Chapter 6 - Goodheart

Transcription

This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright © The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.
164
Part 3
From the Ground Up
PART
3
6 The Evolution of Exteriors
7 Understanding House Plans
8 House Construction
9 The Systems Within
Chapter 6
The Evolution of Exteriors
165
From the Ground Up
166
Part 3
From the Ground Up
CHAPTER
Chapter 6
6
Terms to Learn
traditional
folk
classic
Early English
half-timbered
Tidewater South
New England
Cape Cod
symmetrical
dormer
Saltbox
Garrison
Spanish
stucco
asymmetrical
Scandinavian
log cabin
gable roof
German
pent roof
Dutch Colonial
gambrel roof
French Normandy
French Plantation
French Manor
Mansard roof
French Provincial
Georgian
hip roof
Federal
Adam style
Early Classical Revival
Greek Revival
Southern Colonial
Victorian
Modern style
Prairie style
Arts and Crafts
bungalow
International style
ranch
Contemporary style
earth-sheltered
Chapter Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be
able to
•
summarize the development
of exterior architectural styles
throughout history, including
Traditional (both folk and classic),
Modern, and Contemporary house
styles.
•
compare and contrast historical
architectural and housing styles.
•
summarize the value of historical
preservation.
Reading with Purpose
As you read this chapter, write a letter to yourself. Imagine
that you will receive this letter in a few years when you are
working at your future job as an interior designer. What
key chapter points will be important to remember from this
chapter? In the letter, list these points.
167
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Chapter 6
From the Ground Up
T
Note
An assortment of housing
photos or drawings will be
very helpful for teaching this
chapter. Have an assistant
locate and print examples
from the Internet or clip them
from old magazines or books.
Enrich
Investigate the process
of constructing a home of
adobe. Make a presentation
to the class, using visuals to
clarify the process.
Vocabulary
Pick one term from the
vocabulary list, write it on
the board, and link it to one
of the chapter objectives.
(Note: Successive students
should repeat the process
until the only terms left pose
difficulty to all students.)
Activity
Quickly sketch a drawing
of your favorite style of
housing or find a photo
in a magazine. As you
go through this chapter,
compare it to the drawings
and photos in the lesson.
Identify exterior features of
the design you prefer.
Activity
Use Internet or print
resources to investigate
the building process for
half-timbered houses. Give
an oral report about your
findings to the class.
Discuss
What type of land in the
southern states is associated
with the housing style known
as Tidewater South?
The evolution of housing exteriors is usually grouped into a number
of styles and time periods. The greatest influences on these styles include
geographical location and the historical
and economic events during the era in
which they were built.
To better understand period housing
styles, it is important to note that while
each time period and style has specific
characteristics some overlapping does
exist. Because of this, dates for periods
and styles are approximate. For example, in different regions of the country
certain design styles could exist at the
same time. In addition, not all designs
in a certain style or specific era would be
identical. The individual architects and
builders brought their own personal
creativity to their designs. The architectural history of housing was and still is
an ongoing process.
Housing in North America began
with the Native Americans. They developed a wide variety of housing styles
prior to the arrival of foreign explorers
and settlers. The styles included hogans,
pueblos, teepees, wigwams, pole-andthatch structures, and others. When
immigrant settlers arrived in North
America, they brought with them the
styles that existed in their homelands.
Over time, these styles evolved into
new types of housing that have become
known as traditional styles.
Traditional Houses
Traditional houses reflect the experiences and traditions of past eras. These
designs have adapted and changed over
time to meet the needs of their inhabitants. Many house designs in use today
were actually created in previous time
eras of North American history. Each
style has distinct characteristics and
features that set it apart from the others.
The two categories of Traditional
style design are folk and classic. Folk
style originates from the common experiences of a group of people, such as
common values and concerns. Classic
style refers to the use of formal architectural elements that have been recognized over time for their enduring
design excellence. Various renditions of
folk and classic styles appear in many
periods of architectural history.
