in English - Opetus- ja kulttuuriministeriö

Ministry of Education
Opetusministeriö
Ministry of Education Policy Analyses 2010:1
Finnish Culture in European Comparison
An international comparison of culture is
a challenging undertaking, even though
institutionally culture is, and has always been,
most international in character. The institutional
structure of culture, the modes of art production
and the financing of art, cultural education
and training, and the systems of service
supply differ between countries owing to
different historical development. This statistical
analysis seeks to compare the state of affairs
in culture and the significance of culture in
13 European countries and especially to find
out how Finland fares in this comparison.
One of the main sources of data is Cultural
Statistics 2007 (Culture and media 2009,
Statistics Finland), which also includes an
extensive international overview. This set of
data has been supplemented by statistical data
issued by Eurostat and the Council of Europe
and data published by the statistical authorities
of some countries. There is much room for
development in international cultural statistic
compilation. Accordingly, a study and statistical
comparison of culture of this kind still involves
a number of uncertainty factors. This analysis
has had to resort to data from different statistical
years. In an attempt to minimise uncertainty
factors, the examination primarily focuses on
countries which are comparable with each other.
According to the Finnish Strategy for Cultural
Policy (Publications of the Ministry of Education,
Finland 2009:45), the aims of cultural policy
are to consolidate the cultural foundation of
society, to ensure favourable conditions for
creative workers and cultural service providers,
to promote citizens’ participation in culture and
their welfare, and to build up the economic value
of artistic production. In the analysis in hand,
the examination is based on these four themes.
The analysis shows that there are large
differences in the status of culture and the use of
cultural services in the countries reviewed, which
probably points to dissimilarities in the national
cultural traditions and possible differences in
cultural policy priorities. In the numerical recap
of the overall situation at the end of the analysis,
Finland is below average among the countries
under review, after the other Nordic countries, the
Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Estonia and
France. Finland’s particular strengths are the use
of library services, theatre visits, the proportion
of cultural workers in total employment, the
contribution of culture to the gross domestic
product, and book production. The level of
public funding of culture is clearly lower in
Finland than in the other Nordic countries.
Public expenditure on culture per capita, €
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
Hungary
Russia
Museums and museum visits
Cultural expenditure GDP per capita
per capita 2005, € 1)
2008 2)
168
34 800
220
35 600
380
65 000
354
12 000
140
42 300
101
30 400
171
36 200
197
30 400
143
29 600
120
24 000
250
33 800
69
10 500
31
8 200
Germany 2007, France 2002, United Kingdom 2004,
Hungary 2006
1)
2)
Austria, Russia 2008 forecast
SOURCES: Council of Europe, Compendium of Cultural
Policies and Trends in Europe, 10th edition, 2009 and www.
culturalpolicies.net (United Kingdom), Eurostat, IMF World
Economic Outlook Database
Cultural foundation
Public cultural expenditure
Public central and local expenditure on culture
per capita was the highest, 380 euros, in Norway,
where it was ten times larger than in Russia and
twice as large as in Finland. The uncertainty
factors in this are the different structures of the
central, regional and local administrations. The
prosperity of the national economy is naturally an
important factor influencing public expenditure.
Museums and museum visits
In a comparison of all the countries under review,
the Swedes were the most active museum-goers:
clearly over 200 visits per 100 inhabitants. Finland,
with 83 visits per inhabitant, was placed well
below the other Nordic countries. Particularly
striking was the very low rate of visits in France,
which was nearly ten times lower than in Sweden.
A consideration to be borne in mind in this
context is that the concept of museum may vary
from country to country. The comparison is the
most reliable among the Nordic countries.
Number of
museums
165
228
188
262
224
6 175
775
1 191
Visits per 100
inhabitants
83
223
197
187
154
125
120
25
United Kingdom1) (2004, 2007)
1 952
123
Spain (2004)
Austria (2007)
Hungary (2008)
1 367
465
638
116
71
101
Russia (2005)
2 285
53
Finland (2005)
Sweden (2005)
Norway (2005)
Denmark (2006)
Estonia (2008)
Germany (2006)
Netherlands (2005)
France (2005, 2004)
The data relate to England only and visits per 100 inhabitants
only to museums subsidised by the Department for Culture, Media
and Sport.
