DSS January to March 2016 Online

Transcription

Divya Shodh Samiksha (An International Refereed Research Journal) January to March 2016
ISSN 2394-3807, E-ISSN 2394-3513, Impact Factor - 1.7591 (2015)
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AZwH´$_oUH$m/Index
01.
AZwH´$_oUH$m
02.
j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b/gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b ..........................................................................06/07
03.
oZUm©`H$ _ S>b .............................................................................................................................. 08
04.
‡d∑Vm gmWr ...........................................................................................................................10/11
/Index ............................................................................................................................................. 01
(Science / ndkmZ)
05.
Long-Term Cosmic Ray Variability During Solar Cycle 22 To 24 ......................................................... 12
(Anand Prakash Tiwari, A.K. Saxena, C.M. Tiwari, P.K. Sharma )
06.
Electronic Spectral And Structural Studies Of Some Thorium (IV) And Dioxouranium ................. 15
(VI) Complexes With Nitrogen Donor Ligand (Narendra Kumar Sharma, S. N. Dikshit )
07.
Generalized To and Co Topological Spaces (Dr. D. K. Sagar) .............................................................. 18
08.
Riview Of Early Chronostratigraphical Study On Cretaceous Rocks Of Bagh Beds, India ............... 20
(Mamta Pathrade, Amrita Khatri )
09.
Depletion Of Natural Resources (Dr. Seema Bhola) ............................................................................. 24
10.
Viral Fever Can Be Cured By Arogya Vati (Dr. Rajesh Masatkar) ........................................................ 26
11.
Pollution By Heavy Metals (Sadhna Goyal) .......................................................................................... 28
12.
Incidence Of Presbyacusis In Satna (Dr. Rashmi Singh) ...................................................................... 29
(Home
Science /
J•h ndkmZ)
13.
A Study Of Parental Involvement In Relation To Social Preference & Social Behavior ..................... 30
Of Adolescents Of Palwal District (Dr. Manisha Singh, Dr. Arimardan Singh)
14.
Food Habit Of Adolescent Girls Of Different Socio- Economic Status - A Case Study ...................... 33
(Dr. Abha Tiwari, Veena Shrivastava )
15.
Gender Risk Profile In Acute Myocardial Infarction In Jabalpur Population..................................... 36
(Nidhi Jain, Meera Vaidya,Smita Pathak)
16.
Knowledge Attitude And Practices Regarding Pregnancy And Lactation Of Bhariya Tribal ........... 39
Women Of Patalkot Valley Of Chhindwara District, M.P. (Kavita Juneja,Dr. Nandita Sarkar, Dr. Meera Vaidya)
17.
Herbal Plants Use For Health And Medicience (Sangeeta Rachiyata) ............................................... 41
18. J´m_rU [nadmam{ß _{ß ‡`w∫$ gßMma _m‹`_m{ß H{$ C[`m{J H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. AZwamYm AdÒWr) ....................................... 44
19. _hmod⁄mb`rZ N>mÃmAm{{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y [a gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. JrVm ew∑bm, ‡roV o_lm)47
20. _mZogH$ od_›XVm H{$ H$maU Am°a C[MmamÀ_H$ odoY`m± (O`]mbm Jw·m ) ........................................................ 50
(Commerce & Management / dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY)
21.
Study To Assess The Stress Factors And Level Of Stress Among The Railway Loco Pilots ............. 52
(Dr. J.C. Porwal, Priyanka Chauhan )
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22.
Women Empowerment Through Self Help Groups-(A Case Study Of Rampur Baghelan ................56
Block In Satna District Of Madhya Pradesh) (Gaurav Trivedi)
23.
Role Of E-IPM For Sustainable Crop Production In Madhya Pradesh ................................................ 59
(Special Reference To Indore Region)(Dr. D. N. Purohit, Prof. Rajesh Jain )
24. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd ‡mo· _{ß odo^fi Ûm{Vm{ß H$m `m{JXmZ - EH$ VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. Eb. EZ. e_m© ) ................. 62
25. ^maV _{ß ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m Ï`dgm` odH$mg H{$ Í$PmZ H$m odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. E_. S>r. gm{_mZr, ‡m{. V•o· Jm{`b) ..... 72
26. aßJrZ H$[mg H$m CÀ[mXZ Edß bmJV bm^ odÌb{fU ([yd© oZ_m∂S> H{$ gßX^© _{ß) (S>m∞. oX[{e Ama. C[m‹`m`) ................... 77
27. Yma oOb{ _{ß [`©Q>Z C⁄m{J H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z [`©Q>Z ÒWb _m Sy> H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß (S>m∞. h{_ogßh _ S>bm{B© ) ...... 80
28. ndnZ_m©U H$m{ g_n[©V _{H$ BZ Bn S>`m (S>m∞. S>r. Eg. AmH$a{) ...................................................................... 83
29. ^maV _|> ]¢oHß$J j{Ã H$m odH$mg (S>m∞. amOy a°Xmg) .................................................................................... 86
30. ^maV _{ß \´$¢MmB©O B S>ÒQ≠>rO _{ß am{OJma H$r gÂ^mdZmE± (S>m.∞ ‡drU e_m©, S>m.∞ E_.Eg. gbyOm) ................................ 88
31. ^maV _{ß C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H{$ Adga Edß MwZm°oV`m± (A_a Q>m{[{, S>m∞. Or. Eb. ImßJm{∂S{>) .......................................... 90
32. ^maV H$m odX{er Ï`m[ma- EH$ A‹``Z (Jwba{µO Im∞Z, S>m∞. Or. Eb. ImßJm{∂S{>) ................................................ 93
33. Yma oOb{ _{ß H$›`m gmjaVm ‡m{ÀgmhZ `m{OZm H$m oH´$`m›d`Z (df© 2002-03 g{ 2011-12) (S>m∞. ]r. Eg. oggm{oX`m)95
34. odX{e Ï`m[ma ZroV (2015-20) H$m AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß gß^modV `m{JXmZ (S>m∞. odemb [wam{ohV, S>m∞. YraO e_m©) ........ 97
35. ÒdU© _m°–rH$aU `m{OZm, ÒdU© ]m∞S> `m{OZm d ÒdU© og∏$m `m{OZm EH$ [naM` (‡m{. amO{e _B©∂S>m) ............................ 98
(Economics / AW©emÒÃ)
36. amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU ÒdmÒœ` o_eZ H$m OZOmVr` j{Ã H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$r ÒdmÒœ`JV g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ oZamH$aU _{ß `m{JXmZ ...... 99
(Yma oOb{ H$r Hw$jr Vhgrb H{$ g›X^© _{ß) (S>m∞. ‡H$meMßX amßH$m, odO` `mXd)
37. Yma oOb{ _{ß BßoXam Amdmg `m{OZm H$m odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. Ama. Eg. _ S>bm{B)© ..................................102
38. ^maV _{ß _mZd odH$mg Edß OZmßoH$H$r` bm^mße-dV©_mZ oÒWoV, MwZm°oV`m± Edß gß^mdZmE± (amd{›– ogßh [Q{>b) ...........105
39. ^maV _{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV/AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$r H$m_Jma _ohbmAmß{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV ...................................108
(_.‡. H{$ amOJ∂T> oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß) (S>m∞. ‡H$me M›– amßH$m, ]Z{ ogßh d_m©)
40. _mZd Edß [`m©daU gßajU - (EH$ A‹``Z) (S>m∞. ‡roV Om{er) ...............................................................110
41. AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[XmE± (S>m∞. AZmo_H$m gmaÒdV) ...............................................................112
(Political
Seience /
amOZroV odkmZ)
42. Yma oOb{ H$r amOZroVH$ [naoÒWoV`m± - EH$ A‹``Z (Yma oOb{ H$r df© 2003, 2008 VWm.............................114
2013 H$r odYmZg^m H$r oÒWoV)(^ya{ ogßh gm{bßH$r )
43. ^maVr` ÒdVßÃVm gßJ´m_ H{$ AZyR{> Zm`H$ - Z{VmOr gw^mfM›– ]m{g (S>m∞. AoZb Hw$_ma O°Z) ..............................117
44. "^´ÓQ>mMma am{H$Z{ _{ß gj_ h°' gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_(S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a) ...............................................119
45. gm_moOH$ odH$mg _{ß amOZroVH$ [naoÒWoV`m{ß H$m ‡^md ([dZ S>mda, S>m∞. oH$aU amR>m°∂S> ) ...................................121
46. J´m_rU odH$mg _{ß† CÀ[fi g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m A‹``Z (amH{$e OmYd, S>m∞. oH$aU amR>m°∂S> ) ..........................................123
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47. _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr H$m oejm Xe©Z (S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar ) ................................................................................ 125
48. ^maV _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma - EH$ A‹``Z (‡m{. AßOZm g{oR>`m) ..........................................................................127
49. J´m_rU ^maV _{ß _VXmVm OmJ•oV Am°a gßMma H{$ gmYZ (S>m∞. _ßOw g∑g{Zm) ...................................................... 129
50. Òdm_r odd{H$mZ›X H{$ g_mOdmXr odMmamß{ H$m A‹``Z (S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma MVwd}Xr ) ............................................131
(History / BoVhmg)
51. lram_ O›_^yo_ A`m{‹`m H$r E{oVhmogH$Vm (S>m∞. oZoVZ ghmoa`m) ............................................................ 132
52. _ohbmAm{ß H{$ odÍ$’ ]∂T>Vr ohßgm d H$mZyZr ‡mdYmZ - am{H$Wm_ h{Vw gwPmd (S>m∞. o]›Xr`m _hm{]r`m) ....................... 138
53. bm{H$ BoVhmg H$r AdYmaUm (AoZb [mQ>rXma, S>m∞. [wÓ[bVm Ia{ ) .............................................................141
54. _h{Ìda H$m gyVr dÛ C⁄m{J (S>m∞. Í$oMH$m d_m©) ...................................................................................144
55. 1857 H$m ÒdmYrZVm gßJ´m_ Am°a ^rb Z{Vm ^r_m Zm`H$ (S>m∞. D$fm o_lm, S>m∞. C_m oÃ[mR>r) ...............................147
56. _o›Xa H$r C[mX{`Vm Edß _hÀd (S>m∞. Í$oMH$m d_m©) ................................................................................ 149
57. oZ_m∂S> H{$ gy\$r g›V A\$Ob H{$ C[X{e Edß oejmE± (S>m∞. _YwgyXZ Mm°]){ ...................................................... 151
58. AO›Vm H$r oMÃH$moaVm (S>m∞. Í$oMH$m d_m©) ........................................................................................153
59. ^maVr` BoVhmg H$m EH$ _hmZ g{ZmZm`H$ ]mOramd ‡W_ (S>m∞. H•$ÓUm _m{a){ ...................................................155
(Sociology / g_mOemÛ)
60.
Perspective Building For Disaster Management In India (Khurshid Ahmad Malla, Dr. P.B Sengupta) 157
61. EM. AmB©. dr /ES>≤g Am°a gm_moOH$ OmJÍ$H$Vm - X_m{h oOb{ H{$ gßX^© _{ß (S>m∞. YraO Om∞ZgZ) ............................ 160
62. [ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm _{ß oZdm©oMV _ohbm OZ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$r ^yo_H$m (gVZm oOb{ H{$ g›X^© _|) (S>m∞. Jm°ha hwO°\$m ImZ)163
63. Ka{by H$m_Jma _ohbmAm{ß H$m b¢oJH$ CÀ[r∂S>Z H$maU Edß oZdmaU (S>m∞. amO{e Hw$_ma g∑g{Zm) ................................ 166
64. H$m`© ‡]ßYZ _{ß oZ`m{OZ d ZroV`m{ß H$m _hÀd (EH$ odÌb{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z) (S>m∞. aoÌ_ Xw]{) ................................ 168
65. oÒÃ`m± bw· ∑`m{ß hm{ ahr h¢ ? (S>m∞. AM©Zm Jm°a) .....................................................................................170
66. `wdmAm{ß _{ß VZmd H{$ gm_moOH$ ‡^md ( S>m∞. amOlr emh) .........................................................................172
67. S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a H$m gm_moOH$ oMßVZ (S>m∞. YraO Om∞ZgZ) ..............................................................174
68. J´m_rU g_mO _{ß ÒdmÒœ` Edß oejm [a odkmZ Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m ‡^md (‡m{. AmB©. Eg. gÒÀ`m) ...........................176
(Geography / ^yJm{b)
69. ^yo_JV Ob gßgmYZm{ß H$r oÒWoV d ‡]›YZ (oObm P¡Oa, hna`mUm- EH$ ^m°Jm{obH$ A‹``Z) (S>m∞. _wH{$e Hw$_ma) .... 178
70. _ S>bm oOb{ H{$ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß gmjaVm H$m ÒdÍ$[-EH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. am_ ogßh Ywd}) .......................................184
71. Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m _mZd ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^md H$m ^m°Jm{obH$ A‹``Z (S>m∞. gwH$M°Z ogßh Ywd)©{ .............................. 189
72. aVbm_ oOb{ _{ß Xmbm{ß H$r H•$of - ÒWmoZH$ VWm H$mobH$ odõ{fU (S>m∞. AªVa ]mZm{) ......................................... 192
73. ZJar` [naj{Ã _{ß J´m_rU OZgßª`m gßH{$›–U H$r ‡d•nŒm$- EH$ ndÌb{fU (S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l).................................195
(Philosophy
/
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Xe©ZemÛ)
74. ^maV H$m ‡mMrZV_ odew’ ^m°oVH$dmXr Xe©Z (S>m∞. Amem Mm°Yar) .............................................................197
(Psychology / _Zm{odkmZ)
75.
Intervention to Reduce School Bullying (Dr. Saroj Kothari, Deepak Jahagirdar) ........................... 199
76.
Effect Of Sleep Deprivation On Cognition And Defiant Behaviour In Children Aged Four ............ 202
Years And Above (Smita Jain)
(English Literature /
AßJ{Ór gmohÀ`)
77.
Translation As A Site Of Cultural Traffic With Reference To Kalidas's Meghdutam (Dr. Seema Sharma) .. 205
78.
Westernization And Changing Values In Indian Society(Dr. V. M. Audichya ) ................................. 207
79.
Political Consciousness In Indian English Fiction (Dr. Rajkumari Sudhir ) ...................................... 209
80.
Impact Of Fauvism On Modern Literature (Sehba Jafri ) ................................................................... 211
81.
India During Partition - An Analysis (Dr. Vikas Jaoolkar, Tanuja Sharma )...................................... 213
82.
Indian Diasporic Writing - An Overview (Dr. Uma Pandya) ............................................................... 215
83.
Feminism And Literature (Manisha Dwivedi) ...................................................................................... 217
(Hindi
Literature /
oh›Xr gmohÀ`)
84. gßV H$]ra - ^mfm H{$ oS>∑Q{>Q>a ( S>m∞. ‡{_bVm oVdmar) ...........................................................................219
85. [ÃH$mnaVm Am°a H$_b{Ìda (S>m.∞ [r. Eg. [a_ma) .................................................................................. 222
86. oZ_m∂S> H{$ ‡_wI bm{H$mª`mZ H$m AZwôy V [jï (M›–H$m›Vm ]∂S>m{b){ .............................................................225
87. M›–g{Z odamQ> H{$ H$mÏ` _{ß† g_H$mbrZ `WmW© Am°a È_mZr ^md]m{Y (Xr[H$ Hw$_ma H$mH{$Ìda) .................................228
88. g_H$mbrZ H$hmZrH$ma H$r aMZm —oÓQ> (S>m∞. od_bm o_ßO)........................................................................231
89. oh›Xr H$Wm gmohÀ` _{ß† Ymo_©H$ Edß amOZ°oVH$ M{VZm H$m odõ{fU (gwZrVm Mm°hmZ) ........................................... 233
90. oZ_m∂S>r bm{H$ gmohÀ` Am°a ÒdÈ[ H$m gmohoÀ`H$ odÌb{fU (S>m∞. _Yw _gmZr) .................................................235
91. Ûr-od_e© (Amem ^mbg{) ........................................................................................................ 237
92. AmoXdmgr bm{H$ H$bmE± - ^rb OZOmoV H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß (S>m∞. _ram Om_m{X )................................................239
93. hm{br H{$ aßJ-I∂S>r ]m{br bm{H$JrVm{ß H{$ gßJ (_ S>b-_wamXm]mX H$m gd}jU) (S>m∞. AM©Zm X{dr AhbmdV) ..................241
94. H$WH$ H{$ ^mdmo^Z` H{$ [oa‡{˙` _|$ Vwbgr H$r H$odVmdbr (S>m∞. Bbm o¤d{Xr) ..................................................243
95. Cfm o‡`dßXm H$r H$hmoZ`m| _| AmYwoZH$Vm H$m ]m{Y (Amem eaU, S>m∞. dßXZm ApΩZhm{Ãr ) .................................... 245
(Sanskrit / gßÒH•$V)
96. [a_gŒmm H$m Xme©oZH$ ÒdÍ$[ (oZÀ`mZ›X MVwd}Xr) .............................................................................. 247
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(Music / gßJrV)
97. emÛr` gßJrV _{ß VßVw dm⁄ VmZ[ya{ H$m _hÀd (S>m∞. ]r. dfm©) ..................................................................... 250
98. MVwXo© S>‡H$moeH$m gma gßj[{ (Ambm[ ‡H$aU, R>m` ‡H$aU, JrV ‡H$aU, ‡]ßY ‡H$aU H{$ gßX^© _{)ß (S>m.∞ ÒZ{hm [ßoS>V )252
(Law/
99.
odo‹m)
Constitutional Provisions & Judicial Pronouncements Related To Freedom Of Information ......... 254
(Poorva Jadhav)
100. Obstacles To Protect Geographical Indications& It’s Future (Poorva Jadhav) ................................ 257
(Physical Education / emarnaH$ oejm)
101. Effect Of Bhastrika Pranayama On Psychomotor Abilities Of Volleyball Players ............................ 259
(Grace S. Singh, Dr. V. Perumal)
102. obÂ]mam_ H$m [naM` (S>m∞. JO{›– ogßh gam{hm, _Yw Hß$da) ....................................................................... 263
( Education / $ oejm)
103. oejm EH$ _m°obH$ AoYH$ma Edß a°oJßJ ([yOm ZmJa) ...............................................................................265
(Others / A›`)
104. The Unstable Yuan & Chinese Economic Policy (Dr. Anil Kumar Jain) ............................................ 267
105. International Terrorism - A Global Menace And Threat To World .................................................... 270
(Dr. Pravaish Pandey, Tariq Mohiuddin)
106. _mZd odH$mg -‡JoV Am°a MwZm°oV`m± ^maV H{$ gßX^© _{ß (AÂ]mam_ oggm°oX`m, S>m∞. Or. Eb. ImßJm{∂S{>) ....................... 273
107. S>m.∞ ^r_amd Aß]S{ >H$a H{$ gm_moOH$ odMmam{ß H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm (S>m.∞ S>r. Eg. AmH$a{) ............................................. 276
108. _yÎ`m{ß H{$ ]XbV{ ‡oV_mZ - JwÍ$ oeÓ` gßX^© _{ß (gwZrb Hw$_ma oZ_{f) .......................................................... 278
(Naveen Shodh Sansar / ZdrZ em{Y gßgma)
109. Membership Cum Author's Bio - Data Form ........................................................................................ 280
*************
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j{Ãr` gÂ[mXH$ _ S>b A›Vam©Ô>≠ r` Edß amÔ≠>r` (Regional Editor Board- International & National) _mZX≤
(01) S>m∞. _Zrfm R>mHw$a .................... \w$ÎQ>Z H$m∞b{O, EoaOm{Zm ÒQ{>Q> `yoZdog©Q>r, A_{oaH$m
(02) lr Aem{H$Hw$_ma .................... EÂflbm∞`p„bQ>r Am∞[a{e›g _°Z{Oa, E∑eZ Q≠>{qZJ g{›Q>a ob. b›XZ, `yZmB©Q>{S> qH$JS>_
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‡m{. S>m∞. ogbÏ`y o]Ò`y .............. dmB©g S>rZ (dmoU¡` Edß ‡]›Y) H•$of Edß J´m_rU odH$mg _hmod⁄mb`, ]yMma{ÒQ>, am{_moZ`m
lr IJ{›–‡gmX gw]{Xr .............. groZà gm∞`H$m{bm∞oOÒQ>, [p„bH$ god©g H$_reZ, g{›Q≠>b Am∞o\$g, AZm_ZJa, H$mR>_m±Sy>, Z{[mb
‡m{. S>m∞. kmZMßX oI_{gam .......... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. ‡_m{X Hw$_ma amKd......... em{Y oZX{eH$, ¡`m{oV od⁄m[rR> _ohbm odÌd od⁄mb`, O`[wa (amO.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.Eg.amd. ............... gßMmbH$, OZmX©Zam` ZmJa amOÒWmZ od⁄m[rR> odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV
[´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ Ï`mg. ................ ([yd©) gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡`, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌd od⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. [r.[r. [m S>{ ................ gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ), AdY{e ‡Vm[ogßh odÌdod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` ^`mZr. .............. A‹`j, Ï`dgm` ‡]ßY od^mJ, gm°amÔ≠> odÌd od⁄mb`, amOH$m{Q> (JwOamV) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Vm[ amd H$X_ ............ A‹`j, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.[´.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. ]r.Eg. Pa{ . ............... ‡m‹`m[H$ dmoU¡` od^mJ, lr oedmOr _hmod⁄mb`, AmH$m{bm (_hmamÔ≠>) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e e_m©................. A‹`j, AW©emÒÃ od^mJ, amOH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Jw∂S>Jmßd (hna`mUm) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` Ia{................... ‡m‹`m[H$, g_mOemÒÃ od^mJ, emg. Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmV. CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hm., gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.[r. C[m‹`m` ........ [arjm oZ`ßÃH$, emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hm., Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ Hw$_ma e_m© .......... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` od^mJ, emgH$s` h_roX`m H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hm., ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. AoIb{e OmYd ................ [´m‹`m[H$, ^m°oVH$s, emgH$r` O{. `m{JmZ›X_≤ N>ÀVrgJ∂T> _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ÀVrgJ∂T>) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b O°Z .................. [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ^maV
[´m{. S>m∞.S>r.EZ. I∂S>g{ ............... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, YZdV{ Z{eZb H$m∞b{O, ZmJ[wa (_hmamÓQ≠>) ^maV
‡m{.S>m∞. d›XZm O°Z .................. ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. haX`mb Aohadma ........ ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ehS>m{b (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. emaXm oÃd{Xr............... g{dmoZd•ÀV [´m‹`m[H$, J•hodkmZ, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV
[´m{. S>m∞. Cfm lrdmÒVd ............. A‹`j, oh›Xr od^mJ, AmMm`© BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ J{´¿`yQ> ÒQ>S>r. gm{bX{dmZbr, ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©.$) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. JU{e‡gmX Xmda{ .......... [´m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh (_.[´.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. EM.H{$. Mm°aog`m .......... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, Q>r.EZ.dr. _hmod⁄mb`, ^mJb[wa (o]hma) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. odd{H$ [Q>{b ................. ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{V_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. oXZ{eHw$_ma Mm°Yar ....... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡`, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmnd⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. Jm°V_ ............. ‡m‹`m[H$ ,dmoU¡`, emgH$s` _mZHwß$da ]mB© H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. oOV{›– H{$. e_m© ........... ‡m‹`m[H$, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY, _hof© X`mZ›X odÌdod⁄mb` H{$›–, [mbdmb (hna`mUm) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.[r. ghmoa`m ......... ‡m‹`m[H$, AW©emÛ, emgH$r` O{.E_.[r. _hmod⁄mb` VªV[wa oObm,o]bmg[wa (N>.J.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. Jm`Õmr dmO[{`r ........... ‡m‹`m[H$, oh›Xr, emgH$r` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. AodZme e{›–{ ............. od^mJm‹`j, AW©emÛ, ‡JoV H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, S>m{Â]rdbr, _wÂ]B© (_hmamÔ>≠) ^maV
‡m{. S>m∞. Or.gr. _{hVm .............. A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{.S>m∞. ]r.Eg. _∏$∂S> ............... A‹`j, A‹``Z _ S>b dmoU¡`, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{.S>m∞. [r.[r. o_lm ................ od^mJm‹`j, JoUV, N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim, (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{.S>m∞. gwZrb Hw$_ma ogH$adma.... ‡m‹`m[H$, agm`Z, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Pm]wAm (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{.S>m∞. H{$.Eb. gmhy................. ‡m‹`m[H$, BoVhmg, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{.S>m∞. _mobZr Om∞ZgZ ........... ‡m‹`m[H$, dZÒ[oV, emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _hy (_.‡.) ^maV
‡m{.S>m∞. odemb [wam{ohV............. E_.Eb.]r. emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oH$bm _°XmZ, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV
8
gÂ[mXH$r` gbmhH$ma _ S>b (Editorial Advisory Board, INDIA) _mZX≤
(01) ‡m{. S>m∞. Za{›– lrdmÒVd ......... ‡og’ d°kmoZH$ "Bgam{' ]¢JbwÍ$ (H$Zm©Q>H$) ^maV
(02) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmoXÀ` byZmdV ......... oZX{eH$, Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{> C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV
(03) ‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` O°Z ................ ghm`H$ oZ`ßÃH$, _.‡. Ï`mdgmo`H$ [arjm _ßS>b, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV
(04) ‡m{. S>m∞.Eg.H{$. Om{er ............. ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV
(05) ‡m{. S>m∞. O{.[r.EZ. [m S>{` ....... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.) ^maV
(06) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwo_Ãm dmÒH{$b .......... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.) ^maV
(07) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.Ama. M›X{bH$a ...... ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.) ^maV
(08) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßJb o_l ................ ‡mMm`©, lr ∑bm∞W _mH}$Q>, H$›`m dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ^maV
(09) ‡m{. S>m∞.Ama.H{$. ^≈> ............... ‡mMm`©, emgH$r` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaogßh[wa (_.‡.) ^maV
(10) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aem{H$ d_m© .............. gßH$m`m‹`j, dmoU¡` (S>rZ) X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.) ^maV
(11) ‡m{. S>m∞. Q>r.E_. ImZ ............. [´mMm`©, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_Zm{X, oObm-Yma (_.‡.) ^maV
(12) ‡m{. S>m∞. amH{$e T> S> ............... gßH$m`m‹`j, od⁄mWu H$Î`mU od^mJ odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ^maV
(13) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZb oedmZr .......... A‹`j, dmoU¡` Edß ‡]ßY od^mJ lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r qhXr odÌdod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.) ^maV
(14) ‡m{. S>m∞. [X≤_qgh [Q>{b ........... A‹`j, dmoU¡` od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa (_.‡.) ^maV
(15) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw Xw]{.................... gßH$m`m‹`j (S>rZ), J•h odkmZ gßH$m`, OrdmOr odÌdod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.[´.) ^maV
(16) ‡m{. S>m∞.E.H{$. Mm°Yar .............. ‡m‹`m[H$, _Zm{odkmZ, amOH$s` _ram H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.) ^maV
(17) ‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ ogßh amd> ........... ‡m‹`m[H$ Edß A‹`j, amOZroV od^mJ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm-aVbm_ (_.‡.) ^maV
(18) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.H{$. o_lm .............. ‡m‹`m[H$ ,[´mUr emÒÃ, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]°Vyb (_.‡.) ^maV
(19) ‡m{. S>m∞. H{$. H{$. lrdmÒVd ........ ‡m‹`m[H$ ,AW©emÒÃ, odO`m amO{ emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.) ^maV
*************
9
oZUm©`H$ _ S>b (Referee Board) _mZX≤
*** odkmZ gßH$m` ***
JoUV:- .......................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞.dr.H{$. JwflVm, gßMmbH$ d°oXH$ JnUV Edß em{Y gßÒWmZ, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
^m°oVH$s:- ....................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.gr. XrojV, emgH$s` hm{ÎH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. ZraO Xw]{, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)
H$Âfl`yQ>a odkmZ:- .............. (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. C_{e Hw$_ma qgh A‹`j H$Âfl`yQ>a A‹``Zembm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
agm`Z:- ........................ (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Z_rV H$m°a _∏$∂S>, emgH$r` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, CÇm°Z (_.‡.)
dZÒ[oV:- ....................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwoMVm O°Z, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{.S>m∞. AoIb{e Am`mMr, emgH$s` AmXe© odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)
‡moUH$s:- ....................... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. _ßOwbVm e_m©, E_.Eg.O{., amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, âV[wa (amO.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. A_•Vm IÃr, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
gmßpª`H$s:- ..................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. a_{e [ S≤>`m, emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)
g°›` odkmZ:- .................. (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H°$bme À`mJr, emgH$s` _m{Vrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.)
Ord agm`Z:- .................. (1) S>m∞. Hß$MZ S>tJam, emgH$s` E_.EM. J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)
^yJ^© emÒÃ:- ................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.Eg. aKwdßer, emgH$s` _m{Vrbmb odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.)
.................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwè Hw$_ma, emgH$s` AmXe© _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)
oMoH$Àgm odkmZ:- ............. (1) S>m∞. EM.Or. dÍ$YH$a, Ama.S>r. Jma∂S>r _{oS>H$b _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
gy˙_ Ord odkmZ:- ............ (1) AZwamJ P±d{ar, ]m`m{ H{$à oagM© (AmB©) ‡m.ob., Ah_Xm]mX (JwOamV)
*** dmoU¡` gßH$m` ***
dmoU¡` :- ...................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.H{$. O°Z, emgH$s` h_roX`m _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. e°b{›– ^mab>, emgH$s` H$mobXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
....................................... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_U [admb, emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)
*** ‡]ßY Edß Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ gßH$m` ***
‡]ßY :- .......................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. am_{Ìda gm{Zr>, A‹`j A‹``Z embm, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
(2) ‡m{. S>m∞. AmZ›X oVdmar>, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma H$›`m CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)
_mZd gßgmYZ:- ................ (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. haod›Xa gm{Zr>, [°g{o\$H$ o]OZ{g ÒHy$b, CX`[wa (amO.)
Ï`dgm` ‡emgZ:- ............ (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$o[bX{d e_m©>, amOH$s` _ohbm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.)
*** odoY gßH$m` ***
odoY:- ........................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.EZ. e_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` _mYd odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Za{›– Hw$_ma O°Z, ‡mMm`© lr Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa odoY _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.[´.)
*** H$bm gßH$m` ***
AW©emÒÃ:- ..................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. [r.gr. amßH$m, lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. O{.[r. o_lm, emgH$s` _hmamOm Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)
....................................... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. AßOZm O°Z, E_.Eb.]r. emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oH$bm _°XmZ, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
amOZroV:- ...................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. adrß– gm{hm{Zr, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. AoZb O°Z, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)
....................................... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. gwb{Im o_lm, _mZHwß$da ]mB© emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)
Xe©ZemÒÃ:- .................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. h{_›V Zm_X{d, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
10
g_mOemÒÃ:- .................. (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. EM.Eb. \w$bda{, emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Bo›Xam ]_©Z>, emgH$r` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.)
....................................... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. C_m bdmoZ`m>, emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm-gmJa (_.‡.)
oh›Xr:- .......................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. M›Xm Vb{am O°Z, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b, X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. O`m o‡`Xe©Zr ew∑bm, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.)
....................................... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$bm Om{er, lr AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r emgH$r` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
AßJ´{Or:- ......................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AO` ^mJ©d, emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOar Aoæhm{Õmr, emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.)
gßÒH•$V:- ........................ (1) ‡m{. S>m.∞ ^mdZm lrdmÒVd, emgH$s` Òdemgr _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. ]mbH$•Ó m [Óm[oV, ÌmmgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm°Xm oObm odoXÌmm (_.‡.)
BoVhmg:- ....................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZdrZ oJoS>`Z, emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)
^yJm{b:- ......................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. amO{›– lrdmÒVd emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ S>r, oObm _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm ^mJ©d, emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)
_Zm{odkmZ:- .................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. H$m_Zm d_m©, ‡mMm`©, emgH$s` amO_mVm qgoY`m H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)
.................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. gam{O H$m{R>mar, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)
oMÃH$bm:- ...................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. AÎ[Zm C[m‹`m`, emgH$s` _mYd H$bm-dmoU¡`-odoY _hmod⁄mb` C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. a{Im lrdmÒVd, _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.)
gßJrV:- .......................... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm J´m{da (H$WH$), gw^maVr odÌd od⁄mb` _{aR> (C.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. lr[mX Aam{UH$a, amO_mVm ogo›Y`m emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, oN>›XdmS>m (_.‡.)
*** J•h odkmZ gßH$m` ***
Amhma Edß [m{fU odkmZ:- .... (1) ‡m{.S>m∞. ‡JoV X{gmB©, emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Yw Jm{`b, Òdm_r H{$edmZ›X J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, ]rH$mZ{a (amO.)
....................................... (3) ‡m{. S>m∞. gß‹`m d_m©, emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>.J.)
_mZd odH$mg:- ................. (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _rZmjr _mWwa, A‹`j, O`ZmamÙ Ï`mg odÌdod⁄mb`, Om{Y[wa (amO.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar, A‹`j A‹``Z _ S>b amZr XwJm©dVr odÌdod⁄mb`, O]b[wa (_.‡.)
[mnadmnaH$ gßgmYZ ‡]ßY:- ... (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw e_m©, _mVm OrOm]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, BßXm°a (_.‡.)
....................................... (2) ‡m{. S>m∞. Z_´Vm Aam{am, dZÒWbr od⁄m[rR> (amO.)
*** oejm gßH$m` ***
oejm ............................. (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{a_m _mWwa, ‡mMm`©, Aamdbr oejm _hmod⁄mb`, \$arXm]mX (hna`mUm)
(2) ‡m{. S>m∞. EZ.E_.Or. _mWwa, ‡mMm`© Edß S>rZ [{g{o\$H$ oejm _hmod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)
(3) ‡m{. S>m∞. ZrZm AZ{Om, ‡mMm`©, E.Eg. H$m∞b{O Am∞\$ EOwH{$eZ,Ifim ([ßOm])
(4) ‡m{. S>m∞. gVre oJb, oed H$m∞b{O Am∞\$ EOwH{$eZ, oVJm±d, \$arXm]mX (hoa`mUm)
*** AmoH©$Q{>∑Ma gßH$m` ***
emarnaH$ oejm ................. (1) ‡m{. oH$aU [r. oeßX{ , ‡mMm`©, ÒHy$b Am∞\$ AmoH©$Q{>∑Ma, AmB©.[r.Eg. EH$S{>_r, BßXm°a (_.‡.)
*** emarnaH$ oejm gßH$m` ***
emarnaH$ oejm ................. (1) ‡m{. S>m∞. Aj`Hw$_ma ew∑bm, A‹`j emarnaH$ oejm [{g{o\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)
*** J´›Wmb` odkmZ gßH$m` ***
J´›Wmb` odkmZ ................ (1) S>m∞. AoZb ogam°oR>`m, emgH$s` _hmamOm _hmod⁄mb`, N>Va[wa (_.‡.)
11
‡d∑Vm gmWr (_mZX≤)
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‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. JwO{oQ>`m ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)
‡m{. lr_Vr odO`m dYdm ............................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.)
S>m∞. gwa|– e∑VmdV .................................... kmZm{X` BßÒQ>rQ≤`yQ> Am∞\$ _{Z{O_|Q> EßS> Q>{∑Zm{bm∞Or, Zr_M (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. X{drbmb Ahra .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, OmdX, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)
lr Amerf o¤d{Xr ..................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _Zmgm, oObm Zr_M (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{O _hmOZ ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gm{ZH$¿N>, oObm X{dmg (_.‡.)
lr C_{e e_m© ......................................... H•$ÓUm oejm _hmod⁄mb`, Omdr, oObm- Zr_M (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.[r. [ßdma ................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)
[´m{. S>m∞. [yambmb [mQ>rXma ............................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ojoVO [wam{ohV .............................. O°Z H$bm-dmoU¡`-odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _ßXgm°a (_.‡.)
[´m{. S>m∞.EZ.H{$. [mQ>rXma ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r, oObm _›Xgm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. dm`.H{$. o_lm ................................ emgH$s` H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. gwa{e H$Q>mna`m ............................... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. A^` [mR>H$ .................................. emgH$s` dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. _mbqgh Mm°hmZ ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, g°bmZm, oObm aVbm_ (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. J|Xmbmb Mm°hmZ ............................. emgH$s` odH´$_ _hmod⁄mb`, ImMam°X, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^mH$a o_l ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _ohX[wa, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ‡H$me Hw$_ma O°Z ........................... emgH$s` _mYd H$bm dmoU¡` odoY _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. H$_bm Mm°hmZ ................................ emgH$s` H$mnbXmg H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞.Am^m XrojV ................................. emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. [ßH$O _mh{Ìdar .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, VamZm, oObm C¡O°Z (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. S>r.gr. amR>r .................................. Òdm_r odd{H$mZßX H∞$naà _mJ©Xe©Z ‡H$m{>, C¿M oejm od^mJ, _.‡. emgZ, BßXm°a
‡m{. S>m∞. AoZVm JJam∂S{> ............................... emgH$s` hm{bH$a odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` [ßoS>V .................................. emgH$s` E_.O{.]r. H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. am_]m]y Jw·m .................................. emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. AßOZm g∑g°Zm .............................. emgH$s` _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. gm{Zmbr ZaJw›X{ .............................. [ÃH$mnaVm Edß OZgßMma A‹``Zembm X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, BßXm°a (_.[´.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ^maVr Om{er ................................. AmOrdZ oejU od^mJ X{dr AohÎ`m odÌdod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. E_.S>r. gm{_mZr .............................. emgH$s` E_.O{.]r. H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _m{Vr V]{bm, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ‡roV ^Q≤Q> .................................... emgH$s` EZ.Eg.[r. odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. gßO` ‡gmX .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gmßd{a, oObm B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. _rZm _Q>H$a .................................. gwJZrX{dr H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.)
‡m{. _m{hZ dmÒH{$b .................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, WmßXbm, oObm - Pm]wAm (_.‡.)
[´m{. S>m∞. oZoVZ ghmoa`m ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$m{V_m, oObm AZy[[wa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. _ßOw amOm{na`m ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, X{dmg (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ehOmX Hw$a°er ............................... emgH$s` ZdrZ H$bm Edß odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, _yßXr, oObm I S>dm (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. e°b dmbm Jm±Yr .............................. _hmamZr b˙_r]mB© emgH$s` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ‡drU Am{Pm ................................. lr ^JdV ghm` emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞.Am{_‡H$me e_m© ............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ì`m{[wa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. Eg.H{$. lrdmÒVd ........................... emgH$s` odO`m amO{ H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. AZy[ _m{K{ .................................... emgH$s` H$_bmamO{ H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Ωdmobà (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. h{_bVm Mm°hmZ .............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>ZJa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. _h{eM›– JwflVm .............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. _ßJbm R>mHw$a .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmh, oObm IaJm{Z (_.‡.)
[´m{. S>m∞. H{$.Ama. Hw$Âh{H$a ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, gZmdX, oObm IaJm{Z (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.H{$. `mXd ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, IaJm{Z (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. Amem gmIr Jw·m ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.)
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12
‡m{. S>m∞. ]r. Eg. oggm{oX`m .......................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ‡^m [m S>{` .................................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, _°ha, oObm- gVZm (_.‡.)
S>m∞. amO{e Hw$_ma ...................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` A_a[mQ>Z, oObm-gVZm (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. amd{›–qgh [Q>{b ............................. emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{habmb JwflVm ........................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, amOJ∂T> „`mdam (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. _YwgwXZ ‡H$me ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, JßO]mgm{Xm, oObm-odoXem (_.‡.)
‡m{. `wdamO lrdmÒVd ................................ gr.dr. a_Z odÌdod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m-o]bmg[wa (N>.J.)
‡m{. S>m∞. gwZrb dmO[{`r .............................. emgH$s` oVbH$ ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. E.H{$. [m S{> ................................... emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. `Vr›– _hm{]{ ................................. emgH$s` _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Zaqgh[wa (_.‡.)
[´m{. S>m∞. eoe ‡^m O°Z ............................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, AmJa-_mbdm (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. oZ`mO Aßgmar ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`,qghmdb, oObm grYr (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. AOw©Zqgh ]K{b ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, haXm (_.‡.)
S>m∞. gwa{e Hw$_ma od_b ............................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ^°ßgmX{hr, oObm ]°Vyb (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. A_aM›– O°Z ................................ emgH$s` H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.[´.)
‡m{. S>m∞. aoÌ_ Xw]{ ...................................... emgH$s` Òdemgr H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa CÀH•$Ô>Vm _hmod⁄mb`, gmJa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. E.H{$. O°Z ..................................... emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmnd⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. gß‹`m oQ>H{$H$a ................................ emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, ]rZm, oObm- gmJa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. amOrd e_m© .................................. emgH$s` Z_©Xm ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. apÌ_ lrdmÒVd .............................. emgH$s` J•h odkmZ _hmod⁄mb`, hm{eßJm]mX (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. b˙_rH$mßV MßX{bm ........................... emgH$s` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{ÀVa _hmod⁄mb`, qN>Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ]bam_ qgJm{oV`m ........................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` gm¢ga, oObm-oN>›Xdm∂S>m (_.‡.)
‡m{.S>m∞. odÂ_r ]hb ................................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, H$mbm [r[b, oObm - emOm[wa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. Ao_V ew∑b ................................. emgH$s` R>mHw$a aU_Vqgh _hmod⁄mb`, ardm (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. _rZy JOmbm ImZ ........................... emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, _∑gr, oObm-emOm[wa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. [Îbdr o_lm ................................ emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, ZB© J∂T>r, oObm- ardm (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. E_.[r. e_m© .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, XoV`m (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. O`m e_m© ..................................... emgH$s` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. gwerb gm{_dßer ............................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, Z{[mZJa, oObm ]wahmZ[wa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. BeaV ImZ .................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb`, am`g{Z (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. H$_b{eqgh Z{Jr ............................ emgH$s` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, grhm{a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ^mdZm R>mHw$a ................................. emgH$s` _hmod⁄mb` a{hQ>r, oObm grhm{a (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. H{$ed_oU e_m© .............................. [ßoS>V ]mbH•$ÓU e_m© ZdrZ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, emOm[wa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. a{Uw amO{e .................................... emgH$r` Z{hÈ AJÚr _hmod⁄mb`, Aem{H$ ZJa (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. AodZme Xw]{ ................................. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, I S>dm (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. dr.H{$. XrojV ................................ N>Õmgmb emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, [fim (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. am_ Ad{Ye e_m© ............................ E_.O{.Eg. emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, o^ S> (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. _Zm{O Hw$_ma Aoæhm{Õmr ..................... gam{oOZr Zm`Sy> emgH$r` H$›`m ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ^m{[mb (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. g_ra Hw$_ma ew∑bm ......................... emgH$r` M›– odO` _hmod⁄mb`, oS> S>m{ar (_.‡.)
‡m{. S>m∞. Ama.gr. [m›Q{>b ............................. emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Ym_Zm{X, oObm-Yma (_.‡.)
[´m{. S>m∞. AZy[ [agmB© ................................. emgH$s` O{. `m{JmZ›XZ N>ŒmrgJ∂T> ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, am`[wa (N>ŒmrgJ∂T>)
‡m{. S>m∞. AoZbHw$_ma O°Z ............................ dY©_mZ _hmdra Iwbm odÌdod⁄mb`, H$m{Q>m (amO.)
‡m{. S>m∞. AM©Zm doeÓR> ................................ amOH$s` amOF$of _hmod⁄mb` Abda (amO.)
‡m{. S>m∞. H$Î[Zm [marI ............................... Eg.Eg.Or. [marI [r.Or. H$m∞b{O, O`[wa (amO.)
‡m{. S>m∞. JO{›– ogam{hm ............................... [{ogo\$H$ odÌdod⁄mb`, CX`[wa (amO.)
‡m{. S>m∞. H•$ÓUm [°p›g`m ............................... hnae AmßOZm _hmod⁄mb`, N>m{Q>rgmX∂S>r, oObm- ‡Vm[J∂T> (amO.)
‡m{. S>m∞. ‡Xr[ qgh .................................... H|$–r` odÌd od⁄mb` hna`mUm, _h|–J∂T> (hna`mUm)
‡m{. S>m∞. Ò_•oV AJ´dmb ............................... em{Y gbmhH$ma, ZB© oXÎbr
13
Long-Term Cosmic Ray Variability During
Solar Cycle 22 To 24
Anand Prakash Tiwari * A.K. Saxena** C.M. Tiwari *** P.K. Sharma ****
Abstract - In this paper we have studied the cosmic ray variability during solar cycle 22 to 24. For our study we have
taken yearly average value of sunspot number (Rz) and cosmic ray intensity of two different latitude neutron monitor. We
observed that trend of solar activity during period of solar cycle 22 to 24 have decreased and their consequence as well
as the cosmic ray intensity have increased during this time period. We found that solar cycle 24 is the weakest solar
cycle than previously occurred two solar cycles i.e. 22 and 23.
Key words - Sunspot Number (Rz), Cosmic Ray Intensity.
Introduction - Study of cosmic ray modulation with solar
activity parameters is old and so on. Cosmic ray variation is
based on the solar activity parameters. It has been known
for a long time that intensity as well as the energy spectrum
of galactic cosmic ray is modulated by solar activity. Among
the various solar activity parameters, the sunspot number
has been considered as a primary indicator to define the
level of solar activity which generally follows 11-years
periodicity. The sunspot numbers are used as solar index
for study of cosmic ray modulation and solar terrestrial
relationship (Dorman & Dorman 1967; Pomerantz & Duggal
1971; Rao 1972; Webber and Lockwood 1988; Ahluwalia
1998). Similarly several solar indices (solar flares, solar flux,
coronal index, etc.) have been used as proxy index to
represent the solar activity (Kane 2005; Gupta et al. 2005,
2006). Cosmic ray is anticorrelated with solar activity
parameters (Ahluwalia & Wilson 1996; Dorman et al. 2001;
Usoskin et al. 1998). Galactic cosmic ray in the energy
range from several hundred MeV to tens of GeV is subjected
to heliospheric modulation, under the influence of solar output
and its variation. The heliospheric modulation of cosmic ray
intensity and spectrum are associated with 11-year solar
activity cycle. The charge/ polarity dependence of drift
mechanism is clearly observed in cosmic ray modulation in
terms of 22-year solar magnetic cycle, showing different
shape of cosmic ray maxima in the alternate solar cycles.
Long- term cosmic ray modulation in the high energy range
is studied using the monthly mean data of global network of
cosmic ray neutron monitor stations having different cut-off
rigidity. In September, 2014, new results with almost twice
as much data were presented of cosmic rays, in talk at
CERN and published in Physical Review Letters (Schirber
& Michael 2014).
Data Collection sources - For this work we have taken
yearly average value of sunspot number from National
Oceanic Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), their website
is www.ngdc.noaa.gov and cosmic ray by Moscow neutron
monitor having magnetic cut- off rigidity (Rc = 2.42 GeV)
which is located on Earth at latitude 55.47N as well as
longitude 37.32E similarly, Oulu neutron monitor have Rc =
0.8 GeV and location on earth at latitude 65.05N and
longitude 25.47E.
Result and Discussion - The Neutron monitors are more
sensitive to cosmic ray in the energy range 0.5-20 GeV,
which coincides with maximum energy response for effective
solar modulation. Though, the anti-correlation is found to
vary during the different phases of solar cycles (Nagashima
& Morishita 1979; Dorman et al. 2001). The sunspot number
is the main characteristics of solar cycle variation. Sunspots
are temporarily phenomenon on the photosphere of the sun
and it’s appearing visibly as dark spot compared to
surrounding regions (Schwabe 1843). Solar cycle is also
called solar activity magnetic cycle. The sunspots are most
obvious features of photosphere and firstly observed by
Galileo. The sunspots are composed of hot gases but they
appear dark because the temperatures in the spots are a
few thousand degree Kelvin cooler than that of surrounding
photosphere. The Sunspot number varies from year to year
with a certain regularity of increase and decrease. Cosmic
ray flux comes from outward expansion of solar ejecta into
interplanetary space. The cosmic ray flux inters solar system
anti-correlated with the solar activity. This anti-correlation is
*
Deptt. of Physics, Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa (M.P.) INDIA
**
***
****
Pt. S.N.S. Govt. Auto. P.G. College, Shahdol (M.P.) INDIA
detected at the Earth surface by measurement. The cosmic
ray flux varies with solar cycle during the period of solar
cycle 22 to 24 (Anath 1975). The unit of cosmic ray intensity
is (particle/
. ster. sec. MeV). When cosmic rays flux
inter solar system these flux modulated by the solar ejecta
(Nagashima & morishita 1979; Mavoromichalaki &
Petropoulos 1984; Nymmik & Suslov 1995; Strorini et al.
1995). The cosmic rays are deflected by the magnetic field
in interstellar space, they are also affected by the
interplanetary magnetic field embedded in solar wind and
therefore have difficulty reaching the inner solar system. As
solar activity varies, over the 11- year solar cycle the intensity
of cosmic rays at Earth also varies, in anti-correlation with
the sunspot numbers.
Fig. 1. (See in the last page)
Fig. (1) Has shown the long - term change of state of
the sun during period of solar cycle 22 to 24. Its modulate
the cosmic rays during the same period of time. We found
that cosmic ray intensity during solar cycle 24 have been
increased than solar cycles 22 and 23.
Fig. 2. (See in the last page)
Fig. (2) Shown the linear correlation of sunspot number
with cosmic ray intensity of Moscow neutron monitor much
higher than cosmic ray intensity of Oulu neutron monitor. It
means the both two neutron monitor have situated at different
latitude and cut – off rigidity.
Conclusions - The graphical result obtained since a long
period of time is showing that the activity of Sun has
decreased during period of solar cycle 22 to 24. Therefore
the solar phenomena i.e. solar temperature, proton flux, solar
wind velocity, solar magnetic field and solar plasma should
also decrease during the period of solar cycle 22 to 24 so
as its consequence the disturbance in space weather should
also decrease which may cause irregularity in Earth
atmosphere during this period.
14
References :1. Ahluwalia, H.S. 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 12103.
2. Ahluwalia, H.S., Wilson, M.D. 1996, J. Geophys. Res.,
101 (A3), 4879.
3. Anath, A.G. 1975, The time variation of cosmic ray
intensity, Ph.D. Thesis, Gujrat university, Ahmedabad
(India).
4. Dorman, I.V., Dorman, L.I. 1967, J. Geophys. Res., 72
, 1513.
5. Dorman, L.I., Dorman, I.V., Lucci, N., Parisi, Villoresi,
G. 2001, Adv. Space Res., 27, 589.
6. Gupta, M., Mishra, V.K., Mishra, A.P. 2005, Proc. 29th
Intern. Cosmic Ray Conf., Pune, (India), 2, 147.
7. Gupta, M., Mishra,V.K., Mishra, A.P. 2006, Indian J.
Radio and Space Phys., 35, 167.
8. Mavoromichalaki, H., Petropoulos, B. 1984, Asrophys.
Space Sci., 106, 61.
9. Nagashima, K., Morishita, I. 1979, Proc. 16th Intern.
Cosmic Ray Conf. Japan, 3, 325.
10. Nymmik, R.A., Suslov, A.A. 1995, Adv. Space Res.,
16, 217.
11. Parker, E.N. 1964, Planetary Space Sci. 12, 735.
12. Pomerantz, M.A. Duggal. S.P. 1971, J. Geophys. Res., 12,75.
13. Rao, U.R. 1972, Space Sci . Rev., 12, 719.
14. Schwabe, S.H. 1843, Astronomical Nachrichten, 21,
233-236.
15. Schirber, Michael, “Synopsis: More dark matter hints
from cosmic rays.” American physical society retrieved
21 sept. 2014.
16. Storini, M., Borello Filisetti, O., Mussino , N., Parisi,
M., Sykora, J. 1995, Solar phys., 157, 375.
17. Usoskin, I.G., Kananen, H., Mursula, K., Tanskanen,
P. 1998, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 9567.
18. Webber, W.R., Lockwood, J.A. 1988, J.Geophys. Res.,
93, 8735.
Fig. 1. (See in the last page)Has shown the yearly average value of sunspot number (Rz) and cosmic ray
intensity (Moscow and Oulu) during period of solar cycle 22 to24 from year 1986 to 2015.
Fig. 2. Has shown the linear correlation of yearly average value of sunspot number with
cosmic ray intensity (Moscow and Oulu) during period of solar cycle 22 to 24 from year 1986
to 2015.
*************
15
16
shell. All the complexes which are studies on the bases of
electronic spectra exhibit
bands which are
around 240-220 mm and bands at 330-250 nm which
corresponds to
transition (14-16).
The electronic spectral data of some of the representative
complexes along with their corresponding ligands in listed
in table-3
Table-3
Compound
O-U-O
absorption/
Metal-Nabsorption
Ligand
236.8 nm
320 nm
Complex - 1 238 nm
245 nm
305
Complex - 2 222 nm
278 nm
315
Suggested structures of the complexes - The preffered
coordination number of Th(IV) metal atom is 6 or 10 but
higher coordination numbers have also been observed (15).
It has been observed by conductance and molecular weight
value. The nitrato group are linked to through two oxygen
atoms, each nitrate group functioning as.a bidentate ligand
(16). In the nitrate complex of this ligand the thorium metal
is 10 coordinated as it is surrounded by eight coordinated
oxygen atoms and two azomethine nitrogen atoms.
For dioxouranium (VI) acetato complex I.R. data reveal that
the anions are bidentately covalently bonded to the metal
atom there by generating an 8-coordination number on the
central Uranium atom.
The probable coordination structure is forth(IV) and UO2
(VI) metal complexes of the Schiff base are given in fig. 1
and 2. (See)
References :1. Zacharsiasan W.H. Acta Cryst, 1,795 (1954)
Complexes
Colour
M.P.
Yield
Th(NO3)4
2(2MCABCA)
UO2(CH3COO)2
2(2MCABCA)
Dark
Yellow
Orange
146
81
155
78
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Table – 1
M.W. found
(calcd.)
950
(1185)
978
(1093)
17
Arora Kishore, Asian J. Che., 7(2), 424 (1991)
Agarwal R.L., Arora Kishore, Agarwal Himanshu and
Sarin R.K. Synth. R.K. Synth. react in Inorg. Met-Org.
Chem., 25(6), 899(1995)
Arora Kishore, Sharma DP and Pathak M.C. Orient J.
Chem.,15 (2), 331 (1999)
Agarwal R.K. Arora Kishor and Dutt Prashant, Synth.
React. Inorg. and Met-Org. Chem., 24 (2) 301 (1994)
S.S. Sandhu S.S. Sandhu (Jr.) Indian J. chem.; 11A,
369 (1973)
N.V. Sidgewick, the Chemical elements and their
compounds Oxford University, Press (1952)
N.V. Sawant and C.C. Patel J. Inorg. NuCl. che., 34,
1462 (1972)
K.Aruna, sakina Bootwala, Mobasna shera, Tariq,
Christopher Fernandes and Sachin Somasundaran,
International J.Pharm., Sci. and Res. 5(2) 400, 2014.
P. Ramamurti, J. Inorg NuCl Che., 25, 310 (1963)
Arora KishorAgarwal D.D. and Goyal R.C. Asian J. Che
12(3) 893(2000)
Smith B.C. and Wasset M.A. I. Che., Soc. (A), 1817
(1967)
B.C. Smith and M.a. Wassef, J. Chem. Soc. (A),
1817(1968)
J.r. Ferraro and A.O. Walker, J. Chem. Soc., 45, 550
(1960)
William, H., Stephen, V. Theory and Application of
microbiological assay, Academic Press: SAN Diego,
CA, USA, 1989, P.320
Shivankar V.S., Vaidya R.B, Dharwadkar S.R., Jhankar
N.V., Syn. React, Inorg. Metal-Org. Chem., 33, 1597
(2003).
Analysis
Found
C
43.92
(45.20)
45.10
(46.20)
H
4.10
(3.90)
3.80
(4.0)
(Calcd.)
Analysis
N
12.11
(14.80)
12.0
(13.10)
^(Ohm-1
cm2mole-1
4.1
3.2
*************
18
19
Generalized To and Co Topological Spaces
Dr. D. K. Sagar *
Abstract - This paper is the study of T0, T1,T2 and C0, C1, C2 topological spaces. C-Type separation A xioum have
been developed in terms of generalized open and weakly generalized open and closed sets.
Keywords - T0, T1,T2 and C0, C1, C2 topological spaces. 2000 mathematics subject classification: 54H25, 47H10
Definition (1.1.1) - A Topological spaces (X, T) is said to
be a p – To – spaces. If and only if given any pair of distinct
points x and y of X, there exists a p-open set U containing
one of them but not the other, Boonrak,L. [4]
be a Wg – To – spaces. If and only if given any pair of
distinct points x and y of X, there exists a Wg-open set U
containing one of them but not the other.
be a p – Co – spaces. If and only if given any pair of distinct
points x and y of X, there exists a p-open set G.
Such that p-cl G contains only one of x and y but not
the other.
be a Wg – Co – spaces. If and only if given any pair of
distinct points x and y of X, there exists a Wg-open set G
such that Wg-cl G contains only one of x and y but not the
other.
Example (1.1.1) - We recall the Topological space (X, T)
discussed in example (1.1.1). It is not a -T0 - space but it is
p- T0- space, s- T0 – space, α -T0 – space, β -T0 – space,
it is also gs- T0 – space, Wg T0 – space etc.
Further we see that (X, T) is not p -C0 - space , S- C0
– space, α -C0 – space, β -C0 – space, but it is g - C0 –
space, qs - C0 – space, Wg -C0 – space. However it is not
α Wg-C0 – space, Wg∧ -C0 – space, Wg∗ -C0 – space
and Wg -C0 – space. This space is p- C0 , g- C0, Wg- C0
, α wg- C0, Wg∧ -C0, Wg -C0 space. But it is not s - C0 –
space. Prabhakar. B.L. [9]
Theorem (2.1.1) - A topological space X is a p -C0 –
space iff for only pair of distinct point x and y, either point is
contained in a p- open set U such that Uc contains the
other point and a p- open set V such that p-cl V = Uc.
Proof - We prove this result for a p- C0 – space. Let X be
a p- C0 space. Let x and y be only pair of distinct points of
X. then there exist a p- open set U such that x ∈ p – cl U
and y ∈ (p – cl V)c, which is open and its complement pcl U contains the other point x a p- open set U with the
required property. So the condition is satisfied.
Conversely - Suppose that the condition is satisfied.
let x and y be a pair of distinct points of X. then either point
say x, is contained in a p-open set U such that Uc contains
α p-open set V and the other point y where p-cl V=Uc.
Then Uc is p-closed, y ∈ Uc and p-cl V=Uc
Hence X is a p-co-space. Similar results can be proved
for s-co-space
Theorem (2.1.2) - A topological space (X,T) is g -C0 –
space iff for every pair of distinct point x and y of X their
exists a g- open set U such that either point belong to g-cl
U and the other point belong to g- int Uc.
Proof - Let (X, T) be g - C0 – space. Let x and y be a pair
of distinct points of X. then there exist a g- open set U
such that x ∈ g – cl U and y ∈ g – cl U. Then y ∈ (g- cl
U)c = g – int Uc so the condition is satisfied.
Conversely - Suppose that the given condition is satisfied.
Then for every pair of distinct points x and y of X there
exists a g – open set U such that. x ∈ g – cl U and y ∈ g
– int Uc = (g-clU)c.
This means that
y ∈ g – (g-cl U).
so X is a g – co - space
Theorem (2.1.3) - A topological space (X,T) is g -C0 –
space iff for any pair of distinct point x and y their exists a
g- closed set F such that g – int F contains one of x and y
and not the other.
Corollary (i) X is a p - co => X is p – To
(ii) X is s - co => X is s – To
(iii) X is g - co => X is g – To
(ii) X is gs - co => X is gs – To
*
Asst. Prof. (Mathematics) Shri Sitaram Jaju Govt. Girl's College, Neemuch (M.P.) INDIA
(ii) X is a g - co => X is ag – To
Corollary (2.1.2) - Every p-co space contains two nonempty disjoint p – open sets.
References:1. Arya, S.P. and Nour, T., characterization of S – normal
spaces, Indian J. Pure App.Math., 21 (8) pp.717 –
719(1990)
2. Arokiarani, I., Balachandran, K. and Dontchev, J. some
characterization of gp – irresolute and gp – continuous
maps between topological spaces, mem. F a c. sci;
Kochi Univ. sec. A. Math., 20, pp.93 – 104 (1999)
3. Balachandran, K., Sundaram, P. and Maki, H. on
Generalized continuous maps in topological spaces,
Mem. F a c. sci; Kochi Univ. ser. A. Math., 12, pp.5 –
13 (1991)
4. Boonark,L.,A study to separation Axioum for some
Generalized Topological concepts. Ph.D. Thesis,
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
20
Magadh University, Bodh-Gaya (2009)
Caldas, M., Semi – Generalized continuous map in
Topological Spaces, Portugal Math., 52, 399-402 (1995)
Devi; R: and Bhuvaneshwari; K., α – Weekly
generalized closed sets in Topological Spaces, Acta
ciencia Indica, Vol. 30 M, PP 167-172 (2004)
Leilis Thivangar, M. and Athesaya Ponmani ; S., Note
on Some new bi-topological Separation axioums, proc.
of the National Conference in Pure and Applied
Mathematics 28-30, January (2005)
Veera Kumar , M.K.R.S., some separation Properties
using a – open sets, Indian J. math. 40, 2, 143-147
(1998)
Prabhakar, B.L., A Study to some Generalized concepts
for Topological spaces, Ph.D. Thesis, Magadh
University, Bodh-Gaya (2007)
*************
21
22
classification proposed by Blanford (1869) into three
subdivisions – Nodular limestone, Deola-Chirakhan Marl and
Coralline limestone. He excluded Nimar sandstone from the
marine Beds and proposed Deola-Chirakhan Marl as a
separate unit in between Nodular limestone and Coralline
limestone. Rode and Chiplonkar (1935) amended the
stratigraphic classification of Bose (1884) by introducing two
horizons of Coralline limestone below and above the DeolaChirakhan Marl.
The Deola – Chirakhan Marl has not been assigned a
separate status of stratigraphic unit by Roy-Chowdhury and
Sastri (1954, 1958, and 1962). They considered that DeolaChirakhan Marl is a weathered product of Nodular limestone
and reported that this marly material occurs as detached
pockets and lenses in the Nodular limestone near Deola
(Deora) and Chirakhan ,where the Marl is supposed to be
best developed. No distinct band of argillaceous limestone
is noticed to be interposed between the Nodular and Coralline
limestone. It appears that some of the bands of weathered
limestone were mistaken for the Marl.
The observations of Roy-Chowdhury and Sastri (1962)
were favored by Sahni and Jain (1966) and Verma (1968)
who questioned the validity of Deola-Chirakhan Marl as a
distinct stratigraphic unit of the Bagh Beds and treated it as
a product of weathering of the Nodular limestone.
The review of different classifications reveals that the
new names have been proposed by several workers for
different constituent members of the Bagh Beds. Murty et
al. (1963) suggested the name Kanasgali grit and Sejagaon
limestone as constituent members of the Bagh group. The
Bagh group has been classified by Poddar (1964) into
Amlipura Oyster bed, Kanasgali grit, Sejagaon limestone,
and Bagh formation. Guha (1971) introduced the new name
for the Nodular limestone of Bose as Karondia limestone
and placed Deola-Chirakhan Marl and Coralline limestone
together under the name Chirakhan limestone.
Conclusion - The synthesis of the existing classification of
the Bagh Beds shows that the main controversy is centered
regarding the validity of Deola-Chirakhan Marl as a separate
stratigraphic unit within the sequence of the Bagh Beds. In
the majority of classifications, the Bagh Beds are divided
into three or four constituent members. The three divisions
of Bagh Beds i.e. Nimar sandstone, Nodular limestone, and
Coralline limestone have been followed by several
stratigraphers.Some more palaeontologists and authors
23
studied stratigraphy of Bagh Beds, which will be discussed
later in the next paper.
. The authors are of the opinion that, a detail regional
investigation of all the representative exposures of the Bagh
Beds of Narmada valley should be studied concentrating on
the stratigraphic aspects, paleontology & micropaleontology.
This may provide a solution to the existing controversy
regarding these Beds.
References :1. Blanford, W. T. 1869. On the Geology of the Tapti and
lower Narbada valleys and some adjoining districts.
Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind., 6 (3): 163-384.
2. Bose, P. N. 1884. Geology of the lower Narbada valley
between Nimawar and Kawant. Mem. Geol. Surv. Ind.,
21(1): 1-72.
3. Guha, A. K. 1971. Age and affinity of the Bagh fauna- A
discussion. Geol. Sci., 8:47-55.
4. Murty, K. N., Dhokarikar, B. G. and Verma, C. P. 1963.
Plant fossils in the Nimar Sandstone near Umrali, M.P.
Curr. Sci., 32(1): 21-22.
5. Poddar, M.C.1964. Mesozoic of Western India- their
geology and oil possibilities. Int. Geol. Cong. 22nd Sess.,
Pt. 1:126-143.
6. Rode, K. P. and Chiplonkar, G. W. 1935. A contribution
to the stratigraphy of the Bagh Beds. Curr. Sci., 4(5):
322-323.
7. Roy-Chowdhary, M. K. and Sastri, V. V. 1954. A note
on the revised classification of the Cretaceous and
associated rocks of the Man river section of the Lower
Narmada Valley. Sci. and Cult., 20 (4): 184-185.
8. Roy-Chowdhary, M. K. and Sastri, V. V. 1958. On the
Geology of Barwah, Katkut area of the Narmada valley,
Nimar district, Madhya Pradesh. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind.,
85(4): 523-636.
9. Roy-Chowdhary, M. K. and Sastri, V. V. 1962. On the
revised classification of the Cretaceous and the
associated rocks of the Man river section of the Narbada
Valley. Rec. Geol. Surv. Ind., 91(2): 283-304.
10. Sahni, M.R. and Jain, S.P. 1966. Note on a revised
classification of the Bagh Beds, Madhya Pradesh. Jour.
Pal. Soc. Ind., 11:24-25.
11. Verma, K. K. 1968. Bagh Beds their fauna and affinities
with South Indian Cretaceous formations. Mem. Geol.
Soc. Ind., 2:239-247.
(see in last page)
*************
24
25
Depletion Of Natural Resources
Dr. Seema Bhola*
Introduction - Man draws energy as well as material from
the biosphere to meet his domestic agricultural & industrial
requirement .The natural resources occur in all the 3 zones
of biosphere : ie lithosphere hydrosphere & atmosphere
.They include water, soil mineral, animals & plants. The
depletion of natural resources caused by population
increase, pollution high consumption of resources &
deterioration of land.
Population Increase – India’s population is increasing at
a higher rate & is expected to cross 10 billion by the end of
this century. Increase in population will increase the demand
of various natural resources. Thus per capita use of energy
& mineral resources is high in developed countries & low in
developing countries. This is chiefly on account of greater
population lesser mineral resources & mis-management of
natural resources in third world countries.
Pollution- Intensive industrialisation’s is polluting our
environment. Most of the river & fresh water streams in India
are badly polluted by industrial water. In addition to sewage
& industrial water, radio- active material, detergents fertiliser
& pesticides also mixed into rivers & thus adding
i. Bacteria & other microbes causing cholera typhoid
jaundice & many skin diseases.
ii. Toxic & persistent chlorinated hydrocarbons like DDT
Dihedron, BHC etc. killing fishes & other aquatic life &
even the birds which feed upon them.
iii. Mercury , lead, copper, cadmium & other toxic metals,
consumption of fishes contaminated by these metals
cause various human diseases like crippling deformity
chromosomal disjunction anaemia etc.
iv. Oils which inhibit plant growth & photosynthetic activity
of aquatic plants. The water pollutants have thus
disturbed. The entire food chain &animals including main
are affected adversely.
Many gases like carbon –mono-oxide, carbon dioxide,
nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides etc. are known to cause
various respiratory troubles.
These gases along with aldehydes, ammonia, amines
particulate matter (fly ash, root, smoke) smog etc. also cause
a number of pathological effects on man like nasal irritation,
breakdown of red cells, damage of kidneys, headache
,nausea ,coughing, chest constriction etc. Thus uncontrolled
industrial growth may adversely affect the health of society.
Consumtion Of Materials- Increasing population has
increased the rate of consumption of the natural resources
*
causing a greater stress on our ecosystems. For rapid
advancement of the country, we need greater raw materials,
whose natural stock is of course limited; therefore there is
always a danger of its exhaustion.
Deterioration Of Land- This causing loss of soil & fertility
& general deterioration of land, draught, flood soil erosion &
even excessive chemical fertilisation are destroying the
fertility of soil. Falling of trees & cutting of forests have led to
lesser rains & loosening of the soil because of which it is
readily blown away by wind or washed away by water. This
is eventually causing huge losses to our economy because
we have now to put greater inputs. Money and man-hours to
get good agriculture production our economy is totally
agriculture based.
Kinds Of Natural Resources - Depending upon the
availability the natural resources may be grouped into:
i. Renewable resources- Animal can be induced to
multiply a forest can again be raised on deforested land
& the soil can be replenished & its fertility can be
restored.
ii. Non-renewable resources- Minerals once exhausted
cannot be replaced again. Naturals resources can be
classified on the basis of their nature, such as minerals
resources, soil resources, marine resources, water
resources, forest resources ,wild life resources & food
agriculture resources.
Mineral resources - Mineral resources are classified into
metallic &non metallic substances. Non metallic substances
include building material like rocks, sand, Gravels, cement
and clay. Fertilisers and nitrates are also metallic resources
which are used to enhance agricultural production. It is now
possible to compensate the deficiency of nitrogen resources
in soil by fixing nitrogen synthetically and biologically from
air.
Iron is the most important element because as the basic
component used for manufacture of steel. A number of ferro
alloy elements are also manufactured in which iron is used
in variable proportions with other metals like chromium,
cobalt, magnesium. Molybdenum nickel, tungsten and
vanadium. Hence there is a danger of iron exhaustion from
soil.
Soil Resources - The top layer of the earth is known as
soil. Soil contains water, nutrients, humouns and minerals
and is, therefore, very fertile. Knowledge of various
characteristics of the soil is helpful in agricultural practices
Asst. Professor (Zoology) Govt. Auto. P.G. College, Satna (M.P.) INDIA
such as cultivation, irrigation, drainage and application of
fertilizers. All activities relating to geology, petrology,
mineralogy and paleobotany are caneensced to soil and its
property. There are many ways of conserving the soil Reforestation - Planting suitable quick growing plants to
give a proper plant cover is the earliest way of preventing
soil erosion creation of shelter belts and wind breaks prevent
soil erosion through wind. Shifting of dunes in and zones
can be prevented by growing soil binding species like
saccharium munja S, spontaaneum, Cynodon dactyion etc.
Contour Planting - is advantageous on hilly are as
ploughing at right angle to the slope checks the flow of water
straight down the hills and soil erosion is thus prevented.
Rain water is retained for a longer time and therefore there
greater absorption.
Water Resources - Water is vital necessity for all living
organisms like plants animals and man. There is a continuous
circulation of water from earth to atmosphere and vice versa
and this cycle is maintained by nature. Water is used for
washing, cleaning, drinking and flushing. It is an important
component of power generation, photosynthesis. Many time
droughts occur due to lack of or scanty rainfall causing
damage to crops, reduction causing damage water levels
and heavy mortality of aquatic organism.
Food And Agricultural Resources - Mankind is totally
dependent on different crops for its existence and sources
of energy. The energy is derived from food. The main
components of food are carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins, minerals and water. Efforts are being made to
increase food production all over the world. Most of us get
our food from agriculture. Crops are mainly cultivated in two
ways, shifting and sedentary cultivation.
I.
II.
26
Shifting Cultivation: This is an age-old practice of crop
cultivation, allowed in hilly areas where the rainfall is
heavy. Most of the tribal population follow this practice.
In this system natural ecosystem is manipulated and
cultivation is done for a short time. After that cultivated
area is temporarily covered.
Sedentary cultivation: This is a type of cultivation, the
cultivated area is used permanently and throughout the
year with different varieties of crops.
References:1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Pearce, David W (December 2001). “The Economic
Value of Forest Ecosystems”. Ecosystem Health, Vol.
7, no. 4.pp. 284-296.
Jonathan A Foley, Ruth DeFries, Gregory P Asner, Carol
Barford, et al. 2005 “Global Consequences of Land Use”
Science 309:5734 570-574.
“Global Deforestation”. Global Change Curriculum.
University of Michigan Global Change Program. January
4, 2006.
“Copenhagen Accord of 18 December 2009”. UNFCC.
2009. Retrieved 2009-12-28.
Butler, Rhett A. “Impact of Population and Poverty on
Rainforests”. Mongabay.com/ A Place Out of Time:
Tropical Rainforests and the Perils They Face. Retrieved
May 13, 2009.
Klare, M.T. (2012). The Race for What’s Left.
Metropolitan Books. ISBN 9781250023971.
Valero & Valero (2010) (Physical geonomics: Combining
the exergy and Hubbert peak analysis for predicting
mineral resources depletion).
*************
27
Viral Fever Can Be Cured By Arogya Vati
Dr. Rajesh Masatkar *
Abstract - Viral fever is a common fever in human being. It is not heal with antibiotics medicines. The diagnosis is made
by the typical history of fever with severe muscle and joint pains. Skin rash and lymph gland swelling have to be
specifically looked for, but common viral fever can be cured by Arogya Vati Ayurvedic medicine of Patanjali.
Key words – Virus ,Antibiotics.
Introduction - Viral fever refers to a wide range of viral
infections, usually characterized by an increase in normal
body temperature. It is quite common in children and old
people due to lowered immunity. Viral fever is any fever
caused by one of the many viral infections or the infections
cause by virus, most of these infections can be identified by
the accompanying symptoms and signs. The viral fever
symptoms can be generalized but they may target a specific
organ of the body.
Objectives 1. To identify the viral fever in their initials stage.
2. To minimize the unnecessary treatment of patient.
3. To minimize the treatment cost.
4. To save the health of human being by the side effects of
medicines.
Cause of Viral infections- when a person coughs,
sneezes or even talks they tend to spray tiny particles of
fluid that contain bacteria and viruses from their body .if you
are close enough. These bacteria enter your body through
your nose or mouth and infect you, most viral infection are
spread by inhalation of aerosolized particles by intake of
contaminated water or food or by direct contact, infection
than spreads locally and thereafter into the blood stream or
lymph channels. Some of the viral infection can be
transmitted sexually or by direct inoculation into the blood
stream. The duration of the primary infection may very from
days to several weeks. After that viruses multiplying at a
specific site in the body.
Symptoms of viral fever –
1. Fatigue
2. Body as well as muscle aches.
3. Low or high fever.
4. Inflammation of the pharynx.
5. Running nose.
6. Nasal congestion.
7. Sore throat.
8. Head ache.
9. Redness and burning sensation in eyes.
*
10.
11.
12.
13.
Cough.
Muscle and joint pains.
Skin rashes.
Diarrhea.
It is not essential that everyone suffering from viral fever
will fell all the symptoms. Many viral fever that are caused
by insects like arbovirus can also show bleeding tendency
as one of its symptoms. Bleeding from skin and other internal
organs and can prove fatal, if timely treatment is not provided
to the patient.
Diagnosis - if we are able to recognize the viral fever
symptoms early, we can always treat it with simple home
remedies without taking help of medicines. If we are unable
to recognize the viral fever than go for laboratory investigation
are undertaken to rule out other bacterial infections rather
than to confirm viral fever. A blood test may also be indicated
in uses where your doctor needs to differentiate between
the causative organisms. That means doctors wants to know
if your fever is caused due to bacteria or virus. Since a virus
cannot be detected by a blood test and bacterium can, the
test is mainly to rule out bacterial infections.
Ayurvedic treatment of viral fever – once you have
recognize viral fever than you may take tablet of Arogya Vati
in following manner. (Table See in the next page)
Arogya Vati is able to treat viral as well as some
bacterial infection in our body. Arogya Vati is Ayurvedic
medicine made up of combination of three plants named
Giloy, Neem, Tulsi .
Suggestions –
1. First recognize viral fever than take Arogya vati.
2. Do not take antibiotic medicines without consulted to
the doctor.
3. Read the details about antibiotic medicine its types,
side effects, dosage and precaution.
4. Do not take Ayurvedic and Allopathic medicine together
Conclusion – Viral fever can be treated easily if we diagnosis
early stage. The ayurvedic medicine of Patanjali (Arogya
Vati) is very helpful in curing viral as well as bacterial infection
Asst. Prof. (Botany) Govt. Degree College, Nainpur, Distt. Mandla (M.P.) INDIA
in human being. It has no side effect.
2.
References :1. http://www.thehealthsite.com/diseases-conditions/viralfever/001/
3.
S.No. Age
1
2
3
4
2-5
3-5
5-above
5-above
Fever
Low Fever
High Fever
Low Fever
High Fever
Dosage
M
N
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
http://www.healthisright.com/2011/10/viral-feversymptoms-remedies.html
http://www.webhealthcentre.com/Disease Conditions/
vfever.aspx
Remarks
E
1
1
1
1
28
Give tablets dissolve in water
Give tablets dissolve in water
Take tablets after breakfast / meals
Take tablets after breakfast / meals
*************
29
Pollution By Heavy Metals
Sadhna Goyal *
Abstract - Environmental contamination by heavy metal s is a serious problem throughout the world. Heavy metals are
toxic which threaten food chain. They accumulates in soil and water due to usage of Industrial effluents ,fertilizers ,
Pesticides ,Municipal sewage ,vehicles .Heavy metals are elements having a density greater than 5 in their elemental
form and comprise some 38 elements .However the term usually and here as well refers to 12 metals that are Cd ,Cr
,Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb , Sn , and Zn. Heavy metals mostly find specific adsorption sites in the soil where they
are retained very strongly either on the inorganic ,organic colloids some heavy metals are essential in trace amounts.
The International Agency for Research on cancer has classified cadmium as a human carcinogen .The vegetable foods
contribute more than 75 % of cadmium intake in humans. The biochemical pathway of heavy metal in the body may be
carried out in two major phases. Such as kinetic phase and dynamic phase. Heavy metals are carcinogenic for human
health.
Introduction - Environmental pollution is a burning topic of
the day. Air, water and soil are being polluted alike. Soil
being a universal sink bears the greatest burden of
environmental pollution. Soil and water may get polluted by
a number of ways but it is interesting that soil is still the
only place where crops can be produced. Soil and water is
mainly polluted by the disposal of solids and liquid waste
consisting of domestic, agriculture and industrial waste. The
major source of pollution are the industries like paper, sugar
and power plant, chemical and fertilizer manufacturing units.
Heavy metals spoil the landscape and water quality.
Material And Method - Soil and water samples collected
from Bhopal city. Analysis of soil and water carried out by
standard method of APHA (1975) and Trivedi and Goel (1984).
Analysis Of Heavy Metal
Determination Of Cadmiium
Spectrophotometric method
- Dithiozone method
Cadmium reacts with a diazonium to form red coloured
complex which is measured calorimetrically.
1. Take 100 ml of water sample.
2. Add few drops of thymal blue.
3. Neutralize the solution with NaOH.
4. Add 1 ml sodium potassium tartarate.
5. 5 ml NaOH KCN solution
6. Add 15ml dithiozone.
Measure the absorbance at 518 nm.
Determination Of Chromium - Chromium is oxidized to
chromate by per magnate. It is then treated with diphenyl
carbazide to form the violet colored complex which is
measured calorimetrically.
1. Take 100 ml of water sample in kjeldalh flask.
2. Add 2 ml conc. Sulphuric acid and 100 mg sodium
*
sulphate.
Neutralize with concentrated ammonium solution
Add 10 ml sulphuric and 0.4 ml phosphoric acid.
Continue the addition of potassium permanganate
solution till it becomes pink in colour.
6. Add sodium aside drop wise until the solution becomes
colourless
7. Heat for one minute and cool
8. Add 4 ml diphenyl carbazide solution .
9. Compare the colour photometrically.
Determination Of Mercury
Dithizone Method - Mercury reacts with dithizone at pH1
to form red coloured complex which is measured
calorimetrically.
Results And Discussion - The presence of metals and
metalloid in drinking water is a subject of serious concern
due to toxic properties of their materials. They affect public
health to a large extent, waste water treatment systems
and the biological system of water India. The impact of heavy
metals in drinking water containing traces of heavy metals
is dangerous for health in long run. The metals Pb, Cd, Hg
particularly deemed to be undesirable. Detection and
quantization of such low levels of metals and metalloids
require highly sensitive instrumental techniques.
3.
4.
5.
References :1. Soil and water pollution by B.K. Sharma.
2. Soil pollution in S.G. Mishra.
3. Environmental chemistry B.K. Sharma.
4. A.K. Dey Environmental chemistry.
5. Sithole, S.D. Moyo International Journal
Environmental Analytical chemistry 1990.
Department of Chemistry, Govt. M.V.M. College, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA
of
30
Incidence Of Presbyacusis In Satna
Dr. Rashmi Singh *
Introduction - Old age is an incurable disease, gerontology
is a science which deals with the problems of ageing
presbyacusis is one of them, it is dimination of hearing in
both ears with growing age usually starts at the age of forty
it is because of degeneration of sense organs in internal
ear, at present there are 7.2% of total population of India
comes, under the group of above 60 years, increasing
number of accidents in old age, theft cases, neglection by
family members due to hearing problem, difficulties in
communication, psychological depression, feeling of
loneliness associated complication arising due to hearing
problem.
The Govt. of India has announced a national policy on
older persons in January 1999, this policy identifies principle
areas of intervention and functional security, recently few
voluntary organizations are working to provide hearing aid to
presbyacusis patient.
Material And Method - In eight blocks of Satna handicap
camps were organized between April 13 to march 14 aim
was to find out the presbyacusis cases in patients above 60
years of age, patients selected were having complaint of
diminished hearing in both ears, a team of audiologist ENT
specialist examine the patients, conversational voice test,
tunning fork test, pure tone audiometry was done degree of
hearing loss was detected deaf patients were categorized
in 4 category (1) Mild
(2) Moderate (3) Severe
(4) Profound,
Hearing loss between 40 db to 55 db in mild category.
56 db to 70 db, in moderate category, 71 db to 90 db in
severe category and 91 db and above were rated as profound
deafness, in all the 8 blocks about 71 patient were identified
as presbyacusis patients, their audiometry record was
documented and accordingly they were categorized for
supplementation of hearing aid either in the ear type or behind
the ear type.
Observation And Result - Out of these 71 patients who
were examined, 51 were found fit for hearing aid, out of these
51 patients 45 patient were prescribed in the ear type hearing
aid, in there patients hearing loss was found 55 db to 90 db
moderate to severe group, 6 patients were having hearing
loss more than 90 db they were prescribed behind the ear
type hearing aid as in these cases in the ear type hearing
aid do not work, these hearing aids are provided by few leading
voluntary organization, district panchyat dept. free of cost,
in every district there is a separate unit of physiotherapy
*
dept which works independently with the guidance of ENT
specialist, Civil Surgeon and Chief Medical and Health officer
of that districts recently a national hearing deafness control
programme is launched which helps, in detecting the hearing
deaf persons and providing them 8 lakh rupees for cochlear
implants surgery.
Discussion - In the 8 blocks of Satna 71 patients were
identified as presbyacusis, cases, 51 were selected for
hearing aid out of these 51, 40 were males and 11 were
females, 45 were advised in the ear canal type hearing aid
and 6 were advised behind the ear type hearing aid, out of
these 45, 36 were males and 9 females, in the remaining 6
behind the ear type hearing cases 4 were males and 2 were
females, age group between 60 to 80 years needed in the
ear type hearing aid, above 80 year needed behind the ear
type hearing aid, males were affected more than females
and they needed hearing aid more than females, now deputy
director social justice and handicap welfare dept. handles
this part.
References :1. P. S. Ronald, A. D. Meyers, et al., “Presbycusis,” 2013.
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/855989overview
2. G. A. Gates and J. H. Mills, “Presbycusis,” Lancet, Vol.
366, No. 9491, 2005, pp. 1111-1120. doi:10.1016/S01406736(05)67423-5
3. H. F. Schuknecht and M. R. Gacek, “Cochlear Pathology
in Presbycusis,” Annals of Otology, Rhinology, and
Laryngology, Vol. 102, No. 1, 1993, pp. 1-16.
4. Ministry of Supply and Services Canada, “Ageing and
Independence: Overview of a National Survey. Seniors
Secretariat, Health and Welfare Canada, Ottawa, on
Catalogue h88-3/13-1993e,” 1993.
5. Statistics Canada, “Canadians with Impaired Hearing,
Special Topic Series,” The Health and Activity Limitation
Survey #5 of 6. Catalogue 82-615, Ottawa, Statistics
Canada, 1992
6. J. Katz, “Handbook of Clinical Audiology,” Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 2002.
7. R. D. Frisina and J. P. Walton, “Age-Related Structural
and Functional Changes in the Cochlear Nucleus,”
Hearing Research, Vol. 216-217, 2006, pp. 216-223.
8.. N. McGauran, et al., “Reporting Bias in Medical
Research—A Narrative Review,” Trials, Vol. 11, 2010,
p. 37.
Professor (Zoology) Govt. P. G. College, Satna ( M.P. ) INDIA
31
A Study Of Parental Involvement In Relation To Social
Preference & Social Behavior Of Adolescents Of Palwal District
Dr. Manisha Singh * Dr. Arimardan Singh **
Abstract - A country’s development depends upon the education and education depends upon the school as well as
parents also. The present study is an attempt to study the parental involvement in relation to social preference and
social behavior of adolescents of working parents. Survey Method, was used for the present study: A sample of consisted
of 80 adolescents (40 girls and 40 boys) from different schools of Lucknow. It revealed that there are no significant
relation between parental involvement and social preference and social behavior but there are positively related.
Introduction - Parental Involvement refers to the amount of
participation of a present not in schooling but throughout in
child’s life through events and volunteer opportunities. In
education parental involvement play vital role. Parents are
the creation of God. Parents are the first lifelong teacher
and guide of every child. Parental involvement at home can
include activities such as discussion about school, helping
with homework and reading with children. Parents can help
their children develop their own schedule each week, allowing
them to set aside time for fun if they have first allotted
adequate time for study.
Social Preference - The term ‘’Social Preference ‘’ refers
to the concern that people have for each other’s well-being,
and it encompasses altruism, spitefulness, tastes for equality,
and tastes for reciprocity. Experiment on social preference
generally study economic games including the dictator game
,the ultimatum game, the trust game, the public goods game
,and modification to these canonical setting . As one example
of result, ultimatum game experiments love shown that
people are generally willing to sacrifice monetary rewards
when offered low allocation, thus behaving inconsistently
with simple models of self-interest. Social preference is type
of preference studied in behavioral and experimental,
economic and social psychology including interpersonal.
Social Behavior - Man is a social being. He comes in
contact with the society and starts his interaction with it
from the moment of his birth. The span of social relation
gradually increases and continues till death. So it is a process
from womb to tomb. Social habits along with the different
persons and environment shapes his personality for the whole
of his life Human being posses a unique characteristic which
separates them from animals being. Their behavior is social.
Society is as essential as food to them. They believe in the
maintains of social relationship and try to adjust with other.
But this does not mean that the child is born with such
*
social behavior and social qualities. Like other aspect of
growth and development, he develops the necessary social
characteristics in him. The process of the development of
such qualities which brings desirable change in his social
behavior is referred to as social development or socialization
of the child. Development of social behavior during different
stage of development.
Adolescents - Adolescent is the most important period of
human life. The word adolescence comes from a Greek word
‘adolescere’ which mean ‘to grow to maturity ‘’. The period
runs between childhood and adulthood and it’s sometimes
called the period of teenage. Adolescence is a period stress
and strain.
According to Jean Piaget,’’ Adolescence is the age of
great ideals and the beginning of theories as well as the
time simple adaptation to reality.
Objective - To study the relation between parental
involvement and social preference and social behavior of
boys and girls adolescents of working parents.
Hypotheses :
1. There is no significant relation between parental
involvement and social behavior of boys of working
parents.
2. There is no significant relation between parental
involvement and social preference of girls of working
parents.
Method -The descriptive survey method was used in the
present study.
Sample - The Sample of the present study consisted of 80
adolescents (40 boys and 40 girls) from different schools of
Lucknow and selected whose parents remain on duties for
more than 8 hours.
Tools :
1. The Parental Involvement Scale(TPIS) by Dr.Vijaya
Laxmi Chauhan and Mrs. Gunjan Ganotra Arora.
Assistant Professor, Rajat Women’s College of Education and Management, Lucknow (U.P.) INDIA
**
H.O.D., Rajat Women’s College of Education and Management, Lucknow (U.P.) INDIA
2.
Social Preference and Social Behavior Inventory(SPSBI)
by Dr.M.C.Joshi and Dr.Jagdish Pandey.
Statistical Techniques - Mean, Standard Deviation, and
Correlation were used to analyses the data.
Analysis and Interpretation - After the collection of the
data, the data was tabulated. Mean, Standard deviations’’
test and correlation were used n the analysis and
interpretation of data in the following manner.
Table-1 : Relationship between Parental Involvement
and Social Preference of Adolescent
Variable
N
Mean SD
‘r’
Parental
80
92.41 14.86 0.089
Involvement
Social
80
111.99 16.91
Preference
The table shows the mean scores of parental involvement
is 92.41 and SD is 14.97 and mean score of social preference
of adolescent is 112.23 and SD is 16.94, The calculated
value of ‘r’ is 0.089 which is smaller than the table value of ‘r’
(.05=21) and (.01=28) indicates a positive insignificant
relationship between two variable: parental involvement and
social preference. As parental involvement increase the social
preference of adolescents is also increase but relation is
very insignificant.
Table-2 : Relationship between Parental involvement
and Social Behavior of Adolescents
Variable
N
Mean SD
‘r’
Parental
80
93.99 15.11
0.012
involvement
Social
80
211.09 12.94
Behavior
is 93.99 and SD 15.11 and mean scores of social behavior
of adolescents is 211.09 and SD is 12.94 .the calculated
value of ‘r’ is 0.012 which is smaller than the table value of ‘r’
(.05=21) and (.01=28) indicate a positive insignificant
relationship between two variable: parental involvement and
social behavior. As parental involvement increase the social
behavior of adolescents is also increase but relation is very
insignificant.
Table-3 : Relation between Parental Involvement and
Social Preference of Girls
Variable
No. of girls
Mean SD
‘r’
Parental
40
99.61 15.66 0.22
involvement
Social
40
94.18 15.19
Preference
The calculative value of ‘r’ 0.22.which is higher than the
table value at .05 level (.21) indicated o positive significant
relation between two variable Parental involvement & Social
Preference on .01 level the calculative value 0.251 is smaller
than table value (.28) show a positive insignificant relation.
Thus in girls when parental involvement increases .the social
preference also increase.
32
Table-4 : Relation between Parental involvement and
Social Behavior of Girls
Variable
No. of Girls
Mean SD
‘r’
Parental
40
99.35 15.16 -0.03
Involvement
Social
40
106.21 15.24
Behavior
The calculative value of ‘r’ -0.03 which is higher than
the table value at .05 level (.21) indicated a negative significant
relationship between two variable Parental involvement on
.01 level the calculative value( .24) is smaller than table value
(.28) shows a negative insignificant relation. Thus in girls
when parental involvement increases, the social behaviour
also increase.
Social Preference of Boys
Variable
No. of Boys
Mean SD
‘r’
Parental
40
94.17 14.88 -0.18
involvement
Social
40
117.37 17.82
Preference
the calculative value of ‘r’ -0.183 which is higher than
the table value at .05 level (.21) indicated a negative significant
relationship between two variable parental involvement and
social preference on .01 level the calculative value -0.194 is
smaller the table value .24 is smaller the table value (.28)
show a negative insignificant relation .Thus in boys when
parental involvement increase. The social preference also
increases.
Social Behavior of Boys
Variable
No. of Boys
Mean SD
‘r’
Parental
40
94.17 14.77 -0.06
Involvement
Social
40
105.97 12.03
Behavior
The calculative value of ‘r’ -0.069 which is higher than
the table value at .05 levels (.21) indicated a negative
significant relationship between two variable parental
involvement &social behavior on .01 levels the calculative
Value -0.079 is smaller than table value (.28) show a negative
insignificant relation. Thus in boys when parental involvement
increases, the social behavior also increases.
Main Findings:
1. The table shows the mean scores of parental involvement
is 92.44 and SD is 15.86 and mean score of social
preference of adolescent is 111.99 and SD is 16.91,
The calculated value of ‘r’ is 0.089 which is smaller than
the table value of ‘r’ (.05=21) and (.01=28) indicates a
positive insignificant relationship between two variable:
parental involvement and social preference. As parental
involvement increase the social preference of
adolescents is also increase but relation is very
insignificant.
2.
3.
4.
5.
is 93.99 and SD 15.11 and mean scores of social
behavior of adolescents is 211.09 and SD is 12.94 .the
calculated value of ‘r’ is 0.012 which is smaller than the
table value of ‘r’ (.05=21) and (.01=28) indicate a positive
insignificant relationship between two variable: parental
involvement and social behavior .As parental involvement
increase the social behavior of adolescents was also
increase but relation is very insignificant.
were 99.61 and SD 15.66 and mean scores of social
preference of girls 94. 18, SD 15.19 .The calculative
value of ‘r’ 0.24.which is higher than the table value of ‘r’
(.05=21) indicated o positive significant relation between
two variable Parental involvement & Social Preference
on level the calculative value 0.24 is smaller than table
value (.01=28) show a positive insignificant relation. Thus
in girls when parental involvement increases, the social
preference also increases.
was 99.35 and SD 15.16 and mean of social behavior of
girls was 106.21 and SD 15.24.The calculative value of
‘r’ -0.040 which is higher than the table value of (.05=21)
indicated a negative significant relationship between two
variable Parental involvement on .01 level the calculative
value (.24) is smaller than table value (.28) shows a
negative insignificant relation. Thus in girls when
parental involvement increases, the social behavior also
increases.
of boys was 94.17 And SD 14.88 and mean of social
preference of boy was 117.37, SD 17.82. the calculative
value of ‘r’ -0.183 which is higher than the table value at
.05 level (.21) indicated a negative significant relationship
between two variable parental involvement and social
preference on .01 level the calculative value -0.19 is
smaller the table value .24 is smaller the table value
(.28) show a negative insignificant relation .Thus in boys
when parental involvement increases, the social
preference also increases.
33
6.
of boys was 94.17, SD 14.77 and mean of social
behavior of boys was 105.97, S.D 12.03.The calculative
value of ‘r’ -0.06 which is higher than the table value at
.05 levels (.21) indicated a negative significant
relationship between two variable parental involvement
&social behavior on .01 levels the calculative value 0.07938 is smaller than table value (.28) show a negative
insignificant relation .Thus in boys when parental
involvement increases, the social behavior also
increases.
Educational Implication - “Positive Parental Involvement
will always have a positive effect.”
Parental involvement was most effective in adolescents
of social preference and social behavior. Parental involvement
supportive actions to show their children how to make
improvements. They show their love and cheer for their children
on to perform at their best. Even when that performance
falls short they offer involvement and support. The parents
should understand that their children will not be good at
everything .They should positive involvement their children
to explore their interests, do their best and try to learn how
to better next time.
Actively participation parents help their children in their
academic development by going to school and participating
in open houses. By keenly observing the behavior of their
children they can rightly judge the kind of behavior or the
allocation of resources required by their children.
References :1. Aggarwal, R & Kapoor, M. (1998),’’Parents participation
in children’s academic activities in relation to their
academic achievement at the primary level’’.Journal of
Indian Education, P.P.61-67.
2. Mathur S.S.Dr., Social Psychology, Punjab University
Chandgarh, Vinod Pustak Mandir.
3. Michigan Department education (2001) ‘’Parent
involvement in children’s academic achievement’’
4. Walia J.S., (2003), Learner, Learning and Cognition,
Punjab, Aham Paul Publishing House.
*************
34
Food Habit Of Adolescent Girls Of Different SocioEconomic Status - A Case Study
Dr. Abha Tiwari * Veena Shrivastava **
Abstract - Food habit is important for the adolescents. They learn how to take food at home. They should understand
the importance of taking meal at regular interval. Each meal is important. With change in food market, where packaged,
ready to eat food items are readily available, is influencing regularity of taking meal. It is important that adolescents gets
into habit of washing hands before and after eating, that they take meal after properly sitting etc.
With this background, a study has been carried out with the objective to know the food habits of early adolescent boys
of different socio-economic status.
Hundred girl students of class VIII to Xth were randomly selected. A self-developed questionnaire was administered
on the chosen sample. The results show that there is no influence of socio-economic status (SES) in number of times
of taking meals, there is no influence of socio-economic status (SES) in method of taking meal and washing hands
before taking meals while there is influence of SES with regard to place of taking lunch is found, For the study null
hypothesis were set for different objectives.
Introduction - Taking three or four meal in a day in regular
interval is important for healthy growth of everyone. The
adolescent age requires essentially body building and
protective foods as there is spurt in growth, maturation and
development of bones. It is also important that they take
meal by following proper method and also take care of
cleanliness like washing of hands before meal so that undue
diseases are not carried into the body.
The adolescents in present stage of society are now
more aware of their eating requirements. With media helping
to create more awareness about the dietary requirements
has increased in the society.
With this background study is carried out on influence of
socio-economic status on number of times of taking meal,
place of taking lunch, method of taking meal and washing
hands before taking a meal.
Objective of Study - Study is carried to know the results
with regard to early adolescent girls on their following food
habits 1. To study influence of socio-economic status on taking
number of meals daily.
2. To study influence of socio-economic status on place
of taking lunch.
3. To study influence of socio-economic status on method
of taking meals.
4. To study influence of socio-economic status on washing
hands before taking meals.
Hypotheses - The following hypotheses are formulated based
on objectives of the study. These are stated in null hypothesis
form.
1. There is no influence of socio-economic status of early
adolescent girls on taking number of meals daily.
*
2.
There is no influence of socio-economic status of early
adolescent girls on place of taking lunch.
adolescent girls on method of taking meals.
adolescent girls on washing hands before taking meals.
Methodology - For the purpose of study 100 adolescent
girls of the age group 10-14 years, were randomly selected
from government and private schools. A questionnaire
containing the questions regarding the study constituents
was prepared by the investigator and administered under
the normal conditions. Socio-economic status scale of
L.N.Dubey and B. Nigam is used for segregation of data as
per socio-economic status.
Sample Table 1
Sample
Lower Lower Middle Upper Upper Total
Class
Middle Class Middle Class
Class
Class
Girls 16
20
14
19
31
100
Analysis and Discussions of Results:
Table 2 (See in the last page)
From the results it is clear that girls take meal more
than once in a day. The obtained chi-square value for each
of responses is statistically significant. As such there is
influence of socio-economic status on number of times of
taking meals. The result shows that significant percentage
of girls of lower socio-economic status take meal twice in a
day. The result shows that most of the girls of all socioeconomic status categories take meal thrice in a day. For
Prof. & H.O.D.(Human Development) Govt. M.H. College of Home Sci.& Sci. for Women, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA
**
Research Scholar (Human Development) Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA
the response, “Four times”, the result shows that very less
percentage of the girls with lower socio-economic status
category take meal four times in a day. Thus, it can be
inferred that, there is no influence of socio-economic status
of adolescent girls in number of times of taking meals in
day.
From the results it is clear that for the response, “At
home”, for the question “Where do you take lunch?” the
obtained value of chi-square is 111.06 which is statistically
significant at 0.01 level. The result shows that most of
the adolescent girls with upper middle class socioeconomic status take lunch at home compare to nil
response from the girls with lower middle socio-economic
status. For the response, “In school”, the obtained value
of chi-square is 72.83, which is statistically significant at
0.01 level. The result shows that most of the girls with
lower and lower middle socio-economic status category
take lunch in school compare to less percentage of girls
with upper socio-economic status. Thus, it can be inferred
that there is influence of socio-economic status in place of
taking lunch in adolescent girls.
From the results it is clear that for the response, “Sitting
on the floor”, for the question “How do you take meal?” the
obtained value of chi-square is 220.44 which is statistically
significant at 0.01 level. The result shows that most of the
adolescent girls with lower and lower middle socio-economic
status take meal sitting on floor compare to nil response
from girls with other socio-economic status. For the
response, “On dining table”, the obtained value of chi-square
is 145.04, which is statistically significant at 0.01 level. The
result shows that most of the girls with upper socio-economic
status take meal on dining table compare to nil response
from girls with lower middle and lower socio-economic status.
Thus, it can be inferred that there is influence of socioeconomic status in place of taking food in early adolescent
girls.
From the results it is clear that for the response, “Wash
Hands”, for the question “Whether you wash your hands
before taking meal?” the obtained value of chi-square is 19.20
which is statistically significant at 0.01 level. The result
shows that significant percentage of the adolescent girls
with lower, lower middle and middle socio-economic status
wash their hands compare to girls with upper-middle and
upper socio-economic status. For the response, “do not
wash”, the obtained value of chi-square is 6.30, which is
statistically not significant at 0.05 level. The result shows
that there is no significant difference in responses within the
categories. All the socio-economic status categories girls
behave in similar manner. For the response, “sometime wash
hands”, the obtained value of chi-square is 28.74, which is
statistically not significant at 0.01 level. The result shows
that there is significant difference in responses within the
categories. Thus, it can be inferred that there is influence of
socio-economic status in habit of washing hands before
meals in early adolescent girls.
35
Discussions - It is evident from the analysis of factor, that
how many times they eat during the day; it is found that
there is influence of socio-economic status for all the four
options. The girls of lower socio-economic status large
percentage are found to take meal only twice daily. This
may be due to the economic status of their family where
enough food for three time meal is not available and what is
available the preference as per social structure is given to
male member of the family. With regard to factor “Where
they take lunch”, it is evident that there is influence of socioeconomic status on the factor on girls. The higher socioeconomic status level girls take their lunch at home while
those of lower and lower middle socio-economic status, take
their lunch at school. This may be due to the fact that girls
of lower and lower middle socio-economic status study in
government schools where they are provided with mid day
meal. The girls of higher socio-economic status take their
lunch at home as they have enough provision at home
because of their economic condition. The school in which
they study are private schools, where there is no provision
of mid day meal. Some of the students of these categories
bring their own tiffin for lunch as timing of these schools are
such that they reach very late in the afternoon to home to
cope up with hunger and take food in tiffin in the school.
It is evident from the results that there is influence of socioeconomic status in girls in their method of taking meal in
case of taking meal sitting on table. The result is reflecting
of fact that higher socio-economic status have table in their
home while same is not available with lower socio-economic
status. In case of taking meal on bed, no influence in noted.
It is because of fact that in social system, girls are involved
in more house hold activities and for them meal taking is not
formally organized.
The results of the question “Whether you wash your hand
before taking food?” it is found there is influence of socioeconomic status. This may be due to the fact that lower level
socio-economic status girls study in government school where
mid day meal is provided. On account of teacher control, the
students wash their hand before meal. In case higher socioeconomic status they are using support utensils like spoon,
fork etc., for taking food and therefore do not consider washing
hands.
References :1 Barman Gyatri (2005), Adolescence, Second Edition,
Shiva Prakashan, Indore, Pg-63-66
2. Bhargav Mahesh (1978), Modern Psychological Tests
and Measurements, Fourth Edition, Har Prasad
Bhargaw, Agra, Pg. 336.
3. Elizhbeth B. Hurlock (1964), Child Development,
Fourth Edition, Tata Mc-Graw-Hill, New York, Pg.-705.
4. Moorjani Janki Dr. (2010), Child Development, First
Edition, Awishkar Publishers, Jaipur (Rajasthan), Pg. 178
Journals 1 Ambrosini, G.L.; Oddy, W.H. & Robinson, M. (2009),
“Adolescent dietary patterns are associated with lifestyle
and family psycho-social factors.” Journal Public Health
Nutrition, 2009 Oct:12(10):1807-15. [Online: web]. URL:
2
http://www.ncbi.nim.nih. gov/pubmed/ 19161648.
Birch, L.L. & Fisher, J.O. (1998), “Development of eating
behaviours among children and adolescents.” Medline,
Paediatrics, March 101(3 Pt 2): 539-48. [Online: web].
URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/pubmed/ 12224660.
3
Clifford Stevenson (2007) - “Adolescents’ views of food
and eating: Identifying barriers to healthy eating”, Journal
on Adolescence available on website http://
sciencedirect. com.
Table 2 - Information related to Number of Time of taking meals of girls
Options for
reply
Response in Percent (N=100)
Lower lower
Middle
Upper
Class
Middle
Class
Middle
Class
Class
Once
5.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Twice
50.00
28.00
5.90
8.30
Thrice
45.00
64.00
44.10
62.50
Four times
0.00
8.00
50.00
29.20
Degree of Freedom - 4
df
Value
P-Value
Upper
Class
0.00
7.70
71.80
20.50
4
20.00
<0.01
4
72.62
<0.01
4
10.57
<0.05
4
70.43
<0.01
Table Value of ‘’ at 0.01=13.28
Table 3 - Information related to Place of taking Lunch of girls
Options for
reply
Lower lower
Middle
Upper
Class
Middle
Class
Middle
Class
Class
At home
10.00
0.00
55.90
75.00
In school
90.00
96.00
44.10
25.00
Not sure
0.00
4.00
0.00
0.00
df
Value
P-Value
Upper
Class
64.10
4
111.06
<0.01
35.90
4
72.83
<0.01
0.00
4
16.00
<0.01
Table 4 - Information related to Method of taking Meals of girls
Options for
reply
Lower lower
Middle
Upper
Class
Middle
Class
Middle
Class
Class
Sitting on Floor
80.00
64.00
0.00
0.00
On dining table
0.00
0.00
64.70
62.50
On Bed
20.00
12.00
11.80
20.80
Not sure
0.00
24.00
23.50
16.70
df
Value
P-Value
Upper
Class
0.00
4
220.44
82.10
4
145.04
12.80
4
5.27
5.10
4
34.10
<0.01
<0.01
>0.05
<0.01
Table 5 - Information related to washing Hands before taking meal of girls
Options for
reply
Wash Hands
Do not wash hands
sometime wash
hands
Lower lower
Class
Middle
Class
27
22
44
56
29
22
Middle
Class
27
50
23
36
Upper
Middle
Class
8
33
59
df
Value
P-Value
Upper
Class
9
46
45
4
4
4
19.20
6.30
28.74
*************
<0.01
>0.05
<0.01
37
Gender Risk Profile In Acute Myocardial
Infarction In Jabalpur Population
Nidhi Jain* Dr. Meera Vaidya** Dr. Smita Pathak***
Abstract - Acute myocardial infarction is a leading cause of death throughout the world. Very limited data is available
regarding the prevalence of various risk factors in different genders which is why this study was planned. Objectives of
the study were to look for the risk factors most prevalent in both the genders. 200 consecutive patients in Cardiology
department presenting with acute MI were studied. Risk factors associated with acute MI were studied like - family
history of premature CAD, previous history of CAD, smoking, hypertension, BMI, diabetes. Patients were divided into
two groups. Group A -patients were male and group B patients were female. Risk factors were compared in both the
groups. Out of 200 patients diagnosed with AMI, 145 were males and 55 females. Smoking was main risk factor in
males(28% regular smokers and 15% occasional smokers),where as previous history of CAD was less frequent in both
the groups (6.90% in male and 1.81% in female). Diabetes was more frequent in females (47.27%) as compared to
males (33.79%). Family history of CAD was 37.9% in males and 36.36% in females.Hypertension was 34.48% in males
and 60% in females.Smoking, hypertension and diabetes are the major modifiable risk factors in our study. A male who
is smoker or a female who is diabetic, and having a family history presenting with chest pain, can always be suspected
of coronary artery disease.
Key Words - Acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, risk factors.
Introduction - Coronary heart disease has emerged as a
major health problem in developing countries including India.
Overall prevalence has increased from 2.06 percent in 1970
to 5 percent in 2002 in rural area and 1.04%in early 1960 to
13.02% in 2004 in urban area .The Global Burden of Diseases
(GBD) study reported the estimated mortality from CHD in
India at 1.6 million in the year 2000. It has been predicted
that by 2020 there would be a 111 percent increase in
cardiovascular deaths in India. This increase is much more
than 77 percent for China, 106 percent for other Asian
countries and 15 percent for economically developed
countries. (Deshpande and Dixit 2008 ). Identification of risk
factors is an essential prerequisite to contain this menacing
problem. Present study was conceived which is an attempt
to study the risk factors associated with the development of
acute myocardial infarction (A.M.I.). (1)
The risk factors that predispose to atherosclerosis and
resultant IHD are age sex and genetics. Males are much
more prone to atherosclerosis (Tannaet al 2013) and its
consequences than are females. MI and other complications
of atherosclerosis are uncommon in premenopausal women
unless they are predisposed by diabetes, hyperlipidemia,
or severe HT. After menopause, however the incidence of
atherosclerosis-related diseases increases, probably owing
to a decrease in natural oestrogen levels.(2)
The term myocardial infarction reflects death of cardiac
myocytes caused by prolonged ischaemia(3). It can be defined
from a number of different perspectives related to clinical,
electrocardiographic (ECG), biochemical and pathologic
characteristics.
Review literatures suggest that certain factors were
predictive of death in patients admitted to hospital with
myocardial infarction.(4) Chief among these were age, previous
medical history (diabetes, previous infarction), indicators of
large infarct size, including site of infarction (anterior vs
inferior), low initial blood pressure and the extent of ischemia
as expressed by ST segment elevation and/or depression
on the electrocardiogram. These factors remain operative
today. (5) Very limited data is available regarding the prevalence
of various risk factor for MI. Keeping in view these facts, a
study of risk factors in different gender of patients with acute
MI was planned.