Traditional Folk Houses
The styles of traditional folk houses
varied from region to region. In some
cold areas such as the Midwest, houses
had to withstand heavy snowfalls. In
warm climates such as the Southeast,
orientation to the cooling breeze was
important. In windy locations such as
the coastal Northeast, housing needed
to withstand heavy gusts.
Besides the effects of climate and
geographical location, the style of traditional folk housing was based on the
ethnic experiences and lifestyles of the
inhabitants. These housing styles were
also shaped by the natural resources
available to construct them. Styles
described as Native American, Early
English, Spanish, Scandinavian, German,
Dutch, and French are types of traditional folk houses.
Native American
The many different styles of NativeAmerican housing have influenced today’s
housing. Early settlers sometimes
copied the eight-sided mud and log
hogans of the Navajo or the wood frame
structures of the Seminole. See Chapter
2 to review the widely varied styles of
Native-American housing.
The Pueblo in New Mexico still live
in apartment-type adobe dwellings, 6-1.
The basic design of these adobe dwellings repeats in housing throughout the
country, especially the Southwest. Characteristics of Pueblo housing include
boxlike construction, flat roofs, and
projecting roof beams.
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Early English
An architectural style built by
English settlers in North America beginning in the early 1600s is Early English.
Several distinct housing types evolved
from this traditional folk architecture.
These types include Tidewater South
and the New England styles known as
Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison.
The first successful English settlement in North America was established
in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. Archaeologists think these early English
settlers used the mud-and-stud method
of building. Early records trace this
technique back to Lincolnshire County
along the east coast of England. In this
building technique, the frame of the
house was constructed from upright
forked logs with cross beams. The walls
were filled with mud and clay and the
roof was thatched with leaves, tree
bark, or bundles of reeds and straw.
This technique was later refined and
referred to as half-timbered construction. In half-timbered houses, the wood
frame of the house actually formed part
of the outside wall, 6-2. Brick or plaster
was used to fill the spaces between the
beams.
Tidewater South. Settlements continued to grow in the low-lying coastal
lands called Tidewater areas. An architectural style built by early English
settlers in the southern coastal regions
of what is now the United States is
Tidewater South, 6-3. The construction
style of these homes was simple: a oneroom wooden building with a wood or
stone chimney at one end. As families
grew, house additions were built. The
first addition was another room, often
built as large as the first. It was added
next to the wall with the chimney. Many
rural farmhouses throughout the South
had similar plans. Covered porches
were also added to these simple plans to
increase the amount of living area and
to provide shelter from the hot sun.
New England. Plymouth, Massachusetts was the second successful
English settlement in 1620. By 1640, a
number of small English settlements
were established along the eastern area
of North America. This region of North
America is known as New England and
now includes the states of Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and Rhode Island.
Early seventeenth century English
settlers in northern New England
commonly built two-story houses. They
were constructed of heavy timber
frames. In timber framing—or postand-beam construction—large pieces of
wood are joined together with woodworking joints (mortise-and-tenon joints),
or with wooden pegs, braces, or trusses.
6-1
The Pueblo live
in these adobe
dwellings.
6-2
This thatch-roof
house in the recreated 1610–1614
colonial fort
at Jamestown
Settlement
History Museum
in Williamsburg,
VA, is an example
of half-timbered
construction.
Photo Courtesy of the
Jamestown-Yorktown
Foundation
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6-3
The Tidewater
South architectural
style was
commonly built by
English settlers
along the southern
coastal regions of
the United States.
Discuss
Where were some of the
earliest two-story homes
built?
Chapter 6
From the Ground Up
Metal nails were used sparingly because
of their expense.
Timber frame construction was
the construction method for all frame
houses in seventeenth and eighteenth
century America because of the abundance of wood. The house exteriors
were covered with shingles, unpainted
clapboards, or other wooden siding. A
clapboard is a board that has one edge
thicker than the other and is typically
used for exterior horizontal siding.