1)
SOURCES: Statistics Finland 2007, Statistics Estonia, Statistics
Austria, Hungarian Central Statistical Office and Digest of
statistics 2006 (Museums Association (England)), Department of
Culture, Media and Sport
World Heritage Sites in Finland and number of visitors in 2007
Site
Suomenlinna
Old Rauma
Verla Groundwood and Board Mill
Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki
Struve Geodetic Arc
The Unesco World Heritage Convention covers
186 states. In 2009 there were altogether 890
Ministry of Education Policy Analyses 2010:1
17 782
6 864
..
High Coast and the Kvarken Archipelago
..
SOURCE: Statistics Finland 2007
Public libraries, collections and lending
Libraries
Finland (2009)
Sweden (2006)
Norway (2005)
Denmark (2005)
Estonia (2008)
Germany (2006)
Netherlands (2005)
France (2004)
Collections Loans per
(1000)
capita
888
290
832
222
566
7 134
340
2 913
40 508
40 633
20 060
28 249
11 464
108 027
37 419
107 500
19
6
4
14
8
4
8
3
United Kingdom1) (2005)
3 477
84 546
6
Spain (2004)
Austria (2006)
Hungary (2007)
4 043
1 526
2 965
51 077
..
41 677
1
2
3
49 500
977 000
..
Russia (2005)
1)
World Cultural Heritage Sites
Visits
690 000
17 500
The data relate to England.
SOURCES: Statistics Finland 2007, Statistics Estonia, Statistics
Austria, Hungarian Central Statistical Office and Digest of
statistics 2006, Department of Culture, Media and Sport
Unesco World Heritage Sites in European countries
SOURCE: Eurostat, Cultural statistics (2007 edition), Unesco 2009
Percentage of citizens considering
culture important 2007
Finland
Sweden
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
65%
76%
77%
83%
65%
78%
88%
67%
85%
53%
Hungary
77%
SOURCE: European Cultural
Values, Special Eurobarometer 278,
European Commission, 2007
World Heritage Sites: 689 cultural heritage, 176
natural heritage and 25 mixed sites. There are 332
heritage sites in Europe, including international
sites partly located in an EU country. Finland
has one natural and six cultural heritage sites.
Libraries and lending
Finland clearly holds the first place in the rate
of lending per capita in public libraries. The
rate was triple the one in Sweden and six times
the Russian rate, while Russia had by far the
largest number of libraries and collections.
Culture and citizens
Significance of culture
The special Eurobarometer on Culture 2007
asked a sample of 1000 people in the member
states about their views on culture. On average,
77% of the respondents in the 27 member states
considered culture very or fairly important in
their lives. Of the countries under review in this
analysis, this share was the highest, 88%, in France
and the lowest, 53%, in Austria. In Finland it
was 65%. Germany, Finland and Austria were
placed last among all the EU member states.
The highest percentage was found in Poland. No
data were available from Norway and Russia.
Theatres and attendance
Theatre attendance was clearly the most
active in Estonia and in Finland, which
was a clear second. No comparable data are
available from Germany, the Netherlands,
France, the United Kingdom and Spain.
Theatres, performance and attendance
Number of
theatres
Finland (2006)
92
Sweden (2005)
113
Norway (2005)
25
Denmark (2006)
121
Estonia (2004)
17
Austria (2007)
..
Hungary (2008)
54
Russia (2005)
Number of
performances
17 275
20 706
7 773
11 820
3 859
..
14 000
588
169 000
Attendance
(1000)
3 347
3 497
1 380
2 272
1 237
3 513
..
