqeJ hmD$g, [wU{-30, Am.‡W_ 1981, [•.117.
R>mHy$a adr›–, "_amR>r J´m_rU H$mXß]ar', _{hVm [p„bqeJ hmD$g, H$m{Îhm[ya, Am.‡W_ 1993,[•.33.
X{e[mßS>{ Hw$gw_mdVr, "_amR>r H$mXß]ar [ohb{ eVH$', 1850-1950, _wß]B© _amR>r gmohÀ` gßM ‡H$meZ, Am.Xwgar 1975, [•.324.
]m[Q> AmoU Jm{S>]m{b{, "_amR>r H$mXß]ar Vßà d odH$mg', gw.Am.oVdmar, [wU{ 1973, [•.125.
-‡m.gßO` Hw$bH$Uu
Odmha _hmod⁄mb`, AUXya,
Vm. VwiOm[ya, oO.CÒ_mZm]mX
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& Ajad°X^u & \{$]´wdmar-2010$& 20 &
[arjU
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AmVßH$
_amR>r J´m_rU gmohÀ`mV EH$ ‡oV^mdmZ b{IH$ ÂhUyZ Mß–Hw$_ma ZbJ{ `mßMr ‡og’r Amh{. H$WmH$ma, H$mXß]arH$ma, bobV b{IH$
AmoU H$dr ÂhUyZ ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma H$mimVrb gßd{XZerb gmohpÀ`H$ ÂhUyZ Mß–Hw$_ma ZbJ{ `mßMr Am{iI Amh{. H$dr Mß–Hw$_ma ZbJ{ `mßMm
"AmVßH$' hm J´m_rU OrdZmM{ gmjmV oMÃU H$aUmam H$mÏ`gßJ´h. ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma H$mimV oejUmMm ‡gma AmoU [´Mma Pmbm. oejUmMr
kmZJßJm J´m_rU ^mJm[`™V [m{hm{Mbr. À`m_wi{ `m oejUmMm bm^ K{Vb{b{ AZ{H$ VÈU b{IH$ J´m_rU ^mJmVyZ b{IZ H$Í$Z bmJb{. `m
ZdVÈU J´m_rU b{IH$mßZr Am[Î`m b{IZmVyZ Zd AZw^d, Zd OmoUdm Ao^Ï`∫$ H{$Î`m. _amR>r gmohÀ`mV hr "J´m_ OmoUdm' Ï`∫$ H$aUma{
J´m_rU gmohÀ` _m{R>Ám Om{_mZ{ d ZÏ`m X_mZ{ obohb{ OmD$ bmJb{. eßH$a [mQ>rb, Ï`ßH$Q>{e _mS>JyiH$a, AmZßX `mXd, X._m.o_amgXma,
ZmJZmW H$m{Œmm[Ñ{, am.aß.]m{amS>{, ^mÒH$a MßXZoed, lram_ JwßX{H$a, Mß–Hw$_ma ZbJ{, gXmZßX X{e_wI, ]m]mamd _wgi{, Bß–OrV ^mb{amd B.