Material And Methods - 200 patients with acute myocardial
infarction admitted to the intensive care unit of Marble City
and City Hospital were investigated.Diagnosis of acute
myocardial infarction of the patients were established in the
presence of at least two of the following criteria: a) clinical:
pain in the anterior thoracic location, b) electrocardiogram
c) enzymatic criteria: high levels troponin T. Electrocardiograms were performed on hospital admission,after the initial
treatment, at the emergency department. Patients with at least
one of the following conditions were excluded.
Exclusion criteria - Patients below 25 years of age and
above 55 years of age and those with multiple organ failure,
*
Research Scholar, Govt. Auto. M.H.College of Home Science & Science for Women, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA
**
Professor and Head (Food & Nutrition) Govt. Auto. M.H.College of Home Science & Science for Women,
Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA
***
Professor (Food & Nutrition)Govt. Auto. M.H.College of Home Science & Science for Women, Jabalpur
(M.P.) INDIA
†
repeated MI and other severe cardiac or cerebrovascular
complications were excluded from the study.A standardized
questionnaire was filled at the time of admission acquire
information regarding previous medical history, clinical
presentation at hospital admission and other risk factors
related information. Myocardial infarction risk factors were
defined as follows:dyslipidemia, hypertension and/or
diabetes was considered present, if the patient was treated
for dyslipidemia, hypertension and/or diabetes or if it was
previously diagnosed by a primary care physician according
to guidelines (6),(7). A family history of coronary artery
disease (CAD) was considered present, if a first-degree
relative younger than 60 years had CAD.
Result - 200 patients who were diagnosed with AMI were
investigated. Baseline demographics and clinical
characteristics of patients are demonstrated in Table 1. The
number of patients in the male group was 145. Their ages
ranged from 25 to 55 years with a mean age of 47.21 for
males and 49.6 for female. In all these patients (34.48%)
were hypertensive,(33.79%) were diabetic and 28% regular
smokers and 15% occasional smokers. And in female group
total numbers of patients were 55. The age ranges of were
25-55 with a mean age of 49.6 (Table-1). In female patients
hypertensive were (60%), diabetic were (47.27%).In both the
groups previous history of CAD was least frequent (6.90%
in male and 1.81% in female). When comparing diabetes as
a risk factors female patients were more in number male vs
female, 33.79% and 47.27% (Table-1). Preobesity was more
in females(36.36%) than in males (27.5%)and class I obesity
was more in males (12.4%) than in females(9.09%).
When comparing the electrographic location of AMI in
both groups, AWMI is the frequent in both sexes [(60), 41%
in male and (25), 45.45% in female)]. There were (40),27.5%
males and(15),27% females with ASMI and (35),24% males
and (10),18% females with IWMI.ALMI was least in both the
sexes (10), 7% in males and5, 10% in females.(Fig 1)
Discussion - In the case series studied, significant
differences in risk factor between males and females
presenting with AMI was observed. In acute myocardial
infarction, in both sexes, smoking and family history of CAD
were the most prevalent risk factors, while previous history
of CAD is least. Family history is also an important risk
factor in the study.
In the present study smoking is the prominent risk
factors in males. Morbidity and mortality in coronary artery
disease is a consequence of a complex interplay between
coronary atherosclerosis (fixed component) & superimposed
factors such as vasomotor tone, platelet aggregation and
intraluminal thrombosis (dynamic component). It is the
dynamic components of this equation that contribute to
abrupt or semiabrupt, transient or permanent coronary
occlusion leading to acute myocardial infarction and possibly
ischemic sudden cardiac death (8),(9)Smoking may thus
contribute to increased coronary artery disease morbidity and
mortality by directly or indirectly influencing the atherosclerotic
lesion per se and/or by promoting coronary occlusive
phenomena through an interaction with dynamic factors.
38
Some authors have reported a low prevalence of
systemic arterial hypertension in young patients with acute
myocardial infarction(10),(11) our data is not in accordance
with these results, because approximately only 41.50% had
a history of systemic arterial hypertension . Diabetes mellitus
was not a prominent risk factors for AMI in both groups in
our study although the female were more diabetic as
compared to male. Previous history of dyslipidemia was also
not a prominent risk factor in both sexes. Finally,
approximately half of the males & females in our study had
a familial history of early coronary artery disease. Our results
have shown that a familial history of coronary artery disease
is an important cardiovascular risk factor in young patients
of both sexes and to some extent diabetes in females
contributes its importance as a risk for CAD.
Conclusion - Smoking, hypertension,family history of CAD
were the major modifiable risk factors in both the sexes. If a
male who is smoker or a female who is diabetic, with a
positive family history presents in emergency room with
chest pain, they can always be suspected of coronary artery
disease. Other conventional risk factors are also prevalent
but previous history of CAD and previous history of
dyslipidemia are not a major health problem.
Suggestion - Such studies should be taken up on a larger
scale to bring awareness of the prevalent risk factors .
Table. 1 (See in the next page)
AWMI- Anterior wall myocardial infarction, IWMI- Inferior
wall myocardial infarction, PWMI- Posterior wall myocardial
infarction, RVMI- Right ventricular myocardial infarction,
LWMI- Lateral wall myocardial infarction
References :1. Deshpande J. D and Dixit J. V.2008 Risk factors for
acute myocardial infarction:A hospital based case
control study.Health and Population- Perspective and
Issues .Vol.31(3), 164-169.
2. Nita A Tanna , Rakesh SiyaramSrivastava, Vilpa
Arvindbh aiTanna, HetalVithalbhaiVaishnani 2013, The
role of unknown risk factors in myocardial infarction.
IJBAR .04(06).
3. The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American
College of Cardiology Committee. Myocardial infarction
redefined—A consensus document of the Joint European
Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology
for the redefinition of myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J.
2000;21:1502–13.
4. Norris RM, Caughey DE, Mercer CJ et al. Prognosis
after myocardial infarction. Six-year follow-up.Br Heart
J. 1974; 36:786–90.
5. Lee KL, Woodlief LH, Topol EJ et al. Predictors of 30day mortality in the era of reperfusion for acute
myocardial infarction. Results from an international
trialof 41,021 patients.GUSTO-I Investigators.
Circulation. 1995; 91:1659–68.
6. Fourth Joint Task Force of the European Society of
Cardiology and Other Societies on Cardiovascular
Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (Constituted by
representatives of nine societies and by invited experts),
7.
8.
9.
10. Fournier JA, Sánches A, Quero J, Fernandez-Cortacero
JAP, Gonzales-BarreroA.Myocardial infarction in men
aged 40 years or less: a prospective clinicalangiographic
study. ClinCardiol 1996; 19: 631-6.
11. Hoit BD, Gilpin EA, Henning H, et al. Myocardial
infarction in young patient: an analysis by age subsets.
Circulation 1986; 74: 712-21.
12. Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection,
Evaluation and Treatment of High Blod Pressure. The
sixth report of the joint national committee on prevention,
detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood
pressure. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 2413-44.
13. III ConsensoBrasileiro de Hipertensão Arterial. Campos
do Jordão, 1998
Rev Socied Bras de Hipert 1998; 1(supl.): 1-35. women
with chronic stable coronary heart disease. Cardiovasc
Risk Factors 1996; 6: 284-8.
Graham, I., Atar, D., Borch-Johnsen, K., et al. European
guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in
clinical practice: executive summary. Eur Heart J 2007;
28:2375–2414.
Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, et al. ESHESC practice guidelines for the management of arterial
hypertension: ESH-ESC Task Force on the
Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens
2007;25:1751–62.
Davies MJ, Thomas A. Thrombosis and acute coronaryartery lesions in sudden cardiac ischemic death. N Engl
J Med 1984; 310:1137-40.
Falk E. Unstable angina with fatal outcome: dynamic
coronary thrombosis leading to infarction and/or sudden
death: autopsy evidence of recurrent mural thrombosis
with peripheral embolization culminating in total vascular
occlusion. Circulation 1985;71:699-708.
Table. 1 Various risk factors of AMI (acute myocardial infarction)
Male
(%)
Mean age
47.21
Diabetes
33.79%
Hypertension
34.48%
Previous history of Dyslipidemia 3%
Previous history of CAD
6.90%
No disease history
38.62%
Family history of CAD
37.9%
Underweight
0.68%
Normal weight
58.6%
Pre Obesity
27.50%
Class I Obesity
12.40%
Class II Obesity
0.68%
Class III Obesity
Smoking
28%
Regular
Occasional
15%
39
Variables
(N)
49
50
4
12
56
55
1
85
40
18
1
41
Female
(%)
49.6
47.27
60%
1.50%
1.81%
25.45%
36.36%
1.81%
36.36%
36.36%
9.09%
12.76%
3.62%
-
(N)
26
33
1
3
14
20
1
20
20
5
7
2
-
22
-
-
Fig 1. Electrographic location of MI
Total
(%)
37.50%
41.50%
3.50%
20.65%
35%
37.5%
1.00%
52.00%
30.00%
11.50%
4.00%
1.50%
31.5%%
(N)
75
83
5
15
70
75
2
105
60
23
8
3
63
40
Knowledge Attitude And Practices Regarding
Pregnancy And Lactation Of Bhariya Tribal Women Of
Patalkot Valley Of Chhindwara District, M.P.
Kavita Juneja* Dr. Nandita Sarkar ** Dr. Meera Vaidya***
Abstract - A cross sectional study was carried out in Patalkot area of Tamia block of Chhindwara district Madhya
Pradesh to assess the knowledge, attitude and Practices of mothers regarding pregnancy and lactation. Findings
revealed that 76% of selected respondents agreed that calorie requirement increases during pregnancy and lactation
however only 11% reported to have consumed food as per the guideline given by the ICDS workers. However 89% women
reported that their diet depended on their hunger. 67% of women had knowledge regarding consumption of milk during
pregnancy and lactation but only 2% were consuming it once a week however 98% were consuming rarely in the form of
tea. It might be due to the fact that the milk was hardly available. Although 51% of the selected respondents had
knowledge regarding supplements but only 17% consumed it provided by the ICDS centres. 6% respondents had
knowledge regarding avoidance of alcohol during pregnancy and lactation as it affect growth of the foetus however 100%
of the respondents actually avoided the consumption of alcohol and smoking during pregnancy. 97% of the respondent
had knowledge and a wrong attitude regarding certain foods to be avoided during pregnancy considering to be hot or cold
food. However 100% of the respondents practiced it. Although the percentage of knowledge regarding extra calorie
intake and supplements was more but due to self imposed restriction tribal women were not practicing. Avoidance of
certain foods due to the concept of hot and cold was deep rooted in them.
Introduction - Health and nutritional related problems during
pregnancy impact not only on women’s quality of life, but
consequently on her newborn’s well being after delivery, her
family members as well. Adequate nutritional intake during
pregnancy has been recognized as an important factor for
healthy pregnancy and desired birth outcomes (Bawadia et
al., 2010). It has been found that deficiency of nutrients during
gestation may cause the fetus to receive suboptimal micro
and macro nutrients, causing inadequate intrauterine growth
and development, inherited malformations, preterm deliveries,
and pregnancy complications (Redmer et al., 2004). Thus,
attention to appropriate dietary behavior and proper nutrient
intake will supply adequate nourishment to achieve optimum
health for both mother and child (Wen et al., 2010; Verbeke
& De Bourdeaudhuij, 2007).
The diet of a woman during pregnancy and after delivery
depends on her family’s ability to provide for her. A pregnant
and lactating woman’s diet was however noted to be
traditionally restrictive. A prime objective of the present study
was to assess the knowledge attitude and practices of the
selected women regarding pregnancy and lactation.
Methodology: A total of 113 women with at least one child
aged less than 35 months were interviewed to assess their
knowledge attitude and practices regarding dietary habits
during their pregnancy and lactation period. A pre tested
performa was used to assess Knowledge attitude and
practices regarding pregnancy, lactation, breastfeeding and
weaning. Questions regarding requirement of extra food,
consumption of milk, iron, folic acid and calcium
supplementation, avoidance of certain foods during
pregnancy and lactation were recorded. Information regarding
initiation of breast feeding, frequency of feeding, practice of
giving pre lacteal feeds, exclusive breast feeding
Results and Discussion Table No 1 (See in the next page)
Table No 2 (See in the next page)
Table No 2 (See in the next page)
The analysis of data regarding knowledge, attitude and
practices during pregnancy and lactation is depicted in Tables
1, 2, 3. 76 % of selected respondents agreed that calorie
requirement increases during pregnancy and lactation
however only 11% reported to have consumed food as per
the guideline given by the ICDS workers. However 89%
women reported that their diet depended on their hunger.
67% of women had knowledge regarding consumption of
milk during pregnancy and lactation but only 2% consumed
it once a week however 98% had consumed rarely in the
form of tea. It might be due to the fact that the milk was
*
Guest Lecturer, Rajmata Scindia Govt Girls College, Chhindwara (M.P.) INDIA
**
Professor, Govt. M.H. College of Science and Home Science, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA
***
Professor, Govt. M.H. College of Science and Home Science, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA
hardly available. Although 51% of the selected respondents
had knowledge regarding supplements but only 17%
consumed it provided by the ICDS centres. 6% respondents
had knowledge regarding avoidance of alcohol during
pregnancy and lactation as it affect growth of the foetus
however 100% of the respondents actually avoided the
consumption of alcohol and smoking during pregnancy. Only
23% of the respondents had positive attitude regarding
consumption of extra calorie and supplements during
pregnancy and lactation where as 97% of the respondent
had knowledge and a wrong attitude regarding certain foods
to be avoided during pregnancy considering to be hot or
cold food. However 100% of the respondents practiced it.
Similar findings were revealed by Qamar et al (2006) that Bhils
consumed no special foods during pregnancy however few
foods such as fishes, chillies, full liquor, papaya are tabooed
socially as these are considered to be hot and may abort the
foetus. Strongly odoured foods (‘amla, ‘dhania’) are also
prohibited as it causes nausea. Sugar dissolved in water under
such condition was also prohibited. Twinned fruits and tuber
are also prohibited as it with a belief of having twins.
Conclusion - From the above findings it is concluded that
although knowledge was more but practice was less. It is
suggested that government should launch appropriate
continuous programs to improve the attitude and practices
41
regarding pregnancy and lactation inorder to improve the
nutritional status of mothers.
References :1. Bawadia, H. A.,O. Al-Kuranb, L.A. Al-Bastonia, R.F.
Tayyemc, A. Jaradatd, G. Tuurie, S.N.Al-Beitawif and
L.M. Al-Mehaisenb.2010. Gestational Nutrition Improves
Outcomes of Vaginal Deliveries in Jordan: An
Epidemiologic Screening. Journal of Nutrition Research,
30 (2): 110- 117
2. Food consumption pattern and Associated habits of the
Bhil tribe of Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh. www.
rmrct,org/file- rmrc-web/centers/ NSTH06-27.SR.Q
amara.Pdf.
3. Redmer, D. A., J. M. Wallace, and L. P. Reynolds. 2004.
Effect of Nutrient Intake during Pregnancy on Fetal and
Placental Growth and Vascular Development. Domestic
Animal Endocrinology, 27 (3): 199–217
4. Verbeke, W. and I. De Bourdeaudhuij. 2007. Dietary
Behaviour of Pregnant Versus Non-Pregnant Women.
Appetite, 48 (1): 78–86.
5. Wen, L. M., V. M. Flood, J.M. Simpson, C. Rissel and
L.A. Baur. 2010. Dietary Behaviours During Pregnancy:
Findings from First-Time Mothers in Southwest Sydney,
Australia. Int. J. Behavioural Nutrition and Physical
Activity, 7: 13.
Table No 1 - Distribution of study subjects based on their knowledge regarding pregnancy and lactation
Knowledge
Response
Percentage (%)
During Pregnancy and lactation calorie requirement increases than normal
Yes
76
Consumption of milk is essential for pregnant and lactating women
Yes
67
Iron, folic acid and calciumsupplementation is essential during pregnancy
Yes
51
and lactation
Smoking and alcohol during pregnancy affects the health of fetus
Yes
6
Certain foods should be avoided during pregnancy and lactation as they are
Yes
97
‘hot or cold foods’
Table No 2 - Distribution of study subjects based on their Attitude regarding pregnancy and lactation
Attitude
Response
Percentage (%)
Pregnant and lactating should take more calories
Agree
23
Pregnant and lactating should take milk and milk product
Agree
33
Pregnant and lactating should take supplements
Agree
23
Pregnant and lactating should avoid smoking and alcohol
Agree
76
Pregnant and lactating should avoid certain food such as hot or cold food Agree
97
Table No 3 - Distribution of study subjects based on their Practices regarding pregnancy and lactation
Practices
Response
Percentage (%)
During pregnancy and lactation extra calories were consumed
Yes
11
During pregnancy and lactation milk is consumed
daily
0
Once a week
2
rarely
98
During pregnancy and lactation iron and folic acid supplements are consumed
Yes
17
During pregnancy smoking and alcohol was avoided
Yes
100
During lactation fermented mahua drinks was consumed
Yes
83
During pregnancy and lactation certain foods are avoided
Yes
100
*************
42
Herbal Plants Use For Health And Medicience
Sangeeta Rachiyata *
Introduction - Ayurveda is a holistic system of medicine
that is indigenous to and widely practiced in India. The word
Ayurveda is a Sanskrit term meaning “science of life”. AYU
means “life” or “daily living”. And VEDA is “knowing”. Ayurveda
was first recorded in the VEDAS, the world’s oldest extant
literature. This healing system has been practiced in daily
life in India for more than 5,000 years. Ayurveda is the
science of life which balance us in being healthy.
Medicinal plants have always been considered a healthy
source of life for all people. Ayurveda already has a list of
plants whose efficiency in the treatment and control of
common illnesses has been proven beyond doubt over
several centuries. India has come up with a tested package
of plants and medical herbs that are useful in the treatment
of common illnesses like fevers. Headaches, dysentery,
jaundice and stomach problems and which can be easily
grown in household gardens and directly consumed by people
who may require them. The package of plants selected also
includes plants useful for preventive and promotive health
care. Therapeutical properties of medical plants are very
useful in healing various diseases and the advantage of
these medicinal plants is being 100% natural. A survey
conducted by the All India Coordinated Research project on
Ethno biology (AICRPE) during the last decade recorded
over 8000 species of wild plants used by the tribals and
other traditional communities in India for treating various
health problems. 30 of medicinal preparations are derived
from roots, 14% bark, 16% whole plants, 5% flowers, 10%
fruits, 6% leaves, 7% seeds, 3% wood, 4% rhizomes 6%
stems and only less than 20% of the species used are
cultivated.
Material And Method:
India is a country known for ancient scripts, the number
system, invention of zero and Vedas. Medicines in India are
used by about 60 percent of the world’s population. These
are not only used for primary health care not just in rural
areas in developing countries, but also in developed countries
as well where modern medicines are predominantly used.
While the traditional medicines are derived from medicinal
plants, minerals, and organic matter, the herbal drugs are
prepared from medicinal plants only.
Use of plants as a source of medicine has been an
ancient practice and is an important component of the health
care system in India. In the Indian systems of medicine,
most practitioners formulate and dispense their own recipes.
*
With the scripts in the Atharva Veda, we have evidence of a
traditional use of medicinal plants that is more than 3000
years old. Traditionally, in India, plants with medicinal value
were grown in home gardens. These plants were used
effectively as self help remedies for managing primary health
care.
Home remedies are actually made at home, and hence
turn out to be less expensive than other forms of medicine.
Home remedies, being harmless in comparison to other
forms of medicines, rarely cause side effects. Indian Ayurveda
remedies have been used since ages by ancestors for curing
common ailments.
The medicinal value of various herbal garden plants has
been studied through literature, internet & rural and tribal
medicinmen of Chhatarpur district (M.P.)
Observation:
These are some of the herbal garden plants normally
found in lawns
1. Aloe Vera 2. Black pepper 3. Clove 4. Curry Leaves
5. Coriander 6. Cumin 7. Garlic 8. Ginger 9. Mint 10. Methi
11. Mustard 12. Neem 13. Turmeric 14. Tulsi 15. Goghru.
Medicinal Value:
1. Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis):
l
Because of its healing properties it is widely used to
treat burns and wounds. It is also used to soften the
skin and as a strong laxative.
l
Internally, it is used in fighting against AIDS and the
patients suffering from any virus or infection also
consumes it daily because of its immune system
refreshment properties.
l
Other medicinal uses of aloe Vera are it is helpful in
indigestion, liver problems like hepatitis and cirrhosis,
urinary tract infections, stomach ulcers, kidney
infections, intestinal worms, prostate problems,
congestion, colitis and many more diseases.
2. Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) l
Black pepper has stimulant, expectorant, carminative,
anthelmintic, etc. properties; and it is used for
indigestion, toxins, slow metabolism, obesity, sinusitis,
fever, colds, etc.
l
Peppers have been in used since ancient times for its
anti-inflammatory, carminative, anti-flatulent properties.
l
Black peppercorns contain good amount of minerals
like potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, iron, and
magnesium. Potassium is an important component of
Lecturer (Home Science) CH. B.R.G. Govt. Girls P. G. College, Sri Ganganagar (Raj.) INDIA
cell and body fluids that helps controlling heart rate and
blood pressure.
3. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) l
The active principles in the clove are known to have
antioxidant, antiseptic, local anesthetic, antiinflammatory, rubefacient (warming and soothing),
carminative and anti-flatulent properties.
l
Clove is used extensively in dental care for relieving
toothache, sore gums and oral ulcers. Gargling with
clove oil can also aid in sore throat conditions and bad
breath.
l
Clove oil can be used to reduce infections, wounds,
insect bites and stings.
l
Clove oil clears the respiratory passages, acting as an
expectorant for treating many upper-respiratory
conditions including colds, eye sties, bronchitis, sinus
conditions, cough and asthma.
4. Curry Leaves (Murraya) - Curry leaves comes from
the curry tree, grown in the warm climates of India Curry
leaves are an essential spice in Indian cooking, and are
also known for a variety of healing properties and medicinal
uses. The leaves work as a tonic within the body, stimulating
the digestive system, and improving the quality of digestive
enzymes and fluids that break food down more easily.
5. Coriander (Corandrum sativum) - Coriander is
primarily used in modern medicine as a flavoring agent in
medicines and as a stomach soothing addition to more
irritating compounds. For upset stomach and flatulence relief,
chew on Coriander seeds or drink a tea made from the seeds.
For relief from the pain of rheumatism, pound the seeds and
combine with hot water or tea to make a paste, and then
apply to the affected area. Oatmeal may be added to this
mixture to produce the desired consistency.
6. Cumin (cuminum cyminum) - Cumin is used to
increase the breast size. It is used to relieve swelling of the
breast or the testicles, stimulates the appetite, help boost
the liver’s ability to detoxify the body, relieve symptoms of
cold due to it’s antiseptic properties, increase the heat in
the body thus making metabolism more efficient, paste is
used as treatment for boil strengthens the functions of
stomach and arrests any bleeding, relieve insomnia.
7. Garlic (Allium sativum) - Garlic is an important
medicinal herb that is readily available everywhere Garlic
appears to have anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties. The
list is long when it comes to its uses as a remedy. This list
includes wounds, ulcers, skin infections, flu, athlete’s foot,
some viruses, strep, worms, respiratory ailments, high blood
pressure, blood thinning, cancer of the stomach, colic, colds,
kidney problems, bladder problems, and ear aches, to name
a few. It is believed to cure worms in both people and animals
– try giving the dog a clove of garlic daily.
8. Ginger (zingiber officinale) - Ginger’s ability to
combat a variety of diseases and conditions is due in part to
its impact on excessive inflammation, which is a significant
underlying cause of many illnesses. Inflammation is the
body’s natural healing response to illness or injury, and its
43
pain, redness, heat, and swelling are attempts to keep you
form moving a damaged area while it is being repaired.
Inflammation subsides as the body heals. However, in some
conditions, including arthritis, diverticulitis, gallbladder
inflammation, and heart disease, the inflammation does not
go away. It becomes chronic and leads to many other
problems.
9. Mint - Mint is one of the most common herbs and
extremely popular in alternative medical treatments, Mint
has several medicinal uses in treating skin problems. It is
especially useful in treating acne, itching, inflammation, and
burns. Internally, it is considered excellent for indigestion
and gastrointestinal problems.
Mint is carminative, simulative, and antispasmodic.
Peppermint has the highest concentrations of menthol, while
preparations of spearmint are often given to children. Mint is
good for colds, flu and fevers. It also helps in digestion,
rheumatism, hiccups, stings, ear aches, flatulence and for
throat and sinus ailments, There are also claims that it helps
with motion sickness. Since it relieves indigestion,
biliousness, flatulence, iron deficiency anemia. Including
pudina chutney in everyday meal is very good for health.
Tea prepared with pudina leaves to which a tsp. each of lime
juice and honey are added is an excellent cure for common
cold, sore throat and that bloated sensation in the stomach
after a heavy meal. A face pack of fresh pudina leaves cures
pimples and blackheads and is a very good moisturizer.
10. Methi - Fenugreek (methi) helps in reducing fatty tissue
which in turn helps in reducing weight. The herb is rich in
vitamins and minerals. Leaves and seeds contain calcium,
phosphorus, few vitamins from B-complex group in addition
to vitamin C. It is also rich source of iron. Both leaves and
seeds should be included in normal diet of family, especially
diet of growing kids, pregnant ladies, puberty reaching girls
and elder members of family because they have haematinic
value. Fenugreek has mild laxative property which also helps
cleaning toxins chocked in body systems thus helping
restoration from illness. A past prepared from fenugreek and
few other substances helps soothing irritation of skin and in
addition reduce swelling of the part. Soutikshatra (ayurvedic
gynecology and midwifery) has recommended use of
fenugreek in promoting lactation in breast feeding mothers.
11. Mustard - The most familiar uses of mustard, as a
medicine, are external applications of poultices, plasters,
and liniments. Although not popular in the West as they
once were, mustard plasters are used in many parts of the
world to treat chest congestion from colds, flu, and bronchitis,
as well as bronchial pneumonia, sinusitis, pleurisy, lumbago,
and sciatica.
12. Neem - Medicinal properties of neem have been known
to Indians since time immemorial. The earliest Sanskrit
medical writings refer to the benefits of neem’s fruits, seeds,
oil, leaves, roots and bark. Each of these has been used in
the Indian Ayurvedic and Unani systems of medicine.
In Ayurvedic literature neem is described in the following
manner: ‘Neem bark is cool, bitter, astringent, acrid and
refrigerant. It is useful in tiredness, cough, fever, loss of
appetite, worm infestation. It heals wounds and vitiated
condtions of kapha, vomiting, skin diseases, excessive thirst,
and diabetes. Neem leaves are reported to be beneficial for
eye disorders and insect poisons. It treats Vatik disorder. It
is anti-leprotic. It’s fruits are itter purgative, anti-hemorrhoids
and anthelmintic’ It is claimed that neem provides an anser
to many incurable diseases. Traditionally neem products
have been used against a wide variety of diseases which
include heat-rash, boils, wounds, jaundice, leprosy, skin
disorders, stomach ulcers, chicken pox, etc. Modern
research also confirms neem’s curative powers in case of
many diseases.
13. Turmeric - Turmeric is beneficial in the treatment of
gallbladder problems, hepatitis, indigestion, infections, lack
of appetite, scabies, Alzheimer’s disease, arthritis, asthma,
athlete’s foot, boils, bursitis, breast cancer, colon cancer,
cataracts, colic, dermatitis, diarrhea, eczema, fibrosis,
gallstones, gas, hardening of the arteries, heart disease,
high cholesterol, high triglycerides, inflammation, intestinal
pain, irritable bowel syndrome, jaundice, lack of
44
menstruation, lymph gland problems, menstrual pain,
morning sickness, pain psoriasis, sprains, ulcers, wounds,
yeast infections. It is also being used for the treatment of
bruises, for childbirth, eye inflammation, epilepsy, fever,
hemorrhage, hemorrhoids, itching, and ringworm.
14. Tulsi - Tulsi is known as Holy basil which is worshipped
in the morning and evening by Hindus at large, It is considered
as India’s Queen of herbs. They are largely used in ayurvedic
mediciners. It has got medicinal properties as well as
cosmetic properties, Tulsi is grown in almost all Indian homes.
l
Water boiled with tulsi leaves is good for sore throat. It
can also be gargled.
l
Chewing tulsi leaves treats cold and flu.
l
Tulsi leaf when eaten in the morning purifies blood.
l
It can be used as tooth powder by drying its leaves and
mixed with water.
l
It helps in protecting the entire respiratory tract.
l
Its has many cosmetic properties and used in herbal
soap and also for body scrub. It helps in controlling
dandruff. Tulsi oil can be used for controlling dandruff. It
can be used by mixing with coconut oil.
Reference :1. Personal survey.
*************
45
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46
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g_wXm` H{$ ÒdmÒœ` oejm Edß OrdZ ÒVa _{ß d•o’ hm{ gH{$&
gw P md - J´m_rU g_mO _{ß V{Or g{ [nad©VZ hm{ ahm h°, J´m_rU [nadmam{ß H$r
d{e^yfm VWm d°dmohH$ aroVñnadmOm{ß _{ß ]hwV [nad©VZ Am`m h° [a›Vw
g\$mB© ÒdmÒW Am°a oejm H{$ ]ma{ _{ß CVZm [nad©VZ Zht hwAm h° oOVZm
hm{Zm MmohE& AV: gßMma _m‹`_m{ß H{$ AoYH$ ‡^mdembr C[`m{J H{$ ob`{
oZÂZ gwPmd h° 1. Q{>brodOZ H{$ H$m`©H´$_mß{ H$m{ _Zm{aßO H{$ gmW kmZdY©H$ ^r ]Zm`m
OmZm MmohE&
2. g_mMma [jm{ß gH$mamÀ_H$ kmZ d’©H$ g_mMma oX`{ OmZ{ MmohE&
3. N>mÃ-N>mÃmAmß{ H$m{ _m{]mBb H{$ AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma H$_ C[`m{J H{$ ob`{
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C[`m{J ]∂T>m`m OmZm MmohE&
5. gßMma _m‹`_mß{ H{$ H$m`©H´$_mß{ H$m{ J´m_rU g_wXm` H{$ AZwgma ]Zm`m
OmZm MmohE&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï1. ^maVr` J´m_rU g_mO emÛ- S>m∞. Eb.Eb. Jw·m, S>r.S>r. e_m©
gmohÀ` ^dZ AmJam&
2. odH$mg H$m g_mO emÛ- dßXZm dm{ham, Am{_{Jm [o„bH{$eZ ZB©
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4. J´m_rU g_wXm` _{ß gmOmoOH$ [nad©VZ- ∑bmogH$ [o„bogßJ H$Â[Zr
ZB© oXÑr&
5. Bb{∑Q≠>m{oZH$ o_oS>`m- S>m∞. gwYra gm{Zr, oJareaßOZ oVdmar, dmB©oHß$J
]w∑g O`[wa&
oMÃ gßª`m 1 - ‡`w∫$ gßMma _m‹`_
oMÃ gßª`m 2 - g]g{ ¡`mXm X{I{ OmZ{ dmb{ H$m`©H´$_
*************
47
48
_hmod⁄mb`rZ N>mÃmAm{ß{ H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y [a
gßdJ
{ mÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z
S>m∞. JrVm ew∑bm * ‡roV o_lm **
em{Y gmamße - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß _hmod⁄mb`rZ N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y [a gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ ‡W_
g{_{ÒQ>a _{ß A‹``Z H$aZ{ dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß [a AZwHy$b hmBS> gß¡`m{V [{R Edß C[{›– Ya ¤mam oZo_©V gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ _m[Zr H$m ‡emgZ H$a CÉ Edß
oZÂZ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr H$bm, odkmZ Edß J•h odkmZ gßH$m` H$r 50 - 50 N>mÃmAm{ß H$m M`Z H$a CZH{$ ‡W_ g{_{ÒQ>a H{$ AmYma [mR>ÁH´$_ H{$
‡m·mßH$ AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y H{$ Í$[ _{ß ob`{ J`{ VWm gmßª`H$r` odõ{fU (_‹`_mZ _mZH$ odMbZ Edß H´$mßoVH$ AZw[mV) oH$`m J`m& [naUm_m{ß _{ß
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gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y oZÂZ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ A¿N>r h° odkmZ gßH$m` H$r oZÂZ
gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y CÉ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ h°& J•h odkmZ gßH$m` H$r N>mÃmAm{ß
H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y [a CZH$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm h°&
‡ÒVmdZm - oejm H$r Ïò∫$ H{$ Ïò∫$Àd odH$mg _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m
hm{Vr h°& oejU gßÒWmAm{ß H$m ^r `hr C‘{Ì` hm{Vm h° oH$ dh ]mbH$ H{$
odH$mg Edß AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y H$m{ CfiV H$a{ß& ]mbH$ H$m odH$mg CgH{$
OrdZ _{ß KoQ>V hm{Z{ dmbr ‡À`{H$ KQ>Zm g{ ‡^modV hm{Vm h°& _hmod⁄mb`
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OrdZ _{ß ‡d{e H$aVm h° Am°a Bgr Xm°amZ dh A[Z{ Ï`dgmo`H$ OrdZ H$r
V°`mar H$aVm h°& _hmod⁄mb` _{ß oejm J´hU H$aZ{ H{$ H$maU hr dh C[`w∫$
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hm{Z{ H$m gyMH$mßH$ h°& BgobE Bg{ AÀ`moYH$ _hÀd oX`m OmVm h°&
AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y H$m{ e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^r OmZm OmVm h°&
AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y dh H$m°eb AoO©V kmZ h° oOg{ emb{` odf` H{$ AßH$
‡_moUV H$a{ß `m oejH$ ‡_mo mV H$a{ß `m Xm{Zm{ß ¤mam oH$`m J`m hm{,
AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y H$hbmVr h°&
oH$em{amdÒWm _{ß gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ Z H{$db OrdZ H$r OoQ>bVm H{$
ob`{ daZ g\$bV_ od⁄mWr© OrdZ H{$ ob`{ AmdÌ`H$ h°& gßd{JmÀ_H$
j_VmAm{ß H{$ o]Zm N>mÃ g_yh, amOZroV, AH$mXo_H$ MwZm°oV`m{ß AbH$m{hb
S≠>J Am°a b°oJßH$ g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ gmW A¿N>r Vah OyP Zht gH$Vm& AV:
od⁄mWr© OrdZ _{ß `{ Ma-AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y VWm gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’
_hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m H$m oZdm©h H$aZ{ _{ß ghm`H$ hm{V{ h°& J´rZ dJ© (1995) Z{
^r A[Z{ A‹``Z _{ß ]Vm`m oH$ emb{` N>mÃm{ß H{$ gm_moOH$ d AH$mXo_H$
g_m`m{OZ _{ß gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m `m{JXmZ hm{Vm h°&
C‘{ Ì ` 1. odo^fi gßH$m`m{ß H$r _hmod⁄mb`rZ N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y
[a gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z&
[naH$Î[Zm 1. H$bm/odkmZ/J•hodkmZ gßH$m` H$r _hmod⁄mb`rZ N>mÃmAm{ß H$r
AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y [a gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm h°&
›`mXe© - O]b[wa gß^mJ H{$ emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` H$r ‡W_ g{_{ÒQ>a
H$r H$bm, odkmZ Edß J•hodkmZ H$r N>mÃmAm{ß A‹``Z h{Vw MwZm J`m&
BZ N>mÃmAm{ß [a gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ [arjU H$m ‡emgZ oH$`m J`m&
[arjU H{$ ‡m·mßH$m{ H{$ AmYma [a CZH$m dJr©H$aU CÉ Edß oZÂZ gßdJ
{ mÀ_H$
]wo’ H{$ AmYma [a oH$`m J`m Om{ oZÂZoboIV ›`mXe© VmobH$m _{ß Xem©`{
J`{ h¢ -
*
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**
em{YmWu (_mZd odH$mg) emgH$r` _m{. h. J•hodkmZ Edß odkmZ _ohbm _hmod⁄mb`, Òdemgr, O]b[wa (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ AmYma [a ›`mXe© VmobH$m - 1
gß H $m` gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’
gßª`m
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H$bm
CÉoZÂZ
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_m[Z h{Vw oZÂZoboIV C[H$aUm{ß / [arjUm{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h° 1. gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ _m[Zr (Emotional Intelligence scale)
AZwHy$b hmBS> gß¡`m{V [{R> Edß C[{›– Ya
2. AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y - H$bm, odkmZ, J•hodkmZ gßH$m` H$r ‡W_
g{_{ÒQ>a H$r MòZV N>mÃmAm{ß H{$ AmYma [mR>ÁH´$_ odf` H{$ ‡m·mßH$&
[naUm_m{ß H$m odõ{fU Edß Ï`mª`m VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 2 (X{I{ AJb{ [•> [a)
gmaUr _{ß ‡Xoe©V [naUm_m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{ OmVm h° oH$ H$bm Edß odkmZ
gßH$m` H$r _hmod⁄mb`rZ N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y [a gßd{JmÀ_H$
]wo’ H$m gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& H$bm gßH$m` H$r CÉ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’
dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y oZÂZ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr
N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ A¿N>r h°& odkmZ gßH$m` H$r oZÂZ gßd{JmÀ_H$
]wo’ dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y CÉ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr
N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ A¿N>r h°&
J•hodkmZ gßH$m` H$r _hmod⁄mb`rZ N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$
C[bo„Y [a gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm h°&
gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y [a ‡^md gÂ]›Yr
[naUm_m{ß g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ Z{ H$bm Edß odkmZ gßH$m`
H$r _hmod⁄mb`rZ N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y H$m{ ‡^modV oH$`m
h°& CÉ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr H$bm gßH$m` H$r Edß oZÂZ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’
dmbr odkmZ gßH$m` H$r N>mÃmAm{ß H{$ AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y A[{jmH•$V AoYH$
A¿N>r h°& dV©_mZ ‡oV`m{Jr g_` _{ß N>mÃmEß A[Zr AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y H{$
]ma{ _{ß gOJ h{°& gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ ^r oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ gßd{Jm{ß [a AmYmnaV h°,
oOgH{$ A›VJ©V AmÀ_ OmJÍ$H$Vm, Òd‡]ßYZ, Òd‡{aUm, ghmZw^yoV Edß
gm_moOH$ H$m°eb h° Am°a gm_m›` Í$[ g{ gßd{Jm{ß H$r Vrd´Vm oH$gr ^r H$m`©
H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h°& oOZ N>mÃmAm{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ CÉ h° CZ_{ß
gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ gßKQ>H$ AoYH$ oH´$`merb h°, Om{ dV©_mZ oejm [’oV
H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° Am°a `hr H$maU h° oH$ CZH$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y
A[{jmH•$V A¿N>r h°& odkmZ gßH$m` H$r oZÂZ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$r N>mÃmAm{ß
H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y AoYH$ hm{Z{ H$m gß^modV H$maU dV©_mZ g_` _{ß
Ï`dgm` ‡mo· h{Vw ‡oV`m{Jr [arjmAm{ß _{ß AoYH$ ‹`mZ X{Zm hm{ gH$Vm h°&
J•hodkmZ gßH$m` H$r N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y [a CZH$r
gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m ‡^md Zht [∂S>m h°& Bg ‡H$ma H{$ od[arV [naUm_
49
AmZ{ H$maU gßH$m`mß{ H{$ A›VJ©V [∂T>m`{ OmZ{ dmb{ odf`m{ß H$r ododYVm,
CZH$m H$oR>ZmB© H$m ÒVa Edß e°ojH$ oMßVm H$m hm{Zm `m Z hm{Zm hm{ gH$Vm h°&
H´${_m{ß, OyS>r E_. (2005) Z{ _hmod⁄mb` H{$ od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$
]wo’ Edß e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ _‹` gß]ßY H$m A‹``Z oH$`m& [naUm_m{ß g{
Ò[ÓQ> hwAm h° oH$ gßdJ
{ mÀ_H$ ]wo’ od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H{$ ‡m·mßH$m{ß
H{$ gmW gmW©H$ Í$[ g{ gß]ßoYV Wr& gmW hr `h gßkmZmÀ_H$ `m{Ω`Vm Eßd
CZH$r Am`w H{$ gmW ^r gß]ßoYV Wr& od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r oMßVm gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’
H{$ Hw$N> H$maH$m{ß H{$ gmW gß]ßoYV [mB© JB©& C[bo„Y Ao^‡{aUm Edß
gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ _‹` gß]ßY Zht [m`m J`m& gÂ[yU© [naUm_m{ß H$m{ EH$
—oÓQ> g{ X{IZ{ [a Ò[ÓQ> hm{ OmVm h° oH$ e°ojH$ C[bo„Y H$m gß]ßY od⁄moW©`m{ß
H{$ gßd{Jm{ß H$m{ [hMmZZ{, C[`m{J H$aZ{ Edß ‡]ßYZ g{ h°& Bg ‡H$ma òX
gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m _hmod⁄mb`m{ß H{$ oH$gr [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß emo_b oH$`m
OmVm h° Vm{ `h od⁄moW©`m{ß H$r gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ odH$mg _{ß ghm`H$ hm{Jm&
oZÓH$f© l
H$bm Edß odkmZ gßH$m` H$r _hmod⁄mb`rZ N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$
C[bo„Y [a gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m gmW©H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& H$bm gßH$m`
H$r CÉ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y
oZÂZ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A[{jm AoYH$ A¿N>r h°&
odkmZ gßH$m` H$r oZÂZ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß H$r
AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y CÉ gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ dmbr N>mÃmAm{ß H$r A[{jm
AoYH$ A¿N>r h°&
l
J•hodkmZ gßH$m` H$r _hmod⁄mb`rZ N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$
C[bo„Y [a gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H$m gmW©H$ ‡^md Zht [∂S>Vm h°&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ïñ
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Golman, Danial (1995), Emotional Intelligence,
Newyork, Bantom Books.
Golman, Danial (1998), Working with Emotional
Intelligence, New york Bantom Books.
Hyde, A Pethe Sanjyot and Dhar, Upinder (2002) Manual
of Emotional Intelligence Scale, National Psychological
Corportation, Agra.
Mayer, J.D. and Salovery, P. (1993), The Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence? New York : Banton Books, Pg.
17, 433-442.
Mishra, B.C. (2015), Pessonality Patterns & Academic
Achievment, Sonali Publication, 4228/1, Ansari Road,
New Delhi -110002.
Tiwari Ramkant & Dabhade Mahesh (2008) Methodology
of Social Research, Common Wealth Publishers 4831/
24, Prahlad Street, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi110002.
VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 2
H$bm/odkmZ/Edß J•hodkmZ gßH$m` H$r N>mÃmAm{ß H$r AH$mXo_H$ C[bo„Y [a gßd{JmÀ_H$ ]wo’ H{$ ‡^md gß]ßYr VwbZmÀ_H$ [naUm_
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50
51
_mZogH$ od_›XVm H{$ H$maU Am°a C[MmamÀ_H$ odoY`m±
O`]mbm Jw·m *
‡ÒVmdZm - _mZogH$ od_›XVm H$m AW© - Om{ ]mbH$ emarnaH$ VWm
_mZogH$ am{Jm{ß H{$ H$maU _›X]wo’ H$m [naM` X{V{ h°¶ VWm E{g{ ]mbH$ Am`w
VWm gm_m›` ÒVa H{$ H$m`© H$aZ{ _{ß†Ag_W© ahV{ h°, BZ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ gmW d{
od⁄mb` VWm g_wXm` _{ß g_m`m{oOV Zht hm{V{ Am°a CZ_| †hrZ^mdZmE±
ahVr h° CZH$r ]wo’bo„Y ^r 70 g{ H$_ hm{Vr h°& ‡m`: E{g{ ]mbH$m{ß H$m{
o[N>∂S>m hwAm _mZm OmVm h°& E{g{ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ ‡oV Ao^^mdH$ ¤mam CgH{$
^mΩ` [a N>m{∂S> oX`m OmVm h° Am°a Bg H$maU Ao^^mdH$ _{ß† BZ ]mbH$m{ß H{$
‡oV C[{jm H$m ^md gXm od⁄_mZ ahVm h°&
_mZogH$ od_›X ]mbH$m{ß H$r ode{fVmE±
1. ]m°o’H$ [arjUm{ß H{$ ]mX _›X]wo’ ]mbH$m{ß H$m [Vm bJm h° oH$
]mbH$m{ß H$r ]wo’ O›_ g{ `m oH$gr _oÒVÓH$ H{$ AmKmV g{ AWdm Vrd´
¡da H{$ o]J∂S>Z{ g{ _›X]wo’ ]mbH$ H$r ]wo’ H$_Om{a ahVr h°&
2. E{g{ ]mbH$ oZa›Va AÒdÒW ahV{ h°&
3. d{ gy˙_ odMmam{ß O°g{ JoUV, odkmZ AmoX odf`m{ß H{$ A‹``Z _{ß ÈoM
Zht b{V{&
4. E{g{ ]mbH$ [arjm _{ß ]ma-]ma AZwŒmuU hm{V{ h° Am°a Am`w ]∂T>V{ ahZ{
[a ^r d{ o[N>br H$jmAm{ß H$m{ [ma Zht H$a [mV{&
5. BZ ]mbH$m{ß _{ß AmÀ_odÌdmg H$r H$m\$r H$_r X{Ir OmVr h°&
6. gm_moOH$ H$m`m{™ _{ß† gj_ Zht hm{ [mV{& A[Z{ H$m{ A`m{Ω` oZaW©H$
Am°a A[yU© ‡VrV hm{V{ h°&
7. BZ ]mbH$m{ß H$r gßH$Î[ eo∫$ H$m\$r jrU ahVr h°&
8. d{ gro_V Am°a gmYmaU ÈoM`m{ß VH$ hr H$m`© _{ß ah [mV{ h°&
9. CZ_{ß† _m°obH$Vm H$m A^md ahVm h°&
10. d{ A[Zr ‡{aUm g{ H$m{B© A›` H$m`© H$aZ{ _{ß†Aj_ hm{V{ h°¶AWm©V≤ d{
Òd‡{aUm g{ H$m{B© H$m_ Zht H$a [mV{&
od_›XVm H{$ Mma ‡_wI ‡H$ma _Zm{d°kmoZH$m{ß Z{ H$h{ h°gm_m›` _›XVm dmb{ ]mbH$, _‹`_ _›XVm dmb{ ]mbH$, Jß^ra _›XVm
dmb{ ]mbH$ Am°a AoV _›XVm dmb{ ]mbH$&
BZH$r _›XVm H{$ AmYma [a CZH{$ H$m`© H$r j_Vm ‡^modV ahVr h°&
BZ_{ß† Jß^ra Am°a AoV _ßX ]É{ X°oZH$ JoVodoY`m{ß _{ß Xygam{ß H$r ghm`Vm H{$
o]Zm H$m`© Zht H$a [mV{& B›h{ß ha g_` oH$gr Z oH$gr H{$ gh`m{J H$r
AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°&
_Zm{odõ{fH$m{ß Z{ _mZogH$ od_›XVm H{$ oZÂZoboIV H$maUm{ß [a
‡H$me S>mbm h°1. [°V•H$ - _mVm-o[Vm H{$ ¤mam O›_OmV _›X]wo’ H$m ]mbH$ CÀ[fi
hm{Zm O›_ g{ hr _oÒVÓH$ H$r H$o_`m{ß H{$ H$maU _mZogH$ Xm{f CÀ[fi hm{V{ h¢&
H$^r-H$^r ZdOmV oeew [°Xm hm{V{ hr Zmb IßS>Z{ H{$ ]mX ]Ém Zht am{
*
[mVm h°& BgH{$ H$maU Cg{ ÌdgZ ‡oH´$`m VÀH$mb ‡maß^ Zht hm{ [mVr h°&
]É{ H{$ am{Z{ _{ß oOVZm A›Vamb hm{Jm CVZr _mÃm _{ß ZdOmV ]É{ H{$ _oÒVÓH$
H{$ AmßVnaH$ ›`yam{Z _•V hm{Z{ bJV{ h¢& AV: E{gm ]Ém _›X [°Xm hm{Vm h°&
BgH{$ Abmdm ZdOmV ]Ém [rob`m, AmBoQ>g, BZogo\$bmBoQ>g,
O_©Z _rO©Îg `m O›_OmV [m{ob`m{ß H{$ H$maU ]Ém{ß H$m _oÒVÓH$ [yU© Í$[
g{ odH$ogV Zht hm{ [mVm& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ E[rb°flgr O°gr ]r_mna`m{ß H{$
H$maU ^r ]Ém _›X]wo’ [°Xm hm{Vm h°&
BZ oXZm{ß A\´$rH$m Am°a A›` `yam{[r` X{em{ß _{ß OrH$m dmàg ^`mZH$
Í$[ g{ \°$b ahm h° Am°a ^mar _mÃm _{ß† ]hwV gr _mVmE± CgH$r M[{Q> _{ß AmB© h°&
`h dmàg ode{f Í$[ g{ J^©dVr _ohbmAm{ß _{ß [Z[ ah{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ AÀòYH$
‡^modV H$a ahm h°, oOgg{ CÀ[fi ZdOmV ]Ém{ß H$m _oÒVÓH$ N>m{Q>m hm{
OmVm h° Am°a dh _›XVm H{$ oeH$ma hm{V{ h° `m AÎ[m`w _{ß hr _a OmV{ h°&
`yam{[r` X{em{ß _{ß†AZ{H$ amÓQ≠>m{ß _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ J^©YmaU H$aZ{ g{ ‡oV]ßoYV
^r oH$`m Om ahm h°& A^r VH$ OrH$m dmàg [a oZ`ßÃU H$aZ{ H{$ H$maJa
C[m` Zht Ty>ßT{> Om ah{ h°&
2. dßemZwH´$_- o[N>∂S{>[Z H{$ H$maU AWdm _mZogH$ od_›XVm H{$ _yb
H$maU ‡_wI Í$[ g{ dßemZwH´$_ ^r h°, CZH$r [yd© [ro∂T>`m± ]wo’ g{ O›_OmV
H$_Om{a h°& AV: CZH$r gßVmZ{ ^r _›X]wo’ hr [°Xm hm{Vr h°& AV: _mVmo[Vm H$r _›X]wo’Vm CZH$r gßVmZm{ß H$m{ ^r ‡^modV H$aVr h¢&
3. oZY© Z Vm- oZY©Z _mVm-o[Vm A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H{$ _mZogH$ odH$mg _{ß
H$m{B© `m{JXmZ Zht X{V{& ]Ém{ß H$m{ CoMV dmVmdaU ^r oZY©ZVm H{$ H$maU
Ao^^mdH$ Zht X{ [mV{&oZY©Z Ïò∫$ H$m [yU© Xm_m{aXma [{Q> âZ{ H$r
g_Ò`mAm{ß g{ Í$]Í$ hm{Vm h° Am°a [{Q> âZ{ H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß _{ß hr CgH$m A›V
^r hm{ OmVm h°& J´m_rU OZOmVr` A[Z{ am{OJma H{$ obE A›`Ã [bm`Z
H$aV{ h°, Cg g_` CZH{$ ]É{ ^r gmW _{ß hr aIV{ h¢, oOgg{ CZH$r [∂T>mB© H$r
Ï`dÒWm Ma_amZ{ bJVr h°& AoYH$mße ]É{ ‡mWo_H$ H$jmAm{ß _{ß hr [∂T>mB©
]›X H$a X{V{ h¢ Am°a d{ ]∂S{> hm{H$a oZajaVm _{ß hr [yar qOXJr I[m X{V{ h¢&
]hwV g{ ]Ém{ß H{$ Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$m{ oZY©ZVm H{$ H$maU [∂T>Z{-obIZ{ g{
dßoMV hm{ OmV{ h°, oOgg{ CZH$m _mZogH$ odH$mg AdÍ$’ hm{ OmVm h°&
Jar]r H{$ H$maU CZH{$ [mg AmJ{ ]∂T>Z{ H{$ H$m{B© ode{f Adga Zht o_b
[mV{&
[∂T>Z{ H$r gwodYm H$m A^md- ]hwV g{ ÒHy$bm{ß _{ß †embmE± Vm{ Im{b Xr JB©
h¢, b{oH$Z oejH$ _hrZ{ _{ß EH$ Xm{ oXZ hr C[oÒWV hm{Vm h° Am°a d{ ^r H{$db
d{VZ [mZ{ H{$ oXZ hr& Bgg{ embm hm{V{ hwE Am°a ]É{ oejH$ H{$ obE
C[b„Y hm{V{ h¢, b{oH$Z oejH$ hr ZXmaV ahV{ h°& J´m_rU OZOmVr`
ÒHy$bm{ß H$m J°a oOÂ_{Xmam e°ojH$ Ï`dÒWm e°ojH$ —oÓQ> g{ g]g{ ]∂S>r ]mYm
h°& Jm±dm{ß _{ß oejm H$m H$m{B© CoMV dmVmdaU Zht h°& AmO ^r ^maV _{ß H$ar]
em{YmWu, O{.O{.Q>r. `yoZdog©Q>r (amO.) ‰mmaV
4 H$am{∂S> ]É{ ÒHy$b Zht [hw±M [mV{, `⁄o[ ‡mWo_H$ embmAm{ß H{$ 14 df©
VH$ H{$ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ obE oZ:ewÎH$ [∂T>Z{ H$r Ï`dÒWm H$r JB© h°& ‡oV 1
oH$bm{_rQ>a [a embmE± Im{br JB© h¢, b{oH$Z oejH$ hr g_` g{ embm _{ß †Zht
OmV{ h°& Bgg{ e°joUH$ odH$mg AdÍ$’ hm{ OmVm h°&
Bg odoeÓQ> oÒWoV`m{ß H{$ ahV{ _›X]wo’ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ obE ode{f oejU
[’oV H$m AdbÂ]Z H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& Bgg{ _›X]wo’ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ Hw$N>
Z Hw$N> ‡oVeV VH$ gwYma oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h°&
1. ÒWmB© A‹`m[H$ ¤mam gh`m{J - BgH{$ obE E{gr gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß
ÒWmB© oejH$m{ß H$r oZ`wo∫$ hm{Zr MmohE, Om{ Bg ‡H$ma H{$ _›X]wo’ H{$
]mbH$m{ß H{$ obE ode{f VarH$m{ß g{ [∂T>mZ{ h{Vw gj_ hm{ gH{$& Bgg{ oZò_V
A‹``Z gß^d hm{ gH{$Jm& oZa›Va oejH$ Am°a ]mbH$ h_{em [aÒ[a
gÂ[H©$ _{ß ah{†J{&
2. odoeÓQ> oejU [’oV H$m gh`m{J - E{g{ _›X]wo’ H{$ ]mbH$m{ß H{$
obE odoeÓQ> `m{Ω`VmYmar oejH$ hm{Z{ MmohE d C›h{ß† Y°`©[yU© Am°a o]Zm
oH$gr X]md H{$ ]Ém{ß H{$ gmW AmÀ_r`Vm[yU© dmVmdaU _{ß [∂T>mZ{ H$r ‡oH´$`m
Omar aIZm MmohE, Bgg{ _›X]wo’ H{$ ]mbH$m{ß _{ß [∂T>Z{ H{$ ‡oV ÈoM OmJ•V
H$r Om gH{$&
3. g^r ]mbH$m{ß H{$ ‡oV g_mZVm H$m Ï`dhma - g^r ]mbH$m{ß H{$
‡oV g_mZ Ï`dhma oejH$m{ß H$m{ H$aZm MmohE& oH$gr H$m{ ^r hVm{ÀgmohV
Zht oH$`m OmZm MmohE Am°a Z hr oH$gr ]mbH$ H{$ ‡oV hrZ^mdZm H$m
Ï`dhma H$aZm MmohE&
4. A›` N>mÃm{ß H{$ gmW g_mohV hm{Z{ H$m ^md - gm_m›` ]mbH$m{ß H{$
gmW òX _›X]wo’ ]mbH$ ^r [∂T> ahm h°, Vm{ gm_m›` ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ _›X]wo’
]mbH$m{ß H{$ gmW gh`m{J H$r ^mdZm g{ H$m_ b{Zm MmohE& gm_m›` ]wo’ H{$
]mbH$m{ß H$m{ _›X]wo’ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ [∂T>Z{-obIZ{, ]m{bZ{ AmoX _{ß† gh`m{J
X{Zm MmohE&
_›X]wo’ ]mbH$m{ß H$r ode{f oejU odoY`m± - ode{fkm{ß Z{ oZÂZmßoH$V
oejU [’oV`m{ß H$m gwPmd oX`m h° Om{ Bg ‡H$ma h°1. E{g{ ]mbH$m{ß H$r e°joUH$ JoVYr_r hm{Zr MmohE&
2. C[`w∫$ odoY`m{ß H$m ‡oeojV oejH$m{ß ¤mam ‡`m{J [a Om{a X{Zm
MmohE&
3. oejH$m{ß H$m{ ^br^m±oV E{g{ _›X]wo’ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ e°joUH$ ÒVa H$m
A‹``Z oH$`m OmZm MmohE, VXw[am›V hr CZH{$ ÒVa H{$ gmW CZH$m{
grImZ{ H$r odoY A[ZmZr MmohE&
52
4. ]mbH$m{ß _{ß† òX AbJ ‡H$ma H{$ Ï`dhma oXImB© X{Z{ bJ{, Vm{ CZH$m
^r gmdYmZr[yd©H$ A‹``Z H$aZm MmohE& N>mÃm{ß H$r o^fi-o^fi
_mZogH$ oÒWoV`m± hm{ gH$Vr h¢& Hw$N> N>mÃ OÎXr H´$m{oYV hm{ OmV{ h°&
Hw$N> N>mÃ EH$m›V _{ß A›` oH$gr H{$ gmW KwbZm o_bZm [gßX Zht
H$aV{& Hw$N> N>mÃ ‡m`: _m°Z ahV{ h°, oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$r H$m{B© ‡oVoH´$`m
Ï`∫$ Zht H$aV{& E{g{ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ ‡oV oejH$ H$m{ AoYH$ gßd{XZerb
hm{Zm MmohE Am°a CZH{$ N>›XmZwgma CZH{$ AZwgma Ï`dhma H$aZm
MmohE&
5. AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ gh`m{J gßgmYZm{ß H$m oejH$m{ß H$m{ ‡`m{J H$aZm
MmohE VmoH$ CZH$r g_P _{ß† odH$mg hm{ gH{$&
6. N>mÃm{ß g{ AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ gßdmX H$aZ{ MmohE, oOZ_{ß o^fi-o^fi
odf` goÂ_obV hm{& gmW hr A[Z{ dmVmdaU g{ gÂ]o›YV kmZ
CZH$m{ ]VmZm MmohE VmoH$ CZH$m{ AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ odf`m{ß H$m
gabVm[yd©H$ A‹``Z _{ß gh`m{J o_b gH{$&
7. E{g{ ]mbH$m{ß _{ß oejH$m{ß H$m{ AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ ‡{aUm, CÀgmh AmoX X{Z{
H$m ‡`mg H$aZm MmohE&
8. _›X]wo’ H{$ ]mbH$m{ß H$m{ odoeÓQ> od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß oejU Ï`dÒWm [a
AoYH$ Om{a X{Z{ H$r OÍ$aV h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ E{g{ od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß oejH$
_Zm{odkmoZH$ Tß>J g{ A‹``Z, A‹`m[Z H$aZ{ _{ß Hw$eb hm{V{ h°&
9. Ohm± AmdÌ`H$ hm{ _Zm{odkmoZH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$m AoYH$ ‡`m{J oH$`m
OmZm OÍ$ar h°&
10. E{g{ ]mbH$m{ß H{$ ‡oV _Zm{odõ{fH$ S>m∞∑Q>am{ß g{ ^r g_`-g_` [a
gÂ[H™ H$a AmdÌ`H$ OmZH$mar C[b„Y H$amZr MmohE&
1.
2.
3.
4.
oÒH$Za- _mZogH$ _ßXVm (odoeÓQ> ]mbH$), [•.20
H´$m{ E S> H´$m{- _ßX ]wo’ ]mbH$m{ß H$r ]wo’bo„Y, [•.22
\´$mßS> gZ- _ßX ]wo’ ]mbH$ H$r l{Ur, [•.23
^≈>mMm`© Eg-›`y [ag{fleZ BZ _{ßQ>b naQ>m©S{>eZ, ›`y oXÑr, ÒQ>aqbJ
[o„bH{$eZ, 1978
5. o]Òdmg E_- _{ßQ>br naQ>mS{©>eZ S{>S> E S> Zm∞_©b oMÎS≠>Z ›`y oXÑr,
ÒQ>aqbJ ‡H$meZ, 1980
6. h∂S>gZ Eb.- \´${Âg© Am∞\$ _mBßS>, [•.210.
*************
53
Study To Assess The Stress Factors And Level Of
Stress Among The Railway Loco Pilots
Dr. J.C. Porwal * Priyanka Chauhan **
Abstract - Indian Railway, the world’s largest network (under a single management), consists of more than 100,000
Train Drivers/Assistant Drivers/Guards, which forms the basic functioning team, responsible for Train Operations.The
job of a Railway Driver demands hard work and great presence of mind along with courage to handle diverse conditions.
For this one should have discipline, patience, responsibility, punctuality, commitment, courage and above all selfconfidence. The job requires lots of hard work, stamina, alertness of mind, adaptability to follow difficult time schedules
too. But the main and remarkable, highly appreciable role of Railway drivers is the only who works with full honesty, in
day & night, in heavy cold, hot & Rainy weather. For Railways’ drivers operating on long distance routes, overnight stays
in various locations will be necessary. Furthermore, it can be stressful, as delays and hazards on the track are not
uncommon. His cab of the train should be relatively comfortable but it may be quite cold, hot and noisy.
Introduction - Increasing demands exacting management,
poor ergonomics and intense competition within and without
are likely to contribute to stress among the railway loco
pilots. This excess of stress and its consequences cost
very high to both the organizational and the consumers.
How vigorous is the job profile can be noted from this
very fact that the Railway recruits persons as ‘Assistant
Loco Pilot’. They work on freight trains for as long as 10–12
years. During this tenure they are supposed to work with
experienced Train Drivers and perform only assisting work
during the run of a locomotive i.e. a train. An Assistant Driver
thus learns the tactics and dos and don’ts required for train
operation. Thereafter they are promoted as ‘Loco Pilot
Shunter’, after proper courses and practical trainings, wherein
they are supposed to drive locomotives in sheds/yards at
not more than 15 km/h speeds. After experiencing for not
less than two years, they are promoted as ‘Loco Pilot/Goods’,
who are always monitored by their respective ‘Loco
Inspectors’.
A train has typical an Assistant Loco Pilot and a Loco
Pilot on the Locomotive. The Assistants are normally
common but Loco Pilots fall in various categories like Goods
Drivers (or Loco Pilots used for running goods trains),
Passenger Driver (Driver used to run slow moving Passenger
carrying Trains), Mail Express Driver (Driver used to run high
speed Passenger carrying Trains) and Rajdhani Drivers (Used
for very high speed passenger carrying trains). There is yet
another category of crew called ‘Shunters’ who operate only
in yards, for moving trains within a particular station yard.
Normally Shunters work alone without an Assistant. For
Railways drivers operating on long distance routes, overnight
stays in various locations will be necessary. Furthermore, it
can be stressful, as delays and hazards on the track are
not uncommon. His cab of the train should be relatively
*
**
comfortable but it may be quite cold, hot and noisy (Singh
Ravi Kant, 2008).
Objectives Of The Study - This study aims to identify the
particular stressors affecting the Railway engine loco pilots
and their level of occupational stress in order to improve the
safety, efficiency and overall productivity of the Railway and
to propose the remedies.
l
To identify job related stressors in the railways in relation
to the work environment of loco pilots as well as to
assess the level of stress among them.
l
To identify the relation between stress and absenteeism,
fatigue, biological functions and family environment.
Place of study - Ratlam division, Western Railway, RATLAM
Data Sources And Methodology - A total of 100
respondents have been approached for data collection. A
self- designed questionnaire was used for the purpose of
data collection. Questionnaire consisted statements based
on Likert type 5 point scale which were designed to gauge
the stress and the factors of stress among the railway loco
pilots.
Discussion And Analysis - In order to obtain primary data,
field survey with the help of a questionnare and responses
of 100 employeees were taken. (See in the last page)
Findings And Recommendations - Major Findings
1. Most of the employees are dissatisfied with the sitting
comfort in engine, sitting is not comfortable and this
causes physical problems.
2. Most of the employees feel pressure because of job
demand and responsibility, day night duty and excess
working hours create pressure.
3. Employees feel stress due to limited cab space.
4. Employees feel stress because there is no facility of
toilet in the engine and during their duty they feel
discomfort.
Ex. Principal, Govt. College, Mandleshwar (M.P.) INDIA
Research Scholar, Swami Vivekanand Govt. Commerce College, Ratlam (M.P.) INDIA
54
5.
Most of the employees feel that Railway should not do
much effort for the safety of loco pilots.
6. Most of the employees agree that working in high
temperature, continuous vibration and sound cause
negative effect on their health.
7. Employees shown a mixed response for the satisfaction
of salary and allowances and behaviour of their superiors
and officers.
8. Most of the employees feel that they were not giving
proper time to their family and this could affect their
social life.
9. Among the top ten stressors identified, the main three
were postural discomfort and lack of adequate space,
noisy workplace, and long duties and improper rest.
10. The most common symptoms of stress identified include
disrupted sexual functions, muscle ache and pains,
sleep disturbances, headache, stomach problems,
irritability and anger, and frustration and anxiety.
Recommendations 1. The major issues with loco pilots are over burden of
work and this create both mental and physical stress
.The cadre strength of the railway pilots concerned with
safety of thousands of lives needs to be increased
adequately so as to take care of long duty and improper
rest, disrupted sexual habits, and safety at large. So, it
required to increase the work force.
2. Railway should take steps to improve work condition.
Specially basic facilities should be provided in the engine
– like designing of cabs to be comfortable, spacious
with proper seats, air-conditioned to protect from
environmental stressors, and with facility of a toilet within
the cab
3. Railway arranges some counselling sessions and
programmes to teach relaxation and de-stressing. It is
1.
I feel stress due to sitting discomfort in engine
Responses
No. of
Respondent
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Total
69
21
8
2
0
100
4.
5.
6.
7.
recommended that a clinical psychologist be recruited
at all Zonal and Divisional hospitals of Railways for the
purpose.
Sick time and leave issues may be solved. Physical
camps should be organised time to time.
Some efforts should be done for employees that they
could manage work versus life and understand how
stress can affect family members, friends, co-workers,
and self.
Meditation and proper rest should be provided in running
room and also plan some recreational activities.
During the course of data collection and interaction with
the subjects, it has been found that recreation is
perceived as best de-stressor by both subjects and
control and the following was desired by the employees
under study: “a recreation room with TVs, Magazines,
and some indoor games.”
References :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
Amitabh (2006),”Rail Accidents due to Human ErrorsIndian Railways Experience” Ministry of Railways, Govt.
of India.
Indian Railway Establishment Manual (Vol-1); ChapterXIII, Reimbursement of Medical Expenses Rule.
“Promotion of non-gazetted staff in loco running cadre
– posts of Goods Driver redesignated as Loco Pilots
[Goods]”,( RBE No: 101/08, 12/09/2008,)
Conditions of Work and Employment Programme
(TRAVAIL) Last cited on 2011 Mar 03
Prahastuti AD. Sujoso, Relationship between work
stress and vibration against fatigue and discomfort
among train drivers at operation area VI of Yogyakart.
2010. [Last cited on 2011 Mar 03].
I feel stress and pressure because of high job demand
and responsibility
Responses
No. of
Respondent
Strongly agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Total
65
26
5
4
0
100
55
3. I feel Stress due to working hours and night duty.
Responses
No. of
Respondent
4.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Total
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Total
5.
61
24
12
3
0
100
I feel stress because there is no facility of toilet in engine.
Responses
No. of
Respondent
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Total
7.
54
30
6
5
5
100
I feel discomfort due to limited cab space.
Responses
No. of
Respondent
70
26
4
0
0
100
Working in high temperature, continuous vibration and
sound causes negative effect on my health.
Responses
No. of
Respondent
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Total
64
23
9
2
2
100
8.
I am not satisfied with the salary and allowances.
Responses
No. of
Respondent
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Total
30
10
19
32
9
100
56
10. I am not giving proper time to my family, which affect
my social life.
Responses
No. of
Respondent
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neutral
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Total
*************
57
36
2
5
0
100
57
Women Empowerment Through Self Help Groups(A Case Study Of Rampur Baghelan Block In Satna
District Of Madhya Pradesh)
Gaurav Trivedi *
Abstract - A self-help is a small, economically homogeneous and attractive group of 10-20 rural poor people which
comes together to save small amounts regularly. It generally performs various types of economic activities with the help
of their small savings. Women Self-help groups are informal association of women. Generally, the economic benefit
includes mobilization of savings and credit facilities and to pursue group based economic activities. SHG approach is
the group based approach, which helps the poor women members of each SHG to accumulate capital by way of small
saving and helping them to get credit facilities from their funds. Presently, the poor women of the society are facing the
financial problem to start business or to undertake different economic activities to become self-employed and selfreliant. Self-help Groups have been playing considerable role in infrastructure training development and technology
support, skill of members, confidence among members, change in family violence, frequency of interaction with outsiders,
skill, habbit of saving, change in the saving pattern of SHG members, involvement in politics, social recognition, social
justice, equity within SHGs recoveries, and financial value.
Key words - Self- Help Group, Socio-economic development, Microfinance, empowerment.
Introduction - Self-help group is a method of organising the
poor people and the marginalized to come together to solve
their individual problem. Micro-finance is an innovation in
credit market for the developing countries. It is a service
provider for poor people who are unemployed; who are poor
entrepreneur’s component of financial sector for the
development and alleviate poverty. Self-help Group plays
an important role in developing rural women in self
employment. Micro-finance through the self-help groups
developed the entrepreneurial skills among rural women
community and to get self employment Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru said,” To awaken the people, it is women who much
be awakened; once she is one on the move, the family
moves, the village moves and nation moves.” The poor collect
their savings and save it in banks. In return they receive
easy access to loans with a small rate of interest to start
their micro unit enterprise. The study area is Rampur
Baghelan Block is located at a distance of 27 kilometres
away from the district headquarter of Satna.
Review of Literature - Manimekalai (2004) in his article
stated that SHG need the help of NGOs to run the income
generating activates successfully. The bank officers should
counsel and guide the women in selecting and implementing
profitable income generating activities.
Das Gupta (2005) in his article says that a paradigm shift is
required form finance sector reform to micro-finance reform
in the country. SHGs should be included in the priority sector
and loan should be made mandatory to them.
*
Gupta (2007) mentioned that SHGs have become most
effective tools for women empowerment. The confidence level
of women members of SHGs has been increased, as a result
of which, both the family and society are at beneficial stage.
Kumar A.(2009) observed that this may lead to improved
household-level outcomes with respect to health, education
particularly education of the girl, child, nutrition and family
planning.
Mansuri B,B.(2010) stated that micro-finance has gain a
lot of significance and momentum in the last decade, India
now occupies a significance and niche in global micro finance
through promotion of self help groups (SHGs) under SHGBank Linkage Programme(SBLP) and the micro finance
institution model.
Objectives and Hypothesis - To study the performance of
selected women SHGs in Rampur Baghelan Block.
Hypothesis - Microfinance through SHGs helps women to
start new business and inprove standards of living.
Methodology adopted - The primary data were collected
from field survey and personal interview through filling
questionnaire and interview method. The secondary data
were collected from books, journals, news papers and
magazines, records of NGO’s and internet. The present
study is covering 9 Gram Panchayats under Rampur
Baghelan Block in Satna District of M.P. Three stage
sampling . The various statistical methods such as, tables,
average, percentage and other statistical techniques are
used. The sampling method chosen for the above research
Research Scholar (Business Adminisration) A.P.S.University, Rewa (M.P.) INDIA
design is total of 24 SHGs of Rampur Baghelan block is
decided to select from 9 Gram Panchayat (Aber Panchayat,
Bela, Jhand, Gada, Beeda, Lakhaha, Satri, Tapa, Bagahai)
by simple random sampling method. From each SHG, 5
members are taken for interview. The sample sizes of 120
SHG members.
Period of study - The field study was conducted during the
period of November 2006 to December 2015 and all data
used relates to this period only.
Finding and Analysis - The Women Self Help Groups have
played a vital role in the economic development of Rampur
Baghelan Block. They are engaged in agriculture operations,
household industries and other related economic activities.
It has been observed in field survey that women are hard
workers, self determined and are willing to take risks in
setting up new business. The study it has been found that
after joining the SHGs the poor women have not only
increase their income but also improve their living standard
by performing various economic activities independently. The
Government is taking measures for women empowerment,
providing them better education and employment
opportunity. The performance of women SHGs in Rampur
Baghelan Block depend on a number of variables.
Selection of economic activities Table 1 - Activities of the SHGs
S.No. Activities
No of
Percentage
SHGs
1
Textiles and handloom
2
8.33
2
Tailoring
5
20.83
3
Weaving and embroidery 3
12.5
4
Bamboo Basket making 6
25
5
Poultry farming
5
20.83
6
Cultivation
3
12.5
Total
24
100
Source - Field Survey
Highest 25% of SHGs has adopted Bamboo Basket
making sector as their key activity. The lowest percentage
8.33% of SHGs has adopted Textiles and handloom. The
percentage of other activities are weaving embroidery
12.5%,Cultivation 12.5%, poultry farming and Tailoring
20.83% .
Establishment Year of SHGs Table 2 - Years of establishment of SHGs
S.No. Year of
No of SHGs Percentage
establishment
1
2005-2006
2
8.33
2
2006-2007
2
8.33
3
2007-2008
4
16.66
4
2008-2009
6
25
5
2009-2010
2
8.33
6
2010-2011
3
12.5
7
2011-2012
3
12.5
8
2012-2013
2
8.33
Total
24
100
It is found in field survey that the highest number of
58
individual members 25% joined SHG between 2008-09, while
the lowest number of individual members 8.33% joined SHG
in 2005-06, 1906-2007, 2009-10 and 2011-12 respectively.
Rural credit and SHGs - Rural credit play vital role in the
development process in the block. Its timely availability in
right time, right quantity and reasonable rate of interest is
fruitful for economic activities. Banks generally decline to
provide finance to poors as they cannot provide mortgage to
the banks. It has been observed during field survey that the
government contribution to SHG is very small.
Table 4 - Government contribution to SHG.
S.No. Amount of loans
No of SHGs Percentage
1
30,000/14
58.33
2
60,000/3
12.5
3
1,90,000/4
16.66
4
Non–loan received
3
12.5
Total
22
100
It is found in field survey that 58.33% women SHGs
received Rs.30,000 amount of loan from government and the
lowest 12.5% received Rs.60,000. It is also found in field
survey that 12.5% women SHGs do not received any amount
of loan from government. The various types of loans provided
by SHG are business loan, marriage loan, medical loan,
housing loan, cattle loan, agricultural loan.
Table 5 - Types of Loan provided by the SHGs to their
Members.
S.No. Type of loans
No of
Percentage
respondents
1
Business loans
29
24.16
2
Marriage loans
12
10
3
Medical loans
21
17.5
4
Housing loans
6
5
5
Cattle loans
17
14.16
6
Agriculture loans
23
19.16
7
Non-loan receiver
12
10
Total
120
100
The highest 24.16%, lone is provided by SHG to their
members for business purpose. The lowest 5% lone is
provided by SHG to their members for housing purpose. It is
the general body meeting of SHG which decides the loan
disbursement procedure. It is observed in data analysis the
all members in the SHG are in need of credit.
Table 6 - Distribution of loans to SHGs Members
S.No. Type of loans
No of
Percentage
respondents
1
Less than 5000
18
15.0
2
5001-10000
24
20.0
3
10001-15000
32
26.66
4
15001-20000
26
21.66
5
20001-25000
8
6.66
6
25001-30000
3
2.5
7
Non-loan receiver
9
7.5
Total
120
100
It is found that the highest percentage, ie.26.66%, SHGs
members received loan amounting to Rs.10001-15000. The
lowest percentage, ie.2.5%, SHG members received loan
amounting less than Rs.25000-30000 respectively. It is also
observed in data analysis that 7.5% members SHG do not
received any loan. The interest rate of SHGs varies from
group. They generally change rate of interest Rs.1% to 4%
per month.
The members of SHG make repayment of loan by three
ways, repayment in time, repayment in advance and
repayment not in time.
Table 6 - Repayment of loan by SHGs members
S.No. Particular
No of
Percentage
respondents
1
Repayment on time
82
68.33
2
Advance repayment
21
17.5
3
Repayment not in
17
14.16
Time
Total
120
100
The highest percentage, ie.68.33% SHGs members,
repay loan in time whereas, the lowest percentage, 14.16%
SHG members do not repay loan in time. poor farmers need
a small amount of loan ranging from Rs. 500 to Rs. 10,000
for a particular period. These types of loans generally not
financed by the banks. Traditionally,people have to depend
on money-lender, traders, commission agents, business
community for loans at an exorbitant rate of interest.
Most of nationalized and rural banks have come forward
to provide credit support to SHGs. SHGs has received
assistance and support from DPIP and NRLM which help
them to raise their income generating activities. For
development of credit linkage SHGs passes through a
process of gradual evolution during the process, the institute
built the capacity of the SHG to manage the selected income
generating activity.
Training of the SHGs members - Rampur Baghelan Block
has been conducting training programme on various economic
activities at regular intervals.
Table - Distributions of Trained members in SHGs
S.No.
Trained
No. of
Percentage
members
SHGs
1
2
3
12.5
2
7
1
4.16
3
12
7
29.16
4
18
1
4.16
5
23
1
4.16
6
24
1
4.16
7
Untrained
10
41.66
members
Total
24
100
59
Source- Field Survey
Conclusion Microfinance is expected to play a
significant role in poverty alleviation and rural development
particularly the rural women. The potential for growing micro
finance institutions in India is very high. Major cross-section
can have been benefited if this sector will grow in its fastest
pace. From the study through primary sources it was clear
that the women SHGs in bought rural and urban areas are
very active in providing income generating activates in
Rampur Baghelan Block in Satna District. The sample
beneficiaries, are gaining employment by adopting own
personal skills and home based activities. It is found that
majority of women SHGs have taken loan for various
economic activities, such as, Cattl,e framing, poultry framing,
textiles and handloom works, Weaving and embroidery,
agriculture etc. The women SHGs of Rampur Baghelan Block
are providing rural credit to women members of the SHGs.
Therefore, hypothesis is accepted.
References :1. Kapoor,Pramilia(2001)”Empowering the Indian
women,”Ministry of Information and
Broadcasting, Government of India.
2. Bhai L.T,Karuppiah C and Geetha B(2004)”Micro credit
and social capitalism in rural Ta m i l N a d u ” S o c i a l
WelfareVol. 50.
3. Narashimban,Sakuntala(1999)”Empowerment of
Women:AnAlternative Strategy for Rural India,”Saga
Publication India Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi.
4. Dasgupta,Rajaram(2005)”Micro-finance in India,
Empirical Evidence,Alternative Model and policy
Imperatives,”Economic and political weekly,9 March.
5. Joseph E. Imhanlahimi,(2010),”Poverty Alleviation
through Micro financing in Nigeria- Prospects
and
challenges”,Journal of Financial Management and
Analysis,No.23(1).
6. District Census Hand Book, Rampur Baghelan satna
M.P.Govt.
7. Bera S.K.(2011)”A study of SHG-Microfinance Initiative
in Purbo Midnapore District of West Bengal” Economic
Affairs,Vol.56,No2.
*************
60
Role Of E-IPM For Sustainable Crop Production In
Madhya Pradesh (Special Reference To Indore Region)
Dr. D. N. Purohit * Prof. Rajesh Jain **
Abstract - Integrated Pest Management is the main key component in the battle for sustainable production of agricultural
crops Integrated Pest Management has the potential to substitute the chemical pesticides in the cost effective manner,
without any adverse effect on crop yield. Research in Integrated Pest Management has resulted in the development of
an immense knowledge database that requires modern computer-aided methodologies for its proper integration,
interpretation and extension. If IPM is to enjoy widespread approval and adoption, it must be clearly defined, should be
economic and socially acceptable and moreover it should be available ready hand at the farmers doorstep. The future
need in plant protection technologies for agriculture crops is to extend the use of already developed Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) techniques to the farmers so that the IPM technologies can be adopted at a very large scale by all
crop-producing persons. Integrated Pest Management in modern times should be socially acceptable, technically
feasible, environmentally friendly, ecologically useful and economical for crop protection for pest. The information system
on pest management technologies (e-IPM) provides a comprehensive source of information and pest knowledge material
for improving the management of crop pests interactively by the combination of digital video, images, hypertext links and
interactive keys provides a unique way of accessing the wealth of material contained on the Compact Disc (CD).
Key words - immense, sustainable, comprehensive source, hypertext links, interpretation.
Introduction - Intensive agriculture supported with the
uncontrolled use of pesticides has increased agriculture
production dramatically but on the other hand it has created
serious health, ecological and environmental problems. The
greatest risks are those to humans who are exposed to toxic
concentrations of pesticides. According to the World Health
Organization, more than 3.87 million people are severely
sickened and 320,000 die from pesticides each year
worldwide. Poisoning from pesticides affects 94,000 farmers
and workers every day; annually, an estimated 38 million
workers suffer from pesticide poisoning throughout the world.
In India, the monetary values of losses due to insects pests
is estimated to be Rs. 49,000 crores in 2005 and current
losses in field crops alone is estimated to the tune of Rs
127,000 crores. Pests can also become resistant to
pesticides, increasing control costs, crop losses or other
pest damage. Many natural enemies of pests are killed by
pesticides.
Review of Literature - Tiwari, M.D.(2009): The concept
and philosophy of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) have
been largely accepted in modern times. But, its
implementation is highly complex and faces numerous
practical potential problems. At present there is a great need
of an intuitive knowledge based system, which suggests
suitable insect, pest, disease control measures at the
doorstep of farmers.
Sharma, Vikas (2011): Best management practices for
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in crops involve the
correct identification of pests (insects, diseases and weeds)
and of beneficial or natural enemies that can predate or
parasitize these pests. It’s a time for an unconventional
method to transfer the knowledge of experts in certain domain
to the general public of farmers.
Objective of Study
l
To find the acceptance level of Integrated Pest
Management (IPM).
l
To evaluate farmers knowledge about new tolerant and
resistant varieties.
l
To prove that e-IPM is user friendly software.
Hypothesis of Study l
In the e-IPM, each crop module is separate and includes
information pertaining to integrated pest management
of the selected crop.
l
The e- IPM incorporates information on natural enemies,
resistant varieties, agronomic practices and ipm
modules of each crop.
l
E-IPM is user friendly software and a person having
simple basic knowledge of computer can browse the
contents of the software.
Research Methodology - Data are collected from the
farmers by onsite inspection of fields and from secondary
sources like expert interviews, internet and literatures and
manuals. Information starting from sowing, key pest, disease
and weeds of each crop and its resistant and tolerant varieties
and friend pest and various general practices are collected.
Digital photos of different stages are collected for
*
Professor, GACC, Indore (M.P.) INDIA
**
Asst. Professor (Commerce) IPS Academy, Indore (M.P.) INDIA
identification of pest, symptoms of disease and weeds.
Source of bio-agents, fertilizers, resistant seeds are
collected. Movies of various cultural, mechanical and
biological control practices are collected. The e-IPM has
multimedia facilities like animations, audio, video, interactive
and linked features.
Strategies for Integrated Pest Management (E-IPM)
Technologies (See in the last page)
About E-IPM Software - E-IPM is developed in visual basic
6.0 as front end and MS access 2000 as backend. It is
multimedia bilingual (English/Hindi) software developed for
pest, disease, nematode, weeds, and nutrient disorder
management of major oilseed and pulse crops of central
India. In the e-IPM, each crop module is separate and
includes information pertaining to integrated pest
management of the selected crop. The e- IPM incorporates
information on natural enemies, resistant varieties,
agronomic practices and ipm modules of each crop.
Data Analysis and Interpretation - Data collected are
compiled and edited using different development tools like
Macromedia Director, Dream weaver, Flash, Adobe
Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, 3D effects, Corel Draw, Aver
Magic, Ulead Photo Studio, Windows Movie Maker, Soundedit etc. Data are stored in database, this act as back end
of our system. The database is developed using MS Access.
The graphical user friendly and interactive information system
can be developed using VB 6. The e-IPM is tested and
distributed through CD-ROM.
Findings l
E-IPM is user friendly software and a person having
simple basic knowledge of computer can browse the
contents of the software.
l
The software is having mechanism for updating and
incorporating new technologies as and when needed.
l
It has multimedia effects like audio, still photos with
zooming effects, movies, and life cycle diagrams.
l
It includes a user interactive diagnosis module for pest
and disease problem and a search module with different
searching options using common name or scientific
name for pest management.
l
The information given are reviewed and edited by plant
protection experts.
61
Suggestions l
This software should provide a comprehensive source
of information and pest knowledge material for improving
the management of crop pests and nutritional disorders.
l
At present there is a need for an unconventional method
to transfer the knowledge of experts in certain domain
to the general public of farmers.
l
Scheduling the treatment to get maximum advantage.
l
Monitoring the pest population in the crop field and
adjoining areas.
l
Creating awareness among all crop growers/farmers
involved with the pest related problems.
Conclusions - In this paper, we make an effort to improve
the utilization and performance of agriculture technology by
exploiting recent progress in Information technology by
introducing multimedia database system software ‘e-IPM’.
The future need in plant protection technologies for agriculture
crops is to extend the use of already developed Pest
Management techniques to the farmers so that these
sustainable technologies can be adopted at a very large
scale by all crop-producing persons. The e-IPM may work
as an assist to develop knowledge based society (mainly
farmers and experts) through Integrated approach to
managing pests by combining biological, cultural, physical
and chemical tools in a way that minimizes economic, health
and environmental risks.
References :1. Singh SK, Sharma OP, Garg DK, Trivedi TP (2010)
Handbook of Plant Protection Recommendations for
Vegetables, Spices, Medicinal and Aromatic Crops in
India-Part III, NCIPM.
2. Dhaliwal GS, Arora Ramesh, Dhawan AK (2013) Crop
Losses due to Insect Pest and Determination of
Economic Threshold Levels.
3. Girardot B (2014) : An Encyclopaedic Software Tool for
Cotton Pest Control. Agriculture-etDevelopment. No 5:
47-50.
4. http://www.epimindia.com
5 http://www. pesticideworld.com
6. http://www.mpkrishi.com
62
Strategies for Integrated Pest Management (E-IPM) Technologies
Cultural(agronomic practices)
• Selecting plant resistant varieties
Mechanical
• Cultivation
Physical
• Heat
Biological
• Augmentation of
natural enemies
• Crop rotation
• Hand weeding
Exclusion
using screens or
barriers
• Cold
• Introduction of
parasites
barriers
• Cultivation, tillage practices
• Trapping, suction
devices,collecting
machines
• Variation of planting or harvesting
dates
• Plant spacing
• Fertilization level
• Sanitation
• Planting pest-free seed
• Planting trap crops
*************
Chemical
• Herbicides,
Insecticides,
Fungicides
• Matricides,
Nematicides,
Rodenticides,
Avicides
(blackbirds)
• Biological
pesticides
63
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AmoX odo^fi b˙`m{ß H$r ‡mo· _{ß odo^fi Ûm{Vm{ß H{$ `m{JXmZ H$m A‹``Z
H$aZm em{Y H$m ‡_wI C‘{Ì` h° VWm C∫$ em{Y-[Ã _{ß `h ode{fH$a kmV
H$aZ{ H$m C‘{Ì` h° oH$ amOÒd ‡mo· _{ß odo^fi Ûm{Vm{ß H$m ∑`m `m{JXmZ h°&
odo^fi Ûm{Vm{ß H$r d•o’ Xa _{ß oH$VZr d•o’ hm{ ahr h° `m H$_r hm{ ahr h° VWm
BgH{$ H$maU Edß ‡X{e H{$ odH$mg _{ß CZH$m oH$VZm ‡^md [∂S> ahm h° VWm
VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z H$aH{$ `h kmV ^r H$aZm h° oH$ amOÒd ‡mo· _{ß gdm©oYH$
`m{JXmZ oH$gH$m h° Edß ›`yZV_ `m{JXmZ oH$gH$m h° Edß CgH{$ ∑`m H$maU
hm{ gH$V{ h° AmoX kmV H$aZm em{Y H$m ‡_wI C‘{Ì` h°&
em{Y ‡odoY Edß j{Ã - ‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _.‡. H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ H{$ amOÒd
_{ß Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß H$m AbJ-AbJ _Xdma odÒVma g{ ‡H$moeV o¤Vr`H$
gß_H$m{ß H{$ ¤mam A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h° VWm Mma odŒmr` dfm} 2012-13,
2013-14, 2014-15 Edß 2015-16 H{$ Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$
A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h°&
em{Y Ï`mª`m - _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß H$r odo^fi
*
_Xm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z VmobH$m H´$ß. 01 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° Om{ Bg ‡H$ma h° VmobH$m H´$ß. 01 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a)
VmobH$m H´$ß. 1 H{$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h¢ 1. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß df© 2012-13
g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13 g{ 2013-14
H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 16 ‡oVeV H$r
d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm
_{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 19 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ>
oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
2. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß H$m AbJ-AbJ
_Xdma A‹``Z oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ H$a amOÒd _{ß df© 2012-13 g{
2015-16 VH$ bJmVa d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r
VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß 3 ‡oVeV d•o’ Xa ]∂T>r h° Om{
ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 21014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 201415 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 6 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m
odf` h°&
2.1 H$a amOÒd H$r AbJ AbJ _Xm{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ am¡`
H$a _{ß 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& df©
2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15
_{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 01 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> VWm 2013-14 g{ 201415 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 6 ‡oVeV
H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m H$maU h°&
2.2 H$a amOÒd _{ß H{$›–r` H$am{ß _{ß ohÒgm df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16
VH$ bJmVma ]∂T>m h°& 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 201314 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 7 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{
2015-16 _{ß 7 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ Xa _{ß oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m
H$maU h°&
3. amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H$a o^fi amOÒd 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r
VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 15 ‡oVeV H$r
oJamdQ> h° Om{ oMßVm H$m odf` h°& O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15
H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 61 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ew^
gßH{$V h°&
4. amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$›– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ H$m ohÒgm df© 201213 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma ]∂T>m h°& 2012-13 g{ 2013-14
‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ^maV
d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°& O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß
2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 100 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm
H$m H$maU h°&
5. [yßOrJV ‡mo·`mß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma ]∂T>r
h°& 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 201415 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 17 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r oMßVm H$m odf` h°& O]oH$
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16
_{ß 19 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
6. [ßyOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß H$r AbJ AbJ _Xm{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m Om`{ Vm{
ododY [ßyOrJV ‡mo·`mß F$U Edß AoJ´_ H$r dgybr _{ß 2012-13 g{
2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß
29 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m H$maU h° VWm 2013-14 g{
2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 78 ‡oVeV
H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m H$maU h°&
7. [ßyßOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß bm{H$ F$U _{ß 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm
oMßVm H$m H$maU h°& O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß
2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 35 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
7.1 [ßyßOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß bm{H$ F$U _{ß ‡mo·`mß df© 2012-13 g{ 201516 VH$ bJmVma ]∂T>r h°& 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 16.5 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ>
oMßVm H$m H$maU h°& O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß
2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 11.5 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
7.2 [ßyOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß bm{H$ F$U H{$ ^wJVmZ _{ß 2012-13 g{ 201314 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 7 ‡oVeV
H$r d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°& O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm
_{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 18 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f
oMßVm H$m H$maU h°&
8. [ßyOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß bm{H$ b{Im{ß H$r ew’ ‡mo·`mß df© 2012-13 g{
2015-16 VH$ bJmVma ]∂T>r h°& 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r
d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°& O]oH$ 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß
2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß 362 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm
H$m H$maU h°&
9. Hw$b amOÒd ‡mo·`mß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma
]∂T>r h°& 2012-13 g{ 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{
2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 12 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°& O]oH$
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16
_{ß 15 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m H$maU h°&
_.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H$a amOÒd H{$
am¡` H$am{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z VmobH$m H´$ß. 02 g{ A‹``Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> h°
Om{ Bg ‡H$ma h° VmobH$m H´$ß. 02 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a)
VmobH$m H´$ß. 2 H{$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h¢ :1. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß H{$ H$a amOÒd _{ß
am¡` H$a _{ß Am` Am°a Ï`` [a H$a _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16
VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß
A.
B.
C.
2.
A.
B.
C.
D.
64
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 16 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©
Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß
2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 7 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ>
Am` Am°a Ï`` [a H$a _{ß oZJ_ H$a VWm oZJ_ H$a g{ o^fi Am` H$a
gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß df© 2012-13 g{
2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r
Am` Am°a Ï`` [a H$a _{ß hm{Q>b ‡mo· H$a 2012-13, 2013-14
H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 119 ‡oVeV
H$r H$_r hwB© Om{ oMßVm H$m odf` h°& 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r
oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
Am` VWm Ï`` [a H$a _{ß Am` VWm Ï`` [a A›` H$a 2012-13,
17 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH${ V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 201415 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 62 ‡oVeV
H$r ode{f d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
gÂ[oŒm Am°a [ßyOrJV b{Z X{Zm{ß [a H$a _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 201516 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß
oMßVm H$m odf` h°& 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 201415 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß H$m{B© d•o’ Zht hwB© Om{ ^r oMßVm H$m
odf` h°&
gÂ[oŒm Am°a [ßyOrJV b{Z X{Zm{ß [a H$a _{ß ^y-amOÒd _{ß 2012-13,
18 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH${ V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 201415 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 51 ‡oVeV
H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
gÂ[oŒm Am°a [ßyOrJV b{Z X{Zm{ß [a H$a _{ß ÒQ>m∞Â[ VWm [ßOrH$aU ewÎH$
_{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 201213, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa
_{ß 25 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© Om{ oMßVm H$m H$maU h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{
17 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
gÂ[oŒm Am°a [ßyOrJV b{Z X{Zm{ß [a H$a _{ß YZH$a _{ß 2012-13,
119 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m odf` h°& [aßVw 201314 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’
Xa _{ß 41 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
gÂ[oŒm Am°a [ßyOrJV b{Z X{Zm{ß [a H$a _{ß H•$of ^yo_ g{ o^fi AMb
gÂ[oŒm [a H$a df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’
hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 201415 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 167 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
[aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 201516 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 119 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$
bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 201314 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 00 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© [aßVw
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16
_{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 6 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a _{ß gr_m VWm gßK CÀ[mX ewÎH$ 201213, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa
_{ß 16 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© Om{ oMßVm H$m odf` h°& [aßVw 2013-14
g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß
13 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a _{ß am¡` CÀ[mX ewÎH$ _{ß df© 2012-13
g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14
H$_r hwB© Om{ oMßVm H$m H$maU h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r
VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 1 ‡oVeV H$r Am{a
oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a _{ß o]H´$r Ï`m[ma AmoX [a H$a _{ß df©
2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13,
2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 0
‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß
dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a _{ß dmhZm{ß [a H$a df© 2012-13 g{
dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a _{ß _mb VWm `moÃ`m{ß [a H$a _{ß ewÎH$ df©
2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13,
13 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© Om{ ode{f oMßVm H$m H$maU h° [aßVw 201314 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’
Xa _{ß H$m{B© d•o’ Zhr hwB© h°&
dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a _{ß od⁄wV H$a VWm ewÎH$ _{ß df© 201213 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 201314 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 11
‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 201415 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 21 ‡oVeV
H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a _{ß g{dm H$a _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 201516 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß
65
oMßVm H$m odf` h°
dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a _{ß dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a A›` H$a VWm
ewÎH$ _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{
2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 106 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V
h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{
2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 10 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
4. H$a amOÒd _{ß Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$
bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 201314 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 3 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^
gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{
_.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß H{$ amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß
H$a o^fi amOÒdm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z VmobH$m H´$ß. 03 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° Om{
Bg ‡H$ma h° VmobH$m H´$ß. 03 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a )
VmobH$m H´$ß. 3 H{$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h¢ 1. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H$a o^fi amOÒdm{ß
_{ß amOH$m{fr` g{dmE± - „`mO, ‡mo·`mß, bm^mße Am°a bm^ amOÒd
‡mo·`m{ß _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{
2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 374 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V
2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 443 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf`
h°&
A. amOH$m{fr` g{dmE± - „`mO, ‡mo·`mß, bm^mße _{ß „`mO ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß
2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß
d•o’ Xa _{ß 454 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 201314 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’
Xa _{ß 521 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
B amOH$m{fr` g{dmE± - „`mO, ‡mo·`mß, bm^mße _{ß bm^mße VWm bm^ _{ß
2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß
d•o’ Xa _{ß 20 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°& [aßVw 201314 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’
Xa _{ß 25 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
2. gm_m›` g{dmAm{ß _{ß amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16
oMßVm H$m odf` h°& [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß
Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
A. gm_m›` g{dmAm{ß _{ß [wobg _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 14 H$_r oMßVm H$m H$maU h°&
[aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 201516 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 67 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°
B. gm_m›` g{dmAm{ß _{ß bm{H$ oZ_m©U H$m`m} _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14
H.
C.
3.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
4.
A.
gm_m›` g{dmAm{ß H$r A›` g{dmAm{ß _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 80 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r oMßVm
H$m odf` h°& [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 201415 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 43 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^
gßH{$V h°&
gm_moOH$ g{dmAm{{ß _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 201314 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 87 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r oMßVm H$m odf`
h°& [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{
2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 800 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m
odf` h°&
gm_moOH$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß oejm, I{b, H$bm Edß gßÒH•$oV _{ß 2012-13,
98 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r oMßVm H$m H$maU h°& [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 201415 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 2018
‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ode{f ew^ gßH{$V h°&
gm_moOH$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß oMoH$Àgm VWm bm{H$ ÒdmÒœ` VWm [nadmma,
Ob [yoV© VWm g\$mB© _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma
d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{
2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 65 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© Om{ oMßVm H$m odf`
h°& [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 201516 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 54 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH${ V h°&
gm_moOH$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß Amdmg Am°a ehar odH$mg _{ß df© 2012-13 g{
H$_r oMßVm H$m H$maU h°& [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm
_{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 3 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©
Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° &
gm_moOH$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß l_ Am°a am{OJma _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14
gm_moOH$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß A›` _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$
bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 201314 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 212 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r ode{f oMßVm H$m
H$maU h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{
2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 5 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ^r oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
AmoW©H$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’
hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 201415 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 9 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16
_{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 5 ‡oVeV H$r Am{a d•o’ ^r ew^ gßH{$V h°& Ó
AmoW©H$ g{dmAm{ _{ß H•$of \$m_©, [ew[mbZ, S{>ar odH$mg, ghH$mnaVm
Am°a A›` J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_ _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r
66
H$_r ode{f oMßVm H$m odf` h°& [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r
[wZ: oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
B. AmoW©H$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß dmoZH$r Am°a d›` OrdZ _{ß df© 2012-13 g{
d•o’ hwB© [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15
g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 14 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf`
h°&
C. AmoW©H$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß Abm°h YmVw IZZ Edß YmVwH$_© C⁄m{J VWm A›`
g_ÒV C⁄m{J _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’
hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 201415 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 15 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16
_{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 16 ‡oVeV H$r [wZ: d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
D. AmoW©H$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß ogßMmB© (d•hX ,_‹`_, VWm bKw) _{ß df© 201213 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 201314 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 02 ‡oVeV
H$r H$_r oMßVm H$m odf` h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r
d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
E. AmoW©H$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß A›` g{dmAm{ß _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 6 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{
ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 201415 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 4 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^
gßH{$V h° h°&
5. Hw$b H$a o^fi amOÒdm{ß _{ß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma
d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{
2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 15 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r oMßVm H$m H$maU h°&
[aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 201516 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 61 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° h°&
_.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm
AZwXmZ H{$ odo^fi _Xm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z VmobH$m H´$ß. 04 g{
Ò[ÓQ> h° Om{ Bg ‡H$ma h° VmobH$m H´$ß. 04 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a)
VmobH$m H´$ß. 4 H{$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h¢ 1. _.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß am¡`
Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ df© 2012-13, g{ 2015-16
2. _.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß H{$›–
‡m`m{oOV Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ 2012-13, 201314 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 116
‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© h° Om{ oMßVm H$m H$maU h°& [aßVw 2013-14 g{
H$m{B© d•o’ Zht hwB© h° Om{ oMßVm H$m H$maU h°&
3. _.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß H{$›–r`
Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm
_{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 10 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB©
4. _.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß
Am`m{OZm o^fi AZwXmZ H{$ ob`{ _{ß df© 2012-13, g{ 2015-16
5. _.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß df©
2012-13, g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13,
83 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH${ V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 201415 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 100
‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> ode{f oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
_.‡. gaH$ma H{$ [ßO
y rJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß bm{H$ F$U H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
VmobH$m H´$ß. 5 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° Om{ Bg ‡H$ma h° :VmobH$m H´$ß. 05 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•ÓR> [a)
VmobH$m H´$ß. 5 H{$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h¢ :1.A. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß am¡` gaH$ma H$m AmßVnaH$ F$U _{ß
‡mo·`mß df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°&
2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß
d•o’ Xa _{ß 27 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© Om{ oMßVm H$m H$maU h°& [aßVw
2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16
_{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 19 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° &
1.B. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß am¡` gaH$ma H$m AmßVnaH$ F$U _{ß
gßodVaU df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°&
2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß
d•o’ Xa _{ß 6 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14
g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß
17 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
1.C. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß am¡` gaH$ma H$m AmßVnaH$ F$U _{ß
ew’ bm{H$ F$U _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14
g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 88 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH${ V h°
[aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 201516 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 48 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH${ V h° h°&
2.A. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß H{$ß– gaH$ma g{ F$U Edß AoJ´_ _{ß
‡mo·`m{ß _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{
2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 38 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°
[aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-
67
16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 38 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
2.B. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß H{$ß– gaH$ma g{ F$U Edß AoJ´_ _{ß
gßodVaU _{ß 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{
2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 25 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h°
[aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 201516 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 44 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
2.C. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß H{$ß– gaH$ma g{ F$U Edß AoJ´_ _{ß
ew’ bm{H$ F$U 2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14
g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 67 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V
_.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß bm{H$ b{Im{ß H$r odo^fi H$m VwbZmÀ_H$
A‹``Z VmobH$m H´$ß. 06 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° Om{ Bg ‡H$ma h° VmobH$m H´$ß. 06 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•>)
VmobH$m H´$ß. 6 H{$ oZÓH$f© Bg ‡H$ma h¢ 1. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß bm{H$ b{Im{ß H{$ ôdÓ` oZoY`m{ß _{ß
2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß
d•o’ Xa _{ß 41 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 201314 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’
Xa _{ß 80 ‡oVeV H$r oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
2. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß bm{H$ b{Im{ß H{$ AmaojV oZoY`mß{ß _{ß
2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß
d•o’ Xa _{ß 1159 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© Om{ ode{f oMßVm H$m H$maU h°&
[aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 201516 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 630 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ ew^ gßH{$V h°&
3. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß bm{H$ b{Im{ß H{$ O_m Am°a AoJ´_ _{ß
2012-13, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß
d•o’ Xa _{ß 616 ‡oVeV H$r H$_r hwB© Om{ ode{f oMßVm H$m H$maU h°&
[aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 201516 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 43 ‡oVeV H$r [wZ: oJamdQ> oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
4. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß bm{H$ b{Im{ß H{$ CM›V Am°a ododY _{ß
df© 2012-13 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 201213, 2013-14 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa
_{ß 609 ‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{
5. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß bm{H$ b{Im{ß H{$ ‡{fU _{ß df© 201213 g{ 2015-16 VH$ bJmVma d•o’ hwB© h°& 2012-13, 2013-14
d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH${ V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß
2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß H$m{B© d•o’ Zht hwB© h°&
6. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß bm{H$ b{Im{ß _{ß 2012-13, 201314 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2013-14 g{ 2014-15 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß 402
‡oVeV H$r ode{f d•o’ hwB© Om{ ew^ gßH{$V h° [aßVw 2013-14 g{
gw P md 1. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß H{$ amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß
H$a amOÒd H{$ am¡` H$a Edß H{$›–r` H$am{ß _{ß ohÒgm odŒmr` df© 1314 g{ 14-15 H$r VwbZm _{ß 2014-15 g{ 2015-16 _{ß d•o’ Xa _{ß
H$_r Bg ]mV H$m gßH{$V h° oH$ H$a amOÒd H{$ b˙` oZYm©aU Edß b˙`
‡mo· _{ß H$hr MyH$ hwB© h°& H$a amOÒd H{$ AßVJ©V am¡` H$am{ß H$m A‹``Z
^r Bg ]mV H$r [woÓQ> H$a ahm h° oH$ Am` Am°a Ï`` [a H$a, gÂ[oŒm
Am°a [yßOrJV b{ZX{Zm{ß [a H$a, dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a _{ß d•o’ Xa
_{ß JV odŒmr` df© H$r VwbZm _{ß H$_r AmB© h°& AV: b˙` oZYm©aU Edß
‡mo· _{ß ode{f ‡`mg H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h° VWm H$aX{` ‡m{ÀgmhZ h{Vw
Edß OZ-OmJaU H$r g\$b ZroV oZ_m© m Edß CgH$m ‡^mdr
oH´$`m›d`Z H$r ^r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&
2. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß
H{$›– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ _{ß ^r d•o’ Xa _{ß H$_r ode{f oMßVm H$m
H$maU h° ∑`m{ßoH$ H{$›– d am¡` _{ß g_mZ [mQ>r© H$r gaH$ma{ hm{Z{ H{$
]mdOyX ^r BgH$r d•o’ Xa _{ß H$_r Am ahr h°& Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ H{$›– H$r
ghm`Vm AZwXmZ dmbr _Xm{ß H$r â[ya C[`m{J Zht hm{ ahm h°& AV:
ode{fH$a CZ _Xm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm Edß CZ [a ode{f ‹`mZ X{Z{ H$r
AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& oOZ _Xm{ß [a H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm d AZwXmZ ‡m· hm{Vm
hm{ BgH{$ ob`{ MaU]’ H$m`©H´$_ oZYm©naV H$aH{$ CgH$m AZwgaU
H$aZm Mmoh`{&
3. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ _{ß Hw$b ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß [yßOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß
JVdf© H$r VwbZm _ß{ß d•o’ Xa ew^ gßH{$V h° ∑`m{ßoH$ ‡X{e H{$ odH$mg _{ß
Bg _X H$r ^r Ah_ ^yo_H$m h°& bm{H$ F$U ^r ‡X{e gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd
H$m ^mJ h°& AV: Bg _X [a ^r ode{f Om{a oX`m OmZm Mmoh`{&
4. _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H$a o^fi amOÒdm{ß H$r ^r _hÀd[yU©
^yo_H$m hm{Vr h°& JV df© H$r VwbZm _{ß amOH$m{fr` g{dmE{ß, „`mO
‡mo·`m±, bm^mße Am°a bm^ H$r d•o’ Xa _{ß ^mar oJamdQ> AmB© h°
O]oH$ gm_m›` g{dmAm{ß , gm_moOH$ g{dmAm{ß, AmoW©H$ g{dmAm{ß _{ß
amOÒd H$r d•o’ Xa _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°& Om{ EH$ gwIX [hby h° [aßVw „`mO
‡mo·`m±, bm^mße VWm bm^ bm{H$ oZ_m©U H$m`©, Amdmg Am°a ehar
odH$mg, l_ Am°a am{OJma, H•$of \$m_©, [ew[mbZ, S{>ar odH$mg,
ghH$mnaVm, J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_, dmoZH$r Am°a d›` OrdZ AmoX
_{ß amOÒd _{ß d•o’ H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h° VWm b˙` oZYm©aU Edß ‡mo· _{ß
[wZod©Mma H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm h°&
5. ‡X{e H{$ odH$mg _{ß OZ^mJrXmar H$r Ah_≤ ^yo_H$m hm{ gH$Vr h°& AV:
Bg ‡H$Î[ H$m{ AoYH$ ]b X{H$a AZ{H$ gmd©OoZH$ j{Ãm{ß H{$ odH$mg
h{Vw OZ^mJrXmar g{ Om{∂S>H$a amOÒd (Am`) ‡m· H$a odH$mg oH$`m
Om gH$Vm h°&
68
6. OZgßª`m d•o’ H$r VwbZm _{ß ‡X{e H$r odH$mg Xa gX°d AoYH$ ah{
VWm ‡X{e H$r OZVm H$m{ odH$mg H$r gm°JmV oZaßVa o_bVr ah{& AV:
Z`{ H$a amOÒdm{ß H$r Im{O H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& OZVm, Ï`m[mar,
C⁄m{J[oV, H$_©Mmar, H•$fH$ Edß g{dmAm{ß X{Z{ dmb{ dJ© g{ amèw_mar H{$
_m‹`_ g{ amOÒd _{ß d•o’ H$aZm Mmoh`{&
7. ‡X{e _{ß H$B© dÒVwAm{ß [a H$a H$r Xa AoYH$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU ^mar _mÃm
_{ß H$a A[dMßZ hm{ ahm h° Edß ^´ÓQ>mMma _{ß d•o’ hm{ ahr h°& AV: H$a H$r
Xa{ß H$_ H$aZ{ VWm H$a A[dMßZ H$m{ am{H$Z{ h{Vw R>m{g ‡`mg H$r
AmdÌ`H$Vm h°& Bg_{ß ode{fkm{ Edß OZVm H$r am` H$m{ emo_b oH$`m
OmZm Mmoh`{ VWm H$a A[dMßZ h{Vw C∂S>ZXÒVm{ß H$m ‡^mdr oH´$`m›d`Z
hm{Zm Mmoh`{ß
8. _.‡. g{ bJ{ hwE A›` am¡`m{ß _{ß amOÒd ‡mo· _{ß oH$g _X H$m oH$VZm
`m{JXmZ h° Edß A›` am¡`m{ß _{ß H$a ‡Umbr d H$aXmZ j_Vm H$m A‹``Z
H$aZm ^r AmdÌ`H$ h° VWm CZ am¡`m{ß g{ H$a H$r Xa{ß H$_ aIZ{ g{ ^r
amOÒd _{ß d•o’ hm{Jr Edß H$a A[dMßZ [a am{H$ bJ{Jr&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :1. Tax System in India – M.M. Sury
2. Financial Inclusion in India – N. Mani
3. Direct Tax Planning and Management- K.K. Agarwal
4. Public Finance – Dr. S.K. Singh
5. Public Finance- Dr. D. Bose, Dr. S. Ganeshan, Dr. A.
6.