Attendance per
1000 inhabitants
632
389
286
421
691
423
388
28 000
195
SOURCES: Statistics Finland 2007, Statistics Estonia, Statistics Austria and
Hungarian Central Statistical Office
Cultural activity and attendance at least once a year 2006-2007 (%)
Opera, balet
or dance
Film
performance
Visit
Historical
Sport
to
Theatre
Concert
monuments
event
public
and sights
library
Museums
and
galleries
Has
read a
book
EU-27
18
51
32
41
37
35
54
41
71
Finland
23
52
48
50
51
72
63
51
79
Sweden
26
71
47
54
53
70
75
62
87
Denmark
19
69
40
49
42
68
76
65
81
Estonia
23
34
49
41
62
51
63
48
79
Germany
19
53
37
46
42
28
65
48
81
Netherlands
26
62
58
49
56
51
71
62
84
France
19
63
23
36
35
33
54
43
71
United Kingdom
20
53
41
40
40
53
61
49
82
Spain
12
56
25
38
34
29
50
38
59
Austria
18
56
42
57
43
24
50
39
79
Hungary
16
36
31
41
31
33
45
39
78
SOURCE: European Cultural Values, European Commission 2007
Film theatres and attendance 2008
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
Hungary
Russia
Number
of film
theatres
324
848
428
397
67
4 810
630*
5 426
3 661
4 140
577
416
1 890
1.3
1.7
2.5
2.4
1.2
1.6
1.4
3.1
2.7
2.4
1.9
1.0
Market share
of domestic
film
23.2
20.2
22.4
33.0
7.3
26.6
17.9
45.4
31.0
13.3
6.0
11.4
0.9
25.5
Attendance
per capita
SOURCES: Focus: World Film Market Trends, Baltic Films:
Facts and Figures
* Data from 2007
Ministry of Education Policy Analyses 2010:1
Cultural activity
The Eurobarometer on culture 2007 also surveyed
”cultural participation” in different art forms and
cultural facilities. In the countries under review
in 2006-2007 people went to opera, ballet and
dance performances at least once a year on average.
The rates were the highest in Sweden and the
Netherlands and the lowest in Spain. The Swedes
were the most active cinema goers, while the lowest
rate was found in Hungary. People went to the
theatre most often in the Netherlands and least
often in France. Concert attendance rates were
the highest in Estonia and the lowest in Hungary.
In library visits, Finland held the top place, the
lowest rate, in Austria, being only one third of the
Finnish one. The Danes, Swedes and Dutch go
to see historical monuments and visit museums
and galleries most frequently. As many as 87% of
Use of internet for cultural purposes 2006 (%)
Reading
/ papers,
periodicals
Games
and music
Radio
/ TV
Education
Other
(chat
etc.)
EU-27
35
34
22
35
33
Finland
Sweden
Austria
60
48
80
56
82
27
45
20
36
..
43
43
39
45
32
46
26
51
20
37
48
25
26
33
42
33
27
17
34
22
23
..
11
35
9
9
24
13
52
29
..
50
16
22
29
29
42
20
35
38
36
37
20
42
21
Hungary
56
50
27
29
47
Norway
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
SOURCES: Eurostat, Cultural statistics (2007 edition), Eurostat,
Community survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals, 2006
Broadband and internet connections in households 2006-2008
Broadband
connections in
households %
2006 2007 2008
30
42
49
EU-27
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Internet connections
in households %
2006
49
2007
54
2008
60
Spain
Austria
53
51
57
63
37
34
66
30
44
29
33
63
67
67
70
48
50
74
43
57
39
46
66
71
73
74
54
55
74
57
62
45
54
65
77
69
79
46
67
80
41
63
39
52
69
79
78
78
53
71
83
49
67
45
60
72
84
84
82
58
75
86
62
71
51
69
Hungary
22
33
42
32
38
48
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
SOURCE: Eurostat
Swedes had read at least one book in the past 12
months, in Spain the corresponding figure was only
59%. The Finnish rate of 79% gave us the sixth
place, which we shared with Estonia and Austria.
No data were available from Norway and Russia.
Film theatres and attendance
In France, the United Kingdom and Spain went
to the cinema most frequently, the rate being
twice as high as in Finland. Finns were the least
frequent film-goers in the Nordic area, with
only 1.3 visits a year. The rate was even lower in
Estonia, Hungary and Russia. The market share
of domestic films was 23.2% in Finland, which
was average among the countries under review.
France had the highest figure, over 45%.
Use of the internet for cultural purposes
Internet connections constitute an important
channel in cultural consumption. The Netherlands,
Norway and Denmark had the highest density
of broadband and internet connections in
households. In an examination of the 2008
situation, Finland was lagging clearly behind
these countries in relative terms. In broadband
density Finland had two percentage points on
Sweden in 2006, but in 2008 was already behind
five points. No data were available from Russia.
Use of internet for cultural purposes
During the previous three months, the most
common use of the internet for the Estonians and
Norwegians had been to read newspapers and
periodicals, and this was also the most popular
purpose in Finland. Games and music were the most
popular use in the Netherlands and Spain, whereas
in Germany and the United Kingdom education
topped the list. No data were available from Russia.