b{IH$mßZr Am[Î`m b{IZmVyZ "J´m_rU OrdZ dmÒVd' H$bmÀ_H$[U{ Ao^Ï`∫$ H{$b{ Amh{. Mß–Hw$_ma ZbJ{ `mßMm "AmVßH$' hm H$mÏ`gßJ´h
J´m_rU dmL≤>_`m¿`m BoVhmgmVrb EH$ d{Jim H$mÏ`gßJ´h ÂhUyZ Zm|X K{ `mgmaIm Amh{. Mß–Hw$_ma ZbJ{ `mßZr ‡ÒVwV H$mÏ`gßJ´hmV J´m_rU
OrdZmM{ dmÒVd oMÃ a{ImQ>b{ Amh{. AmO¿`m ]XbÀ`m J´m_OrdZmMm d{Y À`mßZr Am[Î`m H$odV{VyZ K{Vbm Amh{. AmOM{ "J´m_' [yduM{
amohb{b{ Zmhr. gm_moOH$, amOH$s`, Ymo_©H$, AmoW©H$ AmoU gmßÒH•$oVH$ —Ô>rZ{ AmO J´m_OrdZmV Iy[ [nadV©Z Pmb{ Amh{. `m [nadV©ZmM{
ÂhUmd{ Vg{ oMÃU J´m_rU gmohÀ`mV AmOhr Amb{b{ Zmhr. `m [nadV©Zm¿`m bmQ>{VyZ J´m_rU _mUyg Ord _wR>rV YÍ$Z OJV Amh{. À`mM{
^mdOrdZ J´m_rU gmohÀ`mV [wa{g{ Amb{ Zmhr Ag{ oXgV{. e{VroZ> OrdZmer ¡`m ¡`m ZÏ`m KQ>H$mßMm gß]ßY `{Vm{ À`m À`m KQ>H$mßMm [naUm_
e{Vr AmoU e{VH$ar `mß¿`mda Pmbm. [U À`mM{ oMÃU J´m_rU H$odV{VyZ Ï`∫$ Pmb{ Zmhr. e{VrV ]mam_mhr [mUr Agb{bm e{VH$ar J„]a
hm{V Amh{. Va H$m{aS>dmhˇ e{VH$ar H$Om©¿`m odiª`mVyZ ]mh{a [Sy> eH$V Zmhr. XwÓH$mi, Adf©U, ^a[ya [mdgmZ{ Xw]ma [{aUrM{ gßH$Q>,
Ad{ir¿`m [mdgmM{ gßH$Q>, ]{H$mar, H$O©]mOmar[Um, e{Vr_mb, ]mOma^mdmMr ApÒWaVm, amOH$ma `mßH$Sy>Z o[idUyH$ B.B._wi{ AmO
J´m_rU OrdZ ^aS>b{ OmV Amh{. e{VrH$S>{ Zd —Ô>rZ{ d Jmß^r`m©Z{ [mhmUma{ J´m_rU b{IH$ AmO oXgV ZmhrV. J´m_rU OrdZ AmO Va AoYH$M
^`mdh Pmb{b{ oXgV{. OmJoVH$sH$aU, AmYwoZH$sH$aU `mßV J´m_rU _mUgmMr hm{a[i hm{V Amh{. J´m_rU _mUgmMr hm{Umar hr hm{a[i
J´m_rU gmohÀ`mVyZ gß[yU©[U{ gmH$ma Pmbr Zmhr. Ag{ Agb{ Var Mß–Hw$_ma ZbJ{, ]m]mamd _wgi{, Bß–OrV ^mb{amd B. J´m_rU b{IH$, H$dr
O{ b{IZ H$aV Amh{ V{ H$m°VwH$mÒ[X Amh{ Ag{ oXgV{.
Mß–Hw$_ma ZbJ{ `mßMm "AmVßH$' hm H$mÏ`gßJ´h J´m_rU OrdZmVrb Odi[mg gd© g_Ò`mßZm gai OmD$Z o^S>Umam Amh{. I{S>{, oZgJ©
AmoU I{S>ÁmVrb _mUgmßMr [maß[naH$ OrdZ_yÎ`{ `m gß]ßYr H$drMr Or gßd{XZerbVm Amh{ Vr À`mß¿`m H$mÏ`mVyZ Ao^Ï`∫$ hm{V{. H•$fr
OrdZ AoVe` H$Ô>mM{, Adf©U AmoU AoV [mdgmZ{ hm{a[iyZ oZKUma{. À`mVyZ hmbA[{Ô>mßMr _mobH$m e{VH$Ë`m¿`m OrdZmV `{V{. EHy$U
Am`wÓ`mM{ \$mQ>b{[U, ^mdOrdZmMm CX≤‹dÒV[Um hrM J´m_ OrdZmMr AZw^yVr O{Ïhm odf` ]ZyZ A[nahm`©[U{ AmodÓH$maÍ$[ K{V AgV{,
V{ÏhmM Vr AÒgb J´m_rU H$odVm ÂhUyZ Am{iIbr OmV{. Mß–Hw$_ma ZbJ{ `mß¿`m "AmVßH$' `m H$mÏ`gßJ´hmVrb H$odVm `mMr ‡oMVr AmUyZ
X{VmV. À`mß¿`m H$odV{VyZ e{VH$Ë`m¿`m OrdZmM{ XwïI_` oMÃU `{V{.