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20.
Murimuthy
Research Methodology – Dr. V. Upagade, Dr. A. Shende
www. finance.mp.gov.in
gmßoª`H$r H{$ og’mßV - Am{gdmb, gmhy, ew∑bm &
gmßoª`H$r H{$ og’mßV - S>m∞. Eg.E_. ew∑b, S>m∞. Eg.[r. ghm` &
gmßoª`H$r H{$ og’mßV - lrdmÒVd, oÃ[mR>r, ogßh &
_.‡. d{Q> Edß H{$›–r` odH´$` H$a - S>m∞. H$_b{e ^ S>mar &
H$a oZ`m{OZ Edß ‡ß]Y - lr[mb gH$b{Mm, Ao_V gH$b{Mm &
Am`H$a odoY Edß Ï`dhma - lr[mb gH$b{Mm &
‡À`j H$a - _{ham{Ãm Edß Jm{`b &
A‡À`j H$a - _{ham{Ãm Edß Jm{`b &
A‡À`j H$a - _m{Xr, emh, _ßJb, Jw·m, JJ©, g°Zr &
Am`H$a - AJ´dmb, O°Z, _m{Xr, emh, e_m©, _ßJb &
A‡À`j H$a - O°Z, O°Z, H$Sy>oZ`m &
oZJo_V H$a oZ`m{OZ VWm ‡]ßY - S>m∞. Ama.Eg. JJ© &
_.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ 2012-13, 2013-14, 201415 Edß 2015-16
21. ZdrZ em{Y gßgma (AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` em{Y [oÃH$m) ISSN 2320-8767
22. oXÏ` em{Y g_rjm (AßVam©ÓQ≠>r` em{Y [oÃH$m) ISSN 2394-3807
VmobH$m H´$ß. 01,02,03,04,05,06 (A
Jb{ [•> [a X{I{)
(AJ
69
VmobH$m H´$ß. 01
_.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
H´ $ ß . _X
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2012-13 2013-14
]OQ> AZw . ]OQ> AZw .
2014-15
]OQ> AZw .
2015-16
]OQ> AZw .
2012-13
g{
2013-14
amOÒd ‡mo·`m± (2+3+4) 69913.51 79603.47 103493.16 114422.59 14
H$a amOÒd (2.1+2.2)
49916.44 57075.29 66671.11 73897.34 14
2.1 am¡` H$a
28311.96 33381.68 38989.88 43447.69 18
2.2 H{$›–r` H$am{ß _{ß ohÒgm
21604.48 23693.61 27681.23 3449.65
10
H$a o^fi amOÒd
7326.89 7583.39 6758.86 10124.28 04
H{$›– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ
12670.18 14944.79 30063.19 30401.27 18
[yyßOrJV ‡mo·`mß (6+7+8) 10086.73 12415.63 13089.33 16392.38 23
ododY [yßOrJV ‡mo·`mß F$U 99.48
124.86
122.35
30.84
26
Edß AoJ´_ H$r dgybr
bm{H$ F$U (7.1-7.2)
9460.35 11841.07 10775.98 13627.54 25
7.1 ‡mo·`mß
16943.08 19858.50 19952.98 22400.71 17
7.2 ^wJVmZ
7482.73 8017.43 9177.00 8773.17
7
bm{H$ b{Im{ß g{ ew’ ‡mo·`mß
526.90
449.70
2191.00 2734.00
-15
Hw$b ‡mo·`mß (1 g{ 8 VH$)
80000.24 92019.10 116582.49 130815.27 15
Ûm{V - _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ df© 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 Edß 2015-16
(H$am{∂S> _{ß)
d•o’ ‡oVeV _{ß
2013-14 2014-15
g{
g{
2014-15 2015-16
30
11
17
11
17
11
17
10
-11
50
101
1
06
25
-3
-75
-9
0.5
14
387
27
26
12
-4
25
12
70
VmobH$m H´$ß. 02
_.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H$a amOÒd H{$ am¡` H$am{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
H´ $ ß . H$a amOÒd H{$
‡_wI emrf©H$
2012-13 2013-14
1 Am` Am°a Ï`` [a H$a
13282.73
A oZJ_ H$a VWm oZJ_ H$a g{
13022.00
o^fi Am` H$a
B hm{Q>b ‡mo· H$a
21.00
C Am` VWm Ï`` [a A›` H$a
239.73
2 gÂ[oŒm Am°a [yßOrJV b{Z X{Zm{ß 3766.45
[a H$a
A ^y-amOÒd
550.00
B ÒQ>mÂ∞[ VWm [ßOrH$aU ewÎH$ 3200.00
C YZ H$a
16.45
D H•$of ^yo_ g{ o^fi AMb gÂ[oŒm 00.00
[a H$a
3 dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a H$a 32867.26
A gr_m VWm gßK CÀ[mX ewÎH$ 6447.53
B am¡` CÀ[mX ewÎH$
4800.00
C o]H´$r Ï`m[ma AmoX [a H$a
14000.00
D dmhZm{ß [a H$a
1400.00
E _mb VWm `moÃ`m{ß [a H$a
2150.00
F od⁄wV H$a VWm ewÎH$
1370.00
G g{dm H$a
2118.77
H dÒVwAm{ß Am°a g{dmAm{ß [a A›` 580.96
H$a VWm ewÎH$
4. `m{J(1 g{ 3 VH$)
49916.44
(H$am{∂S> _{ß)
2013-14 2014-15
g{
g{
2014-15 2015-16
18
11
18
10
2014-15
]OQ> AZw .
2015-16
]OQ> AZw .
13605.67 16075.46
13340.94 15795.73
17875.30
17375.30
2012-13
g{
2013-14
2
2
25.00
239.73
4902.99
279.73
5421.50
500.00
6023.54
19
0
30
-100
17
11
00.00
79
11
572.00
4000.00
30.99
300.00
700.10
4000.00
21.40
700.00
500.00
4700.00
23.54
800.00
4
25
88
300
22
0
-31
133
-29
17
10
14
38566.63
7258.25
5750.00
16500.00
1650.00
2640.00
1600.00
3063.71
104.67
45174.15
7022.94
6730.00
19500.00
2000.00
2900.00
2050.00
4841.44
129.77
49998.50
7725.23
7800.00
21300.00
2300.00
3200.00
2200.00
5325.59
147.68
17
13
20
18
18
23
17
45
-82
17
-3
17
18
21
10
28
58
24
11
10
16
9
15
10
7
10
14
57075.29 66671.11
73897.34
14
17
11
71
VmobH$m H´$ß. 03
_.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H$a o^fi amOÒdm{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
415.95
2012-13
g{
2013-14
4
(H$am{∂S> _{ß)
2013-14 2014-15
g{
g{
2014-15 2015-16
378
-65
1133.60
42.26
404.56
100.00
49.50
255.06
348.28
157.73
66.70
383.37
32.57 22
557.39
160.00
50.76
346.63
3438.85
3192.18
114.60
1
2
30
7
-39
73
-0.4
-4
83
455
-23
-4
-7
39
-7
-87
-94
18
38
60
3
36
887
1924
72
53.51
11.72
45.58
4280.15
51.12
57.30
16.01
50.54
4830.15
56.74
63.30
15.25
53.52
5712.09
47.47
123
17
223
4
93
7
37
11
13
11
10
-5
6
18
-16
969.04
1100.00
1250.22
1250.31
14
14
0.008
2309.92
300.30
516.16
7326.89
2233.69
350.39
544.95
7583.39
2510.00
401.63
611.56
6738.86
3203.00
500.33
710.98
10124.28
-3
17
6
4
12
15
12
-11
28
25
16
50
H´ $ ß . H$a amOÒd H{$
‡_wI emrf©H$
2012-13 2013-14
2014-15
]OQ> AZw .
2015-16
]OQ> AZw .
1 amOH$m{fr` g{dmE± - „`mO
‡mo·`mß, bm^mße Am°a bm^
A „`mO ‡mo·`mß
B bm^mße VWm bm^
2 gm_m›` g{dmEß
A [wobg
B bm{H$ oZ_m©U H$m`©
C A›`
3 gm_moOH$ g{dmEß
A oejm,I{b,H$bm, gßÒH•$oV
B oMoH$Àgm VWm bm{H$ ÒdmÒœ`
[nadma H$Î`mU, Ob[yoV© VWm
g\$mB©
C Amdmg Am°a ehar odH$mg
D l_ Am°a am{OJma
E A›`
4 AmoW©H$ g{dmEß
A H•$of \$m_©, [ew [mbZ, S{>àr
odH$mg, ghH$mnaVm Am°a A›`
J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_
B dmoZH$r Am°a d›` OrdZ
C Abm°h YmVw IZZ Edß YmVwH$_©
C⁄m{J VWm A›` g_ÒV C⁄m{J
D ogßMmB©(d•hX,_‹`_ VWm bKw)
E A›`
5 `m{J (1 g{ 4 VH$)
235.82
245.43
1173.86
202.00
33.82
322.79
100.00
63.55
159.24
2646.34
2567.32
30.86
204.15
41.28
420.99
107.04
38.49
275.46
2636.82
2469.61
56.40
24.01
10.02
14.13
4121.94
26.52
-66
72
VmobH$m H´$ß. 04 - _.‡. gaH$ma H$r amOÒd ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß H{$ß– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
(H$am{∂S> _{ß)
H´ $ ß . H{$›– g{ ghm`Vm AZwXmZ
H{$ ‡_wI emrf©H$
2012-13 2013-14
2014-15
]OQ> AZw .
2015-16
]OQ> AZw .
1 am¡` Am`m{OZmJV `m{OZmAm{ß 5125.97 6209.57 23221.80 25464.99
H{$ ob`{
2 H{$ß– ‡m`m{oOV Am`m{OZmJV 3429.77 3980.01 00.00
00.00 16
`m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{
3 H{$›–r` Am`m{OZmJV
1184.85 1517.93 2094.39
1909.11
`m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ob`{
4 Am`m{OZm o^fi AZwXmZ
2929.59 3237.27 4747.00
3027.17
5 `m{J (1 g{ 4 VH$)
12670.2 14944.79 30063.19 30401.27
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
g{
g{
g{
2013-14
2014-15 2015-16
21
274
10
-
100
0
28
38
-9
11
18
47
101
-36
1
VmobH$m H´$ß. 05 - _.‡. gaH$ma H$r [yßOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß bm{H$ F$U H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
(H$am{∂S> _{ß)
H´ $ ß . cm{H$ F$U H{$ erf©H$
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
]OQ> AZw. ]OQ> AZw. ]OQ> AZw .
2015-16
]OQ> AZw .
1 am¡` gaH$ma H$m AmßVnaH$ F$U
A ‡mo·`mß
14018.47 17577.60 17296.27 20320.71
B gßodVaU
6945.39 7385.40 8271.17
7877.34
C ew’ bm{H$ F$U
707308 10192.15 9025.10
12443.37
2 H{$›–r` gaH$ma g{ F$U d AoJ´_
A ‡mo·`mß
2924.61 2280.90 2656.71
2080.00
B gßodVaU
537.34
631.98 905.83
895.83
C ew’ bm{H$ F$U
2387.27 1648.92 1750.88
1184.17
Ûm{V: _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ df© 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 Edß 2015-16
2012-13 2013-14 2014-15
g{
g{
g{
2014-15 2015-16
2013-14
25
6
-99
-2
12
-11
17
-5
38
-22
18
-31
16
43
6
-22
-1
-32
VmobH$m H´$ß. 06 - _.‡. gaH$ma H$r [yßOrJV ‡mo·`m{ß _{ß bm{H$ b{Im{ß H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
(H$am{∂S> _{ß)
H´ $ ß . cm{H$ c{Im|$ H{$ erf©H$
2012-13 2013-14
2014-15
]OQ> AZw .
2015-16
]OQ> AZw .
1 ôdÓ` oZoY`mß
576.07
606.27
887.04
582.42
2 AmaojV oZoY`mß
-19.18
-106.55 642.03
172.00
3 O_m Am°a AoJ´_
176.58
-469.49 700.03
-1342.2
4 CM›V Am°a ododY
-82.86
176.26
1049.88
2994.11
5 ‡{fU
-123.75 297.21
312.08
327.68
6 `m{J (1 g{ 5 VH$)
526.86
449.70
2191.00
2734.00
Ûm{V: _.‡. gaH$ma H{$ ]OQ> AZw_mZ df© 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15 Edß 2015-16
*************
2012-13 2013-14
g{
g{
2013-14
2014-15
5
46
456
-703
366
-249
-313
496
-340
5
-15
387
2014-15
g{
2015-16
-34
-73
-292
185
5
25
73
^maV _{ß ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m Ï`dgm` odH$mg H{$ Í$PmZ H$m
odõ{fUmÀ_H$ A‹``Z
S>m∞. E_. S>r. gm{_mZr * ‡m{. V•o· Jm{`b **
‡ÒVmdZm - ÒdmÒœ` Edß OrdZ Xm{Zm{ß gmW-gmW MbV{ h°& ÒdÒW ahZghZ g{ OrdZ ]∂T>Vm h°& ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m EH$ E{gr odoY h°, oOg_{ß oH$gr
odf{f AÒdÒWVm H{$ odÈ’ ]ro_V Ïò∫$ H$r odŒmr` hmoZ H$r joV[yoV©,
]r_m Hß$[Zr ¤mam H$r OmVr h°& ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m oH$gr ^r AmH$oÒ_H$ oÒWoV
_{ß odŒmr` gwajm ‡XmZ H$aVm h°& ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m hm{Z{ H$r dOh g{ AÒdÒW
hm{Z{ [a Ïò∫$ H$m{ o]Zm Òd`ß [a odŒmr` ]m{P S>mb{ ]{hVa C[Mma o_b
gH$Vm h°& ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m E{gm ]r_m h°, Om{ ]r_mar g{ b{H$a XwK©Q>Zm VH$ H{$
g_` hm{ ah{ IM} H$r bmJV H$m{ gßVwobV H$aVm h°&
ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m H{$ ¤mam H$m{B© ^r Ïò∫$ A[Z{ [nadma H$m{ odŒmr` Í$[
g{ gwaojV H$a gH$Vm h°& Bg{ AmH$oÒ_H$ XwK©Q>Zm d ]r_mna`m{ß H{$ oIbm\$
gwajm H$m _O]yV hoW`ma _mZm OmVm h°& Ïò∫$ H$r C_´ 35 g{ ¡`mXm hm{Z{
H{$ gmW hr ]r_mna`m{ß H$r Om{oI_ ^r ]∂T>Vr OmVr h°& B›ht g{ gwajm ‡XmZ
H$aVr h°, ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m j{Ã H$r ZdrZ `m{OZmE±& OrdZ H$r Om{oI_ H$m{ H$_
H$aZ{ `m CgH{$ ‡]›YZ H{$ ZOnaE g{ `{ `m{OZmE± H$m_ AmVr h°& Bg{ oOVZr
H$_ C_´ _{ß ewÍ$ oH$`m Om`{Jm, CVZm hr _ZwÓ` H{$ obE C[`m{Jr og’ hm{Jm&
dV©_mZ g_` _{ß gm_m›` ]r_m Am°a OrdZ ]r_m H$Â[oZ`m± Xm{Zm{ß hr Bg
‡H$ma H{$ CÀ[mX obE ]mOma _{ß _m°OyX h¢& ha ]r_m H$Â[Zr H$r `m{OZmAm{ß H$r
AbJ-AbJ ode{fVmE± h¢&
ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m H$Â[oZ`m± A[Z{ H$mam{]ma H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ dmb{ CÀ[mXm{ß H{$
gmW ]mOma _{ß ‡d{e H$a ahr h°& oOg_{ß ÒdmÒœ` [m∞obog`m{ß H{$ ZdrZ
C[^m{∫$mAm{ß H{$ AmH$f©U h{Vw ZdrZ Am°a AZm{I{ CÀ[mX [{e H$a ahr h°& BZ
ÒdmÒœ` [m∞obog`m{ß g{ Om{oI_m{ß g{ gwajm ‡m· hm{Vr h°& ]r_m odoZ`m_H$ Edß
odH$mg ‡moYH$aU, H$Â[oZ`m{ß H$m{ AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma amBS>a Om{∂S>Z{ H$r
AZw_oV X{Vr h°& AmOH$b ]r_m H$Â[oZ`m± V{Or g{ JÂ^ra ]r_mna`m{ß g{
gwajm `m{OZmE± ]mOma _{ß bm ahr h°& BZ `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ A›VJ©V [nadma H{$
g^r gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ EH$ hr ]r_m `m{OZm H{$ VhV≤ JÂ^ra ]r_mna`m{ß g{ gwajm
‡XmZ H$r OmVr h°& `h [hb{ g{ V` ‡_wI ]r_mna`m{ß H{$ oIbm\$ gwajm X{Vr
h° Edß BgH{$ AoVna∫$ hm{Z{ dmbr A›` ]r_mna`m{ß `m am{Jm{ß g{ gwaojV Zht
H$aVr&
gmohÀ` [wZamdbm{H$Z 1. “Heath Insurance Market in India - The way forward'
Dr.S.A. Senthil Kumar and R.Ramamoorthy ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 13:4 April 2013 www.language
inindia.com
Bg b{I _{ß ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m H{$ ‡H$mam{ß Edß `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ odõ{fU ¤mam
*
ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m Ï`dgm` H$r d•o’ H$m oMÃU Am±H$∂S>m{ H{$ ¤mam ‡ÒVwV
H$a Bg Vœ` H$m{ COmJa oH$`m h° oH$ Ïò∫$`m{ß H{$ obE H$m°Z-gr
`m{OZm AmdÌ`H$Vm H$m{ gdm}Œm_ VarH{$ g{ [yam H$aVr h°&
2. “Penetration of Health Insurance Sector in Indian
Market' Manonmanjam Sundaranar university, Chennai
- 600025 June 2013 ISSN : 2277-4637 (Online) 22315470 (Print)
Bg b{I _{ß ^maV _{ß ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m Ï`dgm` H{$ odH$mg gß^mdZmAm{ß
Edß j_VmAm{ß H$m{ o]›Xwdma g_Pm`m J`m h°&
3. “Origin, Growth Pattern and Trends : A study of Indian
Health Insurance Sector' Ms, Amandeep Kaur Shahi,
Dr. Harinder Singh Gill June 2013 e-ISSN : 2279-0837,
P-ISSN : 2279-0845 www.losrjournals.org.
C[`w©∫$ em{Y ‡[Ã _{ß ^maV _{ß ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m H{$ j{Ã _{ß H$m`©aV oZOr
Edß gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H$r Hß$[oZ`m{ß H$r ‡ro_`_ ‡mo· Edß ]mOma Aße _{ß d•o’
H$m VwbZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z ‡ÒVwV oH$`m h°&
A‹``Z H{$ C‘{Ì` l
ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m `m{OZmAm{ß H$r Ï`dgmo`H$ ‡JoV H$m AmH$bZ H$aZm&
l
^maV _{ß ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m Ï`dgm` H$m A‹``Z H$aZm&
l
^maV _{ß C[b„Y odo^fi ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m CÀ[mXm{ß H$m A‹``Z&
ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m g{ Ame` - ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m EH$ E{gr odoY h°, oOg_{ß oH$gr
ode{f AÒdÒWVm H{$ odÈ’ ]ro_V Ïò∫$ H$r odŒmr` hmoZ H$r joV[yoV©,
KQ>Zm hm{Z{ [a ]r_m Hß$[Zr ¤mam H$r OmVr h°& A›` e„Xm{ß _{ß ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m
Ïò∫$ H{$ ÒdmÒœ` _{ß hwB© hmoZ `m XwK©Q>Zm H{$ oeH$ma Ïò∫$`m{ß H$r odŒmr`
joV[yoV© H$aVm h°& AmO H{$ CVma-M∂T>md â{ _mhm°b Am°a AÒ[Vmb _{ß BbmO
H$r ]∂T>Vr bmJV H{$ Xm°a _{ß ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m H$m\$r C[`m{Jr h°& ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m
oH$gr ^r AmH$oÒ_H$ _wgr]V H$r hmbV _{ß odŒmr` gwajm ‡XmZ H$aVm h°&
ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m hm{Z{ H$r dOh g{ ]r_ma [∂T>Z{ [a Ïò∫$ H$m{ o]Zm Òd`ß [a
odŒmr` ]m{P S>mb{ ]{hVa C[Mma o_b gH$Vm h°& ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m E{gm ]r_m h°,
Om{ ]r_mar g{ b{H$a XwK©Q>Zm VH$ H{$ g_` hm{ ah{ IM} H$r bmJV H$m{ gßVwobV
H$aVm h°& `h E{gm Jß^ra _w–m CÀ[mX h°, Om{ ‡À`{H$ C_´, obßJ Am°a Ymo_©H$
odoZX}em{ß H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h°& `h o]Zm oH$gr odŒmr` IM© H{$ ‡W_ l{Ur
H{$ C[Mma C[b„Y H$amVm h°&
OrdZ AoZoÌMV h° Am°a BgobE oMoH$ÀgH$r` X{I^mb ^r AoZoÌMV
hm{Vr h°& ôdÓ` H$m{ gwaojV aIZ{ H{$ obE ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m `m{OZm b{Zm
AmdÌ`H$ h°& Bg gwodYm H{$ AßVJ©V S>m∞∑Q>a H$r \$rg, XdmB`m±, Zog™J,
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Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ ÒdmÒœ` ]r_{ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm d _hÀd H{$ ‡oV OmJ•V H$aZ{
H$m ‡`mg oH$`m h°& Bg odõ{fU g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ oZOrH$aU H{$
[ÌMmV≤ ^r J´mhH$m{ß H{$ _Z _{ß gmd©OoZH$ j{Ã H$r Hß$[oZ`m{ß H{$ ‡oV odÌdmg
]Zm hwAm h°&
1. AmB©.gr. 27 ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m, ^maVr` ]r_m gßÒWmZ
2. ‡m{. ojoVO [mQw>H$b{, _{oS>∑b{_ Am°a ÒdmÒœ` ]r_m, ‡oV^m ‡oVÓR>mZ,
ZB© oXÑr
3. “Medical Inflation over the Years' published by the
4.
5.
Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority in
2011.
Health Insurance (Non – Life) Data Analysis Report,
2011-12, Insurance Information Bureau of India.
India Market Health Insurance Update, Issue 15, June
2012, Tower Watson
Journals l
Health Insurance Marketing in India – The way forward,
ISSN-1930-2940 Vol 13:4 April 2013, Dr. S.A. Senthil
Kumar, R. Ramamoorthy.
l
Origin Growth Pattern and trends: A study of Indian
Health Insurance Sector, e-ISSN: 2279-0837, P-ISSN2279-0845.
l
Ms. Amandeep Kaur Shahi, Dr. Harinder Singh Gill.
l
Health Insurance (Nonlife) Data Analysis report (201112) (Insuranec information Bureau of India).
l
Penetration of Health Insurance Sector in Indian Market
– Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Chennai : ISSN
: 2277-4637 Vol.3 June 2013. International Journal of
Management.
Web articles l
“Health insurance portability: Some facts', March 20,
2011 http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/
l
l
l
l
76
2011-03 20/news/29148034_1_health-insuranceportability-medical-insurance
“Rural India’s access to healthcare patchy: Study' July
22, 2013, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/
2013-07-22/news/40727949_1_rural-areas-providershealthcare-informatics
“India’s per capita income rises to Rs 5,729 per month'
February 7, 2013, http://www.business-standard.com/
article/economy-policy/india-s-per-capita-income-risesto-rs-5-729-per-month-113020700995_1.html
“Health spend set to double in 12th Plan' November
19, 2011, http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/
Health-spend-set-to-double-in-12th-Plan/articleshow/
10788223.cms
“Health Insurance in India still remains an untapped
market', September 20, 2013, http://www.dnaindia.com/
health/report-health-insurance-in-india-still-remains-anuntapped-market-1891509
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*************
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1. Neturally Colour Cotton – P.No. 397,412
2. Agricultural research station, University of Agriculture
science – Dharwad ,Karnataka
3. College of Agriculture, Jawharlal Nehru Krishi Viswa
Vidhyalaya, Khandwa (M.P.)
4.
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Mm°Wm gßgma - 7 \$adar 2007 [{O Zß 07
ZB© XwoZ`m - 21 _mM© 1995 [{O Zß 07
ZB© XwoZ`m - 11 _mM© 2008 [{O Zß 15
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gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :1. AmnW©H$ gd}jU, 2014-15
2. gy˙_, bKw d _Pm°b{ C⁄_m{ß H{$ _ßÃmb` H$r dmnf©H$ na[m{Q©>, 2014-15
3. E_.Eg.E_.B©. H$r dmnf©H$ na[m{Q©>, 2013-14
4. am{OJma g_mMma, ZB© nXÑr 6-12 \$adar 2016
5. am{OJma g_mMma, ZB© nXÑr 13-19 \$adar 2016
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hm{ OmEJm&
_wª` Í$[ g{ \´$¢MmB©O _{ß b{ImH$_© (Accounts), odŒm (Finance), VH$ZrH$r [{e{da (Technical Professionars), Ï`mdgmo`H$ odH$mgH$Vm©
(Business Developers), Ï`dgm` ‡]ßYH$ (M.B.A.), H$r `m{Ω`Vm Ymna`m{ß H$r _mßJ AoYH$ ah{Jr& AmJm_r Xm{ dfm~ _{ß ^maV _{ß \´$¢MmB©O H{$
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EH$ Aoêm[ ]Z JB© h°& `m{Ω`Vm hm{Z{ H{$ ]mdOyX ‡oV^mdmZ `wdm am{OJma Ï`dgm` H$m KZÀd ]∂T>Z{ H{$ gmW-gmW `wdmAm{ß H{$ obE am{OJma H{$ ZdrZ
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`wdmAm{ß H$m{ am{OJma d C⁄o_Vm H$r gß^mdZmAm{ß H{$ ¤ma [a XÒVH$ X{Z{ H{$ ^mJ H$m{ VmobH$m H´$. 01 H{$ AßVJ©V oZÂZmZwgma Xem©`m J`m h° VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ -01
obE Adga d gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m{ ^wZmZ{ H{$ obE oH´$`m (Action) H$aZ{ H{$
^maV _{ß \´$¢MmB©O C⁄o_Vm j{Ãdma ^mJ (51 o]ob`Z A_{naH$r
j{Ãm{{ß H$m [Vm bJmZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m J`m h°, oOgH{$ oZÂZmßoH$V ‡_wI C‘{Ì`
S>m∞ba _{ß ohÒgm)
h° ohÒgm % _{ß
1. \´$¢MmB©O H$m am{OJma H{$ j{Ã _{ß `m{JXmZ H$r ^mdr gß^mdZmAm{ß H$m j{ Ã
[Vm bJmZm&
I{aMr d A›` (Retail & other)
23%
2. ]{am{OJmar Xya H$aZ{ _{ß \´$¢MmB©O H$r ^yo_H$m H$m Am±H$bZ H$aZm&
[m{emH$ (Apparel)
21%
3. \´$¢MmB©O H{$ j{Ãdma ‡Xe©Z H$m{ CH{$aZm Edß C⁄o_`m{ß H{$ obE Adga odŒmr` g{dmAm{ß _ß{ (Financial Service)
11%
j{Ãm{ß H$m{ C”moQ>V H$aZm&
Im⁄ d [{` [XmW© (Food Baverage)
09%
em{Y ‡odoY - ‡ÒVwV em{Y H$m{ o¤Vr`H$ d ‡H$moeV g_ßH$m{ß, gyMZmAm{ß, Am°foY`m± (Farmecy)
08%
Ïò∫$JV [arjU d AZw^d H{$ AmYma [a odÌb{fU H$aV{ hwE gÂ[fi OdmhamV (Jwellary )
06%
oH$`m J`m h°&
ÒdmÒœ` d [wZ©dmg (Health & Wellness) 06%
j{ Ã dma \´ $ ¢ M mB© O C⁄o_Vm H{ $ Adga - dV©_mZ _{ß C⁄o_Vm H{$ ‡oV H$m{naà g{dmE± (Corrier Services)
04%
amÓQ≠>r` d A›Vam©ÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a Í$oM ]∂T>r& _mH©$ OwH$a]J© `wdm C⁄o_`m{ß H{$ \$Zr©Ma (Furniture & Fittings)
04%
ob`{ ‡{aUm Ûm{V ]Z JE h¢& \´$¢MmB©O C⁄m{J C⁄o_Vm H{$ Abmdm am{OJma H{$ oejm (Education)
02%
g•OZ _ß{ Vrd´ JoV g{ AmJ{ ]∂T> ahm h°& [{oflgH$m{ Bo S>`m H{$ EH$ Am∞H$bZ H{$ (Ûm{V- H{$.[r.E_.Or. gd})
AZwgma AmJm_r 2 dfm~ _{ß \´$¢MmB©O C⁄m{J A›` C⁄m{Jm{ß H{$ gmW-gmW
C[am{∫$ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 H{$ odÌb{fU g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> h° df© 2017
bJ^J 47000 ZB© H$Â[oZ`m{ß H{$ oZ_m©U H$m{ gmH$ma H$a gH$Vr h°&
VH$ I{aMr d A›` j{Ãm{ß _{ß 23% H{$ ]am]a H$r ohÒg{Xmar H{$ gmW C⁄o_Vm
H{$[rE_Or H{$ gd} H{$ AZwgma ^maV _{ß \´$¢MmB©O C⁄m{J 2017 VH$ 50 H$r gß^mdZmE{ß ‡]b h°& Òdm^modH$ Í$[ g{ Bg j{Ã _{ß am{OJma H$r gß^mdZmE{ß
* ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
** ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (dmoU¡`) lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
^r ¡`mXm ah{Jr& Bgr ‡H$ma [m{fmH$ (Apparel) H$m H´$_ o¤Vr` d odŒmr`
g{dmAm{ß (Financial Services) H{$ obE V•Vr` ÒWmZ H{$ gmW A¿N>r
gß^mdZmE± oXImB© X{ ahr h°& A›` j{Ã ^r 2% g{ 9% H$r ohÒg{Xmar H{$ ]rM
C⁄o_`mß{ H$m{ AmH$of©V H$a am{OJma H{$ Adga [°Xm H$aZ{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m
H$m oZd©hZ H$a{ßJ{&
\´$¢MmB©O _{ß j{Ãdma am{OJma H{$ Adga - X{e H{$ Hw$b l_]b (47.74
H$am{∂S>) H{$ ^mJ 2.3% H$m{ hr Am°[MmnaH$ H$m°eb ‡oejU ‡m· h°, O]oH$
VwbZmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ o]´Q{>Z _{ß 68%, O_©Zr _{ß 75%, gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> A_{naH$m _{ß
52%, H$m{na`m _{ß 96% d Om[mZ _{ß 80% l_ ]b H$m{ Am°[MmnaH$ H$m°eb
‡oejU ‡m· hwAm h°& ^maVr` C⁄m{Jm{ß _{ß l_]b h°, b{oH$Z CZH{$ [mg
AÀ`mYwoZH$ C⁄m{Jmß{ _ß{ H$m`© H$aZ{ bm`H$ H$m°eb kmZ Zht h°& amÓQ≠>r` Z_yZm
gd}jU gßJR>Z H{$ 66d{ß d 68d{ß MH´$ H{$ [naUm_m{ß H{$ AZwgma 01 OZdar
2015 H{$ ^maV H$m AZw_moZV l_ 48.75 H$am{∂S> h° oOg_{ß 51% J°a H•$of
j{Ã _{ß h°& Bg ‡H$ma 24.9 H$am{∂S> H$m_Jma J°a H•$of j{Ã _{ß h° Am°a H•$of j{Ã
_{ß, \´$¢MmB©O C⁄m{J _{ß AoVna∫$ Í$[ g{ AmJm_r g_` _{ß 1.4 H$am{∂S> bm{Jm{ß H$m{
am{OJma Om{ oH$ g_H$mbrZ H$m`© ]b H$m 10% H{$ ]am]a hm{Jm oOgH{$ _wª`
j{Ãm{ß H$m{ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 _{ß Xem©`m J`m h° VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ -02
^maV _{ß \´$¢MmB©O C⁄o_Vm _{ß df© 2017 VH$ am{OJma H{$ ZE Adga
‡oVeV (%)
gß ª `m
H´ $ . j{Ã H$m Zm_
(bmI _{ ß )
1 IwXam j{Ã (Retail Sector) 77 bmI
5%
2 C[^m{∫$m g{dmE{ß (Consumer 31 bmI
2.2%
Services)
3 oejU (Education)
20 bmI
1.5%
4 Im⁄ d [{` [XmW© (Food
10 bmI
1.0 %
Bevarage)
(Ûm{V- H{$.[r.E_.Or. gd}jU)
C[am{∫$ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 02 H{$ Adbm{H$Z g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{ ahm h° oH$
C⁄o_Vm H{$ gmW-gmW am{OJma H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^r ‡À`j d A‡À`j am{OJma H$r
oÒWoV IwXam j{Ã gdm©oYH$ 77 bmI H{$ AmßH$S>∂{ [a ah{Jr O]oH$ g]g{ H$_
5%
5%
4%
3%
3%
2%
2%
1%
1%
0%
‡oVeV
77 bmI
IwXam j{Ã
1
31 bmI
C[^m{ ∫ $m g{ d mE±
2
20 bmI
oejU
3
10 bmI
Im⁄ d [{ `
[XmW©
10 bmI H$r gß^mdZm \w$S> Edß ]{da{O H{$ j{Ã _ß{ ah{Jr& [naUmÒdÍ$[ `wdmAm{ß
H$m{ IwXam, C[^m{∫$m g{dmAm{ß d oejU j{Ã _{ß ode{f ‡oejU ‡XmZ H$a
C›hß{ am{OJma ‡XmZ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° oOgH$m a{ImoMÃr` Í$[ AJ´ ‡H$ma
h° - a{Im oMÃ H´$0 -01 (X{I{)
\´$¢MmB©O C⁄m{J X{eO oÒWoV - \´$¢MmB©O C⁄m{J CâVr hwB© ^maVr`
AW©Ï`dÒWm _{ß EH$ gß^mdZmAm{ß d j_VmAm{ß H$m j{Ã h°& dV©_mZ _{ß X{e _{ß
3000 g{ ¡`mXm ]´m∞ S>≤g Z{ \´$¢MmB©O _m∞S>b A[Zm h°& 30% dmof©H$ d•o’ H{$
gmW `h C⁄m{J dV©_mZ _{ß 30 o]ob`Z A_{naH$r S>m∞ba H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z aIVm
h° BgH$r ‡JoV oZÂZmßoH$V a{ImoMÃ ¤mam ‡Xoe©V H$r JB© h° a{Im oMÃ H´$0 -02
^maV _{ß \´$¢MmB©O C⁄m{J H$m ]mOmar _yÎ`mßH$Z (df© 2012 g{ 2017)
C[am{∫$ a{ImoMÃ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ dV©_mZ \´$¢MmB©O C⁄m{J 2012 H{${
13.4 o]ob`Z A_{naH$r S>m∞ba g{ ]∂T>H$a 2017 _ß{ 31 o]ob`Z A_{naH$r
S>m∞ba VH$ d•o’ hm{H$a 50.4 o]ob`Z A_{naH$r S>m∞ba hm{ OmZ{ H$r gß^mdZm
h°& AWm©V≤ Bg_{ß 231% H$r ]∂S>r d•o’ H$r gß^mdZm h° Om{ ‡À`{H$ oÒWoV _{ß
`wdmAm{ß H{$ obE C⁄_ d am{OJma H$r —oÓQ> g{ gH$mamÀ_H$ [naUm_Xm`H$
og’ hm{Jr&
oZÓH$f© - h_ma{ dV©_mZ ‡YmZ_ßÃr Z{ hmb hr _{ß "_{H$ BZ Bo S>`m' H$m Zmam
oX`m h°& V_m_ gßKfm~ d ]mYmAm{ß H$m{ [ma H$aV{ hwE `wdm C⁄o_`m{ß d H$m_Jmam{ß
H{$ obE \´$¢MmB©O C⁄m{J EH$ V{Or g{ ]∂T>Vm hwAm gß^mdZmAm{ß dmbm j{Ã
gmo]V hm{ gH$Vm h°& `h ]mV em{Y [Ã H{$ odÌb{fU g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{ ahr h°&
oOgg{ ^maV H$m{ 'MADE IN INDIA' H$r N>od g{ oZH$mbH$a 'MAKE IN
INDIA' H$r N>od _{ß ]XbZ{ H$r EH$ A¿N>r [hb H{$ Í$[ _{ß X{Im Om gH$Vm h°
d odÌd H{$ C⁄_ [Q>b [a `h ^maVr` `wdmAm{ß H{$ EH$ ÒdrH$ma `m{Ω` MwZm°Vr
h° oOg{ C›h{ß Vwa›V gÉmB© _{ß ]XbZm hm{Jm&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :1. H{$.[r.E_.Or. gd}jU 2015
2. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a g_mMma [Ã, 04 oXgÂ]a 2015
3. ^maVr` amÓQ≠>r` Z_yZm gd}jU 2014-15
4. ‡oV`m{oJVm X[©U H$m AW©Ï`dÒWm ode{fmßH$ 2014-15
a{Im oMÃ H´$0 -02
^maV _{ß \´$¢MmB©O C⁄m{J H$m ]mOmar _yÎ`mßH$Z
(df© 2012 g{ 2017)
a{Im oMÃ H´$0 -01
(C⁄_ H$m _yÎ`mßH$Z A_{oaH$r S>m∞ba _|)
‡oVeV (%)
90
91
^maV _{ß C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H{$ Adga Edß MwZm°oV`m±
A_a Q>m{[{ * S>m∞. Or. Eb. ImßJm{∂S{>**
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VWm C⁄m{J[oV hr odH$mg H$m AmYma _mZm OmVm Wm, b{oH$Z AmO ‡À`{H$
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C[bo„Y AbJ-AbJ OJh g{ hm{Vr h° VWm BZ gmYZm{ß H$m{ EH$oÃV H$aH{$
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H{$ obE CÀ[mXZ H{$ g^r gmYZ _hÀd aIV{ h¢,b{oH$Z ‡W_ Mma-^yo_,
[y±Or,l_, gßJR>Z, Òd‡{naV Zht hm{V{, B›h| H$m{B© A›` eo∫$ AWdm gmYZ
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AoZoÌMVVmAm{ß{ H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ H$r `m{Ω`Vm Edß ‡doŒm h°&
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1. Om{g{\$ ewÂ[rQ>a H{$ AZwgma
ma-"C⁄o_Vm EH$ Zd‡d©VZH$mar H$m`©
h°& `h Òdmo_Àd H$r A[{jm EH$ Z{V•Àd H$m`© h°&"
2. bm∞∑g H{$ e„Xm| _ß{ "C⁄o_Vm Om{oI_ CR>mZ{ H$r B¿N>m, Am` Edß
‡oVÓR>m H$r Mmh VWm Òd-Ao^Ïò∫$,g•OZmÀ_H$Vm Edß ÒdVßÃVm
H$r Ao^bmfm H$m o_lU h°&'
C⁄o_Vm H$r AdYmaUm - C⁄o_Vm H$r AdYmaUm H$m{ Hw$N> od’mZm{ß Z{
oZÂZ ‡H$ma g{ ‡H$Q> oH$`m h°-
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em{YmWu,$emgH$r` _mYd H$bm Edß dmoU¡` _hmod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
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gßMmbZ H$aZm, Ï`dgm` H$m{ odH$mg H$r Am{a AJ´ga H$aZ{ O°g{ bÂ]r
AdoY H{$ b˙` [mZm VWm oXZ ‡oVoXZ H{$ oZU©` b{Z{ H$r ‡oH´$`m AmoX
C⁄o_Vm _{ß hr g_mohV h°&
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hm{ ahm h°& oMoH$Àgm,odoY,BßOroZ`naßJ,‡]ßY AmoX [{em{ H$r Vah C⁄o_Vm
H$r `m{Ω`Vm H$m{ oejU-‡oejU ¤mam odH$ogV oH$`m Om ahm h°&
5. kmZ AmYmnaV Ï`dhma --‡og’ ‡]ßYemÛr [rQ>a.E\$.S≠>H$a
obIV{ h° oH$ "C⁄o_Vm Z EH$ odkmZ h° Am°a Z hr H$bm, `h EH$ Ï`dhma h°
oOgH$m AmYma kmZ h°&"C⁄_r A[Z{ kmZ Edß AZw^d H{$ AmYma [a CÉ
b˙` H$r ‡mo· H$a gH$Vm h°& CZH{$ dfm} H{$ bß]{ AZw^d Edß Ï`dhma H{$ ]mX
hr H$m{B© Ïò∫$ gmhg H$m JwU [°Xm hm{ gH$Vm h°&
6. C⁄o_Vm EH$ OrdZ e°br - C⁄o_Vm EH$ H$m`© Ï`dgm` `m [{em
Zht h° Ao[Vw `h EH$ OrdZ H$m{ Ï`doÒWV Í$[ g{ OrZ{ H$m EH$ Tß>J ^r h°&ß
‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ OrdZ _| b˙` ‡mo· H{$ ob`{ aMZmÀ_H$ Edß H$Î[Zmeo∫$
hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ hm{Vm h°, Cg_{ß `m{{OZm ]ZmZ{, R>m{g oZU©` b{Z{ Edß C›h|
oH´$`mo›dV H$aZ{ H$r `m{Ω`Vm hm{Zm MmohE&
7. C⁄o_Vm EH$ AmMaU --oZU©` b{Z{ H$r j_Vm odH$ogV H$aH{$ ‡À`{H$
Ïò∫$ C⁄_r ]Z H$a gmhogH$ AmMaU H$a gH$Vm h°& Bg ‡H$ma C⁄o_Vm
EH$ AmMaU h°&
C⁄o_Vm H$r gr_mE± 1. [y±Or H$m A^md- [y±Or oH$gr ^r Ï`dgmg H$m OrdZXm`Zr a∫$
hm{Vm h°& oOgH{$ A^md _| H$m{B© ^r Ï`dgm` A[Zm odH$mg Zht H$a gH$Vm
h°& AV: [y±Or H$r H$_r C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg _| EH$ ]hwV ]∂S>r ]mYm h°&
2. em{ Y Edß AZw g ß Y mZm{ ß H$m A^md - Ï`mdgmo`H$ C[H´$_m{ß H$m{
odH$mg H{$ [W [a AJ´ga H$aZ{ h{Vw em{Y Edß AZwgßYmZ [a ‹`mZ oX`m
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ode{f ‹`mZ Zht oX`m Om ahm h°,oOgH{$ H$maU h_ma{ X{e _{ß [`m©· _mÃm _ßß{
Zd‡d©VZ Zht hm{ [m ahm h°&
3. ÒdÒW ‡oVÒ[’m© H$m A^md - h_ma{ X{e H{$ N>m{Q{> C⁄m{Jm| H$r
‡oVÒ[’m© H$aZ{ H$r j_Vm ]S>∂{ C⁄m{Jm{ _{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß AÀ`ßV H$_ hm{Vr h°&
oOgg{ CZ Xm{Zm| H{$ ]rM AZwoMV ‡oVÒ[’m© hm{Vr h°& AV: ÒdÒW ‡oVÒ[’m©
H$m A^md C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ _mJ© H$r g]g{ ]∂S>r ]mYm h°&
4. AmdÌ`H$ gß g mYZm{ ß H$m A^md - h_ma{ X{e H{$ C⁄o_`m{ß H$m{
Ï`dgm` H$r ÒWm[Zm h{Vw _yb^yV AmdÌ`H$ gßgmYZm{ß H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm
92
hm{Vr h°, O°g{ H$Ém _mb, o]Obr,g∂S>H$,[mZr BZH$r H$_r H{$ H$maU C⁄m{Jm|
H$m [`m©· odH$mg Zht hm{ [mVm h°&
5. CÉ VH$ZrH$ H$m A^md - Ï`dgm` H{$ odH$mg _{ß VH$ZrH$ H$m
_hÀd[yU© `m{JXmZ hm{Vm h°, [a›Vw h_ma{ X{e H{$ C⁄o_`mßß{ H{$ [mg [y±Or H$r
H$_r H{$ H$maU VH$ZrH$r odH$mg Zht hm{ [m ahm h° Edß C⁄o_`m{ß H$m{ ZdrZ
VH$ZrH$r H$r OmZH$mar ‡m· Zht hm{ [mVr& Om{ C⁄o_Vm H{$ _mJ© _{{ß EH$ ]mYm
h°&
C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg h{Vw gwPmd1. Zd‡d©VZ H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm - h_ma{ X{e _ß{ C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$
obE Zd‡d©Z H$m{ ‡mWo_H$Vm oX`m OmZm AÀ`ßVAmdÌ`H$ Zht h°& dÒVwAm{ß
H{$ CÀ[mXZ _{ß Z`{ `ßÃm{, VH$ZrH$m{ g{ C[`m{oJVm g•OZ C⁄o_Vm H$m hr
[naUm_ h°&
2. Z`{ C[H´$_m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm - C⁄o_Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE h_ma{ X{e
_{ß Z`{-Z`{ C[H´$_m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm oH$`m OmZm AÀ`ßV AmdÌ`H$ hm{Vm h°&
C⁄o_Vm C‘{Ì` H{$ H$maU g_mO _{ß Z`{-Z`{ C[H´$_m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm hm{Vr h°&
gwÒV Am°a AoH´$`merb CÀ[mXZ H{$ gmYZm{ß H$m{ CÀ[mXZ H$m`m} _{{ß JoVerb
Am°a `m{Ω` ]ZmZ{ _{ß C⁄o_Vm `m{Ω`Vm Edß H$m`©j_Vm H$m bm^ Z`{-Z`{
C⁄m{Jm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm H$m{ o_bVm h°&
3. VH$ZrH$r oejm H$m odH$mg - X{e _{ß C⁄o_Vm odH$mg H{$ obE
VH$ZrH$r oejm H{$ odH$mg [a Om{a X{Zm MmohE& BgH{$ obE [mR>ÁH´$_m{ß _{ß
VH$ZrH$r oejm H{$ odf` H$m{ emo_b oH$`m OmZm MmohE Edß VH$ZrH$r
oejm H{$ obE gaH$ma H$m{ ode{f gwodYmE ‡XmZ H$aZm MmohE&
4. em{Y Edß AZwgßYmZ H$m`©H´$_mß{ H$m odH$mg - h_ma{ X{e _{ß C⁄_
H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE em{Y Edß AZwgßYmZ H$m`©H´$_mß{ H$m{ ‡m{ÀgmhZ oX`m OmZm
MmohE& em{Y Edß AZwgßYmZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hr C⁄o_Vm H$m odH$mg gß^d h°&
h_ma{ X{e H$m ôdÓ` Edß AmoW©H$ odH$mg Bgr [a oQ>H$m hwAm h°&
"Ωbm{]b AmÃß‡{›`m{aoe[ _m∞ZrQ>a' na[m{Q©> - C⁄o_Vm H{$ j{Ã _{ß 1999
'(Or.B©.E_.)
g{ d°oÌdH$ ÒVa [a ‡ma^ "Ωbm{]b AmßÃ‡{›`m{aoe[ _m∞ZrQ>a'(
H{$ 2014 _{ß hwE 16d| A‹``Z _ßß{ 73 X{emß{ H$r AW©Ï`dÒWmAm{,odÌd H$r
72.4 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m Edß 90 ‡oVeV OrS>r[r H$m{ emo_b oH$`m J`m&
2014 _{{ hwE A‹``Z _{ß [ya{ odÌd _{ß Hw$b 2,06,000 Ïò∫$Am{ß Edß 3,936
ode{fkm{ H$r am` br JB©& `h C⁄o_Vm H{$ j{Ã _{{ß [ya{ odÌd _{ g]g{ ]∂S>m
A‹``Z h°& dh C⁄o_Vm H{$ ‡oV Ïò∫$`m{ß H$r Ao^d•oŒm , C⁄_ H$r ÒWm[Zm
H{$ odo^fi MaU _ß{ goH´$`Vm, AmÀ_odÌdmg AmoX H$m _m[Z H$aVm h°& `h
A‹``Z odo^fi X{em{ß C⁄o_Vm goH´$`Vm _{ß AßVa ,BgH$m X{e H{$ AmoW©H$
odH$mg g{ gß]ßY ,oH$gr X{e H$r OZgßª`m H$m{ C⁄_r ]ZmZ{ gß]ßYr JwUm{ H$m
[Vm bJmZ{ H$m ‡`mg h° Bg_ß{ C⁄o_Vm goH´$`Vm Ïò∫$`m{ß H$r Òd`ßß
Ao^‡{a mm,goH´$`Vm,H$m°eb ¤mam C[b„Y Adgam{ß H$r [hMmZ,C[`m{J
Edß gß]ßoYV dmVmdaoU` H$maH$m{ H$m [naUm_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß [na^mofV h°& ^maV
H$m{ H$maH$ AmYmnaV AW©Ï`dÒWm _mZm J`m h°& Ohmß AmoW©H$ odH$mg _yb^yV
AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß O°g{ gßÒWmAm{ß H$m odH$mg ,ÒdmÒœ`,‡mWo_H$ oejm,
AmoW©H$ ÒWmo`Àd AmoX [a AmYmnaV hm{Vm h°&
VmobH$m -1 _{ß odo^fi Mam{ß h{Vw 18-64 df© H$r Am`w H$r OZgßª`m _ß{
‡oVeV oXImE JE h°, Om{ oH$ Bg ‡H$ma h°VmobH$m-1 - (X{I{ AJb{ [•> [a ) - VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ ^maVr`
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_{ß{ KQ>H$a 36.7 ‡oVeV ah JB©& 2014 _{ß C⁄_m{ _{ß Ag\$bVm H$r Xa _{ [yd©
dfm} H$r VwbZm _| AdÌ` H$_r hwB© h°& oH$gr Z`{ ‡maßo^H$ C⁄_m{ß H$m{ OmZZ{
dmb{ bm{Jm| H$m ‡oVeV 2006, 2007,d 2008 _{ß ]∂T>m Wm & 2013 _{
Bg_{ß ^r H$_r AmB©& C[am{∫$ doU©V Ma Vm{ Ïò∫$ H$r C⁄_r _mZogH$Vm H$m
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31
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93
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42
42
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2006
62
52
24
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2007
73
71
50
77
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6
8.5
67
2008
58
58
46
60
6.9
6.9
11.5
67
2013
56
41
39
39
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5.1
9.9
61
2014
36.7
38.9
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A.O.Om.
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gßª`m
amoe
gßª`m
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gßª`m
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2002-03
6.53
40.85
47.38
834
6.53
5869
40.85
6703
47.38
2003-04
7.38
45.55
52.93
946
7.38
6482
45.55
7428
52.93
2004-05
7.96
48.46
56.42
986
7.96
6960
48.46
7946
56.42
2005-06
8.13
50.01
58.14
1063
8.13
7237
50.01
8300
58.14
2006-07
7.58
39.60
47.18
955
7.58
4536
39.60
5491
47.18
2007-08
9.76
66.91
76.67
1199
9.76
8364
66.91
9563
76.67
2008-09
15.33
78.69
94.02
1698
15.33
8369
78.69
10067 94.02
2009-10
22.12
71.56
93.68
2234
22.12
9370
71.56
11604 93.68
2010-11
34.23
131.12
165.35
2772
26.56
14038
131.10
16810 157.66
2011-12
26.72
217.37
244.09
2884
26.72
20930
194.01
23814 220.73
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100
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H{$ obE `h AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ A‹``Z H{$ [yd© H´$_]’ Í$[ a{Im V°`ma H$a b{Zm
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J`m h°& oOgg{ ‡ÌZmdbr H{$ _m‹`_ g{ em{Y j{Ã Hw$jr H$r 50 _ohbmAm{ß
H$m M`Z oH$`m J`m h°& MòZV 50 _ohbmAm{ß H$m ‡À`{j Í$[ g{ gmjmÀH$ma
b{H$a g_ßH$m{ß H$m gßH$bZ oH$`m J`m h°&
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7. ÒdÒW OrdZ e°br H$m gßdY©Z&
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amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU ÒdmÒœ` o_eZ H{$ KQ>H$ 1. ‡OZZ Edß oeew ÒdmÒœ` g{dmE±
2. Q>rH$mH$aU
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emgH$r` AÒ[Vmb _{ß ^Vr© hm{ H$a C[Mma H$aZ{ [a EH$ odoŒm` df© _{ß
20000Í$. VH$ oZ:ewÎH$ Om±M C[Mma H$r gwodYm X{Zm&
2. OZZr gwajm `m{OZm - `m{OZm H$m bm^ CZ g^r J^©dVr _ohbmAm{ß
H$m{ o_b{Jm oOZH$m ‡gd emgH$r` AÒ[Vmb _{ß ^Vr© hm{ H$a H$am`m J`m
hm{&
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MobV Am°fYmb` EH$ MobV dmhZ _{ß ÒWmo[V h¢& Bg MobV AÒ[Vmb _{ß
EH$ S>m∞∑Q>a, EH$ Zg© VWm A›` ÒQ>m±\$ h°& Om±M H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ C[H$aU
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]mOma ‡mV: 10 ]O{ g{ gm`ß 6 ]O{ß VH$ ]r_mam{ß H$r g{dm H$a{Jm&
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H$aZm&
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Am[H$m{ OZZr gwajm `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar h° ?
H´$. OZZr gwajm `m{OZm CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$r gßª`m
‡oVeV
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100%
2.
Zht
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50
100%
`m{ J
Ûm{V- gd}ojV AmßH$S>∂{&
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H$m{ OZZr gwajm `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ OZZr gwajm `m{OZm H{$
A›VJ©V AmoW©H$ bm^ H{$ gmW oZ:ewÎH$ C[Mma Edß gwb^ ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmE
g_` [a C[b„Y hm{ OmVr h°& Bg `m{OZm H{$ gmW ‡{aH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß EH$ H$∂S>r
Amem H$m`©H$Vm© H$m{ Om{∂S>m J`m h°& AV: Bg `m{OZm H{$ gH$mamÀ_H$ [naUm_
X{IZ{ H$m{ o_b ah{ h°&
VmobH$m H´ $ .2
∑`m Am[H{$ amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU ÒdmÒœ` o_eZ H$r OZZr E∑g‡{g
`m{OZm H{$ ]ma{ _{ß [Vm h° ?
H´$. OZZr E∑g‡{g `m{OZm
CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV
1.
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50
100%
2.
Zht
0%
`m{J
50
100%
Ûm{V-gd}ojV AmßH$S{>
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H$r OZZr E∑g‡{g `m{OZm H{$ odf` _{ß OZOmVr` j{Ã H$r 100 ‡oVeV
_ohbmAm{ß H$m{ OmZH$mar h°& ha odH$mgI S> ÒVa [a EH$ dmhZ C[b„Y
hm{Vm h° Edß BgH{$ _m{]mBb Z. (gÂ[H©$ gyÃ) ha Jbr Edß _m{hÑ{ H$r oXdmbm{
[a obI{ J`{ h°& BZg{ oZ:ewÎH$ ‡gd [nadhZ gwodYm H$m bm^ ‡m· hm{Vm
h°&
VmobH$m H´ $ .3
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H´$. OZZr E∑g‡{g CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$r gßª`m ‡oVeV
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gwodYmE± g_` [a C[b„Y hm{ OmVr h° Edß `h gwaojV ‡gd H{$ obE EH$
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VmobH$m H´ $ .4
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H´$. oXZX`mb A›Vm{X` CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$r gßª`m
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30%
2.
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35
70%
`m{J
50
100%
101
Ûm{V- gd}ojV AmßH$S{>&
odõ{ f U- C[am{∫$ gmaUr g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° OZOmVr` j{Ã H$r _ohbmE± Bg
`m{OZm H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ]hwV hr H$_ OmJÍ$H$Vm aIVr h°& 30 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H$m{
hr oXZX`mb A›Vm{X` C[Mma `m{OZm H{$ odf` _{ß OmZH$mar h°& 70 ‡oVeV
_ohbmAm{ß _{ß BgH$r OmZH$mar H$r H$_r h°& BgH$m H$maU `h h° oH$ Bg `m{OZm
H$m bm^ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ Hw$N> oZoÌMV _m[X S> h° `m o\$a Bg `m{OZm H{$ ‡Mma‡gma _{ß H$m{B© H$_r ah JB© h°& oOgg{ OmZH$mar H$m A^md h°&
VmobH$m H´ $ .5
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gwodYmE± C[b„Y hm{Vr h° ?
H´$. oXZX`mb MobV AÒ[Vmb
CŒmaXmVmAm{ß
‡oVeV
MobE AÒ[Vmb H$r ÒdmÒœ`
H$r gßª`m
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33
66%
2.
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17
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50
100%
Ûm{V - gd}ojV AmH$S{>
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MobV AÒ[Vmb _{ß C[b„Y ÒdmÒœ` gwodYmAm{ß H{$ odf` _{ß OmZVr h°& 34
‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß Z{ Bg ]ma{ _{ß AkmZVm ‡H$Q> H$r h°&
oZÓH$f©- Hw$jr „bmH$ H$r OZOmVr` j{Ã H$r _ohbmAm{ß H{$ geoŒmH a m _{ß
J´m_rU ÒdmÒœ` o_eZ H{$ A›VJ©V MbZ{ dmbr ÒdmÒœ` `m{OZmAm{ß H$m
`m{JXmZ ahm h°& C›h{ß ∑`m bm^ o_b{ h¢ ? Bg A‹``Z H{$ gd}jU _{ß
CŒmaXmVmAm{ß g{ ‡m· CŒmam{ß (AmßH$S>m{ß) H{$ AmYma [a oZÂZ [naUm_ (oZÓH$f©)
‡m· hwE h¢ 1. amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU ÒdmÒœ` o_eZ H{$ A›VJ©V MbZ{ dmbr OZZr gwajm
`m{OZm H r OmZH$mar 100 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ h° Am°a OZOmVr`
j{Ã H$r _ohbmE±ß BZH$m bm^ CR>m aht h°&
2. OZZr gwajm `m{OZm H$m bm^ gßÒWmJV ‡gd H{$ C[am›V hr oX`m
OmVm h°& Bg ]mV H$m kmZ OZOmoV` j{Ã H$r 100 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß
H$m{ h°&
3. OZZr gwajm `m{OZm H{$ _m‹`_ g{ gßÒWmJV ‡gdm{ß _{ß d•o’ XO© hwB© h¢
Am°a Cgr H$maU _mV• Edß oeew _•À`wXa _{ß H$_r AmB© h°& ∑`m{oß H$ AÒ[Vmb
_{ß ‡gd H{$ ]mX OÉm Edß ]Ém Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ JwUdŒmm [yU© C[Mma Vwa›V
C[b„Y hm{Vm h°& 100 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Bg Vœ` H$m kmZ h°&
4. amÓQ≠>r` J´m_rU ÒdmÒœ` o_eZ H$r OZZr E∑g‡{g `m{OZm Mb ahr h°
BgH{$ A›VJ©V oZ:ewÎH$ [nadhZ gwodYm Vwa›V C[b„Y hm{Vr h°&
`h ]mV ‡À`{H$ Jm±d H$r _ohbmE± OmZVr h° Am°a BgH$m bm^
OZOmVr` j{Ã H$r 100 ‡oVeV _ohbmE± CR>m ahr h°&
5. OZOmoV` j{Ã H$r _ohbmAmß{ g{ O] `h [yN>m J`m oH$ ∑`m Am[Z{
OZZr E∑g‡{g `m{OZm H$m bm^ CR>m`m Vm{ 98 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß Z{
BgH{$ [j _{ß ]mV CR>mB©& 2 ‡oVeV _ohbm`{ß hr bm^ CR>mZ{ g{ dßoMV h°&
6. XrZX`mb `m{OZm H{$ A›VJ©V òX bm^ o_b OmVm h° Vm{ 98 ‡oVeV
_ohbmE± Bg ]mV g{ gh_V≤ h¢ oH$ C›h| JwUdŒmm [yU© C[Mma ^r o_b{Jm&
oOgg{ F$UJ´ÒV_m g{ _wo∫$ o_b{Jr Am°a d{ ]r_mna`m{ß H{$ BbmO H{$
obE H$O© Zht bß{J{ Vœmm AmoW©H$ oÒWoV _{ß gwYma hm{Jm&
_mÃ 2
‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ hr `m{OZm H$r OmZH$mar Zht h°&
7. XrZX`mb MobV AÒ[Vmb _{ß odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r ÒdmÒW gwodYmE±
C[b„Y ahVr h°& 66 ‡oVeV _ohbm`{ß Bg odf` _{ß OmZVr h°& 34
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OmZm MmohE&
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6. Am[Xm Om{oI_ H$_ H$aZ{ [a ]b X{Zm MmohE&
7. ^dZ oZ_m©U VH$ CoMV _moZQ>naßJ H$aZm MmohE&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï1. H{$.Eb. Mmob©g (1990) “Total Development” National Bool
2.
center, Delhi P-35
Tiwari R.T. & Sinha (1998) , Rural Development in India,
Ashish Publising House, New Delhi P-14.
3. XŒm Edß gw›Xa_ (2009) "^maVr` AW©Ï`dÒWm' Eg. Mm∞X H$Â[Zr
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7. `m{OZm ([oÃH$m) (2014) J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb`, ‡H$meZ
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2. ^maV d ^maV H{$ [∂S>mg
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H´$_e: 1.7 ‡oVeV d 1.4 ‡oVeV h° Om{ oH$ ^maV ¤mam A[Zr Or.S>r.[r.
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_{ß H$m`©H$mar OZgßª`m (15 df© g{ 64 df©) 2001 _{ß 60.1 ‡oVeV Wr,
Om{ ]∂T>H$a 2006 _{ß 62.9 ‡oVeV, 2016 _{ß 67.1 ‡oVeV, 2026 _{ß
68.4 ‡oVeV hm{ OmEJr& AV: ôdÓ` _{ß ^maV H$r ‡JoV H$m BßOZ VWm
XwoZ`m H$r l_eo∫$ H$m "[mda hmCg' ^maV H$r `wdm Am]mXr hr hm{Jr Am°a
^maV H$m `wdm dJ© hr X{e H$r Xem d oXem V` H$a{Jm&
107
^maV _{ß dV©_mZ _{ß 480 odÌdod⁄mb` Edß 22000 H$mb{O h¢ Am°a
10 dfm~ _{ß 700 odÌdod⁄mb` Edß 35000 H$mb{O Im{bZ{ H$r `m{OZm h°,
VmoH$ X{e H$r `wdm eo∫$ oeojV d H$m`©Hw$eb ]Z gH{$, b{oH$Z odÌd H{$
200 l{ÓR> odÌdod⁄mb` _{ß EH$ ^r ^maVr` odÌdod⁄mb` H$m Z hm{Zm
EH$ ‡ÌZ oM›h I∂S>m H$aVm h°& odÌd H{$ 200 l{ÓR> odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß MrZ
H{$ 2 odÌdod⁄mb` h¢, Om{ Bg ]mV H$r Am{a Bemam H$aV{ h¢ oH$ MrZ oejm
H$r JwUdŒmm [a ode{f ‹`mZ X{ ahm h°& ^maV [a em{Y [a H$_ ‹`mZ oX`m
Om ahm h°& ^maVr` ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r gßÒWmZ (IIT) Edß Hw$N> odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß H$m{
N>m{∂S> oX`m OmE Vm{ ^maVr` CÉ oejm H$r Xem ]hwV hr X`Zr` h°& ^maVr`
odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß oZJ_Z odoY (Deductive Method) H{$ _m‹`_ g{
A‹``Z oH$`m Om ahm h° AWm©V oZÓH$f© [hb{ g{ oX`m ahVm h° Am°a CgH$m
[arjU _mÃ oH$`m OmVm h°& Bg_{ß h_ oH$gr Xyga{ H$r œ`m{ar H$m{ ‡y\$ H$aV{ h°,
œ`m{ar H$m oZ_m©U Zht, O]oH$ A_{naH$m, o]´Q{>Z, \´$mßg, O_©Zr, Í$g AmoX
X{em{ß _{ß AmJ_Z odoY (Deductive Method) H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A‹``Z
oH$`m OmVm h°& oOg_{ß œ`m{ar H$m oZ_m©U hm{Vm h° AWm©V Z`m AodÓH$a hm{Vm
h°& odH$ogV X{e em{Y H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hr ]hwV [mda\w$b ]´{Z V°`ma H$aV{ h¢ Om{
X{e H{$ odH$mg _{ß A[Zr _hVr ^yo_H$m AXm H$aV{ h¢&
Research Findings And Conclusion -
1. _mZd odH$mg gyMH$mßH$ 2015 H$r na[m{Q©> _{ß ^maV 0.609 AßH$ ‡m·
H$a 130d{ß ÒWmZ [a h° O]oH$ ^maV H{$ [∂S>m{gr X{e _b{oe`m 0.779
AßH$ H{$ gmW 62 d{ß, lrbßH$m 0.757 AßH$ H{$ gmW 73d{ß, MrZ 0.727
AßH$ H{$ gmW 90d{ß, [m`XmZ [a h°& Z{[mb, [moH$ÒVmZ Edß ]ßΩbmX{e
hr ^maV g{ oZMb{ [m`XmZ [a oÒWoV h°&
2. ^maV _{ß nagmd ‡^md (Trickle Down Effect) H$m_ Zht H$a ahm h°
∑`m{ßoH$ AmoW©H$ gßd•o’ Jar]r H$m{ Xya Zht H$a [m ahr h°& AmoW©H$
gßd•o’ Edß Jar]r Xm{Zm{ß gmW-gmW ]∂T> ah{ h°&
3. ^maV A[Zr Or.S>r.[r. H$m oejm (3.9%) Edß ÒdmÒœ` (1.3%)
[a ]hwV H$_ Ï`` H$a ahm h° O]oH$ ^maV g{ AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ H$_Om{a
amÓQ≠> lrbßH$m, Z{[mb, _mareg, ]´mOrb Edß _b{oe`m A[Zr Or.S>r.[r.
H$m oejm Edß ÒdmÒœ` [a ^maV H$r VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ Ï`` H$a ah{ h¢&
B›ht H{$ [naUm_ÒdÍ$[ BZH$m _mZd odH$mg gdm©oYH$ h°&
4. odÌd H{$ 200 l{ÓR> odÌdod⁄mb`m{ß _{ß ^maV H$m EH$ ^r odÌdod⁄mb`
Zht h° Om{ ^maV H{$ obE oH$ AÀ`›V oMßVm H$m odf` h°&
5. ^maV _{ß H$m`©H$mar OZgßª`m (15 df© g{ 64 df©) 2016 _{ß 67.1
‡oVeV h° , Om{ 2026 _{ ß 68.4 ‡oVeV hm{ OmEJr& AWm© V
OZmßoH$H$r` bm^mße H$r oÒWoV ]Zr hwB© h°&
6. ^maV g{ ‡oV^m [bm`Z (Brain Drain) ]hwV ¡`mXm hm{ ahm h° Am°a
Bg{ am{H$m OmZm ]hwV OÍ$ar h°&
7. lrbßH$m _mZd odH$mg _{ß ^maV d MrZ O°g{ eo∫$embr amÓQ≠> H$m{ ^r
]hwV [rN{> N>m{∂S> oX`m h°&
Sugession -
1. ^maV H$m{ AmoW©H$ gßd•o’ H{$ gmW-gmW _mZd odH$mg [a ‹`mZ X{Zm
hm{Jm ∑`m{ßoH$ OZmßoH$H$r` bm^mße H$m Xm{hZ V^r oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°
O] oejm Edß ÒdmÒœ` (_mZd odH$mg) [a [`m©· ‹`mZ oX`m OmE&
2. ^maV H$m{ A[Zr oejm Edß ÒdmÒœ` [a Ï`` H$m{ ]∂T>mZm MmohE ∑`m{ßoH$
ÒdmÒœ` oX_mJ _{ß hr ÒdmÒœ` odMma H$m oZdmg hm{Vm h° Am°a ÒdÒœ`
odMma hr X{e H{$ odH$mg H$m{ JoV ‡XmZ H$aVm h°&
3. ^maV H$m{ g_md{er odH$mg (Incluive Growth) H{$ obE Jar]r [a
‡À`j ‡hma H$aZm hm{Jm ∑`m{ßoH$ Bgr g{ hr g_md{er odH$mg hm{Jm
Edß oQ≠>H$b S>mCZ B\{$∑Q> H$m_ H$a{Jm&
4. ^maV d A›` amÓQ≠>m{ß H$m{ lrbßH$m g{ grI b{Zm MmohE oOgZ{ _mZd
odH$mg _{ß ^maV d MrZ O°g{ eo∫$embr amÓQ≠> H$m{ ]hwV [rN{> N>m{∂S>m h°&
_mZd odH$mg hr g_ÒV odH$mg H$m AmYma h° o]Zm _mZd odH$mg H{$
AmoW©H$ odH$mg H$r H$Î[Zm Zht H$r Om gH$Vr&
1.
Tw schultz Ìnvestment in Human Capital’ The American
Economic Review. Vol 31, No. 1, March 1961
2. A.K. Sen Èconomic Approaches to education and
Manpower planning’ Indian Economic Review, New
Series, Vol. 1, 1966
3. Gunnar Myrdal `The challenges of world poverty’ London
1970, P-229
4. Jean Dreze and Amartya Sen ` India : Economic
Development and social opportunity’ Delhi 1990
5. World Bank, world Development report 2005 : The state
in a changing world, oxford university press, 2007
6. Chandra sekher, Cp, Ghosh Jayanti & Roychowdhury
anamitra ` The Demographic divident and young India’s
Economic Future’ EPW Dec. 9, 2006
7. Dutt Gaurav, Sundram KPM’ Indian Economy’ S Chand
and company New Delhi, 2012
8. Undp ` Human Development Report 1996’ New Delhi
9. Undp ` Human Development Report 2015’ New Delhi
10. WHO Report 2011
108
Table -1
Govt. Expenditure on Health as % of GDP
Country
Expenditure on Health as % of GDP
Sri Lanka
1.4
China
3.1
Brazil
4.7
Nepal
2.6
Pakistan
1.0
India
1.3
Mauritius
2.4
Malasia
2.6
Source- Data World bank.org.data.indiacators
Table -2
Govt. Expenditure on Education as % of GDP
Contry
Expenditure on Education as % of GDP
SriLanka
1.7
China
4.15
Brazil
6.3
Nepal
4.1
Pakistan
2.5
India
3.9
Mauritius
3.7
Malasia
4.1
Source- Data World bank.org.data.indiacators
*************
109
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H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV (_.‡. H{$ amOJ∂T>> oOb{ H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß)
S>m∞. ‡H$me M›– amßH$m * ]Z{ ogßh d_m© **
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hm{Zm OÍ$ar h°& b{oH$Z AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H$r H$m_Jma _ohbmAm{ß H$m oejm, ÒdmÒœ` Edß am{OJma _{ß BZH$m ÒVa oZÂZ [m`m J`m
h°& `{ hr E{g{ VrZ _hÀd[yU© H$maU h¢ oOgg{ Bg dJ© H$r H$m_Jma _ohbmAm| H$m{ AmÀ_oZ^©aVm Zht o_b [mB© h°& AV: _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ g_mO _{ß AmoW©H$
g_mZVm o_b{ VmoH$ CZH$m{ g_mO H$r _wª` Ymam g{ Om{∂S>m Om gH{$&
oÛ`m{ß H$m{ g_mZVm H$m AoYH$ma hm{ BgH{$ ob`{ X{e _{ß oÛ`m{ß H$r oÒWoV _{ß gwYma H{$ ‡`mg CŒmam{Œma ]∂T>V{ Om ah{ h° Am°a C›h{ß AmoW©H$ Í$[ g{ gj_
Edß AmÀ_oZ^©a ]ZmZ{ H$r ÒdVßÃVm Xr Om ahr h°&
‡ÒVmdZm - oH$gr g_mO H{$ gVV≤ AmoW©H$ odH$mg _{ß [wÍ$f H$r gh^moJVm
Vm{ hm{Vr h° b{oH$Z oÛ`m{{ß H{$ ob`{ gro_V j{Ã hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU oÛ`m± AmoW©H$
j{Ã _{ß o[N>∂S>r hwB© h°& ^maV H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm EH$ odH$mgerb AW©Ï`dÒWm
h°& gZ≤ 1991 g{ ^maV _{ß O] ZdrZ AmoW©H$, Am°⁄m{oJH$ ZroV H$m g•OZ oH
hwAm &V] g{ oOgg{ ^maV _{ß CXmarH$aU, oZOrH$aU Edß d°ÌdrH$aU H{$
H$maU odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ [nadV©Z O°g{ l_ H$mZyZ, ]mb _OXyar Ï`mdgmo`H$
AYm{gßaMZm _{ß [nadV©Z, Am°⁄m{oJH$aU, _ohbm ge∫$rH$aU, Ka{by ohßgm,
_mZogH$ ‡Vm∂S>Zm AmoX j{Ãm{ß _{ß ZdrZ Am`m_ ÒWmo[V oH$`{& b{oH$Z ^maV
_{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß OZOmoV H$r H$m_Jma _ohbmAm{ß H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV
dV©_mZ [na—Ì` _{ß oMßVZr` Edß oZamemOZH$ h°, BgH{$ [rN{> ‡_wI H$maU CZH$m
AoeojV hm{Zm AWdm CZH$r e°joUH$ oÒWoV H$m oZÂZ hm{Zm [m`m J`m&1
H$m_Jma _ohbmAm{ß H$m AW© - AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß OZOmoV H$m E{gm
AgßJoR>V g_yh Om{ AmoW©H$ –Ï` ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ H$m{B© emarnaH$ l_
H$aVr h°, C›h{ß H$m_Jma _ohbm H$hV{ h¢& O°g{- ]r∂S>r ]ZmZm, AJa]Œmr
]ZmZm, MQ>mB© ]ZmZm, Q>m{H$ar ]ZmZm, PmSy> ]ZmZm, AMma ]ZmZm, [m[∂S>
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gÂ]o›YV gmohÀ` g_rjm 1. Jw·m a{Im H$m_ H$r AÒdÒW XemE± Edß AgßJoRV j{Ã [a _ohbm
H$m_Jma- 2006 AgßJoR>V j{Ã _{ß _ohbmE± A[Z{ ÒdmÒœ` H$m{ Jm{U
aIH$a oH$g ‡H$ma gßKf©aV h°&
2. X{dmJZ O{.[r. Ka{by H$m_H$mOr _ohbmE± ZB© oXÑr 2008
Ka{by H$m_Jma H{$ Í$[ _{ß _ohbmE± H$m`© H$aZ{ H$m{ _O]ya h° Am°a Bg _O]yar
H$m \$m`Xm CR>mV{ hwE eham{ß _{ß flbg_{ßQ> EO{›gr H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Ka{by H$m_H$mOr
_ohbmAm{ß H$m AmoW©H$, _mZogH$, emarnaH$ em{fU oH$`m Om ahm h°&
AgßJoR>V j{Ã H$r ode{fVmE± - dV©_mZ _{ß AoYH$mße OZeo∫$ ¤mam
AgßJoR>V j{Ã H$m AW© `h g_Pm OmVm h° oH$ d{ H$m`© oOZH{$ ob`{ ‡oejU
`m oejm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht hm{Vr h°& AgßJoR>V j{Ã _{ß emo_b oH$`{ OmV{
h¢& AgßJoR>V j{Ã H$r [na^mfm OmZZ{ g{ [hb{ CZH$r Hw$N> ode{fVmAm{ß [a
*
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oZÂZ ode{fVmE± ]VbmB©&
1. oZò_V am{OJma H$r A[`m©·Vm Edß [`m©· am{OJma ‡m· Z hm{Z{ g{ lo_H$
EH$ g{ AoYH$ am{OJma H$r C[b„YVm H{$ AmYma [a H$m`© H$aV{ h¢&
2. H$m`©ÒWb H$r o]Iar ‡H•$oV H{$ H$maU _ohbm lo_H$ EH$ hr ‡H$ma H{$
H$m`© odo^fi ÒWbm{ß [a H$aZ{ OmV{ h¢ [a›Vw `h AmdÌ`H$ Zht h° oH$
d{ Cgr^m°Jm{obH$ j{Ã _{ß oZdmg ^r H$aVr hm{ &
3. C[`w∫$ g^r H$maUm{ß g{ lo_H$m{ß H$r Am[gr g_›d` H$r H$_r g{ CZH$r
gm_yohH$ g_Pm°V{ H$r eo∫$ H$_Om{a hm{Vr h°&
4. AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß OZOmoV H$r l_ g_Ò`m H{$ g_mYmZ h{Vw CoMV
gwPmd ‡ÒVwV H$aZm&
A‹``Z H$r odoY - oH$gr ^r gm_moOH$ em{Y H$m{ d°kmoZH$ ÒdÍ$[
‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ d°kmoZH$ odoY H$m ‡`m{J H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ hm{Vm h°&
AV: A‹``Z H$m{ gwÏ`doÒWV Í$[ g{ gÂ[fi H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ `h AmdÌ`H$ h°
oH$ A‹``Z H{$ [yd© H´$_]’ Í$[a{Im H$m oZ`m{OZ H$a b{Zm Mmoh`{& ‡ÒVwV
em{Y [Ã H{$ ob`{ ‡mWo_H$ g_ßH$mß{ H$m C[`m{J oH$`m J`m h° oOg_{ß ‡ÌZmdbr
H{$ _m‹`_ g{ em{Y j{Ã amOJ∂T> oOb{ H$r 100 H$m_Jma _ohbm lo_H$m{ß H$m
M`Z oH$`m J`m& MòZV H$m_Jma _ohbm lo_H$m{{ß H$m ‡À`j Í$[ g{
gmjmÀH$ma b{H$a g_ßH$mß{ H$m gßH$bZ oH$`m J`m&
H$m_Jma _ohbmAm{ß H$r e°joUH$ oÒWoV
gmaUr H´$_mßH$ 1
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gß ª `m
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1.
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58
58
2.
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3.
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09
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4.
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03
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100
100
Ûm{V- gd}ojV AmßH$∂S{>
od^mJm‹`j (AW©emÛ) lr grVmam_ OmOy emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, Zr_M (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
**
em{YmWr©, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
C[am{∫$ VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 1 _{ß H$m_Jma _ohbmAm{ß H$m oeojV ‡oVeV
ÒVa H{$ AmYma [a dJr©H$aU oH$`m J`m h°& amOJT> oOb{ H$r H$m_Jma
_ohbmAm{ß H$m AbJ-AbJ e°joUH$ ÒVa H{$ AmYma [a dJr©H•$V oH$`m
J`m h°& oOg_{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß OZOmoV H$r 58 _ohbmE± AoeojV h°
Om{ Hw$b H$m 58 ‡oVeV h°& 29 ‡oVeV _ohbmE± ‡mWo_H$, Am°a 09 ‡oVeV
_ohbmE± _m‹ò_H$ Edß 03 ‡oVeV _ohbmE± hmà g{H$ S>ar Am°a _mÃ 01
‡oVeV _ohbm ÒZmVH$ VH$ oeojV h°& Bg gdJ© _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m oejm
H$m ÒVa oZÂZ [m`m J`m Om{ oH$gr ^r g_mO H{$ odH$mg H$r ]mYm _mZr
OmVr h°&
gmaUr H´$_mßH$ 2
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Ûm{V - gd}ojV AmßH$∂S{>
AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß OZOmoV H$r H$m_Jma _ohbmAm{ß _{ß AoYH$mße
_ohbmAm{ß H$r ‡oVoXZ Am` 100 Í$[`{ g{ H$_ h° Om{ Hw$b H$m 45 ‡oVeV
h° VWm 100 g{ 200 Í$[`{ ‡oVoXZ H{$ ohgm] g{ 25 ‡oVeV _ohbmAm{ß H$r
Am` h°& 200 g{ 250 Í$[`{ ‡oVoXZ Am` dmbr _ohbmE± _mÃ 18 ‡oVeV
h°& O]oH$ _mÃ 12 ‡oVeV _ohbmE± ‡oVoXZ 250 g{ 300 Í$[`{ ‡oVoXZ
H$_m [mVr h°& AV: H$m_Jma _ohbmAm{ß H$r d°ò∫$H$ Am` H$m ÒVa oZÂZ h°,
oZÓH$f© - J´m_rU j{Ãm| _{ß AZwgyoMV OmoV Edß OZOmoV H$r H$m_Jma
_ohbmE± gÂ[fi dJ© H{$ bm{Jm{ H{$ I{Vm| [a _OXyam{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß AmO ^r H$m`©aV
110
h°& Ohm± C›hß{ CoMV _OXyar ‡m· Zht hm{Vr h¢& Am` H{$ oZÂZ ÒVa H{$ H$maU
Bg dJ© H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$r H$m{B© ]MV Zht hm{Vr h¢& CZH{$ [nadma oZa›Va
F$UJ´ÒV ]Z{ ahV{ h¢ &C[^m{J gÂ]›Yr AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ obE gmhyH$ma d
_hmOZ B›h{ F$U X{V{ h° Am°a O] F$U dm[gr Zht H$a [mV{ Vm{ C›h{ß _OXya
]Zm ob`m OmVm h°&
gw P md 1. AZwgyoMV OmoV Ed OZOmoV H$r H$m_Jma _mohbmAm{ß H$m{ emgZ
¤mam gßMmobV `m{OZm{ß H$m [yam bm^ oXbm`{ß OmZ{ H$r C[`w∫$
Ï`dÒWm H$r Om`{ß&
2. AgßJoR>V j{Ã _{ß H$m`©aV _mohbmAm{ß H$m{ gwajm H$r [`m©flV Ï`dÒWm
hm{Zm MmohE&
3. AgßJoR>V j{>Ãmß{ _{ß b°oJH$ CÀ[r∂S>Z H$mZyZ H$m H$R>m{aVm g{ [mbZ hm{Zm
AmdÌ`H$ h°&
4. _ohbm lo_H$m{ß H$m{ g_yh ]ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{ ‡{naV oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°
VmoH$ d{ AoW©H$ Í$[ g{ AÀ_oZ^©a ]Z gH{$&
5. H$m_Jma _ohbmE± A[Z{ g_yhm|> H$m{ _O]yV ]Zm`{ VmoH$ A[Z{
oIbm\$ hm{Z{ dmb{ ^{X^md em{fU H$m{ g_m· oH$`m Om gH{$&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :1. _wH$Or© aod›–ZmW (1998) gm_moOH$ em{Y gmßoª`H$r, odd{H$
‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr&
2. ]´{_Z Om∞Z AmZ dmS©>Z Am{ÎS> E S> ›`y X BßoS>`Z OZab Am∞\$ b{]a
BH$Zmo_H$, OZdar-_mM© 2008
3. o_Œmb _w∫$m, dy_Z BZ BßoS>`m, Q{>≠S> E S> C_mam{ dy_Z [o„bH{$eZ, ZB©
oXÑr, 1995
4. ogßh dra{›–ZmW (1997) J´m_rU g_mOemÛ, odd{H$ ‡H$meZ ZB©
oXÑr&
*************
111
_mZd Edß [`m©daU gßajU - (EH$ A‹``Z)
S>m∞. ‡roo V Om{er *
‡ÒVmdZm - _mZd OrdZ ‡H•$oV [a AmolV h° & ‡H•$oV EH$ odemb eara
H$r Vah h°, OrdO›Vw d•j, dZÒ[oV, ZXr-[hm∂S> AmoX BgH{$ AßJ ‡À`ßJ
h° & BZH{$ [aÒ[a gh`m{J g{ `h odemb eara ÒdÒW Edß gßVwobV h°, oOg
‡H$ma _mZd eara H{$ oH$gr EH$ AßJ _{ß Iam]r Am OmZ{ g{ H$m`© _{ß ]mYm
hm{Vr h°, Cgr ‡H$ma ‡H•$oV H{$ KQ>H$m{ß g{ N{>∂S>N>m∂S> H$aZ{ [a ‡H•$oV H$r Ï`dÒWm
^r J∂S>]∂S>m OmVr h° & h_ oXZm{oXZ [`m©daU H$r gwajm H{$ ‡oV bm[admh
hm{V{ Om ah{, oOgH{$ [naUm_ ôdÓ` _{ß KmVH$ hm{ gH$V{ h° & AV: h_{ß
[`m©daU gßajH$m{ß H{$ ‡oV JÂ^ra ‡`mg H$aZm hm{J{ & A›`Wm odH$mg
AdÍ$’ hm{ OmEJm &
[`m©daU gßajU H$m VmÀ[`© h° - h_ A[Z{ Mmam{ß Am°a H{$ dmVmdaU
H$m{ gßaojV H$a{ß, VWm Cg{ OrdZ H{$ AZwHy$b ]ZmE± & ^maVr` gßÒH•$oV H$m
Adbm{H$Z H$aZ{ g{ kmV hm{Vm h°, oH$ `hm± [`m©daU gßajU H$m ^md AoV
[wamVZ H$mb _{ß hr _m°OyX Wm, [a CgH$m ÒdÍ$[ o^fi Wm, Cg H$mb _{ß H$m{B©
amÓQ≠>r` dZ-ZroV `m [`m©daU [a H$m_ H$aZ{ dmbr gßÒWmE∞ Zht Wr &
[`m©daU H$m gßajU A[Z{ oZò_V oH´$`mH$bm[m{ g{ Ow∂S>m hwAm Wm & Bgr
dOh g{ d{Xm{ g{ b{H$a H$mobXmg, XmßS>r, [ßV, ‡gmX AmoX VH$ g^r H{$
H$mÏ` _{ß BgH$m Ï`m[H$ dU©Z oH$`m J`m h°, ^maVr` Xe©Z `h _mZVm h°
oH$ Bg X{h H$r aMZm [`m©daU H{$ _hÀd[yU© KQ>H$m{ß - [•œdr, Ob, Aoæ,
dm`w Edß AmH$me g{ hr hwB© h°, g_w– _ßWZ g{ d•j OmoV H{$ ‡oVoZoY H{$ Í$[
_{ß H$Î[d•j H$m oZH$bZm, X{dVmAm{ß ¤mam Cg{ A[Z{ gßajU _{ß b{Zm, Bgr
Vah H$m_Y{Zw Edß EamdV hmWr H$m gßajU BgH{$ CXmhaU h°, lr H•$ÓU H$r
Jm{dY©Z [yOm H$r ewÍ$AmV H$m gmßgnaH$ [j `hr h° oH$ OZ gm_m›` o_≈r,
[d©V, d•j Edß dZÒ[oV H$m AmXa H$aZm grI{ &
AmO H{$ gßX^© _{ß [`m©daU gßajU H$r ‡mgßoJH$Vm ]hwV ]∂T> JB© h° &
[`m©daU gßajU H$m g_ÒV ‡moU`m{ß H{$ OrdZ VWm Bg YaVr H{$ g_ÒV
‡mH•$oVH$ [nad{e g{ KoZÓR> gß]ßY h° & ‡XyfU H{$ H$maU gmar [•œdr XyofV
hm{ ahr h°, odÌd _{ß ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m, odH$ogV H$r OmZ{ dmbr VH$ZrH$m{ß
VWm AmoW©H$ odH$mg H{$ ‡H•$oV H{$ em{fU H$m{ oZa›Va ]∂T>mdm oX`m h°,
[`m©daU ‡XyfU H$r g_Ò`m AmO g_yM{ odÌd _{ß MwZm°Vr h° &
h_ma{ OrdZ H{$ VrZ ]woZ`mXr AmYma dm`w, Ob Edß o_≈r AmO IVa{
_{ß h°, g‰`Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ oeIa [a ]°R{> _mZd H{$ OrdZ _{ß BZ VrZm{ß
‡H•$oV, ‡XŒm C[hmam{ß H$m gßH$Q> ]T>Vm Om ahm h° & ew’ ‡mUdm`w o_bZm
Xwâ hm{ J`m h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ Bg YaVr H{$ \{$\$∂S{>-dZ g_m· hm{V{ Om ah{ h¢ &
dm`w ‡XwfU H{$ obE dmhZ ^r H$_ CŒmaXm`r Zht h°, ]gm{ß, Q≠>H$m{ß,
ÒHy$Q>a, H$ma, a{b g^r _{ß [{Q≠>m{b `m S>rOb Bß©YZ H{$ Í$[ _ß{ß ‡`w∫$ hm{Vm h°,
oOgg{ ^mar _mÃm _{ß H$mbm YwAm± oZH$bVm h°, Om{ dm`w H$m{ ‡XyofV H$aVm h°&
VmobH$m - (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a )
*
VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ H{$db _m{Q>a dmhZm{ß g{ oZH$bZ{ dmbm YwAm∞
dm`w_ S>b _{ß Oha H$m H$m_ H$a ahm h°, oOgg{ ]r_mna`m{ß H$r gßª`m ]∂T>Vr
Om ahr h°, _mZd OrdZ IVaZmH$ hm{ ahm h° &
^maV _{ß [`m©daU H{$ ‡oV gßd{XZm ]hwV g_` g{ h°, oH$›Vw [`m©daU
H{$ ‡oV dmÒVodH$ OmJ•oV gZ≤ 1972 H$r ÒQ>m∞H$ hm{_ H$m›\´${›g H{$ ]mX
AmB©, VXw[am›V ^maV H{$ gßodYmZ _{ß gZ≤ 1976 H{$ 42dm∞ gßem{YZ Bgr
h{Vw oH$`m J`m Edß [`m©daU H$r gwajm Edß gßdY©Z H{$ gß]ßY _{ß odo^fi
AoYoZ`_ [mnaV oH$E JE & BZ_{ß Ob AoYoZ`_ 1974 dm`w AoYoZ`_
1981, [`m©daU gßajU AoYoZ`_ 1986, dZgßajU AoYoZ`_ 1980
AmoX ode{f CÑ{IZr` h° & BgH{$ gmW hr H{$›–r` ‡XwfU oZ`ßÃU ]m{S©>
Am°a am¡` ‡XyfU oZ`ßÃU ]m{S©> H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© & oOZH$m _wª` H$m`©
[`m©daU gßajU H$aZm h¢ &
"[`m©daU Edß odH$mg' [a gß`w∫$ amÓQ≠> gÂ_{bZ - na`m{ gÂ_{bZ (3-14
OyZ 1992) ¤mam "[`m©daU Edß odH$mg gÂ_{bZ' Am`m{oOV oH$`m J`m&
oOgg{ odo^fi g_Ò`mE∞ O°g{ - ]T>Vr OZgßª`m, Bß©YZ H$r H$_r, dZj{Ã
H$r oZa›Va H$_r, J´rZ hmD$g H$m ]T>Vm ‡_wI, Am{Om{Z [aV H$m odKQ>Z,
‡XyfU oZ`ßÃU AmoX [a JhZ MMm©E H$r JB© & BgH{$ gmW hr O°d ododYVm
VWm Òd¿N> VH$ZrH$r H{$ hÒVm›VaU [a ^r Om{a oX`m J`m & df© 2002 _{ß
Om{hm›g]mJ© _{ß Am`m{oOV "[•œdr gÂ_{bZ _{ß ^r [`m©daU gßajU g{ gß]oß YV
C[m` gwPmE JE ) df© 2009 _{ß "H$m{[{Z h{JZ gÂ_{bZ' VWm df© 2015 _{ß
[{nag _{ß Am`m{oOV "Obdm`w [nadV©Z gÂ_{bZ' H$m C‘{Ì` ^r [`m©daU
gßVwbZ H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Zm hr h° &
h_mar ^yV[yd© ‡YmZ_ßÃr lr_Vr BßoXam JmßYr Z{ H$hm Wm oH$ `h ]∂S{>
XwI H$r ]mV h° oH$ EH$ H{$ ]mX Xyga{ X{e _{ß odH$mg H$m VmÀ[`© ‡H•$oV H$m
odZme g_Pm OmZ{ bJm h° & OZVm H$m{ A¿N>r odamgV g{ Xya oH$E o]Zm
Am°a ‡H•$oV H{$ gm°›X`©, VmOJr d ew’Vm H$m{ ZÓQ> oH$E o]Zm hr _mZd
OrdZ _{ß gwYma oH$`m OmZm MmohE & AmO [ya{ odÌd H$m{ E{g{ hr odMmam{ß H$m{
A_b _{ß bmZ{ H$r OÍ$aV h¢ &'
oZoÌMV Vm°a [a [`m©daU gßajU _{ß h_{ß CZ H$m`m} H$m{ AßOm_ X{Zm
hm{Jm Om{ [`m©daU H$r JwUdŒmm H$r ajm H{$ obE AmdÌ`H$ h° & O°g{-Hy$∂S{>,
H$Ma{, gwIr-\$gbm{ß Edß A›` ‡H$ma H{$ A[oeÓQ> [XmWm} H$m{ Z ObmZm &
ZoX`m{ß _{ß Hy$∂S{> H$Ma{, amgmòZH$ `m A[oeÓQ>m{ß H$m{ Zm S>mbZm & d•jm{ß H$m{ Zm
H$mQ>Zm d•jmam{[U H$m{ ]∂T>mdm X{Zm & oZOr _m{Q>a dmhZm| H$r A[{jm
gmd©OoZH$ dmhZm{ß H$m AoYH$ ‡`m{J H$aZm & B©-H$Mam{ß H$m oZÓ[mXZ CoMV
Tß>J g{ H$aZm, flbmoÒQ>H$ g{ ]Zr oS>Ò[m{O]b dÒVwAm{ß H{$ ÒWmZ [a CZH{$
A›` odH$Î[m{ß H$m ‡`m{J H$aZm AmoX &
amÓQ≠>r` d am¡` ÒVa [a [`m©daU gßajU g{ Ow∂S{> H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$r odo^fi
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (AW©emÛ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ ( _.‡.) ‰mmaV
`m{OZmAm{ß H$m{ ÒdÍ$[ X{Zm VWm C›h{ß A_b _{ß bmZm &
[`m©daU H$r JwUdŒmm H{$ _mZH$ V` H$aZm & gM_wM odH$mg Edß
[`m©daU EH$ Xyga{ H{$ odam{Yr Zht, ]oÎH$ [yaH$ h° & [a›Vw ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß
H$m ‡`m{J H$aV{ hwE h_{ß `h ]`mZ aIZm MmohE oH$ h_ma{ H$m`m} g{ [`m©daU
H$m{ oH$gr ‡H$ma H$m ZwH$gmZ Zm [hw∞M{ & WHO H$r EH$ na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma
JßJm-ZXr odÌd H$r g]g{ ‡XyofV ZoX`m| _{ß g{ EH$ h°, oOgH$m ‡XyfU
ÒVa oZYm©naV _mZH$ ÒVa g{ 300 JwZm AoYH$ h¢ &
Am°⁄m{oJH$ oH´$`mH$bm[m{ß g{ [•WH$ j{Ãm{ß H$m [nagr_Z H$aZm VmoH$ E{g{
j{Ãm{ß _{ß [`m©daU gß]ßoYV AoYoZ`_m{ß H$m [mbZ Z H$aZ{ dmbm{ß H$r AmgmZr
g{ [hMmZ H$a CZ [a CoMV H$m`©dmhr H$r Om gH{$ &
VrZ R - Recycle, Reduce Edß Reuse H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIZm
hm{Jm &
Use and throw og’mßV H$m À`mJH$a "[wZ: gh{OZ{' H{$ og’mßV
H$m{ A[Zm`m Om` & Ob gßM`Z ‡Umbr H$m{ ‡`m{J _{ß bmZm, Im⁄ gm_J´r
H$m{ Ï`W© Zm OmZ{ X{Zm &
oZÌM` hr [`m©daU H$r gwajm h{Vw AmdÌ`H$ AoYoZ`_m{ß H$r OÍ$aV
h°, [a CZ AoYoZ`_m{ß H$m{ O_rZr ÒVa [a V] VH$ bmJy Zht oH$`m Om
gH$Vm h°, O] VH$ bm{Jm| _{ß [`m©daU H{$ ‡oV ‡{_ ^mdZm OmJ•V Zht hm{Jr&
BgH{$ obE gaH$ma H{$ gmW-gmW J°a-gaH$mar gßJR>Zm{ß, e°ojH$
gßÒWmZm{ß gohV o_oS>`m H$m{ ^r ]T>-M∂T>H$a `m{JXmZ X{Zm Mmoh`{ & H{$›–
gaH$ma ¤mam [`m©daU g{ Ow∂S>r ‡_wI `m{OZmE± ‡^mdr Í$[ g{ X{eâ _{ß H$m`©
H$a ahr h° & O°g{ 1- [`m©daU dmohZr `m{OZm `h `m{OZm X{e H{$ 183
oObm{ _{ß ewÍ$ H$r JB© h°, oOgH$m H$m`© h°, `wdmAm{ß H$m{ ‡XyfU gßajU H{$
gß]ßY _{ß OmZH$mar X{Zm&
1. ‡XyfU oZ`ßÃU H$m`© `m{OZm 2. ‚bmB© Ee o_eZ - od⁄wV J•hm{ß g{ oZH$bZ{ dmbm AdoeÓQ> [XmW©,
oOg{ Bg o_eZ H{$ ¤mam bm^Xm`H$ gßgmYZ [XmWm} _{ß [nadoV©V
oH$`m OmVm h¢ &
3. BH$m{ ∑b] - 2000 od⁄mb`m{ß _{ß Bg ∑b] H$r ÒWm[Zm H$r JB© h°,
oOgH$m C’{Ì` od⁄mb`rZ N>mÃm{ß H$m{ [`m©daUr` gßajU H{$ AZwHy$b
AmXV{ S>mbZm h°, VmoH$ [`m©daU gßaojV hm{ gH{$ &
4. JßJm Edß `_wZm H$m`© `m{OZm- 2014 _{ß "Z_mo_ JßJ{' Zm_H$ odH$mg
[na`m{OZm MbmB© Om ahr h° &
AßV _{ß [`m©daU H$m{ gßaojV H$aZ{ H{$ obE gaH$mar ‡`mgm{ß H{$ Abmdm
O] VH$ X{e H{$ ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m{ [`m©daU gßajU H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm
Zht AmEJr, V] VH$ h_ma{ [`m©daU H$m{ gßVwobV oH$`m OmZm gß^d Zht
hm{Jm & _hmÀ_m JmßYr Z{ EH$ ]ma H$hm Wm - "h_ma{ C⁄m{J _mZd ‡YmZ hm{Zm
MmohE, Zm oH$ _erZr ‡YmZ &'
AV: gVV odH$mg H{$ j{Ã _{ß h_{ß CZH$r H$hr JB© ]mVm{ß g{ grI b{Z{ H$r
AmdÌ`H$Vm h° &
AV: _ZwÓ` A[Zm odH$mg V^r H$a gH$Vm h°, O] [`m©daU gßVwbZ
]Zm ah{, A›`Wm ‡XwofV [`m©daU Zm H{$db _mZd odZme ]oÎH$ gÂ[yU©
OJV H$m odZme H$a X{Jm &
AV: _mZd H$m{ [`m©daU gßajU H{$ ‡oV gOJ hm{Zm [S{>Jm &
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :1. [`m©daU H$m AW©emÛ - [r.S>r. _mh{Ìdar, H°$bme gmohÀ` gXZ
^m{[mb &
2. odH$mg Edß [`m©daU H$m AW©emÛ - [r.gr. O°Z &
3. Encyclopedia Science.
4. `m{OZm [oÃH$m 2015 OZdar &
5. [`m©daU H$m odkmZ &
7. dZÒ[oV odkmZ, `woZ\$mB©S> &
8. environmental development.
VmobH$m
^maV H{$ ‡_wI eham{ _{ß _m{ha dmhZm{ß ¤mam CÀgoO©V ‡XyfU(Q>Z ‡oVoXZ)
eha
oXÑr
_wÂ]B©
H$bH$Vm
M{fiB©
^maV Am°gVZ
odõ{fU
gy˙_H$U gÎ\$maS>mB©
Am∞∑gmB©S>
8.58
7.4
4.66
3.36
2.71
3.04
1.95
1.68
60
630
112
No2 Zm.Am.