Percentage of non-national workers in cultural
employment and total employment 2005
Workforce in cultural employment 2005
Cultural
Workforce
in cultural
Of whom
workforce
employment women %
in total
(1000)
employment %
EU-27
4 940.3
46.0
2.4
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
79.3
153.5
48.0
82.4
19.2
1 003.9
305.8
487.9
870.0
389.8
88.6
79.8
53.0
47.0
46.0
46.0
66.0
44.0
43.0
47.0
48.0
44.0
46.0
54.0
3.3
3.5
2.2
3.3
3.2
2.8
3.8
2.0
3.1
2.1
2.4
2.1
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
Hungary
Russia*
Cultural
employment, %
Total
employment, %
EU-27
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
5.5
1.3
4.1
5.2
3.9
3.4
7.7
4.3
4.7
6.0
8.5
10.2
5.8
1.3
4.5
3.9
3.0
18.3
8.7
3.2
4.9
5.4
10.8
10.2
Hungary
0.4
0.8
SOURCE: Eurostat, Cultural statistics (2007 edition)
1.8
* Data from 2001.
SOURCES: Statistics Finland 2007 and
www.waytorussia.net/Features/Stats/
Tertiary graduates as % of all workers in cultural and total employment
and students in arts as % of all tertiary students
Cultural
Total
employment employment
2005,%
2008,%
48
26
EU-27
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
Hungary
45
41
46
50
64
48
45
54
48
60
36
51
Students in arts
of all tertiary
students 2007,%
4.0
36
30
34
32
36
24
30
29
31
34
17
21
5.5
3.5
3.1
3.7
6.5
3.6
4.4
4.2
6.8
4.7
4.2
1.5
SOURCE: Eurostat, Eurostat Cultural statistics (2007 edition)
Creative workers
Workforce in the culture sector
The share of cultural workers in total employment
varied from 1.8% to 3.8% in the countries under
review. The EU mean was 2.4%. The rate in Finland
and Denmark was 3.3%, the second highest after
the Netherlands and Sweden. France had the lowest
rate within the EU, 2.0%, which seems rather
surprising. In Russia the rate was even lower than
this. Women made up the highest percentage of the
cultural workforce in Estonia, Hungary and Finland.
Ministry of Education Policy Analyses 2010:1
Percentage of non-national workers
in cultural and total employment
The proportion of non-nationals in total
cultural employment in Finland was the
second smallest after Hungary, only 1.3%,
which is the same as the proportion of nonnationals in the whole population. In Sweden
and Denmark, the corresponding figure was
more than triple that and in Norway four times
as large. Austria had the highest proportion,
10.2%; France and the Netherlands were
below the EU mean, which was 5.5,%.
Tertiary graduates in total cultural
employment and students in
arts of all tertiary students
The workforce in cultural employment was
clearly better educated than the labour force
overall. At the EU level, the difference was 22
percentage points. Estonia had the highest rate
of tertiary graduates in cultural employment,
64%. The Finnish rate, 45%, was below the EU
mean although the percentage of students in
arts of all tertiary students was clearly above the
EU mean, the second highest after the United
Kingdom. No data were available from Russia.
GDP share of and turnover in
the culture sector 2003
Exports and imports of cultural goods and services 2005
GDP share
Turnover
Spain
Austria
%
3.2*
2.4
3.2
3.1
2.4
2.5
2.7
3.4
3.0
2.3
1.8
Million €
10 677
18 155
14 841
10 111
612
126 060
33 372
79 424
132 682
61 333
14 603
Hungary
1.2
4 066
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Exports
Imports
Mill. USD
Mill. USD
Mill. USD
Exports in
relation to
imports %
1 043
3 427
366
3 449
263
24 763
7 250
17 706
19 030
9 138
4 883
842
1 469
3 506
2 716
3 071
236
24 418
7 311
18 717
28 212
8 903
5 592
1 393
-426
-79
-2 350
378
27
345
-61
-1 011
-9 182
235
-709
-551
71.0
97.7
13.5
112.3
111.4
101.4
99.2
94.6
67.5
102.6
87.3
60.4
1 649
2 680
-1 031
61.5
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
Hungary
* Finnish data from 2006, Statistics Finland
2007; the 2003 figure was 3.1%
Russia
SOURCES: Eurostat and Amadeus
(The Economy of Culture in Europe)
Balance
SOURCES: Council of Europe, Compendium of Cultural Policies and
Trends in Europe, 10th edition 2009, UNCTAD, Creative Economy
Report 2008.