""oH$Vr amÃtMm hm{ Amh{
Km_ oZQ>>imMm [wam
^yH$ Ï`mHw$i AmVS>ÁmMr
H$mi R>m{oH$Vm{ dmKam,
H$m˘`m _mVrV am]Vm
oH$Vr AmQ>mdr _aU{
dfm© dfm©¿`m \{$Ë`mV
oH$Vr aMmdr gaU{,
X{B© Zer] o[H$mbm
OmVm{ OiyZ _m{ha
^æ gßgmamM{ À`m¿`m
]Z dUÏ`mM{ Ka !'' (Vm{ AmoU À`mM{ Zer])
ZbJ{ `mß¿`m H$odV{V H•$fr OrdZmMm V[erb `{Vm{, [U À`mM{ dU©Z `{V Zmhr. À`mß¿`m H$odV{VyZ J´m_rU OrdZmMr ^mdmdÒWm Ï`∫$ hm{V{,
ÂhUyZM À`mßMr H$odVm dmÒVd-H$bmÀ_H$ Í$[ YmaU H$aV{. À`mßMr H$odVm AZw^dmMm Vi, Im{br AmoU Ï`mo_lVm em{YrV AgV{. hm IË`m
AWm©Z{ EH$ AmÀ_em{YM AgVm{.
J´m_rU OrdZmVrb ‡ÌZ _mßS> `mMr EH$ AXÂ` e∫$sM ZbJ{ `mßZm o_imbr Amh{. gmR>m{Œma J´m_rU H$dr _Zm{aßOZmMr gwImgrZ ^yH$
gß[dyZ dmÒVdV{H$S>{ dib{ d J´m_OrdZmer Am[br ]mßoYbH$s _m›` H$Í$ bmJb{. H$maU ‡À`j h{ H$dr [nadV©ZmM{ gmjrXma Amh{V.
& Ajad°X^u & \{$]´wdmar-2010$& 21 &
OmJoVH$sH$aU AmoU À`mVyZ Amb{b{ ]XbÀ`m J´m_rU OrdZmM{ dmÒVd, ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma H$mimVrb ]XbVr OrdZ_yÎ`{ AmoU À`mVyZ hm{Umar
J´m_rU OrdZmMr gg{hm{b[Q>, \$a\$Q> AmoU e{VH$ar-e{V_OwamßMr hm{Umar Adh{bZm, ^m°oVH$-E{ohH$ ‡ÌZmßMr ^`mdh AZwŒmnaV AdÒWm,
amOH$s` ÒdmVßÕ`mVrb ZÏ`m em{fH$mßMr [aß[am, J´m_rU OrdZmVrb Zdr gmdH$mar AmoU emgH$s` `m{OZmßMm \$m{b[Um, hV]b hm{Umam
e{VH$ar AmoU À`mßMr E{VImD$ VÈU o[T>r, Aem ^æ [na‡{˙`mßZr Ï`m[b{b{ J´m_rU OrdZ hmM ZbJ{ `mß¿`m H$odV{Mm odf` AmoU Ame`
]Zbm Amh{. ZbJ{ `mßMr H$odVm dV©_mZ J´m_rU OrdZMm d{Y K{V{. oVbm dV©_mZ H$mi hm J´m_rU OrdZmV H$mim{I oZ_m©U H$aUmam oXgVm{.
""_mVb{ h{ [wßS>
CVb{ h{ JwßS>
e_odVr Hß$S>
_wOm{arMm !
[wgbm odMma
Zmgbm AmMma
gmam Ï`o^Mma
[m[IZr'' (N>oiVm{ hm H$mi)
qH$dm
""Hw$Ur _mßoS>`bm I{i
H´y$a od‹dßgmMm Agm
H$m Jm VmßS>dmMm ¡da
‡mU gßhmamMm Agm$&'' (Am^mim¿`m N>VmImbr)
Aer J´m_rU OrdZm¿`m dmÒVdmMm YJYJVm Ò\$m{Q>H$ AmodÓH$ma H$aUmar hr H$odVm oXgV{.