Co H$m]©Z _m{Zm{
105.38
59.02
45.58
23.91
270
Am∑gmB©S>
452.51
391.6
156.87
119.35
2040
*************
113
AmoW©H$ odH$mg Edß ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[XmE∞±
S>m∞. AZmo_H$m gmaÒdV *
‡ÒVmdZm - "Am[Xm' e„X H$m ‡mXw^m©d \´{$›M H{$ e„X "oS>OmÒQ>a' g{ hwAm
h¢ oOgH$m emo„XH$ AW© hm{Vm h¢ ]wam ogVmam& (S{> + EÒQ>a = ]wam + ogVmam)
Am[Xm H$m{ [na^mofV H$aV{ hwE h_ H$h gH$V{ h¢ oH$ `h EH$ E{gr ]mYm h¢
Om{ X{e H{$ AmoW©H$, gm_moOH$ `m [`m©daUr` j{Ã H$m{ Ï`m[H$ Í$[ g{
‡^modV H$aVr h¢& BgH$m ÒVa _ZwÓ` H$r j_VmAm{ß g{ ]hwV AoYH$ hm{Vm h¢&
Am[XmAm{ß H{$ ‡H$ma -
Am[XmAm{ß H{$ H$maU - ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[XmE∞ß V] AmVr h¢ O] ‡H•$oV H{$
[mnaoÒWoVH$ VßÃ H{$ O°odH$ VWm AO°odH$ gKßQ>H$m{ H$r ghZeo∫$ g{ AoYH$
[nadV©Z hm{ OmV{ h¢ Om{ ‡mH•$oVH$ Edß _mZdr` Xm{Zm{ß H$maUm{ g{ hm{ gH$V{ h¢&
[`m©daU AgßVwbZ H$m ‡_wI H$maU h¢& ]∂T>Vr OZgßª`m d ]∂T>Vr _mZdr`
AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß d C[^m{J d•oŒm h{Vw oH$`m J`m AoZ`m{oOV Edß Ad°kmoZH$
AmoW©H$ odH$mg& BgH{$ H$maU ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ß H$r dhZr` j_Vm H$_
hm{Vr Om ahr h¢ d CgH$m [naUm_ ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[XmAm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß h_{ X{IZ{
H$m{ o_bVm h¢& ]m∂T>, ^yÒIbZ, ^yH$Â[ `m gyIm H$m H$maU _ZwÓ` ¤mam
AmoW©H$ odH$mg h{Vw d•jm{ß H$m H$mQ>Zm `m [hm∂S>m{ [a AßYmYwßY oZ_m©U H$m`©
H$aZm hm{ gH$Vm h¢& [{∂S>m{ H{$ H$Q>Z{ g{ ^yjaU, ^yÒIbZ d ^yo_ H$m H$Q>md ]∂T>
ahm h¢ oOgg{ o_≈r AoZ`ßoÃV hm{H$a ]h ahr h¢ß& ∑`m{ß oH$ [{∂S> o_≈r H$m{ ]mßYZ{,
]moae H$m{ grY{ YaVr [a [∂S>Z{ g{ ]MmZ{, hdm H$m{ ew’ H$aZ{ d dfm© Ob H$m{
^yo_ _{ß nagZ{ _ß{ _XX H$aV{ h¢& IZZ g{ o_≈r H$m ‡^md V{Or g{ ]∂T>m h¢&
C⁄m{Jm{ß d CfiV H•$of Z{ [mZr H$r I[V H$m{ V{Or g{ ]∂T>m`m oOgg{ ^yOb
ÒVa IVaZmH$ ÒVa VH$ oJa J`m h¢& H$maImZm{ß d dmhZm{ JßX{ YwE∞ß odf°br
J°g d [mZr Z{ ‡H•$oV H$m{ A[ma joV [hwMm`r h¢ oOgg{ ‡mH•$oVH$ AgßVwbZ
[{°Xm hm{ J`m h¢ß& `moZ H$r h_ H$h gH$V{ h¢ oH$ ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[XmE∞ß ^r EH$
*
Vah g{ _ZwÓ` oZo_©V hr hm{Vr h¢ ∑`m{ß oH$ odH$mg H{$ Zm_ [a AoZ`m{oOV
VarH{$ g{ H$m`© oH$`{ OmZ{ H$m [naUm_ ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[XmAm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß gm_Z{
AmVm h¢& o[N>b{ H$B© dfm} _{ß odÌd _{ß bJmVma ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[XmAm{ß H$r
gßª`m Edß CZH$m ÒVa ]∂T>m h¢& oOgH{$ [rN{> AmoW©H$ odH$mg JoVodoY`m∞,
CÉ OrdZ ÒVa Edß ‡mH•$oVH$ gßgmYZm{ H$m AZwoMV Xm{hZ ‡_wI H$maU h¢&
Hw$N> ‡_wI ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[XmAm{ß H{$ H$maU Bg ‡H$ma h¢&
]m∂ T > 1. ZoX`m{ß H{$ Ob gßJ´hU j{Ã _{ß odH$mg H{$ Zm_ [a H$b H$maImZ{,
_H$mZ, g∂S>H{$ AmoX ]ZmZ{ h{Vw d•jm{ß H$r H$Q>mB© H$a Xr OmVr h¢, oOgg{
]m∂T> H$m IVam H$B© JwZm ]∂T> OmVm h¢&
2. AmYwoZH$ OrdZ e°br H{$ H$maU ^y_ S>br` Vm[_mZ _{ß bJmVma d•o’
hm{ ahr h¢& oOgg{ Ωb{oeà o[Kb ah{ h° d AoZ`ßoÃV ]mnae ^r hm{
ahr h¢ oOgg{ H$^r ]m∂T> Vm{ H$^r gyIm O°g{ ‡mH•$oVH$ ‡H$m{[m{ß H$m
gm_Zm H$aZm [∂S> ahm h¢& 2013 _{ß CŒmamI S> _{ß Am`r odZmeH$mar
]m∂T> BgH$m CXmhaU h¢&
^yH$Â[ Edß ^yÒIbZ - ^yH$Â[ Edß ^yÒIbZ ‡mH•$oVH$ Am[Xm h° oH$›Vw
BZH{$ [rN{> ^r _mZdr` JoVodoY`m± hr ‡_wI H$maU h¢ß& ^yH$Â[ _{ß [•œdr H{$
ZrM{ oÒWV flb{Q{> H$^r-H$^r EH$ Xyga{ g{ Q>H$amVr h°, oOgg{ BZ flb{Q>m{ H{$
ZrM{ X]md H$m oZ_m©U hm{Vm h¢ d `{ flb{Q{> EH$ Xyga{ [a o\$gb OmVr h¢ d
^yH$Â[ H$m H$maU ]ZVr h¢& ^yÒIbZ _{ß [hm∂S>m{ H$r oÒWaVm _{ß [nadV©Z
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Am[XmAm{ß H$r Xa AdÌ` H$_ hm{Jr&
1. [oÃH$m g_mMma 24 OwZ 2015 20 OyZ 2013
2. www.ndtv.com 20 OyZ 2013
3. A_a COmbm &
4. India water portal
5. [`m©daU OmJÍ$H$Vm &
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115
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3. ]m{g oeoea Edß ]m{g gwOmVm : gw^mfM›– ]m{g X Bo S>`Z ÒQ≠>Jb :
(1934-35) Am∑g\$m{S©> `yoZdog©Q>r ‡{g 1997
4. X°oZH$ [oÃH$m : aVbm_ gßÒH$aU 15.02.2016
5. _mS>Z© naÏ`y : ]m{g H{$ gm_´m¡`dmXr odam{Yr odMma Om[mZ am{b BZ X
\$ma BÒQ> (1987)
6. [moQ>b dr.Eg.gw^mfM›– ]m{g : ^maVr` amÓQ≠>r`Vm _{ß ]m{g H$m
`m{JXmZ : ÒQ{>aobßJ [o„bH{$eZ, ZB©oXÑr (1988)
7. oÃ[mR>r ]MZ{e : "O] gw^mf H$m{ \$mogÒQ> obIm J`m,'AoIb ^maVr`
3014 MI}dmbmb oXÑr 1998, [•.119
8. "gab' lrH•$ U : H´$mßoVH$mar H$m{e ( [ßM_ IßS> ) : ‡^mV ‡H$meZ,
oXÑr ( 2004 ) . [•ÓR> 182-197
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120
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AmY{-AYya{ Ò[ÓQ>rH$aUm{ß g{ ¡`mXm ‡_moUH$ bJZ{ bJ{& dÒVwV: gyMZmoYH$ma
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gyMZmoYH$ma Z{ X{e H$m{ EH$ Z`{ bm{H$V›Ã H$m AmYma oX`m h°& A]
VH$ emgH$r` Jm{[Zr`Vm AoYoZ`_ (1923) H$m ghmam b{H$a V_m_
gmd©OoZH$ gyMZmAm{ß [a [aXm S>mb oX`m OmVm Wm& gyMZmAoYH$ma Z{ Cg{
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[maXoe©Vm H$m hm{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& Bgg{ ^´ÓQ>mMma [a bJm_ bJm`r Om
gH$Vr h° VWm gaH$mam{ß d Cgg{ Ow∂S{> bm{Jm{ß H$m{ emogVm{ß H{$ ‡oV CŒmaXm`r
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oH$gr ^r gÉ{ bm{H$V›Ã VWm gwemgZ H{$ obE OÍ$ar h° oH$ emgZ H{$
H$m`m~ _{ß AoYH$V_ [maXoe©Vm hm{ VWm ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ AoYH$V_ gyMZmE±
AmgmZr g{ hmogb hm{ gH{$ß& gyMZm gÂ[fi ZmJnaH$ hr Bg ]mV H$r g_rjm
H$a gH$V{ h¢ oH$ CZH{$ gßgmYZm{ß H$m ‡]›Y H$aZ{ VWm emgZ H$m Xmo`Àd
gß^mbZ{ dmb{ bm{J oH$g hX VH$ "gwemgZ' H$r Am{a ]∂T> ah{ h°&
"^maV H{$ gßodYmZ _{ß Ymam 19(1) (H$) H{$ VhV ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ dmH$≤
d Ao^Ïò∫$ H$r ÒdV›ÃVm H$m AoYH$ma ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m h°& Bg{ _m°obH$
AoYH$ma _{ß emo_b oH$`m J`m h°&'4 BgH{$ [rN{> ^mdZm `hr ahr h° oH$
bm{H$Vmo›ÃH$ Ï`dÒWm _{ß odMma-od_e© Am°a ZmJnaH$m{ß H{$ odMmam{ß H$m{ gm_Z{
bmZ{ H$m ÒdÒW [nad{e oZo_©V oH$`m OmE& oH$›Vw gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H{$
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O]aXÒV hoW`ma "emgH$r` Jm{[Zr`Vm H$mZyZ1923' H{$ H$maU ZmJnaH$m{ß
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odYmo`H$m H{$ [mg "gßgXr` ode{fmoYH$ma' h°, ›`m`[mobH$m H{$ [mg
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gyMZmoYH$ma H{$ Í$[ _{ß EH$ AMyH$ hoW`ma Am J`m h°& BgH$m odd{H$[yU©
VWm Hw$ebVm H{$ gmW C[`m{J oH$`m Om`{ Vm{ X{e H$m{ gÉ{ bm{H$V›Ã Am°a
gwemgZ H$r oXem _{ß AmJ{ b{ OmZ{ H$m amÒVm AdÌ` Iwb gH$Vm h°&
Bg H$mZyZ H$r g_rjm H$m{ b{H$a `h ^r ‡ÌZ H$^r-H$^r CR>Vm h° oH$
gyMZm H$mZyZ H$m XwÍ$[`m{J hm{ gH$Vm h°& oH$›Vw `h ]mV Cgr dJ© `m bm{Jm{ß
¤mam CR>m`r Om ahr h° Om{ gyMZm H$mZyZ H$m{ gro_V H$aZm MmhV{ h¢& Bg
H$mZyZ H{$ ¤mam h_ og\©$ gM H$m{ gm_Z{ bm gH$V{ h°& `h H$m{B© gyMZm V°`ma
Zht H$aVm& `h H{$db gM [a g{ [Xm© hQ>m X{Vm h° Am°a gÉmB© OZVm H{$
gm_Z{ Am OmVr h°& gM H$m{ OmZZm `m gm_Z{ AmZ{ X{Zm JbV H°$g{ hm{
gH$Vm h°? Hw$b o_bmH$a oÒWoV `h h° oH$ Jm{[Zr`Vm H$r N>Var Vm{ ajm
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]hmZm h°, g_mYmZ Zht&
A›V _{ß _{ar `h am` h° oH$ BVZ{ H´$mßoVH$mar H$mZyZ g{ Om{ BVZ{ ‡`mgm{ß
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amOZ{VmAm{ß, Zm°H$aemhm{ß [a oeHß$Om H$gm h°, X{e H$m{ EH$ gm\$-gwWa{
‡emgZ H$r Va\$ AmJ{ ]∂T>mZ{ H$m ]r∂S>m CR>m`m h°& CgH$r g_rjm H$a CgH$r
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1. odÓUw amOJo∂T>`m : Aaod›X H{$Oardmb, gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma, amOH$_b
‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr, Bbmhm]mX, [Q>Zm, [•ÓR>-21
2. S>m∞, amY{Ì`m_ o¤d{Xr-gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma AoYoZ`_ 2005 gwodYm
bm∞ hmCg ‡m.ob. 28, _mbdr` ZJa, ^m{[mb, [•ÓR>-113
3. ]r.Eb. \$oS>`m, ^maV H$m gßodYmZ, gmohÀ` ‡H$meZ, AmJam, [•. 62
4. E_.O{. AH$]a-BßoS>`m Qw>S{>, ZdÂ]a 11, "]hmZm Jm{[Zr`Vm H$m'
122
gm_moOH$ odH$mg _{ß amOZroVH$ [naoÒWoV`m{ß H$m ‡^md
[dZ S>mda * S>m∞. oH$aU amR>m°∂S> **
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ob`{ oZ`m{OZH$mam{ß H$m EH$ ]hwV ]∂S>m g_yh odH$mg H$r ]hwAm`m_r —oÓQ>
b{H$a AmJ{ Am`m& H$Ò]{, ZJa Am°a eha ]ZZ{ bJ{& N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> J´m_ H$Ò]mB©
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Jm±dm{ß H$m AmH$ma J´hU H$a ob`m& [nadV©Z ‡H•$oV H$m emÌdV eÛ h°,
oOg{ h_ odH$mg `m [nadV©Z H$hV{ h°, H$^r-H$^r h_ma{ obE EH$ g_Ò`m
^r ]Z OmV{ h°& g∂S>H$m{ß H{$ oZ_m© m Z{ AmdmJ_Z H{$ gmYZm{ß H$m{ gwb^ ]Zm`m
h°, Om{ g∂S>H$ [hb{ H$Ér Wr dh S>m_arH•$V hm{ ahr h°& Adam{YH$ ZXr-Zmbm{ß
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Wr, A] Cg_{ß†AmY{ g_` H$r ]MV hwB©& H$Ò]{ Am°a eham{ß H$m Ï`m[mar dJ©
em{fU H$r H$Q>ma b{H$a Jm±d _{ß†[hw±Mm& Ï`m[mnaH$ b{Z-X{Z ]∂T{>, EH$ A[∂T>
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gÂ[H©$ Z{ CgH{$ OrdZ ÒVa _{ß ]Xbmd H$m EH$ H´$mßoVH$mar Í$I CÀ[fi
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CgH{$ ahZ-ghZ H$m ÒVa MbZ{ H$m Tß>J, ]m{bZ{ H$m bhOm Am°a gm{M H{$
VarH{$ ]Xb{, dh eha `m H$Ò]{ H{$ _erZrH•$V Ïò∫$ H$m{ X{IH$a _erZrH•$V
hm{Z{ H{$ C[m` Im{OZ{ bJm& EH$ oH$._r. Xya H{$ Vmbm] g{ qgMmB© H$aZ{ H{$
ob`{ OwJm∂S> bJmH$a [mB[ bmBZ H{$ ob`{ F$U `m AZwXmZ ‡m· oH$`m&
CgH$m I{V bhbhmZ{ bJm& A] dh A[Zr C[O H$m{ H•$of _ßoS>`m{ß _{ß OmH$a
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ohV g_PZ{ bJm h°& oejm H{$ ‡oV CgH{$ gm{M _{ß† H$ht Hw$N> E{{gr AmÒWm
OJr h° oH$ A] dh A[Z{ ]Ém{ß H$m{ IwX O°gm oZa›Va Zht ahZ{ X{Zm
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ZroV`m± AmoX Hw$N> OrdZ _{ß †odH$mg H$r EH$ A¿N>r VÒdra oXImB© X{ ahr h°&
AmOmXr H{$ 86 df© [yU© hm{ OmZ{ H{$ ]mX ^r EH$ gm\$-gwWar VÒdra
^r Zht ‡m· H$a gH{$, oOgg{ odH$mg H$m ghr ‡oVo]Â] oXImB© X{&
d°dmohH$ ÒdVßÃVm - oddmh dh g]g{ _hÀd[yU© gßÒWm h°, Om{ Z H{$db
[nadma H$m oZ_m©U H$aVr h°, ]oÎH$ oOgH{$ ¤mam Ïò∫$ H$m{ g_mO _{ß† EH$
ode{f gm_moOH$ oÒWoV ^r ‡m· hm{Vr h°&
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Í$[ o^fi-o^fi [m`m OmVm h°& BgH$m H$maU `h h° oH$ oddmh EH$ gßÒWm hr
Zht h°, ]oÎH$ `h EH$ gmßÒH•$oVH$ gßÒWm h°& odo^fi gßÒH•$oV`m{ß _|$† o^fiVm
hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU oddmh H{$ Í$[ _{ß† AßVa [m`m OmZm ^r ]hwV Òdm^modH$ h°&
Hw$N> g_mOm{ß _|$† oddmh H$m ÒdÍ$[ Ymo_©H$ hm{Vm h°, O]oH$ Hw$N> gßÒH•$oV`m{ß _{ß†
oddmh H$m{ EH$ gßodXm H{$ Í$[ _{ß† X{Im OmVm h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ CZH{$ `hmß Ûr H$m{ hr
gÂ[oŒm H{$ Í$[ _{ß X{Im OmVm h°& BgH{$ [ÌMmV≤ ^r `h ‹`mZ aIZm MmohE
oH$ odÒV•V Í$[ _{ ß†oddmh EH$ E{gr gßÒWm h°, Om{ g^r g_mOm{ß _{ß† Ûr Am°a
[wÈf H$m{ `m°oZH$ gß]ßYm{ß H$r oZ`_]’ [yoV© H$aZ{ H$r AZw_oV ‡XmZ H$aVr
h° Am°a g_mO H$r oZa›VaVm H$m{ ]Zm`{ aIZ{ H$m ‡`mg H$aVr h°& AZ{H$
[oÌM_r od¤mZm{ß Z{ `h Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ{ H$r H$m{oee H$r h° oH$ oddmh ‡À`{H$
oÒWoV _{ß† o_ÃVm H$m gwodYm[yU© gmYZ h° Am°a Bg{ gwodYm[yU© Z ahZ{ [a ^r
Vm{∂S>m Om gH$Vm h°&
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h°, V] oddmh O°gr gßÒWm H$m{ EH$ AÒWm`r ]›YZ oH$g ‡H$ma H$hm Om
gH$Vm h°, Ohmß VH$ ^maVr` g_mO H$m ‡ÌZ h°, h_ma{ `hmß oddmh OrdZâ H$m gmßÒH•$oVH$ ]ßYZ h°, oOg{ oh›Xy gm_moOH$ _yÎ`m{ß H{$ AZwgma oH$gr
oÒWoV _{ß† Vm{∂S>Zm CoMV Zht g_Pm OmVm& h_ma{ g_mO _{ß† oddmh H$m ‡_wI
b˙` Ymo_©H$ H$V©Ï`m{ß H$m{ [yam H$aZm h°, O]oH$ `m°Z gßVwoÓQ> H$m{ Bg_{ß ]hwV
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^rbm{ß H$m{ Bg gßß]ßY _{ß† [yN>Z{ [a kmV hwAm oH$ C›h{ß† `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ ]ma{
_{ß† ghr OmZH$mar Zht h° Am°a AoeojV hm{Z{ g{ bm^ b{Z{ H$r ‡oH´$`m ^r C›h{ß†
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bm^ Zht b{V{& AmßoeH$ Í$[ g{ bm^ b{V{ h° 6 ‡oVeV ^rb, 15 ‡oVeV
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15.33 ‡oVeV bm{J Hw$N> `m{OZmAm{ß H$m bm^ b{ [mV{ h°&
amOZroVH$ [naoÒWoV`m{ß H{$ gßX^© _{ß† g_J´ odH$mg H$r [naH$Î[Zm
H$m{ EH$ gmW©H$Vm H{$ Í$[ _{ß† X{Im Om gH$Vm h°, oH$›Vw òX Bg_{ß H$m{B© EH$
dJ© ]hwV AmJ{ ]∂T> OmVm h° Am°a Hw$N> dJ© [rN{> ah OmV{ h°, Vm{ `h oZoÌMV
hr odH$mg H{$ ob`{ EH$ MwZm°Vr ]ZVm h°& ^rb ]hwV [rN{> ah J`{ h° Am°a
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oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^r ]∂S{> ]∂S{> AoYH$mnaH$ [Xm{ß [a H{$db EH$ hr dJ© ∑`m{ß
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g_rH$aUm{ß H$m{ b{H$a hr ]hwV AßV¤™¤ h°& odam{Ym^mg H$r AZ{H$ [naoÒWoV`m±
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CZH$r oZ`V H$m{ gm\$ Vm{ H$aVr h°, oH$›Vw ]mdOyX AmO VH$ oH$gr ^r
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H$maUm{ß H$m AmO VH$ [Vm Zht bJm`m OmZm og’ H$aVm h° oH$ h_ AmZZ
\$mZZ _{ß† `m{OZmE± Vm{ Wm{[ X{V{ h°, oH$›Vw CZH{$ [naUm_m{ß H$r Am{a X{IZ{ H$m
‡`mg Zht hm{Vm&
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Ao^H$Î[Zm _mÃ h°&
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amOZroVH$ [hw±M H{$ Xmà{ _{ß o^bmbm Edß ]ma{bmAm{ß H$m dM©Òd ^rbm{ß g{
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[°R> H$m Z hm{Zm ^r h°& o^bmbmAm{ß Am°a ]ma{bmAm{ß Z{ `m{OZmAm{ß H$m gdm©oYH$
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h°& oejm H{$ _m_b{ _{ß† ^rb _ohbmE± o[N>∂S> JB© h°, O]oH$ ]ma{bm Am°a
o^bmbm _ohbmEß CÉ AoYH$mnaH$ [Xm{ß [a ^r X{Ir Om ahr h°&
oeojV hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU amOZroVH$ dM©Òd _{ß† g]g{ AmJ{ oXImB© X{Zm
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Am°a ]ma{bm C[OmoV`m{ß H$m{ hr X{Im OmVm h°& oeojV hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU hr eha
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Pm{br _{ß† J`m h°, oOg [a `m{OZmH$mam{ß H$m{ gm{MZm MmohE&
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oejm hr h°, daZ≤ C[OmoVJV AbJmd g{ ^ó_V ^rb g_wXm` AmO ^r
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CZH$r gm_moOH$ gßaMZm AmoX _{ß JwUmÀ_H$ Í$[ g{ gwYma ^r hm{ ahm h°& dh
A] [hb{ O°gm H{$db OßJbr AmX_r `m OßJb _{ß†ahZ{ dmb{ AmX_r H$r
[na^mfmAm{ß g{ AbßH•$V Zht oH$`m OmVm& OZOmVr` j{Ãm{ß _{ß† oejm H$r
[`m©· gwodYmEß J´m_ Am°a \$Î`mAm{ß VH$ \°$bm Xr JB© h°& Bg H$maU CZH$r
Í$∂T> [aß[amEß Am°a AßYodÌdmgm{ß _{ß† ]hwV H$_r AmB© h°& `mVm`mV Am°a gßMma
gmYZm{ß Z{ Zd OrdZ OrZ{ H{$ obE ‡{naV oH$`m h°& amOZroVH$ [naoÒWoV`mß
‡m`: g_wXm` H{$ ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ H$m{ ‡^modV H$aVr h°&
1. ^mJ©d ]∂S>dmZr am¡` H$m ^yJm{b ]∂S>dmZr na`mgV H$m ‡H$meZ B›Xm°a,
1935
2. ]K{b S>r. Eg. gm_moOH$ AZwgßYmZ-[wÓ[amO ‡H$meZ 93-ardm
1995
3. Jw·m odÌd‡H$me d _m{ohZr ^maVr` amOZroVH$ odH$mg Am°a
odõ{fU-amYm [o„bH{$eZ ZB© oXÑr, 2001
4. S>m∞. BH$]mb ZmamÙ amOZroV emÛ H{$ _yb og’m›V- aVZ ‡H$meZ
ZB© oXÑr 1999
5. O°Z lrMßX dZdmgr ^rb Am°a CZH$r gßÒH•$oV-_.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW
AH$mX_r ^m{[mb 1992
6. O°Z S>m∞. amO{›–-Pm]wAm H{$ AmoXdmgr _mZgr ‡H$meZ ZB© oXÑr
2007
7. [moQ>b Aem{H$ S>r. ^rb gßÒH•$oV _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb
1998
*************
124
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_{ß Ò[ÓQ> Í$[ g{ od^mOZ Zht h°& Bg H$maU ^r odŒmr` AoZò_Vm VW
g_`mdoY _{ß H$m`© gÂ[fi H$aZ{ _|† oeoWbVm CÀ[fi hm{Vr h°&
_moZQ>qaJ H$r CoMV Ï`dÒWm Zht h° [ßMm`Vr am¡` Ï`dÒWm _{ß†H$B©
`m{OZmAm{ß _{ß† [ßMm`Vm{ß H$r ^mar J∂S>]o∂S>`m± gm_Z{ AmB© h°, oOgg{ Ò[ÓQ>
hm{Vm h° oH$ [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ odH$mg H$m`m{™ H$r CoMV Tß>J g{ _moZQ>qaJ Zht H$r
Om ahr h°&
1. I{Ã[mb ^r_g{Z Edß I{Ã[mb [yOm-_.‡. [ßMm`V amO Edß J´m_ ÒdamO
AoYoZ`_ 1995, I{Ã[mb [o„bH{$eZ, B›Xm°a &
2. [ßMm`Vr amO odŒm Edß J´m_rU odH$mg oZJ_, ^m{[mb, [ßMm`Vr amO
Ï`dÒWmAm{ß H$m{ [m{fU&
3. e_m© od⁄m gmJa-[ßMm`Vr amO-^maV _{ß† [ßMm`Vr amO ‡Umbr H{$
_hÀd H$m BoVhmg &
4. [ßMm`V amO Edß J´m_ ÒdamO : EH$ gab [naM`, _.‡. odoYH$ g{dm
‡moYH$aU, O]b[wa, 2005
5. B›Q>aZ{Q> g{ ‡m· OmZH$mar &
*************
126
_hmÀ_m Jm±Yr H$m oejm Xe©Z
S>m∞. Am^m oVdmar *
‡ÒVmdZm - "_¢ ^maV H{$ ob`{ AoZdm`© Am°a oZ:ewÎH$ ‡mWo_H$ oejm H{$
og’m›V H$m —∂T> g_W©H$ hy±& `h C‘{Ì` V^r ‡m· oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° O] h_
ha ]É{ H$m{ EH$ C[`m{Jr Ï`dgm` ogIm`{ß Am°a CgH$m C[`m{J emarnaH$,
_mZogH$ VWm Am‹`moÀ_H$ j_VmAm{ß H$m{ odH$ogV H$aZ{ _{ß H$a{ß& Bg{ Xyga{
e„Xm{ß _{ß `y± H$h gH$V{ h¢ oH$ EH$ ]É{ H{$ emarnaH$ AßJm{ß H$m ]{hVa BÒV{_mb
hr CgH{$ _oÒVÓH$ H$r Hw$ßOr h°&'1
- _hmÀ_m JmßYr
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_{a{ A[Z{ Zht, daZ≤ oH$gr Z oH$gr g{ `m H$ht Z H$ht g{ ob`{ hwE h°&'
JmßYrOr Z{ A[Z{ oejm Xe©Z _{ß _yb Í$[ g{ oejm H$m VmÀ[`© Aja
kmZ g{ Zht daZ≤ odd{H$ ‡YmZ oejm, kmZ ‡YmZ oejm, Am‹`moÀ_H$
oejm g{ ob`m h°& ^maV O°g{ X{e Ohm± oH$g ‡H$ma H$r oejm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm
h°, Ohm± Y_© Am°a amOZroV H$m{ AbJ Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm, Ohm±
gÂ‡Xm`dmX H$m{ g_m· H$aZm h°, Ohm± OZ-OZ H$m{ oeojV H$aZm h°, Ohm±
oejm OrodH$m{[mO©Z H$m _m‹`_ ^r hm{ß BVZr gmar ]mVm{ß H$m{ _‘{ZOa aIV{
hwE C›hm{ßZ{ A[Z{ oejm Xe©Z H$m _hÀd[yU© [j aIm Wm& ]woZ`mXr oejm
g^r H{$ obE AoZdm`© hm{ E{gm oejU oOg_{ß odMma ‡YmZ hm{ Am°a _yb^yV
H$m`m~ H{$ oejm ‡m· hm{ gH{$& Ïò∫$ oeojV hm{Z{ H{$ gmW hr gmW kmZr,
odd{H$erb Am°a Am‹`moÀ_H$ hm{ VmoH$ dh AmZ{ dmbr [r∂T>r H$m{ gßÒH$madmZ
H$a gH{$ß& O°gm oH$ AßJ´{Or H$od Ab{ΩO{ S>a [m{[ Z{ H$hm h° oH$ "d•j H$m
AßHw$a oOg ‡H$ma PwH$ OmVm h°, d•j ^r Cgr ‡H$ma PwH$ OmVm h°& R>rH$ Cgr
‡H$ma oejm oOg ‡H$ma _mZd _Z H$m{ _m{∂S>Vr h°, _mZd CYa hr _w∂S> OmVm
h°&'2 Bg ‡H$ma oejm emÛ dÒVwV: Ïò∫$Àd oZ_m©U `m _mZd-oZ_m©U H$m
hr odkmZ h°&
oejm H$m C‘{Ì` 1. H$m`© _{ß XjVm - Jm±Yr H{$ odMmam{ß _{ß oejm OrodH$m{[mO©Z H$m
gmYZ ]ZVr h° Vm{ od⁄mWr© H{$ H$m`© _{ß `h Ï`∫$ hm{Zr MmohE oH$ dh oH$g
H$m`© H$m{, oH$g Ï`dgm` H$m{ H$a ahm h¢ Cg_{ß BVZr Hw$ebVm hmogb H$a
gH{$& `hr ]mV `yZmZr odMmaH$ flb{Q>m{ Z{ ^r A[Z{ (H$m`©ode{frH$aU)
oejm og’m›V _{ß H$hr h°& ‡À`{H$ od⁄mWr© H$m{ ‡mWo_H$ oejm H{$ _m‹`_ g{
`h V` H$a b{Zm MmohE oH$ dh oH$g H$m`© H$m{ H$a gH$Vm h° Am°a gVV≤ Cgr
H$m`© H$m{ H$aV{ ahZ{ _{ß XjVm hmogb H$a gH$Vm h°&
2. MnaÃ oZ_m©U - oejm H$m C‘{Ì` MnaÃ oZ_m©U hm{ - Bg ]mV H$m
g_W©Z H$aV{ hwE C›hm{ßZ{ H$hm - "_¢Z{ ˆX` H$m{ ewo’ Am°a MnaÃ-oZ_m©U H$m{
gX°d ‡W_ ÒWmZ oX`m h°&' CZH$m `h ^r H$hZm Wm oH$ g_ÒV kmZ H$m
C‘{Ì` CŒm_ MnaÃ H$m oZ_m©U hm{Zm MmohE& Bg H$WZm{ß g{ `h ^r Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm
h° oH$ _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr oejm ¤mam MnaÃ H{$ odH$mg H$m{ _hÀd[yU© [hby _mZV{
W{&3
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3. gm_moOH$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$ odH$mg - _hmÀ_m Jmß Y r H$m `h
H$WZ h° oH$ "_¢ oejm H{$ gmohoÀ`H$ [j H$r A[{jm gmßÒH•$oVH$ [j H$m{
AoYH$ _hÀd X{Vm hy±& gmW hr Ïò∫$ Am°a g_mO H{$ odH$mg H$m{ JoV X{Zm
oejm H$m _yb C‘{Ì` hm{Zm MmohE& oejm ¤mam Ïò∫$ _{ß gm_moOH$ Hw$ebVm,
gˆX`Vm, ghmZw^yoV, [aÒ[a ÒZ{h, gX≤^mdZm O°g{ _mZdr` JwUm{ß H$m
odH$mg hm{Vm h°&
oejm gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z H$m EH$ g]b gmYZ h°& Jm±Yr Or oejm
H{$ _hÀd H$m{ g_PV{ W{& AV: C›hm{ßZ{ AßJ´{Om{ß ¤mam ‡oV[moXV oejm [’oV
H{$ ÒWmZ [a ì]woZ`mXr oejm H{$ Zm_ g{ EH$ ZB© oejm [’oV H$m ‡oV[mXZ
oH$`m& oOgH$m C‘{Ì` Wm (H$)
Ïò∫$Àd odH$mg - _hmÀ_m JmßYr Z{ A[Z{ Aml_ _{ß oejH$ H$m
(H$)Ïò∫$Àd
H$m`© oH$`m& C›hm{ßZ{ N>mÃm{ß H$m{ [∂T>Z{-obIZ{ H{$ Abmdm gyV H$mVZ{ Edß
M_©H$mar AmoX H$m oejU oX`m& CZH{$ odMma _ybÍ$[ g{ Ï`dhmnaH$ AZw^dm{ß
[a AmYmnaV W{& _hmÀ_m JmßYr H{$ AZwgma oejm H$m ghr C‘{Ì` N>mÃ H{$
emarnaH$, _mZogH$ Am°a Am‹`moÀ_H$ g^r JwUm{ß H$m{ Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aZm h°&4
JmßYr Or H{$ AZwgma - Ïò∫$ H{$ [yU© odH$mg H$m AW© h° CgH{$ ^m°oVH$,
Z°oVH$ Am°a Am‹`moÀ_H$ g^r ‡H$ma H$m odH$mg hm{Zm& [mÌMmÀ`
g_mOemoÛ`m{ß Z{ Ïò∫$ H{$ Am‹`moÀ_H$ odH$mg H$m{ N>m{∂S> oX`m h° [a›Vw
_hmÀ_m JmßYr Z{ Bg [a H$m\$r ]b oX`m h°&
Bgg{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{ OmVm h° oH$ JmßYrOr Am‹`moÀ_H$ CfioV H$m{ _hÀd
X{V{ W{& CZH{$ AZwgma - _yÎ` oejm d gßÒH$ma oejm g_mO d Ïò∫$ Xm{Zm{ß
H{$ ob`{ _hÀd[yU© h°& Ïò∫$ Am°a g_mO EH$ Xyga{ H{$ [yaH$ h°& Ïò∫$ H$m
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CfioV g{ hr g_mO H$r CfioV h°&
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C[`w∫$ ZmJnaH$ H$m oZ_m©U - _hmÀ_m Jm±Yr H{$ AZwgma amÓQ≠> H{$
(I)C[`w
Zd`wdH$m{ß H{$ Z°oVH$ Edß Am‹`moÀ_H$ oejm ‡XmZ H$r OmZm Mmoh`{& CZH$r
—oÓQ> _{ß oejm H$m C‘{Ì` N>mÃm{ß VWm `wdmAm{ß H$m{ g_mO VWm amÓQ≠> H$m C[`w∫$
ZmJnaH$ ]ZmZm h°&
_hmÀ_m Jm±Yr H$r Bg oejm `m{OZm _{ß N>mÃm{ß H$m{ oejm oH$gr H$m`©
ode{frH$aU (hwZa) H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Xr OmVr h°& oOgH$m C‘{Ì` N>mÃm{ß H$m{
ÒdmdbÂ]r ]ZmZm h°& Bg oejm `m{OZm g{ od⁄mWr© Òd`ß H{$ l_ g{ CÀ[moXV
dÒVwAm{ß g{ ‡m· hm{Z{ dmb{ [mnalo_H$ g{ A[Zr \$rg AmoX H$m ‡]›Y H$aV{
h°& Bgg{ Bg ]mV H$m ‡`mg ahVm h° oH$ ]mbH$ H$m`©, A‹``Z Edß OrdZ
H{$ _‹` CoMV g_›d` H$m`_ H$a gH{$ Edß A¿N{> ZmJnaH$ odH$ogV hm{ - Bg
gÂ]›Y _{ß _hmÀ_m JmßYr Z{ obIm Wm - "]woZ`mXr oejm H$m C‘{Ì` XÒVH$mar
H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ]mbH$m{ß H$m emarnaH$, ]m°o’H$ Am°a Z°oVH$ odH$mg H$aZm h°
b{oH$Z _¢ `h _mZVm hy± oH$ H$m{B© ^r [’oV Om{ e°joUH$ —oÓQ> g{ ghr hm{ Am°a
Om{ A¿N>r Vah MbmB© OmE, AmoW©H$ —oÓQ> g{ C[`w∫$ og’ hm{Jr&
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ) emgH$r` AQ>b o]hmar dmO[{`r _hmod⁄mb`, o[[ob`m_ßS>r, oObm - _ßXgm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
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oejm Ï`dÒWm H{$ ÒWmZ [a AmßVnaH$ JwUm{ß H{$ AmYma [a oejm `moZ H$r
]m°o’H$ oejm H$m odH$mg gmW hr gm_moOH$ H$m°eb H{$ odH$mg H$m{
_hÀd[yU© ]Vm`m O°g{ Hw$N> AmYma^yV oeÎ[-H•$of H$m`© AmoX ]wZmB© H$m
H$m_, bH$∂S>r H$m H$m_, M_∂S{>ß H$m H$m_, o_≈r H$m H$m_ AmoX _{ß g{ oH$gr EH$ `m
Xm{ H$m{ MwZm Om gH$Vm h° VmoH$ Cg JwU H{$ gmW Cg j{Ã _{ß ode{fkVm `m
H$m`© ode{frH$a m oH$`m Om gH{$&
_hmÀ_m JmßYr Z{ obIm Wm oH$ - "A‹`m[H$ H°$g{ hm{ - Bg gÂ]›Y _{ß
[wamZ{ odMma H$m{ _mZZ{ dmbm hy± oH$ A‹`m[H$, A‹`m[Z H$m`© H{$ obE A[Z{
AoZdm`© ‡{_ H{$ H$maU hr H$aZm MmohE Am°a Bg H$m`© g{ A[Z{ OrdZ
oZdm©h H{$ obE oOVZm AmdÌ`H$ hm{ CVZm hr b{H$a gßVwÓQ> ahZm MmohE&'
S>m∞. OmoH$a hwg°Z H{$ AZwgma - "amÓQ≠> H{$ Í$[ _{ß h_mam ôdÓ` ]hwV hX
VH$ CZ odMmam{ß Am°a og’m›Vm{ß [a oZ^©a hm{Jm Om{ oejm H$m{ ‡{naV H$aV{ h°,
`h Bg ]mV [a oZ^©a hm{Jm oH$ oejm H$m odH$mg bm{H$VmßoÃH$ OrdZ M`m©
H$r d•o’ Am°a odH$mg _{ß oH$g ‡H$ma ghm`H$ hm{Vm h°& `h oH$g ‡H$ma
127
OrdZ H{$ ahÒ`m{ß H$r Im{O H$aVm h° Am°a oH$g ‡H$ma ÒdmW©[aH$Vm H{$ ahÒ`mß{
H$m{ A[Z{ de _{ß aIVm h°&
AßV _{ß H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ JmßYr H$m oejm Xe©Z ]woZ`mXr oejm
H{$ Zm_ g{ EH$ ZB© oejm [’oV H$m ‡oV[mXZ h°& `h oejm [’oV Ï`dgm`
‡{naV oejm [’oV h° VWm N>mÃ H$m{ CgH$r ÈoM H{$ AZwÈ[ oejm H$r
AmdÌ`H$Vm h° Om{ Cg{ H$m`© g{ AmÀ_ gßVwoÓQ>, AmÀ_oZ^©aVm Edß g_mO H$m{
A[Z{ H$m`© g{ Hw$N> X{ gH$Z{ H$m gm_œ`© Edß amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$r Am{a ‡{naV
H$aVr h°&
gßX^© J´›W gyMr :ñ
1. _hmÀ_m JmßYr H{$ A_a odMma amÓQ≠>r` Am°a e°joUH$ AZwgßYmZ Am°a
‡oejU [nafX≤, ZB© oXÑr, [•. 1-3.
2. S>m∞. am_Ymarogßh - JmßYr Xe©Z _r_mßgm
3. S>m∞. Om{. [r. Z{_m, ‡Vm[ogßh - JmßYrOr H$m Xe©Z, [•. 233.
4. S>m∞. Om{. [r. Z{_m, ‡Vm[ogßh - JmßYrOr H$m Xe©Z, [•. 234.
5. _m{hZXmg H$a_MßX JmßYr - hnaOZ 6 A‡°b 1940.
*************
128
^maV _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma - EH$ A‹``Z
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ahm h°& AmOmXr H{$ EH$ XeH$ ]mX g{ hr ^maV ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ XbXb _{ß Yßgm
ZOa AmZ{ bJm Wm& S>m∞. bm{oh`m Z{ 21 oXgß]a 1963 H$m{ gßgX _{ß ^mfU
X{V{ d∫$ H$hm Wm ogßhmgZ Am°a Ï`m[ma H{$ ]rM gÂ]ßY ^maV _{ß oOVZm
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hwAm h°& AmO [yar XwoZ`m _{ß ^maV ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ _m_b{ _{ß 94d{ß ÒWmZ [a h°&
^´ÓQ>mMma g{ X{e H$r AW©Ï`dÒWm Am°a ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ [a od[arV
‡^md [∂S>Vm h°& ^maV _{ß amOZroVH$, Zm°H$aemhr, ›`m`[mobH$m, _roS>`m,
g{Zm, [wobg AmoX _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma Ï`m· h° AmO Ïò∫$ H$m{ ha H$m`© H{$ ob`{
naÌdV X{Zr [∂S>Vr h°& 2005 _{ß ^maV _{ß Q≠>mßg[{a{ßgr BßQ>aZ{eZb Zm_H$ EH$
gßÒWm ¤mam oH$`{ J`{ EH$ A‹``Z _ß{ [m`m J`m oH$ 62 ‡oVeV g{ AoYH$
^maVdmog`m{ß H$m{ gaH$mar H$m`m©b`m{ß _{ß A[Zm H$m_ H$admZ{ H{$ ob`{ naÌdV
`m Dß$M{ XO} H{$ ‡^md H$m ‡`m{J H$aZm [∂S>m& df© 2008 _{ß [{e H$r J`r Bgr
gßÒWm H$r na[m{Q©> Z{ ]Vm`m h° oH$ ^maV _{ß bJ^J 20 H$am{∂S> H$r naÌdV
AbJ-AbJ bm{H$ g{dH$m{ß H$m{ Xr OmVr h°& gm_m›` Ïò∫$ ^r `h _mZH$a
MbVm h° oH$ oH$gr ^r gaH$mar _hH$_{ß _{ß [°gm oX`m ]J°a Jm∂S>r Zht MbVr&
^maV _{ß ]∂T>Vm ^´ÓQ>mMma EH$ ]r_mar H$r Vah h°& AmO ^maV X{e _{ß
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H$m H$m{B© ^r j{Ã BgH{$ ‡^md g{ _w∫$ Zht h°&
gaH$ma H{$ ‡m`: g^r od^mJm{ß _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma ]hwV ]war Vah g{ [Z[ ahm
h°& amOÒd, Am]H$mar, Am`mV, oZ`m©V, Am`H$a, VQ>H$a, H•$of, a{bd{ AmoX
od^mJm{ß _{ß `h A[Zr Ma_ gr_m [a [hwßMm hwAm h°& V]mXbm C⁄m{J h°&
BgH$m H$m{B© Ò[ÓQ> AZw_mZ Zht h° oH$ X{e â _{ß oH$VZ{ V]mXb{ hm{V{ h°
b{oH$Z Bg Km{Q>mb{ _{ß Z{Vm Am°a Zm°H$aemh ]am]a H$r H$_mB© H$aV{ h°&
1. ^´ÓQ>mMma o]óQ>e odamgV _{ß o_bm h° Am°a AmO O∂S{> Jhar hm{Vr Om ahr
h°&
2. H$mZyZ OoQ>b Edß ‡oH´$`m bÂ]r, Am°[MmnaH$ d XwÍ$h h° VWm h_mar
AoYH$mße OZgßª`m A] ^r AoeojV h° AV: O] ^r CgH$m H$mZyZ
g{ Hw$N> dmÒVm [∂S>Vm h° d{ ^´ÓQ> VÀdm{ß g{ _XX b{Z{ H{$ obE _O]ya hm{
OmV{ h° Am°a H$X_-H$X_ [a R>J{ OmV{ h°&
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VßÃ H$r Am°[MmnaH$ AmdÌ`H$VmE∞ BVZr AoYH$ h° oH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$
obE AZoJZV amÒV{ Iwb OmV{ h°& `h ]mV A] oN>[r Zht h° oH$
gaH$mar IarX _{ß ^r Mmh{ gm_mZ H$r hm{, H$b H$maImZ{ H$r hm{, AÒÃ
eÛm| H$r hm{ `m od_mZm{ß H$r hm{ Cg_{ß amOZ°oVH$ Z{VmAm{ß H$m VWm
A\$gam{ß H$m H$_reZ `m Xbmbr ]ßYr hwB© ahVr h°&
4. ‡emgH$m{ß H{$ [mg odÒV•V odd{H$moYH$mar gŒmm d eo∫$ h°& Bg eo∫$
Z{ ^r ‡emgH$m{ß H{$ ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ j{Ã ]∂T>m oXE h°&
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5. ^´ÓQ> ‡emgZ VßÃ _{ß B©_mZXma Amo\$ga H$m ahZm ]hwV _woÌH$b h°& dh
EH$ AdmßN>Zr` VÀd _mZm OmVm h° d Yra{-Yra{ dh ^r ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m
amÒVm A[Zm b{Vr h°&
6. Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m ¯mg hm{Zm&
7. d{VZm{ß _ß{ odf_Vm ^r ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ ]T>mdm X{Vr h°&
8. Am°⁄m{oJH$ d Ï`m[mar dJ© ^r A[Zr C‘{Ì` [yoV© H{$ obE gaH$mar
H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ YZ X{V{ h°&
XaAgb ‡emgZ _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma Jha{ VH$ Ï`m· h°, [aßVw ∑`m oH$gr
amÓQ≠>r` Z{Vm H$m BYa ‹`mZ Zht J`m ? ∑`m am¡` Z{ BgH{$ odÍ$’ Hw$N> Zht
oH$`m& E{gm Zht h°, ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ odam{Y H{$ obE Hw$N> H$X_ ^r CR>mE JE h°,
`⁄o[ CgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ A^r VH$ g\$bVm Zht o_b [mB© h°&
^´ÓQ>mMma Xya H$aZ{ H{$ C[m` - ^maV O°g{ gm{Z{ H$r oMo∂S>`m H$hbmZ{ dmb{
X{e _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma A[Zr O∂S{> \°$bm ahm h°& AV: `h ]{hX hr AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$
h_ ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ Bg Oharb{ gmß[ H$m{ Hw$Mb S>mb{ gmW hr gaH$ma H$m{ ^r
^´ÓQ>mMma Xya H$aZ{ H{$ ‡^mdr H$X_ CR>mZ{ hm{ßJ{&
1. oXÑr H{$ _wª`_ßÃr AaodßX H{$Oardmb Z{ _wª`_ßÃr ]ZZ{ H{$ ]mX g{ hr
^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ oIbm\$ A[Zm Ao^`mZ ewÍ$ H$a oX`m Wm& `h ^´ÓQ>mMma
Xya H$aZ{ H$r oXem _{ß ]∂T>m H$X_ h°&
2. ›`m` _{ß odbß] H$m EH$ H$maU ^´ÓQ>mMma ^r h°& AV: ›`m` OÎX ‡m· hm{&
3. ‡emgZ _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ odam{Y _{ß O]X©ÒV OZ AmH´$m{e CÀ[fi oH$`m
OmZm MmohE VmoH$ ^´ÓQ> H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m ^ S>m^m{∂S> oH$`m Om gH{$&
4. MwZmd _{ß IM© hm{Z{ dmb{ YZ [a AßHw$e bJm`m Om`{& O] VH$ MwZmd
YZ g{ b∂S{> OmEßJ{ß, V] VH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma MbVm ah{Jm&
5. ^´ÓQ>mMma _{ß _m_bm{ß _{ß ›`m`[mobH$m H$m{ H$m`©[mobH$m H{$ ‡^md g{
gd©Wm _w∫$ aIZm Mmoh`{&
6. odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß _{ß gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H$m{ Ï`m[H$ oH$`m OmE òX
X{e H$m ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ gyMZm H$m AoYH$ma [m b{Vm h° Vm{ Z H{$db
^´ÓQ>mMma [a AßHw$e bJ{Jm daZ `m{OZm _{ß [maXoe©Vm ^r hm{Jr&
gyMZm H{$ AoYH$ma H$m AoYH$ g{ AoYH$ C[`m{J hm{Z{ bJm h°&
7. _ßoÃ`m{ß Edß gaH$mar ‡emgH$m{ß H{$ obE oZoÌMV AmMmagßohVm H$m oZ_m©U
Am°a CgH$r [yar H$∂S>mB© g{ [mbZ oH$`m OmZm MmohE&
8. B©_mZXma A\$gam{ß H$m{ [waÒH•$V oH$`m OmE Am°a A] ]hwV gr OJh [a
^´ÓQ>mMmar H$m{ [H$∂S>dmZ{ [a [waÒH•$V oH$`m OmVm h°& ‡emgH$m{ß H$r
odÒV•V odd{H$moYH$ma eo∫$`m{ß _{ß H$_r H$r OmE&
9. gaH$mar H$_©Mmna`m{ß H$m{ CZH{$ H$m_ H{$ AZwgma [yam d{VZ X{Z{ Am°a
CZH$r oZ`wo∫$ `m{Ω`Vm H{$ AmYma [a hm{Zm MmohE&
10. ^mB©-^VrOmdmX H$m{ g_m· oH$`m Om`{&
11. ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ Xm{of`m{ß H$r OmßM erK´moVerK´ hm{Zr MmohE Am°a A[amY
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroV odkmZ) emgH$r` gßÒH•$V _hmod⁄mb`, B›Xm°a (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
H$r Jß^raVm H{$ AZwgma Ïò∫$ H$m{ erK´ d H$R>m{a X S> oX`m OmZm
MmohE&
12. gm_moOH$ Hw$aroV`m{ß H$m{ g_m· oH$`m Om`{ Xh{O ‡W_ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{
]∂T>mdm X{Vr h°& Bg{ hagß^d g_m· H$aZ{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m Om`{&
13. ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ am{H$Z{ H{$ obE bm{Jm{ß H$m gh`m{J ob`m OmZm MmohE&
A›V _{ß ^maV _{ß oH$gr Z oH$gr Í$[ _{ß ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m amjg gX°d
H$m`_ ahm h°& AV: `h ]{hX AmdÌ`H$ h° oH$ h_ ^´ÓQ>mMma H{$ Bg Oharb{
gmß[ H$m{ Hw$Mb S>mb{& gaH$ma H$m{ ^r ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE ‡^mdr
H$X_ CR>mZ{ hm{ßJ{& oOgg{ h_ EH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma _w∫$ ^maV H{$ g[Z{ H$m{ gM H$a
gH{$& A^r hmb hr _{ß a{bd{ _{ß 8 hOma A[Zm{ß H$m{ Zm°H$ar X{Z{ H{$ ^´ÓQ>mMma H$m{
COmJa oH$`m J`m& oOg [a ^maV H{$ oZ`ßÃH$ Edß _hmb{ImH$ma H$r
Am[oŒm`m± Am°a H{$›–r` ‡emgoZH$ AoYH$aU H$r Om{Y[wa ]{ßM H{$
Agßd°YmoZH$ R>hamZ{ H{$ ]mX CŒma-[oÌM_ OmZ{ _{ß am{H$ bJm Xr h°&
H{$Oardmb gaH$ma H$m ^´ÓQ>mMma am{H$Z{ H$m ‡`mg ^r gamhZr` h°& A]
129
g_` Am J`m h° oH$ H°$ßga O°gr ]r_mar ^´ÓQ>mMma H$r am{H$Wm_ H{$ ob`{ ha
EH$ H$m{ AmJ{ AmZm hm{Jm, V^r h_ EH$ ^´ÓQ>mMma _w∫$ ^maV H{$ g[Z{ H$m{ gM
H$a gH{$ßJ{&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï1. H$m°oQ>Î` H$m AW©emÛ &
2. S>m∞. Y_©dra _hmOZ, S>m∞. H$_b{e _hmOZ, ^maVr` g_mO _w‘{ Edß
g_Ò`mEß 2004 [• : 244, 299
3. S>m∞. ]r.Eb. H$o∂S>`m bm{H$ ‡emgZ 2002 [•. : 626
4. S>m∞. Ama.EZ. oÃd{Xr, S>m∞. E_.[r. am`
^maVr` gaH$ma Edß amOZroV, [•. : 530
5. X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a 23 \$adar 2016, [•. : 01
6. Òd`ß H{$ odMma &
7. BßQ>aZ{Q> g{ ‡m· OmZH$mar &
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130
J´m_rU ^maV _{ß _VXmVm OmJ•oV Am°a gßMma H{$ gmYZ
S>m∞. _ßOw g∑g{Zm *
‡ÒVmdZm - "^maV _mVm J´m_dmogZr' EH$ ‡og’ JrV H$r [ßo∫$ h°& dÒVwV:
^maV Jm±dm{ß H$m X{e h°& X{e H$r bJ^J 80 ‡oVeV OZVm Jm±dm{ß _{ß ahVr
h¢& gdm©oYH$ OZgßª`m H•$of H$m`© g{ Ow∂S>r hwB© h°& ^maV _{ß ÒdmYrZVm H{$
C[amßV J´m_m{ß H$m [`m©· odH$mg hwAm h°& gmjaVm ]∂T>r h°& OZZr Edß oeew
_•À`w Xa H$_ hwB© h°& ÒdmÒœ` g{dmAm{ß H$m odÒVma hwAm h°& OrdZ A[{jm H$r
Am`w _{ß d•o’ hwB© h°& ‡OmVmßoÃH$ odH{$›–rH$aU H$m bm^ Jm±dm{ß VH$ [hw±Mm h°&
J´m_rUm{ß H$r gÂ[fiVm _{ß A[{jmH•$V d•o’ hwB© h°& gßMma gwodYmAm{ß H$m odÒVma
hwAm h°& gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z Edß AmYwoZH$rH$aU H$m ‡H$me Jm±dm{ß VH$
[hw±M ahm h°& Bg g] H{$ ]mdOyX oÒWoV A] ^r b˙` g{ ]hwV Xya h°&
ÒdmYrZVm ‡mo· H{$ g_` 14 Edß 15 AJÒV, 1947 H$r _‹àmoÃ H$m{ [ß.
Odmhabmb Z{hÍ$ Z{ gßodYmZ g^m H{$ g_j H$hm Wm - ‘The service of
India means the service of the millions who suffer. It means
the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and
inequality of opportunity. The ambition of the greatest man
of our generation has been to wipe every tear from every
eye. That may be beyond us but as long as there are tears
and suffering, so long our work will not be over.’
J´m_rU ^maV H{$ [wZoZ©_m©U H{$ obE A^r ]hwV Hw$N> oH$`m OmZm e{f
h°& Jm±dm{ß _{ß bm{H$V›Ã H$r O∂S>m{ß H$m{ _O]yV oH$`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°, VmoH$
d{ oZU©` b{Z{ H$r bm{H$Vmo›ÃH$ ‡oH´$`m _{ß ^mJrXmar H$a A[Z{ odH$mg H$m
_mJ© Òd`ß MwZ gH{$&ß BgH{$ obE J´m_rU [nad{e _{ß _VXmVmAm{ß H$r OmJÈH$Vm
Edß gßMma-gmYZm{ß H$m odH$mg A[nahm`© h°& _VXmVmAm{ß _{ß OmJÈH$Vm H{$
‡gma H{$ oZÂZmßoH$V _m‹`_ h¢ :
1. oejm Edß gmjaVm H$m ‡gma - oejm Edß gmjaVm bm{H$VßÃ H$r
g\$bVm H{$ AoZdm`© VÀd h¢& bm{H$V›Ã _{ß ]hw_V H$m oZU©` gdm}[na hm{Vm
h°& oeojV Edß ‡]w’ _VXmVm odd{H$[yU© oZU©` b{V{ h¢& AV: J´m_rU
_VXmVm H$m{ OmJÈH$ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE Jm±dm{ß _{ß oejm Edß gmjaVm H$m ‡gma
AmdÌ`H$ h°& ÒdmYrZVm H{$ [ÌMmV≤ ^maV _{ß oejm H{$ ‡H$me H$m{ Jm±dJm±d VH$ [hw±MmZ{ H$m _hÀd[yU© ‡`mg oH$`m J`m h°& AoYH$mße Jm±dm{ß _{ß
‡mB_ar VWm o_oS>b ÒHy$b h¢& „bm∞H$ ÒVa [a CÉVa _m‹ò_H$ od⁄mb`
Am°a Vhgrb _wª`mb`m{ß [a _hmod⁄mb` h¢& o\$a ^r oejmb`m{ß H{$ Am°a
AoYH$ ‡gma VWm C›h{ß gmYZ-gÂ[fi ]Zm`m OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& oejm
Edß gmjaVm H{$ ‡gma ¤mam _VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ OmJÈH$ ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h°&
2. g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mAm{ß H$m ‡gma - g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mAm{ß H{$
‡gma H{$ _m‹`_ g{ _VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ OmJÈH$ ]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h°& BZ [Ã[oÃH$mAm{ß _{ß gm_o`H$ VWm amÓQ≠>r` _hÀd H{$ _w‘m{ß [a ‡]w’ b{IH$m{ß H{$ odMma
‡H$moeV hm{V{ h¢ Om{ _VXmVmAm{ß H$r gm{M H$m{ odH$ogV H$aV{ h¢ Am°a C›h{ß
odo^fi _w‘m{ß [a A[Zm _V ]ZmZ{ _{ß ghm`Vm H$aV{ h¢& gmW hr BZ [Ã*
[oÃH$mAm{ß _{ß ‡H$moeV gm_J´r _VXmVmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar H$m{ A⁄VZ H$aVr h°&
3. a{ o S>`m{ , Q{ > obodOZ Edß o\$Î_m{ ß H{ $ _m‹`_ g{ _VXmVm
OmJÈH$Vm- a{oS>`m{, Q{>obodOZ Edß o\$Î_{ß gßMma H$m ge∫$ _m‹`_ h¢&
BZH{$ ¤mam _VXmVm OmJÈH$Vm H$m ‡^mdembr VarH{$ g{ ‡gma oH$`m Om
gH$Vm h°& BZ _m‹`_m{ß g{ am{MH$ Edß kmZd’©H$ H$m`©H´$_ VWm odkm[Z
‡gmnaV oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h¢ oOZg{ _VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ CZH{$ H$Œm©Ï` VWm AoYH$mam{ß
H{$ odf` _{ß OmJ•V oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& J´m_rU VWm gwXay A±Mbm{ß H{$ oZdmog`m{ß
H{$ obE gab ^mfm _{ß ode{f H$m`©H´$_ ‡gmnaV oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h¢& C›h{ß
]Vm`m Om gH$Vm h° oH$ _VXmZ amÓQ≠>r` _hÀd H$m H$m`© h°& _VXmZ ÒdV›Ã,
oZ^r©H$ Edß oZÓ[j Í$[ g{ H$aZm MmohE& Bg ‡H$ma oH$`{ J`{ AoYH$moYH$
_VXmZ g{ h_ma{ X{e H$m bm{H$V›Ã _O]yV hm{Jm& _VXmZ odd{H$[yU© VarH{$
g{ oH$`m OmZm MmohE& odo^fi amOZroVH$ Xbm{ß H{$ Km{fUm-[Ãm{ß H$m A‹``Z
H$a VWm ‡À`moe`m{ß H$m AmMaU X{IH$a Edß A[Z{ [wamZ{ AZw^dm{ß g{ grI
b{H$a JwU-Xm{f H{$ AmYma [a _VXmZ oH$`m OmZm MmohE& Bg ‡H$ma a{oS>`m{,
Q{>obodOZ Edß o\$Î_{ß _VXmVm OmJÈH$Vm H{$ ‡gma _{ß AJÚr ^yo_H$m
oZ^m gH$Vr h¢&
4. Òdr[ Edß OZ-Ao^`mZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ _VXmVm OmJÈH$Vm df© 2014 _{ß gÂ[fi bm{H$g^m MwZmdm{ß H{$ g_` ^maV MwZmd Am`m{J VWm
H{$›– Edß am¡` emgZ ¤mam Òdr[ (Systematic Voter Education
and Electoral Performance) Ao^`mZ Mbm`m J`m Wm& BgH{$ _m‹`_
g{ _VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ oZ^r©H$ hm{H$a oZÓ[j _VXmZ H$aZ{ H{$ obE ‡{naV oH$`m
J`m&
Bg ‡H$ma Òdr[ O°g{ Ao^`mZm{ß H{$ ¤mam _VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ OmJÈH$
]Zm`m Om gH$Vm h°& E{g{ Ao^`mZm{ß _{ß a°ob`m{ß, Zw∏$∂S> ZmQ>H$m{ß, gmßÒH•$oVH$
H$m`©H´$_m{ß, OZg^mAm{ß, ‡Mma Ao^`mZ, [m{ÒQ>a Ao^`mZ AmoX odoY`m{ß
H$m C[`m{J oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& e°joUH$ gßÒWmAm{ß Edß emgH$r` H$m`m©b`m{ß
VWm g_mO-g{dr gßÒWmAm{ß _{ß H$m`©H´$_ Am`m{oOV H$a _VXmVm OmJÈH$Vm
H{$ gßX{e H$m{ Ï`m[H$ ÒVa [a \°$bm`m Om gH$Vm h°&
gß M ma - AmYwoZH$ odÌd H$m{ "Ωbm{]b odb{O' H$hm OmZ{ bJm h°, ∑`m{ßoH$
gßMma Edß AmdmJ_Z H{$ gmYZm{ß H$m BVZm AoYH$ odH$mg hwAm h° oH$
XwoZ`m EH$ Jm±d H{$ Í$[ _{ß ogo_Q> H$a ah JB© h°& EH$ ÒWmZ g{ Xyga{ ÒWmZ
VH$ [hw±MZm Am°a gßX{e [hw±MmZm ]hwV AmgmZ hm{ J`m h°& gßMma H$r oH´$`m
BVZr Vrd´ hm{ JB© h° oH$ _mBH´$m{g{H$›S>g _{ß gßX{e odÌd H{$ EH$ N>m{a g{ Xyga{
N>m{a VH$ [hw±M OmVm h°& Jm±d ^r Bg odH$mg g{ ANy>V{ Zht ah{ h¢& AmO Jm±dm{ß
_{ß gßMma H{$ bJ^J d{ g^r gmYZ C[b„Y h¢, Om{ oH$ eham{ß _{ß h¢& BZ gßMma
H{$ gmYZm{ß H$m C[`m{J J´m_rU _VXmVm H$m{ OmJÈH$ ]ZmZ{ H{$ obE
CÀH•$ÓQ>Vm[yd©H$ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°&
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (amOZroVemÛ)emgH$r` H{$.[r. _hmod⁄mb`, X{dmg (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
gßMma H{$ ‡_wI AmYwoZH$ gmYZ oZÂZmZwgma h¢ 1. B›Q>aZ{Q> - B›Q>aZ{Q> gßMma H$m AmYwoZH$V_ Edß Vrd´V_ _m‹`_ h°&
BgH{$ ¤mam H$m{B© ^r gyMZm _mBH´$m{g{H$ S>g _{ß odÌd H{$ EH$ N>m{a g{ Xyga{ N>m{a
VH$ ^{Or Om gH$Vr h°& B›Q>aZ{Q> H$r gyMZm H$r Ï`m[H$Vm gÂ[yU© odÌd _{ß
hm{Vr h°& gÂ]o›YV d{]gmBQ> Im{bH$a H$m{B© ^r Bg{ X{I gH$Vm h°& OmZH$mar
H$m{ S>mCZbm{S> H$a CgH{$ o‡ßQ> AmCQ> oZH$mb{ Om gH$V{ h¢& BgH{$ _m‹`_ g{
J´mo\$∑g H$m{ ^r EH$ ÒWmZ g{ Xyga{ ÒWmZ ^{Om Om gH$Vm h°&
B›Q>aZ{Q> H$m C[`m{J _VXmVm OmJÈH$Vm H{$ obE ‡^mdembr VarH{$
g{ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& B›Q>aZ{Q> H$r [hw±M AmO Jm±d-Jm±d VH$ hm{ MwH$r h°&
_VXmVm-oejm Edß OmJÈH$Vm gÂ]›Yr odo^fi H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ B›Q>aZ{Q>
H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Jm±dm{ß VH$ [hw±Mm`m Om gH$Vm h°& g_mMma [Ã-[oÃH$mAm{ß,
droS>`m{ o\$ÎÂg Edß A›` ‡Mma-‡gma gm_J´r H$m{ B›Q>aZ{Q> [a A[bm{S>
H$a J´m_rU _VXmVm VH$ AmgmZr g{ [hw±Mm`m Om gH$Vm h°& J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$
AoYH$mße od⁄mb` AmO B›Q>aZ{Q> g{ Ow∂S> MwH{$ h¢& B›Q>aZ{Q> H{$ _m‹`_ g{ BZ
od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ß _VXmZ gÂ]›Yr OmJ•oV \°$bmH$a Cg{ ]hwgßª`H$ J´m_rU
_VXmVmAm{ß VH$ [hw±Mm`m Om gH$Vm h°& Bg ‡H$ma J´m_rU _VXmVmAm{ß _{ß
OmJÈH$Vm CÀ[fi H$aZ{ _{ß B›Q>aZ{Q> H$r ^yo_H$m A^yV[yd© h°&
2. _m{]mBb \$m{Z Edß dmQ>≤g E[ - _m{]mBb \$m{Z Edß dmQ>≤g E[ gßMma
H{$ AmYwoZH$ gmYZ h¢& BZH{$ _m‹`_ g{ gßX{e EH$ ÒWmZ g{ Xyga{ ÒWmZ VH$
V{O JoV g{ [hw±Mm`m Om gH$Vm h°& BZH{$ ¤mam gßX{e H$m{ —Ì`-lÏ` Edß
J´mo\$H$ Í$[ _{ß ^r [hw±Mm`m Om gH$Vm h°& AmO _m{]mBb Am°a dmQ>≤g E[ H$r
H$Z{o∑Q>odQ>r Jm±dm{ß VH$ [hw±M MwH$r h° Am°a bmImß{ J´m_rU BZ gwodYmAm{ß H$m
bm^ CR>m ah{ h¢& ^maV gdm©oYH$ _m{]mBb-YmaH$ X{em{ß _{ß g{ EH$ h°&
_m{]mBb Am°a dmQ>≤g E[ H$m C[`m{J J´m_rU _VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ OmJÈH$
H$aZ{ H{$ obE CÀH•$ÓQ>Vm[yd©H$ oH$`m Om gH$Vm h°& BZH{$ _m‹`_ g{ J´m_rU
_VXmVmAm{ß H$m{ CZH{$ bm{H$Vmo›ÃH$ AoYH$mam{ß Edß H$Œm©Ï`m{ß H$m ^br^m±oV
kmZ H$adm`m Om gH$Vm h°& C›h{ß odo^fi amOZ°oVH$ Xbm{ß, CZH{$ Km{fUm[Ãm{ß Edß ‡À`moe`m{ß g{ gÂ]o›YV AmdÌ`H$ OmZH$mar Xr Om gH$Vr h°,
VmoH$ d{ JwU-Xm{f H{$ AmYma [a VWm oH$gr ^r ‡bm{^Z _{ß Am`{ o]Zm Òdodd{H$ g{ ]wo’_Œmm[yU© _VXmZ H$a gH{$ß& _m{]mBb H$m{ B›Q>aZ{Q> g{ Om{∂S>H$a
CgH$r C[`m{oJVm _{ß H$B© JwZm d•o’ H$r Om gH$Vr h°& BgH{$ ¤mam OZg^mAm{ß, a°ob`m{ß, ‡Mma-Ao^`mZ, gmßÒH•$oVH$ H$m`©H´$_m{ß AmoX H{$ \$m{Q>m{
ItMH$a ‡gmnaV oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h¢ Am°a Bg ‡H$ma OZ-_mZg ]ZmH$a
131
MwZmdm{ß H$m{ ÒdÒW oXem Xr Om gH$Vr h° VWm AoVe` YZ-]b, ]mhw]b
Am°a AZ°oVH$ VarH$m{ß H{$ C[`m{J g{ am{H$m Om gH$Vm h°& Bg ‡H$ma _m{]mBb
\$m{Z Edß dmQ>≤g E[ J´m_rU [nad{e _{ß _VXmVm OmJÈH$Vm H{$ ‡gma _{ß
ghm`H$ hm{ gH$V{ h¢&
3. Q{>ob\$m{Z - Q{>ob\$m{Z ^r gßMma H$m EH$ ‡_wI gmYZ h° Am°a BgH$m
C[`m{J ^r J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß _VXmVm OmJÈH$Vm CÀ[fi H$aZ{ H{$ obE oH$`m
Om gH$Vm h°& AmO ^maV _{ß gwXya AßMbm{ß _{ß oÒWV Jm±d ^r Q{>ob\$m{Z H$r
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_ßÃmb`, ZB© oXÑr &
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H•$of AmoW©H$r AZwgßYmZ H{$›–, ^maVr` oH$gmZ gßK, oXÑr &
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odH{$›–rH$aU Am°a J´m_rU odH$mg, AmoXÀ` [o„beg©, ]rZm &
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J´›W AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb &
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8. \$o∂S>`m, ]r.Eb.: ^maV _{ß bm{H$V›Ã, H°$bme [wÒVH$ gXZ, ^m{[mb &
*************
132
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*************
*
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133
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lr_oV BßoXam JmßYr g{ VrZm{ ÒWmZm{ß H$r _wo∫$ H$r _mßJ 1 A‡°b 1984 oXÑr
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gr_m_T>r odhma g{ lram_OmZH$r aW `mÃm ‡maß^& 7 A∑Qy>]a, 1984
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odamQ> Y_©g^m bJ^J 5 bmI C[oÒWoV& A∑Qy>]a, 1984 ‡YmZ_ßÃr
BßoXamJmßYr H$r hÀ`m- Ao^`mZ ÒWoJV& odO`mXe_r 1985 o¤Vr`
Y_©gßgX CSw>[r (H$Zm©Q>H$) gÂ[Z& lr_hßV [y¡` [a_hßg am_Mß–Xmg Or
_hmamO ¤mam oedamÃr VH$ Vmbm Z Im{bZ{ [a AmÀ_Xmh H$r Km{fUm&
1 \$adar, 1986 H$m{ oObm ›`m`mYre H{$. E_. [m S{>` Z{ Vmbm Im{bZ{ H$m
o¤Vr` MaU- [y¡` gßVm{ H$m
AmX{e oX`m Edß Cgr oXZ Vmbm Vm{∂S>m J`m&o¤Vr`
odMma- H{$db Vmbm IwbdmZm Zht, dhm± [wZ: _ßoXa ]Z{& lram_ O›_^yo_
›`mg H$m JR>Z- _ßoXa ‡mÍ$[ M`Z& OZdar, 1989 ‡`mJamO, _hmHw$Â^
V•Vr` Y_©gßgX Am`m{OZ [y¡` X{dahm ]m]m H$r C[oÒWoV, 10 hOma
g›V d ^∫$ C[oÒWV& oebm [yOZ H$m`©H´$_, ‡À`{H$ J´m_ g{ EH$ oebm Edß
‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ gdm Í$[`m 2.75 bmI J´m_m{ _{ß 6 H$am{∂S> OZm{ Z{ [yOZ oH$`m&
9 ZdÂ]a 1989 oebm›`mg Km{fUm, 16 d 18 A∑Qy>]a gwfir ]∑\$]m{S©>
¤mam oebm›`mg am{H$Z{ H$r Xmà `moMH$m ImnaO (bIZD$ [yU©[rR>) 27
A∑Qy>]a 1989 H$m{ gdm}É ›`m`mb` Z{ ^r ImnaO H$r Xm{Zm{ `moMH$mE± & 9
ZdÂ]a 1989 oebm›`mg ÒWb [a IwXmB© ‡maß^& 10 ZdÂ]a, 1989
o]hma XobV ]ßYw H$m_{Ìda Mm°[mb ¤mam hOmam{ gßVm{ ^∫$m{ H$r C[oÒWoV _{ß
oebm›`mg d{X _ßÃm{ eßI ‹doZ H{$ _‹` gß[fi hwAm& V•Vr` MaU- AJÒV
1990 [ÀWa VameZ{ H$m H$m`© ‡maß^& 23-24 OyZ hoa¤ma _{ß _mJ©Xe©H$
_ S>b H$r ]°R>H$ gß[Z& X{dm{ÀWmZ EH$mXer 30 A∑Qy>]a 1990 _ßoXa
oZ_m©U h{Vw H$mag{dm Km{fUm& [y¡` gßVm{ H$m AmhdmZ Xr[mdbr _{ß am_
¡`m{oV g{ hr Xr[H$ ObmE±& CŒma ‡X{e gaH$ma ¤mam am_ ¡`m{oV [a ‡oV]ßY&
H$mag{dm am{H$Z{ h{Vw gr.E_. _wbm`_ ogßh H$r Jdm}o∫$- "A`m{‹`m _ß{ [na›Xm
^r [a Zht _ma gH{$Jm&' ogVÂ]a, 1990 gm{_ZmW g{ lr AmS>dmZr ¤mam
aW`mÃm ‡maß^& A∑Qy>]a _{ß A`m{‹`m OmZ{ dmbr Q≠>{Z{, ]g{ a‘, 40 ]Q>mob`Z
V°ZmV, _mJm} _{ß ImB© Im{Xr JB©, ga`y Zmd{ß{ [bQ> Xr JB©, H$oQ>b{ Vma H$r
\{$ßogJ, [wb ^r ]ßX, A`m{‹`m N>mdZr _{ß V„Xrb& AS>dmZr Or oJa‚Vma&
"Mbm{ A`m{‹`m' H{$ Zma{ [a bmIm| H$mag{dH$m{ß H$m A`m{‹`m Hy$M& C.‡.
oJa‚Vmna`m± ‡maß^& ‡À`{H$ oOb{ H$r O{b{ H$mag{dH$mß{ g{ â JB©& XÂ^r C.‡.
emgZ [ßJw& 30 A∑Qy>]a 1990 H$mag{dm oXZ- oOkmgm ∑`m hm{Jm? [y¡`
Òdm_r, _m. Aem{H$ ogßh, lrM›– XrojV H$mag{dm H$aZ{ oH$gr ‡H$ma T>mßM{
VH$ [hwM J`{ Am°a AMmZH$ EH$ ]g g^r ]mYmAm{ß H$m{ Vm{∂S>V{ hwE O›_^yo_
H{$ [mg H$mag{dH$m{ß H{$ gmW [hwM± JB©, H$mag{dm ‡maß^& _wbm`_ oßgßh gaH$ma
H$r oH$b{]ßXr ‹dÒV, H$ma g{dH$m| Z{ ]m]ar T>mßM{ [a M∂T>H$a ^Jdm ‹dO
\$ham oX`m, [wobg H$r AßYm YwßY \$m`naßJ hm{Z{ bJr ]obXmZ ‡maß^,
Aem{H$ ogßhb Km`b Eßd VrZ H$mag{dH$ ehrX (hwVmÀ_m) hm{ JE& 40 oXZ
gÀ`mJ´h [ÌMmV≤ AoÒWH$be `mÃm ‡maß^ Edß _mK _| ‡`mJamO AoÒW
odgO©Z& 4 A‡°b 1991 odoh[ ¤mam oXÑr _{ß _hma°br 25 bmI H$r
MVwW© MaU- lr
C[oÒWoV Edß Cgr oXZ _wbm`_ gaH$ma H$m [VZ hwAm&MVw
M›–e{Ia ogßh Or ‡YmZ_ßÃr ]Z{& [r.E_. ¤mam dmVm© ‡ÒVmd Edß 1 oXgÂ]a
1990 odoh[- ]m]ar _oÒOX E∑eZ H$_{Q>r d gaH$mar ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$r
C[oÒWoV dmVm© ‡maß^& 25 OZdar 1991 VH$ dmVm© Xm°a{ Mbm& Am_ MwZmd
d lr Zaogßhamd [r.E_. ]Z{, OyZ 1992 _{ß T>mßM{ H{$ gm_Z{ g_VbrH$aU
Edß _ßoXa H{$ AZ{H$ Ade{f ‡m· hwE& OwbmB© 1992 gd©X{d AZwÓR>mZ _ßoXa
H{$ H$]yVa{ H$m oZ_m©U& gÂ[yU© X{e _{ß odO`mXe_r 6 A∑Qy>]a 1992 g{
Xr[mdbr 25 A∑Qy>]a VH$ MaU [mXwH$m [yOZ Ed ]∂S>r gßª`m _{ß H$mag{dH$mß{
H$r ^Vr© H$r JB©& 30 A∑Qy>]a 1992 H$r [ßM_ Y_© gßgX _{ß 6 oXgÂ]a,
1992 H$m{ [wZ: H$mag{dm H$r Km{fUm& ‡W_ H$mag{dm H{$ AZw^d H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß
aIV{ hw`{ bmIm| H$mag{dH$ ZdÂ]a AßoV_ g·mh VH$ A`m{‹`m [hw±M J`{& 6
oXgÂ]a 1992 H$r H$mag{dm H$m{ Q>mbm Zht Om gH$m `hr B©Ìdar` B¿N>m
Wr& BoVhmg AMmZH$ KoQ>V hm{Vm h° Z oH$ `m{OZm [yd©H$ obIm OmVm h°
bm{Jm{ Z{ H$hm A] oh›Xy H$mà Zht ahm, dh A[_mZ H$m [na_mO©Z H$aZm
OmZVm h¢&T>mßMm 5 KßQ{> _{ß ga`y _{ß ‡dmohV hm{ J`m& H$mag{dH$mß{ Z{ AmZZ\$mZZ _ßß{ oVa[mb H$m _ßoXa ]ZmH$a dhm± am_bbm odamO_mZ H$a oXE& 8
oXgÂ]a, 1992 ]´Âh _whwV© gwajm dbm{ Z{ gß[yU© [naga H$m{ A[Z{ AYrZ
H$a ob`& gwajm ]bm{ß H$r X{Ia{I _{ß [wOmar ¤mam [yOm hm{Z{ bJt& 21
oXgÂ]a 1992 H$m{ AoYd∫$m hnaeßH$a O°Z ¤mam `moMH$m [a ›`m`_yoV©
lr hnahaZmW oVbhar d lr E.EZ. Jw·m H$r I S>[rR> Z{ 1 OZdar 1993
H$m{ A[Z{ oZU©` _{ß oh›Xy g_mO H$m{ AmaVr- Xe©Z- [yOZ- ^m{J H$m
AoYH$ma X{ oX`m& am_bbm d [yOm C[H$aUm{ H$r gwajm, erV, J_r©, Yy[,
dfm© g{ CZH$r gwajm H$m ^r AmX{e oX`m&
dmVm© b m[ H$m BoVhmg - lram_ O›_^yo_ H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ H$m gßKf©
eVmo„X`m{ß g{ Mbm Am ahm h° AZ{H$m{ [ro∂T>`m{ Z{ gßKf© _{ß A‡oV_ `m{JXmZ
oX`m h°& O›_ ^yo_ ÒWmZ H$m{ ‡m· H$aZ{ h{Vw 76 ]ma `w’m| H$m dU©Z BoVhmg
_{ß XO© h°& X{e H{$ AZ{H$ ]wo’Orod`m| H$m _V h° oH$ odf` H$m g_mYmZ
Am[gr dmVm©bm[ AWdm ›`mo`H$ ‡oH´$`m ¤mam hm{ O]oH$ E{gm AZw^d
Am`m oH$ _woÒb_ g_mO goX`m| [wamZ{ gßKf© H$m{ g_m· H$aH{$, gX^md H$m
Z`m `wJ ‡maß^ H$aZ{ h{Vw oH$gr ‡H$ma H$r [hb Zht H$aVm& lr M›–e{Ia
Or H{$ ‡YmZ _ßoÃÀd H$mb _{ß EH$ ÒdmJV `m{Ω` [hb ‡maß^ hwB©& 1 oXgÂ]a
1990 ]m]ar E∑gZ H$_{Q>r H{$ gmW odoh[ H{$ ‡oVoZoY`m{ß Z{ o]Zm oH$gr
[ydm©J´h H{$ dmVm© ‡maß^ H$r & Bg ]°R>H$ _{ß H$_{Q>r H{$ O\$a`m] oObmZr Z{
Xmdm oH$`m oH$ - (1) oH$gr ^r oh›Xy _ßoXa H$m{ Vm{∂S>H$a Cgr ÒWb [a
oH$gr _oÒOX H{$ oZ_m©U H{$ [j _{ß H$m{B© gm˙` C[b„Y Zht h°& (2) E{gm
H$m{B© ^r [wamVmoÀdH$ AWdm E{oVhmogH$ gm˙` C[b„Y Zht h° oOgg{ `h
136
kmV hm{ oH$ _oÒOX oZ_m©U H{$ [yd© Bgr ÒWb [a I∂S{> oH$gr _ßoXa H$m{ Vm{∂S>m
J`m Wm& odoh[ H$m `h AßXm{bZ EH$X_ Z`m h°& (3) ]m]a H$^r A`m{‹`m
Zht Am`m, \$bV: CgH{$ ¤mam _ßoXa Vm{∂S{> OmZ{ H$m ‡ÌZ hr Zht CR>Vm&
lr _m{am{[ßV o[ßJb{ Z{ gwPmd oX`m oH$ AJbr ]°R>H$ _{ß Xm{Zm| [jm{ H$r
Am{a g{ VrZ-Mma ode{fkm{ß H$m{ goÂ_obV oH$`m OmE & AßVV: oZU©` hwAm
oH$ - (1) Xm{Zm| [j 22 oXgÂ]a 1990 VH$ A[Z{ gm˙` J•h am¡`_ßÃr
H$m{ C[b„Y H$am`{ß & (2) _ßÃr _hm{X` gm˙`m{ß H$r ‡oVobo[`m± g^r
gÂ]o›YV Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ 25 oXgÂ]a 1990 VH$ C[b„Y H$am`{ß & (3) BZ
gm˙`m{ß H{$ gÀ`m[Z H{$ [ÌMmV≤ Xm{Zm| [j 10 OZdar 1991 H$m{ ‡mV:
10.00 ]O{ o_b{ &
]m]ar H$_{Q>r H$r Am{a g{ ‡À`wŒma H{$ A^md _{ß gaH$ma H{$ ob`{ `h
H$oR>Z hm{ J`m oH$ gh_oV Am°a Agh_oV H{$ _w‘{ H$m°Z H$m°Z g{ h¢& 10
OZdar 1991 H$m{ JwOamV ^dZ _{ß ]°R>H$ hwB©& ]m]ar _oÒOX H$_{Q>r Z{
AMmZH$ [¢Vam ]XbZm ewÍ$ H$a oX`m & H$_{Q>r Z{ ode{fkm| H{$ Zm_ Zht oXE&
18 OZdar VH$ C›hm|Z{ Om{ Zm_ oXE Cg_ß{ d{ oZa›Va [nadV©Z H$aV{ ah{ß &
]°R>H$ ‡maß^ hm{V{ H$r ]m]ar H$_{Q>r H{$ ode{fkm{ H{$ H$hm oH$ h_ Zm Vm{ H$^r
A`m{‹`m JE Am°a Z hr h_Z{ gm˙`m{ß H$m A‹``Z oH$`m h° & h_{ß H$_ g{ H$_
6 g·mh H$m g_` MmohE , `h KQ>Zm 24 OZdar 1991 H$r h° & 25 OZdar
H$m{ ]°R>H$ _{ H$_{Q>r H{$ ode{fk Am`{ hr Zht & O] oH$ [nafX H{$ ‡oVoZoY
Am°a ode{fk Xm{ K Q{> VH$ CZH$r ‡Vrjm H$aV{ ah{ß & BgH{$ [ÌMmV≤ ^r ]°R>H$
_{ E{gm hr hwAm AßVV: dmVm© ]ßX hm{ JB© & `h odMmaUr` h° oH$ ]m]ar E∑gZ
H$_{Q>r Z{ _wª` _w‘m H$m gm_Zm H$aZ{ H$r ]OmE ]°R>H$ H{$ ]ohÒH$ma H$m amÒVm
∑`m{ß MwZm? BgobE AmO dmVm©bm[ H$r ]mV H$aZm ∑`m gmW©H$ hm{Jm?
_hm_oh_ amÓQ≠>[oV H$m ‡ÌZ, ^yo_ H{$ ZrM{ amS>ma VaßJm{ ¤mam am_O›_
ÒWmZ H$m gd}jU Edß ^yo_ CÀIZZ H$m [naUm_ - df© 1993 _{ß
^maV H{$ VÀH$mbrZ amÓQ≠>[oV _hm{X` Z{ gdm{É ›`m`mb` H$m{ gßodYmZ H$r
Ymam 143 E H{$ A›VJ©V A[Zm EH$ ‡ÌZ ‡ÒVwV oH$`m & ‡ÌZ Wm oH$ "∑`m
T>mMß { dmb{ ÒWmZ [a 1528 B©gdt H{$ [hb{ H$m{B© oh›Xy _ßoXa Wm? V] Bbmhm]mX
hmB©H$m{Q>© Z{ Òdß` ‡{aUm g{ 2002 B©. _{ amS>ma VaßJm{ g{ O›_^yo_ H{$ ZrM{ H$r
\$m{Q>mJ
{ m´ \$r H$amB© & \$m{Q>m{ od{ef{ k H$ZmS>m g{ AmE, C›hm|Z{ A[Zr na[m}Q> H{$
oZÓH$f© ^mJ _{ß obIm oH$ " O_rZ H{$ ZrM{ oH$gr ^dZ H{$ Ade{f Xya Xya VH$
oXIV{ h° BZH$r gÀ`Vm d°kmoZH$ CÀIZZ ¤mam OmßMr OmZr MmohE &"
‘In conclusion, the GPR survey reflects in general a
variety of unomalies runging from 0.5 to 5.5 meters in depth
that could be associated with ancient and contemporaneous
structures such as pillars, foundations walls slab flooring,
extendig over a large portion of the site. However the exat
nature of those anomalies has to be confirmed by systematic
ground truthing, such as provided by acheological trenching.’
_hm_oh_ H{$ ‡ÌZ [a gwZdmB© H{$ Xm°amZ Am°a AoYH$ Ò[ÓQ>rH$aU _mßJZ{ [a
14 ogVÂ]a 1994 H$m{ ^maV gaH$ma H{$ _hmoYd∫$m Xr[mßH$a Jw·m Z{ ^maV
gaH$ma H$r Am{a g{ gdm}É ›`m`mb` _{ß e[W [yd©H$ oboIV _{ß ]Vm`m oH$
"òX _hm_oh_ amÓQ≠>[oV H{$ ‡ÌZ H$m CŒma gH$mamÀ_H$ AmVm h° AWm©V T>m±M{
H{$ ]rM 1528 g{ [yd© H$m{B© oh›Xy _ßoXa ^dZ Wm Vm{ ^maV gaH$ma H$r
H$m`©dmhr oh›Xy ^mdZmAm{ß H{$ g_W©Z _{ß hm{Jr" Bg ‡H$ma Bbmhm]mX CÉ
›`m`mb` bIZD$ [rR> _{ _wH$X_{ H$r ‡mWo_H$ gwZdmB© df© 1995 g{
‡maß^ hm{ JB©&
∑`m{ß h° amÓQ≠>r` AoÒ_Vm H$m ‡ÌZ lram_ O›_^yo_ _ßoXa H$m oZ_m©U
14 ZdÂ]a, 1947 lr gaXma dÎb^^mB© [Q{>b, lr EZ.]r.JmS>oJb Am°a
dr.[r. _{ZZ ‡^mg [mQ>Z VrW© _{ß gm{_ZmW _ßoXa H{$ ^æmde{fm|> H$m Xe©Z
H$aZ{ JE& lr dr.[r. _{ZZ H{$ CZ ^mdwH$ jUm{ß H$m dU©Z H$aV{ hwE obIm"gaXma [Q{>b `h X{IH$a ^mdwH$ hm{ JE oH$ Om{ _ßoXa H$^r ^maV H$m Jm°ad
ÒWb Wm, dh AmO A[_moZV Am°a C[{ojV h°&, Cgr jU `h ‡ÒVmd Am`m
oH$ gm{_ZmW _ßoXa H$m CgH{$ [wamZ{ ^Ï` Í$[ _{ß [wZoZ©_m© m oH$`m OmE& Bg
Km{fUm H$m l{` lr EZ.dr.JmS>oJb H$m{ o_bm& Zdm ZJa H{$ Om_ gmh{] Z{
Bg H$m`© H{$ obE EH$ bmI Í$[`{ VWm Ama. Or. hwH$y _V H$r Am{a g{ gm_bXmg
JmßYr Z{ B∑`mdZ hOma Í$[`{ X{Z{ H$r Km{fUm H$r&''lram_ O›_^yo_ H$m{
‡m· H$aZ{ H$m `h Ao^`mZ R>rH$ d°gm hr h° O°g{ AmOmXr H{$ ]mX X{e H{$
J•h_ßÃr gaXma [Q{>b Z{ X{e g{ Jwbm_r H{$ oM›hm{ß H$m{ hQ>mZ{ H{$ obE gßH$Î[
ob`m Wm& Am°a AmH´$_UH$mar _h_yX JOZdr ¤mam Vm{S>∂{ JE ^JdmZ
gm{_ZmW H{$ _ßoXa H{$ [wZoZ©_m©U H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV oH$`m Wm& gm{_ZmW _ßoXa
_{ß ‡mU-‡oV>m (11 _B© 1951) H{$ g_` Vm{ VÀH$mbrZ _hm_oh_ amÓQ≠>[oV
_hm{X` S>m∞. amO{›– ‡gmX Or Òd`ß C[oÒWV ah{&
h_ odMma{ òX AßJ´{Omß{ H{$ ‡VrH$ hQ>mE Om gH$V{ h° ∑`m{ßoH$ C›hm|Z{
Bg X{e H$m{ Jwbm_ ]ZmE aIm Am°a Cg Jwbm_r g{ _w∫$ hm{Z{ H{$ obE 1947 H$r
[r∂T>r Z{ gßKf© oH$`m Vm{ AßJO
{´ mß{ H{$ [yd© ^maV [a AmH´$_U H$aZ{ dmb{ odX{oe`m{ß
H{$ oM›hm{ H$m{ ∑`m{ß Zht hQ>m`m Om gH$Vm? ∑`m H{$db BgobE oH$ AßJO
{´ m{ g{
gßKf© H$aZ{ dmbr [r∂T>r Z{ _woÒb_ AmH´$_UH$mna`m{ß g{ gßKf© Zht oH$`m Wm&
lram_ _ßoXa oddmX [a JmßYr Or Z{ obIm Wm - 27 OwbmB© 1937,
"hnaOZ g{dH$' g_mMma [Ã Om{ Òd`ß JmßYr Or H$m hr Wm& Bg g_mMma [Ã
_{ß JmßYr Or obIV{ h¢ oH$- "_wPg{ A`m{‹`m H{$ EH$ ^mB© Z{ [Ã obIH$a
A`m{‹`m H$r am_O›_^yo_ H{$ gß]Y
ß _{ß [yN>m h°, CgH{$ ]ma{ _{ß _° A[Zm —oÓQ>H$m{U
obI ahm h∞y&'
"oH$gr H$m{ ^r Ymo_©H$ C[mgZm J•h H{$ D$[a ]bmÀH$ma [yd©H$ AoYH$ma
H$aZm ]∂S>m OK›` [m[ h°& _wJb H$mbrZ g_` _{ß Ymo_©H$ ÒWbm{ß [a H$„Om
H$a ob`m Wm, Om{ oh›XwAmß{ H{$ [odÃ AmamYZm J•h W{, oOZ_{ß g{ ]hwV g{
byQ>[mQ> H$a ZÓQ> H$a oXE J`{ W{ Am°a ]hwVm{ H$m{ _oÒOX H$m Í$[ X{ oX`m
J`m& `⁄o[ _ßoXa Am°a _oÒOX `h Xm{Zm{ß hr ^JdmZ H$r C[mgZm H{$ [odÃ
ÒWmZ h¢, Am°a Xm{Zm| _{ß H$m{B© ^{X Zht h°& VWmo[ oh›Xy Am°a _wgb_mZ Xm{Zm| hr
C[mgZm [’oV Am°a [aÂ[amE± AbJ h°&'
"Ymo_©H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ EH$ _wgb_mZ `h H$^r ]Xm©ÒV Zht H$a gH$Vm
oH$ CgH$r _oÒOX _{ß, oOg_{ß dh ]am]a IwXm H$r BdmXV H$aVm Am ahm h°,
H$m{B© oh›Xy Cg_{ß ]wV b{H$a OmH$a aI X{& Cgr Vah EH$ oh›Xy ^r H$^r `h
ghZ Zht H$a{Jm oH$ CgH{$ Cg _ßoXa _{ß, Ohmß dh ]am]a am_, H•$ÓU, eßH$a,
‡^w Am°a X{dr H$r C[mgZm H$aVm Mbm Am ahm h°, H$m{B© Vm{∂S>H$a _oÒOX ]Zm
X{& Ohmß [a E{g{ H$mßS> hwE h¢, dmÒVd _{ß{ `h oM›h Ymo_©H$ Jwbm_r H{$ h¢& oh›Xy_wgb_mZ Xm{Zm| H$m{ MmohE oH$ E{gr OJhm| [a Ohm± Bg Vah H{$ PJS{> hm{
Am[g _{ß V` H$a bß{& _wgb_mZm{ß H{$ d{ [yOm ÒWmZ Om{ oh›XwAm{ß H{$ AoYH$ma
_{ß h°, oh›Xy C›h| CXmaVm [yd©H$ _wgb_mZm{ß H$m{ bm°Q>m X{ß& Bgr Vah oh›XwAmß{ H{$
Om{ Ymo_©H$ ÒWmZ _wgb_mZm{ H{$ H$„O{ _{ß h¢, C›h| d{ Iwer-Iwer oh›XwAm{ß H{$
gm¢[ Xß{& Bgg{ Am[gr ^{X^md ZÓQ> hm{H$a oh›Xy-_wgb_mZm{ß _{ß Am[g _{ß
EH$Vm H$r d•o’ hm{Jr, Om{ ^maV O°g{ Y_© ‡YmZ X{e H{$ obE daXmZ og’
hm{Jr&'
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137
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OmZm h°& 2013 _{ß gdm©oYH$ _m_b{ [o¸_ ]ßJmb _{ß XO© oH$`{ J`{ & _ohbmAm{ß
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_ohbmAm| H$m{ A[Z{ Ka _{ß ahZ{ H$m AoYH$ma X{Vm h°&
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AZ°oVH$ Ï`m[ma (oZdmaU) AoYoZ`_ 1956
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‡goV gwodYm AoYoZ`_ 1961
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Xh{O oZf{Y AoYoZ`_ 1961
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Ûr AoeÓQ> Í$[U (oZf{Y) AoYoZ`_ 1986
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gVr ‡Wm (oZdmaU) AoYoZ`_ 1987
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Ya{by ohßgm g{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m gßajU AoYoZ`_ 2005
140
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H$maImZm AoYoZ`_ 1984
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g_mZ [nalo_H$ AoYoZ`_ 1976
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gßajU H$mZyZ l
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oh›Xy oddmh AoYoZ`_ 1956
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^maVr` oddmh od¿N{>X AoYoZ`_ 1969
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oh›Xy CŒmamoYH$m AoYoZ`_ 1956 (gßem{YZ) 2005
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d°H$oÎ[H$ Ymam H$m{ odH$ogV H$aZ{ H$m Xmdm oH$`m& gZ≤ 1982 B©. g{
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g]mÎQ>Z© ÒQ>S>rO H{$ Í$[ _{ß† gZ≤ 1970 H{$ A›V _{ß†CÑ{IZr`
ôdÓ`dmUr H$r ewÍ$AmV H$r& ZB© oXÑr _{ß Am∑g\$m{S©> odÌdod⁄mb` ‡{g
¤mam g]mÎQ>Z© ÒQ>S>rO H{$ _m‹`_ g{ o]´Q{>Z _{ß† EH$ N>m{Q{> g{ g_yh Z{ Am°a
^maVr` BoVhmgH$mam{ß Z{ EH$ Z`{ OZab H$r ÒWm[Zm ‡ÒVmodV H$r, oOg_{†ß
Am∞∑g\$m{S>© odÌdod⁄mb` ¤mam oZ]ßYm{ß H$m VrZ gßJh´ "g]mÎQ>Z© ÒQ>S>rO':
gmCW Eoe`m H{$ BoVhmg Am°a g_mO b{IZ H{$ gßX^© _{ß ‡H$moeV oH$`{ J`{&
gZ≤ 1982 g{ VrZ df© VH$ bJmVma Am°a I S> AmJm_r 5 dfm{™ _{ß
‡H$moeV oH$`{ J`{, oOZH$m g^r gÂ[mXH$m{ß H$m gÂ[mXZ aUOrV Jwhm
¤mam oH$`m J`m& gZ≤ 1989 _{†ß O] aUOrV Jwhm g{dmoZd•Œm hwE, C›hm{Z
ß { AmR>
ghH$o_©`m{ß Z{ Mm¢Vrg g{ g°ßVmbrg ‡]›Y N>: g]mÎQ>Z© ÒQ>S>rO H{$ J´›W H{$ Í$[
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gZ≤ 1993 g{, Ohm± VH$ C›hm{ßZ{ Bg g_yh H{$ ¤mam kmV oH$`m J`m,
dJuH•$V hmoe`{ [a ahZ{ dmb{ A‹`{VmAm{ß Z{ [`m©· amÓQ≠>r` ‡oVÓR>m AoO©V
H$r h°, oOg_{ß† C›hm{ßZ{ bmoVZr A_{naH$m g]mÎQ>Z© BoVhmg H{$ g_yh ¤mam
XojUr Eoe`m H{$ od¤¡OZm{ß H{$ A›Va AZwemgoZH$ gßJR>Z, Om{ aUOrV
Jwhm H{$ ¤mam gßMmobV Am°a [waÒH•$V oH$`{ J`{&
dV©_mZ _{ß †Xg bJmH$ma g]mÎQ>Z© ÒQ>S>rO H{$ I S> X{I{ J`{ W{, C›hm{ßZ{
44 oZ]ßY H{$ H$ar] 200 ‡H$meZ odo^fi ^mfmAm{ß _{ß ‡H$moeV oH$`{ J`{&
BZH$r Bg H•$oV`m{ß H{$ H$maU aUOrV Jwhm ]wo’_Œmm H{$ Í$[ _{ß AJÚr _mZ{ J`{&
g]mÎQ>Z© A‹``Z H{$ Í$[ _{†ß ^maV _{†ß Hw$N> g_rjmÀ_H$ [wÒVH{$ß ‡H$moeV
hwB©& ‡maß^ _{ß† ‡À`{H$ ‡H$meZ [•WH$≤ Í$[ g{ gßH$bZ ‡H$meZ _{ß†Am`{&
gZ≤ 1986 g{ CZH$m g]H$m Am›VnaH$ Am°a ]m¯ b{IZ, g]mÎQ>oZ©ÒQ>
`m g]mÎQ>Z© H{$ Í$[ _{ß† AZwgßYmZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß† df© 1988 _{ß ‡H$moeV oH$`{
J`{& ]mX _{ß†Am∞∑g\$m{S©> odÌdod⁄mb` ¤mam g]mÎQ>Z© A‹``Z H{$ Í$[ _{ß
aUOrV Jwhm Am°a Jm`Ãr MH´$dVu H{$ gÂ[mXH$Àd g{ ‡H$moeV oH$`{ J`{&
gZ≤ 1990 g{ ]Q©>Z ÒQ{>Z _{ß† g]mÎQ>Z© A‹``Z H$r Am{a oZa›Va ÈoM
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S>m∞. H•$ÓUX{d C[m‹`m` "bm{H$ gmohÀ` H$r ^yo_H$m' H{$ gß]ßY _{ß† H$hV{
h° oH$ "g‰`Vm H{$ ‡^md g{ Xya ahZ{ dmbr ghOmdÒWm _{ß dV©_mZ _{ß Om{
144
oZa›Va OZVm h°, CgH$r Amem-oZamem, hf©-odfmX, OrdZ-_aU,
hmoZ-bm^, gwI-XwI AmoX H$r Ïò^Ïò∫$ oOg gmohÀ` _{ß ‡m· hm{Vr h°,
Cg{ bm{H$gmohÀ` H$hV{ h°& Bg ‡H$ma H$m bm{H$gmohÀ` OZVm H$m dh
gmohÀ` h°, Om{ OZVm ¤mam, OZVm H{$ obE obIm J`m h°&î
1. (Jm`Ãr MH´$dVu, ogb{H$m{S> g]mÎQ>Z© ÒQ>S>rO - naHß$g∑Q≠>{emqZJ
ohQ≠>m{J´m\$r Am∞∑g\$m{Q©> `woZdog©Q>r ‡{g)
2. (J´mÂer AßQ>m{oZ`m{ß, 1996) ogb{∑e›g \´$m_ oX o∂‡OZ Zm{Q>]w∑g&
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Writing cultural history of Colonial and post calonial
Indian, Henry Schwarw, University of Pennsylvania
Press, Philadel phia, 1977, page 140.
For SS volumes 1-7, the Editorial Team incluled Shahid
Amin(1-7),Devid Arnold(1-7),Gautam Bhadra. (2-7),
Dipesh Chakrabarty.(2-7), Partha Chatterjee (1-7),
Ranajit Guha (1-7), David Hardiman (1-7), Gyanendra
Pandey (1-7) and Sumit Sarkar (3-7)
dhrS>m∞. Yra{›– d_m©-bm{H$ gmohÀ` H$r ^yo_H$m, ‡ÒVmdZm, [•.7.
\$m{H$bm{a H$bH$Œmm H{$ gÂ[mXH$ S>m∞.eßH$a g{Z Jw·, [•.203.
S>m∞.H•$ÓUX{d C[m‹`m`-bm{H$gmohÀ` H$r ^yo_H$m, [•.24.
*************
145
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Z{ _h{Ìda H$m{ amOYmZr ]ZmH$a CgH{$ aßJm{ß _{ o¤JwoUH$ M_H$ â Xr h°&
AOÛerbm Z_©Xm H{$ Hy$bm{ß [a gwaÂ` KmQ> ]ZdmZ{ H$m l{` EH$_{d
AohÎ`m]mB© H$m{ h°& gÂ[yU© oH$b{ Am°a KmQ>m{ß H$r [ÉrH$mar [yU© _amR>m e°br
*
H$r H$bmÀ_H$ X{Z h°&8 Bgr H{$ gmW X{dr AohÎ`m]mB© hm{ÎH$a Z{ gyVr dÛ
C⁄m{J H$m{ Bg j{Ã _{ß ÒWmo[V 250 df© [yd© gZ≤ 1765 _{ß A[Zr amOYmZr
_h{Ìda _{ß H$aYm H$[mg g{ (H$m∞Q>Z H$r gmo∂S>`m{ß) H{$ obE S>bdm`m Wm&
X{dr AohÎ`m]mB© hm{ÎH$a H{$ am¡` _{ß 1,000 g{ ^r AoYH$ H$aKmß{ _|
Jm∞d H$m{ YZr ]Zm`m& 19dt eVm„Xr _ß{ BßoΩbe o_bm{ß H$r ]Zr gmo∂S>`m{ß H$m
‡MbZ ]∂T> J`m V] hÒVH$aYm ]wZH$a ]∂S>r H$oR>ZmB© _{ Am JE& o\$a ^r
gZ≤ 1940 g{ _h{Ìda > _| 500 g{ AoYH$ H$aK{ H$m`©aV W{& AmO H{$db 350
g{ ^r H$_ H$aK{ ah J`{ h° [a AmO ^r bm{H$o‡` _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m± h°&
_h{Ìda ZJa H{$ BoVhmg H$r EH$ Am{a Iy]gyaV [hMmZ `hm± [a oZo_©V
_mh{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m± ^r h°& _mh{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m± H$m ]wZmB© H{$›– oH$b{ H{$ AßXa hr
AohÎ`m X{dr H$r N>Ãr H{$ oZH$Q> h°& _mVm AohÎ`m ]mB© Z{ 18dt eVm„Xr _ß{
_m S>d Am°a gyaV g{ eaUmWr© ]wZH$am{ß H$m{ _h{Ìda ]wbdm`m& _h{Ìda _ß{
]gm`m VWm D±$Mr g{ D±$Mr l{ÓR> gmo∂S>`m±, A[Zr ode{f Tß>J H$r oH$Zmar,
gw›Xa oS>OmBZ _hrZ Edß [∏${ aßJ g{ ]Zdm`r JB©& gZ≤ 1770 _{ß _h{Ìda
EH$ _hÀd[yU© ]wZmB© H$m H{$›– Wm& AmO H{$ ]wZH$am{ß _{ß ^r A[Z{ [yd©Om{ß O°gr
MVwamB© h°ß& oHß$dX›Vr h° oH$ Om{ \y$b [oŒm`m± _h{Ìda H{$ _o›Xam{ß VWm KmQ>m{ß [a
h° dhr CŒma H$a _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m| H$r oH$Zmam{ß [a Am JB© hß°& gmo∂S>`m{ß H{$
H$maU _h{Ìda H$m Zm_ EH$ ]ma [wZ: gma{ ^maV _{ß M_H$m& H$^r ghÛ]mhw
H{$ [amH´$_ g{ _h{Ìda (‡mMrZ _mohÓ_Vr) M_H$Vm Wm& AohÎ`m]mB© Z{
gwemgZ H{$ gmW-gmW _h{Ìda H$m{ [yU© Am°⁄m{oJVm ^r ‡XmZ H$r Wr& Om{
dV©_mZ _| ^r X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr h°&
_h{ Ì da _{ ß gy V r dÛ C⁄m{ J H{ $ oZÂZ H$maH$m{ ß Z{ ^r Bg j{ Ã H$m{
ÒWmZ ode{f ]Zm oX`m&
1. H$[mg H$r [yoV© - oZ_m∂S> H$m{ "ÏhmB©Q>gm{Zm' ^r H$hm OmVm h° ∑`m{ßoH$
`h H$m j{Ã ‡mH•$oVH$ —oÓQ> g{ [na[yU© h°& ÏhmB©Q> gm{Zm g{ gX^© `hm± H{$
AÀòYH$ H$[mg CÀ[mX g{ ob`m OmVm h°& `hm± [a H$mbr o_≈>r [mB© OmVr
h° ∑`m{ßoH$ D$[ar Z_©Xm ]{ogZ Om{ gV[w∂S>m ‡X{e H$m ^mJ h°& ]°gmÎQ> [ÀWa
g{ ]Zr EH$ H{$ D$[a EH$ [aVm{ß H{$ _m{Q{> AmdaU g{ T>∞ßH$m hwAm h°& ¡dmbm_wIr
H{$ J_© bmd{ g{ O_t M≈>mZ{ h°& bmd{ g{ ]Zr M≈>mZm{ß H{$ H$maU bm{h{ VWm _°ærO
H{$ Aße AoYH$ _mÃm _{ß [m`{ OmZ{ g{ `hm± H$r H$mb{ aßJ H$r oMH$Zr o_≈>r VWm
AoYH$ C[OmD$ o_≈>r hm{Vr h° Om{ H$[mg H$r [yoV© H{$ obE gdm}Œm_ h°&9
2. C[`w∫$ Obdm`
Obdm`w - oZ_m∂S> CÓUH$oQ>]Y
ß r` ewÓH$ dZ ‡X{e H{$ AßVJ©V
AmVm h°& _mbdm [R>ma g{ oZ_m∂S> ZrM{ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU H{$db oXgÂ]a Am°a
OZdar _{ AmßoeH$ Í$[ g{ hr erV F$Vw ahVr h°& J´rÓ_ H{$ _ohZm{ß _{ Vm[_mZ
480 g{oÎg`g VH$ [hw±M OmVm h°& OwbmB© g{ ogVÂ]a H{$ _‹` VH$ dfm©H$mb
ahVm h°& dfm© H$m Am°gV ‡_mU 12 BßM g{ 30 BßM VH$ ahVm h°& Om{ H$[mg
CÀ[mXH$Vm H{$ C[`w∫$ h°&
BoVhmg, ehrX ^r_m Zm`H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
3. ew’ Ob - dÛ C⁄m{J _{ß YwbmB©, aßJmB©, N>[mB© AmoX H$m`m~ _{ß AoYH$
_mÃm _{ß ew’ Ob AmdÌ`H$ hm{Vm h°& _h{Ìda ZJa[mdZ gobbm _m± Z_©Xm
H{$ VQ> [a oÒWV h°& "Bg ZXr H$m{ ‡ª`mV ^yJm{bodX≤ Q>m∞b_r Z{ Bg{ Zm_mXm{g
H$hm h°&'10 BgH{$ A›` ‡_wI Zm_m{ß _{ _°H$bgwVm, gm{_m{X{dr VWm a{dm h°& `h
Z_©Xm ZXr ^maV H$r JßJm ZXr H$r Vah 12 _hrZ{ Ob g{ [na[ynaV ahVr h°
X{dr AohÎ`m]mB© H$r N>Var d KmQ> H{$ [mg hr H$maImZm h° Om{ [mZr H$r [yoV©
Z_©Xm ZXr H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hr hm{Vr h°&
4. gmYZm{ß H$r C[b„YVm -X{dr AohÎ`m]mB© Z{ A[Z{ emgZ H$mb _|
hÒVH$aKm H{$ obE gmJm°Z H$r bH$S>r _ßJdmB© Wr& oZ_m∂S> CÓUH$oQ>]ßYr`
ewÓH$ dZ H{$ AßVJ©V AmVm h° AV: gmJm°Z d•jm{ H$r ‡MwaVm h°& AV: H$aKm
H{$ obE bH$∂S>r AmgmZr g{ o_b OmVr h° gmW hr dV©_mZ _| a{dm gm{gm`Q>r Z{
gm∂S>r oZ_m©U H{$ hÒV H$m°eb C⁄m{J H$m{ [wZOr©dZ oX`m h°& Bgg{ ]wZH$a
H$bmH$mam{ß H$m{ A[Zr ‡oV^m ‡Xe©Z H$m _m°H$m o_bm& a{dm gm{gm`Q>r C›ht
‡mMrZ oS>OmBZm{ß d ]ZmdQ> H$m ‡`m{J H$aVr h°, Om{ _mh{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H$m{
gwßXaVm ‡XmZ H$aVr h°&
5. `mVm`mV H{$ ÒWmZ _ß{ _mb H$r C[mX`{Vmm- dV©_mZ _{ gmo∂S>`m{ß H{$
oZ_m©U _{ß X{er _erZ{ bm{H$ [aÂ[amJV≤ Am°Oma ‡`m{J _{ bm`{ OmV{ h°&
_h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H{$ ob`{ gyV- H$m{`Â]Qy>a, ]mÂ]{, gyaV g{ a{e_ - ]¢Jbm{a,
]mÂ]{, Om[mZ, H$m{na`m Am°a ]´mOrb g{ ‡m· h°& (nagM© B›d{ÒQ>rJ{Q>a Am∞\$
g{›gg gZ≤ 1961 H$r na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H$r ‡ogo’ H{$
H$maU ∑`m h°& Bg ]mV [a odÒV•V odd{MZm H$aZm `hm± ‡mgßoJH$ hr h°&)
gyV _gamBÒS> 2180 Am°a H{$b `m a{e_ 2012 ZÂ]a H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m
OmVm h°& gm∂S>r H$r Mm{ßH$∂S>r (Mm°ImZ{) H$B© ‡H$ma g{ ]ZV{ h°& (1) Mm°H$∂S{>
(EH$ Yar Xm{ Vma H$m EH$ Ka) (2) Jw±Or Mm°H$∂S{> Xm{ Yar Mm°H$∂S{> (3) 4/1
MmßX Vmam Mm°H$∂S>m (4) N>Ñm Mm°H$∂S>m [ar gm∂S>r H$r 8.25 _rQ>a AWm©V≤ 9 ]ma
VWm 5.50 _rQ>a AmWm©V≤ 6 dma hm{& _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H$m{ b∑g g{ R> S{> [mZr
g{ Ym{`m Om gH$Vm h°& BgH{$ aßJ `m gyV _{ß H$m{B© \$H©$ Zht [∂S>Vm& Mm°H$∂S>r `m
bmBZg H{$ ob`{ ‡og’ _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m± M›Xar, ]Zmagr, H$m{`Â]Qy>a,
dmamogdZr (oN>›Xdm∂S>m) _{ß ]Zr gmo∂S>`m{ß H$r VwbZm ]am]a CVaVr h°&11
gyV hÎH$m hm{Vm h° oOgg{ Am`mV ghO Edß H$_ Ï`èrb hm{Vm h°&
6. gÒV{ Hw$eb lo_H$ - Bg_{ß H$VmB©, ]wZmB©, aßJmB©, YwbmB©, oS>OmBZ
VWm A›` H$m`©Hw$ebVm H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm [∂S>Vr h°, oOg_{ß Hw$eb Edß
AZw^dr lo_H$ AmdÌ`H$ hm{V{ h°& [maÒ[naH$ ]wZH$a OmoV`m{ß H{$ bm{Jmß{ H$m{
Bg C⁄m{J H{$ obE AoYH$ ‡l` o_bVm h°& X{dr AohÎ`m H{$ emgZ H$mb _{ß
Om{ ]wZH$a Am`{ W{ CZH$r hr [r∂T>r H{$ gXÒ` gß^mb ah{ h°, gmW hr _ohbmE∞ß
AoYH$ _mÃm _{ß H$aYm ]wZVr h°& _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ]wZmZ{ H{$ obE ‡oV_mh d{VZ
oX`m OmVm h°& oOgg{ _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE AmoW©H$ ÒdmbÂ]Z H$r oXem _{ß
Òdam{OJma o_bVm h°& _ohbmE± H$bmÀ_H$Vm H$m{ Ï`dgm` g{ Om{∂S> X{ Vm{ Z
H{$db _ohbmAm{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ ÒdmbÂ]Z H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm [yU© hm{Jr ]oÎH$
CZ_{ß AmÀ_-odÌdmg CÀ[fi hm{Jm&
7. _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H$r ]ZmdQ> - _h{úa _{ß ]Zr gm∂S>r H$r N>m{Q>r
Mm°H$∂S>r hr A›` gmo∂S>`m{ß g{ [•WH$Vm ‡XmZ H$aVr h° Am°a `hr BgH$r
_m°obH$Vm h°& flb{Z ]m∂S>r Mm°ImZm, H$bmÀ_H$ ]mS©>a VWm _Z_m{hH$ [Ñy `h
g] _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H$r ode{fVm h°& aßJ hÎH{$, Oar-a{e_r H$r H$∂T>mB©
‡_wI Í$[ g{ hm{Vr h°& _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H$r H$bmÀ_H$Vm oH$Zma `m ]mS©>a _{ß
hm{Vr h°& _wª`V`m gyV H{$ AmYma [a VrZ Vah H$r gmo∂S>`m± ]ZVr h¢- gyVr
gm∂S>r, J_© a{e_r gm∂S>r, Zr_ a{e_r&
146
_h{Ìdar H$r gmo∂S>`m{ß _ß{ ]mS©>a hr g] Hw$N> hm{Vr h¢ gmar H$bmÀ_H$Vm
_h{Ìdar H$r gm∂S>r H$r oH$Zma{ _ß{ X{Ir Om gH$Vr h°& oH$Zmar H$B© ‡H$ma H{$
gm±Mm{ß H{$ ¤mam A[Z{ Am[ ]ZVr OmVr h°& oH$Zmam{ H{$ ‡MobV Zm_ h°_h{Ìdar gyVr bwJ∂S>r, _h{Ìdar gyVr Oar [≈>r, _h{Ìdar gyVr Oar MQ>mB©,
_h{Ìdar gyVr Oar bha oH$Zma, _h{Ìdar gyVr Oar \y$b oH$Zma, _h{Ìdar
gyVr J_© a{e_r \y$b oH$Zma, _h{Ìdar J_© a{e_r S>]b oH$Zma&
BgH{$ AoVna∫$ Zr_ a{e_r gmo∂S>`m{ß H$r oH$Zma ]mS©>a ^r H$B© Zm_m{ß g{
AoôhV h°- Zr_ a{e_r N>m{Q>r oH$Zma, Zr_ a{e_r ÒH$Q©> oH$Zma (EH$ Va\$
EH$ \y$b Xygar Va\$ VrZ \y$b) Zr_ a{e_r ]∂S>r oH$Zma, Zr_ a{e_r [mZ
oH$Zma, gmo∂S>`m{ß H$r ]mS©>a _{ß Om{ \y$b ]Zm`{ OmV{ h°& CZ_{ß Zm_ Bg ‡H$ma
‡MobV h°- M_{br \y$b, H$U© \y$b, Jm{Q{>Xma \y$b, I_Xma \y$b, (H$_b
\y$b), \y$bm{ß g{ go¡OV oH$Zma _{ß hr _h{Ìda H{$ ]wZH$am{ß H$m gmam [nal_
oN>[m ahVm h°& gmo∂S>`m{ß H$r ]mS©>a EH$ BßM g{ bJmH$a [m±M `m N>: BßM VH$
Mm°∂S>r hm{Vr h°& EH$ BßM `m N>: BßM _{ß EH$-gr H$bmÀ_H$Vm X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr
h°& ]mS©>a _{ß Oar `m H{$b (a{e_) H$m hr ‡`m{J ‡m`: hm{Vm h°&
gÂ[yU© ]mS©>a H$r oS>OmBZ H$m B›–YZwfr AmH$ma X{IZ{ `m{Ω` hm{Vm h¢
[hb{ H$adV `m Hß$Jyam (ogßJb `m S>]b oS>OmBZ) o\$a _w»>m oS>OmBZ d{b
oS>OmBZ o\$a _y»>m, o\$a ]wJ∂S>r, o\$a [≈>m (N>m{Q>m-]∂S>m) [≈{> H{$ ]mX ]wJ∂S>r,
]wJ∂S>r H{$ ]mX [≈>m o\$a A›V _{ß gm∂S>r H$r _O]yV oH$Zma oOg{ Z∑Ir H$hV{
h¢, hm{Vr h°& ]yJ∂S>r Am°a [≈{> _{ odo^fi oS>OmBZm{ß H$m{ [nadV©Z H$a Z`{-Z`{
oS>OmBZ H$m AmodÓH$ma H$aV{ h°& oS>OmBZ H$m ode{f h∏$ `m gm_m oXImZ
H{$ ob`{ bmB›g (]Z) bJm`{ OmO{ h°&
\y$bm{ß H$m CR>md bmZ{ H{$ ob`{ IÂ^ S>mb{ OmV{ h°& Oar H{$ hr \y$b
AoYH$Va ]Zm`{ OmV{ h°& ew’ Oar g{ oZo_©V gm∂S>r 2,000-10,000 VH$
H$r_V aIVr h°& d°g{ 1200 Í$[`{ dmbr gm∂S>r ^r H$_ H$bmÀ_H$ Zht hm{Vr?