Production of fiction and non-fiction
Finland (2004)
Sweden (2004)
Norway (2004)
Denmark (2004)
Estonia (2008)
Germany (2006)
Netherlands (1993)
France (2004)
United Kingdom (2006)
Spain (2006)
Austria (2006)
Hungary (2008)
Russia (2005)
Titles per 1000 inhabitants
Fiction Non-Fiction Total
0.4
2.1
2.5
0.5
1.5
2.0
0.5
0.7
1.2
0.6
2.1
2.8
0.6
..
4.4
0.3
0.6
1.0
..
..
2.1
0.2
0.8
1.0
...
.. 3.3
0.4
1.1
1.5
0.2
0.7
0.9
0.5
1.0
1.5
..
..
0.7
SOURCES: Statistics Finland 2007, Statistics Estonia,
Statistics Austria, Hungarian Central Statistical Office and
Wikipedia (United Kingdom 2006 and Netherlands 1993)
Culture and the economy
Contribution of culture to GDP
The culture sector represented the largest share
of the gross domestic product in France, 3.4%,
but Finland, Norway, Denmark and the United
Kingdom came very close. The figure was the
lowest in Hungary. The turnover in the culture
sector was the largest in the United Kingdom,
where it was twelve times the Finnish one,
but the difference was in fact only a fraction
higher than the proportion of the countries’
populations. No data were available from Russia.
Cultural exports and imports
Cultural exports exceeded imports only in
Denmark, Germany, Spain and Estonia. In
Norway the volume of exports was only 13%
of the volume of imports; even in the United
Kingdom it was only 67%, whereas in Finland
it was 71%. The trade was almost balanced in
Sweden, where the export-import rate was 98%.
Book production
The production of book titles per capita was clearly
the highest in Estonia. Finland came fourth after
the United Kingdom and Denmark. Finland and
Denmark had a very large production of nonfiction titles, which was a decisive factor in their
placement. However, For Estonia, the Netherlands,
the United Kingdom and Russia, there were no
separate data available for fiction and non-fiction.
Book imports and exports
Book exports in relation to imports were the
largest in Germany, the United Kingdom and
Spain. Austria imported almost six times more
books than it exported. The United Kingdom was
clearly the largest and Austria clearly the smallest
importer of books from non-EU countries. Sweden
exported the highest proportion of books to
non-EU countries and Estonia the smallest. The
Book imports and exports 2006
Imports
Finland
Sweden
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
Exports
From non-EU
countries %
64 466
146 462
125 816
8 680
528 287
325 223
666 919
256 215
209 907
404 337
85
77
82
57
61
67
78
29
63
98
15
23
18
43
39
33
22
71
37
2
39 881
111 402
98 301
9 819
1 321 223
382 539
601 682
2 015 890
598 295
72 998
64
38
61
95
61
83
49
46
55
78
36
62
39
5
39
17
51
54
45
22
753
1 239
1 820
755
1 603
2 347
957
3 338
1 366
879
69 699
79
21
36 127
81
19
358
Hungary
To EU
Total € 1000
countries %
To non-EU
countries
EU %
Exports per €
1000 / 1000
inhabitants
Total €
1000
From EU
countries
%
SOURCE: Eurostat, Cultural statistics (2007 edition)
Sale of recordings 2006
Type of recording, % of sale value
Domestic
Foreign Classical
CD
DVD
Other
digital
Others
Finland
Sweden
Norway
Hungary
88
87
90
90
80
77
80
86
85
83
83
8
4
4
3
9
17
8
4
6
7
8
2
6
4
6
5
4
6
6
5
5
2
2
3
2
1
6
2
5
4
4
5
7
52
40
47
48
47
25
63
50
46
9
42
40
57
49
49
46
74
31
45
48
79
51
8
3
4
3
7
1
6
5
6
12
7
Russia
95
..