When applied, the board above laps
over the thinner edge of the one below.
This application is also know as bevel
siding or lap siding.
The Cape Cod style grew out of variations on the one-story house design.
As a family grew, rooms were added to
the basic plan.
• Cape Cod. The Cape Cod is a small,
symmetrical, one or one-and-one-half
story house with a steep gable roof
and side gables. A design is symmetrical
when objects on both sides of a center
point are identical, 6-4A. The Cape
Cod style has a central entrance and
a central chimney with several fireplaces. The eave (lower edge) line of
the roof overhangs the exterior wall
just above the first floor windows.
The windows are multi-paned and
usually have shutters. Originally,
the siding was made of shingles or
unpainted clapboards.
The loft area of the Cape Cod
is usually expanded and made into
finished bedrooms. Openings are then
cut in the roof for dormers. Dormers
are structures with windows that
project through a sloping roof in the
second story. They add light, space,
and ventilation to the second story.
GREEN CHOICES
Reusing Old Buildings
Old buildings often outlive their original purposes. A way of reusing an old building
is called “adaptive reuse.” This process adapts old buildings for new uses. An example
of adaptive reuse is converting an old post office to a retail center with many shops.
When the building has historic features, the adaptive reuse retains these features
through historic preservation techniques. Adaptive reuse has the following advantages:
•
Environmental sustainability. Historic preservation is really “recycling” on a
grand scale and is an effective tool for protecting environmental resources.
•
Economic sustainability. Reusing old buildings supports the economy of the
local community.
•
Social sustainability. Historic preservation protects and celebrates the social
and cultural resources that will enrich communities and their citizen’s lives for
generations to come.
Activity
Use Internet and print
resources to learn more
about adaptive reuse.
Information Courtesy of the National Trust for Historic Preservation www.PreservationNation.org
A—Cape Cod
171
B—Saltbox
C—Garrison
6-4
(A) The Cape Cod is a one-and-a-half-story house with a gable roof and central entrance. (B) A saltbox house
has narrow wood siding and windows without shutters. (C) This Garrison style house, which was originally owned
by Paul Revere, features an overhanging second story.
(C) Massachusetts Office of Travel & Tourism
•
Saltbox. Another type home built
by the English settlers in the New
England area was the Saltbox house.
The Saltbox is a variation of the Cape
Cod, 6-4B. The earliest saltbox houses
were created when a lean-to addition
was built on the rear of the house.
The Saltbox house takes its name
from the shape of the wooden box in
which salt was kept at that time.
In saltbox construction, the house
has two or two-and-one-half stories
in the front but just one story in the
back. It is characterized by a long,
steep-pitched gable roof that slopes
down from the front to the back.
Other typical features are large
windows with small panes of glass,
and a large central chimney.
Discuss
What are some reasons for
having dormers in the roof
or upper floors of houses?
Discuss
Among the home styles
characteristic of New
England, which is known for
a large, centralized fireplace
and chimney?
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Vocabulary
What is a synonym for
garrison? Identify the key
feature of a Garrison style
house.
Vocabulary
Sketch a drawing that shows
the meaning of the term
asymmetrical.
Reflect
Think of early American
heroes, such as George
Washington and Abe
Lincoln. What styles of
housing did they live in?
Activity
Write a paragraph describing
the characteristics that make
the photo in Figure 6-5 a
traditional Spanish style
house.
6-5
This house
includes many of
the traits of the
traditional Spanish
style house.
•
Garrison. A later design built by
the English settlers in New England
was the Garrison house, which is
named after early garrisons, or
forts. Like the old forts, Garrisons
have an overhanging second story,
6-4C. The overhang allows extra space
on the second floor without widening the foundation. It also has a
supporting effect, which prevents
the second-story floor from sagging
in the middle. This supporting effect
is created when beams extending
out from the first floor support the
second floor. The farther the beams
extend out, the greater is the support
in the center.