AmO I{S>r CXmg Pmbr Amh{V. ^æ hm{V Amh{V, _m{S>H$irg `{V Amh{V. I{S>ÁmM{ ^æ Ade{f AmO¿`m Hwß$oR>V Pmb{Î`m H•$fr
gßÒH•$VrVrb Xmna–ÁmM{ XemdVma I{S>ÁmVÎ`m KamKamV qYJmUm KmbV Amh{V. AmO¿`m g_mO OrdZmM{ dmÒVd oMÃ ZbJ|¿`m H$odV{VyZ
gmH$ma hm{V{""...ZÏhVr hr _mVr$& ZÏhV{ hr [mUr$&
XwJ™YmMr ImUr$& ^{Q>{ V{Wß$&&
o\$abm hm H$mi$& CbQ>{ h{ \$mg{$&
oZIma{ h{ H$g{$& AÒVZrV$&& - (odQ>miVr VªV)
qH$dm
""CbQ>r hr JVr
CbQ>m hm H$mi
Hw$bQ>m hr d{i
AßVH$mir...
H$embm AmVßH$
Afi ImÑÁm Kar
d{R>rbm H$m Yar
_m`^yg !'' - (AmVßH$)
AmO _mUyg _mUgm[mgyZ Xwamdb{bm Amh{. `m Xwamdb{Î`m ^md-AdÒW{M{ e„XoMÃ J´m_rU H$odV{VyZ gmH$ma hm{V Amh{. Mß–Hw$_ma ZbJ{ `mßZr
AZw^db{Î`m J´m_rU [nagamVrb OS>U KS>UrMm, ‡À`j AZw^db{Î`m gm_moOH$ J´m_rU dmÒVdmMm [na[mH$ "AmVßH$' `m H$mÏ`gßJ´hmVyZ
gmH$ma hm{V OmVm{.
IË`m AWm©Z{ AÒgb J´m_rU H$odVm CÀÒ\y$V©[U{ ghOmghOr O›_mbm Amb{br H$odVm ÂhUO{ ZbJ{ `mßMr H$odVm hm{`. À`mß¿`m
H$odV{bm bm{H$JrVmMm ghO Ò[e© Pmb{bm OmUdVm{.
]mB© BRy>¿`m [ßT>a[war
oVWß ]gm`m Zmhr OmJm
X{d _m¬`m À`m B«>bmZß
oVWß bmodÎ`m Vwier ]mJm !
]mB© Ègbr Èp∑_Ur
BRy> e{Omar ]g{Zm
A]ra ]w∑`mMr JXu
À`m Zmambr gm{gmoZ`m !
Èg Ègbr Èp∑_Ur
& Ajad°X^u & \{$]´wdmar-2010$& 22 &
]°g{ OmD$Z oIS>H$sV
]mB© o‡VrMm [mßSw>aßJ
gmar [ßT>ar h˛S>H$sVm
[ßT>arMr dmQ> ]mB©
dmQ> H$emZß Am{br Pmbr
EH$ gmßJVy gB© Vwbm
amhr Èp∑_Ur [mUr ›hmbr ! (]mB© [ßT>arbm Om`m)
ZbJ{ `mßMr H$odVm Jmd, e{Vr, _mVr, g^m{dVmbMm oZgJ©, Hw$Qw>ß], _mUg{ AmoU g_mO `m gmË`mßVyZ gmH$ma hm{V OmV{. J´m_rU g_mOdmÒVdmM{
oMÃU H$aUmar hr H$odVm Amh{. h{ g_mO dmÒVd J´m_rU OrdZmVrb bm{H$^mfm, bm{H$JrV{, bm{H$l’m, bm{H$[aß[am, bm{H$g_OwVr B. _YyZ
KS>V AgV{. J´m_rU ÛrMr od«>bmdarb l’m hr oV¿`m OrdZ OJ `mMr ^mΩ`a{Im R>aV AgV{. od«>bm¿`m Xe©ZmgmR>r Vr Ï`mHw$i hm{V
AgV{. [ßT>arMm [mßSw>aßJ hmM oV¿`m gßgmamMm H$Vm©YVm© AgVm{, Aer oVMr l’m AgV{. `m l’{[m`rM gßgmamVrb gma{ XwïI odgÍ$Z Vr
am]am]V AgV{. oV¿`m am] `mbm hm EH$ d{JimM Am`m_ o_iV AgVm{. bm{H$OrdZmMm, bm{H$ gßÒH•$VrMm oV¿`m OrdZmda \$ma _m{R>m
[naUm_ hm{V AgVm{. J´m_rU Ûr e{Vr AmoU Ka-gßgmamV ÒdVïbm JwßVdyZ K{V AgV{. e{Vr hr oV¿`m oOdmMm Ord H$s ‡mU AgVm{. e{Vr
Zmhr o[H$br Va oV¿`m gßgmamMr [S>PS> hm{V{.