0
5
70
28
2
Denmark
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
SOURCES: Recording industry in Numbers 2007. London: IFPI, Statistics Finland 2007
Imports and exports of recordings
majority of Finnish imports came from the EU
countries and two thirds of exports went to these
countries. The value of exports per inhabitant
was clearly the highest in the United Kingdom;
Finland had the lowest figure after Hungary. No
data were available from Norway and Russia.
Sale of recordings
In the sale of recordings, CDs are clearly the largest
group. DVDs were an especially strong article in
the Netherlands. The share of domestic recordings
was especially large in Russia and France, whereas
Austria and the Netherlands sold the largest number
of foreign products in relative terms. Classical
music was strongest in Austria but also strong in
Finland. No date were available from Estonia.
Ministry of Education Policy Analyses 2010:1
The CD exports exceeded imports in Sweden,
Germany, Austria and the Netherlands, where
the volume of exports was nearly five times that
of imports. The situation was reverse in Finland,
where the imports were almost five times larger than
the exports. On the whole, especially importation
but also exportation largely took place within the
EU. However, two thirds of Swedish exports went
outside the EU. The value of exports per capita was
clearly the highest in the Netherlands and Austria
and the smallest in Hungary, Spain and Finland.
No data were available from Norway and Russia.
Price level in some cultural
products and services
The price level in cultural products was especially
low in Russia and, for the most part, in Hungary.
CD imports and exports 2006
Finland
Sweden
Denmark
Estonia
Germany
Netherlands
France
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
Hungary
Import
Total €
1000
Export
From EU
From non-EU
countries % countries %
Total €
1000
To EU
To non-EU
countries % countries %
Export per €
1000 / 1000
inhabitants
15 759
45 373
15 289
3 172
225 422
46 983
181 165
184 153
31 737
68 523
96
77
81
85
92
68
92
85
92
97
4
23
19
15
8
32
8
15
8
3
3 380
49 096
10 671
2 252
339 699
218 583
101 321
150 828
19 847
89 234
92
38
76
58
76
79
74
72
79
92
8
62
24
42
24
21
26
28
21
8
638
5 455
1 976
1 732
4 123
13 410
1 611
2 497
453
10 751
2 277
92
8
2 212
40
60
216
SOURCE: Eurostat, Cultural statistics (2007 edition)
In the other countries under review, the variation in
price, with the exception of opera tickets, was minor.
CDs were the most expensive in Finland and least
expensive in the United Kingdom. Books were most
expensive in Denmark and cheapest in Norway.
Cinema tickets were clearly the most expensive
in the United Kingdom, while the variation was
small in other countries. No fee was charged for
museum visits in Norway, in other countries it
ranged from €5 to €15. An hour of music teaching
cost €10 in Austria and €28 in Sweden. In the
United Kingdom an opera ticket was fifteen times
as expensive as in Estonia. In Finland the price
level in cultural products was above average, with
the exception of museum visits and opera tickets.
Numerical recap
The summation analysis must leave Russia
out, because no data were available on
many of the indicators. Norway can be
included in 14 of the 18 indicators used in
the examination of the other countries:
1) Public expenditure on culture per capita
2) Museum visits per 100 inhabitants
3) Loans in public libraries per capita
4) Percentage of people considering culture important
in their lives
5) Percentage of people going to the theatre at least
once a year (excl. Norway)
6) Cinema going per capita
7) Market share of domestic film
8) Wideband connections in households
9) Internet connections in households
10) Percentage of cultural workers in total employment
11) Percentage of women in cultural employment
12) Percentage of non-national in cultural employment
13) Percentage of tertiary graduates of all workers in
cultural employment
14) GDP share of the culture sector (Finland: 2003 data)
15) Exports of cultural products and services in relation
to imports
16) Number of fiction and non-fiction titles per 1000
inhabitants
17) Value of book exports per 1000 inhabitants (excl.
Norway) and
18) CD exports per 1000 inhabitants (excl. Norway).
For this numerical overall analysis, the countries
were given points according to placement in each
indicator. The points were added up and the
sum was divided by 18 (in the case of Norway
by 14) in order to get the average placement.