EH$ gm∂S>r H$m{ ]ZmZ{ _{ß ‡oVoXZ AmR> KßQ{> H$m`© H$aZ{ [a VrZ oXZ bJV{ h{&
[a›Vw H$bmÀ_H$ gm∂S>r H$m{ ]wZZ{ _{ß EH$ g·mh g{ EH$ [j bJ OmVm h°&
_h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß _{ 30-35 aßJm{ß H$m g_md{e oH$`m OmVm h°&12
X{ e H$r ^y V [y d © ‡YmZ_ß Ã r lr_Vr Bß o Xam Jmß Y r H$m{ Xr JB©
_h{Ìdar gm∂S>r H$r gm°JmV _h{Ìda H{$ Hw$eb H$bmH$mam{ß H$r [naMm`H$
h°& gm∂S>r _{ß Oar H{$ ¤mam _h{Ìda H{$ gÂ[yU© KmQ> H$m{ CVmaZm, `h
H$m`© _h{Ìda H$m H$bmH$ma hr H$a gH$Vm h°& BVZr gw›Xa H$bm H$m{
VmZ{ ]mZ{ g{ ]wZZ{ dmbm H$bmH$ma _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H{$ Jm°adembr
hm{Z{ H$m Km{VH$ h°&
8. CÀ[mXZ H$r _m∞J - AohÎ`m]mB© H{$ emgZH$mb _{ß _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß
H{$ VmZ{-]mZ{ _{ß g_mohV h°& Bgob`{ _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß ha H$m{B©
H$hV{ hwE o_b Om`{ßJ{ oH$ _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß ImZXmZr oXIVr h°& _h{Ìdar
gmo∂S>`m{ß _{ß amO KamZ{ O°gr gwerbVm, gßÒH•$oV Am°a g‰`Vm H{$ \y$b H$∂T{> h°&
_h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m± A[Zr _m°obH$Vm H{$ ob`{ ‡og’ h°& Om{ gmo∂S>`m± MßX{ar,
]Zmag, ]wahmZ[wa _{ß ]ZVr h° CZg{ o^fi H$bmÀ_H$Vm obE hwE _h{Ìdar
gmo∂S>`m±& _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H$r g]g{ ¡`mXm I[V _hmamÓQ≠> `m _wÂ]B© g{
_h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m± odX{e _{ß [hw±MVr h°&
Amb BßoS>`m \°$eZ _mH}$oQß>J gm{gm`Q>r ]Â]B©, _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m± H$m
g]g{ ]∂S>m o]H´$r H{$›– h°& _h{Ìdar gmo∂S>`m{ß H$m{ odÌd ÒVa H$m ]mOma M›X{ar
Am°a ]Zmagr gmo∂S>`m{ß H$r Vah o_bVm Om ahm h°& Bg oXem _{ß hm{ÎH$a Za{e
èd›V amd H{$ [wÃ lr naMS©>gZ hm{ÎH$a C\©$ Jm°V_ H$r gm{gm`Q>r _h{Ìdar
gm∂S>r H$m{ odÒVma _{ß Bg g_` A[Zm goH´$` `m{JXmZ H$a ahr h°& _h{Ìda _|
oZ_m∂S> CÀgd _Zm`m OmVm h°& gmW hr [`©Q>H$ Bg E{oVhmogH$ ZJar H$r
Iy]gwaVr H$m{ X{IZ{ dmb{ h°& gm∂S>r C⁄m{J Bg j{Ã g{ [`©Q>H$ g{ hr gß^d
[Z[ [m`m h° ∑`m{ßoH$ X{er-odX{er [`©Q>H$ `hm± [a AmV{ h° Vm{ ode{fV:
gm∂S>r> IarX H$a b{ OmV{ h°& oOgg{ ª`moV ‡m· hm{Vr h°&
_h{Ìda AWm©V≤ ‡mMrZ _mohÓ_Vr A[Zr ‡mJ°oV hmg oH$ Edß
[m°amoUH$Vm H{$ H$maU EH$ VrW© H{$ Í$[ _{ß Vm{ ‡og’ h° hr gmW hr BgH$r
‡og’r _{ß `hm± H{$ dÛm{Km{J ode{f Í$[ g{ hmWH$aK{ [a ]wZr hwB© gmo∂S>`m{ß Z{
^r BgH$r ‡og’ _{ß Mma Mm∞X bJm`{ h°& `hm± H$r ]wZr hwB© gw›Xa, oQ>H$mD$ Edß
[∏${ aßJ H$r gyVr a{Ì_r gmo∂S>`m± Z H{$db ^maV _{ß Ao[Vw odX{em{ß _{ß ^r gamhr
OmVr h°&
1. Hw$_ma [yU}›Xy, _‹`‡X{e: odÒV•V A‹``Z, Anah›V [o„bH{$eZ
(B) ‡m`d{Q> obo_Q{>S>, _{aR>, 2008, [•. 86
2. lrdmÒVd Ambm{H$, X{dr AohÎ`m [wamVÀd gßJ´mhmb` _h{Ìda
_mJ©Xoe©H$m, [wamVÀd, Ao^b{ImJma Edß gßJ´mhmb` _‹`‡X{e,
^m{[mb 1998, [•. 7
3.
4.
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147
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H$Â[Zr, [•. 373
gmßH$ob`m h±g_wIbmb, oX E∑gH{$d{e›g EQ> _h{Ìda E S> Zmd∂S>m
Q>m°∂S>r 1952-53 [•. 21
dmO[{` H•$ÓUXŒm, _‹`‡X{e H$m [wamVÀd, gmohÀ` ^dZ [o„bH{$eZ
^m{[mb, 2002, [•. 13
g{Z ]m]wbmb, _mohÓ_Vr Ò_mnaH$m, [•ÓR>. 23-24
_mbdm Wý Xr EO{O, [•. 512
oZaJwU{ dg›V, oZ_m∂S>r gßÒH•$oV Am°a gmohÀ`, _‹`‡X{e AmoXdmgr
bm{H$ H$bm [nafX, ^m{[mb 2002, [•. 283
Jm°V_ AbH$m, ^maV H$m ˆX` ^yJm{b, [•. 47
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J`m [a Òdmo^_mZr ^rbm{ß Z{ hoW`ma Zht S>mb{& gma{ ^maV _{ß AßJ´{Om{ß Z{
gŒmm hmogb H$a br [a ^rb `m{’m A[Z{ _m{M} [a S>Q{> ah{& 1861 VH$
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H$aV{ ah{&
1. oVdmar S>m∞. oedHw$_ma e_m©, S>m∞. lrH$_b (2009) _‹` ‡X{e H$r
OZOmoV`m±,_0‡0 oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r ^m{[mb, [•0 96
2. e_m© S>m∞. lrZmW (2006) OZOmoV` g_mOemÛ, _‹` ‡X{e oh›Xr
J´ßW AH$mX_r ^m{[mb, [•0 136
3. g∑g{Zm KZÌ`m_ (2008)OßJb gÀ` Edß OßJb gÀ`mJ´h, ÒdamO
gßÒWmZ ^m{[mb, [•0 75
4. „`mg S>m∞. hßgm (2011) _‹` ‡X{e _{ß ÒdVßÃVm gßJ´m_, _0‡0oh›Xr
AH$mX_r ^m{[mb, [•0 214
5. o_lm S>m∞.gwa{e (2004) 1857 _{ß _0‡0H{$ aU]ßHw$a{ [•0 142
lrdmÒVd, ^JdmZXmg
6. X]{ AoZb _mYd (2008) am{Q>r Am°a H$_b H$r H$hmZr, ÒdamO
gßÒWmZ ^m{[mb, [•0 54
7. o_lm S>m∞. gwa{e (2008) Cfirgdr gXr _{ß ^maV _{ß AmoXdmgr od–m{h,
ÒdamO [wÒVH$ _mbm ^m{[mb, [•0 262
8. `mXd S>m∞. oedZmamÙ (2008) 1857 ÒdmYrZVm gßJ´m_ _{ß
OZOmVr` ]obXmZ, ÒdamO gßÒWmZ gßMmbZmb` ^m{[mb [•0 232
9. g∑g{Zm gwYra (2007) _0‡0_{ß AmOmXr H$r b∂S>mB© Am°a AmoXdmgr,
_‹` ‡X{e oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r ^m{[mb [•0 123
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_o›Xa H$m `h gy˙_ _hÀd Wm, oH$›Vw AZ{H$ —oÓQ>`m{ß g{ _o›Xa Edß
CZH{$ gß]ßoYV _ S>[ AWdm [naga A›` H$B© ‡H$ma g{ ]∂S>r C[mX{`Vm
aIV{ ah{ & dmgwX{d C[m‹`m` Z{ _o›Xam{ß H$r C[mX{`Vm H$m CÑ{I Bg ‡H$ma
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aIH$a oH$`m OmVm h°& ^∫$ BÓQ> X{d H$r [wam gwZZ{ dhm± EH$oÃV hm{V{ h°, AV:
J^©J•h H{$ ]mX E{g{ _ S>[ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hwB©, Ohm± ^∫$OZ AmamYZm H$a
gH{$ Edß C[X{e gwZ gH{$&î1 E{g{ _ S>[ H{$ oZ_m©U g{ oZÂZoboIV H$m`m} _{ß
ghm`Vm o_bVr h° &
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VWm Ymo_©H$ odf`m{ß [a odd{MZ Edß emÛmW© H$a VÀd]m{Y H$m [Vm bJmV{ W{&
‡MrZ dmS>≤_` _{ß Vjoebm H$m _hÀd EH$ gw‡og’ od⁄m H{$ H{$›– H{$
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Ade{f o_bV{ h¢, Om{ O°oZ`m{ß H{$ _o›Xa d ÒVy[ O°gm oXImB© X{V{ h¢&2
gmohoÀ`H$ gm˙`m{ß H{$ AmYma [a `h kmV hwAm oH$ ghr [a o_b{›S>a Am°a
ZmJ g{ AmMm`© H$r dmVm©(‡ÌZm{Œmar`) H$m J´›W "o_ob›X [›hm{ß' J´›W
`hr obIm J`m Wm & `h F$f^X{d H$m ÒWmZ oZdmg ^r Wm& `h EH$ od¤V≤
[nafX ^r h°&3
2. Ï`mg H$Wm H$m ÒWmZ - Ymo_©H$ ‡dMZm{ß H{$ obE ^r _o›Xa ÒWb
H$m{ MwZm OmVm Wm, ∑`m{ßoH$ dhm± H$m dmVmdaU Ymo_©H$ Vm{ Wm hr, gmW hr
OZ gmYmaU BÓQ>X{d H{$ gm_Z{ EH$oÃV hm{H$a em›VoMŒm g{ Ï`mg ¤mam
H$oWV H$WmAm{ß H$m ldU H$aV{ W{ &
Jw· amOHy$b _{ß M›–Jw· o¤Vr` Zm_H$ odH´$_moXÀ` ‡Vm[r amOm hwAm
Wm& CgZ{ _mbdm H$m{ OrV H$a CÇmo`Zr [a AoYH$ma oH$`m Wm & CgH$r
*
amOg^m H{$ Zm° aÀZm{ß _{ß j[UH$ oXJÂ]a O°ZmMm`© W{, oO›hm{Z
ß { CZg{ gÂ_mZ
4
[m`m Wm&
O°Z emÛmZwgma dh og’g{Z Zm_H$ AmMm`© W{ & C›hm{ßZ{ _hmH$mbr
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C[X{e oX`m Wm& Bgr g_` bJ^J oXJÂ]a O°Z _woZ gßK H$m H{$›– ^m‘b[wa
(]{gZJa) g{ hQ>H$a C¡O°Z _{ß hwAm Wm&
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H$m _o›Xa EH$ odemb X{dmb` ahm h°& `h oZoÌMV Í$[ g{ [a_ma H$mb _{ß
d°oXH$ oejm H$m H{$›– ahm& d°g{ ^r C¡O°Z gmßXr[oZ Aml_ H{$ obE ‡og’
h° Ohm± H•$ÓU d gwXm_m Z{ oejm ‡m· H$r Wr & C¡O°Z H$r g_•’ gmohÀ`
[aÂ[am CgH{$ ¡`m{oVf oejm H{$›– hm{Z{ H$m g]g{ ]∂S>m ‡_mU h°&5
C¡O°Z H$m CX`moXÀ` H$mbrZ _hmH$mb _o›Xa H$m ZmJ]›Y Ao^b{I
Ohm± [moUoZ H$r AÓQ>m‹`m`r H{$ 114 _mh{úa gyÃm{ß [a AmYmnaV, gwH$od
]›Yw ¤mam aoMV dU©ZmJ-H•$[moUH$m CÀH$rU© & `h _hmH$mb _o›Xa H$m{
oejm H{$ H{$›– H{$ Í$[ _{ß ‡UoUV H$aVm h°&6
4. amOmAm{ß H{$ OZ gÂ_{bZ H{$ ÒWmZ - emgH$m{ß H{$ gÂ_wI ‡OmOZ
¤mam H$ÓQ>m{ß H$m dU©Z H$aZm VWm oZamH$aU H{$ _mJ© Ty>∞T>Z{ H$r ‡Wm ^r
‡mMrZ `wJ _{ß ‡MobV Wr & Cg H$m`© H{$ obE _o›Xa H$m _ S>[ hr g_woMV
ÒWmZ Wm & `hm± X{dVmAm{ß H{$ gm_Z{ amOm OZVm H$m{ gwI [hw±MmZ{, gwYma
bmZ{ VWm ZdrZ `m{OZm H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß dmVm© H$aVm Wm &
hf©dY©Z Z{ 606 B©. _{ß emgZ oH$`m &dh OZ gÂ_{bZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ VrW©ÒWb
‡`mJ Am°a H$fim°O [a odhma d _o›Xa H{$ oZ_m©U _{ß d Ymo_©H$ H$m`m} H{$
oZo_Œm ^mar amof Ï`` H$hVm h°&
hf© Z{ H$fim°O _{ß 643 B©. _{ß Ymo_©H$ dmX-oddmX H{$ obE EH$ _hmg^m
Am`m{oOV H$r& Bg g^m _{ß o^fi-o^fi Y_m} H{$ od¤mZm{ß H$m{ Am_ßoÃV oH$`m
J`m & AoYd{eZ H{$ Cg ÒWb [a JßJm H{$ [o¸_r VQ> [a hf© Z{ EH$ d•hX≤
odhma H$m oZ_m©U H$am`m Wm & dhmß _hmÀ_m ]w’ H$r g_´mQ> hf© H{$ Òd`ß H{$
AmH$ma H$r ÒdU© _yoV© 100 \$rQ> Dß$M{ odemb ogßhmgZ [a ÒWmo[V H$r JB©
Wr & g_mam{h H$m ‡maß^ ‡mV: EH$ ^Ï` em{^m `mÃm g{ hwAm Wm, Cg_{ß
_ßÃrJU, 18 X{em| H{$ amOm, 3000 ]m°’ o^jw, 1000 Zmb›Xm odhma H{$
o^jw, 300 ]´m˜U Edß O°Z C[oÒWV W{ & gmW AZwXmZ amOm X{V{ W{ & `h
gÂ_{bZ 18 oXZ VH$ Mbm, [a›Vw oOg C‘{Ì` g{ Bg{ Am`m{oOV oH$`m J`m
Wm, dh [yam Zht hwAm & Bg_{ß ]m°’ Y_© H{$ ‡oV [j[mV ‡Xoe©V oH$`m J`m&
`h hr Zht ^maVr` Y_m} H$m `h _hmgÂ_{bZ EH$ ‡H$ma g{ ]m°’Y_© H{$
‡Mma H$m gmYZ gm hm{ J`m Wm&7
Xygar ‡_wI KQ>Zm hf© ¤mam ‡`mJ _{ß [ßMdfr©` _hm_m{j [nafX
JßJm-`_wZm H{$ gßJ_ [a ‡`mJ _{ß Am`m{oOV H$aZ{ g{ gÂ]o›YV h° & df©
643 B©. _{ß Vm{ _hm{Àgd Öd{gmßJ H$r C[oÒWoV _{ß dhmß Am`m{oOV oH$`m J`m
dh N>R>m g_mam{h Wm & BgH{$ Adga [a Xya-Xya g{ bm{J Am`{ d XmZ oH$`m
J`m&8
`h hf© H$r Y_© gohÓUwVm H$r ZroV H$m C¿MV_ C[hma Wm& Bg ‡H$ma
"XmZerbVm _{ß gÂ^dV: gßgma H$m H$m{B© ^r A›` g_´mQ> CgH$r H$m{oQ> _{ß Zht
AmVm& ‡oV [mßMd{ß df© ‡`mJ _{ß CgH$m _hmXmZ gßgma H{$ BoVhmg _{ß EH$
odÒ_`H$mar KQ>Zm h°&'9
5. amOg^m H$m AoYd{eZ ÒWb - _o›Xam{ß H{$ _ S>[ _ß{ amO-gXÒ`
EH$oÃV hm{H$a emgZ g{ gÂ]o›YV odf`m{ß [a MMm© H$aV{ W{& AmO ^r
[ßMm`V{ß _o›Xam{ß H{$ ‡mßJU _{ß ]°R>H{$ Am`m{oOV H$aVr h°, VWm AZ{H$ odf`m{ß
[a oZU©` ^r b{Vr h°&
X{Im Om MwH$m h° oH$ _o›Xa H{$db X{dJ•h W{, Ao[Vw Òd`ß X{dÒdÍ$[
^r W{ & Ymo_©H$ ÒWmZm{ß [a emgH$ dJ© EH$oÃV hm{Vm ahm & Bg Adga [a
emgH$JU AZ{H$ Ymo_©H$ Edß OZohVH$mar H$m`m} H$r Km{fUm H$aV{ ah{ &
A[Z{ OyZmJ∂T> Ao^b{I _{ß ÒH$›Y Jw· Z{ _o›Xa oZ_m©U H{$ hr gmW ]mßY H{$
[wZoZ©_m©U H$r ^r Km{fUm H$r&10 CgZ{ A[Z{ emgZ H$mb _{ß _m°`© g_´mQ>
M›–Jw· ¤mam oZo_©V gwXe©Z Prb H$m [wZ:oZ_m©U H$adm`m& Ymo_©H$
gohÓUwVm H$r ^mdZm CgH{$ CXma ˆX` _{ß Ï`m· Wr&11
_m°`© H$mb _{ß Afm{H$ Z{ bwoÂ]Zr H$r `mÃm H$a dhm± H{$ oZdmog`m| g{ ob`{
OmZ{ dmb{ H$am{ß _{ß gwodYm Xr Wr&
_o›Xam{ß H$r C[mX{`Vm _{ß g^m _ S>[m{ß H$m AodÓH$ma, ÔZ, H$rV©Z,
Z•À`, gßJrV AmoX H{$ obE hm{Vm ahm& C∂S>rgm H{$ _o›Xam{ß H{$ ZQ>-_ S>[ Vm{
BZ H$m`m} H{$ obE gwaojV ahV{ W{& X{dXmgr [’oV ¤mam _o›Xam{ß H{$ gmW
BZ gmßÒH•$oVH$ JoVodoY`m{ß H$r AoZdm`©Vm og’ hm{Vr h°& _ S>[ Zm_ hr
Bg ]mV H$m ‡_mU h° oH$ BgH{$ ZrM{ ∂`k, g^r, gmd©OoZH$ H$m`©, oddmh
gßÒH$ma, Y_©J´›W dmMZ, gÀgßJ, ÔZ ,[yOZ AmoX hm{V{ W{&
151
BZ Ymo_©H$ Eßd gm_moOH$ AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ H$maU _ S>[ AoÒVÀd _{ß
Am`{ & Hw$b o_bmH$a `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ _o›Xa A[Zr [na[yU©Vm _| Z
H{$db EH$ [yOm H$m Ymo_©H$ ÒWb Wm, Ao[Vy AZ{H$ oZOr Edß gmd©OoZH$,
gmßÒH•$oVH$ Edß gm_moOH$ H$m`m} H$m gÂ[mXZ H$aVm ^r ahm h° &
1 C[m‹`m` dmgwX{d, ‡mMrZ ^maVr` ÒVy[ Jwhm Edß _o›Xa, o]hmar
oh›Xr J´›W, [Q>Zm 2012,[•.201
2 d_m© amYmH$m›V, [wamVÀd AZwerbZ, Bbmhm]mX ‡H$meZ 1995 [•.
112
3 A publication in the news paper & Drawn (24 march2002)
suggests that throne hall of raja tmbji.
4
5
gßoj· O°Z BoVhmg, gyaV, ^mJ-2 I S>2, [•.92
The life an stories of the jain savio par svan atha Balti
more, p.p. 97,98
6
Am_{Q>m [ßH$O, _mbdm H{$ [a_ma emgH$m{ß H$r amOÒd-Ï`dÒWm, E{H${ S>_r
Am\∞$ B›S>r`Z ›`wo_Ò_{Q>r∑g E S> ogoΩb`m{J´m\$r, B›Xm°a [•.98
7 lrdmÒVd H•$ÓUM›X, ‡mMrZ ^maV H$m BoVhmg VWm gßÒH•$oV,
`wZmB©Q{>S> ]wH$ oS>[m Bbmhm]mX 1995 [•.490
8 Xw]{ gÀ`ZmamÙ, ‡mMrZ ^maV H$m BoVhmg, am_H•$ÓU o‡›Q>ag©
AmJam 1982 [•.317
9 [m S{>` od_bM›–, ‡mMrZ ^maV H$m BoVhmg, Bbmhm]mX ‡H$meZ,
[•.263
10 _mbdm W´w EO{g, AmoH©$`mbm∞OrH$b oS>[mQ©>_{›Q> gßH$bZ 1981 [•.
24
11 _Zamb S>r.[r.Eg., ‡mMrZ ^maV H$m amOoZoVH$ VWm gmßÒH•$oVH$
BoVhmg, Eg.M›– E S> H$Â[Zr ob. am_ZJa ZB© oXÑr [•. 413
*************
152
oZ_m∂S> H{$ gy\$r g›V A\$Ob H{$ C[X{e Edß oejmE±
S>m∞. _YwgyXZ Mm°]{ *
‡ÒVmdZm - _‹`‡X{e H{$ [oÌM_ _{ß oÒWV C[ ^m°Jm{obH$ ‡X{e oZ_m∂S>
_hmZ Ïò∫$Àdm{ß H$m H$_©j{Ã ahm h°& E{g{ hr _hm[wÈfm{ß _{ß gy\$r g›V A\$Ob
H$m ^r ÒWmZ h°& CZH{$ OrdZ [naM` g{ gß]ßoYV H$B© ]mV{ß g_` H{$ gmW
odÒ_•oV H{$ gm`{ _{ß Mbr JB© h¢, b{oH$Z CZH{$ C[X{e Am°a oejmE± CZH$r
aMZmAm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ h_ma{ [mg h¢& ogßJmOr Am°a H$]ra H$r l{Ur H{$ oMßVH$
g›V A\$Ob H$r ]mV{ß gÂ[yU© _mZdVm H{$ obE ha H$mb _{ß ‡mgßoJH$ h¢&
‡ÒVwV em{Y [Ã _{ß CZH{$ H$mÏ` H{$ _m‹`_ g{ CZH$r oejmAm{ß H$r odd{MZm
H$r JB© h°&
18 dt gXr H{$ g›V A\$Ob H$m gmYZm Am°a H$_© j{Ã ]∂S>dmZr Wm&
]∂S>dmZr dV©_mZ _{ß _‹`‡X{e H$m EH$ oObm h°&
g›V A\$Ob Z{ gmoI`m{ß H$r aMZm H$r h°& CZH{$ ¤mam aoMV gmoI`m{ß
H$r [mßSw>obo[ J´m_ ZmJoPar, oObm IaJm{Z H{$ lr ^rH$mOr Hw$edmh H{$
[mg gßaojV Wr& lr Hw edmh g{ _h{Ìda H{$ [nal_r gmohÀ`H$ma Òd. lr
]m]ybmb g{Z Z{ C∫$ [mßSw>obo[ ‡m· H$aH{$ VWm A›` Úm{Vm{ß g{ g›V A\$Ob
H{$ ÔZm{ß/gmoI`m{ß H$m gßH$bZ H$aH{$ CZH$m AZwdmX oH$`m h°& `h gßH$bZ
H$o[b oVdmar Am°a Zdb ew∑b H{$ gÂ[mXZ _{ß _‹`‡X{e AmoXdmgr bm{H$
H$bm [nafX≤, ^m{[mb g{ "A_a gmJa' erf©H$ g{ Xm{ I S>m{ß _{ß ‡H$moeV hwAm
h°& ‡W_ I S> _{ß 1 g{ 590 VH$ VWm o¤Vr` I S> _{ß 591 g{ 1675 VH$
gmoI`m± gßH$obV H$r JB© h¢&
A_aH$m{f g{ hr CZH$r oejmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar ‡m· hm{Vr h°& CZH{$
gmohÀ` H{$ A‹``Z g{ bJVm h° oH$ CZH$r —oÓQ> Ï`m[H$ Wr Am°a d{ g_mO
gwYmaH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß gd©Y_© g_›d`H$mar W{& oOg ‡H$ma "H$]ra Z{ H$ht
H$mÏ` obIZ{ H$r ‡oVkm Zht H$r Wr VWmo[ CZH$r Am‹`moÀ_H$ ag H$r
JJar g{ N>bH{$ hwE ag g{ H$mÏ` H$r H$Q>m{ar _{ß ^r ag BH$∆m Zht hwAm h°&1
Bgr ‡H$ma A\$Ob H{$ H$mÏ` H$m{ ^r g_Pm Om gH$Vm h°&
g›V A\$Ob H{$ C[X{em| `m oejmAm{ß H$m{ oZÂZmßoH$V o]›XwAm{ß H{$
_m‹`_ g{ g_Pm Om gH$Vm h°1. OmoV-[m±oV H$m odam{Y - g›V A\$Ob Z{ OmoVJV l{ÓR>Vm `m
oZÂZVm H$m{ _hÀd Zht oX`m& d{ _mZd _mÃ H$m{ _hÀd X{V{ W{& C›hm{ßZ{ Ïò∫$
H$m{ g_mO H$r B©H$mB© _mZm VWm H$hm oH$ g_mO H$r g_Í$[Vm V^r gß^d h°,
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_wgb_mZm{ß Am°a A›` OmoV H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ]war Vah g{ \$Q>H$ma bJmB©& C›hm{ßZ{
obIm h°A\$Ob EH$ _maJ g{ Xm{C Am`{, ]rM _{ß H$mQ>r ]mQ>&
AmJ Xm{C Ka bmJr, AdK∂S> [∂S{> KmQ>&&2
AWm©V≤ Xm{Zm{ß (oh›Xy Edß _wgb_mZ) EH$ hr amh g{ _m± H{$ J^© _{ß Am`{ h¢&
*
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H$maU Xm{Zm{ß H{$ oXbm{ß _{ß AmJ bJr hwB© h°& Bgg{ o_bVr OwbVr ]mV A[Zr
EH$ A›` gmIr _{ß d{ H$hV{ h¢&
2. Y_m©S>Â]am{ß H$m odam{Y - g›V A\$Ob gÉ{ `m{Jr, B©ÌdamZwamJr
Am°a _mZdVm H{$ [yOmar W{& CZH$m Y_© _mZd Y_© Wm& d{ AmS>Â]am{ß H{$ H$≈a
odam{Yr Am°a _mZdVm H{$ [yOmar W{& C›hm{ßZ{ VÀH$mbrZ Y_© _{ß od⁄_mZ g_ÒV
oXImdQ>r VÀdm{ß H$m [yaOm{a VarH{$ g{ odam{Y oH$`m&
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B©Ìda H$r C[mgZm hr CgH{$ gmofi‹` H$r ‡mo· H$m _mJ© h°& B©Ìda H$m{ naPmZ{
H{$ ob`{ oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H{$ ]mhar Vm_Pm_ H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm Zht h°& Ïò∫$
H{$ _Z _{ß d°amΩ` Zht hm{ Am°a dh gß›`mog`m{ß H$m d{e YmaU H$aH{$ Ky_{ Vm{
oZaW©H$ h°& C›hm{ßZ{ A[Zr EH$ gmIr _{ß H$hm h°A\$Ob, Xm∂S>r _w±N>r _wßS>m` H$a Jb{ _{ß ]mßYm H$mÒQ>&
O`gr bybr Jm` h` Krg{ o\$a{ h` bmQ>&&3
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‡VrV hm{Vm h°, O°g{ Vw_ bybr Jm` H{$ Jb{ _{ß ]±Y{ hwE S{>ßJa H$m{ `hm±-dhm±
KgrQ>V{ hw`{ o\$a ah{ hm{&
3. _yoV©/g_moY [yOm H$m odam{Y -C›hm{ßZ{ [mfmU, o_≈r `m YmVw g{
]Zr oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$r ‡oV_m H{$ [yOZ H$m{ oga{ g{ ZH$ma oX`m Wm& CZH$m
H$hZm Wm oH$ _o›Xa Vm{ KQ> _{ß hr h° Am°a X{dVm ^r dht h¢& oO›hm{ßZ{ [ÀWa H$m{
X{d _mZ ob`m h° d{ dmÒVd _{ß A›Y{ h¢&
A\$Ob, KQ> _{ß X{d X{ham, KQ> _{ß H$ab{ g{d&
[yOZ dmbm AmßYbm oH$`m [ÀWa Hw$ X{d&&4
CZH$m C[X{e Wm oH$ [ÀWa [yOZ{ g{ oH$gr H$m H$Î`mU Zht hm{ gH$Vm h°&
`h Vm{ d°gm hr h°, O°g{ H$m{B© A_•V H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a gyam[mZ H$aZ{ bJ{&
A\$Ob, Sy>] _w`{ AßY] [∂S{> [yO{ [yO{ [admZ&
A_•V _a_ H$m{ N>m∂S> H$a [rd{ gwna`m [mZ&&5
g›V A\$Ob Z{ g_mO _{ß ‡MobV H$o]´ÒVmZ Am°a g_moY H$r [yOm
[a ^r A\$gm{g Ï`∫$ oH$`m h°& C›ht H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ßA\$Ob, `{H$ ]mJ g_mX [yO `{H$ Jm{aH$a h` Adob`m&
Xm{›h Jb ^`m _mQ>r, PyR>m â_ ^ybm`m&&6
4. T>m{ßJr JwÈAm{ß g{ gmdYmZ ahZ{ H$m C[X{e - C›hm{ßZ{ T>m{ßJr gmYwAm{ß
Am°a PyR{> JwÈAm{ß g{ gmdYmZ ahZ{ H$r oejm Xr h°& C›hm{ßZ{ Adbm{H$Z oH$`m
Wm oH$ Hw$N> bm{J gmYw H$m Mm{bm [hZH$a `h _mZ b{V{ h¢ oH$ d{ _hmZ hm{ J`{
h¢ Am°a Xygam{ß H$m{ C[X{e X{Z{ H$m H$m`© ‡maÂ^ H$a X{V{ h¢& gmYw ]ZH$a Òd`ß
Hw$N> Zht g_P [mZ{ dmb{ T>m{ßJr Vm{ ZaH$ _{ß OmV{ hr h¢& E{g{ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ _mZgÂ_mZ Am°a o^jm X{Z{ dmb{ J•hÒW ^r ZaH$ H{$ ^mJr ]ZV{ h¢& `Wm-
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (BoVhmg) ehrX ^r_m Zm`H$ emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, ]∂S>dmZr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
A\$Ob, gmY hm{ g_P Zht, [a Hw$ X{d grI&
Xm{›h ZaI _{ß Om`{ßJ{, Ka ]mar AÍ$ ^rI&&7
AkmZr JwÈ Am°a AkmZr M{b{ Xm{Zm{ß H$m gd©Zme hm{Vm h°& d{ Xm{Zm{ß
gmßgmnaH$ AmJ _{ß oKaH$a Ob OmV{ h¢& B›h{ß ]Mm [mZm H$oR>Z hm{Vm h°& My±oH$
AkmZr JwÈ gmh] H$r grI Zht _mZV{ h¢, Bgob`{ d{ AßYm{ß H{$ g_mZ hm{V{ h¢&
`{ Xm{Zm{ß `_XyV H{$ \ß$X{ _{ß \±$gH$a _aV{ h¢& `WmA\$Ob, gm] grI _ Mmb Zht JwÈ gXm Za AßY&
Xm{›h Xm] H$a Sy>]{ _w`{ [∂S{> O_ H{$ \$›X&&8
5. [aÛr H{$ gmofi‹` H$m odam{Y - g›V A\$Ob Z{ [amB© Ûr H$r
Hw$gßJoV H$m{ _mZd H{$ ob`{ ]hwV hr hmoZH$maH$ ]Vm`m h°& d{ [aÛr H$r
VwbZm odf°b{ gm±[ g{ H$aV{ h¢& g[{am gm±[ H$m{ oIbmVm-o[bmVm h°, b{oH$Z
Oam gr MyH$ hm{Z{ [a gm±[ g[{a{ H$m{ S>g b{Vm h°& Bgr ‡H$ma [amB© Ûr ^r Oam
gr MyH$ hm{Z{ [a ‡mU ha b{Vr h°& [amB© Ûr oH$gr H$r Zht hm{Vr & dh ]J°a
eÛ H{$ hr oeH$ma H$a b{Vr h° Am°a Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ [Vm hr Zht MbmVm h°&
C›ht H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ßA\$Ob, H$rg H$m Vw [ag H$a, VO{ Z gßJ [aZma&
H{$g{ H$amh _w _ma br`{, ]rZ ImßS{> Vbdma&&9
AWm©V≤ Vy oH$gH$m Ò[e© H$a ahm h°& [amB© Ûr H$m gmW ∑`m{ß Zht N>m{∂S> ahm h°?
BgZ{ o]Zm oH$gr eÛ H{$ H$B© amhJram{ß H$m{ _ma oJam`m h°& dh VwP{ ^r _ma
S>mb{Jr&
6. [oVd´V Y_© [a AoS>J ahZ{ H$m g›X{e - g›V A\$Ob Z{ Zmar
H{$ Xm{ Í$[m{ß H$m dU©Z oH$`m h°& EH$ Am{a d{ Ohm± Zmar H$m{ _hmZ, gVr, _mVm,
]hZ, [oVd´Vm, gVdßVr, bmOdßVr, o‡`V_m AmoX Í$[m{ß _{ß X{IV{ h¢, Vm{
Xygar Am{a Hw$N> Zmna`m{ß H$m{ oZb©¡O Edß MnaÃhrZ H$hV{ h¢&
d{ H$hV{ h¢ oH$ Zmar H$r _hmZVm CgH{$ —∂T> MnaÃ [a oZ^©a h°& d{
MnaÃdmZ oÛ`m{ß H$r ‡eßgm H$aV{ hw`{ C›h{ß [oVd´V Y_© [a AoS>J ]Z{ ahZ{
H$m g›X{e X{V{ h¢ oH$ E{gr oÛ`m± _hmZ hm{Vr h¢, d{ Òd`ß H$m{ H$ÓQ> X{H$a ^r
Xyga{ H$m ^bm MmhVr h¢& g•oÓQ> H{$ gßMmbH$ ]´˜m, odÓUw Am°a _h{e H$r
O›_XmÃr ^r Vm{ Ûr hr Wr, AV: Ûr OmoV H$r _hmZVm _{ß H$m{B© g›X{h Zht
h°&
153
C›ht$ H{$ e„Xm{ß _{ßA\$Ob, Vrar`m Vm{ gH$V h`, AmX [wag Hw$b Vma&
OmH$r CV[V ]´˜m, odÒZ, _h{g, OrZ g{ `{ gßgma&&10
C›hm{ßZ{ [oVd´Vm Ûr H$m{ hr gVr H$hm h¢ oOg Vah g{ g›V bm{J H$m_,
H´$m{Y H$m{ ObmV{ h¢ Am°a kmZr bm{J kmZ H$r Job`m{ß _{ß ^Q>H$V{ ahV{ h¢, Cgr
‡H$ma g{ [oVd´Vm Ûr A[Z{ VZ H$m{ ObmH$a gVr hm{Z{ H$m T>m{ßJ Z H$a A[Z{
¤mam A[Z{ JwUm{ß g{ [oV H$m{ ‡gfi aIVr h¢&
6. ohßgm H$m odam{Y - g›V A\$Ob ohßgm H{$ Km{a odam{Yr W{& C›hm{ßZ{
oh›Xy d _wgb_mZ Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ ohßgm g{ [a{ ahZ{ H$m C[X{e oX`m& d{ ohßgH$
bm{Jm{ß H$m{ ]Jwb{ H{$ g_VwÎ` _mZV{ hw`{ H$hV{ h¢A\$Ob ]mJ H$r gßJ, ]rH$ma h_ d{ Ord hZV H$a&
hßgm C∂S>mZ OmU Zht, Sy>] Sy>] H$a _a&&11
AWm©V≤ ]Jwbm{ß H$r gßJoV odH•$V h° d{ Ord ohßgm H$aV{ h¢& d{ hßgm{ß H{$
g_mZ C∂S>mZ âZm ^r Zht OmZV{& E{gm ‡`ÀZ H$aZ{ [a d{ Sy>] _aV{ h¢&
d{ H$hV{ W{ oH$ Ord hÀ`m, _mßg ^jU, _oXam[mZ H$aZ{ dmbm{ß H$m H$^r ^bm
Zht hm{ gH$Vm h°& d{ H$B© bmI df© VH$ ^Q>H$V{ ah{ßJ{, _Ja C›h{ß _wo∫$ o_bZm
gß^d Zht h°A\$Ob _mgm Amhmar ^wJV Zht, AV _ H$a Zmg&
bmI ]ag VH$ ZaI ah{, aVr _wI _ß _mg&&12
]hwAm`m_r Ïò∫$Àd H{$ YZr g›V A\$Ob H{$ Ïò∫$Àd H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß
`⁄o[ Z C›hm{ßZ{ Hw$N> obIm h° Am°a Z H$m{B© A›` Úm{V C”moQ>V hm{ gH$m h°&
CZH{$ gmohÀ` _{ß ‡oVo]oÂ]V Ïò∫$Àd g{ `h Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ d{ Òd`ß AZm_,
CZH$m Jm±d AZm_, CZH{$ _mVm-o[Vm AZm_ AWm©V≤ g] Hw$N> AZm_ hr
CZH$r ode{fVm h°& g“JwÈ H$m gÂ]b [mH$a [a_ VÀd H$m gmjmÀH$ma
H$aZ{ dmbm `h H$od H$]ra H$r Vah A[Zr \$∏$∂S>[Z _ÒVr _{ß _ÒV A[Zm
oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$m [naM` Zht N>m{∂S> J`m h°& Bgg{ `h ^r Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$
d{ ‡eßgm H{$ _m{h g{ H$m{gm{ß Xya oZJw©U, oZamH$ma [a_mÀ_m H{$ gÉ{ gmYH$ Am°a
oZ_m∂S> H$r [mdZ _mQ>r VWm Z_©Xm H{$ [modÃ VQ> [a gmYZm H$aV{ hw`{
_mZdVm H$m{ ]hw_yÎ` gßX{e X{H$a oZdm©U H$m{ ‡m· hwE&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï1. Ïò∫$JV em{Y$ H{$ AmYma [a &
*************
154
AO›Vm H$r oMÃH$moaVm
S>m∞. Í$oMH$m d_m© *
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]mX AO›Vm H{$ oMÃm{ß H$m Zm_ AmVm h°, oOZH$m oZ_m©U eßwJ, Hw$fmU, Jw·
AmoX AZ{H$ amOmAm{ß H{$ g_` 1200 B©. [yd© g{ 600 B©. VH$ _{ß hwAm&
AO›Vm H$m ‡mH•$oVH$-d°^d AmO ^r BVZm AmH$f©H$ h°, oH$ dhm∞ OmZ{
dmbm ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ Bg ]mV H$r ‡eßgm oH$`{ o]Zm Zht ahVm oH$ AO›Vm
H{$ CZ _hmZ≤ H$bm[o S>Vm{ß Z{ A[Zr gmYZm H{$ obE oOg ÒWmZ H$m{ MwZm dh
gd©Wm C[`w∫$ Wm& ^maVr` H$bm H$m `h [mdZ VrW© ÒWb ]Â]B© am¡` H{$
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g{ Am°a Xyga{ ^mJ H$r Jw\$mE∞ß ahZ{ VWm A‹``Z H$aZ{ H$r —oÓQ> g{ ]Zm`r
J`r ‡VrV hm{Vr h°&'1
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gdm}É H$bm-H•$oV`mß{ _ß{ oJZm OmZ{ bJm h°& CZH$r ‡oVH•$oV`m{ß H$r H$B© ]ma
odX{em{ _ß{ ‡Xe©oZ`m± ^r Am`m{oOV H$r Om MwH$r h° Eoe`m, `wam{[ Am°a
A_{naH$m AmoX X{e _{ AO›Vm H$r \$m{Q>m{-‡oV`m{ß [hw∞M MwH$r h°& BZ H$bmH•$oV`m{ß H{$ Om{ AZ{H$ gßJ´h ‡H$moeV hm{ MwH{$ h° CZ_{ß "›`y`mH©$ `yZ{ÒH$m{ß g{
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CgH$r E{oVhmogH$Vm H$r [•ÓR>^yo_ H$m{ OmZ b{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& bJ^J
[hbr gXr g{ b{H$a gmVdt gXr VH$ AO›Vm H$r H•$oV`m{ß H$m oZ_m©U,
[wZÍ$’ma Am°a [wZ: gßÒH$ma hm{Vm J`m& Cg_{ß h_{ß Om{ AZ{H$Vm H$m Am^mg
hm{Vm h° BgH$m H$maU `h h° oH$ CgH{$ AZ{H$ hmWm{ß H$m Ò[e© [m`m h°& oOg_{ß
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AO›Vm oH$ oMÃmdmob`m{ß H$m ]mnaH$ g{ odõ{fU H$aZ{ dmb{ H$bmodX≤
od¤mZm{ß H$r am` h° oH$ Cg_| bJ^J ]rg ‡H$ma H$r odo^fi e°ob`m{ß H$m
g_md{e hwAm h°&
^maV _{ß ]m°’H$mb H$r _hmZ≤ odamgV oôŒmoMÃm{ß H{$ Í$[ _| gwaojV h°&
`{ oôŒmoMÃm{ß ^maV H{$ Am{a-N>m{a VH$ gd©Ã o]I{a hwE h°& BZ oôŒmoMÃm{ß H{$
_m‹`_ g{ ]m°’H$mb Z{ BVZr bm{H$o‡`Vm ‡m· H$a CŒma-[oÌM_ gr_m‡m›V
Am°a _‹` Eoe`m H{$ g_ÒV X{em{ß H$r H$bmÀ_H$ Ao^Í$oM`m{ß H{$ j{Ã _{ß EH$
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g_•’ H{$›– AO›Vm h°&
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Jm{]a, ‡ÒVaMyU©, YmZ H$r ^ygr VWm Kmg AmoX g{ ]ZmE JE Jma{ H$m b{dm
bJmH$a Vb H{$ oMH$Zm Am°a g_Vb ]Zm`m J`m Wm, o\$a Cg [a MyZ{ H$m
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W{& aßJm{ß H$r gßª`m H$_ h°& oH$›Vw `{ gd© MQ>H$ Am°a M_H$rb{ h°& "AoYH$mße
aßJ dht o_≈>r AWdm YmVw g{ ‡m· oH$E J`{ W{ AO›Vm H$m `h oMÃU AßJ´{Or
_| Â`yab [{ßoQ>J H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmVm h°&'3
odf` H$r —oÓQ> g{ AO›Vm H$r oMÃmdbr H$m{ VrZ ‡_wI ^mJm{ß _{ ]mQ>m±
Om gH$Vm h°, oOZH{$ Zm_ h° AbßH$mnaV, Í$[^°oXH$, dUm©À_H$ [hbr l{Ur
H{$ oMÃm{ß _{ [ew-[oj`m{ß g{ `w∫$ [wÓ[m{ß H$r ]{b, Ambm°oH$H$ [ew, amjg,
oH$fia, ZmJ, JÍ$∂S>, JßYd© AmoX H$m{ aIm OmVm ahm h¢& Xygar l{Ur H{$ oMÃm{ß
_{ bm{H$[mbH$, ]w’, ]m{oYgÀd, amOm-amoZ`m{ß H$r AmH•$oV`m∞ VWm [m∞oMH$,
hmaroV AmoX aIm Om gH$Vm h°& Bg l{Ur H{$ oMÃm{ß _{ß A^`m, daXm Am°a
o[VH©$ H$r _w–mAm{ß g{ `w∫$ ]w’-‡oV_m, ]w’ H$m O›_, _hmoôZÓH•$_U oZ_m©U
Am°a ]w’ H{$ OrdZ H$r Ambm°oH$H$ KQ>ZmE{ ‡_wI W{ Vrgar l{Ur H{$ oMÃm{ß _{ß
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[m∞Mdrß eVm„Xr _{ß `{ H$m`© AmJ{ Xm{ eVm„Xr VH$ ewÍ$ ahm& BgH$m Amaß^ H$m
H$mb dmH$mQ>H$ amOmAm{ H$m H$mb Bgr H$bm _{ß oMÃH$bm H$m H$m_ Am°a V{Or
g{ hwAm& "Jw\$m Z. 1, 2, 16 Am°a 17' `hm± H$r oMÃH$bm ]{Om{S> h° Am°a
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_ma-odO` - [hbr Jw\$m H$r EH$ g_yMr oôŒm [a ]mah \$rQ> D±$Mm Am°a
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_m{h-À`mJ H$r N>dr h°&' 5
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h°& Bg —Ì` _{ß amOHw$_mar H$r odahmdÒWm VWm CgH{$ Amg-[mg dmbm{ß H{$
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amOHw$_mar H$r [hMmZ gw›Xar g{ H$r JB© h°& CgH$m [oV ZßX ]w’ H$m ^mB© Wm
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]ma CgH{$ ¤ma g{ o]Zm o^jm [mE hr ]w’ H$m{ dm[g AmZm [∂S>m Wm& ]mX _{ß
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H$m gU{OZ OrdZ H$r ododYVm, hÒV_w–mAm{ß ¤mam ^md ‡Xe©Z, Zmar H$m
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*************
156
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2012 [•ÓR> gß. 27
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158
Perspective Building For Disaster Management
In India
Khurshid Ahmad Malla * Dr. P.B Sengupta **
Abstract - The present paper takes overview of disaster management practice in India. It tried to highlight relevance of
perspective building for disaster management and proposing anti- discriminatory perspective for disaster management
as potential framework for intervention during the natural as well as human-made disasters. India has been traditionally
vulnerable to natural disaster on account of its unique geo-climate conditions. Floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes,
and landslides have been recurrent phenomena makes it one of the most disaster prone country in the world to suffer
very often from various natural disasters Similarly, vulnerability also exists due to Chemical, Biological, Radiological and
Nuclear (CBRN) disasters. In order to deal with varied nature of disaster the Government of India has adopted policy
document and legislation on disaster management in 2005. The government approach to disaster has changed from
‘reactive approach’ to ‘pro-active approach’ This paper is divided into three parts; First part explains the need of perspectives
building for disaster management, Second Part discusses about the anti-discriminatory perspective for disaster
management, and the third part highlights importance of anti-discriminatory approach in the post disaster and its
implications for human service as well as social work disciplines.
Keywords - Anti-discriminatory perspective, Disasters, Disaster Management, Social Work.
Introduction - Disaster management is the most pivotal
component now-a-days. In the present scenario when there
is a threat of natural as well as man-made calamities, there
is a huge need of disaster management awareness among
the global community. India has a vast reservoir of experience
in this field as it has been traditionally vulnerable to natural
disasters on account of its unique geo- climatic conditions.
Floods, earthquake, cyclones, landslides etc. are regular
phenomena in India. Disaster management can be defined
as the organization and management of resources and
responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of
emergencies, in particular preparedness, response and
recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. However,
the important issue is does disaster management
comprehensive enough to deal with varied disaster situations
and the issues of socio-cultural diversity and marginalization
in disaster situations. What should be ideal perspective for
disaster management to deal with complex issues of social
exclusion and marginalization in the disaster situation? How
to make disaster management more comprehensive and
non-discriminatory for pre and post disaster? The reporting
on various disasters shows that poor and marginalized
communities suffer doubly during and after a disaster. There
are various issues essential to create socially just
communities are not addressed by disaster management
after disasters. The issues of class, caste, gender and
religious inequities in the post-disaster phase are neither
*
**
addressed nor resolved and became challenging task before
disaster management practice. There are few civil society
organizations addressing these issues but largely disaster
management practice is silent on the issue of discrimination
and marginalization in the post-disaster situations. Similarly,
there is no substantive study on the aspect of community
re-building and mitigating socio-cultural disparity after
disaster in the social science literature.
To address above concerns, the present paper attempts
to propose the perspective for disaster management and its
potentials to practice inclusive as well as non-discriminatory
disaster management practice in India. The literature on
disaster management and mitigation emphasizes several
important components such as early warning, relief
distribution, need assessment, mental health, psycho-social
aspect of disaster victims, community practice etc. These
approaches of have intrinsic limitations and may generate
discriminatory, sectarian and socially exclusive practice
during disaster situation. There is need for larger nondiscriminatory and socially inclusive framework for disaster
planning, management, mitigation and preparedness.
Perspective building for Disaster Management in India
- It is essential to develop perspective for disaster
management in India. The more rigorous and unbiased efforts
put in for perspective building process, easier would be
process of identification of issues, vulnerability, target group
and design of intervention during disaster situation. The
Research Scholar, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA
Prof. & Head (Sociology and Social Work) Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur (M.P.) INDIA
perspective building is also important to make disaster
management socially inclusive in nature and instrumental
for community re-building which can achieve values such as
social justice and human rights. The process of perspective
building includes looking at the current definitions of disasters
and building a new definition on the basis of varied nature of
disaster and reasons behind the different disasters. The
definition of disaster should be flexible and comprehensive
enough to add in and cover all the types of natural and humanmade/social disasters. It should not discriminate or exclude
any disaster due to socio-cultural and political complexity.
The literature on disaster management gives feeling that the
concept is meant for development as well as re-building
society after disaster but actually in practice it is managing
the post-disaster situation by rescue, relief and rehabilitation
work. There is more emphasize on ‘naturalness’ of disasters,
rather than preventive aspects. Moreover, the Disaster
Management Act and policy document on disaster
management is silent about the certain human-made
disasters/social disasters such as droughts, displacement,
communal riots, caste conflicts/atrocities etc. There seems
to be narrow vision and systemic silence with in
conceptualization of disaster management itself in order to
intentionally stay away from the structural and socio-cultural
complex issues of the Indian society. The victims of social
disasters wait long for justice and made satisfied by
government meager compensation and relief measures. The
issues of vulnerability and preparedness do not get sufficient
attention, methods and skills to deal with varied vulnerability
are neglected and poor and marginalized communities issues
are not highlighted in the process. Similarly, the complexity
of issues, the difficulty of intervention, the dynamics of
political processes, attitudes of the community, and the
politics of aid have generated a lot of dilemmas. These issues
have to tackle with sensitivity and breaking up into separate
process, each requiring individual attention as well as
collective recognition. Thus, the narrow vision and weak
conceptualization of disaster management becomes
fundamental deterrent to address the root cause of societal
issues and produces self-limiting emergent intervention in
rescue, relief and rehabilitation. It is in this context the
perspective building becomes pertinent to envision
comprehensive disaster management theory and practice.
The comprehensive and suitable conceptualization helps in
three ways. First, it helps to provide framework to understand
origin and naturalness of disaster and provides help to identify
the issues to prevent the disaster at the first stage. This is a
process that helps to identifies reasons of disaster and make
conscious individuals to handle those reasons of disaster to
prevent present and future disasters. Second, it develops
critical understanding about the ground reality and provides
insights to access the actual need and vulnerability of
disaster. Third, consequently it will help to design social
intervention and methods to deal with unaddressed
disasters, issues and vulnerability at micro, mezzo and
macro level. These aspects are already mentioned in the
159
critical social work theories and especially in the antidiscriminatory social work perspective. The antidiscriminatory perspective is one of the suitable perspectives
for disaster management and rebuilding society after
disasters.
Anti-Discriminatory Perspective for Disaster
Management - Social work intervention during disaster
situation is the reflection of mission of social work profession.
Social work interventions in disasters have dealt with different
target groups such as individuals, families, organizations
and communities for the areas such as psycho-social
aspects, traumatic stress, relief and resources for victims
and support and coordination of disaster relief initiatives.
The review of the literature shows that social work profession
is involved in disaster management and mitigation work but
its emphasis is more on mental health and psychosocial
interventions in post-disasters rather than community
rebuilding and minimizing socio-cultural disparity in postdisaster recovery. The contemporary social work approach
towards disaster situations/management is spontaneous,
need-based, and service-based. It is not only limits social
work towards service delivery but also deviating itself from
larger mission of social work i.e. social change, social justice
and Human rights. Thus, the above description shows lack
of suitable perspective and approach of social work education
towards disaster situation in India.The International
Federation of Social Workers’ define the key purpose of
social work as the promotion of social change and the
liberation and empowerment of people. The social work
theories are broadly divided into three categories: reflectivetherapeutic, social order and social change. The social
change theories must underpin our practice, if we are to
achieve these key purposes of social work. The Englishspeaking countries that introduced radical social work 30
years ago, namely Great Britain, Canada, Australia,
significantly influenced the international definition of social
work and remain at the forefront of the development of the
social change and empowerment theories in social work.
Contrary, Indian social work education and practice highly
involved in assisting state welfare and development
programme and activities and rarely talk about social change
and empowerment. Thus, the element of discrimination also
persists in social work education in India and need the
orientation of anti-discrimination for inclusive intervention and
practice. The anti-discriminatory social work perspective
is part of broader critical social work perspective. The
perspective propagated by British authors, Thompson and
Dominelli who affirm that the discrimination and oppression
can be expressed through sexism, ageism, disablism,
racism, as well as based on sexual orientation, religion,
language, ethnicity, region and mental illness and
impairment. Thompson uses a concentric model to identify
three levels in which all types of discrimination and
oppression take place—the social/structural; the cultural;
and the personal/psychological. Thompson proposition has
potential to analyze and understand the issues of socio-
cultural diversity and discrimination and develop model to
minimize the diversity and discrimination in the society. In
the context of disaster management, the anti-discriminatory
perspective could be applies as holistic perspective that is
un-bias, inclusive, non-discriminative, which understand
social reality of disaster within a particular context and then
design intervention to deal with the emerging issues with
the aim to re-build society on the basis of social justice and
equality. In nutshell anti-discriminatory perspective in the
context of disaster management means the socially inclusive
process that identifies the disasters in the socio-political
context and doesn’t treat disasters as isolated events of
loss and pain. Further, it develops strategies and intervention
not only to cover loss and pain by relief and rehabilitation
but re-build community for larger integration and social
change. In addition, it has potential to transform the
hegemonic structures and policies that perpetuate inequities
and injustice.
Anti-Discriminatory Disaster Management Practice -This
anti-discriminatory perspective has direct relevance to the
concept of disaster management. To what extent human
service professions/social work education and practice
advocate this perspective to make disaster management more
socially inclusive process will decide the faith of the
perspective. As mentioned the human service professions/
social work education and most social workers are not adhere
to anti-discriminatory disaster management practice
although the perspective and practice advocated by few
NGOs in India and abroad. There are various ways to
mainstream anti-discriminatory disaster management in the
academic institutions as well as practicing disciplines. First,
all academic institutions should adopt a policy to have
disaster management concept in its course curriculum and
develop an initiative to involve in pre and post disaster
situations. Second, the course curriculum on disaster
management designed in such way that the flexibility and
critical understanding about disasters and disaster
management reflected in the syllabus. Third, the issues of
vulnerability and marginalization of poor and oppressed during
disasters should be given primacy for evolving approaches,
strategies and interventions during disaster situation. Fourth,
during disaster efforts heavily focused on rescue, relief,
trauma and mental health of disaster victims, co-ordination
of support system but need also to give attention on different
excluded groups and their needs, policy advocacy and the
160
socially inclusive intervention methods and skills to re-build
relations of disaster victims.
Conclusion - The disaster management practice is complex
in nature with multiple debates. It is largely accepted that
disaster management practice should do relief work,
coordinate the disaster relief support system, and access
resources to vulnerable sections. These services and
activities are essential but do not necessarily address sociopolitical context of disasters and do not address issues of
social change. Moreover superficially understanding the
naturalness of disaster in terms of loss and pain and providing
healing and mental support does not seem commensurate
with the facilitation of social and economic justice. There is
need that disasters looked into socio-cultural- political
context and disaster management should be made as
socially inclusive process. Thus it is essential to make
disaster management as comprehensive and socially
inclusive process to do justice with the disaster victims.
More meticulous observance of anti-discriminatory approach
in disaster management and mitigation helps to rebuild equal
and just society after a disaster.
References :1.
Dominelli, L. (2002): Anti-Oppressive Social Work:
Theory and Practice, London: Palgrave Macmillan
2. Dynes, Russell, E. L. Quarantelli and Gary A. Kreps.
(1972): A Perspective on Disaster Planning. Columbus,
Ohio: Disaster Research Center, The Ohio State
University.
3. GOI, (2004): Disaster Management in India: A Status
Report, New Delhi: NDMD
4. Hartman, Chester and Gregory D. Squires (eds.).
(2006): There Is No Such Thing As a Natural Disaster:
Race, Class, and Hurricane Katrina. New York and
London: Routledge.
5. McEntire, David A. (2004): “Tenets of Vulnerability:
An Assessment of a Fundamental
6. Disaster Concept.” Journal of Emergency Management
2 (No. 2):23-29.
7. Quarantelli, E.L. (1989): “Conceptualizing Disasters from
a Sociological Perspective.”
8. Quarantelli, E.L. (ed.). (1998): What Is a Disaster?:
Perspectives on the Question. London and New York:
Routledge.
9. Thompson, N. (2012): Anti-Discriminatory Practice:
Equality, Diversity and Social Justice, London: Palgrave
Macmillan.
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CgH{$ Ïò∫$JV OrdZ H$m{ ^r ‡^modV H$aVr h°&
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OmJÍ$H$Vm dh hoW`ma† h{° oOgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ Ïò∫$`m{ß Am{°a g_mO H{$
Ï`dhma _{ß [nadV©Z bmH$a `m°Z gß]ßY Am°a A›` ÒdmÒœ` g{dmAm{ H{$ _m‹`_
g{ EM AmB© dr ES>≤g g{ b∂S>m Om gH$Vm h° & Ï`dhma _{ß Bg [nadV©Z H{$ obE
h_ma{ g_mO gß]ß>oY`m{ß AmoX H$m gh`m{J AmdÌ`H$ h°&
oejm† gyMZm Edß gßMma _m‹`_m{ß H{$ ¤mam OmJÍ$H$Vm ‡^mdr Tß>J g{
]∂T> mB© Om gH$Vr h° Ï`dhma ÒdÍ$[ EH$ gw—T> H$R>m{a gm_moOH$ AmoW©H$
OoQ>bVmAm{ H{$ VhV Bg ]r_mar H$m{ odH$mgmÀ_H$ _wXXm{ H$r Vah g_Pm
OmZm AmdÌ`H$ h° ∑`m|oH$ `h AmoW©H$ Edß gm_moOH$ j{Ãm| H$m{ AÀòYH$
‡^modV H$aVr h°&
EM AmB© dr /ES>≤g ¤mam gßH´$o_V hm{Z{ g{ X{e H$r AmoW©H$ d•o’ [a
F$UmÀ_H$ ‡^md [∂S>Vm h° AW© AO©Z H$aZ{ dmbm gXÒ` Bg ^`mZH$
]r_mar H{$ oeH$ma Om{ OmE Vm{ g_mO H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV ]war Vah g{ ‡^modV
hm{ OmEJr oOgg{ [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ _ß{ oZY©ZVm AmEJr Am°a [nadma _{ß
od^mOZ hm{Jm Edß gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mßE CÀ[›Z hm{Jr & AV: AmdÌ`H$Vm
Bg ]mV H$r h° oH$ Ïò∫$JV [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ H{$ Iwehmb odH$mg H{$ obE
odo^›Z _m‹`_m| O°g{ Q>r dr, a{oS>`m{, [{[a, ÒHy$br oejm H$m∞b{Om{ _{ß H{$Â[g
odo^fi od^mJm{ _ß{ H$m`©embmßE [m{ÒQ>a Edß [{Â[b{Q>g H$m oZ: ewÎH$ odVaU
oH$`m OmE VmoH$ OrdZ H{$ ‡À`{H$ j{Ã _{ g^r Am`w dJ© H{$ Ïò∑V`m| H$m
EM AmB© dr /ES>≤g H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ H$a EH$ ÒdÒ` gw—∂T> g_mO H$m odH$mg
oH$`m Om gH{$ & òX gm_moOH$ OmJÍ$H$Vm H$m oH´$`m›d`Z ‡^mdr Tß>J g{
Zht oH$`m OmEJm Vm{ EM AmB´© dr /ES≤>g gßH´$o_V Ïò∫$`m{ H$r gßª`m
g_mO _{ ]∂T> Vr OmEJr &
EM AmB© dr/ES≤>g gßH´$o_V Ïò∫$`m|> H{$ OrdZ H$m{ oZamem hVmem
oM›Vm AdgmX ZH$amÀ_H$ gm{M AmoX g{ ]MmZ{ H{$ obE ^r OZ OmJÍ$H$Vm
AoV AmdÌ`H$ h° OmJÍ$H$Vm H{$ ¤mam hr gßH´$o_V Ïò∫$ H{$ ‡oV OZ
gm_m›` H$r gm{M gH$maÀ_H$ H$r Om gH$Vr h° oOgg{ gßH´$o_V Ïò∫$
gÂ_mZ[yd©H$ OrdZ Or gH{$ &
oZÓH$f© - ES>≤g O{°gr AmYwoZH$ ]r_mar ^maV H{$ obE Jß^ra MwZm°Vr h° &
^maV _| EM AmB© dr ES>g gßH´$o_V Ïò∫$`m{ß H$rgßª`m bJmVma ]∂T> Vr Om
ahr h° Bg od^rofH$m g{ g_mO H$m{ ]MmZm AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°&
ES>≤g H$m A^r VH$ H$m{B© BbmO Zht Im{Om Om gH$m h°& OmZH$mar gmdYmZr
Edß OmJÍ$H$Vm hr Bg _hm_mar g{ _mZd g_mO H$m{ ]Mm gH$Vr h°&
gm_moOH$ OmJÍ$H$Vm H{$ ¤mam hr am{J g{ ]Mmd oH$`m Om gH$Vm h° & EM
AmB© dr /ES>≤gH$r OmZH$mar hr Bgg{ ]Mmd H$m C[m` h°&
gXß
†gXß^© J´ßW gyMr ï1. Mm°hmZ O{ Eg - ES>≤g am{J Am°a oMoH$Àgm, gwo_V ‡H$meZ AmJam
(C.‡.)2001 †
163
2. AmhyOm am_ - ^maVr` gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mEß, amdV [o„bH{$eZ, O`[wa
2001
3. _XmZ Or.Ama. - ^maVr` gm_moOH$ g_Ò`mEß odd{H$ ‡H$meZ &
4. Mm°]{ [r.H{$. - ES>≤g H$maU Am°a C[m` ›`y bmB©Q> [o„bH{$eZ oXÎbr
5. ^maV 2013 gyMZm Am°a ‡gmaU _Ãmb` ^maV gaH$ma &
6. amÓQ≠>r`† ES>≤g oZ`ßÃU gßJR>Z ^maV gaH$ma EM AmB© dr /ES>≤g [am_e©
[woÒVH$m &
*************
164
[ßMm`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm _{ß oZdm©oMV _ohbm OZ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$r
^yo_H$m (gVZm oOb{ H{$ g›X^© _|)
S>m∞. Jm°ha hwO°\$m ImZ *
‡ÒVmdZm - [ßMm`Vr amO H$r ÒWm[Zm H$m C‘{Ì` Edß ^maVr` gßX^© _{ß
BgH{$ odH$mg H$r ‡oH´$`m H{$ gmW - gmW [ßMm`Vr amO _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r
^yo_H$m H{$ odõ{fU H$m _hÀd[yU© ÒWmZ h°& [ßMm`Vr amO ^maV H$r AoV
‡mMrZ Ï`dÒWm h° gmW hr h_mar gmßÒH•$oVH$ odamgV h°& ÒdV›ÃVm H{$
[ÌMmV≤ ^maVr` gßodYmZ H$m oZ_m©U H$aV{ g_` [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ _hÀd H$m{
‹`mZ aIV{ hwE AZw¿N{>X 40 _{ß CÑ{I oH$`m J`m h° oH$ am¡` J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ß
H$m{ gßJoR>V H$aZ{ Am°a CZH$m{ AoYH$ma Edß eo∫$ ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H$m C[m`
H$a{Jm Om{ CZH$m{ ÒdemgZ H$r BH$mB`m{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$m`© H$aZ{ `m{Ω` ]ZmZ{ H{$
obE AmdÌ`H$ h°&
_hmÀ_m JmßYr Z{ H$hm Wm "gÉm Òdam¡` H{$db M›X bm{Jm{ß H{$ hmW _{ß
gŒmm Am OmZ{ g{ Zht ]oÎH$ BgH{$ obE g^r _{ß j_Vm AmZ{ g{ Am`{Jm,
gÉm bm{H$VßÃ H{$›– _{ß ]°R{> H{$db ]rg Ïò∫$`m{ß ¤mam Zht Mbm`m Om
gH$Vm BgH$m{ MbmZ{ H{$ obE oZMb{ ÒVa [a ‡À`{H$ Jm±d H{$ bm{Jm{ß H$m{ goH´$`
hm{Zm [S>∂{Jm&' "S>m∞. amYmHw$_wX _wH$Or©' Z{ J´m_ [ßMm`Vm{ß H$m{ ‡OmV›Ã H{$
X{dVm H$r gßkm Xr h°& [ßMm`Vr amO H$r AdYmaUm H$m odH$mg gm_wXmo`H$
H$m`©H´$_m{ß H$m{ JoV ‡XmZ H$aZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ hwAm & gZ≤ 1957 _{ß ]bdßV am`
_{hVm A‹``Z Xb Z{ A[Z{ ‡oVd{XZ _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO H$m{ b˙` ‡mo· H$m
g]g{ _hÀd[yU© gmYZ _mZm VWm [ßMm`Vr amO H{$ A›VJ©V oÃÒVar`
Ï`dÒWm H$m gwPmd oX`m 1959 _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO H$r ÒWm[Zm hwB©& oOgH$m
_wª` C‘{Ì` J´m_rU OrdZ H$m gdm©JrU odH$mg H$aZm, H•$of CÀ[mXZ _{ß
d•o’, J´m_rU C⁄m{Jmß{ H$m odH$mg, [nadma H$Î`mU H$m`©H´$_, [ew gßajU,
oMoH$Àgm Edß ÒdmÒœ` oejm Ï`dÒWm AmoX H$m CoMV ‡]ßYZ H$aH{$ J´m_rU
AW©Ï`dÒWm H$m{ gw—∂T>Vm ‡XmZ H$aZm [ßMm`Vr amO H$m _m°obH$ C‘{Ì` h°&
[ßMm`Vr amO V^r g\$b hm{ gH$Vm h° O] ‡À`{H$ ZmJnaH$ H$m Cg_{ß
[maÒ[naH$ gh`m{J hm{ Bg ‡H$ma H{$ gh`m{J H$r ‡]b H$∂S>r _ohbmAm{ß H$m{
_mZm Om gH$Vm h° ∑`mß{oH$ dh g_mO H$r M{VZm d eo∫$ H$m Ûm{V hr Zht
Ao[Vw H{$›– o]›Xw ^r h°& gÂ[yU© odÌd _{ß ^maV hr E{gm X{e h° Ohm± emgZ
H{$ oZÂZV_ ÒVa [a _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE 33% AmajU H$m ‡mdYmZ aIm J`m
H{$›–r` gaH$ma Z{ 73 dm± gßodYmZ gßem{YZ AoYoZ`_ [mnaV H$a 24
A‡°b 1993 g{ bmJy H$a oX`m VWm 25 OZdar 1994 H$m{ _.‡. [ßMm`Vr
amO AoYoZ`_ H{$ Í$[ _{ß gßÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m& [ßMm`V MwZmd _{ß 4 bmI
35 hOma 365 ‡oVoZoY oZdm©oMV hwE&
[hbr ]ma AZwgyoMV OmoV, AZwgyoMV OZOmoV H{$ 1,44,735
‡oVoZoY oOZ_{ß 48.993 _ohbmE| Am°a o[N>∂S{> dJm~ H{$ 82,504 ‡oVoZoY
oOZ_{ß 28,735 _ohbmE| Am°a gm_m›` dJ© H$r 61,993 _ohbmE| MwZr
JB©& _ohbm odH$mg H$r —oÓQ> g{ EH$ H´$mo›VH$mar [nadV©Z h°& Òdm_r
odd{H$mZßX Z{ oH$VZm CoMV H$hm Wm "O] VH$ _ohbmAm{ß H$r oÒWoV _{ß
*
gwYma Zht hm{Jm V] VH$ odÌd H$m H$Î`mU Zht hm{ gH$Vm & oH$gr ^r [jr
H$m EH$ [ßI g{ C∂S>Zm gßÂ^d Zht h°&'
gZ≤ 1995 _{ß hwE [ßMm`Vm{ß H{$ MwZmd _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE AmaojV
g^r 33% [Xm{ß [a _ohbmE∞ß& oZdm©oMV hwB© ^maV H{$ bm{H$VßÃ H{$ BoVhmg _{ß
`h [hbr ]ma hwAm O] _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE BVZr ]∂S>r gßª`m _{ß [Xm{ß H$m
AmajU hwAm& _ohbmAm{ß H$r amOZroVH$ gh^moJVm H$m{ gßÒWmJV ÒdÍ$[
‡XmZ H$aZ{ H$m l{` gßodYmZ gßem{YZ odY{`H$ H$m{ OmVm h°& gßodYmZ _{ß
EH$ ZdrZ A‹`m` ^mJ 9 H$m{ A›V: ÒWmo[V oH$`m J`m h°& Bg ^mJ _{ß
AZw¿N{>X 243 H$ g{ 243 U VH$ h°& gßodYmZ _{ß [ßMm`Vm{ß g{ gÂ]o›YV
Ω`mahdt AZwgyoM ]ZmH$a 29 odf` oZYm©naV oH$E JE& AoYoZ`_ H$r
_hÀd[yU© ode{fVmEß oZÂZmßoH$V h° :ñ
1. [ßMm`Vr amO gßÒWmAm{ß H$m{ gßd°YmoZH$ gßÒVa ‡XmZ H$aZm&
2. oÃÒVar` ‡Umbr J´m_ [ßMm`V, [ßMm`V g_roV, oObm [nafX&
3. J´m_ g^m H$r _hŒmm
4. ‡À`j oZdm©MZ
5. AZwgyoMV OmoV`m± d OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ obE AmajU&
6. _ohbmAm{ß H{$ obE 1/3 ÒWmZ AmajU&
7. oZò_V MwZmd
8. am¡` oZdm©MZ Am`m{J
9. [ßMm`Vm{ß H$r eo∫$`m± ‡moYH$ma d CŒmaXmo`Àd oOg_{ß _wª` h° AmoW©H$
gm_moOH$ ›`m` H$r `m{OZmEß V°`ma H$aZm Eßd CZH$m oH´$`m›d`Z
H$aZm&
10. am¡` odŒm Am`m{J H$m JR>Z&
73 d{ß gßodYmZ gßem{YZ Z{ ^r am¡` gaH$ma H$r ÒdVßÃ B¿N>m [a N>m{∂S>
oX`m oH$ [ßMm`Vm{ß H$m{ ÒdemgZ H$r odÌdgZr` gßÒWmAm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß H$m`©
H$aZ{ H{$ obE ∑`m AoYH$ma Am°a eo∫$`m± X{Z{ H$m oZU©` b{Vr h°? 1993 Edß
1994 gßodYmZ gßem{YZ H{$ ]mX Om{ Z`{ AoYoZ`_ Edß gßem{YZ hwE CZ_{ß
AoYH$ma Edß eo∫$`m{{ß H$m{ Ï`m[H$ oH$`m J`m& O°g{ 1. AoZdm`© ZmJnaH$ H$m`© - Òd¿N>Vm am{eZr, J´m_rU g∂S>H{$, [{Òb
Ûm{V, Hw$Eß Vmbm], Qß>H$r aIaImd, Ì_emZ KmQ>, H$mßOr hmD$g, O›_ _•À`w [ßOrH$aU&
2. gm_m›` H$m`©- `m{OZm ]ZmZm, ]OQ> ]ZmZm, Am]mXr Edß MamJmhm{ß
[a AoVH´$_U am{H$Zm, ‡mH•$oVH$ ‡H$m{[ _{ß ghm`Vm H$m`©, _{b{ CÀgd
Am`m{OZ&
3. odH$mg H$m`© - H•$of , [ew[mbZ, S{>àr, bKw ogßMmB©, _ÀÒ` [mbZ
d•jmam{[U, B©YZ Edß Mmam odH$mg, [{Òb J´m_rU Amdmg, Jar]r C›_ybZ
H$m`©H´$_, am{OJma `m{OZmE±, ‡mWo_H$ Edß _m‹ò_H$ oejm, AZm°[MmnaH$
‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` Òdemgr ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, gVZm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
oejm, d•’mdÒWm Edß odYdm odH$bmßJ [{ßeZ oMoH$Àgmb`, [nadma
H$Î`mU, _ohbm Edß ]mb odH$mg, gmd©OoZH$ odVaU ‡Umbr, AZwgyoMV
OmoV OZOmoV H$Î`mU Hw$Q>ra Edß J•h C⁄m{J&
4. A›` - ^yo_ gwYma Edß ›`m` gß]ßYr H$m`© H{$db [oÌM_ ]ßJmb
gaH$ma ¤mam hr gw[wX© oH$`{ J`{ h° A›` oH$gr am¡` ¤mam Zht&
[ßMm`Vr amO H{$ gÂ]›Y _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ b{H$a brZm IÃr H$m H$hZm
h° "[ßMm`Vr amO H{$ Ohm± EH$ Am{a amOZroV H{$ A[amYrH$aU [a am{H$
bJ{Jr, dhr JmßYr Or H$m J´m_ Òdam¡` H$m g[Zm ^r [yam hm{Jm, oOg_{ß
C›hm{{ßZ{ _ohbmAm{ß H$r ^mJ{Xmar H$m{ _hÀd[yU© _mZm h°& [ßMm`Vr amO H$mZyZ
_{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ EH$ Va\$ amOZroV _{ß hÒVj{[ H$aZ{ VWm Xygar Va\$
odH$mg H{$ H$m`m} _{ß goH´$` ^mJrXmar oZ^mZ{ H$m _m°H$m ‡XmZ oH$`m J`m h°
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‡ÒVw V A‹``Z [ß M m`Vr amO Ï`dÒWm _{ ß oZdm© o MV _ohbm
‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$r ^yo_H$m H$m g_mOemÛr` odõ{fU gVZm oOb{ H{$ g›X^©
_{ß oH$`m h°&
[ßMm`Vr amO H{$ ‡^mdm{ß H$m _yÎ`mHß$Z H$aZ{ H$r —oÓQ> _{ß AZ{H$
AZwgY
ß mZ oH$`{ J`{ & E{g{ AZwgY
ß mZ _wª`V: gm_moOH$ gßaMZm Am°a [ßMm`Vr
amO g{ gÂ]o›YV h°& g_mO d°kmoZH$m{ß Z{ gm_moOH$ gßaMZm H{$ Hw$N> [hbwAm{ß
O°g{ OmoV, ZmV{Xmar, [nadma, JwQ> VWm dJ© AmoX [a [ßMm`Vr amO H{$
‡^md H$m A‹``Z oH$`m h°& S>m∞. E_. EZ. lroZdmg Or. Ama. a{∂S>S>r,
hm{\$gm{_a , aßJmamd, MVwd}Xr, Jm`H$dm∂S> MQ>Or©, ah_mZ, H$_b - H•$ÓU,
dr.Eg. Ifim h°&
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[a A[Z{ odMma X{V{ hwE obIm h° "H$mZyZ H$m oZ_m©U Edß gßem{YZ AmgmZ h°
[a›Vw gm_moOH$ ‡WmAm{ß Am°a bm{Jm{ß H{$ Ï`dhma _{ß [nadV©Z AmgmZ Zht&
AVEd A[Z{ Ïò∫$Àd Edß AoÒVÀd H$m{ gßdmaZ{ H{$ ob`{ Am°a gm_moOH$
›`m` Edß ‡oVÓR>m H$m{ hmogb H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ Òdß` AmJ{ AmZm
hm{Jm&'
S>m∞. [dma _rZmjr Z{ "[ßMm`Vr amO H{$ ]∂T>V{ MaU' A‹``Z _{ß Ò[ÓQ>
oH$`m h° oH$ [ßMm`Vr amO _{ß AoYH$Va _ohbmEß AZ[∂T> `m H$_ [∂T>r obIr
h° B›h{ß [hb{ df© H{$ H$m`©H$mb _{ß [wÍ$f ‡oVoZoY ]m{bZ{ VH$ Zht X{V{ W{& [a
C›ht _ohbmAm{ß Z{ A[Z{ H$m`©H$mb H{$ Xyga{ d Vrga{ dfm~ _{ß ¡`mXm goH´$`Vm
oXImB© Am°a JbV oZU©` H$m O]X©ÒV odam{Y H$aZ{ bJr Am°a `h ^r X{Im
J`m oH$ _ohbmE| A[Z{ Jm±d H{$ odH$mg _{ß ¡`mXm oOÂ_{Xmar g{ Í$oM b{Vr h°&
AV: em{YmWr© Z{ [ßMm`Vr amO H{$ g›X^© _{ß OZ gh^moJVm H$r
A›Va H$o∂S>`m{ß _{ß _ohbmAm{ß H$r ^yo_H$m H$m{ AmO ^r gße` H$r —oÓQ> g{ X{Im
Om ahm h°& Bg Vœ` H$m{ ‹`mZ _| aIV{ hwE [ßMm`Vr amO _{ß oZdm©oMV _ohbm
‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$r ^yo_H$m H$m A‹``Z oH$`m J`m&
‡ÒVwV em{Y H{$ C‘{Ì` oZÂZmßoH$V h° 1. _ohbm OZ ‡oVoZoY H{$ ‡oV OZgmYmaU H$r ‡oVoH´$`m Edß Ao^d•oŒm
H$m A‹``Z&
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bm{H$ - odH$mg odf`m{ß [a oX`m h°&
3. ∑`m _ohbm OZ‡oVoZoY`m| Z{ gŒmm ‡m· H$a [wÍ$fm| H$r ‡oVoH´$`mdmXr
B©Ó`m© H$m{ OJm`m h°?
4. _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ g_mZ gm_moOH$ ›`m` Am°a ‡oVÓR>m ‡m·
H$amZ{ _{ß _ohbm OZ‡oVoZoY`m{ß H$r ^yo_H$m ∑`m h°?
165
5. ∑`m _ohbm OZ‡oVoZoY amOZroV H{$ A[amYrH$aU ‡oH´$`m H$m{
am{H$Z{ _{ß g\$b hwB© h°?
6. Jm± d _{ ß Jw Q > ] mOr, VZmd Edß gß K f© H$m{ Xy a H$aZ{ _{ ß _ohbm
OZ‡oVoZoY`m± H$r ^yo_H$m ∑`m h°?
em{Y ‡odoY - ‡ÒVwV A‹``Z _{ß ]hwÒVar` oZXe©Z ‡Umbr H{$ AmYma
[a 100 oZdm©oMV _ohbm OZ‡oVoZoY`m{ß Edß 100 Am_ CŒmaXmVm H$m
MwZmd H$a A‹``Z H{$ obE Vœ` gßH$bZ oH$`m & Vœ` gßH$bZ _ß ‡mWo_H$
Edß o¤Vr`H$ Xm{Zm{ß hr Ûm{ßVm{ H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m& ‡mWo_H$ Ûm{ßV H{$
A›VJ©V Vœ` gßH$bZ H{$ obE gmjmÀH$ma AZwgyMr Edß Agh^mJr
Adbm{H$Z C[H$aUm{ß H{$ AmYmam{ß [a ‡m· Vœ`m{ß H$m dJr©H$aU, gmaUr`Z
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]∂S>dmZr : 1995, oZßHw$O ‡H$meZ&
2. _XZ Or. Ama. "J´m_rU g_mOemÛ' ZB© oXÑr : 1987 Eg. M›X
E S> H$Â[Zr
3. ogßh, _h{Ìda "^maVr` bm{H$VßÃ: g_Ò`m`{ß Edß g_mYmZ', O`[wa
2000 gmohÀ`H$ma
4. S>m∞.gZrb Jm{`b "J´m_rU g_mOemÛ' O`[wa 1998, Ama.]r.
Eg.E. [o„be©g&
5. Ohra _m{hÂ_X e{I, "_.‡. _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO AoYoZ`_ 1993 XwJ©
1995', Bo S>`m bm [o„bH{$eZ &
6. amdV harH•$ÓU "g_mOemÛ odÌdH$m{f O`[wa 1998', amdV
[o„bH{$eZ&
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VWm VH$ZrH$r e„Xmdbr&
8. S>m∞. o¤d{Xr amYmÌ`m_, "_.‡. _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO AoYoZ`_ 1995',
gwodYm bm hmD$g &
166
9. Am`m{J J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb` ›`yOb{Q>a _B© : 1993&
10. S>m∞. e_m©, "‡^wwÀd J´m_rU ÒWmZr` ‡emgZ' nagM© [o„bH{$e›g
O`[wa 1986 J´m_rU odH$mg _ßÃmb` ›`yOb{Q>a _mh \$adar _mM©
1998, 73 d{ß gßodYmZ gßem{YZm{Œmma [ßMm`Vr amO g_Ò`m`{ß ,
g_mYmZ Edß oZÓH$f© H$m`©embm&
11. S>m∞. Ama.[r. Om{er, "^maV _{ß [ßMm`Vr amO O`[wa 2000', amOÒWmZ
oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r&
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167
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Bg ‡H$ma h_ H$h gH$V{ h¢ ZroV`m{ß H{$ o]Zm oZ`m{OZ Am°a oZ`m{OZ
H{$ o]Zm ‡]ßYZ H$m`© _woÌH$b hr Zht Agß^d h°& òX h_{ß ghr oXem _{ß
A[Z{ ‡]ßYH$r` H$m`© H$m{ H$aZm h° Vm{ oOVZr A¿N>r `m{OZm V°`ma hm{Jr
CVZm A¿N>m [naUm_ h_{ß o_b{Jm& oH$gr ^r H$m`© H$r _hŒmm CgH{$ [naUm_
[a oZ^©a H$aVr h° VWm [naUm_ A¿N{> bmZ{ H{$ ob`{ h_{ß `m{OZm ^r A¿N>r
V°`ma H$aZr [∂S{>Jr&
1. _YwgXy Z oÃ[mR>r : oejm ‡]ßYZ H$m odÌdH$m{f, Am{_J
{ m [o„bH{$eZ,
ZB© oXÑr, 2015
2. Or. Eg. gwYm : Ï`dgmo`H$ ‡]ßYZ, `woZdog©Q>r ]wH$ hmCg ‡mBd{Q>
obo_Q{>S>, O`[wa
3. H$m°a. E. : Ï`yhaMZmÀ_H$ ‡]ßYZ, `woZdog©Q>r [o„bH{$eZ,ZB© oXÑr
2014
4. Am{.[r. e_m© ]r.Eg. Jw·m : ‡]ßY H$m odÌdH$m{f, Am{_{Jm [o„bH{$eZ,
ZB© oXÑr, 2013
5. Eg. Pm : od[UZ ‡]ßYZ, `woZdog©Q>r ]wH$ hmCg ‡mBd{Q> obo_Q{>S>,
O`[wa, 2011
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171
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oÛ`mß [m`r J`r& dhmß ‡oV hOma [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ [rN{> 832 oÛ`mß hr Wr&
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dm∞H$a H$r ZOa _{ß Am`r& `h oKZm°Zr ‡Wm O∂S{>Om Zm_H$ dJ© H{$ Hw$brZ
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[nadmam{ß H$r b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$m{ IarX H$a `m A[haU H$a emXr H$aV{ W{& o\$a ^r
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H{$ obE 1870 H$m AoYoZ`_ 8 & BgH{$ ¤mam oOg Jmßd _{ß b∂S>H$m{ß H$r VwbZm
_{ß b∂S>oH$`mß 40 ‡oVeV `m Cgg{ H$_ hm{ß, Cg{ gßoXΩY Jmßd H$m XaOm oX`m
J`m& E{g{ Jmßd og\©$ gß`w∫$ ‡mßV (A] CŒma ‡X{e) _{ß 4959 W{& BZ Jmßdm{ß
_{ß [wobg, S>m∞∑Q>a Am°a XmB© H$r _XX g{ ha J^©dVr Ûr [a ZOa aIr OmVr
Wr& AJa H$›`m oeew H$m O›_ hm{Vm, Vm{ XmB© H$m \$O© hm{Vm oH$ dh Bg
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Mm°H$gr H{$ H$maU 1890 VH$ g^r gßoXΩY Jmßdm{ß _{ß b∂S>oH$`mß{ H$r gßª`m
b∂S>H$m{ß H{$ ]am]a hm{ J`r& 1906 _{ß `h AoYoZ`_ oZaÒV H$a oX`m J`m&
A] ]mobH$m ^yÚ hÀ`m Am°a H$mZyZ H{$ AßVJ©V ‡gd [yd© oZXmZ VH$ZrH$
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H$m ‡`m{J H$a ^yÚ H{$ obßJ gß]ßYr OmZH$mar X{Z{ [a ‡oV]ßY bJm oX`m h°
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b{oH$Z Ohmß VH$ amÓQ≠>r` AZw[mV H$m gdmb h°, 1901 g{ 1991 VH$
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_ohbmAm{ß H$r gßª`m
1901
972
1911
964
1921
955
1931
950
1941
945
1961
941
1971
930
1981
934
1991
929
2001
933
2011
943
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am¡`
_ohbmAm{ß H$rgßª`m (2011)
1
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1084
2
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1038
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995
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992
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991
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987
7
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986
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978
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975
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974
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968
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963
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961
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947
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950
18
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968
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931
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930
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925
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920
24
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918
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879
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
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172
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908
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893
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889
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883
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878
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877
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866
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818
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775
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618
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g{ 1992 H{$ ]rM 8000 oÛ`m{ß Z{ `h OmßM A[Z{ ^yÚ H$m obßJ [Vm H$aZ{
H{$ obE hr H$am`r& ]r.gr.gr. [a ^ýU hÀ`m [a oXIm`r J`r EH$ S>m∑∞ `y_›{ Q>ar
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[a _O]ya W{, [a A] O] `h obJ OmßM 500 Í$. _{ß C[b„Y h° Vm{ H$›`m
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Kam{ß _{ß ]rgm{ß b∂S>oH$`mß [mbZ{ H$r j_Vm h° dhmß ^r bm{J H$›`m ^yÚ hÀ`m
H$admV{ h¢& EobOm]{W „`yo_ba H$r oH$Vm] _{ß `y Or X _Xa Am∞\$ E h›S≠>{S>
g›O _{ß ]ß]B© H{$ EH$ ]∂S{> Ï`m[mar H$r [ÀZr ]VmVr h° oH$ H$›`m oeew H$m{
O›_ X{Zm EH$ gm_moOH$ A‡oVÓR>m H$r ]mV h°&
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H$r Am°a `h 1988 _{ß ^yÚ obßJ [arjU [a _hmamÓQ≠> gaH$ma H{$ oZf{Y H{$
]mX& MßS>rJT> H{$ oQ≠>„`yZ H$r EH$ na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma hna`mUm H{$ ogagm oOb{
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ZH$mamÀ_H$ `m VZmd[yU© OrdZ H$r AZ{H$ KQ>ZmAm{ß g{ `wdm AoYH$
‡^modV h¢ Bgg{ _mZogH$ Ï`dYmZ ‡^modV hm{Vm h¢ oOZ_{ß _y∂S> VWm oMßVm
g{ Ow∂S{> Ï`dYmZ emo_b h¢& [mnadmnaH$ d°_ZÒ`Vm N>m{Q>r-N>m{Q>r ]mVm{ß [a
odMmam{ß _{ß odam{Y [arjm g{ gß]ßoYV V°`mar, oddmh gß]ßYr odam{Y, emarnaH$
Ï`moYoH´$`m, `m°Z em{fU, ^mdZmÀ_H$ Agwajm, AH{$bm[Z Ï`ÒH$ C_´ _|
XwÏ`©dhma AmoX _mZogH$ Ï`dYmZ H{$ H$maU _mZ{ OmV{ h¢ `h OoQ>b
gm_moOH$, [mnadmnaH$ O°d d°kmoZH$ H$maUm{ß g{ [°Xm hm{Vm h¢& òX `h bß]{
g_` VH$ MbV{ h¢ Vm{ Ïò∫$ OrdZ _{ß oZame hm{ OmVm h¢ Am{a AZ{H$ ]ma
AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a b{Vm h¢ß&
[na^mfm - am]©Q> [mH©$ H{$ AZwgma " VZmd EH$ Ao^d•oV h¢ Om{ gX≤^md H$r
H$_r VWm [maÒ[naH$ jm{^ Am°a CŒm{OZm H$r Xem H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aVr h¢&
[mnadmnaH$ VZmd H{$ g›X^© _{ß Or.Eg.Kwa`{ Z{ obIm h¢ oH$ g_mO _{ß
AZ{H$ ‡H$ma H$r g_J´Vm hm{Vr h¢& [nadma H{$ gXÒ` [oV-[ÀZr Am°a ]Ém{ß
H{$ ]rM [maÒ[naH$ AodÌdmg hr VZmd H$m H$maU ]ZVr h¢&
VZmd Xm{ ‡H$ma g{ X{I{ Om gH$V{ h¢&
1. Ïò∫$JV H$maU - O°g{ bß]r ]r_mar, Jar]r, AoYH$mna`m{ß ¤mam
_Z_wQ>md, [mnadmnaH$ dmVmdaU
2. gm_moOH$ H$maU - Om{ oH$gr OmoV Y_© gÂ‡Xm`, KQ>Zm `m odMma g{
CÀ[fi hm{V{ h¢ AmoX&
em{Y H$m C‘{Ì` - Bg A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì` _wª` Í$[ N>mÃmAm{ß ¤mam `wdmAm{ß
_{ß VZmd H{$ H$maU Edß ‡^mdm{ß H$m kmZ ‡m· H$a CZH{$ oZamH$aU h{Vw gwPmd
X{Zm h¢&
1. `wdmAm{ß _{ [mnadmnaH$ VZmd gß]ßYr g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m A‹``Z&
2. `wdmAm{ß _{ [mnadmnaH$ VZmd H{$ ‡^md H$m A‹``Z&
3. VZmd g{ CÀ[fi gm_moOH$ odgßJoV`m{ß H$m Iwbmgm H$a gm_moOH$
OmJÍ$H$Vm CÀ[fi H$aZm&
4. _ohbmAm{ß H$r dmÒVodH$ oÒWoV H$m kmZ ‡m· H$aZm&
*
5. [nadma H{$ ]XbV{ ÒdÍ$[ g{ CÀ[fi g_Ò`mAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar ‡m·
H$aZm&
6. VZmd g{ CÀ[fi [naUm_m{ß H$r OmZH$mar ‡ÒVwV H$aZm&
A‹``Z [’oV Edß C[H$aU - ‡ÒVwV em{Y _| ]r.E. fÓR>_ g{_{ÒQ>a Edß
E_.E. g_mOemÛ odf` H$r A‹``ZaV 50 N>mÃmAm{ß H$m M`Z godMma
oZXe©Z ‡Umbr ¤mam oH$`m J`m h¢& oZXe©Z ¤mam MwZ{ J`{ CŒmaXmVmAm{ß g{
‡mWo_H$ gm_J´r H$m gßJh´ U gmjmÀH$ma ¤mam oH$`m J`m&AmdÌ`H$VmZwgma
odo^fi Ûm{Vm{ß g{ gßJóhV o¤Vr`H$ g_ßH$m{ H$m ^r ‡`m{J oH$`m J`m h¢&
C[H$aU - gmjmÀH$ma AZwgyMr, ‡ÌZmdbr g_mMma [Ã - [oÃH$mAm{ß
B›Q>aZ{Q> H{$ _m‹`_ g{ oZXe©Z ‡Umbr ¤mam `wdmAm{ß _{ß VZmd H$m A‹``Z
oH$`m J`m&
C[H$Î[Zm 1. `wdmAmß{ _{ß oZa›Va VZmd H$m [m`m OmZm&
2. VZmd H$m _wª` H$maU [mnadmnaH$ e°joUH$&
C[H$Î[Zm d°kmoZH$ AZwgßYmZ H$m AÀ`›V _hÀd[yU© MaU h¢
C[H$Î[Zm Xm{ `m Xm{ g{ AoYH$ Mam{ß H{$ ]rM AZw^d _ybH$ gß]ßY H$m
AZw_moZV oddaU h¢ `h _mÃ AZw_mZ h¢ oOgH$m [arjU H$aZm A^r e{f
h¢&
JwS{> Edß hm∞Q> H{$ AZwgma - "C[H$Î[Zm Bg ]mV H$m dU©Z H$aVr h¢ oH$ h_
AmJ{ ∑`m X{IZm MmhV{ h¢ EH$ C[H$Î[Zm ôdÓ` H$r Am{a X{IVr h¢ `h EH$
‡ÒVmdZm h¢ oOgH$r ‡_moUH$Vm og’ H$aZ{ h{Vw CgH$m [arjU oH$`m Om
gH$Vm h°& `h ghr ^r og’ hm{ gH$Vr h¢ Am°a JbV ^r&'
Vœ`m{ß H$m gßH$bZ, dJr©H$aU Edß odõ{fU - em{Y V°`ma H$aZ{ h{Vw
gyMZmXmVmAmß{ g{ _hmod⁄mb` _{ß hr AZwgMy r H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ‡ÌZmß{ H$r OmZH$mar
‡m· H$r& A‹``Z _ß{ dÒVwoZÓR>Vm H$m ode{f ‹`mZ aIm J`m h¢&
`wdH$ dJ© X{e H$r AmoW©H$ oÒWoV g{ jw„Y h° `hr H$maU h¢ oH$ odo^fi
ÒWmZm{ß _ß{ odo^fi _m‹`_m{ß g{ AgßVm{f Mmam{ß Va\$ h¢& Mm{na`m±>, S>mH{$, byQ>[mQ>
A[amY H$aV{ h¢& 80 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm _mZV{ h¢ oH$ òX g_mO _{ß AmoW™H$
Ag_mZVmE± Xya hm{ OmE Vm{ `wdmAm{ß _{ß VZmd H$_ hm{ gH$Vm h¢& ∑`m{ßoH$ AZ{H$
g_Ò`mAm{ß H$r O∂S> H$m _wª` H$maU AmoW©H$ Ag_mZVm hr h¢& AmoW™H$
Agwajm hr `wdmAmß{ _{ß oZamem Edß AßgVm{f H$m ^md OmJ•V H$aVr h¢ AV:
Bgr ‡À`j H{$ H$maU H$m{ òX g_m· H$a oX`m Om`{ Vm{ VZmd g{ CÀ[fi
g_Ò`mE± g_m· hm{ gH$Vr h¢& 45 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm _mZV{ h¢ oH$
AZwemgZhrZVm VZmdm{ß H$m{ O›_ X{Vr h¢& òX `wdmAm{ß H$m{ ]M[Z g{ hr
AZwemgZ _{ß ahZ{ H$r AmXV hm{ Vm{ VZmd ÒdV: hr H$_ hm{ Omd{Jm& AmO
Zm°H$ar [{em ‡m· _ohbmE± A[Z{ [nadma H$r A¿N{> g{ X{I a{I Zht H$a [mVr
‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
h¢& BZ _ohbmAm{ß [a H$m`©^ma AoYH$ hm{Z{ g{ ]Ém{ß H$m ]M[Z ]{]rerQ>a _{ß
]rVVm h¢ C›h|> dh Z°oVH$, Ymo_™H$ gßÒH$ma Zht X{ [mVr h¢& CoMV [`m©daU
_{ß ]Ém{ß H$m [mbZ [m{fU Zht hm{ [mVm h¢ AV: odf_ [naoÒWoV`m{ß _{ß ]É{
AZwHy$bZ Zht H$a [mV{ h¢ Am°a VZmd H$m oeH$ma hm{ OmV{ h¢ß&
[mÌMmÀ` g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH•$oV H$m{ ‡^md g{ AmO H$m g_mO ]hwV
AoYH$ ‡^modV h¢& 50 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVmAm{ß H$m _mZZm h¢ oH$ [mÌMmÀ`
e°br _{ß ÒdVßÃVm `wdmAm| _{ß AoYH$ h¢ Am°a dh CZH$r Vah `hm ^r ÒdVßÃ
ahZm MmhV{ h¢& _mVm - o[Vm ]wOw©Jm{ß H$m ]mYH$ _mZV{ h¢& ]wOw™J C›h{ß A[Z{
AZw^dm{ß g{ CZH$m odH$mg H$aZm MmhV{ h¢ß& g_mO _{ß od⁄_mZ _mZXßS> `wdmAm{ß
H$r —oÓQ> _{ß A‡^mdr Edß hmoZH$maH$ bJV{ h¢ Bgob`{ dh VZmd g{ ‡^modV
hm{Vm h¢¢&
76 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm emarnaH$ Edß _mZogH$ H$maH$ H$m{ ^r VZmd
H$m H$maU _mZV{ h¢ emnanaH$ odH$bmßJVm _mVm o[Vm H$m ]Ém{ß H{$ gmW
C[{ojV Ï`dhma gßd{XZhrZVm AmoX H$m{ ^r VZmd H$m H$maU _mZV{ h¢&
50 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVmAm{ß ‡{_ gß]ßYm{ _{ß H$∂S> dmhQ> H$m{ VZmd H$m H$maU
_mZV{ h¢ß& AmOH$b \{$g]wH$, ÏhmQ>g E[, Edß A›` ‡H$ma g{ `wdm b∂S>H{$ Edß
b∂S> oH$`m H$m{ ÒdVßÃ Í$[ g{ Xm{ÒV ]ZmV{ h¢ Am°a òX CZ_{ß oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma g{
AZ]Z hm{Z{ g{ òX CZH{$ naÌV{ Iam] hm{ OmV{ h¢ Vm{ dh VZmd H{$ oeH$ma hm{
OmV{ h¢&
60 ‡oVeV CŒmaXmVm H{$ AZwgma `wdmAm{ß _{ß VZmd e°joUH$ `m
A›` j{Ãm{ß _{ß Ag\$bVm h¢& AmO h_ X{IV{ h° oH$ AZwÍ$[ [arjm [naUm_
Zht AmZ{ [a `wdm Zd©g hm{ OmV{ h¢ OrdZ g{ hma _mZ b{V{ h¢ g_mO _|
[bm`Z H$a b{V{ h¢ `m AmÀ_hÀ`m H$a b{V{ h°&
Bg ‡H$ma g{ Ò[ÓQ> h¢ oH$ `wdmAmß{ _{ VZmd Zht daZ AZ{H$ H$maH$ h¢&
X{e H$r CfioV `m odH$mg H{$ j{Ã _{ß `wdm dJ© H$m `m{JXmZ hm{Vm h¢& X{e H$m
`wdm dJ© O] A[Z{ H$m`© H$m{ [yam H$amZ{ `m H$aZ{ _{ß A[Z{ Am[H$m{ Ag_W©
[mVm h¢ Vm{ EH$ E{gr oÒWoV _{ß oZamem Edß AgßVm{f H$r ^mdZm OmJ•V hm{Vr
174
h¢& H∞$naà H$m{ b{H$a `wdmAm{ß _{ß VZmd X{Im OmVm h¢ Am°a Om{ A¿N{> [Xm{ß [a h¢
CZ_{ß ^r VZmd X{Im OmVm h¢&
VZmd H{$ bjU - VZmd H{$ E{g{ H$m{B© bjU Zht hm{V{ h¢& oOgg{ VZmd H$m{
OmZm Om gH$m& b{oH$Z o\$a ^r K]amhQ>, CXmgr, AÒWmB© oM∂T> oM∂T>m[Z,
Y∂S> H$Z H$m ]∂T>Zm, ogaXX© ZtX H$m Zht AmZm, [{Q> gßß]ßYr A[mMZ AmoX
VZmd H{$ bjU oXImB© X{V{ h¢&
C[m` - VZmd g{ ]MZ{ H$m g]g{ _hÀd[yU© C[m` h¢& `wdmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ Òdß`
H$m{ goH´$` aIZm h¢& gH$mamÀ_H$ gm{M, Ï`m`m_, A¿N>r [wÒVH{$ß [∂T>Zm, o_Ãm{
naÌV{Xmam{ß g{ gß]ßY ]Zm`{ aIZm Zerb{ [XmW© H$m g{dZ Zht H$aZm AmoX&
`h bß]{ g_` H$m VZmd h¢ Vm{ oZa›Va Ï`m`m_, ^m{OZ _{ß ‡m{Q>rZ \$b,
go„O`m±>, gbmX a{e{Xma Am°a emH$mhmar ^m{OZ H$aZm Mmoh`{ Am°a S>m∞∑Q>a
H{$ gÂ[H©$ _{ß ahZm Mmoh`{&
VZmd H$m{ H$_ H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ oOVZ{ o_Ã H$maJa hm{ gH$V{ h° CVZr
XdmB©`m± ^r Zht, A[Z{ o_Ãm{ß H{$ _mJ©Xe©Z CZH$r _XX b{V{ ahZ{ Mmoh`{&
gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm _{ß òX Ag_mZVm h¢ Vm{ Y°`©[yd™H$ gm_Zm H$a CgH{$
oZamH$aU H{$ C[m` Òdß` H$m{ hr H$aZm MmohE|$&
Ï`dgm` H$r oZoÌMVVm H{$ ¤mam `wdmAm{ß _{ß AßgVm{f H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ _{ß
_XX o_b gH$Vr h¢& amOZroVH$ j{Ã _{ß gÒVr Z{VmoJar H$m{ hVm{ÀgmohV
oH$`m OmZm MmohE|& oejH$ Ao^m^mdH$ Am°a od⁄moW©`m{ß _{ß A›V: gß]ßYr
H$r ÒWm[Zm H$a `wdH$m{ß _{ß gwajm H$r ^mdZm [°Xm H$a AZ{H$ ‡H$ma g{ `wdH$
Z{V•Àd ‡oejU H°$›–, `wdH$ _{b{ AmoX H{$ _m‹`_ g{ `wdH$m{ß _{ VZmd Edß
AßgVm{f H$m{ Xya oH$`m Om gH$Vm h¢&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :1. AW©emÛ - S>r.Eg. ]K{b &
2. g_moOH$ g_Ò`mE - am_ AhwOm &
3. g_mMma [Ã [oÃH$mE Edß B›Q>aZ{Q> &
*************
175
S>m∞. ^r_amd AÂ]{S>H$a H$m gm_moOH$ oMßVZ
S>m∞. YraO Om∞ZgZ *
‡ÒVmdZm - Ïò∫$ A[Z{ `wJ Am°a g_mO H$r X{Z hm{Vm h°& `wJ Am°a g_mO
H$r gr_mAmß{ _{ß OrZm CgH$r oZòV hm{Vr h°& Xyga{ e„Xm{ _{ß, g_mO Am°a `wJ
H$r gr_mAm{ß H{$ [ma Om [mZm gm_m›` Ïò∫$ H{$ ]g _{ß Zht hm{Vm oH$›Vw
‡À`{H$ g_mO Am°a `wΩ_ Hw$N> Ïò∫$ E{g{ ^r hm{V{ h°, Om{ Am∞I _y±XH$a g_mO
H{$ gmW Zht MbV{ d{ ÒWmo[V Ï`dÒWm _{ß ^mJrXmar ]Z Cg_{ß bm^ CR>mZ{
H{$ ÒWmZ [a Cg_{ß oZohV odam{Ym^mg em{fU d A›`m` H{$ odÍ$’ gßKf©
AmˆmZ H$aV{ h°, VWm gÂ]’ d°MmnaH$r (AmBoS>`m{bm∞Or) Edß _yÎ`m{ß H{$
dmhH$ ]ZZ{ H{$ ÒWmZ Cg_{ß H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Z H{$ gyÃYma ]ZV{ h°,
S>m∞. ^r_amd am_Or AÂ]{S>H$a AmYwoZH$ `wJ H{$ CZ odab{ [wÍ$fm{ _ß{ W{
oO›hm{ßZ{ `wJ d g_mO H$r ÒWmo[V Ï`dÒWm Edß odMmnaH$ Z Vm{ AYrZVm
ÒdrH$ma H$r Am°a Z hr CZg{ g_Pm°Vm oH$`m& d{ [aÂ[amÀ_H$ g_mO H$r
A›`m` Edß em{fUH$mar eo∫$`m{ß H{$ odam{Y OrdZ [`©›V gßKf© H$aV{ ah{,
gßodYmZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{ 26 OZdar 1950 H$m{ gßodYmZ _gm°Xm go_oV H{$
A‹`j H{$ Í$[ _{ß C›hm{ßZ{ ^maV _{ß A›`m` Edß em{fU g{ aohV EH$ ]{hVa `wJ
Edß ]{hVa g_mO H$r AmYmaoebm aIr& gmW hr, oh›Xr H$m{S> o]b H$m
oZ_m©U H$a [aß[amÀ_H$ oh›Xy g_mO _{ß H´$mßoVH$mar [nadV©Z H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV
oH$`m&
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$r [hMmZ EH$ gßodYmZ odk AWdm H$mZyZ odX H$r
h°& d{ g_mO gwYmaH$, amOZ{Vm Edß XobVm{ß H{$ _grhm H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^r OmZ{ OmV{
h°, oH$›Vw CZH$r aMZmAm{ß H$m òX ]marH$r g{ odÌb{fU oH$`m Om`{ Vm{
Ò[ÓQ> hm{Jm oH$ S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a dÒVwV: EH$ g_mOemÛr W{& hmbm±oH$ C›hm|Z{
Z Vm{ Am°[MmnaH$ Í$[ g{ g_mOemÛ H$r H$^r oejm [mB© Am°a Z hr H$^r
g_mOemÛr hm{Z{ H$m Xmdm oH$`m&
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H{$ OrdZ H{$ _yb C‘{Ì` XobV g_mO H$r [aÂ[amÀ_H$
XmgVm H{$ H$maUm{ß H$r Im{O H$a XobVm{ß H$m C’ma H$aZm Wm& CZH{$ gÂ_wI
H$B© ‡ÌZ W{& ?
1. ∑`m XobV dJ© ^maVr` H$m EH$ ^mJ h°, AWdm EH$ [•WH$ VÀd h°?
2. òX XobV dJ© ^maV H$r gm_m›` OZgßª`m H$m hr EH$ AßJ h° Vm{
BoVhmg H{$ oH$g H$mb _{ß `h gm_m›` OZgßª`m g{ [•WH$ hwAm?
3. BgH{$ gm_m›` OZgßª`m g{ [•WH$≤ hm{Z{ H{$ ∑`m H$maU W{&
4. d{ H$m°Z bm{J W{ Am°a C›hm{ßZ{ oH$Z H$maUm{ß g{ XobVm{ß [a gm_moOH$,
AmoW©H$, amOZ°oVH$ Edß Ymo_©H$ oZ`m{ΩVmE± Wm{[t Am°a C›h{ß O›_
O›_mßVa H{$ ob`{ Xmg ]Zm oX`m ?