""H$er qXS>rV _r `{D$
[S>PS> gßgmamMr
H$a[b{ amZ_mi
qMVm Omir dUÏ`mMr
H$er qXS>rV _r `{D$
H$m{S>ß gwQ>Vm gwQ>{Zm
Amb OJUß H$[mir
_m`m AmQ>Vm AmQ>{Zm
gmßJm od«>bmbm _m¬`m
_r oOOmD$ VwH$`mMr
ZH$m{ _m`m Vm{Sy>, AmVm
AmU [wT>¿`m O›_mMr !'' (H$er qXS>rV _r `{D$)
Ûr-YaVr-[mD$g `mßM{ ZmV{ AVyQ> Amh{. [mD$g AmoU e{VrM{ ZmV{ ÒÃr-gßÒH•$Vrer BVH{$ K≈> Amh{ H$s À`mVyZ AZ{H$ bm{H$g_O, bm{H$g_OyVr
AmT>iVmV. e{Vrer, Oo_Zrer, _mVrer, oZgJm©er, A‹`mÀ_m¿`m b`rer VmXmÂ` gmYUmË`m e{VH$Ë`mß¿`m _ZmV AmoU dmÒVdmer
ÒdVïbm gmßYyZ K{UmË`m J´m_rU ÛrOdi Or C[OV g_ßOgVm AgV{ oV¿`mer `m H$drM{ ZmV{ Amh{ À`m_‹`{ A^ßJ, Am{Ï`mß¿`m gßÒH$mamVyZ
gßÒH•$VrMm, Am‹`mÀ_mMm, ghZerbV{Mm, gm{oeH$V{Mm [´dmh o_giVm{. _mVr¿`m _mX©dmVyZ [m `m¿`m Ò[em©VyZ Vr Im{bda ÈOV AgV{.
H$drbm _mVr¿`m gO©H$e∫$sodf`r Vrd´ AmH$f©U Amh{. ZbJ{ `mß¿`m H$odV{bm e{VrM{, Oo_ZrM{, oÛ`mßer-e{VH$Ë`mßer O{ ^mdoZH$ gß]ßY
AgVmV À`m¿`mVyZ AmÀ_]b o_imb{b{ oXgV{.
""Vw¬`m S>g{bß H$miOm,
Vwdm H{$b{ bmI [m[
Xw]˘`mß¿`m H$miOmßM{
^m{Joeb oeÏ`mem[ !!
d{S>Ám [mdgm o[gmQ>m,
g•OZmMm VwQ>{ YZr
H$er CÉmamdr Aer
gmßJ d{S>Ám em[dmUr !'' (Aa{ [mdgm o[gmQ>m)
YaVr AmoU Ûr Xm{›hr g•OZj_. ¡`m‡_mU{ Oo_ZrVyZ H$m|] \w$Q>Vm{, Vg{M Ûr earamVyZ _yb ]mh{a `{V{ ÂhUO{ oZgJm©‡_mU{ M_ÀH$ma KS>od `mMr
VmH$X \$∫$ Ûr_‹`{ Amh{ Agm g_O bm{H$OrdZmV hm{Vm. "[wÈfm[mgyZ Ûrbm J^© amhmVm{' h{ gÀ` _mhrV Zg `m¿`m H$mim[mgyZ g_mO
ÛrH$S>{ g•Ô>rVŒd, AmoXe∫$s ÂhUyZ [mhmV hm{Vm V{ Ûr¿`m oZo_©Vre∫$s_wi{M ! YaUr _mV{M{ \w$bU{, \$iU{ AmoU ÛrMm J^m©a[Um (\$iU{)
h{ g_j gVV [mhmVmZm, [mdgm_wi{ Oa YaVr ‡gdm hm{V{, Va _yb hm{ `mgmR>r ÛrZ{ [mdgmV ]gbß [mohO{, hm [mD$g AmoU ÛrMm [ohbm
gß]ßY _mZdr _ZmV ÈObm. _mZdr _ZmV ÈOb{Î`m ^md-^mdZmßM{ e„XoMÃ ZbJ{ `mß¿`m H$odV{VyZ gmH$ma hm{V AgV{. CXm. "[mdgm',
"[mdgm aß amOm', "Í$[mZß', "_{KamOm'B.