Price of CDs, books and cinema, entrance fees to museums, music lessons and opera tickets in 2008, €
CD 1)
Finland
Sweden
22.9
14.7
16.9
20.2
15.5
16.3
20.0
17.0
12.6
18.5
17.0
15.0
Norway
Denmark
Germany
Estonia
Netherlands
France*
United Kingdom
Spain
Austria
Hungary
Russia
Book 2) Cinema 3)
6.4
35.9
24.5
11.3
44.3
25.0
18.3
28.0
25.2
15.3
29.9
25.7
9.0
8.9
9.9
8.5
8.7
7.3
7.7
9.5
5.6
15.1
6.9
8.0
4.8
..
4.2
Entrance to
museum 4)
7.0
9.9
No fee
10.8
9.0
5.1
12.5
9.0
14.6
6.0
9.0
3.8
4.4
Music lesson 5) Opera ticket 6)
25.0
28.0
21.5
20.3
26.0
21.0
16.5
..
27.9
13.3
12.0
10.0
44.0
53.0
38.5
63.2
45.0
9.6
55.0
100.0
140.8
68.0
65.6
22.6
5.8
8.8
Coldplay album ”Viva la Vida”, Ken Follet, ”World without End ” (Finland: the price of hardcover;
pocket book €9.50), 3) Film ”Mama Mia”, 4) National museum or museum of modern art, 5) Piano lesson for
a child in a public music school, 6) Second balcony in an opera in the capital city.
1)
2)
* French data from 2007, corresponding Council of Europe source (2008), using a different CD, book
and film than the one in the 2008 material.
SOURCE: Council of Europe, Compendium of Cultural Policies and Trends in Europe, 10th edition 2009
The table shows that the difference between
the extreme ends is fairly large. Denmark had
two and half times better placement points
on average than Hungary; the difference is
nearly six points. On the other hand, the five
countries after Denmark had overall placement
points that fell within one point or so.
Finland was placed eighth, marginally after
France and before Germany. The other Nordic
countries, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands
fared very well, clearly better than Finland.
Apart from the order of placement, it is at
least as important a consideration that all the
countries under review all have strengths as well
as weaknesses. Nine of them are placed first
at least once and 11 had at least one first or
second placement. For ten countries the lowest
placement is 11 or 12. The Netherlands had
five first places, which was its most common
placement; Estonia and France had three first
places. For Finland the most common placement
was third and came the ninth in four indicators .
Overall, it should be borne mind that the order of
placement probably only applies to the 18 indicators
used here. If there were another ten indicators
available, the order would probably change.
Ministry of Education Policy Analyses 2010:1
Conclusions
Culture is a challenging area in statistics. Whereas in
education it is possible to use person-based data, this
is mostly impossible in culture. The rapid growth of
the creative economy over the past decade has made
Finland and other countries improve the compilation
of cultural statistics. Statistics Finland has drawn
up the first culture satellite account describing the
contribution of culture to the national economy
(Culture Satellite Account. Final report of pilot
project, Publications of the Ministry of Education,
Finland 2009:13). Similarly, the European Union
and other international organisations have invested
in statistical development for some time now.
There are, however, still large differences in the
compilation of statistics in different countries,
and it is impossible to say regarding this or any
other analysis whether it measures exactly the
same phenomenon in all countries. Another factor
making it difficult to gain an overall picture is that
the data and indicators applied have to be chosen
on the basis of availability of data in a sufficiently
large and representative group of countries.
This analysis looks at the different countries by
means of four sets of objectives in the cultural policy
strategy of the Finnish Ministry of Education. Based
on these, Sweden, Norway and Denmark figure at
Numerical recap of placement points in indicators
Placement points
Denmark
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Norway
Sweden
Estonia
France
Finland
Germany
Spain
Austria
Hungary
Placement
Total
Mean
Highest (instances)
70
89
94
73/14
96
106
115
117
120
136
145
170
3,89
4,94
5,22
5,21
5,33
5,89
6,39
6,50
6,67
7,56
8,06
9,44
1 (2 inst.)
1 (5 inst.)
1 (1 inst.)
1 (1inst.)
1 (1 inst.)
1 (3 inst.)
1 (4 inst.)
1 (1 inst.)
3 (1 inst.)
2 (3 inst.)
1 (1 inst.)