The overhang is always on the
front of the house and sometimes
extends to the sides and rear. Carved
drops or pendants below the overhang provide ornamentation. Other
characteristics of the Garrison house
are symmetrical design, a steep
gable roof, and windows that have
small panes of glass. Originally, the
siding was made of wood shingles
or unpainted clapboards.
Spanish
The first Europeans to establish
colonies in North America were Spaniards. These colonies were mostly in
Florida and the Southwest beginning
in the 1500s. Florida’s Spanish-colonial
city of St. Augustine was begun in 1565,
making it the oldest continuing permanent European settlement. Between
1565 and 1821, Florida was mostly under
Spanish control.
A large portion of what is now the
southwestern United States was under
Spanish, then Mexican, control from
the seventeenth to the mid-nineteenth
century. Spanish Texas gained its independence from Mexico in 1836.
The Spanish style developed in
these areas where the climate was warm
and dry. Early Spanish style was characterized by one-story structures with
flat or low-pitched red tile roofs. The
houses were masonry construction of
adobe brick or stone covered in stucco.
Stucco is a type of plaster applied to the
exterior walls of a house. The interior
was usually simple with earthen floors,
beamed ceilings, and whitewashed plaster walls.
The overall design of Spanish-style
housing is asymmetrical. This means that
one side of the center point is different
from the other. During the seventeenth
century, Spanish settlers in California
and parts of the southwest built more
elaborate styles. A Spanish-style house is
pictured in 6-5. Specific features include
courtyards, enclosed patios, wrought
iron exterior decor, and arched windows
and doors. This style of housing is still
widely used today in the Southwest.
Scandinavian
Immigrants from Sweden, Finland,
Norway, and Denmark were known as
Scandinavians. Of this group of immigrants, the Swedish settlers are credited
with introducing the log cabin to North
173
America in the early 1700s. The log
cabin originally was a one-room, rectangular house about 10 feet wide and 12
to 20 feet long.
Typical log cabins were built on a
stone or rock foundation to keep the logs
above the ground. The logs were squared
off and notches were cut on the top and
bottom of each end. The logs were then
stacked with the notched ends fitted
together in the corners. Chinking—a filling of sticks and wood chips—was used
to fill the gaps between the logs and was
then covered with a layer of mud to fill
the remaining spaces. A door opening
and at least one window were then cut
into the house. The fireplace was built
of stone, and the floor was dirt or gravel
that had been raked smooth.
The log cabin had a gable roof. A
gable roof comes to a high point in the
center and slopes on both sides, 6-6. A
gable is a triangle formed by a sloping
roof.
Log cabins were a popular style for
the North American midlands and frontier, where timber was a readily available resource as a building material.
They are still popular today in many
areas as either a primary residence or
as a second home used for vacations.
Many companies specializing in manufactured log cabins offer a wide range of
floor plans and price ranges. They meet
the need that many home owners have
for a rustic style that depicts a simpler
lifestyle.
German
The majority of early German settlers,
who traveled from the region called
Germany today, arrived in North
America in the late seventeenth century.
They primarily settled in what is now
southeastern Pennsylvania. They built
large, durable homes of wood and fieldstone for warmth. The entry led to the
kitchen on the first floor. The fireplace
was in the center of the first floor with
a family room for entertaining located
on the opposite side of the fireplace.
If the home was large enough, there
would be a number of small bedrooms
behind the family room. The houses were
constructed with gable roofs. Some also
had small roof ledges between the first
and second floors called pent roofs, 6-7.
Dutch
Dutch settlers founded settlements
in North America as early as 1614 in
what is now known as Albany, New
York. A later settlement began in 1626 in
New Amsterdam, which became New
York City. The first Dutch houses were
6-6
The original log
cabins looked very
similar to this one.