C∫$ ‡ÌZm{ß H{$ g_mYmZ h{Vw S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ C[b„Y - gmohÀ` H{$ AmYma
[a d°oXH$, C[oZfoXH$, Y_©emÛr` AWdm Ò_•oVH$mbrZ VWm ]m°’ `wJrZ
gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWmAm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aV{ hw`{ AVrV H{$ BoVhmg H$r H$o∂S>`mß{
H$m{ T±>yT>Z{ H$m ‡`mg oH$`m oOZH{$ ¤mam gm_moOH$ Ï`dÒWm _{ß hm{Z{ dmb{
[nadV©Zm{ Edß XobV g_Ò`m H$r CÀ[oŒm [a ‡H$me S>mbm Om gH{$&
*
EH$ ]ma `h oZoÌMV hm{ OmZ{ H{$ C[am›V oH$ XobV g_Ò`m Xm{f [yU©
gm_moOH$ T>m±M{ Am°a oZ`_m{ H{$ [naUm_ h°, AÂ]{S>H$a H$m ‹`mZ EH$ ›`m`[yU©
gm_moOH$ T>m±M{ H$r aMZm H$r Am{a J`m& AV: CZH$m e{f oM›VZ Mmh{ dh
AmoW©H$, amOZ°oVH$, gßd°YmoZH$, odoYH$ `m Ymo_©H$ hm{, CZH{$ gm_moOH$
oM›VZ, Om{ ›`m`[yU© gm_moOH$ gÂ]›Ym{ß H{$ AmYma^yV VÀdm{ß H$r Im{O g{
gÂ]o›YV h°, H$m _mÃ [yaH$ h°&
C[`w©∫$ odd{MZ g{ Ò[ÓQ> h°, oH$ S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$m gm_moOH$ oM›VZ
H{$ _ª` o]›Xw oZÂZ h¢ :
1. Ìmm{ofV Edß XobV dJm~ AWm©V≤ ey– Edß ANy>V dJm~ H$r CÀ[oŒm H{$
gm_moOH$ E{oVhmogH$ H$maUm{ß H$r Im{O&
2. XobVm{ß H$m em{fU VWm gdUm~ H$m ohV [m{fU H$aZ{ dmbr d°MmnaH$r
H$r VH©$gßJV g_rjm&
3. AmYwoZH$ AWm©V≤ bm{H$VmßoÃH$ gm_moOH$ T>m±M{ d gÂ]›Ym| H{$ oZ`m©_H$
og’m›Vm{ß H$m oZÍ$[U&
4. AmYwoZH$ AWm©V bm{H$VmßoÃH$ gm_moOH$ T>m±M{ d gÂ]›Ym{ H{$ oZ_m©`H$
og’mßVm| H$m oZÍ$[U&
5. bm{H$VmßoÃH$ gm_moOH$ T>m±M{ Edß gÂ]›Ym{ H$m{ g{odV Edß gß[m{ofV
H$aZ{ dmbr d°MmnaH$r Edß _yÎ`m{ß H$m oZÍ$[U&
g_mOdmXr Ï`dÒWm H$m{ S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a [yU© Í$[ g{ g°’mo›VH$ [j
_mZV{ W{& BgH$m _wª` H$maU `h Wm oH$ oOg gm_moOH$ [nad{e _{ß CZH$m
O›_ hwAm Wm Cg_{ß Ag_mZVm, oZY©›Vm Edß em{fU Ï`m· `m dh gm_moOH$
Ï`dÒWm _{ß ^{X^md [yU© dmVmdaU g{ oZo_©V Wm, Ïò∫$ H$r Ïò∫$ H{$ ]rM
g_mZVm Zht Wr bm{J _mZd hm{V{ hwE ^r _mZdr` AoYH$mam{ß g{ dßoMV ahV{ W{&
Bg em{fU Am°a Xna–Vm H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ gaH$ma
odÍ$’ H$R>m{a H$X_ CR>mE oOgg{ g_mO H$r dV©_mZ gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$
Ï`dÒWm _{ß Hw$N> [nadV©Z Am gH{$ Am°a C›hm|Z{ [naoÒWoV`m{ß H{$ AZwHy$b
g_mOdmX H$m ‡oV[mXZ oH$`m Wm& S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$r g_mOdmXr
odMmaYmam AoYH$ bm{H$o‡` hm{Vr JB© Wr& .........................
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a CZ gm_moOH$ Am°a AmoW©H$ ^{X^mdm{ß H$m{ Xya H$aZm
MmhV{ W{ oOZg{ Hw$N> bm{{J H$oR>Z [nal_ H$aZ{ H{$ ]mdOyX A[Zm OrdZ
A¿N>r Vah g{ o]Vm Zht [mV{ W{ CZH{$ g_mOdmX H$m ‡À`j ›`m` Am°a
g_mZVm CZH{$ gßVwbZ [a hr oZ^©a h°& Cg_{ß CZ g^r odMmam{ß Am°a Ï`dhmam{ß
H$m A›V N>m{∂S>Zm MmohE Om{ ]wamB© H{$ Í$[ _{ß od⁄_mZ h° Am°a oOgg{ OZ
gmYmaU H$m{ [r∂S>m Edß XwI hm{Vm h°
g_mOdmXr g_mO H$r Am{a AmÒWm Edß [yU© odÌdmg - H$_© H$aZm
_mZd g‰`Vm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE oZVm›V AmdÌ`H$ h° H{$db gmYmaU
H$m{oQ> H{$ H$_m} g{ hr _ZwÓ` _hmZ ‡JoV Am°a gmßÒH•$oVH$ OrdZ Ï`VrV H$aZ{
_{ß g\$b Zht hm{ [mEJm& _ZwÓ` H$m{ E{gm OrdZ ‡m· H$aZ{ H{$ obE AdH$me
AoVoW od¤mZ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, X_m{h (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
H$r AmdÌ`H$Vm hm{Vr h°& VmoH$ dh A[Zr ]wo’ Am°a kmZ H$r C[bo„Y`m{ß
g{ g_ÒV OrdZ H$m{ ‡¡OdobV H$a gH{$ß&
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ H$hm Wm oH$ - òX _ZwÓ` H$m{ A¿N>m ZmJnaH$ ]ZZm h°
Vm{ gm_m›` ZmJnaH$ H{$ H$V©Ï` oZ^mZ{ H{$ obE A[Z{ Ïò∫$Àd H$m odH$mg
H$aZ{ H{$ obE VWm A[Z{ ode{f H$m`m} H$r [yoV© H{$ obE AdH$me OÍ$ar h°&
BgH$m grYm gm AW© `h h° oH$ _ZwÓ` H{$ l_ H$r gr_m oZYm©naV h°& `h E{gr
AdÒWm h° & oOgH$r [yoV© H{$db Cg g_` hr gH$Vr h° O] am¡` gaH$ma
H{$›–rH$aU H$a{ß&
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ `hr odMma aI{ H$r am¡` C⁄m{Jm| H$m{ A¿N>r Vah
MbmZ{ H{$ obE Hw$N> CŒmaXmo`Àd b{Zm MmohE VWm OZVm H$r ^bmB© H{$ obE
am¡` H$m{ MmohE oH$ dh _wª` ]woZ`mXr C⁄m{Jm| H$m{ A[Z{ hmWm{ _| b{,
∑`m{oH$ AmO H{$ ‡JoVerb g_mO H$m _wª` H$m`© AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m
‡^mdembr Tß>J g{ am{H$Wm_ H$aZm h° Mmh{ bm{J H$maImZm{ß _{ß H$m_ H$a{ `m
I{Vm{ _{ß em{fU H{$ ¤mam CZH$m{ [ro∂S>V H$aZm g_mOdmXr ^mdZm H{$ o]ÎHw$b
od[arV h° g_mOdmXr g_mO H{$db Bgr g_` gß^d hm{ gH$Vm h° O] am¡`
H$aZ{ dmb{ bm{J oXb Am°a oX_mJ g{ Ïò∫$ H$r g\$bVm ›`m` ^r o_b{Jm
VWm Bgg{ em{fU H$m{ ]∂T>mdm Zht o_b{Jm&
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ H$hm oH$ amOZroVH$ eo∫$ CZ bm{Jm| H{$ hmW _{ß Zht
OmZm MmohE Om{ g_mOdmXr AmX{em{ H{$ odÍ$’ h° òX E{g{ bm{J emgZ
H$a{J{ Vm{ g_mOdmX Zht Am gH$Vm h°&
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$m _V Wm oH$ H{$db OZ_V hr ‡OmVßÃ _{ß `h oZU©`
X{Z{ H$m AoYH$mar h° oH$ Cg_{ß OZVm H$m{ `h X{IZm MmohE oH$ H$m°Z bm{J
g_mOdmXr g_mO H{$ g_W©H$ h° Am°a H$m°Z g_mO H{$ dmÒVodH$ gm_moOH$
_m[ MmhV{ h° Am°a H$m°Z AmoW©H$ em{fU H$m A›V H$aZ{ H{$ obE H$oQ>]’ h°,
b{oH$Z `h g] Hw$N> oejm H{$ o]Zm Agß^d h°&
g_mOdmX H$m Ï`dhmnaH$ [j - gÉ{ AWm} _{ß g_mOdmXr hm{Z{ H{$ ZmV{
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a g] ‡H$ma H{$ gm_moOH$ ^{X^md H{$ odÍ$’ W{ C›hm|Z{ g^r
bm{Jm| H$m{ ode{fH$a em{ofV XobVm{ H{$ obE erK´ Adga ‡XmZ H$aZ{ [a
]b oX`m&............
g^r ZmJnaH$m{ß H$m{ CZ ÒWmZm| Edß gßÒWmZm| Edß gßÒWmAm| _{ß OmZ{ H$m
AoYH$ma hm{Zm MmohE oO›h{ gaH$ma g^r bm{Jm{ H{$ ‡`m{J H{$ obE oZo_©V
H$aVr h°..........
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$r —oÓQ> g{ oH$gr ^r ‡H$ma H$m ^{X^md g_mOdmX H$r
gÉr ^mdZm H{$ ‡oVHy$b h° ^{X^md g{ gm_m›` OZ ‡{_ g_m· hm{Vm h° E{gm
hm{Z{ [a gm_m›` H$m`m} `m aMZmÀ_H$ oH´$`mAm{ H$m{ AmKmV [hwM± Vm h°& ^{X^md
H{$ odÍ$’ W{ CgH{$ H$Q>Q>≤a odam{Yr W{&
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a gmh{] Z{ gm_moOH$ ^{X^md H{$ ‡oV od–m{h hr Zht
daZ≤ gm_moOH$ ]ohÓH$ma H$m ^r gmhg[yU© odam{Y oH$`m ∑`mß{oH$ em{fU g{
H$ht AoYH$ eo∫$embr hoW`ma gm_moOH$ ]ohÓH$ma hm{Vm h°& oOgH$m{
VWmH$oWV D$±Mr OmoV`m± A[Z{ bm^ H{$ obE ‡`m{J _{ß bmVr h°& O] em{ofV
bm{J gm_moOH$ ]wamB`m|$ VWm AmoW©H$ A›`m` H{$ ‡oV AdmO CR>mV{ h° Vm{
CZH$m{ X]mZ{ H{$ obE E{gr [’oV`m{ß H$m{ H$m_ _ß{ bm`m OmVm h°& BgH$m
176
em{ofV Edß oZY©Zm| H$m{ ¡`mXm AZw^d hm{Vm h°, oH$ CZH$m oH$VZm A[_mZ
hm{Vm h°.....................
g_mOdmX Am°a g_mZVm - S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$m _mZZm Wm oH$ Om{ bm{J
A›`m` Am°a oZY©ZVm H{$ odÍ$’gßKf© Zht H$a gH$V{ CZH$m{ g_mOdmXr
Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h°& g_mOdmXr ^mdZmEß dmÒVd _{ß Cgr g_` OmJ•V
hm{Vr h°
O] H$m{B© Ïò∫$ gm_moOH$ X]md Am°a AmoW©H$ em{fU H{$ ‡oV od–m{h
H$aVm h° E{gm H$aZ{ g{ Cg _ZwÓ` H{$ A›Xa g_mZVm H{$ ‡oV AQy>Q> odÌdmg
hm{ OmVm h°, Am°a g_mZVm hr g] g_mOdmXr odMmaYmamAm{ß H$m _ybmYma
hm{Vr h°&
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ Òd`ßß ÒdrH$ma oH$`m oH$ EH$X_ g_mZVm H$m hm{Zm
H$oR>Z hr Zht daZ Agß^d ^r h°& ∑`m|oH$ _ZwÓ` H$m Òd^md Edß AmdÌ`H$Vm
o^fi-o^fi hm{Vr h° d{ ‡m{. bmÒH$r odMmam{ß g{ gh_V W{ oO›h|Z{ `h H$hm oH$
g_mZVm _mm°obH$ Í$[ gm_moOH$ ÒVa ]∂T> mZ{ H$r EH$ [’oV h° oH$gr Ïò∫$
H$m{ ^r g_mO _{ß Bg ‡H$ma H$m ÒWmZ Z o_b{ oH$ dh A[Z{ [ro∂T>`m| H$m
AoÒVÀd g_m· H$a X{ß& g_mZVm EH$ E{gr Ï`dÒWm h° oOg_{ß gm_moOH$
VÀdm{ß H$m EH$ E{gm gßVwbZ ahVm h° oH$ Cgg{ AmoW©H$ [nal_ _{ß g] ^mJ b{
gH{$, Am°a CgH{$ bm^ H$m ^r ohÒgm g] H$m{ g_mZ o_b gH{$ BgH$m AW© h°
oH$ Ïò∫$ H$m ^mJ CVZm hm{ oOVZm oH$ EH$ ZmJnaH$ hm{Z{ H{$ ZmV{ dh
[nal_ H$aVm h°..............
S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a Z{ obIm oH$ `h H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ òX H$m{B© g_mO
A[Z{ gXÒ`m{ß H$m{ CV_ ]ZmZm MmhVm h° Vm{ dh H{$db BVZm Cgr g_` H$a
gH$Vm h° O] VH$ dh g_mZVm H{$ og’m›V H$m{ Z b{&
Om{ Ïò∫$ g_mOdmXr ^mdZm H$m{ A[ZmZm MmhVm h° Cg{ gd©‡W_
g_mZVm H{$ og’m›V H{$ ‡oV ‡{_ g{ A[Zm Am›Xm{bZ H$aZm MmohE, g_mO
H{$ Zd oZ_m©U _{ß Ag_mZVm Am°a oZY©ZVm O°gr ]wamB`m{ß H$m A›V H$aZ{ H{$
obE Ïò∫$ H$m{ gX°d gßKf© H$aZm MmohE& S>m∞. AÂ]{S>H$a H$m _V Wm oH$ O]
VH$ oH$gr _ZwÓ` _{ß g_mZVm H{$ ‡oV ‡{_ Am°a g_mZVm H{$ ‡oV K•Um H$r
^mdZm CÀ[fi Zht hm{Jr, V] VH$ g_mOdmXr ^mdZm `m, ‡{aUm H$m A^md
g_Pm OmEJm& ?
`h CZH$r Xya —oÓQ> hr Wr H$r AmajU Ï`dÒWm H{$ H$maU hr XobVdJ© CZ [Xm{ß [a AmgrZ hm{ J`m h°-oOZH$r H$Î[Zm AgÂ^d Wr& ]XbV{
`wJ H{$ gmW g_mO H{$ g^r dJm} H{$ AgßVwbZ H$_ hm{ ahm h° Bgg{ og’ hm{Vm
h° oH$ ]m]m gmh] H$m g_mOdmXr oMßVZ XyaJm_r Edß XyaXfr© Wm&
1. _{H{$›Or O{.Eg - AmCQ> bmB©›g Am∞\$ Ò[{eb o\$bmg\$r &
2. OJOrdZ am_ - H$mÒQ> E S> AZQ>≤M{o]obQ>r &
3. AÂ]{S>H$a ]r.Ama - ÏhmQ> H$mßJ´{g E S> JmßYr h{[ Qy> X A›Q{>Mo]Îg &
4. AÂ]{S>H$a ]r.Ama - ÒQ{>Q> E S> _m`ZnaQ>rO &
5. ^JdmZXmg - BO Ò[m{H$ AÂ]{S>H$a &
*************
177
J´m_rU g_mO _{ß ÒdmÒœ` Edß oejm [a odkmZ Edß
‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m ‡^md
‡m{. AmB©. Eg. gÒÀ`m *
‡ÒVmdZm - odkmZ H$m AW© h¢ ode{f kmZ VWm H´$_]¤ kmZ g{ _mZd Z{
A[Zr AmdÓ`H$VmAm{ß H{$ ob`{ Z`{-Z`{ AmodÓH$ma oH$`{ h¢, d{ g] odkmZ
H$r hr X{Z h¢& AmO H$m `wJ odkmZ H$m `wJ h¢& odkmZ H{$ AZoJZV
AmodÓH$mam{ß H{$ H$maU _ZwÓ` H$m OrdZ [hb{ g{ AoYH$ Amam_Xm`H$ hm{
J`m h¢& odkmZ ha Z`{ AZwgßYmZ H{$ gmW _mZd OrdZ H$m{ AoYH$ gab
]ZmVm Mbm Om ahm h¢& AmO odkmZ H{$ ]∂T>V{ Mhw∞Am{a odH$mg H{$ H$maU
_mZd XwoZ`m H{$ ha j{Ã _{ß AJ´ga oXImB© X{ ahm h¢& _mZd Z{ odkmZ H$r
ghm`Vm g{ [•œdr [a C[b„Y ha MrO H$m{ A[Z{ H$m]y _{ß H$a ob`m h¢&
odkmZ H$r ghm`Vm g{ h_ D∞$M{ Amg_mZ _{ß C∂S> gH$V{ h¢ d Jha{ [mZr _{ß gmßg
b{ gH$V{ h¢& odkmZ H{$ ]∂T>V{ hwE odH$mg H{$ H$maU hr h_ M›–_m g{ b{H$a
_ßJb J´h _{ß [hw∞M [mE h¢& [wamVZ H$mb _{ß Om{ MrO{ AgÂ^d gr ‡VrV hm{Vr
Wr& odkmZ H{$ ]∂T>V{ C[`m{J H{$ H$maU A] gmYmaU gr _hgyg hm{Vr h¢&
‡m°⁄m{oJH$r h_ma{ [`m©daU H$m{ [nadoV©V H$aH{$ h_ma{ AZwHy$b ]ZmVm
h¢& h_ma{ g_mO H$m{ [nadoV©V H$aVm h°& `h [nadV©Z gmYmaU VWm ^m°oVH$
[`m©daU _{ß hm{Vm h¢ Am°a h_ [nadV©Zm{ß g{ Om{ AZwHy$bZ H$aV{ h¢ Cgg{ ]hwYm
‡WmE∞ Am°a gm_moOH$ gßÒWmE∞ gßem{oYV hm{ OmVr h¢& Bg ‡H$ma AmYwoZH$
`wJ _{ß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m gm_moOH$ [nadV©Z VWm g_mO H{$ odH$mg VWm
g_mO H{$ Í$[ [a JÂ^ra ‡^md [∂S> ahm h¢& AmO H$m `wJ odkmZ H{$ `wJ g{
gß]m{oYV oH$`m OmVm h¢&
AmYwoZH$ `wJ _{ß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r AWdm Q{>∑Zm{bm∞Or d°kmoZH$ og’mßVm{ß
H$m OZ gmYmaU H{$ OrdZ H$m{ gwIr ]ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{ Ï`mdhmna{H$ C[`m{J
hm{Vm h¢& Bg `wJ _{ß gm_moOH$ [nadV©Zm{ß H$m g]g{ _hÀd[yU© H$maH$
‡m°⁄m{oJH$r h¢& ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r ‡^md H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ Z`{-Z`{ Am°⁄m{oJH$ ZJa
]gV{ h¢& H$b H$maImZ{ bJm`{ OmV{ h¢& gwodYmOZH$ `ßÃ AmodÓH•$V oH$`{
OmV{ h¢ oOgg{ bm{Jm{ß H$r AmoW©H$ g_•o’ _{ß d•o’ hm{Vr ahr h¢ gmW gmW
CZH$m OrdZ ÒVa ^r D∞$Mm CR>Vm h¢ VWm Jm∞dm{ß H$m gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$,
amOZroVH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$ odH$mg hm{Vm h¢&
odkmZ Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ÒdmÒœ` Edß
oejm [a ]∂T>Vm hwAm ‡^md X{Im J`m h¢ ∑`m{ßoH$ AmO H{$ g_` _{ß odkmZ
Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m ÒdmÒœ` Edß oejm [a ]hwV AoYH$ _mÃm _{ß odH$mg hwAm
h¢& ÒdmÒœ` H{$ j{Ã _{ß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H{$ H$maU AZ{H$ _erZm{ß d C[H$aUm{ß H$m
AodÓH$ma oH$`m J`m d oH$`m Om ahm h° VWm oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß ^r odkmZ Edß
‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m odH$mg Vrd´ JoV g{ hm{ ahm h¢&
gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ \$bÒdÍ$[ J´m_rU g_mO _{ß
‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H{$ odH$mg H{$ H$maU AZ{H$ oMoH$Àgmb` gßÒWmAm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm
Edß ZdrZ oMoH$Àgmb` C[H$aUm{ß Edß VH$ZroH$ H{$ H$maU _mV• _•À`w,
*
Hw$[m{fU, oeew _•À`w Xa _{ß H$_r, OrdZ ‡À`j Am`w _{ß d•o’, _mZd H$r
‡mWo_H$ gwodYmAm{ß _{ß d••o’ d AZ{H$ gßH´$m_H$ ]r_mar O°g{ -h°Om, M{MH$,
_b{na`m, ZmÍ$ am{J, Hw$[m{fU, S>m`na`m, Hw$ÓR>am{J, ES>≤g am{J, ˆX` am{J,
[m{ob`m{, h{[{Q>mBQ>g ]r AmoX [a oZ`ßÃU oH$`m J`m Edß AZ{H$ Jß^ra
]r_moa`m{ß H$m C[Mma ^r oH$`m Om ahm h°& Om{ oH$gr ^r amÓQ≠> H{$ gm_moOH$,
AmoW©H$ Edß amOZroVH$ odH$mg H$m{ JoV X{Z{ _{ß ghm`H$ h¢& J´m_rU g_mO
A] Òd¿N >em°Mmb`m{ß Am°a gm\$-g\$mB© H$m ‡`m{J H$a ahm h°, Òd¿N> [{Òb
H$m C[`m{J H$a ahr h°, V›Ã-_ßÃ H{$ ÒWmZ [a oMoH$Àgmb`m{ß _{ß OmH$a
oMoH$Àgm H$amZ{ bJr h°& Bgg{ gßH´$m_H$ am{Jm{ß d Jß^ra am{Jm{ß H$r Xa _{ß H$_r
Am`r h° VWm J´m_rU H{$ ÒdmÒœ` H$m ÒVa D∞$Mm CR>m h°& `h g] Hw$N> odkmZ
Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$r X{Z h¢&oOgH{$ H$maU J´_rU j{Ã H$r _ohbmAm{ß H$r
H$m`©erbVm _{ß Vrd´ JoV g{ d•o’ hwB© h°&
Xygar Am{a J´m_rU ^maV _{ß oejm H$m ÒVa ^r ]∂T>m `h g] Hw$N>
odkmZ Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m ]∂T>Vm hwAm ‡^md h°& [ßMdfr©` `m{OZmAm{ß d
J´m_rU odH$mg H$m`©H´$_, _‹`‡X{e emgZ d H{$›– emgZ H{$ _m‹`_ g{
J´m_r m g_mO H$r oejm [a ode{f ]b oX`m Om ahm h°& BZ ‡`mgm{ß H{$
\$bÒdÍ$[ odJV 25 dfm~ _{ß J´m_rU g_mO H$r gmjaVm Xa _{ß bJ^J 72
‡oVeV H$r d•o’ hwB© h¢& Om{ gm_wXmo`H$ odH$mg H$m`©H´$_m{ß H{$ _hÀd H$m{
BßoJV H$aZ{ H{$ ob`{ [`m©· h¢& `{ g^r gßÒWmE∞ odkmZ Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r g{
‡^modV hwB© h°& g_mO Edß odkmZ EH$ Xyga{ H{$ [yaH$ h° ∑`m{ßoH$ g_mO hr
Ïò∫$ H$m{ gm_moOH$ dmVmdaU ‡XmZ H$aVm h¢ oOgH{$ ¤mam d°kmoZH$
kmZ H$m odH$mg hm{Vm h¢ß& gm_m›` e„Xm{ß _{ß odkmZ Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H$m AW©
d°kmoZH$ kmZ H$m g_mO _{ß Ï`dhmnaH$ C[`m{J g{ h¢& `h Ò[ÓQ> h¢ oH$
odkmZ Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r kmZ g_mO g{ [a{ Zht h¢ ]oÎH$ `h d°kmoZH$ kmZ
gm_moOH$ [naoY`m{ß _{ß hr odH$ogV hm{Vm h¢&
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\$bÒdÍ$[ Ohm∞ H$B© ]∂S> r ]r_moa`m| [a oZ`ßÃU [m`m Om ahm h¢& dhr Bgr
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ÒdÍ$[ gm_Z{ Am`m Om{ oH$ ]hwV hr Jß^ra oM›Vm H$m odf` h°&
J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß C[b„Y ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r gmYZ1. AmH$medmUr
AmH$medmUr-AmH$medmUr (a{oS>`m{) ¤mam g_` g_` [a oejm
H$m ‡Mma-‡gma Edß emgZ ¤mam oejm H{$ j{Ã _{ß oH$`{ Om ah{ gwYmam{ß,
oejm H$m`©H´$_, oejm g{ gß]ßoYV `m{OZmAm{ß, oejm g{ ∑`m ∑`m bm^ hm{V{
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (g_mOemÛ) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb` _Zmda, (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
h¢ H$r OmZH$mar Xr OmVr h¢ oOgH$m ‡^md J´m_rU j{Ã [a [∂S>m h¢ VWm
AmH$medmUr ¤mam g_` g_` [a ÒdmÒœ` gß]ßYr gbmh, odMma od_e©,
odo^fi ]r_moa`m{ß H$r am{H$Wm_ H{$ C[m`, gm\$-g\$mB©, Òd¿N>Vm, ÒdmÒœ`
g{ gß]ßYr odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H$r OmZH$mar Xr OmVr h¢& J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß
gm`ßH$mb H$m{ H•$of g{ gß]ßoYV Jm{ÓQ>r Edß gm_oOH$ Hw$aroV`m{ß H{$ C›_ybZ H{$
gß]ßoYV oXem-oZX}e oX`{ OmV{ h¢ oO›h| gwZH$a J´m_rU OZVm bm^mo›dV
hm{Vr h¢ oOgH$m ‡^md J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß Ò[ÓQ> oXImB© X{Vm h¢&
2. g_mMma [Ã Edß [oÃH$mE∞- J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß odkmZ Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r
H{$ H$maU Edß ZdrZ gßMma gmYZ H{$ H$maU J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß g_mMma d
[oÃH$mE∞ C[b„Y hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU AoYH$mße J´m_rU OZVm X{e odX{em| _{ß
hm{Z{ dmbr KQ>ZmAm{ß, [nadV©Z,ZdrZ VH$ZrH$r, AmodÓH$ma AmoX g{ [naoMV
hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU kmZ Edß oejm H{$ ÒVa _{ß d•o’ hwB© h¢ Edßß oMoH$Àgm H{$ ‡oV
OmJÍ$H$ hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU AoYH$mße ]r_mna`m{ß H$m g_` [a B©bmO H$amZ{ Edß
g_mMma [Ã [oÃH$mAm{ß _{ß JÂ^ra ]r_mna`m{ß H{$ H$maU, [naUm_,XwÓ[naUm_
H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$ hwE h¢ oOgg{ ]r_mna`m{ß [a oZ`ßÃU [m`m Om gH$m h¢&
3. Q{>brodOZ - J´m_rU jÃm{ß _{ß AmYwoZH$ g_` _{ß Q{>brodOZ H{$ ‡gma
H{$ H$maU AoYH$mße J´m_rU OZVm Q{>brodOZ H$m C[`m{J H$a ahr h¢&
Q{>brodOZ [a gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, amOZroVH$, gmßÒH•$oVH$, ÒdmÒW dY©H$
H$m`©H´$_, VWm g_`-g_` [a H{$›– emgZ Edß am¡` emgZ ¤mam oejm
Edß ÒdmÒœ` H{$ ‡oV odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß Edß VH$ZroH$ gbmh H{$ H$maU
oejm Edß ÒdmÒœ` H{$ ‡oV OmJÍ$H$Vm CÀ[fi hwB© h¢ Edß J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß
‡mWo_H$, _m‹ò_H$, hmB© ÒHy$b, hmà g{H{$ S>ar ÒHy$bm{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm Edß
oMoH$Àgm H{$›–m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm Edß oMoH$Àgm g{ gß]ßoYV H{$›–m| H$r ÒWm[Zm
Edß g_` g_` [a oMoH$Àgm gß]ßYr `m{OZmAm{ß H$m ‡gma ‡Mma oH$`m J`m&
XyaXe©Z H{$ ¤mam dV©_mZ KQ>ZmAm{ß [a Om{ gÀ` KQ>ZmE∞ YmamdmohH$ H{$
¤mam ‡gmnaV H$r OmVr h°& CZg{ ‡^modV hm{H$a J´m_rU OZVm gmdYmZ
hm{ ahr h¢&
4. H$flÂ`yQ>a Edß B›Q>aZ{Q> - AmYwoZH$ g_` _{ß J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß H$Âfl`yQ>a
Edß B›Q>aZ{Q> H{$ V{Or g{ ‡gmaU H{$ H$maU AoYH$mße J´m_rU OZVm H$Âfl`yQ>a
Edß B›Q>aZ{Q> g{ [naoMV hwB© h¢ VWm emgZ ¤mam AoYH$mße J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß
H$Âfl`yQ>a H{$›–m{ß H$r ÒWm[Zm Edß B›Q>aZ{Q> gwodYmE∞ C[b„Y H$amB© JB© h¢
178
oOgg{ J´m_rU OZVm grY{ dmB©-\$mB©, dMw©Ab ∑bmg, bm{H$ g{dm H{$›–
Edß AmZ∞bmBZ OmZH$mar g{ [naoMV hwB© h¢ VWm AoYH$mße J´m_rU OZVm
BZ gwodYmAm{ß H$m C[^m{J H$a ahr h¢ oOgg{ J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß oejm H{$ ÒVa _{ß
d•o’ hwB© h¢ oOgg{ AoYH$mßeV: [wÍ$f Edß _ohbmE∞ hmà g{H{$ S>ar, ÒZmVH$
Edß ÒZmVH$m{Œma H{$ ‡oVeV _{ß d•o’ hwB© h¢ Edß J´m_rU j{Ã _{ß oMoH$Àgm H{$›–m|
H$r ÒWm[Zm, S>m∞∑Q>a, Zg© ghmo`H$m, gmW hr AmßJZdm∂S> r H$m`©H$Œmm©, Amem
H$m`©H$Œmm© H{$ _m‹`_ g{ J´m_rU [wÍ$f _ohbmAm{ß H$m{ ÒdmÒœ` H{$ ]ma{ _{ß
OmZH$mar Xr OmVr h¢, VH$Zroe`Z, ZdrZ ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r, oMoH$Àgm C[H$aU,
XdmB`m∞ C[b„Y hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU ÒdmÒœ` _{ß gwYma hwAm h¢&
5. _m{ ] mB´ © b - AmYwoZH$ g_` _{ß J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß _m{]mB´©b H{$ V{Or g{
‡Mma ‡gma H{$ H$maU J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß H{$ AoYH$mße [wÍ$f Edß _ohbmE∞ _m{]mB©b
H$m C[`m{J H$a ah{ h¢ oOgH{$ H$maU X{e odX{e _{ß hm{Z{ dmbr KQ>ZmE∞ Edß
oejm Edß oMoH$Àgm _{ß hm{Z{ dmb{ OmZH$mar g{ VÀH$mb AdJV hm{V{ h¢&
_m{]mB©b H{$ _m‹`_ g{ Whatsapp H{$ _m‹`_ g{ gm_moOH$ Hw$aroV`m∞ H$m{
Xya H$aZ{ _{ß _hÀd[yU© ^yo_H$m oZ^m ahr h°&
J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r C[b„YVm AoYH$ _mÃm _{ß Z hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU
J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ZmJnaH$ ÒdmÒœ` Edß oejm H{$ j{Ãm{ß _{ß ZJar` ZmJnaH$m{ß H$r
VwbZm _{ß o[N>∂S{> hwE h¢& AV: dmÒVodH$ odH$mg V^r _mZm Om`{Jm, O]
J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r H{$ ZdrZ gmYZm{ß H$r ‡Mwa _mÃm _{ß C[b„YVm hm{&
‡ÒVwV em{Y-[Ã H{$ A›VJ©V J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß ÒdmÒœ` Edß oejm [a
odkmZ Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r Z{ [wÍ$fm{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß oÛ`m{ß H{$ H$_ hm{V{ hwE
obßJmZw[mV H$m{ aIm J`m h°& Bg g›X^© H$m AmYma `h h¢ oH$ dV©_mZ
J´m_rU g_mO _{ß ÒdmÒœ` Edß oejm [a odkmZ Edß ‡m°⁄m{oJH$r AmYwoZH$
oMoH$ÀgH$r` VH$ZrH$ H$m C[`m{J oÛ`m{ß H$r H$_ hm{Vr hwB© gßª`m _{ß ‡_wI
Í$[ g{ CŒmaXm`r h°&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï1. ZB©XwoZ`m &
2. d°ÌdrH$aU Am°a g_mO &
3. _ohbm OmJ•oV Am°a ge∫$rH$aU &
4. ^maVr` g_mO _{ß Zmar Xem Edß oXem &
5. ^maV _{ß J´m_rU g_mO &
*************
179
^yo_JV Ob gßgmYZm{ß H$r oÒWoV d ‡]›YZ
(oObm P¡Oa, hna`mUm- EH$ ^m°Jm{obH$ A‹``Z)
S>m∞. _wH{$e Hw$_ma *
em{Y gmamße ñ `h A‹``Z _wª`V: ^maV X{e _{ß oÒWV hna`mUm am¡` H{$ XojUr oOb{ P¡Oa [a H{$o›–V h°& `h P¡Oa oObm JßJm ZXr ]{ogZ
H{$ C[-]{ogZ, `_wZm ]{ogZ H{$ A›VJ©V AmVm h°& `h j{Ã _wª`V: Obm{T> _°XmZ d ]mby oQ>„]{ `w∫$ _°XmZr ‡X{e H{$ Í$[ _| OmZm OmVm h°& `hm± dfm© H$m
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H$r ^mdr C[b„YVm ]Zr ah gH{$&
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¤mam gVhr Ob nagH$a [•œdr H$r odo^fi JhamB`m{ß _{ß [hw±MVm h°& Bg
‡H$ma g{ YamVb H$r JhamB©`m{ß _{ß oH$gr ^yJo^©H$ ÒVa [a e°b-oN>–m{ß d
Xamam{ß _{ß od⁄_mZ Ob H$m{ ^yo_JV Ob H$hm OmVm h°& oH$gr j{Ã _{ß ^ygVh
H{$ ZrM{ ^yo_JV Ob H$r C[b„YVm _ybV: D$[ar YamVb H$r e°b gßaMZm
[a hr oZ^©a H$aVr h°& BgH{$ AoVna∫$ dfm© H$r _mÃm, Vrd´Vm, dmÓ[rH$aU
H$r Xa, gVhr Ob H$m ]hmd, ^yo_ H$m T>mb, dm`w H$r ewÓH$Vm, dZÒ[oV
AmdaU VWm _•Xm ‡H•$oV ^r BgH$r C[b„YVm H$m{ oZ`ßoÃV H$aV{ h¢& oOZ
[maJÂ` M≈>mZm{ß _{ß Ob EH$oÃV ahH$a C›h{ß Ob-gßV·
• (water saturated)
]ZmVm h°, C›hß{ Ob^•V (Aquafer) H$hm OmVm h°& ^yo_JV Ob H$r JhamB©
_wª` Í$[ g{ AY: oÒWoV dmbr AmYmar A[maJÂ` M≈>mZ H$r JhamB© [a
oZ^©a hm{Vr h°, oOgH{$ D$[a Ob gßV•· j{Ã [m`m OmVm h°& [a›Vw dV©_mZ _{ß
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^maV _{ß ‡mMrZH$mb g{ hr ^yo_JV Ob H$m Xm{hZ oH$`m Om ahm h°& gß`w∫$
amÓQ≠> gßK H$r ZdrZV_ na[m{Q©> H{$ AZwgma ^maV ^yo_JV ObXm{hZ H$aZ{
dmb{ erf© X{em{ß _{ß ‡W_ [m`XmZ [a h°& `hm±± 251 KZ oH$. _r. ‡oV df© H$r
Xa g{ ^yo_JV Ob H$m Xm{hZ oH$`m Om ahm h°&1 odÌd _{ß Xyga{ d Vrga{ ]∂S{>
^yo_JV Ob Xm{hZ H$aZ{ dmb{ X{e MrZ d gß`w∫$ am¡` A_{naH$m ^r ^maV g{
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Ob H$m Xm{hZ H$aV{ h°& [•œdr [a ]hwAm`m_r _hÀd dmb{ Ob gßgmYZ H$m
]hwAm`m_r A‹``Z H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& Ob gßgmYZ _ßÃmb` H{$ AZwgma
^maV _{ß ‡oVdf© 650 Aa] ∑`yo]H$ _rQ>a Ob H$m C[`m{J hm{Vm h°, oOg_{ß
g{ 231 Aa] ∑`yo]H$ _rQ>a ^yo_JV Ob h°& AmO h_mar ^y-Ob gÂ[Xm
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b{H$a 2 _rQ>a VH$ ZrM{ Om ahm h°& Hw$eb ‡]›YZ H{$ o]Zm Prb{ß, Vmbm]/
Om{h∂S> ewÓH$‡m`: hm{V{ Om ah{ß h¢& gVhr ObÛm{Vm{ß H$m{ ^r h_ Ag_mfl`
*
_mZH$a AÀ`›V oZX©`Vm H{$ gmW Xm{hZ H$a ah{ß h¢& AoYH$mße ZoX`mß `m Vm{
bw· hm{Vr Om aht h¢ `m o\$a d{ _°bm ∂T>m{Z{ H{$ _m‹`_ ]Z MwH$r h¢& oOgg{
^yo_JV Ob gßgmYZm{ß [a X]md oZa›Va ]T>Vm Om ahm h°&
A‹``Z j{Ã - P¡Oa oObm, hna`mUm am¡` H{$ XojUr oObmß{ _{ß g{ EH$
‡_wI oObm h°& `h 15 OwbmB© 1997 H$m{ am{hVH$ oOb{ g{ AbJ hm{H$a
AoÒVÀd _{ß Am`m& 28022' CŒmar Ajmße g{ 28049' CŒmar Ajmße VH$
VWm 76018' [ydr© X{em›Va g{ 76059' [ydr© X{em›Va VH$ \°$bm `h oObm
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oObm, XojU _{ß a{dm∂S>r d Jw∂S>Jmßd oOb{, [oÌM_ _{ß o^dmZr oObm VWm [yd©
_{ß amÓQ≠>r` amOYmZr j{Ã oXÑr H$r gr_mEß bJVt h¢& _wª`V: 3 Vhgrbm{ß _{ß
VWm P¡Oa, ]{ a r, ]hmXw a JT> , _mVZh{ b d gmÎhmdmg Zm_H$ 5
odH$mgI S>m{ß (Development Blocks) _{ß ]ßQ{>ß hwE P¡Oa oOb{ _{ß Hw$b
261 Jm±d AmV{ h¢& 77.8 ‡oVeV J´m_rU OZgßª`m aIZ{ dmb{ Bg oOb{
_{ß 929 Ïò∫$ ‡oV dJ© oH$._r. OZgßª`m KZÀd [m`m OmVm h°&
_mZoMÃ gßª`m 1 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a )
A‹``Z j{Ã oObm P¡Oa _wª`V: JßJm ZXr ]{ogZ H{$ C[-]{ogZ
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V›Ã H{$ È[ _{ß `hm± ZoX`m{ß H$m A^md h°& P¡Oa odH$mgI S> H$r XojUr
gr_m [a odbw· ]agmVr ZXr gmoh]r H$r ewÓH$ KmQ>r H$m Ao›V_ N>m{a h°&
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g_w– Vb g{ D±$MmB© 222 _rQ>a [mB© OmVr h°& oOb{ H$r gdm©oYH$ D±$MmB©
276 _rQ>a h°& Om{ oOb{ H{$ XojU-[oÌM_ _{ß [mB© OmVr h°& P¡Oa H$m
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XojU-[ydr© ^mJ _{ß EH$ hÎH{$ JV© H$r oÒWoV aIVm h°& oOb{ H{$ XojUr
^mJ _{ß _m{Q{> H$Um{ß
ghm`H$ ‡´m‹`m[H$ d A‹`j (^yJm{b) amOH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, ]hy, oObm - P¡Oa (hna`mUm) ‰mmaV
dmbr ]bwB© VWm e{f j{Ã _{ß oMH$Zr o_≈r, JmX d Xm{_Q> _•Xm H$m odÒVma
[m`m OmVm h°&
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H$r Im∂S>r d Aa] gmJa H$r gß`w∫$ _mZgyZ g{ Am°gVZ 44.4 g{ß_r. dfm©
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oXZm{ß _{ß hr C[b„Y h°& AÎ[ dfm©, Zhar Ob H$r gro_V j{Ã _{ß d AÎ[
AdoY _{ß C[b„YVm ahZ{ H{$ H$maU AoYH$mßeV: ^yo_JV Ob H$m hr ghmam
ob`m OmVm h°& oOb{ _{ß C[b„Y Hw$b ^yo_JV Ob _{ß g{ 66-70 ‡oVeV
^mJ bdUr` h° VWm e{f Ob H$r JwUdŒmm ^r oZÂZ h°& BZ g]H{$ ]mdOyX
^r ^yo_JV Ob H$m A›YmYw›Y Xm{hZ oH$`m OmVm h°& oOgg{ `h g_ÒV
j{Ã AmO C[`w∫$ Ob‡mo· H{$ A^md _{ß g_Ò`m j{Ã H{$ È[ _{ß Câ H$a
gm_Z{ Am`m h°& [hb{ g{ hr Ob gßH$Q> H$m gm_Zm H$a ah{ XojUr hna`mUm
H{$ Bg P¡Oa oOb{ _{ß Ob H$m `m{OZm]’ Tß>J g{ C[`m{J Z H$aZ{ H{$ H$maU
j{Ãdmog`m{ß H{$ AmoW©H$ oH´$`mAm{ß d OrdZÒVa _{ß Vrd´Vm g{ oJamdQ> AmVr
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gßgmYZm{ß H$m{ oZX©`Vm g{ Xm{hZ H$aZ{ g{ am{H$Zm MmohE&
C‘{ Ì ` l
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l
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l
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aUZroV ‡ÒVwV H$aZm&
odoYV›Ã Edß AmßH$∂S>m Ûm{V - A‹``Z j{Ã _{ß ^yo_JV Ob H$r _mÃm,
ObÒVa, C[`m{J, bdUVm, ObmH´$mo›V gÂ]ßYr AmßH$∂S{> H{$›–r` ^yo_JV
Ob ]m{S©> CŒma-[oÌM_r j{Ã-M S>rJ∂T> , H{$›–r` _•Xm bdUVm AZwgßYmZ
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181
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Om gH$Vm h°&
1. Managing water under risk and uncertainty, UN world
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¤mam ‡H$moeV& [•ÓR> gßª`m 11, 12.
3. http://www.agriharyana.nic.in/gwc_dark.htm
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g_Ò`m Edß g_mYmZ EH$ A‹``Z, ‡H$moeV em{Y[Ã, Ob gßajU
Edß ‡]›YZ [wÒVH$, amYm [o„bH{$e›g, ZB© oXÑr, [•ÓR> gßª`m 256.
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htpp://www.agriharyana.nic.in/gwc_fluctuations.htm
Draft Final report Sept. 2010-, Preparation of SubRegional plan for Haryana Sub- region of NCR, page
no.52 and Deptt. of town & country planning, Haryana.
182
_mZoMÃ gßª`m 1
Ûm{V - oObm gmßoª`H$r` gmamße P¡Oa (hna`mUm) 2007, AW© VWm gmßoª`H$r` odõ{fU od^mJ, hna`mUm gaH$ma, [•ÓR> gßª`m 69.
Ama{I gßª`m 3
Ûm{V - H{$›–r` ^yo_JV Ob ‡oVd{XZ-2007, oObm P¡Oa (hna`mUm), ObgßgmYZ _ßÃmb`, ^maV
gaH$ma, CŒma-[oÌM_r j{Ã, M S>rJT> ¤mam ‡H$moeV, [•ÓR> gßª`m 12.
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OZgßª`m ‡mWo_H$ Ï`dgm` _{ß bJr ahVr h°, O]oH$ `hm± ‡mH•$oVH$
gßgmYZm{ß H$r ‡MwaVm h°& AmoXdmog`m{ß H{$ e°ojH$ ÒVa _ß{ H$_r hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU
A^r ^r o[N>∂S>r AdÒWm _{ß h°°& em{Y H$m`© H{$ C‘{Ì` oZÂZmßoH$V h¢ 1. OZOmoV`m{ß H$r e°joUH$ odH$mg H{$ obE odo^fi emgH$r` `m{OZmAm{ß
H$r OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZm&
2. OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß oejm H{$ ‡oV gm{M `m Í$PmZ H$m odõ{fU H$aZm&
3. OZOmVr` ]mbH$-]mobH$mAm{ß _{ß od⁄mb` N>m{∂S>Z{ H$r ‡d•oŒm odf`H$
OmZH$mar ‡m· H$aZm&
4. OZOmoV`m{ß H$r gm_moOH$, AmoW©H$, amOZ°oVH$ Edß gmßÒH•$oVH$
g_Ò`mAm{ß H$m A‹``Z Om{ gÂ`H$ oejm ‡mo· H{$ _mJ© _{ß Adam{Y
CÀ[fi H$aVr h° H$r OmZH$mar ‡m· H$a CZH{$ oZXmZ H{$ C[m` ∂Ty>±∂T>Zm&
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gmjmÀH$ma ¤mam OmZH$mar EH$oÃV H$r J`r h°& OZOmVr` oejm H$m
dmÒVodH$ ÒdÍ$[, g_r[dVr© j{Ãm{ß H$m YamVb, A›` ‡mH•$oVH$ ÒdÍ$[,
OZOmVr` ahZ-ghZ, Obdm`w VWm ^m°oVH$ [`m©daU _{ß [nadV©Z H$r
oÒWoV AmoX H$r OmZH$mar H{$ obE j{Ã H$m gd}jU oH$`m J`m h°& oOb{ H{$
g^r odH$mgI S>m{ß H{$ 30 ‡oVeV g{ AoYH$ oZdmg H$aZ{ dmb{ AmoXdmgr
J´m_m{ß _{ß g{ 05 ‡oVeV J´m_m{ß H$m M`Z H$a 15 ‡oVeV AmoXdmgr g_wXm`m{ß
H$m A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h°&
gmjaVm H$m ÒdÍ$[ - OZOmoV odH$mg H{$ gß]ßY _{ß oH$`{ J`{ A‹``Z g{
Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ dV©_mZ _{ß odo^fi emgH$r` Edß J°a emgH$r` ‡`mgm{ß H{$
]mX ^r `h OZOmoV g_wXm` odH$mg H$r Xm°∂S> _{ß [rN{> ahm h°& BgH$m _wª`
H$maU Bg g_wXm` H$m AoeojV hm{Zm ahm h°& OZOmoV g_mO H$r
_m›`VmE±, [aÂ[amE± oZaja g_mO _{ß A[Zm odH$mg H$aVr h¢& BZ [aÂ[amAm{ß
Edß _m›`VmAm{ß [a g_wXm` H$m H$m{B© JhZ odMma od_e© Zht hm{Vm h°& `{
ÒWmZr` gßÒH•$oV, dmVmda m Edß ]m°o’H$ gm_moOH$ ÒVa H{$ gß[H©$ g{ oZa›Va
‡^modV Edß [nadoV©V hm{Vr ahVr h°&
OZOmoV g_wXm` H$m EH$ Xw^m©Ω` `h ^r ahm h° oH$ Bg g_wXm` H$m
oZdmg ÒWb gwXya [hm∂S>r, OßJbr XwJ©_ j{Ã ah{ h¢& [naUm_ Ò[Í$[ dfm~
VH$ `h g_wXm` odH$mg H$r _wª`Ymam g{ Zht Ow∂S> gH$m Om{ A[Zr oH$gr
^r AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß Edß g{dmAm{ß H{$ obE A›` g_wXm`m{ß [a AmolV Zht h°&
BZH$r gßÒH•$oV CZ [aÂ[amAm{ß g{ oZo_©V hm{Vr h° Om{ [aÂ[am Cg g_wXm` H{$
Ïò∫$`m{ß H$m{ CZH{$ [yd©Om{ß g{ ‡m· hm{Vr h°&
VmobH$m H´$. : 1 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a)
VmobH$m H´$. 1 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ oOb{ _{ß gZ≤ 1961 _{ß OZOmoV gmjaVm
H$m ‡oVeV 6.02 Wr, Om{ 8.96 ‡oVeV ]∂T>H$a gZ≤ 1971 _{ß 14.98 hm{
J`r& df© 1981 _{ß `hr gmjaVm Xa 24.99 hm{ J`r Om{ grY{{ 10.01 H$r
XeH$r` d•o’ ‡Xoe©V hm{Vr h°& Bgr Vah 1991 _{ß OZOmoV gmjaVm Xa
_{ß AmemVrV d•o’ hwB© Am°a Bg XeH$ _{ß 18.01 ‡oVeV d•o’ H{$ C[am›V
`h 43.00 ‡oVeV _{ß [hw±M JB©& Bgr Vah gZ≤ 2001 Edß 2011 _{ß
OZOmoV`m{ß H$r gmjaVm Xa ]∂T>H$a H´$_e: 50.70 Edß 59.30 ‡oVeV
hm{ J`r&
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H (^yJm{b) emgH$r` _hmod⁄mb`, Z°Z[wa, oObm - _ S>bm (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
_ S>bm oOb{ H{$ OZOmVr` gmjaVm Xa H$r d•o’ H{$ XeH$r` odH$mg
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g{ OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ e°joUH$ odH$mg H$r Am{a ‹`mZ oX`m OmZ{ bJm, oH$›Vw
odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r `m{OZmAm{ß H{$ CoMV ∂Tß>J g{ oH´$`mo›dV Z hm{ gH$Z{ H{$
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XeH$m{ß _{ß H$_ bm^ o_bm& BZ XeH$m{ß _{ß gmjaVm Xa 6.02 ‡oVeV Edß
14.98 ‡oVeV ahr&
2. _‹`_ gmjaVm odH$mg H{$ XeH$ --1961 H{$ ]mX _ S>bm oOb{
H{$ OZOmoV`m{ß H$r gmjaVm Xa _{ß Yra{{-Yra{ AoYH$ d•o’ hm{Z{ bJr& gZ≤
1971 _{ß OZOmoV`m{ß H$r gmjaVm _{ß 8.96 ‡oVeV, Edß 1981 _{ß 24.99
‡oVeV ahr& Bgr ‡H$ma 1981 g{ 1991 H{$ XeH$ _{ß gZ≤ 1971 g{ 1981
H$r VwbZm _{ß 9.01 ‡oVeV gmjaVm _{ß d•o’ hwB©& BZ XeH$m{ß _{ß OZOmoV`m{ß
_{ß gmjaVm _{ß d•o’ H{$ ‡_wI H$maUm{ß _{ß OZOmVr` e°joUH$ odH$mg H$r
`m{OZmAm{ß H{$ g\$bVm [yd©H$ oH´$`m›d`Z H{$ AoVna∫$ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß oejm
H{$ ‡oV Í$PmZ _{ß d•o’, embmAm{ß H$r gßª`m _{ß d•o’ AmoX ‡_wI h¢&
3. Vrd´ gmjaVm d•o’ H{$ XeH$ - gZ≤ 1991 g{ 2001 H{$ XeH$ _{ß
OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß gmjaVm H$r Xa ]∂T>H$a 36.00 ‡oVeV hm{ JB© Om{ o[N>b{
g^r XeH$m{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß AoYH$ ahr& Bg XeH$ H{$ gmW gZ≤ 2001 g{
2011 H{$ XeH$ _{ß OZOmVr` gmjaVm H$m g]g{ _hÀd[yU© [hby `h ahm
oH$ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß ImgH$a _ohbmAm{ß _{ß oejm H{$ ‡oV Í$PmZ ]∂T>m& `⁄o[
_ohbm gmjaVm _{ß dm±oN>V d•o’ Vm{ Z hm{ gH$r o\$a ^r emgH$r` `m{OZmAmß{
Edß OmJÍ$H$Vm g{ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß oejm H{$ Vrd´ odH$mg H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV
oH$`m&
OZOmoV`m{ ß _{ ß gmjaVm H$m j{ Ã r` odVaU ‡oVÍ$[ - g^r
odH$mgI S>m{ß H$r ^m°oVH$ Edß gm_moOH$-AmoW©H$ —Ì`mdbr EH$ Xyga{ g{
AbJ-AbJ h¢& Bg H$maU A‹``Z j{Ã H{$ odo^fi odH$mgI S>mß{ _{ß oZdmg
H$aZ{ dmbr OZOmoV g_yhm{ß H{$ gmjaVm _{ß A›Va [m`m OmVm h°, Om{ oZÂZ
VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 2 _{ß Xem©`m J`m h°VmobH$m H´$. - 2
_ S>bm oOb{{ _{ß OZOmoV`m{ß H$r gmjaVm H$m odVaU
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gmjaVm
gmjaVm
H´ $ . odH$mgI S> OZOmoV
OZgß ª `m
gß ª `m
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1. Z°Z[wa
75,987
47,123
62.01
2. _ S>bm
84,811
54,202
63.91
3. _m{hJm±d
49,613
29,618
59.70
4. KwKar
70,975
39,912
56.23
5. o]oN>`m
86,682
49,840
57.50
6. _dB©
73,924
39,960
54.06
7. oZdmg
46,093
27,140
58.88
8. ]rOmS>m S>r 62,253
38,146
61.28
9. ZmamÙJßO 60,193
36,146
61.28
oObm _ S>bm 6,10,528
3,62,021
59.30
Úm{V -1 ‡mWo_H$ OZJUZm gma, OZJUZm H$m`© oZX{emb`, _.‡.,
OZJUZm ^dZ, ^maV gaH$ma, ^m{[mb&
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186
Ama{I H´$_m±H$-01 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a )
VmobH$m H´$. 2 g{ Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ gZ≤ 2011 _{ß _ S>bm oObm _{ß
oZdmg H$aZ{ dmbr Hw$b OZOmoV OZgßª`m _{ß g{ 59.30 ‡oVeV bm{J
gmja h¢& _ S>bm odH$mgI S> _{ß{ 63.91 ‡oVeV gmjaVm [m`r JB© Om{
A›` g^r odH$mgI S>m{ß H$r VwbZm _{ß g]g{ AoYH$ h°& BgH{$ ]mX H´$_e:
Z°Z[wa _{ß 62.01 ‡oVeV, ]rOmS>m S>r _{ß 61.28 ‡oVeV, ZmamÙJßO _{ß
59.94 ‡oVeV, _m{hJm±d _{ß 59.70 ‡oVeV, oZdmg _{ß 58.88 ‡oVeV,
o]oN>`m _{ß 57.50 ‡oVeV Edß ›`yZV_ OZOmVr` gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV
_dB© odH$mgI S> _{ß 54.06 [m`r JB©& _ S>bm odH$mgI S> _{ß OZOmoV`m{ß
H$r CÉ gmjaVm ‡óVeV [m`{ OmZ{ H$m ‡_wI H$maU `hm± e°joUH$
gwodYmAm{ß H$m [m`m OmZm h°& BgH{$ od[arV _dB© _{ß oZÂZ gmjaVm Xa [m`{
OmZ{ H$m ‡_wI H$maU dhm± [a e°joUH$ gwodYmAm{ß H$m A^md, KZ{ dZ,
JÂ`Vm H$r g_Ò`m`{ß, oZY©ZVm Edß ‡mMrZ [aÂ[amE± AmoX h¢&
J´m_rU Edß ZJar` OZOmoV gmjaVm H$m ÒdÍ$[ - Bg oOb{ _{ß oZdmg
H$aZ{ dmb{ Ïò∫$ odo^fi ZJar` BH$mB`m{ß-_ S>bm, Z°Z[wa, o]oN>`m Edß
oZdmg O°g{ o¤Vr`, V•Vr` Edß [ßM_ H$m{{oQ> H{$ ZJam{ß _{ß oZdmg H$a ah{ h¢&
My±oH$ ZJar` j{Ã g‰`Vm Edß gßÒH•$oV H{$ H{$›– hm{V{ h¢, AV: _mZd gwodYmAm{ß
g{ gß]ßoYV g^r gmYZ ZJar` AmH$ma H{$ odÒVma H{$ gmW gßJóhV hm{V{
OmV{ h¢& AV: ghO hr oejm O°gr gwodYm`{ß E{g{ H{$›–m{ß [a C[b„Y hm{
OmVr h¢& [a›Vw J´m_rU j{Ãm{ß _{ß E{g{ gmYZm{ß H$r [`m©·Vm ]∂S>r H$oR>ZmB`m{ß g{
EH$oÃV hm{ [mVr h°& AV: O] VH$ oH$gr j{Ã `m ‡X{e _{ß oZdmg H$aZ{ dmbr
J´m_rU Edß ZJar` OZgßª`m H{$ AZwgma gmjaVm H{$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m odõ{fU
Z oH$`m Om`{, CgH{$ dmÒVodH$ ÒdÍ$[m{ß H$m Ò[ÓQ>rH$aU Zht hm{ [mVm h°&
OZOmoV`m{ß H$r A[Zr [`m©daUr` oÒWoV`m± h¢, oOZH$r dÒVwoÒWoV H$r
[aI BZH{$ AoYdmg j{Ãm{ß H{$ Í$[ _{ß dJr©H•$V H$a H$r Om gH$Vr h°, Om{
oZÂZmßoH$V h¢1. J´m_rU OZOmVr` gmjaVm H$m ÒdÍ$[- A‹``Z j{Ã H{$ Hw$b
09 odH$mgI S>m{ß _{ß 1,276 J´m_rU BH$mB`m± h¢, oOZ_{ß 5,90,434 J´m_rU
OZOmoV OZgßª`m oZdmg H$aVr h°°& Bg J´m_rU OZOmVr` OZgßª`m _{ß
gZ≤ 2011 H{$ AZwgma 56.56 ‡oVeV bm{J hr gmja h¢ß& Hw$b J´m_rU
gmja OZgßª`m H$m 55.73 ‡óVeV [wÍ$f Edß 44.27 ‡oVeV _ohbmE±
gmja h¢& O°gm oH$ VmobH$m H´$. 3 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° :VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ : 3 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a)
Ama{ I H´ $ _m± H $-02 - _ S> b m oOb{ H{ $ OZOmoV`m{ ß _{ ß J´ m _rU
gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV - 2011 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a)
VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 3 H{$ AZwgma A‹``Z j{Ã H{$ g^r odH$mgI S>m{ß H{{
J´m_rU AßMbm{ß _{ß oZdmg H$aZ{ dmb{ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß gmjaVm oOb{ H$r Am°gV
gmjaVm ‡oVeV 59.30 g{ H$_ h°& OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ J´m_rU gmjaVm H{$
—oÓQ>H$m{ m g{ [wÈf gmjaVm _{ß g]g{ ¡`mXm oZdmg odH$mgI S> H$r 58.99
‡oVeV h° BgH{$ ]mX _ S>bm odH$mgI S> H$r 58.44 ‡oVeV, Z°Z[wa
odH$mgI S> H$r 57.80 ‡oVeV, KwKar odH$mgI S> H$r 56.23 ‡oVeV,
_m{hJm±d odH$mgI S> H$r 55.04 ‡oVeV, ZmamÙJßO odH$mgI S> H$r
54.28 ‡oVeV, o]oN> ` m odH$mgI S> H$r 54.19 ‡oVe, _dB©
odH$mgI S> H$r 53.75 ‡oVeV Edß g]g{ H$_ J´m_rU OZOmVr` [wÈfm{ß
_{ß gmjaVm H{$ ‡oVeV 53.53 ]rOmS>m S>r odH$mgI S> H$r h°&
Bgr Vah J´m_rU _ohbmAm{ß _{ß gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV oOb{ _{ß 44.27
‡oVeV h° Bg_{ß g{ g]g{ AoYH$ J´m_rU _ohbm gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV
]rOmS>m S>r odH$mgI S> H$r 46.47 ‡oVeV BgH{$ ]mX _dB© odH$mgI S>
H$r 46.25 ‡oVeV, o]oN> ` m odH$mgI S> H$r 45.81 ‡oVeV,
ZmamÙJßO odH$mgI S> H$r 45.72 ‡oVeV, _m{hJm±d odH$mgI S> H$r
44.96 ‡oVeV, KwKar odH$mgI S> H$r 43.77 ‡oVeV, Z°Z[wa
odH$mgI S> H$r 42.20 ‡oVeV Edß g]g{ H$_ OZOmVr` _ohbmAm{ß _{ß
J´m_rU gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV 41.00 oZdmg odH$mgI S> H$r h°&
oOb{ H{$ gmjaVm H{$ AZwÍ$[ OZOmoV`m{ß H{$ [wÍ$f Edß _ohbm H$r
gmjaVm _{ß H$m\$r A›Vamb o_bVm h°& oOb{ H{$ g^r odH$mgI S>m{ß H{$ J´m_rU
OZOmVr` _ohbm Edß [wÍ$fm{ß H$r gmjaVm _{ß ]hwV AoYH$ A›Va —oÓQ>Jm{Ma
hm{Vm h°& oOgg{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ OZOmoV _ohbmAm{ß _{ß oejm H{$ ‡oV
Í$oM H$m A^md h°&
2 ZJar` OZOmVr` gmjaVm H$m ÒdÍ$[ - _ S>bm oOb{ _{ß
OZOmoV`m{ß H$r ZJar` OZgßª`m H$_ h°& oOb{ H{$ Mma odH$mgI S>m{ß _{ß
OZOmoV`m{ß H$r ZJar` OZgßª`m ahVr h°& e{f g^r odH$mgI S> J´m_rU
j{Ã H{$ AßVJ©V AmV{ h¢, Om{ oZÂZ VmobH$m g{ Ò[ÓQ> h°VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ : 4 (X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a)
Ama{I H´$_m±H$-03
_ S>bm oOb{ H{$ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß ZJar` gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV- 2011
(X{I{ Ao›V_ [•> [a)
A‹``Z j{Ã _ S>bm oObm _{ß C∫$ VmobH$m H´$_m±H$ 4 H{$ AZwgma Hw$b
09 odH$mgI S>m{ß _{ß g{ _mÃ 04 odH$mgI S>m{ß _{ß hr ZJar` OZOmoV
OZgßª`m oZdmg H$aVr h°, `{ odH$mgI S> h¢ Z°Z[wa, _ S>bm, o]oN>`m Edß
oZdmg& BZ Mmam{ß odH$mgI S>mß{ _{ß g{ g]g{ AoYH$ gmja OZOmoV OZgßª`m
o]oN>`m odH$mgI S> _{ß 81.65 ‡oVeV oZdmg H$aVr h°& Bg_{ß [wÍ$f
gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV 50.93 Edß _ohbm gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV 49.07 h°&
`m{OZmAm{ß H{$ gßMmobV hm{Z{ H{$ ]mdOyX ^r g^r OJh _ohbmAm{ß H$r gmjaVm
Xa H$_ hr [m`r OmVr h°& `hm± g]g{ H$_ ZJar` OZOmVr` gmjaVm H$m
Xa oZdmg odH$mgI S> _{ß 78.59 ‡oVeV [m`r J`r& Bg_{ß OZOmVr`
[wÍ$fm{ß H$m gmjaVm ‡oVeV 52.28 Edß _ohbmAm{ß _{ß 47.72 ‡oVeV
[m`r J`r&
g_Ò`mE± - Bg oOb{ _{ß AmoXdmog`m{ß H$r gßª`m gdm©oYH$ h°& CZH$r
g_Ò`m ‡mWo_H$Vm H{$ `m{Ω` h°& od⁄moW©`m{ß H$m{ ghr Edß CoMV oejm Zht
o_b ahr h°& A‹``Z j{{Ã _{ß odo^fi e°joUH$ gßÒWmAm{ß Edß ]Ém{ß H{$
Ao^^mdH$m{ß g{ gmjmÀH$ma H{$ C[amßV AZ{H$ g_Ò`mE± gm_Z{ Am`r h¢, oOZ_{ß
g{ ‡_wI oZÂZmZwgma h¢ 1. Z° o VH$ oejm H$m A^md - dV©_mZ oejm [’oV _{ß ]mbH$ H{$
Ï`mdgmo`H$ odH$mg [a ‹`mZ AoYH$ oX`m OmVm h°& Bg ‡H$ma CgH$m
gdm™JrU Edß Òdm^modH$ odH$mg Zht hm{ [mVm&
187
2. Ao^^mdH$m{ß H{$ oejm H{$ ‡oV Í$PmZ _{ß H$_r - A‹``Z H{$
Xm°amZ 70 g{ 80 ‡oVeV X{Im J`m oH$ J´m_m{ß _{ß ]Ém{ß H{$ [∂T>Z{ obIZ{ _{ß `m
CZH{$ Ka _{ß oejm H{$ obE CoMV [nad{e ]ZmZ{ _{ß Ao^^mdH$m{ß H$r Í$oM Zht
hm{Vr h° oH$›Vw Ka H{$ H$m_m{ß _{ß CZg{ gh`m{J H$r A[{jm OÍ$a H$aV{ h¢&
oejH$-Ao^^mdH$ ]°R>H$m{ß _ßß{ ^r J´m_ H{$ Ao^dmdH$m{ß H$r od⁄mb` OmZ{ _{ß
H$m{B© Í$oM Zht hm{Vr h°&
3. oejH$m{ß [a AoYH$ H$m`© ^ma H$m hm{Zm - odo^fi `m{OZmAm{ß H{$
MbV{ J´m_rU AßMbm{ß _{ß oejH$ A‹`m[Z H$m`© H$m{ N>mS∂{ >H$a H$mJOr OmZH$mna`m±
V°`ma H$aZ{ _{ß Edß e{f g_` odo^fi ]°R>H$m{ß _{ß OmZ{ _{ß bJm X{V{ h¢&
gw P md - oejm H$r g_Ò`mAm{ß H{$ g_mYmZ h{Vw C[m` AJóboIV h¢ - 1.
‡oeojV A‹`m[H$m{ß H$r Ï`dÒWm hm{Zr MmohE& 2. [mR>ÁH´$_ _{ß Ï`m[H$Vm
bmZr MmohE& 3. ]mbH$ H{$ gdm™JrU odH$mg [a ]b X{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& 4.
gm_moOH$ ^mdZm H{$ odH$mg [a ]b X{Zm AmdÌ`H$ h°& 5. ]mbH$m{ß H$r
ÈoM`m{ß, AmdÌ`H$VmAm{ß Edß j_VmAm{ß [a ‹`mZ X{Zm MmohE& 6. g_woMV
[mR>Á [wÒVH$m{ß H$m ‡]›Y H$aZm MmohE& 7. gÂ[yU© X{e _{ß oejm H$r g_mZ
‡Umbr H$m hm{Zm AoV AmdÌ`H$ h°& 8. ]mbH$ H$r Ïò∫$JV o^fiVmAm{ß [a
‹`mZ oX`m OmZm [a_mdÌ`H$ h°&
C[gß h ma - OZOmVr` oejm H{$ odH$mg H{$ obE gaH$ma, AoYH$mar,
oejH$, N>mÃ, Ao^^mdH$ Edß OZ-‡oVoZoY AmoX o_bH$a [yU© gßH$oÎ[V
hm{H$a H$m`© H$a{ß Vm{ AmoXdmgr AßMb _{ß gmjaVm ‡oVeV _{ß ]∂T>m{Var hm{Jr
Am°a dh oejm ‡Umbr gdm©oYH$ C[`m{Jr Edß odH$mgerb og’ hm{Jr
VWm OZOmoV`m{ß H$m{ AmÀ_oZ^©a ]ZmZ{ _{ß C[`m{Jr og’ hm{ gH$Vr h°&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :1. oVdmar, Eg.H{$.,(1998), _‹`‡X{e H$r OZOmoV`m±, oh›Xr J´ßW
AH$mX_r _.‡. ^m{[mb&
2. [Q°>na`m, oed AZwamJ (2012), _‹`‡X{e gßX^©, OZgß[H©$ ^dZ,
]mUJßJm ^m{[mb, _‹`‡X{e, [•.H´$. 215.
3. lrdmÒVd, ‡Xr[ Edß _wIOr©, ^dmZr E_., ^maV H$m OZOmVr`
OrdZ, ‡H$meH$: o‡`ßH$m [o„bH{$eZ, o]bmg[wa (N>.J.)
4. Hw$_ma, ‡o_bm Edß e_m©, lrH$_b (2010) _‹`‡X{e H$m ^m°Jm{obH$
A‹``Z _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ]mUJßJm, ^m{[mb&
5. hhttps://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/
6. hhttp://hi.vikaspedia.in/social-welfare/
7. http://archive.india.gov.in/hindi/sectors/education/
edu_scheduled_castes.php.
188
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gmja
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OZOmoV
gmjaVm ‡oVeV gmjaVm d•o’ Xa
1951
A‡m·
1961
3,83,340
23099
06.02
1971
4,97,939
74610
14.98
08.96
1981
5,80,941
145235
24.99
10.01
1991
7,48,961
269625
36.00
09.01
2001
5,11,798
2,59,482 50.70
14.70
2011
6,10,528
3,62,021 59.30
08.60
Úm{V : 1 oObm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m, oObm gmßoª`H$r H$m`m©b` _ S>bm- 2011.
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70,975
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83,527
47,604
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73,924
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42,937
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9,862
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_ S>bm oOb{ H{$ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß J´m_rU gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV - 2011
Ama{I H´$_m±H$-02
H´ $ . odH$mgI S>m{ß H{$
Zm_
1. Z°Z[wa
2. _ S>bm
3. _m{hJm±d
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8 ZmamÙJßO
oObm _ S>bm
_ S>bm oOb{ H{$ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß ZJar` gmjaVm H$m ÒdÍ$[- 2011
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gmjaVm ‡oVeV
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3,378
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Úm{V : 1 ‡mWo_H$ OZJUZm gma, OZJUZm H$m`© oZX{emb`, _.‡., OZJUZm ^dZ, ^maV gaH$ma, ^m{[mb 2011
2 oObm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m, oObm gmßoª`H$r H$m`m©b` _ S>bm- 2011.
_ S>bm oOb{ H{$ OZOmoV`m{ß _{ß ZJar` gmjaVm H$m ‡oVeV- 2011
Ama{I H´$_m±H$-02
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189
190
Obdm`w [nadV©Z H$m _mZd ÒdmÒœ` [a ‡^md
H$m ^m°Jm{obH$ A‹``Z
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hm{ßJ{&'
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Xem CÀ[fi hm{Vr h°& Bg AgßVwbZ g{ dm`w_ S>br` Vm[_mZ _{ß Vrd´ d•o’,
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MH´$dmV, ‡oVMH´$dmV Edß Vy\$mZ O°gr Am[XmE± KoQ>V hm{ gH$Vr h¢& 20dt
eVm„Xr _{ß 1991-2000 odÌd H{$ Ao^b{oIV Vm[_mZ H{$ BoVhmg _{ß
gdm©oYH$ J_© XeH$ ahm h°& Bg g_` VH$ 2005 gdm©oYH$ J_© df© ahm h°&
^y_ S>br` ÒVa [a 2004-05 _{ß ^mar ]\©$]mar hm{Zm, 16-17 OyZ 2013
_{ß CŒmamI S> H{$ H{$XmaZmW _{ß ]mXbm{ß H$m \$Q>Zm Obdm`w [nadV©Z g{ CÀ[fi
Am[XmAm{ß H{$ ]mZJr h¢& `{ [nadV©Z ‡mH•$oVH$ H$maH$m{ß H{$ gmW _mZdr`
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odÒWm[Z, gm°a odoH$aU _{ß [nadV©Z, gm°a H$bßH$ og’mßV AmoX ‡mH•$oVH$
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e°br O°g{ _mZdr` oH´$`mE± _hÀd[yU© ghH$maH$ h¢& ^y_ S>br` Obdm`w
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_mZd ÒdmÒœ` H$m Jham gß]ßY h°&
C‘{ Ì ` - A‹``Z H{$ oZÂZoboIV C‘{Ì` h¢ *
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A‹``Z H$aZm&
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(Optimun Temperature) H$r gr_m 250 g{ßJ´{. H{$ bJ^J h°&
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‡oVeV VH$ Am[{ojH$ Am–©Vm AZwHy$b hm{Vr h°& Am–©Vm AoYH$ hm{Z{ [a
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191
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C[gß h ma - AV: _mZd ÒdmÒœ` H$r ajm VWm AmJm_r [ro∂T>`m{ß H$m{ ÒdÒœ`
‡H•$oV H$r C[hma X{Z{ H{$ ob`{ [`m©daU g{ o_ÃdV Ï`dhma AmdÌ`H$ h°&
gß[m{ofV odH$mg hr h_mam b˙` hm{ h_mar OrdZ e°br gmXJr [yU© Edß
[`m©daU H{$ AZwHy$b hm{& h_ [`m©daU g{ o_ÃdV Ï`dhma aI{ß Z oH$ Xmg
H$r Vah& h_ Hw$[m{ofV odH$mg H$r gßXyofV ^mdZm H$m oZÒVmaU H$a gß[m{ofV
odH$mg H$a{ß&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :1. "`m{OZm' [oÃH$m, AßH$ 3 _mM© 2012, ZB© oXÑr&
2. IÃr, hare Hw$_ma (2012), ÒdmÒœ` ^yJm{b, H°$bme [wÒVH$ gXZ,
^m{[mb&
3. ogßh, god›– (2011), [`m©daU ^yJm{b, ‡`mJ [wÒVH$ ^dZ,
Bbmhm]mX&
4. ogßKB©, Or.gr. (2010), oMoH$Àgm ^yJm{b, dgw›Yam ‡H$meZ
Jm{aI[wa&
5. bmb, S>r.Eg. (2008), Obdm`w odkmZ, emaXm [wÒVH$ ^dZ,
Bbmhm]mX&
6. Om{ e r, aVZ (2005), [`m© d aU A‹``Z, gmohÀ` ^dZ
[o„bH{$e›g, AmJam&
7. MVwd}Xr, [wÍ$fm{Œmm_ ^≈ (2004), [`m©daU M{VZm, _.‡. oh›Xr
J´›W AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb&
8. Mm°]{, H°$bme, (2001), ÒdmÒœ`/oMoH$Àgm ^yJm{b, _.‡. oh›Xr
J´›W AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb&
9. Am`©, gÀ`X{d, (2000), ÒdmÒœ` odkmZ, amOÒWmZ oh›Xr J´›W
AH$mX_r, O`[wa&
10. oV∑Im, Ama.EZ.(1980), ^m°oVH$ ^yJm{b, H{$XmaZmW am_ZmW
‡H$meZ _{aR>&
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193
aVbm_ oOb{ _{ß Xmbm{ß H$r H•$of - ÒWmoZH$ VWm H$mobH$ odõ{fU
S>m∞. AªVa ]mZm{ *
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h° & aVbm_ oObm, Om{ oH$ _‹`‡X{e _{ß h°, `hmß odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r \$gb{ß,
O°g{ - Im⁄mfi, oVbhZ, Am°fYr` Am°a \$b-\y$b H$r H•$of H$r OmVr h° &
aVbm_ oOb{ H$r 70 ‡oVeV OZgßª`m J´m_m{ß _{ß ahVr h° Am°a BZH$m ‡_wI
Ï`dgm` H•$of VWm H•$of _OXyar h° & J´m_m{ß _{ß ]Ém{ß _{ß Hw$[m{fU H$r g_Ò`m
AoYH$ h°, BgH$m ‡_wI H$maU [m°oÓQ>H$ ^m{OZ H$r H$_r h° & Xmb{ [m°oÓQ>H$
Im⁄mfi H{$ Í$[ _{ß C[`m{J H$aZm Mmoh`{, oH$›Vw aVbm_ oOb{ _{ß Xmbm{ß H$m
CÀ[mXZ ]hwV H$_ hm{Vm h°, ∑`m{ßoH$ Xmbm{ß H{$ A›VJ©V ]m{E OmZ{ dmb{ j{Ã hr
H$_ h° & `⁄o[ odJV dfm~ _{ß Xmbm{ß H{$ j{Ã _{ß d•o’ Vm{ hwB© h°, oH$›Vw `h d•o’
[`m©· Zht h° & AV: j{Ã _{ß Xmbm{ß H{$ j{Ã _{ß d•o’ H$a oOb{ g{ Hw$[m{fU H$r
g_Ò`m H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ aVbm_ oOb{ _{ß Xmbm{ß H$r H•$of H$m ÒWmoZH$
VWm H$mobH$ A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h° &
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[mßM Vhgrb{ß, oOZH{$ Zm_- Ambm{Q>, Omdam, aVbm_, g°bmZm Am°a ]mOZm
h° & dV©_mZ _{ß VrZ ZB© Vhgrb{ o[[bm°Xm, Vmb Am°a amdQ>r ]Zr h¢, oH$›Vw `{
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BZH{$ AmßH$∂S{> gß]ßoYV Vhgrbm{ß _{ß Om{∂S>H$a [mßM Vhgrbm{ß H{$ AmYma [a
A‹``Z oH$`m J`m h° & aVbm_ oOb{ H$m Hw$b j{Ã\$b 4861 dJ© oH$bm{_rQ>a
VWm OZgßª`m df© 1991 _{ß 971309 Wr VWm df© 2011 _{ß 1455069
OZgßª`m hm{ JB© &
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Xmbm{ß H{$ j{Ã H$m{ ]∂T>mZ{ h{Vw gwPmd X{Zm A‹``Z H$m C‘{Ì` h° &
odoY VßÃ - ‡ÒVwV em{Y-[Ã _{ß Xm{ dfm~ H{$ AmßH$∂S{> df© 1990-91 VWm
2013-14 oObm gmßoª`H$r [woÒVH$m aVbm_ g{ ob`{ JE h¢ & Vhgrbdma
Xmbm{ß H{$ A›VJ©V j{Ã H$m ew’ ]m{E JE j{Ã g{ ‡oVeV oZH$mbm J`m h°
Am°a oZÓH$f© oZH$mb{ JE h¢ &
Xmbm{ß H{$ j{Ã H$m odõ{fU - VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ 01 g{ Ò[ÓQ> h° oH$ Xmbm{ß
H{$ ew’ ]m{E JE j{Ã _{ß odJV 23 dfm~ _{ß d•o’ hwB© h° & df© 1990-91 _{ß
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A‹``Z j{Ã _{ß MZ{ H{$ j{Ã _{ß aVbm_ Vhgrb H$m{ N>mS∂{ >H$a A›` Mmam{ß Vhgrbm{ß
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Wm Om{ df© 2013-14 _{ß ]∂T>H$a 24.38 hm{ J`m& MZ{ H{$ j{Ã _{ß d•o’ H$m
H$maU BgH$m C[`m{J Xmb H{$ AoVna∫$ g{d ]ZmZ{ _{ß oH$`m OmVm h° &
aVbm_ H$r g{d amÓQ≠>r` ÒVa [a ‡og’ h° & A›` Mma Vhgrbm{ß _{ß 2 ‡oVeV
g{ b{H$a 11 ‡oVeV VH$ H$r H$_r AmB© h° & gdm©oYH$ H$_r 11 ‡oVeV
Ambm{Q> Vhgrb _{ß hwB© h° & Omdam Vhgrb _{ß g]g{ AoYH$ aH$]{ _{ß (31.74
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H•$of _{ß H$_r H$m _wª` H$maU dfm© H$r H$_r h°, oOg H$maU ogßMmB© Zht hm{
[mVr h° Am°a \$gb Iam] hm{ OmVr h° &
Vwda VWm _yßJ H{$ aH$]{ H$m ew’ ]m{E JE Xmb H{$ j{Ã H$m ‡oVeV A›` Xmbm{ß
H$r VwbZm _{ß g^r Vhgrbm{ß _{ß Xm{Zm{ß hr dfm~ _{ß ]hwV H$_ h° (VmobH$m H´$_mßH$
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VmobH$m H´$_mßH$ - 01 (X{I{ AJb{ [•> [a)
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ndH$mg _{ß ‡^mdr ^yn_H$m nZ^m gH$Vm h°&
1. Geogre K. Zipf - National Unity and Disunity, Principia
2.
Press, Bloomington, 1941.
Bansal S.C. - Town - Country Relationship in Saharanpur
City - Region - A Study in Rural - Urban Interdependence
Problems, Sanjeev Pub. Saharanpur, 1975.
3. n_l ‡^mH$a - J´m_rU OZgßª`m gßaMZm [a ZJar` ‡^md,
A‡H$mnÌmV Ìmm{Y ‡]ßY, ndH´$_ ndÌdnd⁄mb`, C¡O°Z 2006 [•>
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Xyar gßdJ©
JhZ j{Ã (34)
ndÒV•V j{Ã(84)
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*************
200
Intervention to Reduce School Bullying
Dr. Saroj Kothari * Deepak Jahagirdar **
Abstract - Bullying, particularly among school-age children, is a major public health problem both domestically and
internationally. Bullying is any repeated negative activity or aggression intended to harm or bother someone who is
perceived by peers as being less physically or psychologically powerful than the aggressor(s). Bullying is a form of
harmful behaviour which can have long-term impacts on the wellbeing of individuals, communities and society. Bullying
behaviour can include physical or verbal assaults or indirect actions such as psychological manipulation. Bullying can
be reduced in environments where all people feel safe, valued and connected. Bullying is complex. Approaches to
bullying need to include relationship and social solutions at the whole school, class and student level, and on occasion,
at the family and community level. Effective approaches to student bullying include restorative practices, conflict
management, equalising power imbalance amongst students, and social skills development. More than one method of
addressing bullying may be needed as no single approach is appropriate or effective in all circumstances or for all
people.
Key Words - Intervention, Bullying.
Introduction - Bullying, particularly among school-age
children, is a major public health problem both domestically
and internationally( Nansel, Craig, Overpeck, Saluja &
Ruan,2004). Bullying is a form of harmful behaviour which
can have a long-term impacts on the wellbeing of individuals,
communities and society. Bullying can be reduced in
environments where all people feel safe, valued and
connected. Bullying has been identified and studied
internationally, with the earliest work in the field initiated by
Olweus in the late 1970s in Norway(Olweus,1978).
Olweus(1978) originally defined bullying as “the systematic
use of physical and/ or mental violence by one boy or several
boys against another boy”. Olweus has refined this definition
and concluded that a “bully chronically harasses somebody
else either physically or psychologically”(olweus,1991).
Much of the work on bullying has adopted the definition of
Daniel Olweus, whose work in the 1990s increased attention
on bullying as a research topic. According to Olweus, a
person is bullied when he or she is exposed repeatedly over
time to negative actions by one or more others, excluding
cases where two children of similar physical and
psychological strength are fighting (1994). Arora (1987), in
studying British children, reported that bullying is “ achieving
or maintaining social dominance through overtly aggressive
means which occur because the victims have no sufficient
skills or capacity to integrate with their peer group”. Another
British researcher reported that bullying occurs “when one
person or group deliberately causes distress to another
person or group”(Galloway,1994). In the major study of United
States adolescents, Hoover and colleagues(1993) defined
bullying as “physical or psychological abuse of an individual
by one or a group of students”. Zirpoli (2013) defined bullying
“as one or more students seeking to have power over another
student through the use of ongoing verbal, physical, or
emotional harassment, intimidation, or isolation”. A bully
intends to hurt, threaten or frighten his or her victim. Bullying
may involve direct(physical or verbal) or indirect
(psychological) attacks on a student. Direct bullying may
involve hitting, name- calling, tripping, or taking or destroying
a student’s belongings. Indirect forms of bullying may involve
spreading rumours or gossip about a student in order to
isolate the victim from his or her peer group.
There are many different definitions of bullying but almost all
of them include three distinct elements. Bullying l
Is deliberately harmful aggressive behaviour
l
Is behaviour that is repeated over time
l
Involves a power imbalance between those who bully
and those being bullied.
New Zealand experiences one of the highest rates of
bullying in the world according to one study, where rates
over 50% above the international average were found (Trends
in International Mathematics and Science, 2010).
Longitudinal studies have found that the long-term outcomes
of being bullied can include social isolation, anxiety,
depression, and risk-taking behaviours, Bullying has negative
impacts for all people concerned, not just the victims (CarollLind, 2009). People who engage in bullying behaviour may
experience low self-esteem and peer-rejection and
bystanders may perceive their environment as less safe or
secure, Reports of bullying behaviour are highest among
middle-school students. Bullies are usually very self-centred
in that they are concerned with only their own needs and
*
Professor & H.O.D. (Psychology) Govt. M.L.B.P.G. Girls College, Indore (M.P.) INDIA
**
Asst. Professor, Shri Vaishnav College of Teacher Training, Indore (M.P.) INDIA
pleasures. They frequently do not accept responsibility for
their behaviour or the consequences of their bullying
(Coloreso,2003). Boys often bully directly (open attacks),
while girls often bully indirectly (more subtle attacks, such
as social isolation or rumour- spreading )(Educational
research service,2003). The first large-scale of bullying in
the United States was published by Nansel and colleagues
in 2000. By surveying more than 15000 students in grades
6 through 10, they found the prevalence of bullying involvement
among American teens and preteens was approximately
30%. The authors also found a significant association
between bullying involvement and lower self- perceived
academic achievement and other measures of social
maladjustment. Bullying may be common among students
who come from abusive homes or where physical punishment
is frequently employed. Students frequently model behaviour
observed within their home environment, including abusive
behaviour exhibited by parents to each other or toward others.
People who bully others are often motivated by the status
and social power, they can achieve through bullying. Some
may bully others to compensate for what is happening to
them and their own feelings of powerlessness. Bullying
behaviours may also be copied by others. Bullying is about
power, and the behaviour is generally developed over time.
It’s not always easy to spot bullying in action. In fact, one
Canadian study found that bullying incidents were of short
duration and averaged only 38 seconds (Craig and
Pepler,1995). Australian research(Rigby& Slee, 1991)
suggests that up to one is four students have experienced
some level of bullying. Younger children are more likely to
bully others physically or verbally, and then as they get older
social bullying behaviours increase (including exclusion and
manipulation). Cyber-bullying increases when students begin
to have greater access to online communication and mobile
phones.
Types of bullying behaviour - It is widely accepted that
there are different types of bullying. These fall into four main
groups l
Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is saying or writing mean
things. Verbal bullying includes: repeated mocking,
name-calling, unwanted teasing, home-phobic, racist
remarks, taunting, inappropriate sexual comments,
threatening to cause harm.
l
Physical bullying- involves hurting a person’s body or
possessions. Physical bullying includes: repeated
hitting or kicking, taking or threatening to take
possessions, pinching, spitting, tripping/ pushing,
taking or breaking someone’s things, making mean or
rude hand gestures.
l
Social bullying- sometimes referred to as relational
bullying, involves hurting someone’s reputation or
relationship. Social bullying includes: repeated
exclusion, spreading rumours or gossiping, withholding
friendship, pulling faces, leaving someone out on
purpose, telling other children not be friends with
someone, embarrassing someone in public.
201
Cyber bullying- cyber-bullying is bullying that is carried
out through information and communication technology,
including the internet (e.g. on social media sites) and
mobile devices. Technology can expand the
opportunities for people to bully others. Technology has
increased the forms of bullying. Today bullying behaviour
can be observed in person or over the internet. For
example, a bully can spread rumours about another
student by way of e-mails, instant messaging, or even
blogs. Cell phones provide another common resource
for bullies.
Where and when bullying happens - Bullying can occur
during or after school hours. While most reported bullying
happens in the school building, a significant percentage also
happens in places like on the playground or the bus. It can
also happen travelling to or from school, in the youth’s
neighbourhood, or on the internet.
Common causes and antecedents of bullying
behaviour- Some bullies in schools are popular and some
are disliked. However, bullies typically
l
Have average or above-average self-esteem
l
Find satisfaction from causing harm to others
l
Seek attention or acceptance from peers
Interventions for Bullying Behaviour - Bullying is a
complex. Approaches to bullying need to include relationship
and social solutions at the whole-school, class and student
level, and on occasion, at the family and community level.
The first step to decreasing bullying behaviour in schools
in to have a firm policy of zero tolerance for bullying
behaviour. Students need to know that bullying behaviour is
not acceptable and will have consequences. Parents must
also perceive this message from school administrators.
Supervision is also critical to any anti-bullying program. Since
bullies seek and plan opportunities to bully within schools
where there is limited adult supervision, increased adult
supervision in hallways, bathrooms, and playgrounds is
critical.
School-wide programs that increase and build supportive
relationships among students have also been developed. For
example,
the
Olweus
Bullying
Prevention
Program(Olweus,2005)- which involves school administration,
teachers, parents, and students-recommends the following
measures:
l
The formation of a bullying prevention or intervention
committee within each school.
l
The study of the extent of bullying in their school through
an anonymous student questionnaire.
l
Staff training on bullying identification and remediation
l
The adoption of school-wise rules against bullying and
increased adult supervision of students throughout the
school day and in all locations.
l
The development of consequences for student’s bullying
behaviour
l
Teaching students about empathy toward others
l
Intervention for students who bully and who are bullied
l
The involvement of parents
l
The intervention and reporting of bullying behaviour by
bystanders who observe the behaviour.
Bullying in schools - What can parents do if bullying
happens?
There are five key steps for parents is their child tells
them they have been bullied l
Listen carefully to what your child wants to say
l
Reassure your child that they are not to blame and ask
open and emphatic questions to find out more details
l
Ask your child what they want to do and what they
want you to do
l
Discuss with your child some sensible strategies to
handle the bullying- starting a fight is not sensible
l
Contact the school
What can students do if bullying happens?
If you are being bullied, and you feel safe to do so l
Say ‘No’ or ‘stop it’ firmly
l
Walk away
l
Try to act unaffected or ignore the person
l
Talk to a trusted adult at the school or at home
l
Ask friends, parents or teachers for their help to deal
with the issue safely.
What can schools do if bullying is happening?
In creating and maintaining a safe and supportive school
environment, strategies to address bullying include:
l
Preventing bullying through promoting a positive wholeschool culture based on values agreed to by the whole
school community
l
Intervening early in suspected or identifying bullying
issues and communicating clearly with all involved
l
Responding to bullying incidents with approaches which
have been shown to be effective.
What approaches to bullying are effective?
Schools that are responsive to student’s needs and have a
wholeschool approach to optimising student wellbeing
experience lower levels of bullying. This includes the explicit
teaching and modelling of positive values and wellbeing
through social and emotional learning curriculum and pastoral
care.
Effective school responses to bullying incidents are:
l
Solution focused
l
Relationship focused
l
At the school level, the class level, the student level
l
Based on string links between parents and schools.
Students who bully others need to understand that their
behaviour is not acceptable ad to learn more appropriate
ways to behave and to solve conflicts. School staff may
also need to address the underlying causes for the bullying.
Staff and other students need too be taught what to do if
they witness bullying happening.
Effective approaches to student bullying include
restorative practices, conflict management, equalising power
imbalances amongst students, and social skills development.
More than one method of addressing bullying may be
needed as no single approach is appropriate or effective in
all circumstances or for all people.
l
202
References:1. Arora,C.M.(1987) Defining bullying for a secondary
school Educational and child Psychology:3-4, 110-120.
2. Caroll-Lind,J.(2009) School safety: An inquiry into the
safety of students at school. Retrieved march 07, 2012,
from http://www. Occ.org. nz/ publications/
reports_documents.
3. Colorose(2003) Bullying behaviour by zipoli,T.J. Pearson
Allyn Bacon Prentice-Hall.
4. Craig,W.M., & Pepler,D.J.,(1995) A peek behind the
fence: Naturalistic observations of aggressive children
with remote audiovisual recording. Developmental
Psychology.31,548-553.
5. Educational Research Service(2003) Recognizing and
Preventing Bullying.
6. Galloway,D.(1994) Bullying: The importance of a whole
school approach. Therapeutic care and Education,3315-329.
7. Hoover,J.H., Oliver,R. & Thomson,K.(1993) Perceived
victimization by school bullies New research and future
directions. Journal of Humanities education and
development.32,76-84.
8. Nansel, T., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R., Ruan, W., Simons
Morton, B.,Scheidt,P.,(2000Bullying behaviour among
US youth. JAMA 2001; 2852094-2100.
9. Nansel, T.R., Craig, W., Overpack, M.D., Saluja, G.,&
Ruan,W.J.(2004) Cross-national consistency in the
relationship between bullying behaviours and
psychological adjustment. Archives of Paediatric and
Adolescent Medicine, 158, 730-736.
10. Olweus,D.,(1978) Aggression in the schools: Bullies and
whipping boys. New York. John Willey.
11. Olweus,D.(1991) Bully/victim problems among school
children. Basic facts and effects of a school-based
intervention program. In k.Rubin & D.Pepler(Eds.) The
development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp
411-488) Hillsdale.NJ.Lawrence Eribaum.
12. Olweus,D.(1994) Bullying at school: Long-term outcome
for the victims and an effective school-based intervention
program. In.L.R.Huesmann(Ed.). aggressive behaviour;
Current perspectives(pp 97-130 New York: Plenum).
13. Olweus,D.,(2005) Bullying Prevention Program Bullying
Behaviour by Zirpoli.T.J.,Pearson Allyn Bacon PrenticeHall.
14. Rigby,K.&Slee,P.T.(1991) Bullying among Australian
school children: Reported behaviour and attitudes
towards victims. Journal of Social Psychology. 137, 357368.
15. Trends in International Mathematics and Science(2010)
School Context. Retrieved March 01, 2012, from
www.timssandpirls.bc.edu/PDF. p06_ technical_ report_
pdf.
16. Zirpoli,T.J.(2003) Bullying behaviour Pearson Allyn
Bacon Prentice-Hall.
203
Effect Of Sleep Deprivation On Cognition And Defiant
Behaviour In Children Aged Four Years And Above
Smita Jain *
Introduction - Sleep deprivation affects every aspect of the
child’s life, from friends and family relationships to school
performance to their daily behavior. Studies have shown that
sleep deprived children have more difficulty focusing and
staying on task. However, they may also have more impulsive
or defiant behavior.
Lack of sleep can affect a child’s school performance
in two major ways. First, when children are in class, they
can have trouble paying attention because of their difficulty
focusing. They can miss important verbal lessons due to
inattention or they may be unable to complete tasks in the
classroom. Second, children form their memories best during
sleep. Children who sleep well at night will remember the
previous day’s lessons better than children who are sleep
deprived.
Signs of sleep deprivation in children - Children are
notoriously bad judges of their own sleepiness. In
experiments where 8-10 year olds were not permitted to
sleep more than 4 hours at night, kids performed worse on
cognitive tests. But these same kids insisted that they were
not sleepy (Dement and Vaughan 1999).
Signs of sleep deprivation in kids include many of the
same signs we see in adults. For instance, kids may:
1. be harder to awaken in the morning
2. show greater difficulty concentrating
3. fall asleep spontaneously during the day (inadvertent
napping)
4. “sleep in” on weekends (which suggests that they are
making up for sleep lost during the school week)
Lack of concentration and inadvertent napping are also
considered symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD).
Other signs of sleep deprivation are also consistent with
ADHD, including:
1. hyperactivity (Kuhn et al 1999; Shur-Fen Gau 2006)
2. defiant behavior (Lavigne 1999; Shur-Fen Gau)
Children become more moody when sleep-deprived.
Sleepless kids may not always show clear signs of sleep
deprivation - In many cases, it’s pretty easy to identify
children with sleep problems. But parents may have trouble
recognizing the signs of sleep deprivation in their kids. And
*
it appears that many children go undiagnosed.
An experimental study of school-aged kids has shown
that even children who had no reported sleep difficulties
performed better on neurobehavioral tests after they were
given an extra hour of sleep (Sadeh et al 2003).
It makes sense to examine your child’s sleep
schedule—even if he doesn’t show obvious signs of sleep
deprivation. Good sleep practices will help ensure that the
child gets the sleep he needs. These practices include:
1. waking up at the same time each morning.
2. avoiding artificial lighting before bedtime.
3. avoiding stimulating activities—including TV and video
games—before bedtime.
4. going to bed “early” if the child feels sleepy.
Sleep hygiene - Many families of children with ADHD have
either never developed or abandoned basic good sleep
habits. These include environmental (e.g., cool temperature,
low noise and ambient light levels), scheduling (e.g., regular
bedtime, sleep-wake schedule), sleep practice (e.g., bedtime
routine, no television viewing at bedtime), and physiologic
(e.g., exercise, timing of meals, limited caffeine use) factors
which promote optimal sleep. While studies have suggested
that adoption of good sleep hygiene alone may be adequate
to successfully treat sleep initiation problems in children
with ADHD (Weiss, Wasdell, Bomben, Rea, & Freeman,
2006), at the least this is a necessary component of every
treatment package.
Anxiety/mood symptoms - An estimated 30% of children
with ADHD have a comorbid anxiety disorder.
Finally, the need for parental presence at bedtime, as
well as during night wakings, is the cardinal feature of the
Sleep Onset Association subtype of Behavioral Insomnia of
Childhood. In this disorder, the child has learned to fall asleep
only under certain conditions or in the presence of specific
sleep associations, such as being held or comforted by
parents, and is unable to fall asleep independently, either at
bedtime or following night wakings. The introduction of more
appropriate sleep associations which will be readily available
to the child during the night (comfort objects) in addition to
positive reinforcement (e.g., rewards for remaining in bed)
are often beneficial. A recent review of 52 treatment studies
Professor & Head (Psychology) Govt. Vivekanand Post Graduate College, Narsinghpur (M.P.) INDIA
indicates that behavioral therapies, such as unmodified and
graduated extinction, positive routines, and parent education,
produce reliable and durable changes for both bedtime
resistance and night wakings in children.
Sleep and cognition in childhood - It is well established
that sleep plays a vital role in brain maturation and in the
development of important cognitive functions, such as
memory consolidation and learning (Xu et al., 2011). With
modern advances in technology, many environmental factors
and social activities potentially restrict the time spent
sleeping once children and adolescents retire to the bedroom.
For example, televisions, mobile phones and computers or
video games are becoming common bedroom fixtures (Ferrie
et a., 2011). A typical child spends more time asleep than
engaged in any other activity during the 24 hour cycle. As a
rule of thumb, the optimal amount of sleep for children is
more than 12 hours per night for pre-schoolers, about 12
hours per night for primary school children, and about 9 hours
per night thereafter (Xu et al., 2011). Between the ages of 3
and 5 years, there is a shift in sleep architecture, with a
significant reduction in total sleep time and a decrease in
the amount of time spent in ‘deep’ sleep. It is commonplace
for toddlers and pre-schoolers to engage in midday naps
but, until recently, relatively little was known about the function
and structure of this sleep period in children. Research has
now shown that classroom naps consolidate learning in
preschool children, and that the memory loss associated
with nap-deprivation is not reversible with overnight sleep
(Tworoger et al., 2006). When children are allowed to nap
during the day, they recall around 10% more learned material
on waking than when tested after an equivalent period of
being kept awake. Sleep spindle density in particular is
strongly implicated in this memory consolidation process in
children, highlighting that the nap does not merely protect
the memory from wakeful interference, but that consolidation
of learned material is a process unique to sleep (Tworoger
et al., 2006). This finding has implications for educational
strategies, where scheduled classroom naps could enhance
interventions designed to help children achieve academic
goals and acquire necessary cognitive skills, with particular
relevance to children with a learning delay (Tworoger et al.,
2006). There have been few longitudinal studies of sleepwake patterns in children (Jelicic et al., 2002; Salthouse,
2009), and only a small number of studies have investigated
sleep behaviours (Ardila, 2007; Elcombe et al, 2015).
Therefore, what constitutes normal sleep patterns and normal
sleep behaviour during childhood is still debatable.
The lack of available data undoubtedly reflects the
challenges to studying sleep in children and adolescents,
which include reluctance of parents to leave children in the
care of unfamiliar adults in laboratory studies, children’s sleep
becoming further disrupted in unfamiliar environments, and
the potential for increased risk (e.g. fall in school performance,
vehicle accidents in young drivers) following sleep restriction
studies (Miller et al., 2014). However, data from available
studies has shown that sleep deprivation has a significant
204
impact on cognitive abilities in children. Children aged
between 10 to 14 years who are restricted to only 5 hours
sleep show impaired cognitive performance on verbal
creativity and the Wisconsin Card Sorting task, in comparison
to those allowed to sleep for 11 hours (Huang et al., 2012).
Similarly, in a further study, children who are allowed to sleep
for one hour longer perform significantly better in continuous
performance and simple reaction time tests than those who
sleep for one hour less, or those who receive no intervention
(Lucey et al., 2014). Longitudinal research has shown that
over the course of 3 years, children who experience an
increase in sleepiness also show slower improvement in
verbal comprehension than children who report lower levels
of sleepiness at baseline (Xie et al, 2013).
Cognition is more susceptible to the effects of sleep
deprivation in males than in females (Daulatzai, 2013), and
the authors propose that this is also consistent with the
evolutionary demands of the female role in child rearing and
nurturing (Fang et al, 2010).
References :1. ADHD and initial insomnia. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 45(5),
512-519.
2. Ardila A.. Normal aging increases cognitive
heterogeneity: analysis of dispersion in WAIS-III scores
across age. Arch Clin Neuropsychol (2007) 22(8):1003–
11.
3. Daulatzai MA. Death by a thousand cuts in Alzheimer’s
disease: hypoxia – the prodrome. Neurotox Res
(2013) 24(2):216–43.
4. Dement W and Vaughan C. 1999. The promise of sleep.
New York: Random House.
5. Elcombe EL, Lagopoulos J, Duffy SL, Lewis SJ, Norrie
L, Hickie IB, et al. Hippocampal volume in older adults
at risk of cognitive decline: the role of sleep, vascular
risk,and depression. J Alzheimers Dis (2015)44(4):
1279–90.
6. Fang H, Zhang LF, Meng FT, Du X, Zhou JN.. Acute
hypoxia promote the phosphorylation of tau via ERK
pathway. Neurosci Lett (2010) 474(3):173–7.
7. Ferrie JE, Shipley MJ, Akbaraly TN, Marmot MG,
Kivimaki M, Singh-Manoux A.. Change in sleep duration
and cognitive function: findings from the Whitehall II
study. Sleep (2011) 34(5):565–73.
8. Huang Y, Potter R, Sigurdson W, Santacruz A, Shih S,
Ju YE, et al. Effects of age and amyloid deposition on
Abeta dynamics in the human central nervous
system. Arch Neurol (2012) 69(1):51–8.
9. Jelicic M, Bosma H, Ponds RW, van Boxtel MP, Houx
PJ, Jolles J.. Subjective sleep problems in later life as
predictors of cognitive decline. Report from the
maastricht ageing study (MAAS). Int J Geriatr
Psychiatry (2002)17(1):73–7.
10. Ju YE, McLeland JS, Toedebusch CD, Xiong C, Fagan
AM, Duntley SP, et al. Sleep quality and preclinical
Alzheimer disease. JAMA Neurol (2013) 70(5):587–93.
11. Kuhn BR, Mayfield JW, and Kuhn RI. 1999. Clinical
assessment of child and adolescent sleep disturbance.
Journal of Counseling and Development 77: 359-368.
12. Lavigne JV, Arend R, Rosenbaum D et al. 1999. Sleep
and behavior problems among preschoolers. Journal of
Dev Behav Pediatr. 20: 164-169.
13. Lucey BP, Bateman RJ. Amyloid-beta diurnal pattern:
possible role of sleep in Alzheimer’s disease
pathogenesis. Neurobiol Aging (2014) 35(Suppl 2):S29–34.
14. Mattson MP.. Effects of microtubule stabilization and
destabilization on tau immunoreactivity in cultured
hippocampal neurons. Brain Res (1992) 582(1):107–18.
15. Miller MA, Wright H, Ji C, Cappuccio FP. Crosssectional study of sleep quantity and quality and
amnestic and non-amnestic cognitive function in an
ageing population: the english longitudinal study of
ageing (ELSA). PLoS One (2014) 9(6):e100991.
16. Mindell, J. A., Kuhn, B., Lewin, D. S., Meltzer, L. J., &
Sadeh, A. (2006). Behavioral treatment of bedtime
problems and night ehavi in infants and young children.
Sleep, 29(10), 1263-1276.
17. Ploia C, Antoniou X, Sclip A, Grande V, Cardinetti D,
Colombo A, et al. JNK plays a key role in tau
hyperphosphorylation in Alzheimer’s disease models. J
Alzheimers Dis (2011) 26(2):315–29.
205
18. Sadeh A., Gruber R, and Raviv A. (2003) The effects of
sleep restriction and extension on school-age children:
What a difference an hour makes. Child Development,
74, 444-455.
19. Salthouse TA.. When does age-related cognitive decline
begin? Neurobiol Aging (2009) 30(4):507–14.
20. Shur-Fen Gau S. 2006. Prevalence of sleep problems
and their association with inattention / hyperactivity
among children aged 6-15 in Taiwan. Journal of Sleep
Research 5(4): 403-414.
21. Tworoger SS, Lee S, Schernhammer ES, Grodstein
F.. The association of self-reported sleep duration,
difficulty sleeping, and snoring with cognitive function
in older women. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord (2006)
20(1):41–8.
22. Weiss, M. D., Wasdell, M. B., Bomben, M. M., Rea,
K. J., & Freeman, R. D. (2006). Sleep hygiene and
melatonin treatment for children and adolescents with
23. Xie L, Kang H, Xu Q, Chen MJ, Liao Y, Thiyagarajan M,
et al. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult
brain. Science (2013) 342(6156):373–7.
24. Xu L, Jiang CQ, Lam TH, Liu B, Jin YL, Zhu T, et al. Short
or long sleep duration is associated with memory
impairment in older Chinese: the Guangzhou Biobank
cohort study. Sleep (2011) 34(5):575–80.
*************
206
Translation As A Site Of Cultural Traffic
With Reference To Kalidas's Meghdutam
Dr. Seema Sharma*
Introduction - Since the ancient theory of India’s culture
lies in (Vashudhaiv Kutumbkam) or the whole world is a
family, this theory in present days is known as ‘the global
world’ or global village’. The idea behind this is that every
nation, living in its own cultural sphere is linked with the
other nations by crossing of literature or techonology or the
new means of communication. In crossing the barriers
literature place an important role. The translation of one
literature into another language gives the picture of one nation
to the other world. This gives worth to the Comparative
literature based on translation.
‘It is significant in this context that to the present day,
comparatists who dismiss the relevance of translation are
precisely those who are in practice devoted to the idea of
comparative literature limited to western Europe and its
historical dependencies__ Conservatives it would seem, do
not like translation precisely because they see translation
as a potential threat to what they are trying to conserve,
rather than as a potential enrichment of it.1
The translation of the great Indian Sanskrit Literature
into English describes the cultural picture of India’s past.
The Sanskrit Literature of India is written in the Sanskrit
language. Classical Sanskrit literature may be divided in to
epic, lyric, didactic, dramatic and narrative verses. The Epic
kavya was not evolved until the time of Kalidasa about the
5th century A.D. The poet and dramatist is the author of the
two best known artistic epics. The ‘Kumar Sambhav’ and
the ‘Meghduta’. Kalidas is known for his great drama
‘Shakuntalam’. His great works translated in to English
language give the cultural, philosophical and Geographical
picture of India.
Translation of Kalidas is not new for Europeans. Shelley,
Keats, Coleridge were the poets who were well acquainted
with Indian literature. They were all influenced by the ancient
culture of India. The landscapes of Shelley and keats are
similar to that of Kalidas. Thus the romantic poets were
impressed by ancient Indian poets. When William Johns
translated Shakuntala, the background of Indian literature
were established in Europe. Madam Barbara Miller edited
the book ‘Theater of memory’. This book shows the influence
of Shakuntala on Europe. The Europians pointed Kalidas as
the ‘useless darbari’ while when the Americans read the
Meghdut they find it the incarnation of inner and the outer
*
nature in a combined way.
Thus the English translation of Kalidas has been a matter
of curiosity and a matter of comparative literature in a process
of going beyond the comparison of European literatures only.
While judging any work of translation, it can be criticized
mainly from the point of view of accuracy. The recent
translation of Meghdut reflects the positive factor that the
Sanskrit Literature is becoming a center of attraction for the
readers. The recent translation of Meghdut can be criticized
on the basis of following points :
1 Is the translation of Sanskrit literature into English
successful in reflecting the cultural picture India’s past.
2 Is the soul of Meghdut presented in an honest manner.
3 Is it significiant in the present context.
4 How can the translation do more important in crossing
the barriers.
While translating Sanskrit one has to gain the
knowledge of the original Sanskrit which requires extended
effort, but its knowledge gives the glimpse of traditions of
the south-east Asia.
The Meghdut or ‘Cloud Messenger’ as translated in
English is the story of a cursed Yaksha who had to live for a
year as a punishment on Ramgiri Mountain without his wife
whom he loves and cannot live without her, but he had to live
alone where he sends message to his wife through the Megha
or the Cloud.
Since the words of the Sanskrit literature have a special
meaning while we see the Yaksha telling the Megha to go to
his wife. Here the practical problem of the translation arrises.
The word ‘cloud’ does not give us the same feeling as the
word ‘Megha’ gives. There is a difference in the emotions
created by the words Megha and Badal, but the English
translators have used only the word cloud which is not as
deep as ‘Megha’. Let us see the translation of the first stanza
of Meghduta.
A lean and lovesick Yaksha, newly wed,
“Dallied at home avoiding his work.
His elder, made angry, packed him into exile
For a year. Now his misery knows no bounds.
He lives in Ramgiri Parvat near a crystal lake.
Whose waters once touched by Sita, are holy.”2
The same stanza translated by another translator –
Professor (English) Govt. Sanskrit College, Ujjain (M.P.) INDIA
“A certain nameless Yaksha, divested of his powers by
his King and condemned for his dere yearlong exile away
from his family, lived in a cottage on Ramagiri hills, where
the trees shade and where the brooks had become holy
form Sita’s baths.3
This is the translation of the first Shloka of the Meghduta.
The picture created by both the translators gives us only a
simple love story and does not give any impression of the
depth created by Kalidas. The word to word translation is
good, but when we try to feel the times and the situation
created by Kalidas, any Sanskrit scholar will not accept
this. The word ‘Kashchit’ is translated as nameless and the
word Snan is translated as ‘Sita’ as Baths’.
Another translation is –
“This Yaksha, banished a desolate year
From his love and from the king whose curse
For some carelessness sent him impotent away,
Spent his exile among the holy retreats
of Ramagiri where Sita, bathing, had made
the waters holy and where trees cast a rich shade.”