J´m_rU dmÒVdmbm H|$–ÒWmZr R>{dUmar H$odVm Òdm^modH$[U{M dmÒVdmo^_wI AgV{. ZbJ{ `mßMr H$odVm J´m_rU _mUgm¿`m
^md^mdZmßer g_ag hm{Umar H$odVm Amh{-
& Ajad°X^u & \{$]´wdmar-2010$& 23 &
""H$m˘`m _mVrV _mVrV
Ambr XmQw>oZ`m _m`m
CVaVm{ MmßX gwÏ`m©
[mZXmQ>rV g_m`m'' (erd KmbV{ [mIÍ$)
qH$dm
""amà ^OZm¿`m ZmXr
hm{B© XßJ, dmO{ Q>mi
d{S>m dmHw$S>m A^ßJ
_Z _Z hm{B© Q>mi
amà bmdUr¿`m N>ßXr
hm{B© YwßX dmO{ Mmi
YwßX\wß$X bmdUrMm
aßY´ aßY´ hm{B© Mmi
_m` _amR>r _mVrV
Jim VwierMr _mi
aßJ gmd˘`m amÃrMm
bim [waodVm{ Mmi
Q>mim Mmim¿`m _ÒVrbm
drO o^ZdrV{ Iyi
draV{¿`m eß•Jmambm
Q>mim MmimMmM _{i'' (Q>mi AmoU Mmi)
J´m_rU OrdZmV E{H$sH$S>{ ^∫$sMm _im AZ≤ XwgarH$S>{ l•ßJmamMm bim AmT>iVm{. J´m_rU OrdZmVrb lwßJma aßJ{b AmoU aJ{b ÒdÍ$[mMm
AgVm{. [aßVw ZbJ{ `mß¿`m H$odV{V Ï`∫$ hm{UmË`m lwßJmambm Am‹`mÀ_mMr Om{S> oXgV{.
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H$m`©H$Vm©M À`mß¿`m Í$[mZ{ ‡H$Q> hm{Vm{.
& Ajad°X^u & \{$]´wdmar-2010$& 25 &
amOZ Jdg `mß¿`m "Mm¢S>Hß$' H$mXß]arVrb AßYl’mamOZ Jdg `mßZr 1985 _‹`{ "Mm¢S>Hß$' H$mXß]ar obhˇZ H$mXß]ar j{ÃmV [Xm[©U H{$b{. `m H$mXß]arVyZ J´m_rU OrdZmVrb AßYl’m
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Am[Î`m H$mXß]ar¿`m ¯m ‡gßJmVyZ H$Í$Z X{VmV.
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(2) X{dXmgt¿`m g_Ò`m d XwïI g_mOmg_m{a _mßS> `m¿`m ^yo_H{$VyZ À`mßZr b{IZ H{$b{b{ Amh{.
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‡À`` amOZ Jdg `mß¿`m gmohÀ`mV oXgVm{.
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(5) X{dXmgr ¯m AßYl’miy ‡W{Mm AmoU bm{H$_mZgr` Í$T>r, [aß[amßMm Im{b [naUm_ amOZ Jdg `mß¿`m b{IZmda Pmb{bm hm{Vm.
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gß._hmX{demÛr Om{er, ^maVr` gßÒH•$Vr H$m{e (IßS>-9), 1969, [•.105.
S>m∞._XZ Hw$bH$Uu, X{dXmgr ï `ÑÂ_m¿`m Om{JoVUr, odO` ‡H$meZ, ZmJ[ya, ‡.Am.1994, [•.18
amOZ Jdg (_wbmIV), Ao^YmZßVa (oXdmir ode{fmßH$), oS>g|]a 2002, [•.19.
Vðd, [•.12.
]mbmOr KmÍ$i{, amOZ Jdg `mß¿`m gmohÀ`mMm oMoH$ÀgH$ A‰`mg, A‡H$moeV [rEM≤.S>r. ‡]ßY, [wU{ od⁄m[rR>, [wU{, [•.18.
amOlr [dma, [nadV©ZmMm dmQ>gÍ$ _mogH$ [oÃH$m, 16 V{ 20 Zm{Ïh|.09, [•.29.
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amOZ Jdg, Mm¢S>Hß$, _{hVm [p„bqeJ hmD$g, [wU{, oV.Am., Owb° 2006, [•.02.