6-7
Germans who
settled in
Pennsylvania built
houses similar to
this. Many had a
pent roof—a small
ledge between the
first and second
floor.
Photography Courtesy of
Bradley S. DeForest of the
Skippack Historical Society
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Activity
Research the construction
methods used for early log
cabins and compare them to
construction methods for log
homes today? What are the
similarities and differences?
Share your findings with
the class. If possible, show
images of the early and
present day log homes.
Discuss
What group of immigrants
frequently used stone to
build their homes?
Discuss
Describe the unique feature
of the French Normandy style
of housing commonly built in
humid southern areas.
one-story structures of brick in urban
areas, or stone in rural areas. One of the
most important characteristics was the
front door, which was divided in half
horizontally. This style became known
as the Dutch door. However, it was the
later Dutch design that left the most
long-lasting mark on architecture.
The later style is known today as
Dutch Colonial. Dutch Colonial is a housing style with a gambrel roof. A gambrel
roof is a roof with a lower steeper slope
and an upper less-steep slope on both of
its sides. Sometimes the lower portion
extends over an open porch, which is
known as the Dutch kick. Houses of this
style were often built of fieldstone or brick,
and in some cases wood. Other characteristics of the Dutch Colonial are dormers,
a central entrance, an off-center chimney,
and windows with small panes, 6-8.
Dutch Colonial homes were most
commonly built in northern states such
as New York and Delaware. The Dutch
did not bring this style from their
homeland, but created it after settling
in North America.
French
6-8
This home has
features that are
typically original
to Dutch Colonial
homes such as
a gambrel roof
that flares at the
bottom.
During the colonial period, French
settlements formed in the 1700s along
the St. Lawrence River, Great Lakes, and
Mississippi River. Early French homes
were built in the French Normandy style,
which was brought to North America
by the Huguenots. These homes were
one-story structures with many narrow
door and window openings. The roofs
were steeply pitched and either hipped
or side-gabled. The walls were stucco,
which was usually applied over a halftimbered frame. Porches were added in
settlements located in warmer regions.
Also, houses in the South were constructed
on posts one story above ground. This
provided better air circulation in the
humid environment and protected the
house from floods. The Southern adaptation of this design is known as the
French Plantation house.
A distinctive style evolved in New
Orleans known as the Louisiana French
style. The most outstanding characteristics of this style include balconies with
elaborate ironwork railings and white
stucco walls. The structures were built
on raised brick or stone basements to
protect them from flooding.
Even after Louisiana became the
eighteenth state in the Union in 1812, the
French influence continued to impact
American architecture in many ways.
One example, the French Manor, is a
symmetrically styled home with wings
on each side and a Mansard roof on the
main part of the house, 6-9. A Mansard
roof is a variation of the gambrel roof.
Its designer was a French architect
named Francois Mansard. When used
on detached single-family dwellings,
the roof continues all around the house.
Dormers often project from the steeply
pitched part of the roof. When used on
commercial buildings, the Mansard roof
may be used only on one or two sides.
French influence is also seen in the
house style called French Provincial. This
style originated in New Orleans and
became popular all over the country. It
has a delicate, dignified appearance and
is usually symmetrical. The windows are
a dominant part of the design. The tops
of the windows break into the eave line.
A French-Provincial house can be as tall
as two-and-a-half stories.
175
Classic Traditional Houses
As the early settlements flourished
and colonies and states were formed,
prosperity brought change and improvement to housing. The quality of building
materials improved and the growth of
trade brought new information to the
settlers. Architects and house plans from
Europe became available. Growing prosperity fostered interest in refined taste
(cultivated and genteel) and classic style.
Classic traditional homes include the
following time periods and styles: Georgian, Federal, Greek Revival, Southern
Colonial, and Victorian.
Georgian
The Georgian style (1690 to 1800) was
adapted from English architecture. It is
called Georgian because it was popular
during the era when Kings George I, II,
and III ruled England.