Here in this translation the world ‘Bathing’ does not
create the same picture as the world Snan creates. The
world ‘Yaksha’ is also not described as to who is called the
‘Yaksha’. For a person reading for the first time. The world
‘Yaksha’ has to be simplify. In this stanza the world ‘shapa’
is translated as ‘curace’ which is right. Let us now see the
original text in Sanskrit.
H$oÌMÀH$m›VmmodahJwÍ$Um ÒdmmoYH$mamÀ‡_Œmï
em[{ZmÒVS≤>.Jo_V_oh_m df©^m{Ω`{U ^Vw©ï&
`jÌMH´{$ OZH$VZ`mÒZmZ[w `m{XH{$fw
oÒZJY¿N>m`mVÍ$fw dgoV am_oJ`m©l_{fw&&
The Hindi translation of the above ‘shloka’ is as follows
A[Z{ H$m_ _|$ ‡_mX H$aZ{ g{ o‡`m H{$ odah g{ Xwïgh Am°a EH$ gmb
VH$ AZw^d oH$`{ OmZ{ dmb{ Òdm_r H{$ em[ g{ _hÀdhrZ hm{H$a oH$gr `j
Z{ grVmOr H{$ ÒZmZm|$ g{ [odÃ Ob dmb{ VWm KZ{ Z_{Í$d•jm| g{ `w∫$ am_oJar
H{$ Aml_m| _| oZdmg oH$`m&
-
The above translation is for the local readers only as
they are well acquainted with the Hindu culture. Here the
word ‘nameru’ is also not translated in detail. Further in the
Sanskrit translation or ‘Sanskrit Vyakhya’ it is originally the
‘chhaya taru’ which also the ‘Rudraksh Vriksha’ in Sanskrit
it is described is "N>m`m‡YmZmï Vadï N>m`mVadï'"_oÎbZmW Or Z{
e„XmU©d Zm_H$ H$m{e H$m hdmbm X{H$a N>m`mVÍ$H$m AW© "Z_{Í$' oH$`m h°&
gy`© H{$ [yd© `m [oÌM_ _|$ ahZ{ [a ^r oOZH$r N>m`m H$m [oadV©Z Zht hm{Vm
h° E{g{ [{∂S> "N>m`mVÍ$' H$h{ OmV{ h¢, oH$gr H$m E{gm _V h°&'
We have one more translation of the same ‘shloka’
207
“A demigod who was heedless in his office
had lost his honored rankhis master cursed him to endure
a year in exile from his love.
He lived on Mt. Rama
In the hermit groves
Whose waters were pure from Sita’s ablution.
In this piece we see that a new work ‘demi god’ is used for
‘Yaksha’ it is able to clear the meaning of Yaksha to a certain
extent. The word ‘Sita’s ablutions is the right word for ‘Snan’.
All the above translations prove the following facts 1 The first point to be criticized is that the translation of
Sanskrit literature into English is successful in reflecting
the cultural picture of India’s past or not. The answer to this
question is that the cultural translation of a literature is a
very difficult task, but it cannot be ignored that the importance
of such translations is successful in full filling many
requirements of a curious reader and giving a background of
the a known works of literature.
2 The second point is about the translation of the soul of
‘Meghdut’. The answer to his pont is that the soul of any
work of literature can be best understood in its original
language, but since translation has its own world of readers
who are trying to enjoy the literature therefore the importance
of the translation will remain forever.
3 The third point is whether the translation is significant
in the present context. The answer is that such translations
are necessary for the younger generations to become a part
of the literary global world.
4 The point is about the importance of translation in
crossing the barriers. There is no question of negative answer
to this question, because if we have literature as a means of
connecting people it is only through translation, so we are
signing ‘Man me he vishwas’ originally written by ‘Martin
Luther’ as we shall overcome.
Thus the translation of Sanskrit literature can be admired,
because it is presenting the great ancient India before the
world, but it would take a long effort to create the same
charm that our great writers could produce.
References :1
2
3
Introduction : Comparative literature and translation by
Lefevere Andre. www.google.com
As illustrated Meghdut by Mahakavi Kalidas by Jaffor
Ullah and Joanna Kirkpatrick, www.textetc.com/
workshop/wt-kalidasa-1.html.
Devadhar, Works of Kalidasa ; Vol.2 (Delhi, 1977).
*************
208
Westernization And Changing Values
In Indian Society
Dr. V. M. Audichya *
Introduction - Indian society, divided on the basis of religion,
states, regions and education etc. had a very rich glorious
past. It held respect throughout the world for its multifaceted
heritage and social wisdom. In modern age under the great
influence of westernization our old cultural, moral, traditional
values are in danger. As a result love and respect for parents
and elders in the family, social interactions, religious
ceremonies, empathizing attitude during the times of
catastrophe and general concern for society at large are
missing in the Indian milieu. Many evils of westernization
have crept in our society, which is a matter of great concern.
Our worldwide celebrated ancient joint family system is
crushed and growing under its own weight. People living in
urban areas have become ardent followers of nuclear family.
In place of disciplined way of life, new generation prefer life
of economic, luxurious freedom. The definition of family is
now restricted to husband, his wife and children only. Old
parents are considered liability and they are left alone either
in old age homes or in small room of a house at the mercy
of the God.
Human history is full of atrocities committed against
women since time immemorial in male dominated world.
Despite so called broad minded attitude crime against
women, like rape, kidnapping, abduction, dowry death,
torture, molestation, sexual harassment, etc. continues
unabated.
Financial status, employment and power have created
new ethics and values which give indication of alarming
situation. In western countries where human freedom is
beyond any control or moral barrier the relationship outside
marriage is very common and number of unmarried mother
is on the rise. In India where marriage is still considered to
be the most sacred relationship between man and woman
has come under threat. Things are changing very rapidly.
More and more women are joining the main stream
professional world, offices, institutes and establishments in
big cities where day to day interaction with their male
counterparts results in close relationship which slowly
develops into friendship, outdoor secret meetings and physical
relationships.
Martial relation is established through marriage
ceremony and has legal sanctity, while extra martial affair is
an illicit relationship between already married man and
*
woman or at least one of two is already married. The reasons
for this relationship are manifold. Modern life style, fashion,
imitation of western tradition, little value and concern for the
sanctity of married life, faith in temporary pleasant relation,
dissatisfaction with life partner, advancement of medical
science which provides safest ways to escape unwanted
pregnancy, etc are some of them. Such affairs have neither
base nor any future. They end abruptly, both feeling fed up
with each other. The primary loss is the disintegration of the
family life and adverse impact on children.
A new developing trend in the society is, live in
relationship in which a man and woman decide to live
together under one roof without entering marriage. This
growing culture of live in relationship is an immediate danger
to the time tested institution of marriage. ‘False promises to
marry in future’ make uneducated or educated, economically
dependent, innocent, emotional, love blind young girls
vulnerable. They get easily attracted and become easy
victims of seekers of the sensuous pleasures. When they
come to their senses, it is too late for them only to find
themselves physically, emotionally, psychologically
exploited. They are left alone either to repent or commit
suicide.
In order to be treated equal with man in society, young
girls have shown psychological changes such as dress like
man, use filthy abusive language,indulge in shameless
behavior,physical exposure, smoke and drink, in public, in
the name of liberty and freedom. They want to rub shoulders
with men in every sphere shunning femininity. This unwanted
blind race for equality is eroding our moral values. This
irresponsible behavior of the women of educated class will
put whole womankind in peril. Unfortunately education is
helpless in this matter as more and more people are involved
who have decent qualifications and extra money.
Impact of western culture on our life has also have
adverse impact on marriage system and its longevity.
Women have come out of their shell. They are no more
confined to the kitchen. Having become financially
independent, they now have become more ambitious and
have their own individualistic values and beliefs, which are
intolerable and indigestible to the male dominated society.
Both man and woman seek respect, love, care and attention
from each other, if not received, it hurts their ego. They often
Asst. Professor (English) Govt. College, Dhana, Distt. - Sagar(M.P.) INDIA
quarrel over petty issues. This continued atmosphere causes
loss of trust between husband and wife and culminates in
separation or divorce.
Our young society today has 65% of young generation
of the total population of the country. They are responsible
for bringing new customs, cultures and trends in the society.
They are experiential and adventurous. Being technically
adept, internet has opened its vast doors of knowledge for
them both right and wrong. They watch porn films and come
to know easily before they attain maturity.
Consequently there are lesbians, homosexuals and
transgenders increasing in number everywhere in our
country.They often hold public demonstrations demanding
their rights to live in the society according to their own will
as people in the western countries do. Even Honourable
Delhi High Court has upheld their right to personal liberty.
These perverted young minds have taken to fatal drugs and
liquor. That’s why Riots, arson, violent agitations for
unjustified demands, murders, struggle for supremacy over
others and mad rush for money are some of the activities in
which our misguided youth seek satisfaction and immense
pleasure.
Indian society needs serious scrutiny. The main
shortcoming of modern society is that it is trying hard to
retain those rich traditional values which have nourished our
many generations for ages but it is not willing to eliminate
the current evils which cause harm to the society as they
are serving the base objectives.
Indian people are adopting the western culture in
shameless manner but are not ready to accept their norms
in terms of efficiency, productivity, honesty and hard work in
social and business lives. We have double standards. Our
young generation is more comfortable with club/party culture,
mobile, smart phone, satellite TV, and net surfing for
pornography but would not like to work for sixteen hours a
day as people do in west.
Vulgarity is senseless violation of norms and standards
established in society. In recent years, it has been manifested
in many forms like in behavior, language, dressing and
gestures to other people. In fact vulgarity in fashion has
become a symbol of high status.The movies and TV serials
promote vulgarity and obscenity in the society without caring
for social responsibility.All the producers,directors,financers
and artists care for is money.how many of us enjoy films
and serials in presence of our family members including the
children.Sometimes long kissing scenes or intimate bedroom
scenes look so realistic that they can not be watched with
family members without feeling of discomfort and
uneasiness.Occurance of such disturbing scenes is so
209
sudden that one is forced to leave the room instantly. Most
of us know very well that this evil is pervading the whole
society, still we feel no need to set things right.
All these evils are seeping into the roots of the society.
They will damage the fabric to the extent that no remedy will
work in future. Whosoever has had hand in playing havoc
with the moral structure of our society has the responsibility
to reverse the damaging trend.
Following suggestions can give new lease of life to our
society1. The government must make value education mandatory
at school and college levels.
2. The government must give top priority to women
education especially female adults in rural areas.
3. Middle class families have been the guiding force behind
Indian society. They should be financially supported by
governments to form NGO’s, clubs, social services
organizations for bringing about far reaching changes
in our society.
4. Implementation of strict laws and speedy trials in the
courts must be ensured for curbing the growing rate of
crimes.
5. Parents must strictly pay attention to the daily activities
and behavior of their growing children.Reading of
literature containing rich values must be encouraged
among them.
6. Censure board must not permit controversial scenes of
vulgarity,obscenity and violence in feature films and
T.V.serials which are meant for public viewing.
7. People will have to change their attitude and mend their
ways to set example before the growing youth which
faces the danger of going astray.
To conclude it can be said that the evils of westernization
is a big threat to our society. Even in the new millennium
Indian society is not ready to accept the challenges it faces.
The responsibility rests on the people. They will have to
change their psyche in order to become modern in real sense.
The state, the judiciary, various constitutions and the people
will have to play key roles in this herculean task. This
process may seem painful and agonizing but in the end a
new ideal society will be born to make our country India a
bask in glory in the 21st century.
References:1. www.patrika.com.
2. Larner:Trends of Traditional Society
3. Elliot & Merrill:Social Disorganisation,p.411
4. K.M.kapadia,Marriage and family in India,oxford
University Press,London.
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210
Political Consciousness In Indian English Fiction
Dr. Rajkumari Sudhir *
Introduction - Political consciousness flows in the very lifeblood of Indo-Anglian fiction. In fact, in countries with a long
history of subjugation by foreign powers, “nationalism
becomes a preoccupation of the writers. They are important
not just for their art but also as teachers, helping the nation
to an awareness of itself, its aspirations, its troubles” (Alvarez
X). We may usefully refer to Lenin and his reference to Gorky
in this context. Lenin poses the question: “Why should
Gorky meddle in politics?” and he himself answers the
question. Because “the workers have grown accustomed to
regard Gorky as their own” and “it is this trust on the part of
the class-conscious workers that imposes on Gorky a certain
duty to cherish his good name’’(Lenin 334-35). In India, too,
political consciousness as the very staple of fiction points
to the fact of the - writers and the readers’ mutual participation
in a common situation in the life of the community.
Political consciousness, with which the novels of the
early practitioners of Indo-Anglian fiction are imbued, can
also be viewed as part of the novelists’ endeavour to relate
themselves to the mainstream. The intelligentsia in the preIndependence phase found itself in an unenviable position of
being the privileged unprivileged-privileged for they possessed
western education social clout, and often wealth to boot;
unprivileged for they were actually aware of their subjectstatus in a subjugated state, their education and other
distinctions only serving to heighten the unsavoury reality.
They could relate themselves neither to the English rulers
nor to the masses. Their espousal of the cause of those
exploited politically, economically or socially, far from
integrating them with the masses, consolidated their elitism,
containing as it did overtones of noblesse oblige. In that
crucial phase of Indian history, occupying an uncomfortable
and undefined space, the intellectual instinctively did what
in the words of Stephen Spender, he was expected to do: “if
he is not to be destroyed, he must somehow connect
himself.....with.....political life and influence it...”(Spender 19).
Political consciousness, as national consciousness in
particular, was conspicuous by its absence up to the
nineteenth century, as was also the case with the other
states in Asia and Africa. To quote Benjamin Disraeli’s general
observation, in India too, such consciousness was “a work
of art and a work of time”, gradually shaped by “a variety of
influence—the influence of original organisation, of climate,
soil, religion, laws, customs, manners, extraordinary
*
accidents and incidents in their history and the individual
character of their illustrious citizens.”(Deutsch 21). Let us
attempt here a quick recapitulation of the major phases of
the Indian national mood.
Rabindra Nath Tagore asserts that political
consciousness in India precipitated and got moulded as
nationalism under the direct impact of and as a reaction to
the English rule (Nationalism Ch.I). The spread of political
concern, however, was the consequence rather than the
cause of the political struggle for freedom. The Indian freedom
movement must be thought of less as expressing the
aspirations and mobilising the energies of an already existing
entity and more as a force of ideas and organization,
attempting to create that identity. In a country of India’s
geographical dimensions and social and religious
heterogeneity, it would seem as if national political
consciousness had only one strong base—British rule, the
one common consolidated enemy.
The English contributed in another way too. Western
education through the medium of the English language
exposed the Indians to English constitution, the British
institutions, the idea of freedom and other liberal political
ideologies. This gave them new ambitions against the colonial
experience by defining their vague aspirations into a shape
and direction. This aggrieved elite, made politically conscious
but also left high and dry economically on account of the
discriminatory policies of the government in matters of
employment and commerce, helped to make leaders like
Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal who
were to function as disseminators of this consciousness.
The second half of the 19th century witnessed “the flowering
of national political consciousness and the foundation and
growth of an organized national Movement”(Chandra 15).
During this period the modern Indian intelligentsia created
political associations to spread political education and
initiate political work in the country. A suitable starting point
is the 1880’s for, by that time, “the political, economic and
intellectual forces of both British power and traditional Indian
society had interacted to produce a climate fit for the function
of national political consciousness”(Ainslie 22). With the
formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885, the Indian
struggle for freedom was formally launched. Simultaneously,
the programme of the political awakening of the masses
was taken in hand in an organized way.
Asst. Professor (English) Govt. Sarojini Naidu Girls P. G. College, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA
For the creation of public interest in political questions and
the organization of such political awareness, the Congress
formulated its political and economic programme with a view
to unify the Indian people on the basis of a common political
and economic programme. Historians like R.C. Dutt
propounded ‘the drain theory’ whereby India’s poverty was
presented as the result of colonial exploitation by the English.
The first three years of India’s Independence saw the
publication of three important novels-Bhabani Bhattacharya’s
So Many Hungers [1947], G.V. Desani’s All about H. Hatterr
[1948] and R.K. Naryan’s Mr. Sampath [1949].
Bhattacharaya, Malgonkar and Sahgal succeed in
shaping what F.R. Leavis would have termed complete,
comprehensive and enlightening histories of contemporary
time (Leavis 7). For the portrayal of human reality in their
novels is imbued with an acute consciousness of history as
it conditions their dramatist personae (Goyal 34). By
integrating their protagonists with the political process rather
than isolating them there-from and by subjecting political
platitudes and developments to a thorough scrutiny from a
human angle, these novelists reflect a perceptive
consciousness of the unprecedented relevance for the
individual of the way the political wind blows (Vasagiri and
Prasad 13). Politics is deemed too much of an allencompassing activity to be left to politicians or historians
alone. It is obvious how it is in this sense that Bhattacharya,
211
Malgonkar and Sahgal play to perfection the role of a political
chronicler.
References :1. Ainslie, T. Embree. India’s Search for National Identity.
Delhi Chanakya Publications, 1980. Print.
2. Ali, Tariq. The Nehru’s and the Gandhis - An Indian
Dynasty. London: Picador, 1985. Print.
3. Chand, Tara. Freedom Movement. New Delhi:
Government of India Publication, 1967.II.
a. 374-7, 388. Also Ram,Tulsi. Trading in Language.
Delhi: G.D.K. Publications, 1983.
b. 238. Print
4. Chandra, Bipan et al. Freedom Struggle. New Delhi:
National Book Trust, 1980. Print.
5. Chandra, Bipan. Modern India. New Delhi: NCERT, 1971.
Print.
6. Deutsch, Karl W. Nationalism and Social
Communication. Cambridge: Massachusetts
a. Institute of Technology Press, 1967. Print.
7. Goyal, S. Bhagwat. “Indo-English”. Contemporary Indian
Literature and society. Ed. Jotwani, Motilal Wadhumal.
New Delhi: Heritage Publishers, 1979.34. Print.
8. Malik, Yogendra K., ed. Politics and the Novel in India.
New Delhi: Arnold Heinemann, 1978. Print.
9. Leavis, F. R. Lectures in America. New York: Doubleday,
1969. Print.
*************
212
Impact Of Fauvism On Modern Literature
Sehba Jafri *
Abstract - Painting has always inspired the poets. Ovid’s Metamorphoses and Dante’s Divine Comedy are sometimes
seem the result of the study of great paintings. The great poems and national songs sometimes seem inspired by many
popular paintings of their ages. JW Waterhouse’s The Lady of Shallotte has given the inspiration to many poets and
itself inspired by Tennyson’s ill-fated heroine. Many famous verse look like the great narrative illustration of the paintings.
The history of English Poems is full of the examples where visual works of art, inspired the literature. It was totally an
Aristotelian phenomenon which was called Ekphrasis. But the 20th century poets have taken the inspiration in somewhat
different manner. They not only received the form from the painting but also stolen the shape, shades and colours of
theory of paintings. It was neither Metamorphosis nor Ekphrasis. It was more than Aristotle’s concept and Plato’s idea,
which is called “Metaphor of Painting in the poems”. It was a double useful formula to save the legacy of literature as it
has prevented the death of many archaic painting as well as increased the legacy of literature. The practice of “Fauvism”
in the poem is one of those ideas which was stolen from the painting and implemented on the poems.
In the historical canon there is nothing like fauvism but modern canvas has a lot of thing to deal with this new term.
Post war poems and Modernist poems particularly the literature of America has a special inspiration of Fauvism in itself.
The present paper is the small effort to sort the impact of Fauvism on English Poems in its nebulous way.
Keywords - Fauvism, Anarchy, Anxiety, Blood, Frustration, War, Dark Gloom, Imagery, Fear, Wordings.
Introduction - Initially, the Fauvism, come to the Literary
Canvas in the first half of twentieth-century. Deeply inspired
by Vincent Van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Georges Seurat,
The Fauve became the synonym of modern art.
Etymologically it takes its origin from Germanic Language
where it stands for “to follow”. It is also present in French
where it generates the concept of something dangerous. It
is also a synonym of “wild beasts” in French. The Fauve
expressions were first introduced by a loosely allied group
of French painters several of them including Albert Marquet,
George Rouault and Henri Matisse were the disciples of the
Gustave Moreau , the great symbolists. It was Moreau who
admired the older artist’s emphasis on personal expression.
Henery was the leader of the group, whose members shared
the use of intense colour as a vehicle for describing light
and space, and who redefined pure colour and form as means
of communicating the artist’s emotional state. In these
regards, Fauvism proved to be an important turn in the
development of Cubism and Expressionism as well as a
touchstone for future modes of abstraction.
It was like a subjective and spontaneous response to
the nature with bold expressions. Undisguised brush strokes
and high-keyed vibrant colours were its trade mark and
brightness was in its blood. The paintings of the Fauves
were characterized by seemingly wild brush work and strident
colours, while their subject matter had a high degree of
simplification. They had no definite program whose
employment of areas of saturated colour-notably in paintings
from any corner.
It was developed in France as the first and foremost
new artistic style of the 20th century. The Fauves produced
bright cheery landscapes and figure paintings In contrast to
the dark, vaguely disturbing nature. They turned the centuries
*
by their symbolist art, which was highly characterized by pure
vivid colour with bold distinctive brushwork. Like many other
Expressionist movements of first half of 20th century, Fauvism
was short lived, and by 1910, artists in the group had diverged
toward more individual interests. Nevertheless, Fauvism
remains significant for it demonstrated modern art’s ability to
evoke intensely emotional reactions through radical visual form.
Although there is not a great series of the best known
Fauve artists but the ideas they shared are really great. The
artists including Henri Matisse, André Derain, and Maurice
Vlaminck are some great names who pioneered its distinctive
style. One can see the influence of Post-Impressionist artists
in their early works. The divisionist method of juxtaposing
pure hues on canvas was their special gift given by the artists
of this age like Paul Signac, whose interest in colour’s optical
effects had led this way for the innovative thinkers. The
Fauves, however, lacked such scientific intent. They
emphasized the expressive potential of colour, employing it
arbitrarily, not based on an object’s natural appearance.
Suggestions and findings - 20th century English Literature
was highly marked by the nature and character of Fauve art.
Chaos and disorder are the main things that one can first
feel while reading them. The bold and bestial symbols full of
chaotic expressions, more miseries and more sufferings to
the whole world and the small lines with so many dabs and
dashes are the things which the modern literature has
received from the modern Fauve Art. Instead of the subtle
blending of complimentary moods in a typical NeoImpressionistic manner, they prefer the combination of orange
mood in fiery tones, with pale yellow expressions of daily
sorrows and sufferings. The greenery of thought here is not
a thing to be remarked but the purple ambiguity of expression
which overpowers its vibrant impact is the thing to be noted.
Research Scholar, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) INDIA
Fauve poetry and Literature evokes the terror of life present
in the middle of the 20th century. It expresses the deep sigh
to the time when the dictators in Europe merged their
countries into war , suppressed their people’s freedoms and
encouraged the barbaric acts like mass slaughter. In a few
of modern we can see this Fauve Expressions and feel what
the role of poetry can be in the face of such nightmares!
They have a feeling of anger and hate for so many who
were being killed on the battlefield, on the streets, and in
gas chambers which appears so spontaneous, as a mimic
to the active brushwork of Fauvism. In the modern poems of
W.H. Auden we can see this approach where he adopts a
painterly approach of Fauves to enhance his work’s emotional
power. Writing about Freud, he asks in a fauve manner, “of
whom shall we speak” when “there are so many we shall
have to mourn.” In the elegy for Yeats, he asserts his belief
that poetry can still lift the human spirit and “persuade us to
rejoice” and “teach the free man how to praise.” Auden is a
Fauve in capturing the direct influence of words with depth,
emotions with colours and throwing light on atmosphere
through the subjects he selects. He prefers the landscapes,
which reflects his desire to create an art that gives a perfect
vision to establish a better relationship with reality.
Stephen Crane is also a Fauve writer and a poet. He is
one of America’s most influential Fauvist writers, who
produced works that have been credited with establishing
the foundations of modern American Fauvism. His Civil War
novel The Red Badge of Courage (1895) realistically depicts
the psychological complexities of battlefield emotion with
horror imageries and has become a literary classic. He is
also known for authoring Maggie: A Girl of the Streets for
whom Hemline Garland says, “the most truthful and
unhackneyed study of the slums I have yet read.”
One of the pioneers of using Fauve Symbols and
techniques is the French author Emile Zola, who summed it
up well with the title of his 1890 novel, The Human Beast.
Although it is exemplified in naturalism, where humans are
analyzed like any other beast but it is more Fauve than a
natural because its images speak about anger of the age.
Zola adopted a more conventional neoclassical approach to
make new symbols as the spokesman of his emotions. He
continued to use the distinctive fauvist traits of bright
emotions with dull tone, and designed the complicated
symbols with simple shapes like a pure Fauve artist.
The poems of W. B. Yeats are also seen Fauve poems
from a specific perspective. “Sailing to Byzantium,” and
“Byzantium” Certainly , there are different interpretations of
these poems, where symbols looks like modern with its
radical goal, which seems separate colour of emotions from
the from descriptive phase of life. The very symbols which
analyses focus on are sailing (travelling) and city
(Byzantium), allow the images to exist on the canvas as an
independent element. Like Fauve images there is a mystical
significance of these symbols. the symbols through which
he trays to evoke the bestial imagery seems like Colour
which can project a mood and establish a structure within
the work of art without having to be true to the natural world.
In the last two or three decades Stephen Crane’s poems
are also known as the poems of Fauve period. Some critics
213
consider his poems as a turning point in American literature,
situated as Crane was among the first great “Fauvist” and
“naturalists” in our literary heritage. His poems are the poems
of common life: a progression from parody to Horror realism.
They are the poems of man’s comic and terrible freedom of
choice in the world suffered from war. The influences of his
works upon contemporary poets are tracked down and
pointed out by interested critics. His poetry is famous for
Heroism, Quest, Consciousness and Courage under the
critical cloud. Because the central significance of his poetry
is limited up to the boundaries of Naturalism, critics ignored
the heart touching Fauve corner of the pain and agony of
memories of American Civil War which make his poems
suitable even in the context of World Wars.
Conclusion - The literature of modern age sometimes
cerebral, sometimes brutally honest and evocative of the
historical context in which it takes shape is purely a Fauve
Literature. It is renowned for addressing the issues of daily
life in a moving and relevant manner. The horrors of the
modern world do not escape from its premises; it deals with
the dictators and their mad quest for world domination, the
fall of the masses under their leaders’ spell, the stultifying
bureaucratic state, the great wars of time, the bleakness
and perhaps impossibility of the future, the psychic side of
warfare, the bleak landscape, the martyrdom of heroes and
the death of soldiers, leaders and poets. It uses the
unthinking approach of modern tools, and the bludgeoning
of the human spirit through the great weight of history.
Through all this bestial series, it retains some hope for the
future like a perfect Fauve Painter. With a true Fauve approach
it points out the freedom that comes from recognizing our
true condition whatever our circumstances are.
References :1. Balakian, Anna. The Symbolist Movement: a critical
appraisal. New York: Random House Publishers, 1967.
Print.
2. Dixon, R. W. Stephen Crane: A Critical Bibliography.
London: Iowa State University, 1972.Print.
3. Doubleday, Gullason. The Complete Novels. London:
greenwood Publishers, 1967. Print.
4. Follett, Knopf. The Collected Poems of Stephen Crane.
England: Penguin Publishers. 1930. Print.
5. Follett, Wilson. The Works of Stephen Crane. New York:
Haskell House, 1925.Print.
6. Gullason, Thomas A. Doubleday, The Complete Short
Stories and Sketches. USA: Cornell University Press,
1963. Print.
7. Jacinto, San. Ravilious in Pictures, UK: Main-Stone
Press, 1895, Press.
8. Katz, W. The Complete Poems of Stephen Crane. USA:
Cornell University Press, 1972. Print.
9. Levenson. J. C., Prose and Poetry, New York: T. Nelson
Publishers. 1984. Print.
10. Nonny, Hogrogian. Selected Poems, New York: Ayer
Publishing. 1964. Print.
11. Starlet, Vincent. Men, Women and Boats. Oxford: Boni
& Live-right Publishers, 1921. Print.
214
India During Partition - An Analysis
Dr. Vikas Jaoolkar * Tanuja Sharma **
Abstract - The Partition of India was one of the greatest catastrophes suffered by its people. The political leaders took
decisions regarding the partition within the closed doors of their conference rooms & considered it unnecessary to ask
the masses what they thought about it. The partition was not peaceful. The violence it unleashed was unprecedented,
unexpected and, of course, barbaric. The worst sufferers of the partition were women since people of different communities
punished one another by targeting punished one another by targeting their women by raping, dishonoring and abducting
them.
Key words - Partition, community, violence, revenge, community
Introduction - The partition of India was one of the greatest
catastrophes suffered by its people. The partition was not
peaceful. The violence it unleashed was unprecedented,
unexpected and, of course, barbaric. Provoked by the hooligan
actions of a few, the vengeance that the ordinary Hindus,
Muslims and Sikhs Wreaked on each other devastated our
moral fabric, distorted our political judgment and deranged
our understanding of moral rightness. The worst sufferers of
the partition were women since people of different communities
punished one another by targeting their women by raping,
dishonoring and abducting them. So many people have lost
their homes or country so quickly as during the partition.
Consequences of Partition - During partition people were
crawling like columns of ants across the country. They were
migrating in across the country. The Muslims travelled west
to Pakistan, the Hindu and the Sikhs towards East to India.
Thousands were butchered on the way and many others
died of malnutrition and contagious diseases while they were
living in refugee camps. Thousands of families were divided,
homes were destroyed, crops were left to rot and villages
were abandoned. One of the worst consequences of the
partition was that it created mutual mistrust and hatred
between the two communities the Hindus and the Muslims.
So the partition was not just a political divide, or a division of
properties, of assets and liabilities, it was a “division of
hearts”.
Historically, it is a fact that over centuries the Hindus
and the Muslims lived amicably a life of peaceful coexistence. The foreign Islamic rulers invaded India from time
to time, their motive behind invasions was not mainly related
to religion. They wanted to plunder the wealth of India. In
this process of collecting booty they looted both the Hindu
*
and the Muslim rulers and the masses of India as well.
During the medieval period the rulers were generally
Muslims and they oppressed both the Hindu and the Muslim
masses. The condition of the Hindu and the Muslim peasants
& workers was the same, Both the communities lived
amicably and in comparative peace and amity over long
stretches of time. Though their relations might sometimes
have been marred by suspicion, distrust or the angry
rejection by one group of the habits and practices of others
leading to minor acts of malevolence, quarrels and squabble,
such moments were rare and transient.
The British government had seen the Hind-Muslim unity
during the revolt of 1857, and it grew apprehensive of the
National movement in which both the communities fought
shoulder to shoulder for India’s freedom.
The British rulers were neither the true friends of the
Muslims nor the foes of the Hindus, they were the true friends
of British Imperialism and acted on the tested and tried
maxim of Divide et Impera”.
To weaken the National movement they created a rift
between the Hindu Nationalists and the Muslim Nationalists.
The leaders and the of Muslim league fell an easy prey to
the evil designs of the British rulers who were responsible
for giving birth to the Muslim League in 1906 to “Counter
poise” the rising nationalism.
Besides, in 1937 the Congress refused to share power
with the Muslims League, which became the cause of further
divide between both the communities. “Nehru made the
Muslims realize that they did not care for the Muslims. The
working committee of the congress was aware that Gandhiji
was totally opposed to the partition. The decision to endorse
India’s partition was taken without Gandhiji’s knowledge.
Professor & H.O.D (English) Govt. Hamidiya P.G. College, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA
**
Research Scholar, Barkatullah University, Bhopal (M.P.) INDIA
Theories of partition - History of Pakistan subscribe to
the ‘two nations’ theory and argue that the Pakistani nation
was the inevitable crystallization of the desire of the Muslims
of the Indian subcontinent to remain a distinctive community
separate from the Hindu population around them. A
characteristic and particularly passionate articulation of this
theory is to be found in Aitzaz Ahsan’s the Indus saga and
the making of Pakistan..According to Ahsan the Indian
subcontinent is made up of two civilizations , Indus and
Indicor Gangetic ,and Indus has been one large ,independent
,politico –economic zone for the past countless centuries
.It has had a rich and glorious cultural heritage of its own…..a
distinct and separate nation.
Conclusion - The event of the partition has been captured
in its varied aspects by creative writers of India-Pakistan
and Bangladesh in the form of novels & short stories. The
human tragedy caused by the partition has found poignant
215
expression in such novels as Train to Pakistan, Azadi,
Tamas, Ice-candy man and also in numerous works entitled
stories about of the partition of India.
References :1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Percival spear, A History of India, Vol. II, (New Delhi :
Penguin, books, 1990), PP. 221-22
Bhibani Roy, status of Muslim women in India (Delhi :
B.R. Publishing crop. 1979), P. 12
Sahiba Hussain, the changing Half : A study of Indian
Muslim women, (New Delhi : classical publishing
company. 1998) P. 2
Spear, A History of India, Vol – II, P. 222.
“Gandhi on the partition of India”. Excerpted from” The
way to communal Harmony” by M.K. Gandhi, ed. U.R.
The Tribune (Sunday Reading) June 22, 1997, P. 1
*************
216
Indian Diasporic Writing - An Overview
Dr. Uma Pandya *
Abstract - This paper focuses on the origin of Diaspora its definition and meaning. Further it focuses on Indian Diasporic
writers with reference to their works encompassing the characteristics and consciousness of the Diaspora. Search for
identity, expatriation, cultural shock, sense of loss, alienation, are the major themes of the writers. Ultimately the
diaspora should work in a direction to enrich each other in spirit of mutual interest.
Key words - Immigration, Diaspora, intergenerational, Conflicting, Expatriate, Neo-nationalism.
Introduction - In the ancient times, a group dispersed
especially Jews outside of the land of Israel is diaspora. The
area outside Palatine settled by jews. Jews dispersed
collectively exhibiting their living and challenges in foreign
land could be a frame of the word meaning diaspora.
The second largest Diaspora in the world, the Indian
Diaspora has a diversified form to its credit. The importance
of it being to an extent where the government of India has
acknowledged its existence by celebrating “Pravasi Bhartiya
Divas”(PBD) since January 2003 annually. The Indian
diaspora, is more than a term in parenthesis and acts as a
bridge between gulp as of the two countries and cements
their bilateral ties.
Diaspora in Greek means scattering, dispersion. It could
be also referred to as the movement of the population from
its original or ancestral homeland. In this paper I am going
to focus on the Indian diasporic writing, the Indian diasporic
experience a common culture, beliefs, value system spiritual
beliefs, historical facts, outside their homeland. The graver
issues are of identity, confrontations with racism
intergenerational conflicts. However, the experiences and
responses of the individual writers vary to an extent from
one place to another. Some writer have gone far ahead where
their characters suffer from Panic, Nausea, Schizophrenia,
and Psycho-Somatic disorders, Phobia, Hysteric time lag,
nostalgia, violence, estrangement etc. The suffering moreover
could be treated as major diasporic themes. I have tried to
throw a flux on some of the preoccupations of the Indian
Diasporic Writing.
Diasporic writing writing has certainly opened doors to
the critiquing and growing interest in cultural studies. It to
some extent raises questions about the definitions of home
and nation. Ashish Gupta and Uma Pavmeswaran write from
their personal experiences of migration and their own
interrogation of their relatedness. After the independence
the Indian diasporic community has become more self aware
with the acceptance of the west. Vivid C. Choudhary is a
*
writer before independence settled in England. Writers like
V. S. Naipaul, Salman rushdie, jhumpa Lahiri to me appear
to be more Indian, proving themselves as global citizens.
Their works are septet with social-cultural sense of
displacement, geographical displacement. Cross cultureless
lies at the core of any diasporic writing to which no writer is
ignorant.
This cross culturalism is a key to diasporic
consciousness. The memories of the childhood and the
struggle to resettle in a foreign land colour the factor of
homelessness to an extent where the character experiences
a life a pendulum.
Salman Rushdie no less belonged to three countries and
yet to none shares in unique experience in his works. The
plight of alienation and sense of enhancement houers over
almost all his works creating a hybrid identity. His ‘shame’
novel deals with the expatriate the renouncement of the
homeland/native land and the problems coupouted in
adjusting to a foreign living and atmosphere. The allegiance
to one’s home land is renounced in such a way that the
protagonist is not able to completely detach himself from
the homeland and embrace the new culture whole heartedly.
The novel ‘shame’ is tinged with the trauma of exile and its
repercussions.
The diasporic writers exhibit the sense of loss, urge to
reclaim to look back, the profound uncertainties emerging
from physical alienation from their homeland India.
As Amitara Ghosh dealt with historical accounts Jhumpa
Lahiri show cased the problems of belongingness and identity
crisis. The very famous novel Name sake deals with the
protagonist Gogol Gangute, the American born a victim of
the unwelcoming American Society. He tries to break through
the ties of Indian tradition in order to be accepted by the
American Born confused Desi.
This protagonist throughout the novel does not have a
convincing answer to the very question “where are you from”?
the clash of cultures actually end in the submission of loyalty
Asst. Professor (English) R.S. Govt. Girls College, Chhindwara (M.P.) INDIA
to both India and America. Being a second generation settler
in America he finds himself alien.
Bharti Mukharjee along with Chitra Banerjee, Geeta
Mehta, has a different dimension to diasporic writing. Inspired
by Bernard Malamud she very finely expresses the Diasporic
experience of cultural alienation. Her creative sensibility owes
to her three well marked phases of life (i) the phase of
Expatriation, (ii) the phase of Transition (iii) the phase of
Immigration.
Diasporal dream figures throughout in her fiction. The
author never regrets having migrated to the US. She
constructs a personal mythology of immigration and
assimilation in her work.
She being a diasporic litterateur peeps into the psyche
of the globalized entities Physical up rootedness. Her
choicest theme of expatriate experience marks Bharti
Mukharjee among the major novelist of Indian Diaspora. She
believes that the old order no more excites her and is thrilled
to adopt the new order. ‘The immigrants’ Mukherjee says,
make their future in ways they could not have done in the
old world. She calls these immigrants as grabby and greedy.
“America in my home” she proudly declares transforming
herself from an immigrant author to an American writer.
Her literary agenda acknowledges that America has
transformed her. The liberation in all its forms and
empowerment are made available to women in their Diasporic
situation with a tinge of diasporic guilt. In her works she
seems to self actualizing quest for identity and definition of
the self for the women caught in tradition and modernity.
217
Diaspora, neo-nationalism, cosmic paradigm of universal
spirit of co-existence along with individualistic exigencies
are her forte. In most of her novels the theme of expatriation
is linked to fragmented disintegrating alienated characters
fairly adjusted to the new country. The immigrants are placed
in a situation of both mental and physical Diaspora.
Expatriation is used as a metaphor for existential alienation.
Haphazard transformations as an immigrant experience, the
shock of the alien land are some of her themes. Bharti
Mukharjee stresses on the search for identity, the
rootlessness, the sense of otherness caused by Diaspora
encompassing the nuisances and effects of a hubrid culture.
Along with the other Indian Diasporic writers she is more a
conscious adherent of the diasporic consciousness.
Last but not the least and above all India and its diaspora
should work in a direction to enrich each other in spirit of
mutual interest. This mutual spirit would encompass all
aspects of global healthy, peaceful living. A living texturing
emotional needs, expectations, a living fabricating content
life both intellectually and spiritually, a living embracing
religious, racial, cultural differences, a living with pride.
References :1. Dhawan, R. K. Ed. The Fiction of Bharti Mukharjee : A
Critical Symposium. Bombay : UBS Publishers,
Distributors Ltd, 1992.
2. Kumar, Nagendra. The Fiction of Bharti Mukharjee : A
Cultural Perspective, New Delhi : Atlantic Publishers &
Dist. 2001.
*************
218
Feminism And Literature
Manisha Dwivedi *
Introduction - Literature has been instrumental for bringing
revolutionary changes in the society since the very inception.
Social issues that needed much confrontation are being
addressed more vigilantly over the past two centuries. One
such social issue has been encouraging equality of women
and providing them with all the privileges which society owes
them. It is not a moot point that the term “women” is often
interchangeably used with “weaker sex.” Ironically even in
twenty first century where women rights are being
aggressively addressed and defended in courts and society,
we continue to use the term “weaker sex.” Hence women
empowerment regime is compromised the second we
attribute a female as weaker sex. The social transition that
the world has seen over the past few years has been largely
due to contribution of literature and famous authors behind
them. It is of utmost significance to acknowledging the
contribution of these authors and their writings.
During the nineteenth century civil and political rights
of women were absurdly limited and diluted. Adult suffrage
and voting rights of women barely saw any recognition in
the eyes of laws or people at large. This issue was taken up
by Betty Friedanin her popular book “The Feminine Mystique.”
In this book the author advocated for political rights of women
and pointed out the despair which absence of these rights
brought to the female community. Works of Betty
Friedanhelped reignite the Women’s Movement in the United
States. This book included variety of issues such as
sexuality, reproductive rights, the workplace and gender
equality. Interestingly her work which rooted out of a survey
was not given any place in any esteemed magazine back
then. Finally the author compiled her work and managed to
publish a book out of it. Today Betty’s work happens to be
one of the most celebrated works in the field of women
empowerment.
Similarly French author Simone de Beauvoir in her book
“The Second Sex” beautifully portrayed how women were
being treated everywhere. With the help of pen she gave life
to words and showed the world how outrageous society has
been towards the women. The works of this French author
and existentialist were a whammy setback to old customs
and were instrumental in igniting the second-wave of the
Women’s Movement.
Works of Alice Walker are yet another magnificent piece
of literature. Her book “The Color Purple” won a National
*
Book Award and Pulitzer Prize for fiction. This book
beautifully brings out the issue of atrocities and social crimes
that were subjected on African American women in 1930’s.
She challenged the orthodox thinking of woman being weak
and gave the characterscharacters breakaway from traditional
gender roles.
It is not that only foreign authors have grabbed all the
glory of bringing such sensitive issues into light. Indian
authors have also made a tremendous mark and astonished
the world with their ideology and writings. Trace of Feminism
in India dates back much earlier to twentieth century. These
are available in the form of greatest epics, Ramayana and
Mahabharatawritten by two sages Valmiki and VedVyas.1
These two great epics showed mankind that a society where
women are disrespected is reduced to chaos. Sita and
Draupadi who were strong characters in each of these epics
showed great traits of determination and self-respect in time
distress and suffering.
One cannot neglect the work of Arundhati Roy who has
made her mark in feminist literature. Though she does not
admit to being a feminist, yet her work is an interesting
piece of feminist literature. Arundhati Roy wrote the famous
book “God of Small Things” for which she won Britain’s
premier Booker prize, the BookerMcConnell in 1997.
Anita Desai has also impressed her readers by
aggressively advocating for feminism in her works. Anita
Desai’s women characters in her novels rebel against
patriarchal community in order to explore their own potential
or to live on their own terms, regardless of the consequences
that such a rebellion may have on their lives.
Among contemporary authors works of ManjuKapur
attracts impressive amount of readers. Her novel “Difficult
Daughters” received the esteemed Common Wealth Award
for the Eurasian region. In her other novel “A married woman”
she exhaustively dealt with challenges faced by a middle
class married woman in her daily life.
Conclusion - Though feminist literature is not confined to
women authors, yet it cannot be denied that at certain
instances female authors have a leverage and better power
of portrayal due to having first-hand experience of situation.
It is important to encourage young authors to discuss the
issues of gender equality and woman empowerment as it is
an ever evolving field. Literature has served as an important
medium to revolutionize our society and evolve from orthodox
H.O.D (English) Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bilaspur (C.G.) INDIA
and obsolete thinking. It is a powerful medium to access
the minds of our readers and encourage them to evolve from
social evils. Over the past two centuries, literature has been
instrumental in bringing significant changes in law and
society for women. Feminism has been supported by
literature at several instances. But for the purpose of raising
awareness about gender equality and women empowerment
it is much needed that we look beyond the terminology of
feminism and encourage young minds to contribute to such
a noble cause.
References :1. www.indianetzone.com
2. www.rjelal.com
3. www.infoplease.com
4. womennow.in
219
Articles Referred:
1. Ashapurna Devi, Feminism in Indian Literature, Genres
in Indian Literature, available at http://www.indianet
zone.com/42/feminism_indian_literature. htm as visited
on 3rd March 2016
2. Dr. A.Selvam, Mrs. P. PandiaRajammal, Feminism in
Indian English and Tamil Literature, Research Journal
of English Language and Literature (RJELAL),
Vol.2.Issue.1.;2014
3. Ashok Kumar, ‘Portrayal of New women- A study of
ManjuKapur A marriedWomen’, Indian ink , New Delhi,
2002, 1998 p90.
Books Referred:
1. Arundhati Roy, The God of Small Things, Random House
Trade Paperbacks; Reprint edition, 2008.
*************
220
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222
[na[yU© H$]ra H$r ^mfm g{ ‡^modV hm{H$a AmMm`© hOmar‡gmX o¤d{Xr Z{
C›h{ß "^mfm H$m oS>∑Q{>Q>a' H$hm h° ∑`m{ßoH$ CZ_{ß H$mÏ` _{ß ^mfm H$r gOrdVm,
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2. S>„Î`y.S>„Î`y.S>„Î`y. d{] S>m∞Q> H$m∞_ &
3. ^∫$_mb : Zm^m_•V &
4. H$]ra J´ßWmdbr- Ì`m_ gwßXaXmg ¤mam gß[moXV &
5. H$]ra H$r ^mfm : „bm∞J &
*************
223
[ÃH$mnaVm Am°a H$_b{Ìda
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JoV_mZ h°&8
gmnaH$m [oÃH$m (gZ≤ 1967 g{ 1978 B©., Q>mB©Âg Am∞\$ Bo S>`m,
]Â]B©) Bg [oÃH$m _{ß H$hmoZ`m±, bKw H$Wm`{ß, JOb{ß, Am⁄ H$WmH$ma,
YmamdmohH$ C[›`mg AmoX ÒWmB© ÒVÂ^ W{ BgH{$ AoVna∫$ MwQ>Hw$b{ A›XmO
224
H{$ hmÒ` Ï`ßΩ`, gmjmÀH$ma, o\$Î_r hoÒV`m{ß H$m OrdZ, [Q>H$WmE|$,
AmÀ_H$WmÀ_H$ Aße, gmohoÀ`H$m{ß H$m OrdZ AmoX [j ^r N>[V{ W{ & g_mO
H{$ g_ÒV j{Ãm{ß Am°a g^r C_´ H{$ [mR>H$m{ß H$m{ ‹`mZ _{ß aIV{ hwE Bg [oÃH$m H$m
gÂ[mXZ AodÒ_aUr` h°&
H$Wm `mÃm [oÃH$m (gZ≤ 1978 - 1979 B©.) Bg [oÃH$m H$r ]mB©
H$Wm`mÃm [o∂T>E, A›`m` g{ bo∂S>`{ &' Bg [oÃH$m g{ ÒdÍ$[ _{ß
bmBZ - "H$Wm`mÃm
H$hmoZ`m±, bKwH$WmE±, ode{f gm_J´r, H$_b{Ìda H$m "_{am [fim', odkmZ
Edß OrdZ, Ka-]mOma, VWm Hw$N> ÒWm`r ÒVÂ^ emo_b ah{ & g_` d
gÉmB© H$m gßKf© `mÃm H{$ Í$[ _{ß Bg [oÃH$m H$m{ AmO ^r OmZm OmVm h°&
JßJm [oÃH$m - (oXÑr) `h [oÃH$m _ybV: gmohoÀ`H$ [oÃH$m Wr
`h Iy] MoM©V ahr & Bg [oÃH$m _{ß H$_b{Ìda Z{ Zdm{oXV aMZmH$mam{ß H$m{
â[ya Adga oX`m& Bg [oÃH$m Z{ oh›Xr H$hmZr H$m{ oXem ‡XmZ H$a
gmohÀ` H$m{ g_•’ oH$`m&_
X°oZH$ OmJaU (gZ≤ 1989 - 1992 B©., gß[mXH$, Zm{ES>m) H$_b{Ìda Or Z{ Bg g_mMma [Ã _{ß gw]h 11 ]O{ g{ b{H$a [{[a oZH$b OmZ{
H{$ ]mX amV 2.30 ]O{ VH$ d{ oZaßVa H$_©erb ah{ d Bg g_mMma [Ã H$m{
oeIa [a [hwßMm`m&
Ò`mh amV b{Vr Zht h°, Zm_ T>bZ{ H$m&
`hr Vm{ d∫$ h°, gyaO V{a{ oZH$bZ{ H$m &&13
X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a (gZ≤ 1996 - 2002 B©., ‡YmZ gß[mXH$ O`[wa)
- Bg g_mMma [Ã _{ß H$_b{Ìda Or H{$ Om{ b{I, oQ>fl[oU`m± `m gÂ[mXH$r`,
Amb{I N>[{ h¢ CZ_{ß amÓQ≠>r` EH$Vm H$r Ao^d•o’ VWm H$≈aVm H$r g_mo· H{$
obE d{ VÀ[a oXImB© oX`{ & E{gm bJVm h° oH$ _oÒOX oJaZ{ H{$ ]mX Vm{
C›hm{ßZ{ H$Q>≤Q>a[ßWr VmH$Vm{ß H$r ]oI`m CY{∂S>Z{ H$r H$g_ hr Im br Wr&
H$_b{Ìda Or H{$ gÂ[mXZ H$mb _{ß X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a g_mMma [Ã H$m gaHw$b{eZ
BVZm ]∂T> J`m oH$ `h AI]ma ZÂ]a dZ hm{ J`m&_
AßVV: h_ H$h gH$V{ h¢ oH$ H$_b{ Ì da ]{o_gmb H$WmH$ma, l{ÓR>
XyaXe©Z Q{>brH$mÒQ>a, ]´mS>H$m∞ÒQ>a, o\$Î_ b{IH$ H{$ gmW hr AZwR{> [ÃH$ma
^r W{&
oOE O] VH$, obI{ I]aZm_{ß &
A] Mb oXE, hmW _{ß H$b_ Wm_{ß &&
XwoZ`m `mX aI{Jr, Am[H{$ O_mZ{ &
Am[ h¢ [ÃH$mnaVm H{$, ÒVÂ^ OmZ{ _mZ{ &&
[ÃH$mnaVm _{ß CZH$r Xr hwB© AmhwoV`m± gÂ[yU© [ÃH$ma [ro∂T>`m{ß H{$ obE
AmXe© ]Zr ah{Jr&
1. [ÃH$moaVm H$m BoVhmg - EZ.gr. [ßV
2. oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm - H•$ÓU o]hmar o_l
3. oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm ÒdÍ$[ Am°a gßX^© - odZm{X Jm{Xa{
4. oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm : BoVhmg Edß gßaMZm - ‡m{. a_{e O°Z
5. oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm H$m d•hX BoVhmg - S>m∞. AOw©Z oVdmar
6. [Ã Am°a [ÃH$mnaVm - aMZm ^m{bm "`mo_Zr'
7. ohßXr [ÃH$mnaVm og’m›V Am°a ÒdÍ$[ - godVm Mèm
8. oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm H{$ ododY Am`m_ (^mJ-1, ^mJ-2) S>m∞. d{X‡Vm[ d°oXH$
9. ‡`m{OZ _ybH$ oh›Xr - S>m∞. gßOrd O°Z
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
Om{ _¢Z{ oO`m - H$_b{Ìda
ObVr hwB© ZXr - H$_b{Ìda
`mXm{ß H{$ oMamJ - H$_b{Ìda
H$_b{Ìda : _{a{ h_ g\$a - Jm`Ãr H$_b{Ìda
H$WmH$ma H$_b{Ìda - S>m∞. H{$.[r. O`m
H$_b{Ìda - gß. _YwH$a ogßh
[naH´$_m - gß. H$_b{Ìda
oh›Xr H$r gdm}X` [oÃH$m - gß. S>m∞. _•Xwbm JJ©
X°oZH$ ^mÒH$a (g_mMma [Ã) - gß. a_{eM›– AJ´dmb
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
225
AmOH$b ([oÃH$m) - gß. –m{Udra ogßh
g_ram ([oÃH$m) - gß. _ram ogßh
dV©_mZ gmohÀ` ([oÃH$m) - gß. Hw$±da[mb ogßh
oh›Xr [ÃH$mnaVm Am°a [ß. `wJb oH$em{a MVwd}Xr - S>m∞. amIr C[m‹`m`
H$m{ham (H$_b{Ìda) - ‡Xr[ [ßV
gmnaH$m ([oÃH$m) - gß.H$_b{Ìda
H$Wm `mÃm ([oÃH$m) - gß.H$_b{Ìda
X°oZH$ OmJaU (g_mMma [Ã) - gß.H$_b{Ìda
*************
226
oZ_m∂S> H{$ ‡_wI bm{H$mª`mZ H$m AZwôy V [jï
M›–H$m›Vm ]∂S>m{b{ *
‡ÒVmdZm - bm{H$ g_mOm{ß _{ß JmWmAm{ß H$r aMZm H•$of Am°a MamJmh gßÒH•$oV
H{$ ^rVa gß^d hwAm h°& bm{H$ g_mOm{ß _{ß BoVhmg H$r ‡m_moUH$Vm Zht
Im{Or OmVr, d{ Vm{ A[Z{ dra Zm`H$m{ß H{$ gmW JmWm Am°a CgH{$ è _{ß†
AmZßoXV hm{V{ h°&
Amª`mZ [aÂ[am H$m AoÒVÀd bm{H$ OrdZ g{ Ow∂S{> ahZ{ H{$ H$maU ahm
h°& BoVhmg _{ß† bm{H$mª`mZ AWdm bm{H$JmWmAm{ß H$r Ao^Ïò∫$`m± bm{H$
gmohÀ` _{ß g_mohV h°& "bm{H$mª`mZ Òd`ß Ò\y$V© hm{V{ h° Am°a gm_m›`V`m
CZ_{ß AVrV H{$ _mZdm{ß H$r dh gßÒH•$oV g_mohV ahVr h¢, Om{ oH$gr Ymo_©H$
Am°[MmnaH$Vm Edß BoVhmg H{$ A›VJ©V g_modÓQ> Zht hm{&'
bm{H$JmWm H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ _{ß† J{`Vm EH$ _hÀd[yU© VÀd h°& bm{H$JmWm
H$Wm, MnaÃ, ^md, odMma, H$Î[Zm, ^mfm, J{`Vm AmoX _{ß bm{H$VÀd BVZ{
‡^mdr ahV{ h° oH$ bm{H$ C›h{ß A[Zm hr _mZH$a J´hU H$a b{Vm h° Am°a
_m°oIH$ [aÂ[am g{ Xygar [r∂T>r H$m{ hÒVm›VnaV H$a X{Vm h°& bm{H$JmWm H$m
bm{H$VÀd hr CgH$r _m°oIH$ [aÂ[am H$r gßOrdZr h°&
"bm{H$gmohÀ` : EH$ odõ{fU' H{$ gßX^© _{ß S>m∞. _rZmjr [±dma H$hVr
h¢, "bm{H$gmohÀ` g{ Z Vm{ H$bmÀ_H$ [nad{e H$r A[{jm hm{Vr h° Z ‡VrH$ `m
o]Â]m{ß H$r ]mZoJ`m{ß g{, Cg{ gßdmam hr OmVm h°& ‡mH•$oVH$ OrdZ H{$ ]rM
A[Zr hr ]m{br _{ß gßÒH•$oV H$r N>m`m g{ [ÑodV bm{H$gmohÀ` _{ß† J´mÂ`
ghOVm, _mYw`© Edß ^m{bm[Z oXImB© X{Vm h°& bm{H$OrdZ H{$ ]rM A^mdm{ß
H$r [r∂S>m g{ oZH$b{ hwE e„X JwZJwZmV{ hwE b`]’ hm{ OmV{ h° Am°a V] _Z
H$r ‡\w$ÑVm g{ oZa›Va hm{V{ hwE ÒWm`r hm{ OmV{ h°&'
bm{H$gmohÀ` odÌdâ H$r ^mfmAm{ß Am°a OmoV`m{ß _{ß ‡MobV h°, [a›Vw
Bg gmohÀ` H$m ‡_wI bjU `h h° oH$ `h oH$gr Ïò∫$ ode{f H$r aMZm
hm{V{ hwE ^r Ïò∫$ ode{f H$r Zht ahVr h°& Bg gß]ßY _{ß S>m∞. adr›– ^´_a
H$hV{ h° oH$, "bm{H$gmohÀ` bm{H$_mZg H$r ghO Am°a Òdm^modH$ Ao^Ïò∫$
h°& `h ]hwYm AoboIV hr ahVr h° Am°a A[Zr _m°oIH$ [aÂ[am ¤mam EH$
[r∂T>r g{ Xygar [r∂T>r VH$ AmJ{ ]∂T>Vr ahVr h°& Bg gmohÀ` H{$ aMo`Vm H$m
Zm_ ‡m`: AkmV ahVm h°& bm{H$ H$m ‡mUr Om{ Hw$N> H$hVm-gwZVm h°, Cg{
g_yh H$r dmUr ]ZmH$a Am°a g_yh _{ß Kwbo_b H$a hr H$hVm h°&'
Bg ‡H$ma `h oZod©dmX Vœ` h° oH$ bm{H$gmohÀ` gm_m›ÒZ H$r
AZw^yoV`m{ß, ^mdZmAm{ß, odMmam{ß AmoX H$r ghO Ao^Ïò∫$ h°, BgobE
OZgm_m›` Z{ A[Z{ _Zm{aßOZ H{$ obE A[Zr AZw^yoV`m{ß H$m{ bm{H$^mfm _{ß
‡ÒVwV oH$`m, oOg{ bm{H$gmohÀ` H{$ Zm_ g{ OmZm OmVm h°& dÒVwV:
bm{H$gßÒH•$oV H$r AmYmaoebm bm{H$OrdZ h°& Bgr AmYma [a bm{H$gßÒH•$oV
H$m{ [na^mofV H$aV{ hwE S>m∞. gÂ[yUm©Z›X Z{ obIm h° oH$- "bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV
dh OrodV Vœ` h°, oOgH{$ _m‹`_ g{ J´m_rU OrdZ H$r AmÀ_m Òd`ß H$m{
Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aVr h°&'
*
^maV H$r odo^fi OmoV, gßÒH•$oV`m{ß _{ß† g°H$∂S>m{ß OZ[Xr` ]m{ob`m± h°&
bm{H$JrVm{ß _{ß† g_mO Ï`dÒWm H$r Z H{$db PboH$`m± hm{Vr h°, daZ≤ amJ¤{f, H$ÓQ>-∑b{e, d{XZm-H$ÈUm, CÑmg d _m`m _m{h g]H$r ]mZoJ`m±
ghOVm H{$ gmW X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bVr h°&
bm{H$mª`mZm{ß Z{ [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ H$r AZw^yoV`m± h°& ‡H•$oV ‡{_ h°&
[wÈf Am°a Ûr H$m ‡U` h°&
˚m•ßJma ^mdZm - _ybm Jm{›S{>Z Zma H$mR>r JmWm _{ß _ybm Jm{›S{>Z ˚m•ßJma H$aH{$
–m{UmoJna [a OmZ{ H{$ obE V°`ma hm{Vr h°, Cg g_` CgH{$ ˚m•ßJma H$m dU©Z
Bg Amª`mZ _{ß Bg ‡H$ma oH$`m J`m h°"bßhJm{ [°aÁm{ H$mbm H$mH$aÁm{, Jim _@ S>mÎ`m{ H$d∂S{>bm{ hma&&
AßoJ`m [{ar MÂ_mH$br, _mWm [@ Am{`m{ X∑IZ H$m{ Mra&&
`'Xm{dUr, bmB© Jm{›S{>Z Z@ _m{Jam{@, ]rM ]rM bmB© MßXZ H$m Pm∂S>&'
_ybm Jm{ßS{>Z H{$ ]mbm{ß _{ß†bJ{ _m{Ja{ H{$ \y$bm{ß H$r gwJ›Y H°$bmg [a \°$b
OmVr h°& _hmX{dOr H$r ZtX Cg gwJßY g{ Iwb OmVr h°, V] _hmX{d Or
[md©Vr g{ [yN>V{ h° oH$ _{a{ Mmam{ß Am{a ∑`m{ß _hH$ ahm h° ?
"hmD±$ VwI@ [yNy>± dm{ Jdam [madVr@&
AmO Âhmam{ Mdam{ ∑`m{ß _hH$m`&&'
"A[Um ]Z AmB© _ybm A]bm gB© Jm{›S{>Z&
O{Im Oy∂S>m _@ [a_b ^{X&&'
amOm hnaÌM›– H$mR>r JmWm _{ß od‡bÂ] ˚m•J
ß ma H$m oMÃU oH$`m J`m h°&
"Tw>b _wb am{d@ ^m{bm{ B©Ìda@&
H$gm{ o]bIU bJm`m{ Mdam H$m{ X{d&&'
"Ka H$r oVa`m Jdam [madVr,
hmW gr ObmB© gmodÃr Mdam _@&&'
"oH$Z odoY Am`{ Jdam [ma]Vr&
oH$Z odoY Am`{ Vy _hmX{d H$m [mg&&'
"bd-Hw$e JmWm' _{ß† O] lram_ Ym{]r H{$ Amj{[ H{$ H$maU grVm H{$
[naÀ`mJ h{Vw b˙_U H$m{ AmX{oeV H$aV{ h°, V] grVm `h OmZH$a AÀ`ßV
Xw:Ir hm{Vr h°& am_ H{$ o]Zm CgZ{ A[Z{ AoÒVÀd H$r H$Î[Zm VH$ Zht H$r
Wr, Mm°Xh df© am_ H{$ gmW dZdmg _{ß† ]∂S{> H$ÓQ> P{bH$a AmB© Wr, dhr grVm
AÀ`ßV Xw:Ir hm{H$a gm{MVr h°¶ oH$"g[© _oU o]Z Ï`mHw$b ^B© Vgr am_ o]Z grVm&'
"aW D$[a O] M∂T>r hm{ OmZH$r, hmb H$`m{ Zht Om`&'
^yb hwB© H$B© ^JdmZ h_g{, _Z _@ ahr odMmar&&'
"^`^rV hwB© Z ]m{br OmZH$r, Zht Q>a@ H$a_@ JoV Q>mar&'
o]bI- odbI H$@ gVdßVr Zma, odYmVm H$r JoV Q>mar Zht OmVr&
H$od Z{ AoV gßj{[ _{ß grVm H$r od`m{J Ï`Wm H$m{ Ï`∫$ oH$`m h°, Bg_{ß
em{YmWu, odH´$_ odÌdod⁄mb`, C¡O°Z (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
od‡bÂ^ ˚m•ßJma h°& "grVm [yN>@ am_ gr' JrV _{ß ^r H$od Z{ grVm H$r Ï`Wm
H$m{ Ï`∫$ oH$`m h°&
"grVm [yN>@ am_ gr, grVm [yN>@ am_ gr&
E{Var Km{a [arjm ^JdmZ brZr oH$Zm H$m_ H$r
EH$ Ym{]r H$m H$Ùm _@ oÔdm`m
AJZr [arjm bB© br o\$a ^r
odÌdmg Zr Am`m
Zmar H$mB© oejm b{Jr Âhmam BZm BÎOm_-gr
grVm [yN>@ am_ gr&&'
bm{H$ ^mfm _{ß† BVZ{ H$ÈUm â{ ^mdm{ß H$m JrV [∂T>H$a _Z Ï`mHw$b hm{
OmVm h°& JrV _{ß† lm{Vm H{$ _Z H$m{ Am›Xm{obV H$aZ{ H$r eo∫$ H$m Am^mg
hm{Vm h°&
am_ZmamÙ C[m‹`m` Z{ lrH•$ÓU amYm H{$ oZÌN>b ‡{_ H$r Ao^Ïò∫$
H{$ "_m{Vrbrbm Amª`mZ' H$m gßH$bZ oH$`m h°& Bg JrV _{ß ˚m•ßJma ^md H{$
Xm{Zm{ß [jm{ß H$m ghO-gw›Xa oMÃU o_bVm h°&
amYm H•$ÓU [a _m{oV`m{ß H$m hma MwamZ{ H{$ Amam{[ bJmVr h°, V] H•$ÓU
A[Z{ oZa[amYr og’ hm{Z{ h{Vw C[m` ]VmV{ h° [a amYm ]∂S{> Hw$eb VH$m{™ g{
g]H$m I S>Z H$aVr h¢& H•$ÓU Am°a amYm H{$ VH©$-odVH$m{™ H$m ]∂S>m gw›Xa
oMÃU _m{Vr brbm _{ß oH$`m J`m h°&
gßV qgJmOr H{$ oeÓ`m{ß _{ß g{ EH$ YZOrXmg H$r `h aMZm ô∫$ H$r
EH$ AZyR>r N>Q>m g{ `w∫$ h°& gßV qgJmOr H{$ oZJw©U_mJu g{ hQ>H$a h°& amYmH•$ÓU H{$ AZ›` ‡{_ H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H{$ H$od A[Zr H$Î[Zmerb H$r ‡oV^m
H$m [naM` oX`m h°& Bg aMZm _{ß ˚m•ßJma _{ß gß`m{J Am°a od`m{J [j H$m
_Zm{hmar oMÃU o_bVm h°&
"amOm âWar-JmWm' _{ß ^r amOm ^V©•hna JwÈ Jm{aIZmW g{ gß›`mg
H$r Xrjm b{Z{ H{$ ]mX JwÈ H$r Amkm H{$ AZwgma A[Zr [ÀZr Ì`m_mX{dr H$m{
"_m±' H$h o^jm bmZ{ H$r eV© [a amOYmZr C¡O°Z OmH$a A[Z{ _hb H{$
gm_Z{ I∂S{> hm{H$a o^jm _mßJV{ h°& amZr A[Z{ [oV amOm ^V•©hna H$m{ gß›`mgr
H{$ Í$[ X{IH$a ]{hm{e hm{ OmVr h°& Bg bm{H$mª`mZ _{ß amOm ^V•©hna CgH$r Xm{
o‡` amoZ`m{ß Ì`m_mX{dr Am°a q[Jbm H{$ ]rM gßdmX ˚m•ßJma ag g{ [na[yU© h°&
BZ_{ß† od‡bÂ^ ˚m•ßJma h°&
^V•©hna H$r Vah hr amOm Jm{[rMßX H$r H$Wm h°& ZmW[ßWr JwÈ Z{
‡^modV hm{H$a Jm{[rMßX ^r ^V•©hna H$r Vah amO[mQ> Am°a E{Ìd`© H$m{ À`mJ
H$a gß›`mg J´hU H$aVm h°& Jm{[rMßX H$r amoZ`m± Bgg{ ÏòWV h°&
Jm{[rMßX H$r ^r gm{bh gm° amoZ`m± Wt, oOZ_{ß† ‡_wI [Q>amZr aÀZm
AÀ`ßV gw›Xa Wr& CgH{$ dU©Z _{ß Amª`mZ _{ß H$hm J`m h° oH$- "M›– ]XZ
_•Jbm{MZr, em{^m daUr Zr OmB©&' M›–_m O°gm CÇdb _wI _ßS>b Am°a
ohaZr O°gr ]∂S>r Am±I, CgH$r gw›XaVm H$m dU©Z Zht oH$`m Om gH$Vm&
g_mO H{$ aroV-nadmO, H$mZyZ-H$m`X{ Am°a _`m©XmAm{ß _{ß ahV{ hwE ‡À`{H$
gm_moOH$ A[Z{ gÂ]›Ym{ß H$m oH$VZm Hw$ebVm[yd©H$ Am°a oOÂ_{Xmna`m{ß H$m
oZdm©h H$aVm h°, Bgg{ ^r gm_moOH$ M{VZm H$m [Vm MbVm h°&
‡ÒVwV bm{H$mª`mZ _{ß† Bgr gm_moOH$ M{VZm H$m{ `hm± a{ImßoH$V H$aZ{
H$m ‡`mg oH$`m Om ahm h¢&
amOm hnaÌM›– JmWm _{ß hnaÌM›– A[Z{ amOY_© H$m [mbZ H$aV{ h°&
OZVm H$r gwI gwodYm H$m ‹`mZ aIV{ h°&
^yIm H$@ ^m{OZ fl`mg H$hw@ [mUr X{`
CKm∂S>m Za@ I@ H$[∂S>m ]m±Q>r X{`&&
227
Hw$Am± IwXm`m amOm Z@ ]md∂S>r
Amg[mg bJm`m AmÂ]m MßXZ H$m Pm∂S>&&
Ω`mag _mVm Amª`mZ _{ß†[m±S>dm{ß H$m [aÒ[a ‡{_ Am°a _mVm Hw$ßVr H$m A[Z{
[wÃm{ß [a ‡{_ Ï`∫$ oH$`m J`m h°&
Jm{[rMßX Amª`mZ _{ß† Jm{[rMßX H$r JwÈ H{$ ‡oV l’m Am°a oZÓR>m H$m
[Vm MbVm h°&
"JwÈ H$m{ Jmbr _V X{Zm, JwÈ Âhmam XrZX`mb&
_mVm H{$ C[X{e g{ H$mQ{> OJ OßOmb&&'
oZ_m∂S>r OZOrdZ _{ß† AZ{H$ gm_moOH$ aÒ_† odoY-odYmZ g{ gÂ[fi
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H$m oddmh H$a A[Zr oOÂ_{Xmar [ya H$aV{ h°& CgH$r [wÃr ZmZr]mB© H$m
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oZJw©U, oZamH$ma H$r gmZm [’oV H$m AdbÂ]Z oH$`m J`m& ]´˜ H$r
AdYmaUm odH$ogV hwB©& O°Z Am°a ]m°’H$mb _{ß†Am`m{™ H{$ BZ H$_©H$m S>m{ß H$m
oZf{Y oH$`m, gmW hr OmoV ^{X H$r Xrdma† Io S>V H$r JB©& AÀòYH$
IMub{ AZwÓR>mZm{ß H{$ H$maU H{$db YZdmZ hr BZ `k H$m S>m{ß _{ß†^mJ b{V{ W{,
Bg H$maU Am_ OZVm Yra{-Yra{ Y_© g{ dßoMV hm{Z{ bJr Wr& Am`m{™ H{$ O°Z
Am°a ]m°’H$mb H{$ BZ OmoV odaohV H$_©H$m S>m{ß H$m oZf{Y oH$`m, Bgg{ Y_©
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gabV_ C[m` Am°a AdVmadmX H$r AdYmaUm CÀ[fi hwB©& am_mÙ,
_hm^maV Am°a [wamUm{ß Z{ gmßÒH•$oVH$ M{VZm H$m{ gm_m›` OZ H{$ ob`{ ‡gmnaV
hm{Z{ H$m H$m_ oH$`m, Bgr H$mb _{ß† bm{H$mª`mZm{ß _{ß† dmoMH$ [aÂ[am H{$ odH$mg
_{ß bm{H$ _`m©Xm Am°a bm{H$ Ï`dhma H$r oejm ^r ‡XmZ H$r OmZ{ bJr&
gm_moOH$ ^mdZm gm_moOH$ aroV-nadmO, H$mZyZ-H$m`X{ Am°a _`m©Xm H$m
Amª`mZm{ß _|† Hw$ebVm[yd©H$ ‡`m{J oH$`m h°& _ybm Jm{›S{>Z Amª`mZ _|† _ybm
A[Z{ [oV H{$ H$V©Ï`m{ß H$m ^mZ H$amVr h¢& A[Z{ [oV H$m{ H$V©Ï` H$r H{$db
`mX hr Zht oXbmVr, Ao[Vw C›h|† H$_© H$aZ{ H{$ obE ^r ‡{naV H$aVr h°&
1. _{a{Q> Ama.Ama. gmBH$mbm∞Or E S> \$m{H$-bm{a&
2. S>m∞. _rZmjr [±dma-bm{H$gmohÀ` : EH$ odõ{fU&
3. S>m∞. adr›– ^´_a- oh›Xr ô∫$ gmohÀ` _{ß†bm{H$VÀd&
4. S>m∞. gÂ[yUm©Z›X- bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV, [•.17.
5. bdHw$e-JmWm
6. _hm^maV/g^m[d©-7.13
7. _hm^maV/g^m[d© 7.13
*************
228
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gßgX _{ß† ^{Om, Cg CÂ_rX [a `{ bm{J Ia{ Zht CVa{& `{ hr bm{J ajH$ H{$
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H{$ AZ{H$ oMÃ AßoH$V h°"oZH$b H$a gm∞[ ]mß]r g{ g∂S>H$ [a Am J`{ oH$VZ{&
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"qOXJr H´$ya h° Omob_ oH$VZr'
dm{ bhy Am±I g{ oZMm{`{ h°&' 22
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H$m oMÃU o_bVm h°& "`h qghmgZ qOXm]mX' "Sy>] J`{', "gŒmm H{$ Job`ma{
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odÒV•V PbH$ [a CÀH$rU© oH$`m h°&' 29
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aOV [mÃ Mß–_m/C]Q>Z h° JßY H$m/
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h°& `w’m{ß Z{ AZ{H$ oZarh bm{Jm{ß H$r qOXJr V]mh H$r h°& IyZ [grZm EH$ H$a
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_hm^maV H{$ eHw$Zr H$r Vah Hw$oQ>b Mmb† MbZ{ dmb{ H$m°ad-[m S>dm{ß _|ß
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230
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gH$m{ Vm{ Am OmAm{`, "Z`_ Xm{ PwH{$ h°', "]ag J`{ ]Xam', "Am±gy H$m
AZwdmX' AmoX aMZmE± CÑ{IZr` h°&
"oH$aU H{$ H$erX{`, "`mXm{ß H{$ Mr∂S>', "gy`©_wIr A[Ì`m',îXw[hna`m±
hm±\$ ahr', "_m°bogar \y$br', "^r∂S> g{ AbJ bm¢Q> Mb† Om`', "ÃwoQ>`m{ß H$m
oÃ^wO', "MH´$Ï`yh Qy>Q{>', "YwAm± hr YwAm±', "gwbJm [bmedZ', "[rb{ H$Z{a',
"ahVm h° gwI H$hm±', "∑`m _Ou h° am_ H$r ]{_m°g_ KZ N>m`{`, "oZoeJßYm
¤ma _hH$r', "gß[yU© g_[©U Ï`W© J`m', "_ZH$m _hwAm', "H$gH$ ah JB©'
AmoX JrV CÑ{IZr` h¢& JrVm{ß _{ß† ododYVm h°&
[rb{ Mmdb ¤ma [a - amÓQ≠>ô∫$ H$r M{VZm Z{ o\$a H$od-M{VZm _{ß†‡U`
^md H$r Am{a `mÃm ewÍ$ H$r h°, "Vw_ Z Oy∂S>m Im{bZm A[Zm', "JJZ oKa{ ar
D$X{ ]mXb', "â{ â{ Z`Zm{ß O°gm hm{`, "R>rH$ VwÂhmar Z_ [bH$m{-gm', "Oy∂S{>
_{ß [rbm Jwbm]', "Vw_ `m°dZ H$r X{har [a', "]∂T> ahr _{ar VwÂhmar Xyna`m',
"_wI oXImAm{ Oam', "Am±gy Ob g{ gtM ahm hy±', "_¢ VwÂhma{ Z`Z g{ E{gm oJam
hy±', "]∂S>r CXmgr h°' AmoX JrV ^md[yU© h°& ‡U` H{$ gwI-XwI Am°a hf©odfmX H{$ ^md BZ JrVm{ß H{$ ¤mam Ï`∫$ oH$`{ J`{ h°& "[rb{ Mmdb ¤ma [a'
H$odVm gßH$bZ H$r [hbr H$odVm _{ß ‡{_ âm oZ_ßÃU H{$ ‡VrH$ H{$ Í$[ _{ß
‡`m{J _{ß bm`m J`m h°&
S>m∞. H•$ÓU Jm{[mb o_l Bg gßH$bZ H$r g_rjm _{ß† obIV{ h¢"[rb{ Mmdb ¤ma [a' odamQ> H{$ CXmŒm Am°a _hZr` ‡{_ ^mdm{ß H$r
‡oVoZoY H•$oV h°& Bg_{ß† H$od H$r AZw^yoV`m± AÀ`ßV B©_mZXmar g{ Ao^Ï`∫$
hwB© h°& ‡m`: ‡À`{H$ Ïò∫$ Òd`ß H$m{ [odÃ oZÓH$bwe ‡XoÌm©V H$aVm h°& dh
_Z H$r dmgZmAm{ß H$m{ ÒdrH$ma H$aZm Zht MmhVm, oH$›Vw odamQ> Bg AZw^yoV
_{ß B©_mZXma h°& 31
"XX© H°$g{ Mw[ ah{` odf`dÒVw H$r —oÓQ> g{ Bg gßH$bZ H$r AoYH$mße
H$odVmAm{ß _{ß† am{_mZr ^md hr ‡_wI h°& Hw$N> JrVm{ß _{ß†OrdZ Am°a `wJ qMVZ
^r h°& "XX©' O] ‡{_r H{$ _Z _{ß gKZ hm{ CR>Vm h°, Vm{ dh JmZ H{$ Í$[ _† ãyQ>
[∂S>Vm h°"AmX_r Jm`{ Z Jm`{/XX© H°$g{ Mw[ ah{Jm&
Am±I g{ Om{ Alw N>bH$m/d{XZm H$m JrV hm{Jm&&
_m°Z hmhmH$ma Ca H$m/‡mU H$m gßJrV hm{Jm&
ÈøX Òda Mmh{ Z Mmh{/‡mU H°$g{ Mw[ ah{Jm&&'35
^rVa H$r ZmJ\$Zr - AoYH$mße H$odVmAm{ß _{ß† ]m¯ OJV H$r odf_,
odgßJV oÒWoV`m{ß g{ C[Or _Z H$r ‡oVoH´$`m Ï`∫$ H$r JB© h°&
OrdZ Am°a OJV H$r H$R>m{a dmÒVodH$VmAm{ß H$m ^r AZw^d JrV Í$[
_{ß†h°& OrdZ H{$ ododY [jm{ß H$m oMÃU Bg gßH$bZ H{$ JrVm{ß _{ß h¢&
dV©_mZ amOZ°oVH$ odgßJoV`m{ß [a CZH$r ]{]mH$ Ao^Ïò∫$`m{ß —ÓQ>Ï`
h¢"X{Z{ H$m{ H{$db AmÌdmgZ/`m o\$a _rR{> _rR{> ^mfU&
Òd`ß gwaojV Vm{ ∑`m H$aZm/OZ gmYmaU H$m gßajU&&'
oH$VZm _hßJm ›`m` hm{ J`m/A\$ga \$mBb Am{∂T> gm{ J`m&
gwI Vm{ AmZm Wm g_mO _{ß/ oH$›Vw H$∂mJOm{ß H{$ ]rM Im{ J`m&& 44
]yßX ]yßX [mam - g_H$mbrZ OrdZ _{ß [naoÒWoV`m{ß H{$ ‡^md g{ o]Iamd
[°Xm hm{ J`m h°& CgH$m oMÃU oH$`m h°& Hw$N> Ag\$b ‡{_ g{ Câ{ odfmX
Am°a oZame _Z H{$ ^mdm{ß H$m{ Ï`∫$ H$aV{ h¢& oH$gr oH$gr JrV _{ß dV©_mZ
^´ÓQ>mMma g{ _mhm°b [a jm{^ Ï`∫$ oH$`m h°&
gfimQ{> H$r MrI - Bg gßH$bZ _{ß† odamQ> Z{ ododY odf` CR>m`{ h°& oMa
o‡` odf` ‡U` H{$ AoVna∫$ ‡H•$oV oMÃU, g_gm_o`H$ `wJ OrdZ,
Xe©Z AmoX odf`m{ß [a ^r A[Z{ ^md ‡H$Q> oH$`{ h°&
oZd©gZm MmßXZr - 1970-80 H{$ Xm°amZ oZd©gZm MmßXZr Am°a AmÒWm
H{$ A_bVmg Xm{ JOb gßJ´h ‡H$moeV hwE& oZd©gZm MmßXZr _¢† H$od Z{
∂JOb H{$ odf` H$m{ ]Xb oX`m& ˚m•ßJma H$m{ ]hwV AoYH$ _hÀd oX`m, BgH{$
Abmdm dV©_mZ oÒWoV`m{ß H$m ^r oMÃU oH$`m h°&
AmÒWm H{$ A_bVmg - ‡ÒVwV ∂JOb gßJ´h H$r ∂JObm{ß _{ß†, ‡U`, gm¢X`©,
`wJ OrdZ, odMma-Xe©Z Am°a `wJrZ `WmW© H{$ gß]ßYr ∂JOb† h°& d°ò∫$H$
‡U` ^md H{$ AoV A›` g_gm_o`H$ oÒWoV`m{ß Am°a OrdZ H$r ÃmgX
`WmW© oÒWoV`m{ß H$m{ ^r ∂JOb† H$m odf` ]ZmH$a Bg odYm H$m{ Am°a Ï`m[H$
]Zm`m h°&
231
1. M›–g{Z odamQ> JrV gßJ´h oOg_|†1965 g{ 2003 VH$ 12 JrV
gßJ´h&
2. M›–g{Z odamQ> ∂JOb gßJ´h Bg_†10 ∂JOb gßJ´h&
3. Ao_Vm^ S>m∞. d{X‡H$me, oh›Xr ∂JOb H$m BoVhmg&
4. S>m∞. BgmH$ AÌH$- M›–g{Z odamQ> H{$ ‡oVoZoY JrV, g_m›Va
‡H$meZ, gwOmb[wa, 1999
5. AJ´dmb _h{›–- ZB© ∂JOb : Cÿd Am°a odH$mg &
6. XwÓ`ßV Hw$_ma- gmE± _{ß†Yy[ &
7. o_l Aß›Vam_- ZdJrV : gßd{Xem Am°a oeÎ[ &
8. S>m∞. H•$ÓUJm{[mb o_l- M›–g{Z odamQ> H$m H$mÏ` : gßd{XZm Am°a
oeÎ[, g_m›Va ‡H$meZ, C¡O°Z &
*************
232
g_H$mbrZ H$hmZrH$ma H$r aMZm —oÓQ>
S>m∞. pd_bm o_ßO *
‡ÒVmdZm - g_H$mbrZ e„X AßJ´{Or H{$ "H$mßQ{>Â[a{ar' H$m oh›Xr [`m`© h° ,
oOgH$m VmÀ[`© h°& EH$ hr g_mO H$m, A[Z{ g_` g{ g_d`ÒH$ AmoX &
H$mbXe©Z H$r —oÓQ> g{ g_H$mbrZVm H$r bKwV_ Ï`mo· EH$ jU _{ß hm{Vr h°,
oH$›Vw g_` H{$ ‡dmh H$m{ g_H$mbrZVm H$r [naoY H{$ ]mha aIZm ^r Agß^d
h°& g_H$mbrZVm gm_o`H$ AWdm joUH$ ^m{J H{$ ]mdOyX goH´$`Vm g{
gÂ[•∫$ hm{Vr h°& g_H$mbrZ H$hmZr oH$gr H$mb ode{f H$r dmMH$ Z hm{H$a
A[Z{ g_` H$r g_J´ dmÒVodH$Vm d gÉmB`m{ß H$m{ Ao^Ï`∫$ H$aZ{ dmbr
H$hmZr H{$ Í$[ _{ß gm_Z{ AmVr h°&
Jm{od›X o_l H$r H$hmoZ`m∞ A[Zr _hmZJar` gßd{XZm H{$ ode{f
H$m{U H{$ ob`{ ode{f Í$[ g{ ‡^modV H$aVr h°& _hmZJa _{ß ah H$a Jm∞d H$m
OZ-OrdZ, _mZdr` gÂ]›Ymß{ Edß naÌVm{ß H$r D$Ó_m b{IH$ H$m{ "hm∞Q>' H$aVr
h° Om{ ]ma-]ma CZH$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß Câ H$a AmVr h° & CZH$r H$hmoZ`m∞
J´m_rU Am°a ZJar` OrdZ H$m{ g_mZ›Va aI H$a X{IVr hwB© CZH$r odf_Vm
Edß ]Xbr hwB© _yÎ` —oÓQ> H$m{ a{ImßoH$V H$aVr h¢& "H$MH$m¢Y' ("gmnaH$m',
A‡°b 1973) Bg —oÓQ> g{ CZH$r `mXJma H$hmZr h¢& "A›V:[wa' (1976),
"Ym±gy' (1978), "aJ∂S> ImVr AmÀ_hÀ`mE∞' (1978), "IwX H{$ oIbm\$',
(1981) Am°a g]g{ VmOm "ImH$ BoVhmg' (1984) CZH{$ MoM©V gßJ´h
h°& oh_mßew Om{er H{$ "aWMH´$' (1975) VWm oh_mßew Om{er H$r odoeÓQ>
H$hmoZ`m∞' (1979) H$Wm-gßJ´h ^r A[Zm ode{f _hÀd aIV{ h°& Om{er
H$m H$WmH$ma EH$ gmW hr J´m_rU Am{a ZJar` OrdZ H$r ododY ^ßoJ_mAm{ß
H$m{ Hw$ebVm g{ oMoÃV H$aVm h¢& "Om{ KoQ>V hwAm', "ObV{ hwE S°>Z{' BZH$r
odoeÓQ> H$hmoZ`m∞ h°& AdY ZmamÙ _wXJb Z{ A[{jmH•$V H$_ obIm h°,
CZH$m EH$ hr gßJ´h "H$]ßY' (1968) ‡H$moeV hwAm h°, oH$›Vw Cgr H{$
AmYma [a C›hm{Z{ g_H$mbrZ H$Wm-b{IZ _{ß A[Zr Hw$ebVm g{ ]wZr J`r
EH$ ge∫$ aMZm h° Om{ Ï`dÒWm _{ß o[gV{ _ZwÓ` H$r XmÍ$U gÉmB© H$m{
Jß^raVm g{ a{ImßoH$V H$aVr h°& adr›– H$mob`m Am°a _hr[ ogßh ^r Bg
H$Wm-[r∂T>r H{$ AÀ`›V _hÀd[y m© H$hmZrH$ma h¢& adr›– H$mob`m H{$ Zm°
gmb N>m{Q>r [ÀZr' (1969) , "H$mbm aoOÒQ>a' (1972), "Jar]r hQ>mAm{ß'
(1976) VWm "]m±H{$bmb' (1982) _hÀd[yU© H$Wm gßH$bZ h°& H$mob`m
H$r H$hmoZ`m∞ ]∂S>r ghOVm g{ OrdZ H{$ od–y[ H$m{ a{ImßoH$V H$a OmVr h°&
_hr[ ogßh H{$ "COmb{ H{$ CÑy' (1965), "oKamd', "Hw$N> Am°a oH$VZm'
(1973) "oH$VZ{ gß]ßY' (1979), "B∑`mdZ H$hmoZ`m∞' (1982) AmoX
gßJ´h ode{f ‡og’ ah{& _hr[ ogßh Z{ "gM{VZ H$hmZr' Am›Xm{bZ _{ß H$hmZr
_{ß oOg d°MmnaH$Vm H$m{ oh_m`V H$r Wr, dhr CZH$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß X{Ir Om
gH$Vr h°& X°oZH$ OrdZ H$r N>m{Q>r-N>m{Q>r KQ>ZmAm{ß [a ]hwV gwßXa H$hmZr aM
X{Zm BZH$r A[Zr ode{fVm h°&
H$m_ -gß]ßYm{ß H{$ ‡oV Iwbr —oÓQ> H$m ‡maÂ^ Vm{ `⁄o[ Z`r H$hmZr _{ß
H•$ÓUm gm{]Vr, _h{›– ^Ñm, amO{›– `mXd, Cfm o‡`ßdXm AmoX Z{ A[Zr
*
H$hmoZ`m{ß ¤mam H$a oX`m Wm, oH$›Vw H$m_-gß]ßYm{ß H{$ ‡oV EH$ [y m© ÒdÒW,
B©_mZXma Am°a gmhg[yU© ÒdrH$ma H$r oÒWoV H$m g_maÂ^ OJXre MVwd}Xr
VWm "AH$hmZr' H{$ A›` H$WmH$mam{ß ¤mam hwAm& "o]hßJ' (1973) VWm
"AßY{a{ H$m AmX_r' (1978) H{$ Í$[ _{ß CZH$r H$hmoZ`m{ß H{$ gßH$bZ Vm{
A[{jmH•$V ]mX _{ß ‡H$moeV hwE, oH$›Vw BgH{$ [yd© hr "oZRß>J', "AYoIb{
Jwbm]', "S{>ob`m H$m \y$b' "drZg', "oeewhßVm', "S≠>mBßJÍ$[ H$r [°ßoQß>J',
"\´$r-bmßga', AmoX oddmXmÒ[X H$hmoZ`m∞ Iy] MoM©V ahr & BZ H$hmoZ`m{ß
_{ß H$m_-gß]ßYm{ß H$m Om{ ]{oPPH$ ÒdrH$ma Am°a X{h-Y_© H$m{ ÒdrH$maZ{ H$r
B©_mZXmar h°, dh õmø` h°& Bgob`{ g^r H$hmoZ`m∞ dO©Zm Am°a oZf{Y
^md g{ gd©Wm _w∫$ EH$ Iwbr —oÓQ> g{ [naM` H$amVr h¢& BZH$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß
Am`r Aõrb', "Aõrb' H$r [na^mfmEß [maÂ[naH$ oM›Vm g{ AbJ Ûr[wÍ$f gß]ßYm{ß H$r _Zm{d°kmoZH$ [wZ[©∂S> Vmb H$aVr h°& "oddV©' Am°a `MoM©V
H$hmoZ`m∞' (Xm{Zm{ß>1981) CZH$r Z`r [wamZr H$hmoZ`m{ß H{$ VmOm gßJ´h h°&
[a{e ^r OJXre MVwd}Xr H{$ g_mZ Ûr-[wÍ$f gß]ßYm{ß H$m{ ghO —oÓQ> g{
H$hmZr _{ß OrZ{ H{$ [jYa h°& [a{e Z{ `⁄o[ H$_ obIm h°, oH$›Vw CZH$r
H$hmoZ`m∞ A[Zr H$œ`JV B©_mZXmar Am°a ^mfm gßaMZm H$r VmOJr H{$
ob`{ ‡^modV H$aVr h¢, d{ EH$ ]hwV ge∫$ ^mfm H{$ Òdm_r h¢& >Hw$N> H$hm Wm
CgZ{ ("AoU_m', gmVd{ß XeH$ H$m H$hmZr ode{fmßH$), "A]m]rb'
("gmnaH$m' A‡°b 1972), "eha Am J`m Ì`m_br' ("gmnaH$m', ZdÂ]a
1975) "J°g M°Â]a' ("gmnaH$m', ogßVÂ]a 1980) CZH$r `mXJma
H$hmoZ`m∞ h¢& a_{e ]jr H$r H$hmoZ`m∞ ^r Bgr Ymam H$r h¢, Om{ Z`r _yÎ`—oÓQ> H$m{ a{ImoHß$V H$aVr hwB© g_mO H$r ]r_ma AdÒWm H$r [m{b Im{bVr
h¢&"o[Vm-Xa-o[Vm' (1971) Am°a ÈH$ A_yV© VH$br\$' (1972) CZH{$
Bg H$mb]m{Y H{$ MoM©V gßJ´h h¢& gwXe©Z Mm°[∂S>m H$m Zm_ ^r Bgr H´$_ _{ß
ob`m Om gH$Vm h¢, "g∂S>H$ XwK©Q>Zm' (1972) H$r H$hmoZ`m∞ oddmh Am°a
‡{_ gÂ]›Ym{ß H$r ]Xbr hwB© —oÓQ> H$m Jham [naM` X{Vr h°& oJnaamO oH$em{a
H$m Zm_ ^r ]Xbr hwB© Am{a _mZdr` gÂ]›Ym{ß H{$ ]XbV{ g_rH$aUm{ß H$m{
a{ImßoH$V H$aZ{ dmb{ H$hmZrH$ma H{$ Í$[ _{ß ob`m Om gH$Vm h¢& `[{[ad{Q>'
(1967), "eha-Xa-eha', (1967) Am°a "h_ fl`ma H$a b{ (1980)
Bg Xm°a H{$ BZH{$ gßJ´h h¢, oH$›Vw oJnaamO oH$em{a H{$ H$hmZrH$ma H$m H$X
oH$gr ^r H$hmZr gßJ´h _{ß ]∂S>m hwAm Zht bJVm, ‡VrV hm{Vm h° oH$ d{ EH$
OJh Í$H{$ I∂S{> h°&
H$m_Vm ZmW, gVre O_mbr Am°a oOV{›– ^moQ>`m H$r H$hmoZ`m∞
Am°⁄m{oJH$ ‡oVÓR>mZm{ß Am°a H$b-H$maImZm{ß _{ß _OXya OrdZ, Ïò∫$ H$r
ÒdVßÃVm Am{a AoÒ_Vm [a Ï`dÒWm H$m H$gVm [ßOm, _OXya H$r oXZ‡oV-oXZ o]J∂S>Vr OmVr oÒWoV, CZH$r Q{>≠S> `yoZ`Zm{ß H$r AßXÍ$Zr
amOZroV, AmoX H$m [Xm©\$me ge∫$ Tß>J g{ H$aVr h°& H$m_VmZmW H$m
"Vrgar gm±g', gVre O_mbr H{$ "‡W_ [wÍ$f' (1972),
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, H$Q>Zr (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
(1975) VWm R>mHw$a gßdmX- (1978) Am°a oOV{›– ^moQ>`m H$m
èhmXVZm_m' Bg Ymam H{$ ‡_wI gßJ´h VWm H$m_VmZmW H$r H$hmZr "Vrgar
gm±g' gVre O_mbr H$r "AW©VßÃ' VWm "e{a lr' Am°a oOV{›– H$r ehmXV
Zm_m' _hÀd[yU© H$hmoZ`m∞ h°&
_mh{Ìda H$r H$hmoZ`m∞ ^r A[Zr V{O-Vam©a dm_[ßWr gm{M H$m{
H$bmÀ_H$ ÒVa [a ‡ÒVwV H$aVr h¢& `⁄o[ Bg —oÓQ> g{ _wP{ CZ_{ß H$bmÀ_H$Vm
H$r H$_r oXIm`r X{Vr h°, CZ_{ß ‡MmadmXr Òda Hw$N> AoYH$ V{O hm{ J`m h¢&
Xygar Am{a, _mh{Ìda H$r H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß d°MmnaH$Vm H$bmÀ_H$ ÒVa [a ‡`w∫$
hm{Vr h°& CZH$r "_ßQy> H$r dmo[gr' VWm "ewÍ$AmV' Bg —oÓQ> g{ ]hwV ge∫$
aMZmE∞ h¢& "S>m∞0 _mh{Ìda H$r H$hmoZ`m∞' (1971) VWm "Ò[e©' (1979)
CZH{$ _hÀd[yU© gßJ´h h¢&
J´m_rU OrdZ [a obIZ{ dmb{ H$WmH$mam{ß _{ß XeaW o_l M›–‡H$me
[m S{>`, ]bam_, gßOrd, o_oWb{Ìda AmoX H{$ Zm_ ode{f _hÀd aIV{ h¢&
am_Xae o_l H{$ "ImbrKa' (1969), "EH$ dh' (1974), "oXZM`m©'
(1979), "g[©Xße (1982) CÑ{IZr` H$Wm-gßJ´h h¢& M›–‡H$me
[m S{>` H$m H$Wm-gßJ´h ‡H$moeV Zht hwAm h¢, oH$›Vw CZH$r -oZÍ$[m`VmAm{ß
H$m ]m{P' ("JÎ[ ^maVr', 1972, oX[mdbr ode{fmßH$ "A›Xa H$m OmZda'
("H$hmZr H$ma' ZdÂ]a-oXgß]a 1970), "]rM H$r ZXr' ("gZrMa'
H$WmßH$, 1980), AmoX H$hmoZ`m∞ ]hwV ‡m_moUH$ Í$[ g{ J´m_rU OrdZ
H$m Amb{IZ H$aVr h¢& ]bam_ H$r "H$b_ hw`{ hmW' (1980) VWm "_mobH$
H{$ o_Ã' (1984) gßJ´hm{ß ¤mam odoeÓQ> [MmZ J´m_rU H$Wmb{IZ _{ß Câr
h¢& "[mbZhma{' VWm "oejmH$mb' BZH$r ]hwV ge∫$ aMZmE∞ h¢& gßOrd H$m
"Vrg gmb H$m g\$aZm_m' (1981) MoM©V gßJ´h Am°a "A[amY' `mXJma
H$hmZr H$hr Om gH$Vr h¢& o_oWb{Ìda Z{ ewÍ$ _{ß J´m_rU OrdZ [a ]hwV
A¿N>r H$hmoZ`m∞ Xr, oH$›Vw ]mX _{ß d{ A[Zr H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß Òd`ß H$m{ "na[rQ>'
H$a A[Z{ ‡oV C[{jm-^md OJm ah{ h¢& "Xygam _hm^maV' (1979) VWm
"]m]yOr' (1980) o_oWb{Ìda H{$ MoM©V gßJ´h h°& [hm∂S>r J´m_rU OZOrdZ H$m{ ‡ÒVwV H$aZ{ dmb{ H$WmH$mam{ß _{ß oh_mßew Om{er H{$ AoVna∫$ ]Q>m{hr,
gwa{e CoZ`mb, H{$ed Am°a _m{hZ W[ob`mb H{$ Zm_ ode{f _hÀd H{$ h¢&
]Q>m{hr H{$ "oXdm-ÒdflZ' Am°a "g∂S>H$ H$m ^yJm{b', gwa{e CoZ`mb H$m gßJ´h
"Xa Agb' (1978), H{$ed H{$ "\$mgbm' (1976) VWm "Abmd'
(1983) Am°a _m{hZ W[ob`mb H$m "gmbm{_Z Jw›S{> Am°a A›` H$hmoZ`m∞,
(1983) gßJ´h CÑ{IZr` h¢& odO` ghJb Z{ ^r [hm∂S>r OZ-OrdZ [a
Hw$N> A¿N>r H$hmoZ`m∞ obIr h¢ &
ldU Hw$_ma, a_{eM›X emh, dra{›– _{ßhXraŒm, ]XrC¡O_m∞, emZr
Am°a gwXr[ ^r g_H$mbrZ H$hmZr H{$ _hÀd[yU© hÒVmja h¢& ldU Hw$_ma Z{
CÉ _‹`dJr©` A\$ga, ImV{-[rV{, A¿N>r am{Or H$_mV{ ]rM H{$ A\$gam{ß
H$r AmoW©H$ VßJXoÒV`m{ß H$m ]hwV ]{]mH$ oMÃU A[Zr H$hmoZ`m{ß _{ß oH$`m
h¢& "_¢'CZH$r Bg —oÓQ> g{ AodÒ_aUr` H$hmZr h° VWm "Oha' (1973),
"‡{V' (1973), "Mm°[m`{' (1977), Am°a "XmVm H$m ewH´$ h¢' (1980)
BZH{$ _hÀd[yU© H$Wm gßH$bZ h¢& a_{eM›– emh Am°a dra{›– _{ßhXraŒmm Z{
A[{jmH•$V H$_ obIm h¢, oH$›Vw CZH$r H$hmoZ`m∞ A[Zr g_gm_o`H$
oÒWoV`m{ß [a AÀ`ßV gw›Xa H$bmÀ_H$ oQ>[oU`m∞ h¢& a_{eM›– emh H{$ "OßJb
_{ß AmJ' (1979), VWm "_whÑ{ H$m amd m' (1982) Am°a dra{›– _{ßhXraŒm
H$m "o_≈r [a ZßJ{ [m∞d' (1976) H$Wm gßH$bZ h¢& dra{›– _{ßhXraŒm H$r "Yy[
233
_{ß MQ>H$Vm H$m∞M' EH$ Aodg_aUmr` aMZm h¢& ]XrC¡O_m∞ H$m "[wQ> Qy>Q>V{
hEw' (1973) H$Wm-gßH$bZ Am°a "Ka' ("H$hmZr', OZ. 1970), "_H$]a{
H$m AmX_r' ("amÓQ≠>dmXr', OwbmB© 1970), "Ag¯ jUm{ß H{$ ]rM'
("H$hmZr', OZ. 1973), "IwaßS>' ("gmnaH$m', _B©-2, 1978) AmoX
H$hmoZ`m∞ ode{f _hÀd[yU© h¢& emZr H$r d{ H$hmoZ`m∞ ge∫$ ]Z [∂S>r h¢
oOZ_{ß C›hm{Z{ _woÒb_ OrdZ-[nad{e H$m oMÃU oH$`m h°& "EH$ g{ _H$mZm{ß
H$m ZJa' (1971) VWm "o]amXar VWm A›` H$hmoZ`m∞' (1978) CZH{$
H$Wm gßH$bZ h¢& gwXr[ H$m EH$ hr H$Wm-gßJ´h ‡H$moeV hwAm, "AßVhrZ'
(1983), oOgH$r H$hmoZ`m∞ oZÂZ _‹`dJr©` Ïò∫$ H{$ AmoW©H$ gßKf© H$m
A¿N>m [naM` X{Vr h¢& AgJa ]OmhV, a_{e C[m‹`m` VWm Aem{H$
AJ´dmb H$r H$hmoZ`m∞ ^r gm_moOH$ oMßVmAm{ß g{ Jß^ra Í$[ g{ Ow∂S>r hwB© h¢&
gwXe©Z ZmaßJ H$m Zm_ ^r Bgr H´$_ _{ß ob`m Om gH$Vm h°& AgJa ]OmhV
H$r H$hmZr "_N>ob`m∞' ("gmnaH$m', OyZ-2, 1978) a_{e C[m‹`m` H$r
"g_Vb' ("gmnaH$m', OwbmB© 1972) VWm Aem{H$ AJ´dmb H$m gßJ´h
òhÒg{Xmar' (1983) gwXe©Z ZmaßJ H$m gßJ´h `BVZm ]∂S>m [wb' (1983)
ode{f _hÀd[yU© H$h{ Om gH$V{ h¢&
amH{$e dÀg, gwa{e g{R>, Aem{H$ AJ´dmb, a_{e ]Œmam, odO` _m{hZ
ogßh, g{.am. `mÃr, ÒdX{e Xr[H$, H•$ÓU ^mdwH$, Yra{›– AÒWmZm VWm
Òd`ß‡H$me Z{ ^r A[Z{ H•$oVÀd ¤mam g_H$mbrZ H$hmZr _{ß ÒWmZ ]Zm
ob`m h¢& amH{$e dÀg H{$ "AßoV_ ‡Om[oV', "AoVna∫$ VWm A›` H$hmoZ`m∞'
Am°a "Ao^`w∫$', gwa{e g{R> H{$ "YßYm' Am°a "OrZm _aZm', Aem{H$ AJ´dmb
H{$ "CgH$m I{b' (1975) "g∞H$ar Jbr _{ß' (1970) VWm ohÒg{Xmar'
(1983), a_{e ]Œmam H{$ "ZßJ _ZßJ' (1979) VWm "[roT>`m{ß H$m IyZ'
(1978), odO` _m{hZ ogßh H$m "EH$ ]ßJbm ]Z{ ›`mam' (1982), g{.am.
`mÃr H$m "YamVb', ÒdX{e Xr[H$ H$m "_mV_', H•$ÓU ^mdwH$ H{$ "[ÀWam{ß H{$
]rM VWm A›` H$hmoZ`m∞' (1968) "AÌd_{K' (1978) Am°a "AmO H$m
AmX_r' (1978), Yra{›– AÒWmZm H{$ `bm{J hmoeE [a' (1976) "AmX_r
Im{a' (1982) VWm Òd`ß ‡H$me H$m ">gyaO H$] VH$ oZH$b{Jm', "Amg_m∞
H°$g{-H°$g{` (1981) g_H$mbrZ H$Wm-Xm°a H{$ _hÀd[y m© gßH$bZ h¢&
dÒVwV: Bg g_H$mbrZ Xm°a _{ß BVZr AoYH$ H$hmZr obIr Om ahr h° oH$
AZ{H$ Zm_ oJZmH$a ^r Hw$N> Zm_ Ny>Q> OmZ{ H$m IVam od⁄_mZ h°& ‡^w
Om{er, [•œdramO _m{ßJm, dÑ^ S>m{^mb, dÑ^ og¤mW©, –m{Udra H$m{hbr,
‡{_M›X ghOdmbm, Amb_emh ImZ, Amerf og›hm, am_ Aam{S>m, _Z_m{hZ
_Xmna`m, amo]Z em∞ [wÓ[, grV{e Ambm{H$, h{Vw ^ma¤mO, odZm{X emhr,
AHw$b{e [nahma, AdY{e lrdmÒVd AmoX-AmoX oH$VZ{ hr b{IH$ A[Zr
H$hmoZ`m{ß g{ g_H$mbrZ H$hmZr H$m{ g_•’ oH$`m h¢&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :1. g_H$mbrZ H$hmZr, oXem Am°a —oÓQ> - YZßO` d_m© &
2. g_H$mbrZ H$Wm gmohÀ` _{ß XobV _wo∫$ H{$ ‡ÌZ &
3. Xygar XwoZ`m H$m `WmW© - a_oUH$m Jw·m , Zdb{IZ ‡H$meZ hOmar
]mJ &
4. oh›Xr H$hmZr H$m ode{fmßH$ - C[{›–ZmW AÌH$ &
5. H$hmZr H$r Z`{ ‡oV_mZ - H•$ÓU Hw$_ma &
6. H$m_ gß]ßYm{ß `WmW© Am°a g_H$mbrZ oh›Xr H$hmZr - dra{›– g∑g{Zm&
*************
234
oh›Xr H$Wm gmohÀ` _{†ß Ymo_©H$ Edß amOZ°oVH$ M{VZm H$m odõ{fU
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AdYmaUm H$a AÒdrH$ma A[Z{ Am[ _{†ß hmÒ`mÒ[X ]Z J`m h°& H$ht AmÒWm
H$r AdÒWm oXImB© ^r X{Vr h° Vm{ _mÃ D$[ar gVh [a hr oXImB© X{Vr h°&
Y_© H$r _m›`Vm ]´˜M`©, d°amΩ`, AZmgo∫$ Am°a A›` emarnaH$
`mVZmAm{ß g{ _wo∫$ o_bVr h° Am°a AmÀ_m-[a_mÀ_m _{ß odbrZ hm{ OmZm hr
_ZwÓ` OrdZ H$m [a_ C‘{Ì` h°- `⁄o[ Bg odMmaYmam H$m odam{Y Zht hwAm
h°& AoYH$mße Í$[ _{ß Bg _m›`Vm H{$ ‡oV Ï`ßΩ` Am°a AmH´$m{e Câm h°&
`m{J gmYZm, d°amΩ`, ]´˜M`© AmoX H{$ ‡oV A_mZdr` `mVZmE± ^r
VWmH$oWV gmYH$m{ß H$m{ P{bZr [∂S>r h°& AZ{H$ gmYH$m{ß H$m{ CZH$r B¿N>m H{$
odÈ’ gmYZ H{$ _mJ© _{ß T>H{$b oX`m OmVm h°& H$ht-H$ht `h ^r hwAm oH$
gmoYH$m-òX dh Ûr h° Am°a ]´˜MmnaUr h°, Vm{ VWmH$oWV CZH{$ `m{JJwÈ
hr Cg{ ^m{J H$r gmYZ gm_J´r H{$ Í$[ _{†ß Ï`dˆV H$aZ{ bJ{& A]m{Y ]mobH$mE±,
oOgH$r Am`w 14 g{ 15 df© H{$ ^rVa ^r Zht ahVr, ]´˜M`© H{$ H$R>m{a
gmYZm _mJ© _{ß† Cg{ gßbæ oH$`m OmVm h°, O]oH$ dh ]´˜M`© AmoX H$r
YmaUm H$m{ g_PVr ^r Zht h°& O°g{ 5-6 df© H{$ ]mbH$ Am°a ]mobH$m
_mVm-o[Vm H$r B¿N>m g{ oddmh H$r aÒ_† H$aV{ h°, O]oH$ CgH$r Am`w oddmh
H$m{ g_PZ{ bm`H$ hr Zht h°& Bgr ‡H$ma H$R>m{a gmYZm _mJ© _{ß† gmYH$ H$r
[na[π$Vm H{$ ]J°a Cg{ gmYZm-_mJ© _{ß †‡d•Œm H$aZm hmÒ`mÒ[X hr Zht
Am°oMÀ`[yU© ^r Zht H$hm Om gH$Vm h°&
d°amΩ`, `m{J BÀ`moX [mI S> H{$ H$maU H$^r-H$^r oZaja ]Ém{ß H$m{
A_mZdr` `mVZmE± ghZm [∂S>Vr h°& g_H$mbrZ H$hmZr _{ß VH©$gßJV Ymo_©H$
gßJoV H$r gwÏ`doÒWV Ï`mª`m H$r JB© h°& "OrdZ Xw:I H$m ]›YZ h° Am°a
OrdZ H$m C‘{Ì` Bg ]ßYZ g{ _wo∫$ ‡m· H$aZm h°&' Bg ‡H$ma H$r ]mV†
VH©$hrZ Am°a AgßJV _mby_ hm{V{ h°&
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bm{J VWmH$oWV ogo’ H$r ImoVa Ì_emZ _{ß† bmem{ß Am°a ObVr oMVmAm{ß [a
gmYZm H$aV{ h°& ho»>`m{ß _{ß† âH$a Zerb{ [{` [rV{ h°& oMVmAm{ß _{ß† AYOb{
235
bmem{ß H{$ _mßg ImV{ h° Am°a _m`m_w∫$ hm{Z{ H$m Xmdm H$aV{ h°& Vah-Vah H$r
d{e^yfm ]ZmH$a bm{Jm{ß _{ß† ^` Am°a AmVßH$ \°$bmV{ h°& `m{Jr H$m[mobH$ H$m
oMÃ BbmMßX Om{er Z{ A[Zr aMZm "H$m[mobH$' _{ß†ItMm h°- "`⁄o[ Cg
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AmÀ_gwImo^bmfr W{& VWmo[ Z OmZ{ ∑`m{ß CZH$m gßgJ© _wP{ o‡` bJZ{
bJm& _¢Z{ X{Im oH$ Ka Am°a ]mha H{$ g^r ]ßYZm{ß g{ _w∫$ h°- H{$db A[Z{ [{Q>
H{$ ]›YZm{ß H$m{ N>m{∂S>H$a Am°a [{Q> H$m ]ßYZ ^r ]hwV H$ÓQ> H$a Zht WmBgobE oH$ C›h{ß Bg ]mV H$m [yam odÌdmg Wm oH$ Amam_ g{ b{Q{>-b{Q{> â[{Q>
^m{OZ [mZm CZH$m O›_og’ AoYH$ma h°& g{R>m{ß H{$ È[`m{ß g{ Mbm`{ OmZ{
dmb{ ^ S>ma{ H{$ ‡]ßY g{ C›h{ß†‡oVoXZ oZò_V Í$[ g{ â[{Q> ^m{OZ o_b
OmVm Wm& _¢ `h ^r X{I ahm Wm oH$ bm{J g_ÒV odÌd H$m{ V•UdV≤ g_PV{
W{ Am°a oXZ â Im{bH$a X{e H{$ g_ÒV amOZroVH$ Z{VmAm{ß VWm gwYmaH$m{ß
H$m oZ¤™¤ Am°a oZûH$ ^md g{ E{gr E{gr odH$Q> Jmob`m± oX`m H$aV{ W{,
oO›h{ß† gwZZ{ [a _¢Z{ oH$gr O_mZ{ _{ß† H$mZ ]ßX oH$`{ H$aV{ W{&'
Ûr H$r Z°oVH$Vm, emarnaH$ [odÃVm H$m{ Ymo_©H$ Èo∂T>`m{ß Am°a odÌdmgm{ß
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‡m`: ‡m°∂T> ]mb ]É{Xma _ohbmE± [wZ:oddmh Zht H$aVr, oH$›Vw oZgßVmZ
`wdm odYdm [wZod©dmh H$aZ{ bJr h°&
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Im{Ib{[Z Am°a BZ_{ß† È∂T> A›KodÌdmg H$m{ ÃmgXr H$m{ oMoÃV H$a _mZdr`
H$ÈUm H$m{ OJm`m h°& Ûr H$m [oV H{$db BgobE Cg{ A[odÃ g_PVm h°,
∑`m{ßoH$ gmÂ‡Xmo`H$ XßJm{ß g{ CgZ{-A[Zr OmZ ]MmZ{ H{$ obE JwÈ¤ma{ _{ß†
eaU br h° Am°a EH$ Z{H$ B›gmZ H{$ Ka _{ß† ah ahr h°& gmam Y_©-oddmh,
]›YZ, gma{ H$_©H$m S> BVZr gr ]mV [a Hw$a]mZ hm{ OmV{ h°&
g_H$mbrZ H$hmZr _{ß Ymo_©H$ Èo∂T>`m{ß, [aÂ[amAm{ß Am°a A›YodÌdmgm{ß
H{$ ‡oV H{$db AmH´$m{e hr Ï`∫$ Zht oH$`m J`m h°, Ao[Vw Cg{ d°kmoZH$
Im{Om{ß H{$ [nad{e _{ß† [yU©V: ZH$ma ^r oX`m h°& Y_m{™ H{$ _yb _{ß† gX°d B©Ìdar`
gŒmm H$m ^` hr ]Zm ahVm h°& `h oZoÌMV h° oH$ A›YodÌdmgm{ß H$m A›V
^r Òdm^modH$ hr h°&
_mZddmX _{ß† ^r Z°oVH$Vm H$m H{$›– B©Ìdar` gŒmm Zht h°& _mZd _mÃ
H$m ohV hr gdm}[na h°& V_m_ Z°oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$r H$gm°Q>r _mZd _mÃ H$r ^bmB©
h°& gÂ^dV: B©Ìda H$m odÌdmg h_ma{ a∫$ _{ß, ho»>`m{ß _{ß BVZm aMm-]gm h°
h_ Cg{ [grZ{ H$r Vah [m{ßN> H$a Cgg{ _w∫$ Zht hm{ gH$V{& g_H$mbrZ
H$hmZr _{ß† _mZdr` Z°oVH$ ]m{Y g_mO, [nadma, Ï`dÒWm ¤mam Ïò∫$ H{$
AmoW©H$-Z°oVH$ em{fU H{$ odÈ’ Òda _{ß _wInaV hwAm h°& _mZd Zm_ H{$
‡^md g{ Ïò∫$ H$r gŒmm H$m{ _hÀd o_bm h°&
1. H$_b{Ìda-Z`r H$hmZr H$r ^yo_H$m, [•.70.
2. Za{›– _m{hZ-og∏$m ]Xb J`m, Ak{`-`{ V{a{ ‡oVÍ$[.
3 S>m∞. H$roV H{$ga-g_H$mbrZ oh›Xr H$hmZr H{$ ododY gßX^©,[•.56.
4. _mh{Ìdar-_•À`wXßS> Ò[e©, [•. 32-33
5. _m{hZ amH{$e- [a_{Ìda H$m Hw$Œmm, [•.51.