2 (1 inst.)
the top as regards indicators relating to the cultural
foundation and museum visits and are well ahead
of Finland, whereas in the number of loans from
public libraries per capita Finland occupies the first
place, with Denmark as a clear second. In cultural
participation, Finland and Estonia head the list
in theatre going; the French and the Brits go to
cinema more frequently than others, while Finland
is placed far behind them. As regards the market
share of domestic film, Finland is placed around
the middle of the list, with France at the top by a
wide margin. Although above average in the density
of wideband and internet connections, Finland has
started to fall behind in the rate of development
compared with the other Nordic countries.
In the creative worker indicators, Finland,
Sweden and Denmark figure at the top right
after the Netherlands as regards the percentage of
cultural workers in total employment, whereas the
proportion of non-native workers in most countries
is many times higher than in Finland, which is last
but one after Hungary. In the economy section
Finland has both strengths and weaknesses. Finland
is placed high in the GDP share of culture and
book production, but does not do very well in
cultural exports. In 2006 the imbalance between
CD exports and imports was largest in Finland.
Lowest (instances)
9 (1 inst.)
12 (1 inst.)
10 (1 inst.)
12 (1 inst.)
11 (1 inst.)
11 (2 inst.)
12 (2 inst.)
11 (1 inst.)
11 (1 inst.)
12 (1 inst.)
12 (3 inst.)
12 (6 inst.)
Most common
(instances)
3 (5 inst.)
1 (5 inst.)
6 (5 inst.)
2 (3 inst.)
4,6 (3 inst.)
1,9 (3 inst.)
1,4 (3 inst.)
3,9 (4 inst.)
4 (4 inst.)
10 (5 inst.)
8 (4 inst.)
12 (6 inst.)
In the overall analysis, Finland is placed
eighth, below the mean. Denmark, Norway and
Sweden, as well as the United Kingdom and the
Netherlands, come clearly before Finland. Germany
comes a little after Finland. Denmark is number
one by a large margin and Hungary the last.
The conclusion to be drawn from the analysis
is that culture is a strong force in Finnish society
(GDP share and employment). Contrary to what
has been claimed in public debate, the public sector
does not spend a great deal of money in subsidy to
culture as compared with the other Nordic countries.
Will additional public investment, which has now
started, add to the intellectual and economic impact
of culture? Finland’s overall investment in culture,
which is around average among the countries
reviewed, shows that a great deal of development
is needed in many sectors of culture for Finland
to catch up with the other Nordic countries and
to reach the European top. In the light of this
analysis, the current measures to promote cultural
exports are called for. If the share of non-natives in
cultural employment starts to pick up in Finland,
it can be expected to have a positive effect on
international mobility in Finnish culture. It is fair
to say that Finns could be more active consumers
of cultural services and appreciate culture more.
Previously published:
2009:6Sukupuolten tasa-arvo
opetus­ministeriön tehtäväalueilla
2009:5Suomen kulttuuri eurooppalaisessa vertailussa
2009:4Suomi kulttuurimatkailun kohdemaana
2009:3 Maahanmuuttajaväestön asema
opetusministeriön tehtäväalueilla
2009:2Finnish Education System in an International
Comparison
2009:1 Euroopan korkeakouluopiskelijoiden sosiaaliset
ja taloudelliset olot
2008:5 Peruskoulun opetusryhmät 2008
2008:4Suomen koulutusjärjestelmä kansainvälisessä
vertailussa
2008:3Tutkimus- ja kehittämistoiminta maakunnittain
2008:2 Kulttuuripalvelut ja kulttuurityö maakunnittain
2008:1Nuoriso koulutuksessa, työssä ja muussa
toiminnassa
2007:2Ungdomsåldersklassens studier i
yrkeshögskolor och universitet
2007:1Nuorisoikäluokan siirtyminen
ammattikorkeakoulu- ja yliopisto-opintoihin
The Ministry of Education is developing knowledge-based leadership.
The Ministry’s analysis group conducts analyses of societally significant education, science, cultural,
sport and youth policy issues.
FOR MORE INFORMATION:
Director Paula Tuomikoski,
09-160 77486,
[email protected]
Counsellor for Cultural Affairs
Esa Pirnes, 09-160 77350,
[email protected]
Special Government Advisor
Heikki Mäenpää, 09-160 77445,
[email protected]
Senior Advisor Tomi Halonen
09-160 77905,
[email protected]
ISSN
1797-1446 (printed)
1797-1454 (online)