Vðd, [•.05.
]idßV H$mß]i{, ^maVmVrb X{dXmgr ‡Wm, Midi AmoU [wZd©gZ, lrod⁄m ‡H$meZ, [wU{, ‡.Am._{.2000, [•.32-33.
amOZ Jdg, Mm¢S>Hß$, _{hVm [pÎ]qeJ hmD$g, [wU{, oV.Am.Owb° 2006, [•.14.
Vðd,[•.16.
Vðd, [•.30.
]mbmOr KmÍ$i{, amOZ Jdg `mß¿`m gmohÀ`mMm oMoH$ÀgH$ A‰`mg, A‡H$moeV [rEM≤.S>r. ‡]ßY, [wU{ od⁄m[rR>, [wU{, [•.119.
amOZ Jdg, Mm¢S>Hß$, _{hVm [p„bqeJ hmD$g, [wU{, oV.Am.2006, [•.31.
Vðd, [•.43.
Vðd, [•.40.
Vðd, [•.71.
dmgwX{d gmdßV, "dgßV' _{ 1995, gßÒH•$Vr g›_mZ odO{V{ H$mXß]arH$ma amOZ Jdg, [•.40. (20) amOZ Jdg, Mm¢S>Hß$, _{hVm [p„bqeJ
hmD$g, [wU{, oV.Am.2006, [•.156.
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Am[Î`m Hw$Qw>ß]mbm, OmVrbm Jmdm¿`m B^´Vrbm Y∏$m ]gy Z`{ ÂhUyZ I{S>ÁmVrb oÛ`m Iy[ O[VmV. Hw$Qw>ß]mgmR>r AÔ>‡ha H$Ô>
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`{V{.
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›h{ad∫$m[m{hV Va `{V{.''7
^mÒH$a ]S>{ `mß¿`m H$W{Mm AmUIr EH$ ode{f hm H$s, J´m_rU OrdZmVrb AmB©Mr _mZogH$Vm À`mß¿`m AZ{H$ H$WmV d H$mXß]arV
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H|$–ÒWmZr R>{dUmË`m Amh{V.''8
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S>m∞.Aem{H$ Km{id{ ÂhUVmV- ""^mÒH$a ]S>{ `mß¿`m oMH$mim_Yrb ÛrÏ`o∫$a{Imß_‹`{ b{IH$mZ{ g_ßOg[Um, Yra, YmS>g, Y°`© XmIodUmË`m
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"AmB©' ]hrU dmQ>V{.''10
dm_Z OmYd Ag{ ÂhUVmV- ""X{dX{dVmßda A[ma l’m AgUmar, Òdmo^_mZmZ{ OJUmar, ‡gßJr XwgË`mbm _XV H$aUmar, XwgË`mß¿`m
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d{J˘`m ÒdÍ$[mMm Amh{ h{ Zm|Xnd `mgmaI{ Amh{.
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"[mßT>a', ^mÒH$a ]S>{, gmohÀ` g{dm ‡H$meZ, Am°aßJm]mX, ‡W_md•Œmr-1991, [•.6.
"oMH$mim', ^mÒH$a ]S>{, dmda ‡H$meZ, bmVya, ‡W_md•Œmr-2006, [•.29.
Vðd, [•.54.
"[mßT>a', ^mÒH$a ]S>{, gmohÀ` g{dm ‡H$meZ, Am°aßJm]mX, ‡W_md•Œmr-1991, [•.13.
"oMH$mim', ^mÒH$a ]S>{, dmda ‡H$meZ, bmVya, ‡W_md•Œmr-2006, [•.32.
Vðd, [•.20.
"[mUH$Ugß', ^mÒH$a ]S>{, gmohÀ` g{dm ‡H$meZ, Am°aßJm]mX, ‡W_md•Œmr-1997, [•.19.
"oMH$mim', XobV J´m_rU gmohÀ`mM{ gr_m{ÑßKZ, S>m∞.Aem{H$ Km{id{ (gß[mXZ), dmda ‡H$meZ, bmVya, ‡W_md•Œmr-2008, [•.102.
Vðd, [•.16.
Vðd, [•.79.
Ajad°X^u, dm_Z OmYd, _{-2009, [•.63.
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& Ajad°X^u & \{$]´wdmar-2010$& 36 &
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