6 oJnaamO oH$em{a- Mma _m{Vr ]{Am], [•. 33.
7. è[mb-_{ar o‡` H$hmoZ`m±, [•.39-40.
8. BbmMßX Om{er-_{ar o‡` H$hmoZ`m±, [•.39.
9. Ak{`-`{ _{a{ ‡oVÍ$[, [•.72.
236
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h¢& oZ_m∂S>r bm{H$ gmohÀ` _{ß OZ-OZ H{$ ‡À`{H$ C¿N>dmg H$m{ X{Im Om
gH$Vm h¢& bm{H$ gmohÀ` [aÂ[am H$r ‡d•oŒm`m| ‡m`: dmoMH$ (_m°oIH$) Edß
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H$Wm, ZmQ>`, [mR>, [h{br, H$hmdV AmoX hm{V{ h°{& [d©-À`m°hma gm_moOH$
Ymo_©H$ AmZwÓR>moZH$ H$m`© O›_, oddmh, _•À`w, _Zm{aßOZ H{$ Adga AmoX
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bm{H$ H$WmE±, bm{H$ ZmQ>Á JrV Am°a bm{H$m{o∫$`m±& BZ Mma odYmAm{ß g{ oZ_m∂S>r
gmohÀ` H{$ Jdme Mm°Va\$m IwbV{ h°& Mmam{ß odYmE± AmO ^r bm{H$ _{ß Ord›V
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g{ hm{ gH$V{ h¢& BgH$m H$maU `h h° oH$ bm{H$ gmohÀ` H$r g•OZm _Z H$r
ghO Ao^Ïò∫$ g{ hm{Vr h¢& oZ_mS>r bm{H$ JrVm{ß _{ß gy˙_ g{ gy˙_ AZw^yoV
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oZ_m∂S>r gmohÀ` A[Z{ H$WZ Am°a A[Zr ]ZH$ _{ß ]{hX grYm[Z ob`{ hwE
h°&
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g_mO, em{fU, amOZroV, AmXe©, _mZdr` AmMma-Ï`dhma, H•$of,
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[∂S>Vm h°& BgH$m gm\$-gm\$ dU©Z h°& [mnadmnaH$ `m gm_moOH$ gÂ]›Ym{ß
H$r ]hwV _mo_©H$ Ao^Ïò∫$ oZ_m∂S>r gmohÀ` _{ß h°& eHw$›Vbm H$r odXmB© [a
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gmgw H$m ]m{b Âhmam H$b{Om _{ß bJ @ ZUX H$m AdKS> ]m{b
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AWm©V ]{Q>r H$hVr h°-h{ o[VmOr! _¢ bmb My∂S>r Zht [hZ±yJr Am°a ggwamb
Zht OmD±$Jr& ggwamb _{ß gmgw H{$ ]m{b H$b{O{ _{ß bJV{ h° Am°a ZZX Aew^
]m{bVr h¢& o[Vm g_PmV{ hwE H$hVm h°- h° ]{Q>r ! gmgw H{$ ]m{b Vy AmßMb _{ß
P{b b{Zm Am°a ZZX Vm{ Y_© H$r X{har hm{Vr h¢& ZZX H$m{ Y_© H$r X{har dmb{
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237
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_mVm H$[ya Wm{∂S>m dm{ _mVm odZVr KUr&9.....
AWm©V h{ _mVm! h_ VwP{ ∑`m Ao[©V H$a{ß& h_ V{ar [yOm H$m odYmZ Zht
OmZV{& h_ A[Zr l•‹Xm g{ Zmna`b, Nw>Ama{, gw[mar, H$[ya AmoX bmE h¢&
H•$[m H$a B›h{ß ÒdrH$ma H$a h_mar _fiV [yU© H$a{ß&
oZ_mS>r gmohÀ` d gßÒH•$oV _{ß ododY aßJ â{ hwE h¢& AmYwoZH$
^m°oVH$Vm H{$ gmW-gmW oZ_m∂S>r OZm{ß H{$ OrdZ _{ß BZ gmßÒH•$oVH$ _yÎ`m{ß H$m
_hÀd H$m odoeÔ> ÒdÈ[ ]Zm hwAm h¢& Om{ oH$ oZ_m∂S> gmohÀ` H$r [hMmZ
^r h¢& oZ_m∂S> H$m bm{H$ gmohÀ`, bm{H$ OrdZ BVZm gab, _Ywa Am°a ghO
h¢ oH$ dh A[Z{ `hm± AmZ{ dmbm Ïò∫$ `hmß H$r gmohoÀ`H$ g‰`Vm Am°a
gßÒH•$oV _{ß Im{ OmVm h° Am°a dh CgH$m _Z Bg aßJ g{ oZH$bZ{ H$m{ Zht H$aVm
h°&
1. [nahma, S>m∞. lram_ : oZ_m∂S>r bm{H$ gmohÀ`, Mm°_mgm, AßH$-34, 1994
2. oZaJwU{, dgßV : _‹`‡X{e H{$ bm{H$Z•À`, _‹`‡X{e OZgß[H©$ H$m
‡H$meZ, ^m{[mb, 2010
3. C[m‹`m`, am_ZmamÙ : bm{H$ gmohÀ` g_J´, oh›Xr ‡MmaH$
[o„bH{$eZ, dmamUgr, 1997
4. S>m∞. lram_ [nahma : oZ_m∂S>r bm{H$ gmohÀ` &
5. Mm°_mgm : _‹` ‡X{e AmoXdmgr bm{H$H$bm [nafX ‡H$meZ &
6. a_{eM›– Vm{_a oZ_m∂S>rî Edß dg›V oZaJwU{ : oZ_m∂S>r gßÒH$ma JrV&
7. ]m]ybmb g{Z : oZ_m∂S>r gßÒH$ma H$r XwoZ`m &
8. a_{eM›X Vm{_a oZ_mS>r : oZ_m∂S>r gßÒH$ma JrV &
9. S>m∞. lram_ [nahma : oZ_mS>r bm{H$ gmohÀ` &
*************
238
Ûr-od_e©
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239
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odf` h°&
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X{IH$a AmÌM`© hm{Vm h°&
1. AÍ$U Jw·- oh›Xr H$hmZr _{ß† OrdZ _yÎ`, B›–‡ÒW ‡H$meZ, ZB©
oXÑr 1989
2. Amem amZr Ïhm{am- ^maVr` Zmar : oXem Am°a Xem, Z{eZb [o„bqeJ
hmCg ZB© oXÑr, 1983
3. S>m∞. B›Xy dra{›–m- gmR>m{Œma H$hmZr _{ß [nadma, gßO` ‡H$meZ, oXÑr
2008
4. S>m∞. H$Î[Zm oH$aU [Q>m{b{- _ohbm C[›`mgH$ma : [mnadmnaH$ OrdZ
H{$ ]XbV{ g›X^© _{ß†, od⁄m ‡H$meZ H$mZ[wa,2010
5. S>m∞. H$roV© H{$ga- g_H$mbrZ H$hmZr H{$ ododY g›X^©, ZoMH{$Vm
‡H$meZ, ZB© oXÑr, 1982
6. S>m∞. Hw$gw_ e_m©-gmR>m{Œma oh›Xr C[›`mg : ododY ‡`m{J, Ì`m_
‡H$meZ, O`[wa, 1990
7 S>m∞. Zrhma JrV{- ÒdmVßÕ`m{Œma _ohbm C[›`mgH$mam{ß H{$ C[›`mgm{ß
_{ß†`WmW© H{$ odo^fi Í$[, [ßMerb ‡H$meZ, O`[wa, 1996
8. S>m∞. _•Xwbm d_m©- ‡W_ XeH$ H{$ _ohbm b{IZ _{ß† Ûr od_e©, od⁄m
‡H$meZ, H$mZ[wa, 2012
9. S>m∞. d°embr X{e[m S{>`-ÛrdmX Am°a _ohbm C[›`mgH$ma, odH$mg
‡H$meZ, H$mZ[wa 2007
10. S>m∞. erb‡^m d_m©-_ohbm C[›`mgH$mam{ß _{ß ]Xb{ gm_moOH$ g›X^©,
od⁄m odhma, H$mZ[wa, 1987
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240
AmoXdmgr bm{H$ H$bmE± - ^rb OZOmoV H{$ ode{f gßX^© _{ß
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g{ H$bm _mZd H{$ A›VoZ©ohV ^mdZmAm{ß H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m ge∫$ _m‹`_
ahr h°& _mZd _Z O] ^md-od^m{a hm{ OmVm h° V] CgH$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H$bm
H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hm{Vr h°& dmÒVd _{ß _ZwÓ` H$m _Z hr dh oeÎ[r h° Om{ H$bm H$m
g•OZ H$aVm h° Am°a V] Cg{ oXÏ` Am°a Abm°oH$H$ AmZ›X H$r AZw^yoV hm{Vr
h°&
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AÀ`ßV ghO-Òdm^modH$ d ‡H•$oV H{$ oZH$Q> ahr h°& BgH$m C‘{Ì` og\©$
g•OZ gwYma H$m{ gßVwÓQ> H$aZm Zht ahm ]oÎH$ `h BZH$r gßÒH•$oV H$m{ OrdZ
‡XmZ H$aVm h°& gdm©oYH$ _hÀd[yU© Vœ` `h h° oH$ odH$mg H$r Ymam _{ß
goÂ_obV hm{H$a ^r ^rbr dJ© Z{ A[Zr bm{H$ [aÂ[amAm{ß, bm{H$ gßÒH$ma,
bm{H$ OrdZ Am°a bm{H$ H$bm H{$ ‡oV A[Z{ AZwamJ H$m{ `WmdV≤ ]Zm`{ aIm&
dZm{ß H{$ EH$m›V _{ß ‡mH•$oVH$ gm°›X`© H{$ ]rM d{ A[Zr H$bmÀ_H$ d gmßÒH•$oVH$
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gm°›X`© o‡`Vm H$m CXmha m BZH{$ oeÎ[, oMÃ, gßJrV, Z•À`, ZmQ>Á, J•h
g¡Om, [hZmdm d X°oZH$ C[`m{J H$r dÒVwE± h° BZ bm{Jm{ß H$m gÂ[yU© OrdZ
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ˆX` H$r JhamB©`m{ß g{ oZH$br dh H$bmÀ_H$ eo∫$ OZ-OZ H{$ _mZg _{ß
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CgH$m [mbZ hwAm& O°g{-O°g{ g‰`Vm H$m odH$mg hm{Vm J`m, H$bm CVZ{
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od⁄_mZ h°& BZH$r H$bmE± _wª`Í$[ g{ E{gr dÒVwAm{ß [a _wInaV hm{Vr h° Om{
BZH{$ X°oZH$ OrdZ _{ß C[`m{J g{ gß]Yr h°& BZH{$ A›VJ©V oeÎ[ , oMÃH$mar
d _m±S>Zm AmV{ h¢&
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ZmQ>H$ AmV{ h¢&
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O°g{ gßJ´hU H$r H$m{oR>`m±, MyÎhm, K≈r AmoX H$m oZ_m©U H$aVr h¢& AZmO H$m{
gwaojV H$aZ{ H{$ obE bH$∂S>r o_≈r Edß Jm{]a g{ H$m{oR>`m± ]ZmV{ h°& _∏$m
¡dma, ]mOam AmoX âZ{ H{$ obE ]mßg `m ]{b AmoX g{ ]Zr hwB© H$m{R>r H$m
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bH$∂S>r H{$ Wmb [a gw›Xa AmH•$oV`m± ]ZmB© OmVr h°& XadmOmß{ H{$ Amg-[mg
oMÃH$mar g{ Ka H$r gw›XaVm ]∂T> OmVr h°&
O] oH$gr ^rb Ûr `m [wÍ$f H$r XwK©Q>Zm `m oH$gr em°`© ‡Xe©Z H{$
d∫$ _•À`w hm{ OmVr h° Vm{ _•À`w H{$ [ÌMmV≤ _•V Ïò∫$ H$r Ò_•oV _{ß [ÀWa H{$
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JmVm [a odo^fi AmH•$oV`m± CH{$ar OmVr h°, Bg_{ß gyM©-M›–,
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gm_Z{ bJm_ [H$∂S>m hwAm AmX_r Am°a EH$ Am°a Ûr H$be H$m{ oga [a obE
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Am{a ZmJ ]m]m ^r AßoH$V ahV{ h°&
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oMÃ - ^rb OZOmoV _{ß oMÃH$mar H$m ^r A[Zm AbJ _hÀd h°& ^rb
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Xrdma [a Jm`, ]°b, g[©, Am_ d•j, e{a Am°a oeH$ma H$aZ{ H{$ [aß[amJV
hoW`mam{ß H$m AbßH$aU H$aV{ h°& oO›h{ß Jm{Va{O H$hm OmVm h°& Jm{Va{O _{ß
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C[H•$V H$aV{ ahV{ h°& AV: BZ g]H$m ew^ Adgam{ß [a Ò_aU AoV AmdÌ`H$
_mZm OmVm h°& Ka H$r Xrdmam{ß [a oMÃ ]ZmZm Bgr ‡H$ma H$m ‡`mg h°& `{
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (oh›Xr) _hmamOm ^m{O emgH$r` ÒZmVH$m{Œma _hmod⁄mb`, Yma (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
oMÃ _•V AmÀ_m H{$ gÂ_mZ _{ß, am{Jm{ß H$m{ Xya H$amZ{ VWm I{Vm{ß _{ß [°Xmdma ]∂T>mZ{
H$r H$m_Zm g{ Am°a Hw$N> ode{f CÀgdm{ß H{$ Adga [a ]Zm`{ OmV{ h°& ^rbm{ß
H$m ‡]b odÌdmg h° oH$ am{J Am°a S>d©aVm Xm{Zm{ß [a BZ eo∫$`m{ß H$m oZ`ßÃU
hm{Vm h°&
o[Wm°am AmoXdmgr _Z H$r H$Î[ZmAm{ß Am°a ^mdZmAm{ß H$m X[©U hm{Vm
h° Om{ Om{]Q> d AbramO[wa H{$ ^rbr j{Ã _{ß ZdB© H{$ EH$ oXZ [yd© ]Zm`{ OmV{
h°& Bg_{ß Mm±X, gyaO, Hw$Œmm, o]Ñr, Jm`, ]N>∂S>m, hmWr-Km{∂S>m, Vm{Vm, _m{a,
gwAa, IOya H$m [{∂S>, g{_b H$m [{∂S>, ohaU, ]›Xa, oeH$mar, [oZhmnaZ,
X°À`, ]∂S> H$m [{S∂ >, oeH$ma _maH$a bmZ{ H{$ —Ì`, Vm∂S> H{$ d•j g{ Vm∂S>r oZH$mbVm
hwAm BßgmZ, gm±[-o]¿Nw> VWm A›` Ord-O›VwAm{ß H{$ Abmdm OrdZ g{
Ow∂S>r bJ^J ‡À`{H$ dÒVw H$r oMÃH$mar H$aV{ h¢ o[Wm°am ]ZmZ{ dmb{ H$m{
boI›–m H$hV{ h°& [nadma H$m _woI`m boI›–m H$m{ A[Zr gm_Wm©Zwgma
H$[∂S{>, AZmO Am°a YZamoe ^{ßQ> H$aVm h°& ^rbm{ß _{ß o[Wm°am H$m{ X{dVm _mZm
OmVm h¢ BgobE _ZdmßXV H$m`© H$r g\$bVm [a boI›– g{ o[Wm°am ]ZdmV{
h°& H$bm _mZd gßÒH•$oV H$m EH$ AmdÌ`H$ ^mJ h°& Òd`ß H$m{ gOmZmgßdmaZm ^r EH$ H$bm hr h°&
gß J rV - ^rb OZOmoV H•$of d _OXyar VWm dZm{[O gßJ´hU H$a A[Zm
JwOa-]ga H$aVr h°& BZH$r gßÒH•$oV odamgV Xe©Zr` VWm Ao¤Vr` h°&
gßJrV BZH{$ aJaJ _{ß ]gm hwAm h°&
^rbm{ß _{ß ‡À`{H$ F$Vw, [d©-CÀgd g{ gß]ßoYV JrV ‡MobV h°& hm{br
H{$ Adga [a \$mJ JrV JmV{ h° VWm Xr[mdbr H{$ Adga [a "hr∂S>m' JmV{
h°& gm_m›` oXZm{ß _{ `{ ÔZ-H$rV©Z H$aV{ h°& oOgH{$ gmW T>m{bH$ Am°a
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oXZâ H$r WH$mZ H$m{ Xya H$aZ{ H{$ obE _Zm{aßOZ H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^r C[`m{J _{ß
bm`m OmVm h°& `{ odo^fi ‡H$ma H{$ JmZm{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ A[Zr WH$mZ H$m{ Xya
H$aV{ h¢& BZ_{ß g{ H$B© ^rb _ohbmAm{ß [wÍ$fm{ß d b∂S>oH$`m{ß H$r AmdmO Vm{
H$m\$r gwarbr hm{Vr h°&
H$aÒU Or o]Z a{ dMamZr EH$ Jm`&
Jw`m _m Om` Z{ PawU Pwa{ a{ ^JdmZ&
bmßJwna`m Jm`Z - bmßJwna`m Jm`Z _wª`V: hm{br- À`m°hma, _{bm{ Edß
emXr „`mh H{$ Adgam{ß [a _m°O-_ÒVr H{$ _mhm°b _{ß JmE OmV{ h°Cgm [S>mob`m Z[m{ _{bm{ h° OwdmZ gm°ar,
Cgm{ [S>mob`m{ß Zm{ _{a{ bm{b&
aog`m Jm`Z - aog`m Jm`Z H$m{ _wª` Í$[ g{ Mm{[mbm{ß [a Jm`m OmVm h°&
aog`m JrV H$m{ _ohbmE± _{hZV _OXyar H{$ obE OmV{ g_` Edß em_ H$m{
bm°Q>V{ g_` JmVr h°& h±gr, _OmH$, N>{∂S>ImZr H{$ Í$[ _{ß ^r aog`m Jm`m
OmVm h°& Bg JrV _{ß H$hm J`m h° oH$ N>m{Q{>-N>m{Q{> KmYam{ß dmbr Am°a Xw]br[Vbr AmYwoZH$ `wJ H$r Om{ b∂S>H$r Om ahr h° dhr _{ar ^m^r h° g_YZ Vw
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^mdmd{J H$r Ao^Ïò∫$ H$m ‡W_ _mZdr` ‡`ÀZ Z•À` H{$ _m‹`_ g{ hr
hwAm h°&
241
AmoX g_yhm{ß _{ß Z•À` EH$ gm_yohH$ oH´$`mH$bm[ h°& AmO ^r [ßo∫$]’
Z•À` H$r [na[mQ>r h°& Z•À` H{$ A›VJ©V, S>m{hm Z•À`, dradmÎ`m Z•À`, Jadr,
^Jm{na`m Z•À`, S>m{oh`m Z•À`, Jha AmoX ‡MobV h°& Z•À` H{$ ob`{ T>m{b,
_m±Xb, Hw$ S>r, T>m±H$, H$m_∂S>r ]m±gwar AmoX dm⁄ `Ãm{ß H$m C[`m{J H$aV{ h¢&
ZmQ>Á - ZmQ>Á e„X H$r CÀ[oŒm "ZQ>' YmVw g{ _mZr JB© h°& ZmQ>Á bm{H$ d•Œm
H$m dh AZwH$aU h°, oOg_{ß H$B© ^mdm{ß d AdÒWmAm{ß H$m g_md{e hm{Vm h°&
ZmQ>Á H$r ode{fVm CgH$r H$bm _{ß g_o›dV h°, oOg{ ZmQ>H$H$ma, ZQ> AmoX
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ÒdÍ$[, o]Â], `wJ, g_` AmH•$oV VWm CgH{$ ‡^md H$m{ AßoH$V H$aZ{ dmbm
X[© m ZmQ>H$ h°&
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bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV H$m Ao^fi AßJ h°& ^rb OZOmoV _{ß ZmQ>Á H$m`©H´$_ [wÍ$f Edß
_ohbmE± AbJ-AbJ H$aV{ h°°&
^rbm{ß _{ß ÒdmßJ ]ZmZ{ H$r [aÂ[am h° AbJ-AbJ Í$[m{ß _{ß ÒdmJß ]ZmH$a
_Zm{aßOZ H$aV{ h°& Xeha{ Edß odo^fi Adgam{ß [a [wÍ$f AbJ-AbJ Í$[
_{ß gOH$a ZmQ>H$ aMV{ h¢ BZH{$ ZmQ>H$m{ß _{ß Jm`Z, Z•À` Edß gßJrV ^r hm{Vm h°&
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oZd©hZ [yU© _Zm{^md g{ H$a ah{ h¢ BZH{$ oeÎ[, oMÃ gßJrV, Z•À`, ZmQ>Á ,
J•h, g¡Om, [hZmdm, X°oZH$ C[`m{J H$r dÒVwE± BZH$r H$bm Edß gm°›X`©
o‡`Vm H{$ ‡À`j CXmha m h°& ^rbm{ß H$r bm{H$ H$bmE± hr BZH{$ BoVhmg H$m
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BZH$r H$bmAm{ß Edß [aÂ[amAm{ß H$m A‹``Z H$aZm AmdÌ`H$ hm{Vm h¢&
gßX^© J´´ßW gyMr ïñ
1. ear\$ _m{hÂ_X - _.‡. H$m bm{H$ gßJrV, _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r,
^m{[mb &
2. S>m∞. oedHw$_ma oVdmar / S>m∞. H$_b e_m© - _.‡. H$r OZOmoV`m±
g_mO Edß Ï`dÒWm, _.‡. oh›Xr J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb &
3. odO` eßH$a C[m‹`m` - ^maV H$r OZOmVr` gßÒH•$oV, _.‡. oh›Xr
J´ßW AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb &
4. Jm{od›X J{hbm{V - ^rb OZOmVr` JrV &
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6. gwlr _mobZr H$mb{ - ^rb gßJrV Am°a odd{MZm, oh_mßew [o∂S>H${eZ,
CX`[wa &
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AH$mX_r, ^m{[mb &
*************
242
hm{br H{$ aßJ-I∂S>r ]m{br bm{H$JrVm{ß H{$ gßJ
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hm{br ]rV OmZ{ [a, [oV O] _m`H{$ g{ CgH$m{ odXm H$a dm[g ggwamb
b{ AmVm h°& Bg ^md H$m dU©Z h°hm{br ^r ]rMr, Ty>S{>br ^r ^r ]rMr, _Z ^`m CXmg [rha _{ß
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]mV H$a ahr h°&
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gagm{ß H{$ \y$b oIbr hm{br, _Mr hm{br oIbr hm{br
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aßJ _{ß Sy>]{ `{ bm{H$JrV hmg-[nahmg g{ [na[yU© hm{V{ W{& hm{br H$r N>Q>m
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o]I{aV{ Hw$N> Am°a bm{H$JrVl
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Zm° ∑`mar H{$ga ]m{`r, Xg ∑`mar ]m{`m Jwbmb a{
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`h g] Vm{ hm{br H$m hmg-[nahmg hwAm& hm{br H$m À`m°hma hm{br
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_{ß [wÍ$f Am°a _ohbm`{ß d´V aIH$a oOg Ka _{ß _•À`w hm{ OmVr h° CgH{$ Ka aßJ
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_ohbmAm{ß g{ BZ em{H$JrVm{ß H{$ ]ma{ _{ß [yN>m Vm{, C›hm{Z{ ]VmZ{ g{ _Zm H$a
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OmV{ h¢& [wÍ$f _ohbm`{ß AbJ-AbJ g_yhm{ß _{ß ]°R>H$a `{ JrV JmV{ h¢& BZ
JrVm{ß _{ß gmßgmnaH$ ZÌdaVm H$m ^md hm{Vm h° oH$ gßgma ZÌda h°&
hm{br H{$ aßJm{ß _{ß EH$ Am°a bm{H$JrV e°br "aog`' o_bV{ h¢& oOg_{ß bm{H$
H$WmAm{ß O°g{ Zb-X_`›Vr, _hm^maV, am_mÙ, H•$ÓU O›_ AmoX g{
gÂ]o›YV KQ>Zm`{ß hm{Vr h¢& bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV BZ bm{H$JrVm{ß H$r Img [hMmZ
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H$m{ I∂S>r ]m{br H{$ j{Ã _wamXm]mX _ S>b _{ß Iy] Jm`m OmVm h°& hm{br H$r em_
H$m{ oÛ`m∞ g_yhm{ß _{ß EH$Ã hm{H$a `{ I∂S>r ]m{br bm{H$JrV JmVr h°&& amOm Zb
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E V°boZ`m, E{ V°boZ`m Jmar X{ ahr
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E{gr Vm{-2 _{a{ Pm∂Sy> _ma aht
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am_-b˙_U Xm{Zm{ß dZ ogYma{, Vm{ grVm O°gr Zma
XeaW H{$ Ka ]m∂S>r ama..............................................
oH$gH{$ h¢ `{ Xar-o]N>m°Zm, oH$gH$r h° `{ OaXÂ]mar
grVm H{$ h° `{ Xar-o]N>m°Zm, am_ H$r OaXÂ]mar
XeaW Ka ]m∂S>r ama.......................................................
bm{H$ H$WmAm{ß g{ [na[yU© JrVm{ß g{ I∂S>r ]m{br bm{H$ gmohÀ` âm [∂S>m
243
h°, _{a{ em{Y gr_m H{$ ^rVa AoYH$ bm{H$JrV Zht Am gH$V{ h¢& bm{H$ gßÒH•$oV
g{ âm JrV"Ob H°$g{ ^Í∞$ O_Zm Jhar ZXr-2
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ha H$m{B© \$m`Xm CR>mZm MmhVm h°& ha bm{H$JrV EH$ gßX{e âVm ‡VrV
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H$m{B© ^r hm{br H$m hwÑ∂S>-hw∂S>XßJr Zhr, g] _m°g_r _ma g{ ÃÒV h°& h_mar
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Om gH$V{&
*************
244
H$WH$ H{$ ^mdmo^Z` H{$ [oa‡{˙` _|$ Vwbgr H$r H$odVmdbr
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A›V: gÂ]›Y [•0gß0 VIII
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4. VwbgrXmg, H$odVmdbr, gÂ[mXH$-gwYmH$a [m S{>, [•0gß0 22
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246
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247
dm∞b H$m{ A[Z{ Am[H$m{ g_o[©V H$aZ{ _{ß Zht oPPH$Vr h° ∑`m{ßoH$ Cg{ EH$
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odOr H$m{ A_{naH$m ]wbmVm h°& odOr ^maVr` Zmar H{$ gma{ [aÂ[amAm{ß H$m{
ZH$maV{ hwE dh A_{naH$m _Zrf H{$ [mg OmVr h°& [a›Vw _Zrf Cg{ b{Z{
Eà[m{Q©> Zht AmVm h°& CgH$m H$maU dh EH$ oXZ ZQ>amOZ g{ H$hVm h° oH$
"odOr H{$ obE _{a{ _Z _{ß A] Hw$N> ^r Zht ]Mm& dh ]hwV grYr, gab,
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JhamB`mß Zht h¢ Cg_{ß& _wP{ [ÀZr MmohE Vm{ _wH$r O°gr H$bmÀ_H$
Ò\y$oV©Xm`H$, BßQ{>b{∑MwAb&'13 E{gr oÒWoV _{ß odOr H$r ghm`Vm ZQ>amOZ
H$aVm h°&
oZÓH$f© --oZÓH$f©V: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ Cfm o‡`dßXm Z{ A[Zr H$hmoZ`m{ß
H{$ ¤mam AmYwoZH$Vm g{ ‡^modV gß]ßYm{ß H$r `mßoÃH$Vm [a ‡H$me S>mbm h°
oH$ H°$g{ goX`m{ß g{ Mb{ Am ah{ _mZdr` _yÎ` Ï`ÒV `mßoÃH$ OrdZ ¤mam
g_m· oH$E Om ah{ h°& d{ _roZßJb{g gß]ßYm{ß _{ß ]ßYH$a A[Z{ OrdZ H$m{ oH$gr
]ßYZ _{ß ]mßYZm Zht MmhVr & Bg ‡H$ma Cfm o‡`dßXm A[Zr H$hmoZ`m{ß H{$
_m‹`_ g{ AmYwoZH$Vm H$m ]m{Y H$amZ{ _{ß g\$b ahr h°&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr :1,2,3,4, 7 oH$VZm ]∂S>m PyR> - ‡oV‹doZ`m± Cfm o‡`dßXm [•ß.29, 36,
37, 59
5. oH$VZm ]∂S>m PyR> - gß]ßY Cfm o‡`dßXm [•. 13
8. oH$VZm ]∂S>m PyR> - ZtX Cfm o‡`dßXm [•. 68
11. oH$VZm ]∂S>m PyR> - gwaßJ Cfm o‡`dßXm [•. 68
12. oH$VZm ]∂S>m PyR> - ÒdrH•$oV Cfm o‡`dßXm [•.94
13. oH$VZm ]∂S>m PyR> - _N>ob`m± Cfm o‡`dßXm [•. 103
*************
248
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AWm©V≤ dh [a_mÀ_m EH$ hm{Vm hwAm ^r od¤mZm{ß ¤mam AZ{H$ Zm_m{ß g{ ‡ÒVwV
oH$`m OmVm h°& dh Y_©Í$[ `km{ß H$m Òdm_r h°&
`mÒH$ Z{ ^r g^r X{dVmAm{ß H$r AmÀ_m EH$ ]Vm`m h°"_hm^mΩ`mX≤ X{dVm`m EH$ Ed AmÀ_m ]hwYm ÒVy`V{&'5
AWm©V≤ BZ g^r X{dVmAm{ß H$r AmÀ_m EH$ hr h° Am°a CgH$r AZ{H$
‡H$ma g{ ÒVwoV H$r OmVr h°&
[a_gŒmm H$r Xme©oZH$ Ï`mª`m lr_X≤^Jd“rVm _{ß AÀ`ßV d°kmoZH$
Tß>J g{ ‡m· hm{Vr h°& [a_gŒmm H$m{ odd{oMV H$aV{ hwE lr_X≤^Jd“rVm _{ß
H$hm J`m h°"ZmgVm{ od⁄V{ ^mdm{ Zm^mdm{ od⁄V{ gV:&6
C^`m{ao[ —ÓQ>m{@›VÒÀdZ`m{ÒVŒmdXoe©o^:&&'
AWm©V≤ AgV≤ `m Aod⁄_mZ dÒVw H$r Vm{ gŒmm `m AoÒVÀd hr Zht h°,
Am°a gV≤ dÒVw H$m A^md Zht h°& BZ Xm{Zm{ß H$m{ hr ÒdÍ$[ VÀdkmoZ`m{ß ¤mam
X{Im J`m h°& H$R>m{[oZfX≤ H$r hr ]mV H$m{ ‡H$mam›Va g{ JrVm _{ß Hw$N> Bg
‡H$ma H$hm J`m h°"Z Om`V{ o_´`V{ dm H$XmoMfim`ß ^yÀdm@ôdVm dm Z ^y`:&7
AOm{ oZÀ`: emÌdVm{@`ß [wamUm{ Z h›`V{ h›`_mZ{ eara{&&'
`h AmÀ_m oH$gr ^r H$mb _{ß Z Vm{ O›_Vm h° Am°a Z hr _aVm h°, VWm
CÀ[oŒm Í$[ odH$ma H$m AZw^d H$aH{$ [wZ: A^md H$m{ ‡m· hm{Z{ dmbm AWm©V≤
_aZ{ dmbm ^r Zht h°&
"Z°Zß oN>›Xo›V eÛmoU Z°Zß XhoV [mdH$:&8
Z M°Zß ∑b{X`›À`m[m{ Z em{fòV _mÍ$V:&&'
Bg AmÀ_m H$m{ eÛ Z Vm{ H$mQ> gH$V{ h¢, Z hr Aoæ Bg{ Obm gH$Vr
h°& Bg{ Ob o^Jm{ Zht gH$Vm, Am°a dm`w gwIm Zht gH$Vr h°&
"AÏ`∫$m{ @ `_oM›À`m{ @ `_odH$m`m} @ `_w ¿ `V{ & '9
AWm©V≤ `h AmÀ_m AÏ`∫$, AoM›À` VWm odH$ma-aohV H$hm OmVm
h°& Bg AmÀ_m H$m Xe©Z, dU©Z Edß ldU Abm°oH$H$ Edß Xwb©^ h°&
"AmÌM`©dÀ[ÌòV H$oÌMX{Z_mÌM`©d¤XoV VW°d Mm›`:&&10
AmÌM`©dÉ°Z_›`: l•Um{oV lwÀdmfl`{Zß d{X Z M°d H$oÌMV≤&&'
AWm©V≤ H$m{B© odabm _hm[wÍ$f hr Bg AmÀ_m H$m{ AmÌM`© H$r ^m±oV
X{IVm h°& d°g{ hr Xygam H$m{B© BgH$m AmÌM`© H$r ^m±oV H$WZ H$aVm h°& o\$a
Xygam AoYH$mar [wÍ$f hr Bg{ AmÌM`© H$r ^m±oV gwZVm h°& Am°a Xygam H$m{B©
gm_m›` Ïò∫$ Bg{ gwZH$a ^r Zht OmZ gH$Vm h°&
^maVr` _Zrof`m{ß ¤mam [a_gŒmm H{$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m odd{MZ AmoXH$mb
g{ hr oOkmgm H$m odf` ahm h°& ^maVr` Xe©Z _{ß ^r `h ‡_wI d `© odf`m{ß
_{ß g{ EH$ h°& d{Xm›V Xe©Z _{ß oOg ‡H$ma [a_gŒmm H{$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m odd{MZ
hwAm h°, Cg{ H{$db ^maV _{ß hr Zht Ao[Vw gÂ[yU© ^y_ S>b _{ß A‡oV_ _mZm
249
OmVm h°& d{Xm›V Xe©Z H$m Ao^‡m` h°'d{Xm›Vm{ Zm_m{[oZfÀ‡_mUß VXw[H$maroU emaraH$gyÃmXroZ M&&'11
AWm©V≤ d{Xm›V Zm_ CZ C[oZfXm{ß H$m h° Om{ ]´˜kmZ Í$[ ‡_m H$m
_wª` gmYZ h°& d{Xm›V Xe©Z H{$ VrZ ‡_wI AmYma _mZ{ OmV{ h¢-C[oZfX≤,
]´˜gyÃ Edß ^Jd“rVm& d{Xm›V Xe©Z _{ß eßH$amMm`© H$r [a_gŒmm odf`H$
AdYmaUm gmjmV≤ C[oZfXm{ß g{ J•hrV h°& eßH$amMm`© Or Z{ [a_gŒmm H$m{
]´˜ ]Vm`m h° Edß BgH$r gwÒ[ÓQ> Ï`mª`m h{Vw "A¤°VdmX' H$m ‡oV[mXZ
oH$`m h°, oOgH$m _yb g›X{e h°, "]´˜ gÀ`ß OJo›_œ`m Ordm{ ]´˜°d
Zm[a:&' AWm©V≤ ]´˜ hr EH$_mÃ gV≤ h°, OJV≤ o_œ`m h° Am°a Ord ^r
[a_mW©V: ]´˜ hr h°, ]´˜ g{ BVa Hw$N> Zht h°& A¤°V d{Xm›V _{ß ]´˜ H{$ Xm{
bjU ‡m· hm{V{ h¢-(1) VQ>ÒW bjU (2) ÒdÍ$[ bjU& VQ>ÒW bjU
oH$gr dÒVw H$m AmJ›VwH$ JwU h° O]oH$ ÒdÍ$[ bjU oH$gr dÒVw H$m
AoZdm`© JwU h°& "g•oÓQ>-H$Œmm•©Àd' ]´˜ H$m VQ>ÒW bjU h°& O°gmoH$ H$oWV
h°"O›_m⁄Ò` `V:'12
AWm©V≤ Bg OJV≤ H$m O›_moX VmÀ[`©V: O›_, YmaU Am°a odZme
oOg VÀd _{ß hm{Vm h°, dh ]´˜ h°& lwoVdm∑`m{ß H$r Ï`mª`m H$aV{ hwE eßH$amMm`©
Z{ ]Vm`m h° oH$ oOgg{ gma{ ‡mUr CÀ[fi hm{V{ h¢ d{ oOgH{$ ghma{ OrodV ahV{
h¢ Am°a A›VV: d{ oOg_{ß odÌdmg[yd©H$ odbrZ hm{ OmV{ h¢ dh ]´˜ h°&13
eßH$amMm`© Or ÒdÍ$[ H$r —oÓQ> g{ ]´˜ H$m{ "goÉXmZ›X' H$hV{ h¢& lwoV`m{ß
_{ß ^r ]´˜ H$m{ "gÀ`ß kmZ_Z›Vß ]´˜' H$hm J`m h° AWm©V≤ ]´˜ gÀ`, kmZ
Am°a AZ›VÒdÍ$[ h°& ‹`mVÏ` h° oH$ ]´˜ H$m gV≤, oMV≤ Edß AmZ›X g{
ode{Ó`-ode{fU^md gÂ]›Y Zht h°& d{ ]´˜ H{$ JwU `m ode{fU Zht h¢&
BgH{$ Xm{ H$maU h¢& ‡W_, `{ e„X ^mdmW©H$ Z hm{H$a A^mdmW©H$ h¢& gV≤ g{
AgV≤ H$r, oMV≤ g{ AoMV≤ (O∂S>) H$r Am{a AmZ›X g{ Xw:I H$r Ï`md•oŒm hm{Vr
h°& Bgg{ `h Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h° oH$ ]´˜ AgV≤, AoMV≤ Am°a A[yU© Zht h°&
o¤Vr`, ]´˜ _{ß g] ‡H$ma H{$ ^{Xm{ß H$m A^md hm{Z{ H{$ H$maU Cg_{ß ode{Óòde{fU^md H$r H$Î[Zm ^r Zht H$r Om gH$Vr h°& dÒVwV: gV≤, oMV≤ Edß
AmZ›X ]´˜ H{$ JwU Zht h¢, Ao[Vw ÒdÍ$[ h¢& dh goÉXmZ›XÒdÍ$[ h°&
gV≤, oMV≤ Edß AmZ›X VrZ Zht h¢, Ao[Vw EH$ h°& `{ VmoÀdH$Í$[{U EH$ h¢&
Om{ gV≤ h°, dhr oMV≤ h°, dhr AmZ›X h°& eßH$amMm`© Or J∂S{>na`m H{$ —ÓQ>m›V
g{ ]´˜ H{$ VQ>ÒW bjU Edß ÒdÍ$[ bjU H$m{ gwÒ[ÓQ> H$aV{ h¢& J∂S{>na`m O]
aßJ_ßM [a amOm ]ZH$a Ao^Z` H$aVm h°, Vm{ `h CgH$m VQ>ÒW bjU h°
[aßVw dmÒVodH$ Í$[{U dh J∂S{>na`m hr h°, `h CgH$m ÒdÍ$[ bjU h°& ]´˜
H$m VQ>ÒW bjU _mÃ `h gwÒ[ÓQ> H$aVm h° oH$ ]´˜ dh A[nadV©Zerb
VŒmd h°, oOgH$m oddV©14 `h OJV≤ h°& d{ ]´˜ H{$ dmÒVodH$ ÒdÍ$[ Am°a
Am°[moYH$ ÒdÍ$[ H$m{ Ò[ÓQ> H$aZ{ H{$ obE OmXyJa H$m —ÓQ>m›V ‡ÒVwV H$aV{
h¢& oOg ‡H$ma OmXyJa H{$db C›ht bm{Jm{ß H{$ obE AX≤^wV h°, Om{ CgH{$ OmXy
g{ ‡^modV hm{V{ h¢ Am°a CgH{$ ¤mam oXIm`{ J`{ OmXwB© I{b H$m{ gÀ` _mZV{
h¢ oH$›Vw Om{ bm{J CgH{$ _m`mOmb g{ ‡^modV Zht hm{V{ h¢ CZH{$ obE dh
OmXyJa AX≤^wV Zht h°& Bgr ‡H$ma AkmZr bm{Jm{ß H$r —oÓQ> _{ß OJV≤ gÀ` h°
Am°a ]´˜ OJV≤ H$m H$maU `m g•oÓQ>H$Vm© h°& VŒmdkmoZ`m{ß H$r —oÓQ> _{ß Vm{ Z
H$m{B© dmÒVodH$ g•oÓQ> h° Edß Z hr H$m{B© dmÒVodH$ g•oÓQ>H$Vm© h°& dÒVwV:
eßH$amMm`© Or H$r —oÓQ> _{ß Ï`mdhmnaH$ Í$[ g{ hr OJV≤ gV≤ h° Edß Ï`mdhmnaH$
—oÓQ> g{ hr Ord gV≤ h°& [a_moW©H$ —oÓQ>H$m{U g{ OJV≤ o_œ`m h°, Edß Ord
]´˜ hr h°& AWm©V≤ Ord Edß ]´˜ Xm{ [•WH$≤-[•WH$≤ gŒmm Zht h¢&
]´˜ [a_moW©H$ —oÓQ> g{ oZJw©U h°& [aßVw oZJw©U H$hZ{ H$m `h Ao^‡m`
H$Xmo[ Zht h° oH$ dh ey›` h°& BgH$m VmÀ[`© _mÃ BVZm h° oH$ ]wo’ ¤mam
H$oÎ[V H$m{B© ^r ÒdÍ$[ CgH$m dmÒVodH$ Í$[ Zht h°& Ï`mdhmnaH$ —oÓQ> g{
]´˜ gJwU h° Edß gJwU ]´˜ hr B©Ìda h°& dÒVwV: gJwU ]´˜ Edß oZJw©U ]´˜
Xm{Zm{ß EH$ hr h¢& dh OJV≤ H$r A[{jm gJwU Edß oZa[{jÍ$[{U oZJw©U h°&
eßH$amMm`© H{$ AZwgma ]´˜ AoZd©MZr` h°& dh oZJw©U, oZod©e{f hm{Z{ H{$
H$maU AbjUr` h°& Bgr H$maU lwoV`m± ^r ]´˜ H$m oZd©MZ "Z{oV-Z{oV'
[Xmdbr _{ß H$aVr h¢& [a›Vw ]´˜ H$m{ AoZd©MZr` H$hZ{ H$m VmÀ[`© `h
H$Xmo[ Zht h° oH$ dh Ak{` h°& oZÒg›X{h A¤°V d{Xm›V H$m ]´˜ VH©$_ybH$
odMma g{ [a{ h°, [aßVw Ak{` Zht h°&
[mÌMmÀ` Xe©Z _{ß ^r [a_gŒmm odf`H$ odd{MZ hwAm h°& oOg_{ß
oÒ[Zm{∂Om H$m "gd}ÌdadmX' ‡_wI h°& oÒ[Zm{∂Om B©Ìda Am°a g•oÓQ> _{ß VXmÀÂ`
gÂ]›Y ]VmV{ h¢& dh oZa[{j –Ï` `m B©Ìda H$m{ g^r ‡H$ma H{$ ^{Xm{ß g{
aohV _mZV{ h¢& oÒ[Zm{∂Om H$m –Ï` AZ›V Edß AI S> h°& oÒ[Zm{∂Om H{$ Xe©Z
H$m{ "gd}ÌdadmX' H$r gßkm Xr OmVr h°& BZH{$ AZwgma "All is God and
God is all' 15 AWm©V≤ g] Hw$N> B©Ìda_` h° Edß B©Ìda hr g]Hw$N> h°&
oÒ[Zm{∂Om H$m `h odMma B©emdmÒ`m{[oZfX≤ H{$ "B© e mdmÒò_Xß gd© _ ≤
òÀH$ƒm≤ M OJÀ`mß OJV≤ '16 Edß lr_X≤^Jd“rVm H{$ "`{ Z gd© o _Xß
VV_≤ '17 odMma g{ AZw‡moUV h°& AWm©V≤ Bg OJV≤ _{ß Om{ Hw$N> ^r h° dh
B©Ìda g{ Ï`m· h°&
oZÓH$f©V: H$hm Om gH$Vm h° oH$ dh [a_gŒmm EH$ hr h°& ododY [ßW
`m gÂ‡Xm` _mÃ Cg VH$ [hwßMZ{ H$m _mJ© ‡eÒV H$aV{ h°&
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
1. ^yJm{b EH$ g_J´ A‹``Z (2012)-_h{e Hw$_ma ]U©dmb, [•ÓR>-2
2. _hmÀ_m JmßYr
3. F$Ωd{X-1/164/46
4. F$Ωd{X-6/45/16
5. oZÍ$∫$-`mÒH$
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
250
lr_X≤^Jd“rVm o¤Vr`m{@‹`m`-16
gXmZ›X ‡UrV d{ X m›Vgma (2002)-S> m ∞ 0 E0[r0 o_l
(Ï`mª`mH$ma)[•ÓR>-25
]´˜gyÃ-gyÃ gßª`m-2
d{XmW©gßJ´h-[•ÓR>-17
gXmZ›X ‡UrV d{Xm›Vgma (2002)
[mÌMmÀ` Xe©Z H$m CX≤^d Edß odH$mg (S>m0 EM0Eg0 C[m‹`m`)
[•ÓR>-141
B©emdmÒ`m{[oZfX≤ (2010)-S>m∞0 E0[r0 o_l (Ï`mª`mH$)&
lr_X≤^Jd“rVm (2009) -S>m∞0 E0[r0 o_l (Ï`mª`mH$ma)&
F$∑gy∫$ gßJ´h -S>m∞0 hnaXŒm emÛr &
H$R>m{[oZfX≤ (2001)-S>m∞0 E0[r0 o_l (Ï`mª`mH$ma)&
^maVr` Xe©Z H$r g_rjmÀ_H$ Í$[a{Im (2009)-am__yoV© [mR>H$ &
H{$ed o_l‡UrV VH©$^mfm (2001)- S>m∞0 lroZdmg emÛr
(Ï`mª`mH$ma) &
B©ÌdaH•$ÓU ‡UrV gmßª`H$mnaH$m (1999)-S>m∞0 E0[r0 o_l
(Ï`mª`mH$ma)&
Y_© Xe©Z H$m Ambm{MZmÀ_H$ A‹``Z (1999)- S> m ∞ 0 Eg0]r0
ogßh&
g_mO Xe©Z H$m gd}jU (2003)-S>m∞0 Eg0]r0 ogßh &
VŒmd_r_mßgm Edß kmZ_r_mßgm (2004)-H{$0EZ0 oVdmar &
AmYwoZH$ ^maV- gwo_V gaH$ma &
gm_moOH$ g_Ò`m`{ß-am_ AhyOm &
"X oh›Xy' (S{>br ›`yO[{[a)&
*************
251
emÛr` gßJrV _{ß VßVw dm⁄ VmZ[ya{ H$m _hÀd
S>m∞. ]r. dfm© *
em{Y gmamße - "JrVß, dm⁄ß VWm Z•À`ß Ã`ß gßJrV_w¿`V{`' AWm©V≤ Jm`Z, dmXZ VWm Z•À` VrZm{ß o_bH$a gßJrV H$hbmVm h°& òX gßJrV e„X H$r
Ï`mª`m H$r OmE Vm{ gÂ`H$≤-`V≤ JrV gßJrV_≤ `mZr Om{ A¿N>r ‡H$ma g{ Jm`m, ]Om`m OmE dh gßJrV h°& A¿N{> g{ `hm± VmÀ[`© h° oH$ Òda VWm b` _{ß
gm_ßOÒ` hm{, o\$a Mmh{ dh emÛr` gßJrV hm{, bm{H$ gßJrV AWdm o\$Î_ gßJrV hm{& Òda, b` Am°a ^md H{$ [ya{ Vmb-_{b H$m{ gßJrV H$hm OmVm h°& Òda
H$m ‡VrH$ JrV h° Vm{ b` dm⁄m{ß H$r Am{a BßoJV H$aVr h°& Òda Am°a b` `{ Xm{Zm{ß gßJrV H{$ _yb^yV AßJ h° Am°a B›ht Xm{ _O]yV IÂ^m{ß [a gßJrV H$bmÍ$[r
^dZ H$m oZ_m©U ‡mMrZ H$mb g{ AmO VH$ Mbm Am ahm h°&
‡ÒVmdZm - ^maVr` emÛr` gßJrV h_ma{ X{e H$r ]hwV ]∂S>r Yam{ha h°&
`hr H$maU h° oH$ h_ ^maVr`m{ß H{$ OrdZ _{ß gßJrV H$bm H$r ^yo_H$m H$B© dfm~
g{ od⁄_mZ h°& _ZwÓ` Z{ Bg{ H$^r EH$ gmYZm H{$ Í$[ _{ß, H$^r V[Ò`m H{$ Í$[
_{ß, H$^r A‰`mg H{$ Í$[ _{ß Vm{ H$^r Ï`dgm` H{$ Í$[ _{ß A[Zm`m& `h H$bm
H{$ gmW-gmW A[Z{ Am[ _{ß EH$ odkmZ ^r h°& gßJrV _{ß ZmX H{$ Xm{ ^{X _mZ{
OmV{ h¢, AmhV VWm AZmhV ZmX& AmhV ZmX dh h°, oOg{ h_ gwZ gH$V{ h¢,
Cg{ Ï`dhma _{ß bm gH$V{ h¢ Am°a `h ZmX odo^fi ‡H$ma H$r ‹doZ`m{ß _{ß
‡Ò\w$oQ>V hm{Vm h°& `{ gßJrVmÀ_H$ ‹doZ`m± hr odo^fi _m‹`_m{ß g{ Ï`∫$ hm{Vr
h°, B›ht H{$ AmYma [a _hof© âV ¤mam dm⁄m{ß H$m MVwod©Y dJr©H$aU oH$`m
J`m& o_`m± VmZg{Z Z{ ^r Mma ‡H$ma H{$ dm⁄m{ß H{$ dJr©H$aU H$m CÑ{I oH$`m
h° - CXmhaUmW©
"VV H$m{ [ohb{ H$hV h°, odVV Xygam{ OmZ,
VrOm{ KZ, Mm°W{ ogIa VmZg{Z [a_mZ'
Bg CXmhaU g{ dm⁄m{ß H{$ dJr©H$aU H$r ‡mMrZVm H$m Am^mg hm{Vm h°&
AmO ^r dm⁄m{ß H{$ dJr©H$aU H$m{ Mma ^mJm{ß _{ß _m›` oH$`m J`m h°, oH$›Vw
‡mMrZH$mb g{ A] VH$ dm⁄m{ß H{$ ÒdÍ$[ _{ß H$m\$r [nadV©Z hwE h¢, `m hm{ ah{
h¢& AmO H$B© E{g{ ZdrZ dm⁄m{ß H$m oZ_m©U hm{ MwH$m h°, Om{ MVwod©Y dm⁄
dJr©H$aU oZ`_m{ß H{$ gmW gm_ßOÒ` Zht ]°R>m [mV{, o\$a ^r CZ g] dm⁄m{ß
H$m{ oH$gr Z oH$gr bjU H{$ AmYma [a B›ht Mma dJm~ _{ß goÂ_obV H$a
ob`m J`m h°& (X{I{ AJb{ [•> [a)
VV dm⁄m{ß H$r ‡_wI ode{fVmE{ß 1. Om{ dm⁄ AßJow b`m{ß H{$ _m‹`_ g{ ]Om`{ OmV{ h¢, CZ_{ß Òda_ßS>b, VmZ[wam
BÀ`moX dm⁄ AmV{ h¢&
2. o_Oam] AWdm H$m{U g{ ]Om`{ OmZ{ dmb{ VV dm⁄m{ß H{$ AßVJ©V ogVma,
gam{X, Í$–drUm, odoMÃ drUm AmoX dm⁄ AmV{ h¢&
3. JO g{ ]Om`{ OmZ{ dmb{ dm⁄m{ß _{ß gmaßJr, BgamO, oXbÍ$]m, amdU
hÀWm AmoX dm⁄m{ß H$m{ aIm OmVm h°&
4 Hw$N> dm⁄m{ß H$m{ ]OmZ{ H{$ ob`{ S> S>r H$m ‡`m{J ^r oH$`m OmVm h° O°g{
gßVya&
]ZmdQ> VWm AmH•$oV H{$ AmYma [a ^r VV dm⁄m{ß H$m{ dJr©H•$V oH$`m
Om gH$Vm h°& O°g{ 1. EH$ `m Xm{ VwÂ]m{ß dmb{ dm⁄ - drUm, VÂ]yam AmoX&
*
2. N>m{Q>r JaXZ dmb{ dm⁄ - ^maVr` dm⁄ gmaßJr VWm odX{er dm⁄
dmòbZ&
3. bÂ]r JaXZ dmb{ dm⁄ - ogVma, BgamO, VÂ]yam AmoX&
VV dm⁄ - VmZ[wam - oH$gr ^r gmßJroVH$ _ho\$b H$m AmJm∂O VmZ[ya{
H$r _Ywa J±yO g{ hm{Vm h°& VmZ[wam VßVw dm⁄m{ß _{ß g]g{ gmXm dm∂⁄ h°& VßVw dm⁄
Vmam{ß H$m{ Ny>H$a, Vma [a AmKmV H$a AWdm JO ¤mam ]Om`{ OmV{ h¢& E{gm
_mZm OmVm h° oH$ VmZ[wa{ H$m C“_ "VwZVwZm' Am°a "BH$Vmam' BZ dm⁄m{ß H{$
AmYma [a hwAm hm{Jm& VmZ[wam H{$db gßJV H{$ ob`{ ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°,
Cg [a H$m{B© YwZ `m JrV ]OmZm gß^d Zht h°& Jm`H$ AWdm dmXH$ H$m{
H{$db fS>O Òda bJmVma gwZmB© X{Vm ah{ Bgob`{ VmZ[wa{ H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m
OmVm h°& VmZ[wa{ H$r ]ZmdQ> _{ß H$B© ]mV{ß _hÀd[yU© hm{Vr h°, O°g{ Vmam{ß [a
[∂S>Z{ dmbm X]md VWm Òda& `{ g^r ]mV{ß d°kmoZH$ Í$[ g{ Ow∂S>r hm{Vr h°& Vma
oOVZm _m{Q>m hm{Jm CgH$m dOZ CVZm hr ¡`mXm hm{Jm Am°a Vma H$r bÂ]mB©
oOVZr ¡`mXm hm{Jr Òda CVZm ZrMm hm{Jm Am°a bÂ]mB© H$_ hm{Z{ [a Òda
CVZm D±$Mm hm{Jm AWm©V≤ Vma _m{Q>m hm{ Vm{ Òda ZrMm hm{Jm Am°a Vma [Vbm hm{
Vm{ Òda D±$Mm hm{Jm&
VmZ[wa{ _{ß AmdmO oZo_©Vr H{$ ob`{ H$‘y H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& gyI{
hwE H$‘y H{$ [m{b{ ^mJ H$m{ I∂S{> Í$[ _{ß H$mQ>m OmVm h° Am°a VwÂ]m ]ZmZ{ H{$ ob`{
CgH$m C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h° VWm Bg VwÂ]{ H$m C[`m{J Òdam{ß H{$ AZwaUZH$
(Resonator) H{$ Í$[ _{ß hm{Vm h°& H$‘y H$m H$dM ]hwV hr [Vbm oH$›Vw H$∂S>m
hm{Z{ g{ dh Bg H$m_ H{$ ob`{ CoMV hm{Vm h°& Bg H$‘y [a bH$∂S>r H$m EH$ N>m{Q>m
^mJ bJm`m OmVm h° Am°a Bgr ^mJ H{$ AmJ{ Sß>S>r bJmB© OmVr h°, oOg [a
Vma H$g{ OmV{ h¢& [wÍ$fm{ß H{$ AmdmO H$r gwa[≈r H$mbr 1 `m 2 hm{Vr h°, AV:
[wÍ$fm{ß H{$ VmZ[wa{ H$r bÂ]mB© 150 g{_r. hm{Vr h°& oÛ`m± H$mbr 4 `m 5 _{ß
JmVr h¢, AV: BZH{$ VmZ[wa{ H{$ Vma H$r bÂ]mB© H$_ hm{Vr h°&
gm_m›`V: VmZ[wa{ _{ß Mma Vma hm{V{ h¢& ]rM H{$ Xm{ Vmam{ß H$m{ Om{∂S>r H{$ Vma
H$hV{ h¢, Om{ _‹` g·H$ H{$ "gm' _{ß hm{V{ h¢& [hbm Vma _ß– "[ßM_' `m "_‹`_'
H$m hm{Vm h° VWm Mm°Wm Vma _ß– g·H$ H{$ "gm' AWm©V≤ IaO H$m "gm' hm{Vm h°&
ha Vma H{$ D$[a Sß>S>r H{$ D$[a AbJ-AbJ Iy±Q>r hm{Vr h°, oOg_{ß Vma b[{Q{>
OmV{ h¢& [hb{ VrZ Vma ÒQ>rb g{ VWm Mm°Wm Vma o_l KmVw g{ ]Zm hm{Vm h°
VWm `h ÒQ>rb H{$ Vmam{ß g{ A[{jmH•$V _m{Q>m hm{Vm h°& Bg ‡H$ma _wª` Í$[ g{
"∂[ gm gm ∂gm" BZ gwam{ß _{ß Vma o_bm`{ OmV{ h¢& Vmam{ß H$m{ Òdam{ß _{ß E∑`ya{Q> o_bmZ{
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (Hß$R> gßJrV)emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡. ) ‰mmaV
H{$ ob`{ _oU`m{ß H$m ‡`m{J oH$`m OmVm h° Am°a Iwb H{$ ]OZ{ H{$ ob`{ Odmar
H$m C[`m{J oH$`m OmVm h°& Vma EH$ oZoÌMV o]›Xw [a hr PZH$ma H$aVm h°
VWm Odmar AmJ{-[rN{> H$aV{ g_` EH$ o]›Xy E{gm AmVm h°, Ohm± Vma
Resonating ]ZH$a Jy±OZ{ bJVm h° Am°a Cgg{ odew’ AmZßX X{Z{ dmb{
ZmX H$r CÀ[oŒm hm{Vr h°&
Bg ‡H$ma ‡À`{H$ Jm`H$ H$m AmYma ÒVÂ^ VmZ[wam h°& A›` oH$gr
dm⁄ H$r A[{jm VmZ[wam Jm`H$ H$m{ AmYma ∑`m{ß X{Vm h°, Bg odf` [a
JwUrOZm{ß H$m _V h° oH$ Òda H$m ZmX A›` dm⁄m{ß H$r A[{jm VmZ[wa{ g{
AoYH$ Ò[ÓQ> gwZmB© X{Vm h°& VmZ[wa{ O°gm dm⁄ V°`ma H$aZm EH$ gmYZm h°,
V[Ò`m h°& ^maV _{ß VmZ[wam ]ZmZ{ dmb{ H$marJa o_aO, H$m{bH$mVm, ]Zmag
AmoX eham{ß _{ß h¢& VmZ[wam dm⁄ H$m oZ_m©U dhr H$a gH$Vm h°, oOg{ Òda H$m
kmZ hm{, CŒm_ Òda kmZ H{$ o]Zm VmZ[wam ]ZmZm Agß^d h°&
[nadV©Z H{$ Bg Xm°a _{ß VmZ[wa{ H{$ ÒdÍ$[ _{ß ^r [nadV©Z oXImB© X{Vm
h°& AmO VmZ[wa{ H{$ ododY Í$[ X{IZ{ H$m{ o_bV{ h¢& Hw$N> Jm`H$ Òdam{ß H$r
gßJV ¡`mXm g{ ¡`mXm [mZ{ H{$ C‘{Ì` g{ [m±M `m N>: Vmam{ß dmbm VmZ[wam ^r
]ZdmV{ h¢& Bb{∑Q≠>m∞oZH$ `wJ H{$ H$maU 3-4 \$rQ> H$m VmZ[wam AmO N>m{Q{> g{
]m∞∑g _{ß gwZmB© X{Vm h° oOg{ oS>oOQ>b VmZ[wam H$hm OmVm h°& `h C[`m{J
H$aZm AmgmZ hm{Vm h° VWm bmZ{-b{ OmZ{ _{ß gwodYmOZH$ hm{Vm h°& Bb{∑Q≠>mo∞ ZH$
OJV Z{ AmO BVZr Q{>∑Zm{bm∞Or odH$ogV H$a br h° oH$ oS>oOQ>b VmZ[wa{ _{ß
252
Xm{ VmZ[wa{, VmZ[wa{ H{$ gmW V]bm gßJV, [m±M VWm N>: Òdam{ß dmbm VmZ[wam
AmoX H$m oZ_m©U H$a H$bmH$mam{ß Edß od⁄moW©`m{ß H{$ ob`{ VmZ[wam O°gm dm⁄
gwb^ ]Zm oX`m h°& oS>oOQ>b VmZ[wam oH$VZr ^r Va∏$r H$a b{, oH$›Vw
AmÀ_m H$m{ od^m{a H$aZ{ dmbm, Òd`ß^y ZmX H$m odew’ AmZßX X{Z{ dmbm VWm
ha Jm`H$ H$m AmYma ÒVÂ^ ]ZZ{ dmbm _mÃ H{$db VmZ[wam hr h°& gßJrV H$r
‡^mdembr _ho\$b H{$ ob`{, A‰`mg H{$ ob`{, gwa H$m{ [H$∂S>Z{ H{$ ob`{
H{$db [maÂ[naH$ VmZ[wa{ H$m C[`m{J H$aZm hr CoMV h°, Bg_{ß Xm{ _V Zht
hm{ gH$V{& AV: emÛr` gßJrV _{ß VmZ[wa{ H{$ _hÀd H$m{ ZH$mam Zht Om
gH$Vm&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï1. S>m∞. o_l bmb_oU - ^maVr` gßJrV dm⁄, ^maVr` kmZ[rR>, bm{Xr
am{S>, oXÑr (2002)
2. amOlr - gmßÒH•$oVH$ oejm H{$ CX≤odH$mg _{ß gßJrV H$m `m{JXmZ,
amYm [o„bH{$eZ, ZB©oXÑr (2003)
3. gßJrV H$bm odhma, _mogH$ [oÃH$m, ZdÂ]a-oXgÂ]a 2008
4. gßJrV H$bm odhma, _mogH$ [oÃH$m, AJÒV-2010
5. gßJrV H$bm odhma, _mogH$ [oÃH$m, ogVÂ]a-2011
6. gßJrV H$bm odhma, _mogH$ [oÃH$m, oXgÂ]a-2013
VmZ[w a m
*************
253
MVwXo© S>‡H$moeH$m gma gßj[
{ (Ambm[ ‡H$aU, R>m` ‡H$aU,
JrV ‡H$aU, ‡]ßY ‡H$aU H{$ gßX^© _{)ß
S>m∞. ÒZ{hm [ßoS>V *
‡ÒVmdZm - Ï`ßH$Q>_Ir ¤mam oboIV "MVwX©o S>‡H$moeH$m' J´ßW AÀ`›V
_hÀd[yU© J´ßWm{ß _{ß EH$ _mZm OmVm h°& Bg J´ßW H$m Zm_ MVwX©o S>‡H$moeH$m
H$m ∑`m AW© h° `h OmZZm AmdÌ`H$ h°& amJ H$m ÒdÍ$[ Ï`∫$ H$aZ{ H{$ obE
odo^fi ‡H$ma g{ Jm`Z-dmXZ H$aZ{ H$r ‡Wm ]hwV ‡mMrZ h°&
gßJrV aÀZmH$a H{$ g_` _{ß Om{ J{` gmohÀ` ‡Mma _{ß Wm, CgH$m{ ‡H•$oV
o^fiVm H{$ AZwgma gd©‡W_ Zm`H$ Jm{[mb Z{ Mma ^mJ _{ß od^∫$ oH$`m h° Ambm[, R>m`, JrV Am°a ‡]ßY& B›ht H$m{ MVwX© S>r Zm_ g{ kmo[V oH$`m
OmVm h°& MVwX©o S>‡H$moeH$m J´ßW H$m _wª` odf` ^r `hr h°& BgrobE Bg
b{I _{ß Ambm[ ‡H$aU, R>m` ‡H$aU, JrV ‡H$aU Edß ‡]ßY ‡H$aU H$m
CÑ{I oH$`m J`m h°&
Ambm[ ‡H$aU - Bg J´ßW H{$ N>R{>ß ‡H$aU _{ß Ambm[ Jm`Z H$r MMm© H$r
JB© h°& amJ H$m Ambm[ JmV{ g_` Amojo·H$m JmZ{ H$r ‡Wm gd©Ã ‡MobV
h°& Ambm[ H$m ‡maß^ Amojo·H$m g{ oH$`{ OmZ{ H$r AoZdm`©Vm [a hr b˙`
H{$o›–V H$aZm Bg C[_m H$m EH$ _mÃ C‘{Ì` oXImB© X{Vm h°& Ambm[ gd©Xm
VWm gd©Ã Amojo·H$m g{ hr amJ _ßS>Z H$m A[Zm H$m`© Amaß^ oH$`m H$aVm
h°& Amojo·H$m H{$ [ÌMmV amJdoY©Zr JmB© OmVr h°& Ambm[ H$m `h Aße
bm{Jm{ß _{ß `–w[ Zm_ g{ [naoMV h°& Amojo·H$m ¤mam C◊m{oYV amJ H$m
odÒVma odeXrH$aU AWm©V≤ dY©Z H$aVr h°& AV: Bg oH´$`m H$m{ "amJdoY©Zr'
H$hm OmVm h°& BgH{$ [ÌMmV odXmar JmB© OmVr h°& odXmar H$m Xygam Zm_
"_w∫$mo`' h°& odXmar odo^fi amJdY©oZ`m{ß H$m{ [aÒ[a g{ od^∫$ aIZ{ H$m
H$m`© H$aVr h°& Bg H$maU Bg Aße H$m{ odXmar gß]m ‡m· hwB© h°& BgH{$
[ÌMmV≤ Ambm[JmZ _{ß ÒWm`r Zm_H$ JmZ oH´$`m H$m H´$_mßH$ h°& Ohm± VmZ
H{$o›–V hm{Vr h° AWm©V VmZ Jm`Z _{ß oOg odoeÓQ> Òda [a ]ma-]ma
AmH$a R>haZm hm{Vm h°, Cg Òda H$m{ ÒWm`r Òda H$hm OmVm h°& Bgr g{ VmZ{ß
Amam{hr, Adam{hr, gßMmar dJ© H$r VmZ{ß Jm`r OmVr h°& BgH{$ [ÌMmV amJ _{ß
fS>O H{$ AoVna∫$ A›` Om{ Òda "ÒWm`r' oH$`{ Om gH$V{ h¢ AWm©V≤ amJ H$r
‡H•$oV o]Zm o]Jm∂S{> oOZ Òdam{ß [a R>hamd hm{ gH$Vm h°, E{g{ Òdam{ß H$m{ ÒWm`r
]ZmH$a VmZ{ß JmZ{ H$r [’oV ]VmB© JB© h°& oh›XwÒVmZr gßJrV _{ß g⁄ ‡MobV
Ambm[ JmZ [’oV Edß H$Zm©Q>H$ gßJrV H$r Ambm[ [’oV _{ß AZ{H$ gm—Ì`
oXImB© X{Vm h°& [ß. Ï`ßH$Q> _Ir H$r [’oV _{ß Ambm[ Amojo·H$m g{ Amaß^
hm{Vm h°& oh›XwÒVmZr gßJrV [’oV _{ß Ambm[ [H$∂S> g{ Amaß^ H$aV{ h¢&
R>m` ‡H$aU - gmVd{ß ‡H$aU _{ß [ß. Ï`ßH$Q> _Ir Z{ R>m` H$r MMm© H$r h°& amJ
_{ß oZoX©ÓQ> ÒWm`r Òdam{ß H{$ AoVna∫$, oOZ-oOZ Òdam{ß [a oÒWoV H$r Om
gH$Vr h°, CZ Òdam{ß H$m{ EH$-EH$ H$aH{$ ÒWm`r Òda ]ZmH$a CZH{$ [wam{dVr©
VWm amJ _{ß Ï`dhma H$aZ{ `m{Ω` Mma Òda ob`{ OmV{ h¢& BZ Òdam{ß H$r ghm`Vm
g{ amJm{oMV Amam{hr dU© H$r Mma VWm Adam{hr dU© H$r Mma E{gr Hw$b
*
o_bmH$a AmR> VmZ{ß JmB© OmVr h°& VÀ[ÌMmV amJ H{$ oZoX©ÓQ> ÒWm`r Òdam{ß
H$m{ gOmH$a JmH$a _ß– fS>O [a ›`mg oH$`m OmVm h°& Bg AßoV_ ÒWm`r
Jm`Z H$m{, oOgH$r Ambm[ _{ß amJdY©Zr AWdm `⁄w[ H$hm J`m h°& R>m` _{ß
_H$naZr Zm_ g{ gß]m{YZ oH$`m OmVm h°& BgH{$ C[amßV _w∫$mo` JmH$a R>m`
Jm`Z H$r g_mo· H$r OmVr h°&
[ß. Ï`ßH$Q> _Ir H$hV{ h¢ oH$ R>m` Jm`Z H$r gd©gmYmaU [’oV H$m
Om{ `h oddaU _¢Z{ oX`m h°, dh `hr [’oV h°, oOZH{$ AZwgma h_ma{ JwÍ$ Z{
g] amJm{ß H{$ R>m` aM{ W{&
JrV ‡H$aU - AÓQ>_≤ ‡H$aU _{ß "JrV' H$m oZÍ$[U oH$`m h°& Om{ Hw$N> ^r
Jm`m OmVm h°, dh JrV h°& JrV e„X H$r E{gr Ï`mª`m Ambm[, R>m`, ‡]ßY
`{ g] JrV H{$ AßVJ©V AmV{ h¢& b{IH$ ¤mam hr ‡ÌZ CR>mH$a BgH$m g_mYmZ
^r oH$`m oH$ gmYmaU e„X _{ß JrV CÀ[oŒm `hr h°, [aßVw ‡mMrZ ‡Mma H$m{
X{I{ß Vm{ JrV e„X _{ß "gmbJgy∂S>' Zm_H$ JrV ode{f hr oZoX©ÓQ> hm{Vm h°&
AVEd h_ `hmß gmbJgy∂S> JrV H$m hr oZÍ$[U H$a{ßJ{&
gmbJgy∂S> H$m AW© - JrV dmMH$ X{er (AWm©V≤ XojU X{er`) e„X
gy∂S> h°& gy∂S> H{$ Xm{ ‡^{X h¢ - ew’ gy∂S> Am°a N>m`mbJ gy∂S>& oOg gy∂S> [a ew’
gy∂S> H$r N>m`m [∂S>r h° AWm©V≤ oOgH$m ew’ gy∂S> g{ gm—Ì` h° CgH$m{ N>m`mbJ
gy∂S> H$hV{ h¢& N>m`mbJ e„X H$m A[^ß́e Í$[ gmbJ h°& Bg ‡H$ma gmbJgy∂S>
e„X H$r CÀ[oŒm hwB©&
ew’ gy∂S> _{ß emÛm{∫$ oZ`_m{ß H$m [mbZ [ydm©V: oH$`m OmVm h°&
gmbJgy∂S> X{IZ{ _{ß Vm{ ew’ gy∂S> O°gm hr hm{Vm h°, VWmo[ Cg_{ß oZ`_m{ß H$m
Hw$N> Ï`woVH´$_ ^r hm{Vm h°& ew’ gy∂S>m{ß _{ß EbmoX ‡]ßY AßV^y©V h° - EbmoX
AWm©V≤ Ebm, H$aU, X{dH$r, dV©Zr, Pm{Â]∂S>, bÂ^, amg, EH$Vmbr& N>m`mbJ
AWdm gmbJgyS∂ >mß{ g{ oZÂZmßoH$V ‡H$ma AmV{ h¢ - Y´dw , _∆, ‡oV_∆, oZgmÍ$H$,
A∆Vmb, amg, EH$Vmbr&
emÛm{∫$ oZ`_m{ß H$m [mbZ oOg_{ß H$R>m{aVm g{ oH$`m OmVm h°, E{gm
gy∂S> ew’ H$hm OmVm h°& gmbJgy∂S> H{$ gmV ‡H$ma h¢ - (1) Y´wd (2) _∆
(3) ‡oV_∆ (4) oZgmÍ$H$ (5) A∆Vmb (6) amg (7) EH$Vmbr&
BgH{$ [ÌMmV b{IH$ ¤mam gmbJgy∂S> H{$ ‡H$mam{ß H$m{ doU©V oH$`m h°& ‡À`{H$
gy∂S> AWm©V≤ JrV H{$ ‡H$mam{ß H$r gßª`m ]VmB© h°&
Y´wd JrV H{$
16 ‡H$ma
_∆ JrV H{$
06 ‡H$ma
‡oV_∆ JrV H{$
04 ‡H$ma
oZgmÍ$H$ JrV H{$
06 ‡H$ma
A∆Vmb JrV H{$
06 ‡H$ma
amg JrV H{$
04 ‡H$ma
ghm`H$ ‡m‹`m[H$ (gßJrV)emgH$r` H$›`m _hmod⁄mb`, aVbm_ (_.‡.) ‰mmaV
EH$ Vmbr JrV H{$
03 ‡H$ma
BZ g^r ‡H$mam{ß H{$ JrV Zm_, ag, Vmb gßH{$V, Aja H$mb, _mÃm
BÀ`moX g^r H$m odÒV•V dU©Z H$a Bg A‹`m` H$m g_m[Z oH$`m J`m h°&
‡]ßY ‡H$aU - Zd_≤ ‡H$aU _{ß ‡]ßY H{$ ]ma{ _{ß MMm© H$r JB© h°& JrV ‡H$aU
H$r Vah ‡]ßY ‡H$aU _{ß ^r b{IH$ Z{ eßH$m H$m g_mYmZ oH$`m h°& CZH{$
AZwgma ‡]ßY H$m AW© ]’ (]ßYm hwAm AWm©V≤ YmVw, VmbmoX g{ ]±Yr aMZm)
oH$`m OmE Vm{ JrV VWm ‡]ßY Xm{Zm{ß _{ß H$m{B© _V^{X Zht h°& Bg eßH$m H$m
g_mYmZ b{IH$ ¤mam Bg ‡H$ma oH$`m J`m h° oH$ O] H$m{B© ÒdagßX^©
ÒdaaMZm N>: AßJm{ß VWm Mma YmVwAm{ß H{$ ¤mam oZ]’ hm{Vr h°, V] E{gr aMZm
H$m{ hr ‡]ßY Zm_ g{ gß]m{YZ H$aZ{ H$m Ï`dhma AoYH$Va oXImB© [∂S>Vm h°,
[aßVw JrV Am°a ‡]ßY H$r ‡H•$oV o^fiVm H{$ H$maU ‡]ßY H{$ obE [•WH$
‡H$aU [naH$oÎ[V oH$`m J`m h°&
JrV Am°a ‡]ßY Xm{Zm{ß H{$ oddaU H$m{ VwbZmÀ_H$ ^md g{ X{I{ß Vm{ `h
Ò[ÓQ> hm{Vm h°, oH$ ‡]ßY H{$ N>: AßJm{ß _{ß Om{ odÍ$X, V{ZH$, [mQ> E{g{ VrZ AßJ
h¢, CZH$m Ï`dhma JrV _{ß Zht hwAm h°& C“´mh, Y´wd d Am^m{J `{ VrZ YmVw
Am°a Òda, Vmb VWm [X `{ VrZ AßJ Xm{Zm{ß _{ß hr [mE OmV{ h¢&
N>: AßJm{ß VWm Mma YmVwAm{ß ¤mam JoR>V AWdm oZ]’ Òda aMZm
"‡]ßY' H$hbmVr h°& ‡]ßY H{$ AßJ h¢ - Òda, odÍ$X, [X, V{ZH$, [mQ> Am°a
Vmb& [ß. emaßJX{d ¤mam ^r `hr ‡]ßY H{$ AßJ ]VmE h¢&
‡]ßY _{ß YmVw ∑`m MrO h°& ‡]ßY H{$ Ad`dm{ß H$r "YmVw' emÛr` gßkm
h°& ‡MobV JrV _{ß ÒWm`r, A›Vam hm{V{ h¢, d°g{ hr ‡mMrZH$mb H{$ ‡]ßY _{ß
Mma YmVw hm{V{ h¢ - C“´mh, _{bm[H$, Y´wd Am°a Am^m{J& BZ Mmam{ß H{$ AoVna∫$
[mßMdm YmVw ^r h°, oOg{ AßVa `m AßVam H$hV{ h¢& H$maU dh Y´wd Am°a
Am^m{J BZ Xm{ H{$ ]rM _{ß hm{Vm h°, [a›Vw `h YmVw H{$db gmbJgy∂S> JrV _{ß
hr hm{Vm h° Am°a dh ^r VrZ YmVwAm{ß H{$ JrV _{ß hr&
‡]ßYm{ß H{$ ^r AbJ-AbJ ‡H$ma ]Vm`{ JE h¢& ‡]ßY H$m{ [mßM OmoV`m{ß
_{ß od^∫$ oH$`m J`m h°& Bg od^mOZ H$r oôŒm ‡]ßYm›VJ©V AßJ gßª`m h°&
254
1. _{oXZr OmoV H{$ ‡]ßY - BZ_{ß g] AßJ AWm©V≤ N>: AßJ ‡`w∫$ hm{V{ h¢&
2. AmZßoXZr OmoV H{$ ‡]ßY - Bg_{ß [mßM AßJ hm{V{ h¢&
3. Xr[ZrOmoV H{$ ‡]ßY - Bg_{ß Mma AßJ hm{V{ h¢&
4. ^modZr OmoV H{$ ‡]ßY - `h VrZ AßJ g{ `w∫$ hm{Vm h°&
5. Vmamdbr OmoV H{$ ‡]ßY - `h Xm{ AßJm{ß g{ `w∫$ hm{Vm h°&
EH$ AßJ `w∫$ ‡]ßY Zht hm{Vm h°&
_bßJ ¤mam oôŒm YmVw H{$ AZwgma ‡]ßY H{$ VrZ ‡H$ma ]Vm`{ JE h¢
1. o¤YmVwH$ AWm©V≤ Xm{ YmVw`w∫$ ‡]ßY&
2. oÃYmVwH$ AWm©V≤ VrZ YmVw`w∫$ ‡]ßY&
3. MVwYm©VwH$ AWm©V≤ Mma YmVw`w∫$ ‡]ßY&
oZ`w©∫$ Am°a AoZ`w©∫$ ‡]ßY - ‡À`{H$ ‡]ßY H{$ Nß>X, Vmb, amJ, ^mfm
AmoX H{$ gß]ßY _{ß odoeÓQ> oZ`_ hm{V{ h¢& BZ oZ`_m{ß H{$ AZwgma ‡]ßY H$m{
Bgr Nß>X _{ß, Vmb _{ß, amJ _{ß VWm ^mfm _{ß oZ]’ hm{Zm MmohE& oOZ_{ß oZ`_m{ß
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l{Ur _{ß aIm OmVm h°, oOZ_{ß oZ`_ oeoWb hm{V{ h¢, E{g{ ‡]ßY AoZ`w©∫$
‡]ßY H$r l{Ur _{ß AmV{ h¢&
OmoV`m{ß H{$ AZwgma l{Ur`w∫$ ‡]ßYm{ß H{$ ‡H$ma 1. _{oXZr ‡]ßY H{$ gmV ‡H$ma h¢&
2. AmZo›XZr ‡]ßY H{$ Xg ‡H$ma h¢&
3. Xro[Zr ‡]ßY H{$ [mßM ‡H$ma h¢&
4. ^modZr ‡]ßY H{$ gm°bh ‡H$ma h¢&
5. Vmamdbr ‡]ßY H{$ ]mBg ‡H$ma h¢&
Hw$b o_bmH$a `h 60 ‡]ßY h¢& BZ g^r ‡]ßYm{ß H$r OmZH$mar, dU©Z,
bjU AmJ{ Bg J´ßW _{ß ]VmE JE h¢&od^mOZ AZwgma Bg J´ßW H{$ 10
‡H$aU h¢, [aßVw hÒVoboIV J´ßW Edß Zd_≤ A‹`m` g{ _wo–V gßÒH$aU _{ß Bg
A‹`m` `m ‡H$aU H$m{ hr AßoV_ A‹`m` _mZm J`m h°&
gßX^© J´ßW gyMr ï1. Ïò∫$JV em{Y$ H{$ AmYma [a &
*************
255
Constitutional Provisions & Judicial Pronouncements
Related To Freedom Of Information
Poorva Jadhav *
Introduction - The value of any freedom is determined by
the extent to which the citizens are able to enjoy such
freedom. Ours is a constitutional democracy and it is
axiomatic that citizens have the right to know about the
affairs of the Government which, having been elected by
them, seeks to formulate some policies of governance aimed
at their welfare. However, like any other freedom, this freedom
also has limitations.
It is a settled proposition that the Right to Freedom of
Speech and Expression enshrined under Article 19(1)(a) of
the Constitution of India encompasses the right to impart
and receive information. The Right to Information has been
stated to be one of the important facets of proper governance.
With the passage of time, this concept has not only
developed in the field of law, but also has attained new
dimensions in its application. The Indian courts have
highlighted the need for the society and its entitlement to
know and have observed that public interest is better served
by effective application of the right to information. This
freedom has been accepted in one form or the other in various
parts of the world.
Freedom of information is an internationally recognized
human right and is enshrined in numerous state constitutions,
as well as various international covenants and treaties most
notably the Universal Declaration of Human Rights [UDHR],
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
[ICCPR] and the European Commission on Human Rights
[hereinafter ECHR] among others.
The usual practice of the government is to treat an
information secret, even though they may no longer be of
any danger to national interest or public safety or any other
public interest, merely because it may embarrass the
government, in other words, the political party in power.3
Constitutional Provision And Judicial Approach
Relating To Right To Information - Indian constitution is
a source of all laws and has paramount status over all the
laws. It is a supreme lex. It provides social, economic and
political justice to the people of India. Constitution also
enumerates different kinds of freedoms to free people of
independent India. One such important right is - Right to
Freedom under Article 19. This includes right to freedom of
speech and expression, to assemble peacefully and without
*
arms, to form associations and unions, to move freely
throughout the territory of India, to reside and settle in any
part of the territory of India, and to practice any profession,
to carry on any occupation, trade or business.4In the Indian
Constitution, there are some clear provisions for strengthening
and protecting the Right to Information. These provisions
are in Chapter III as fundamental rights, especially under
Article 19(1)(a). But this right is not absolute. The founding
father of the Constitution imposed restriction on this right by
Article 19(2). The Indian Judiciary expanded the scope of
Article 19(1)(a) through the way of interpretation for the use
of Right to Information in public interest.
The right to know relating to public affairs has been
held up as a basic right under the constitution of India. The
right to receive information may be deduced as a counterpart
of the right to impart information, which is an ingredient of
the freedom expression guaranteed by Art. 19(1)(a).5 it was
held in that case, that people at large have a right to know in
order to be able to take part in a participatory development
of the industrial life and democracy.
In Thalapalam Service Co-operation Bank Ltd. v. Union
of India6 Kerala High Court observed that the right to
information is considered as a fact of the right to free speech
and expression guaranteed under Art. 19(1)(a) of the
Constitution of India. The said Constitutional right being a
fundamental right could be enforced by invoking the writ
jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and the High Court under
Arts. 32 and Art. 226 respectively.
It has been held by the Supreme Court that right of
speech and expression includes right to acquire and import
ideas and information about the matters of common
interests7 and to answer any criticism leveled against one’s
views through any media.8 This freedom also includes right
to impart and receive information through telecasting.9
In the case of Sakal Newspaper Pvt. Ltd. v. Union of
India10, the Supreme Court for the first time said that readers
had the right to read newspapers and this emanated from
their right to know wh ich was part of their right freedom of
speech and expression. This principle even more clearly
enunciated in Indian Express Newspaper Bombay Ltd. v.
Union of India,11 the Court remarked, “The basil purpose of
freedom of speech and Expression is that all members
Batch 11, Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur (C.G.) INDIA
should be able to form their beliefs and communicate them
freely to others. In sum, the fundamental principle involved
here in is the people’s right to know.”
In Bennett Coleman & Co v. Union of India12 Supreme
Court observed that restriction on the use of the newsprint
imposed an unreasonable restriction on the freedom of the
press, because it could not give as much reading material
to the reader as it wished. So not only the newspaper’s right
to freedom of speech was infringed but the reader’s right to
read was also curtailed. The reader’s right to access to the
reading material in a newspaper was his right to information
which was implicit in the right to freedom of speech.
The judiciary gave the useful and elaborative shape to
Article 19(1)(a) for the purpose of access to information. It
has been held that this provision includes right to acquire
information and disseminate the same.
The Right to Information got the legal support in 1975 in
Supreme Court case of State of U.P. v, Raj Narain13. A case
in which the respondent had demanded information relating
to the security expenses of the then Prime Minister of India,
Indira Gandhi, the Court emphasized the importance of the
public’s right to know as a deterrent to oppression and
corruption. In which Mr. Justice Mathew gave a landmark
judgement, “In a government of responsibility like ours where
all the agents of public must be responsible for their conduct,
there can be but few secrets. The people of this country
have a right to know, every public act, everything that is
done in a public way by the publicfttl7ctionaries. They are
entitled to know, the particulars of even; public transaction
in all its bearing. Their right to know, which is derived from
the concept of freedom of speech, though not absolute, is a
factor, which should make one way when secrecy is claimed
for transactions which can at any rate have no repression
on public security.
Supreme Court have derived the right to information from
two distinct Constitutional sources, one is freedom of speech
and expression guaranteed in Article 19(1)(a) and the ,other
fundamental right that is right to life and personnel liberty
guarantee under Article 21. Article 19(1)(a) of the Indian
Constitution guarantees the fundamental right to freedom of
speech and expression, which by implication includes within
it the right to access to information, Therefore, the Right to
Information becomes a constitutional right being and aspect
of the right to free speech and expression, which includes
the right to receive and collect information.14
Again full bend, of Supreme Court In Re Mulgaoker’s
Case15 through Justice V.R. Krishana Iyer and Kailasam,
J.J. said it is the right of every man in Parliament of out of its
in the press or over the broadcast, to make fair comment
even outspoken comment, on matters of public interest.
Those who comment can deal faith fully with all that is done
in a Court of Justice.
The legal basis of the right to information was
strengthened further by series of new cases. In
S.P. Gupta v. Union of India,16 the Court declared that
“disclosures of information in regard to the functioning of
256
Government must be the rule, and secrecy an exception
justified only where the strictest requirement of public
interests so demands. The Court observed: “This is the new
democratic culture of an open society towards which every
liberal concept of an open government is the direct emanation
from the right to know which seems to be implicit in the right
of free speech and expression guaranteed under Article
19(1)(a). Therefore, disclosures of information in regard to
the functioning of Government must be the rule, and secrecy
an exception Justified only where the strictest requirement
of public interest so demands.
Right To Information Act - Disclosure of information held
by public authorities in India was governed by the Official
Secrets Act (1923) enacted during the British rule. The
Supreme Court of India had in several judgments prior to
enactment of the RTI Act, interpreted Constitution to read
RTI as the fundamental right as embodied in ‘ right to freedom
of speech and expression and right to life.
The movement for the right to information received a
fresh impetus from a courageous and powerful grassroots
struggle of the rural poor for the right to information, to combat
rampant corruption in famine relief works. This struggle was
led by a people s organisation, the Mazdoor
Kisaan Shakti Sangathan (which literally means
„organisation for the empowerment of workers and peasants
).32 The movement spread to various parts of Rajasthan,
leading to a nationwide movement for the RTI and related
state legislations
The demand for national law started under the leadership
of National Campaign on People s
Right to Information (NCPRI). The FOI Bill 2000 was
passed in the Parliament in 2002 but not notified, hence,
never came into effect. The national campaign for RTI received
a major boost when the UPA Governments Common Minimum
Programme promised that the RTI Act will be made more
progressive, participatory and meaningful. The National
Advisory Council, which was set up to oversee
implementation of the CMP since its inception, took a close
interest in RTI. All this and many other factors, including
pressure from the civil society groups led to the enactment
of the RTI Act in India, which came into effect on October
12, 2005.33
Any citizen, including overseas citizens of India and
persons of Indian origin, can ask for information under this
law. This right includes inspection of work, documents and
records, taking notes, extracts or certified copies of
documents or records, and taking certified samples of
material held by the public authority or under its control and
the authority has to give the information with the required
time, which is generally 30 days but in case of Information
concerning the life or liberty of a person information needs
to be given within 48 Hours.
If an applicant is not supplied information within the
prescribed time of 30 days or 48 hours, as the case may
be, or is not satisfied with the information furnished to him,
he may prefer an appeal to the first appellate authority who
is an officer senior in rank to the public information officer. If
still not satisfied the applicant may prefer a second appeal
with the Central Information Commission (CIC)/State
Information Commission (SIC) within 90 days from the date
on which the decision should have been made by the first
appellate authority or was actually received by the appellant.
Conclusion - The source of right to information does not
enumerate from the right to information act. Right to
information is a concomitant of the right to Freedom of
Speech and expression as guaranteed by our constitution
as a fundamental right. The right to receive information may
be deduced as a counterpart of the right to impart information,
which is an ingredient of the freedom expression guaranteed
by Art. 19(1)(a). Also Article 21 of the Indian Constitution is
the guarantee of the right to life and personal liberty, which
Includes the right to know about things that affect our lives.
But the right to speech and publish does not carry with it an
unrestricted right to gather information. A reasonable
restriction is always permissible on the said right in the
interest of security of State.
257
It is indisputable that a statute of the nature of the Official
Secrets Act, 1923 is an indispensable requirement of a
Nation in order to facilitate protection of matters of National
Security. It is however equally indisputable that the
Fundamental Rights of Citizens of a Democratic Republic
cannot be comprised and that a statute doing so must
necessarily constitute a mere „reasonable restriction
keeping in mind the judicial dictum that nothing which is
arbitrary can be reasonable.
The right to information is an integral part of fundamental
right to freedom of speech and expression guaranteed by
the constitution. The right to information Act, 2005 merely
recognizes the constitutional right of citizens to freedom of
speech and expression.
References :1. Dr. Manish Kumar Chaubey, Right To Information Various
Dimensions 196 (2012).
2. 2 Dr. Durga Das Basu, Commentry On The Constitution
Of India 2398 (8th Ed., 2007).
3. Prof. (Dr.) S.D.Sharma, Right To Information implementation, Problems And Solutions 6 (1st Ed. 2013).
*************
258
Obstacles To Protect Geographical Indications
& It’s Future
Poorva Jadhav *
Introduction - In recent years geographical indications (GIs)
has emerged as one of the most important instrument of
protecting the “quality, reputation or other character of goods
essentially attributable to their geographical origin” Like
trademark, geographical indications is valuable to providence.
It is a ‘source identifier’ and “indicator of quality”. It helps to
promote goods of particular region or country and “eligible
for relief from acts of infringement and\or unfair competition”.1
The concern shown by the World Intellectual Property
Organisation (WIPO) and World Trade Organisation (WTO)
gave new incentive to protection of GIs. However, according
to the WIPO Standing Committee on the Law of Trademarks,
Industrial Designs and Geographical Indications “a
geographical indication is best protected under trademark
and unfair competition law. Trademark having acquired in
good faith had to be protected against conflicting geographical
indications”.
Obstacles In Protecting Gis Conflicts under trademark law - As a general rule,
trademarks must not be descriptive or deceptive.
Consequently, trademarks that consist of or contain a
geographical indication cannot be protected, if use of such
trademarks would be misleading as to the true origin of the
products on which the trademark is used. Laws on
trademarks specifically exclude from registration
geographical terms that can be understood to constitute a
reference to the origin of the relevant goods. This exclusion
from registration usually depends on an assessment whether
a geographical term used as a trademark would be perceived
by the public to indicate a connection between the origin of
the goods and the trademark. However, it is possible to use
geographical terms as trademarks if those terms are arbitrary
such as, for example, “Antarctica” for bananas (example
taken from WIPO publication 760, page 166), because that
mark would not be understood to refer to the origin of the
goods on which it is used. Moreover, it may be possible to
use a geographical term as trademark in cases where that
trademark, despite of being originally descriptive, has
acquired distinctive character (or secondary meaning) through
use.
Conflicts under the law of geographical indications -
*
1. Unfair competition and passing off - The law for the
protection against acts of unfair competition or passing off
is meant to provide a remedy against illicit commercial acts,
such as, for example, false or misleading allegations in the
course of trade. As already pointed out, the plaintiff in a
passing off action or an action for unfair competition against
the allegedly unauthorized use of a geographical indication
must show, inter alia, that such use of a geographical
indication is misleading. This can only be done by
demonstrating that the geographical indication in question
has acquired good will or reputation.
2. Collective and certification marks - Where
geographical indications are protected as collective or
certification marks, their protection is governed by the
applicable trademark law. Conflicts concerning competing
trademark rights are resolved under trademark law in
application of the principle of priority. Depending on the
relevant trademark law, priority rights may be granted on the
basis of a prior application, or prior use or, under certain
circumstances, to a mark that was prior in becoming well
known.
In consideration of these principles, the resolution of
conflicts between geographical indications protected as
collective or certification marks and “individual” trademarks
does not seem to constitute a problem.
3. Protected appellations of origin and registered
geographical indications - Under a system of appellations
of origin or registered geographical indications, geographical
indications are protected as sui generis rights. Such
systems may provide explicitly for rules to be applied in
cases of claims to one and the same geographical term
based on a trademark right and on the right to a protected
appellation of origin or a registered geographical indication.
Conflicts between Homonymous Geographical
Indications - Conflicts typically arise where products on
which homonymous geographical indications are used are
sold into the same market. The problem is accentuated where
the homonymous geographical indications in question are
used on identical products. Honest use of such geographical
indications should be possible, because the indications
designate the true geographical origin of the products on
which they are used.
Batch 11, Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur (C.G.) INDIA
Controversy over Extending Scope of Protection Given Only
to Wines and Spirits
Article 23 of the TRIPS Agreement raises three important
issues, namely:
1. Why higher level of protection has been provided only
for wines and spirits under Article 23?
2. Whether the aforesaid higher level of protection under
Article 23 be extended to some other goods or
products?
3. What administrative cost is involved in giving higher level
of protection to other products and goods?
In order to understand the aforesaid issues it would be
desirable to mention the advantages flowing from Article 23.
The additional protection under Article 23 have several distinct
advantages as compared to Article 22:
1. The protection is absolute and unqualified. It even
prohibits the translation of GIs or attachment of the
expression such as ‘kind’, ‘type’, ‘style’ or ‘imitation’.
2. There is an obligation to refuse or invalidate the
registration of trademark which constitute or consists
of GIs.
3. There is an obligation to enter into negotiation to increase
protection. In the light of above we propose to examine
the aforesaid issues.
Future Prospective - So far we have looked at what GIs
are, how they are protected and the scope of this protection.
In concluding chapter we will turn to issues of interest for
the future of GI protection in India.
High Level Protection - There are encouraging signs that
GI protection is being taken seriously by both Central and
State Governments. The Commerce Ministry has initiated
an exercise to identify promising local products which would
benefit from GI protection, as have public bodies such as
the Spice Board and academic institutions such as the
National Institute of Design, which has been following up
potential handicraft registrations. On the issue of Basmati,
talks have resumed between India and Pakistan. Several of
the products identified are now pending before the GI registry.
Darjeeling is a world class Indian GI and a role model towards
which other Indian GIs should aspire, so this trend is to be
welcomed. However, a GI product is only as successful as
the marketing which accompanies it - these products must
be supported by the Indian state through high visibility
exposure in domestic and international markets. As a recent
follow up study on Kullu shawls demonstrates, GI registration
by itself is no guarantee of a better quality of life for the
producers of such products,2and must form part of a broader
implementation strategy and marketing campaign.
Conclusion - Geographical indications and trademarks are
different legal categories of distinctive signs. Conflicts as to
the right to the exclusive use of a distinctive sign usually
arise where there are different parties claiming entitlement
to such use. In the case of competing claims to the right in
259
the same trademark, there are a number of mechanisms
designed to avoid conflicts. However, the globalization of
trade and the ever-increasing importance of new, borderless
means of communication, most notably the Internet, lead to
a significant erosion of the principle of territoriality and call
for new solutions. These principles are supplemented by
rules that allow honest and concurrent use of trademarks,
or the use of family names, usually to the extent that such
use is not misleading or deceptive.
Coming to the international level, at a time when further
trade liberalisation is being striven for under the purview of
the WTO, it seems to be a natural corollary, particularly in
relation to the negotiations going on in the field of agriculture,
that members should be able to reap fully the advantages
emanating from their GIs, while competing in the liberalized
global markets. This can only be ensured by granting them
effective armour against erosion of their GIs, by way of
‘extension’ of the ambit of Article 23 to cover all products.
Considering the long-drawn deadlock over the issue of
‘extension’, it seems highly unlikely that the debate will
actually be resolved as per the aforesaid deadline. However,
it is evident that given the staunch opposition expressed by
some of the most influential Members including the USA on
the issue, it is not going to be an easy battle for the
proponents of the ‘extension’ to win. Nevertheless, India,
along with the like-minded countries, should leave no stones
unturned to ensure an effective protection for its GIs.
Because, what is at stake is not only the goodwill and
reputation attached to the precious GIs of the country, but
also the huge commercial and trade implications associated
with them.
References :1. Atul Prakash, So, Is it The Real Thing?, TIMES OF
INDIA, Apr. 30 2009, available at http://
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/Bombay-times/Is-itreal thing/articleshow/1420152.cms accessed on 20th
October 2013
2. Shivli Tyagi, Chura Liya, TIMES OF INDIA, Feb. 20,
2006, available at http:// timesofindia.indiatimes.com/
city/ahmedabad-times/Chura-liya/articleshow/
1420152.cms accessed on 20th October 2013
3. Anuradha Moulee & Chris Bevitt, Slumdogs & Copycats,
SHELSTON IP, Apr. 1, 2009, available at http://
www.shelstonip.com/news-story.asp? m=3&y=
2009&nsild = 93 accessed on 20th October 2013
Footnotes 1. ibid
2. See ‘Kullu Shawls Of Himachal As A Geographical
Indicator’ at: http://himachal.us/2009/04/17/kullushawls-of-himachal-as-a-geographical indicator/12648/
news/simha
*************
260
Effect Of Bhastrika Pranayama On Psychomotor
Abilities Of Volleyball Players
Grace S. Singh * Dr. V. Perumal **
Abstract - The study is aimed at tracing out the effect of Bhastrika Pranayama on psychomotor variables of reaction
time and speed of Volleyball players. 19 subjects were selected initially with a mortality of 5% (One subject). Pretestposttest randomised group design was applied on selected variables. The subjects were in their own schedule with
addition of Pranayama for the experimental group. However there was increase in performance of both the variables, but
only reaction time was found significant (p = .048). This might be attributed to the effect of pranayama on nervous
system. Thus Pranayama might be recommended as a supplementary exercise for enhancement of Reaction time.
Key words - Pranayama, Psychomotor, Volleyball, Reaction time, Speed
Introduction - Yoga is considered as a wealth of India and
one of the greatest gifts to the world and is often a part of
daily routine for many Indians (Kundu & Pramanik, 2014).
The word yoga means ‘unity’ or ‘oneness’ and is derived
from the Sanskrit word ‘Yuj’ which means ‘to join’. This unity
or joining is described in spiritual terms as the union of the
‘individual consciousness’ with the ‘universal consciousness’.
On a more practical level, yoga is a means of balancing and
harmonizing the body, mind and emotions. This is done
through the practice of Asana, Pranayama, Mudra, Bandha,
Shatkarma and Meditation (Saraswati, 2004). Pranayama
is the yogic science of breathing. It is a systematic exercise
of respiration, which makes the lungs stronger, improves
blood circulation makes the man healthier and bestows upon
him the boon of a long life (Jayachitra). Bhastrika Pranayama
is characterised by incessant and quick expulsion of breath
in all its varieties. The positive effect of practicing yoga, and
pranayama in particular, on different cardio-respiratory
problems is well established (Sharma, Meena, Sharma,
Meena, Meena, & Chauhan, 2013) however the neurological
benefits of yoga have interested scientists all over the world.
It has been reported to be beneficial in both peripheral nerve
function as well as central neuronal processing (Bhavanani,
Ramanathan, & KT, 2012). Thus yoga and Pranayama are
very well expected to influence different psychomotor
functions of human beings. Even there are a few studies in
which effect of Pranayama has been tested on reaction time
(Bhavanani, Ramanathan, & KT, 2012; Madanmohan, Udupa,
Bhavanani, Vijaylakshmi, & Surendiran, 2005).
Unlike in the past, modern volleyball is not based on
stereotyped pattern of attack where in players hit hard in
standard conditions of play. High class teams now rely on
artful and accurate sets, varied in form and agile moves of
the front line players to display skilful movement in offense.
*
**
In modern volleyball, which is a typical game of
polystructured complex movement top notch result requires
certain somatic functional and kinesiological characteristics
of players including psychomotor abilities. (Yadav & Avadesh,
2014). Further they have also found significant relationship
of psychomotor abelities with villeyball playing ability. Thus
the present study aims at evaluating the use of pranayama
to develop psychomotor abelities in Volleyball players.
Objective - To evaluate the effect of Bhastrika pranayama
on psychomotor variables (Reaction time & Speed) of
volleyball players.
Methods Selection of subject - For the purpose of the study 19
volleyball players ( 20.5 ± 1.15) were selected randomly from
local volleyball sports club (Approx. training age of 2 years).
They were randomly divided into two groups . Group I & II
were assigned 10 & 9 players respectively. The treatment
(Experimental & Control) the group was also assigned
randomly to minimize the effect of extraneous variables.
However during the course of study one player from the
experimental group discontinued and thus eight players were
considered for the final analysis in the experimental group.
Hypothesis
H0 (Reaction time): µAdj-Po-Bhastrika = µAdj-Po-Control
H0 (Speed): µAdj-Po-Bhastrika = µAdj-Po-Control
Experimental design and protocol - For the purpose of
the study Pretest-Posttest Randomized groups design
(Thomas, Nelson, & Silverman, 2005) was used. The
treatment was imparted for 6 weeks, with a daily (excluding
Sunday) 30 min session before their regular practice session
by a regular yoga practitioner. During testing three trails were
provided and the best score was considered. ANCOVA
(Verma, A text book on sports statistics, 2009) was applied
and the level of significance was set at 0.05. SPSS 20 (Trail
Research Scholar, Karpagam University, Coimbatore (T.N.) INDIA
Professor (Physical Education) Karpagam University, Coimbatore (T.N.) INDIA
Version) and was used for the analysis of the data.
Criterion measures Variable
Test
Unit
Hand Reaction Time Ruler Drop Test
Cm
(Mackenzie, 2004)
Speed
50 mt sprint
Sec
(50 Meter Dash)
Results - Findings pertaining to descriptive statistics and
Analysis of Covariance of reaction time and speed id
presented in table 1-6
Table 1 - Descriptive Statistics of Reaction time
measured in Post testing
Treatment Group
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
Experimental Group
12.3750
.76298
8
Control Group
12.7900
.80753
10
Total
12.6056
.79370
18
Table 1 denotes that post test reaction time of
experimental group was better than the control group and
that the variation in experimental group is also less than the
control group.
Table 2 - (See in the last page)
Table 2 depicts the adjusted post test scores, where
the score for experimental group has been reduced to that
of actual post test and score of control group has been
inflated to that actual post test score.
Table 3 denotes that there exists a significant difference
in post test result of experimental group and control group,
as the obtained p-value (0.048) is less than 0.05. Here the
obtained p-value is very closer to rejection point and thus
indicates that there is lack of high significance.
Table 4 - Descriptive Statistics of Speed measured in
Post testing
Treatment Group
Mean
Std. Deviation
N
Experimental Group
6.5863
.32120
8
Control Group
6.5410
.17130
10
Total
6.5611
.24197
18
Table 4 denotes that the post test average speed of
control group was better than the experimental group and
that the variation in control group is also less than the tan
experimental group.
Table 5 depicts the adjusted post test scores, where
the score for experimental group has been reduced to that
of actual post test and score of control group has been
inflated to that actual post test score, but the change is very
minimal.
Table 6 denotes that there exists a no significant
difference in post test result of experimental group and control
group, as the obtained p-value (0.249) is greater than 0.05.
(Graph see in the last page)
Conclusion - In the research work undertaken to study the
effect of Bhastrika Pranayama on Volleyball players, the
null hypothesis may be rejected at 5% level of significance
where in the case of speed the researcher is not in a position
261
to reject the null hypothesis at 5 % level of significance.
Thus it can be concluded that Bhastrika Pr

DSS January to March 2016 Online

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