Georgian houses have simple exterior
lines, dignified appearances, and symmetry. The centrally located front doors
have windows with small panes of glass,
and either gable or hip roofs—roofs with
sloping ends and sides. A flat area with a
balustrade, or railing sometimes tops hip
roofs. This area is called a captain’s or
widow’s walk. Georgian houses usually
have a tall chimney at each end of the
roof, and most have some ornamentation under the eaves. A distinctive type
of eave ornamentation, known as dentil
molding, is still popular today. As a trim
board with square, toothlike blocks, this
ornamentation is sometimes mislabeled
as “dental” molding, 6-10.
As the Georgian style developed,
it became more elaborate. Additional
ornamentation was given to doors and
windows. The front door was often
highlighted with a decorative crown
over the top and flattened columns, or
pilasters, on each side. The style also
changed according to the region in
which it was built.
Wood was used in New England, and
stone in the Mid-Atlantic region. In the
South, brick was used and a wing was
added to each side of the main house.
6-9
French Manor
houses are noted
for their stately
appearance and
Mansard roofs.
Federal
Following the American Revolution
(1775 to 1783), interest grew in developing distinctly American styles and
symbols. National pride was strong
and Americans adopted a new style of
architecture that reflected confidence
in their newly won independence. The
style was named in honor of the Federal
form of government in the United States.
Federal-style architecture became popular between 1780 and 1840. A house built
in the Federal style has a boxlike shape,
is symmetrical, and at least two stories
6-10
Georgian houses
have simple,
dignified lines with
ornamentation—or
dentil molding—
often found under
the eaves.
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From the Ground Up
177
MATH MATTERS
Symmetry
Objects are often described as being symmetrical or asymmetrical. An object is
symmetrical if a line drawn through it divides it into two matching halves. The dividing
line is called the line of symmetry.
Activity
Create a checklist of
characteristics of a
Georgian house. Study the
photo in Figure 6-10 and
check all the characteristics
that you see.
An object may have one or more lines of symmetry. For example, a rectangle has
two lines of symmetry. A circle has an infinite number of lines of symmetry since any
line drawn through the center creates a line of symmetry.
An object is asymmetrical if it has 0 lines of symmetry; no two halves match. Your
hand is asymmetrical; you cannot draw a line that will result in two matching halves.
Symmetry creates balance. Architects and interior designers often incorporate
symmetry in their work. For example, the exterior of a Georgian home exhibits symmetry.
You can also achieve symmetry by placing matching chairs on both sides of an entryway.
Discuss
Examine Figures 6-10 and
6-12 to determine which has
the most costly exterior to
build, Georgian or Federal
style homes. Explain.
Example
The picture of the White
House on a $20 bill
illustrates the Greek Revival
style of housing.
Equilateral Triangle with 3 lines of symmetry
Square with 4 lines of symmetry
Discuss
Which styles are
predominating in your
neighborhood—Traditional
Folk or Traditional Classic
housing designs?
Discuss
Name the Classic
Traditional housing styles.
Rectangle with 2 lines of symmetry
high. Sometimes a small portico was
added to the main entrance. A portico
is an open space covered with a roof
that is supported by columns. Federalstyle houses also had pediments, which
are architectural rooflike decorations
that are usually found over a portico,
window, or door. The pediments can be
segmental or triangular, 6-11. During
the Federal period, two important architectural styles emerged, Adam style and
Early Classical Revival.
Adam Style. The Adam style of architecture was named after the design
work of two Scottish brothers, Robert
and James Adam. These talented team-
Segmental
Triangular
6-11
Pediments are used over doors and
windows to add interest to a design.
mates were architects, interior designers, and furniture designers. Their work
was based on plans for Italian houses
and palaces. The Adam style continued
the symmetry of the Georgian style.
The types of graceful details that were
added to the Georgian style architecture included swags, garland, urns, and
other refined motifs. The main identifying feature of the Adam style is a
fanlight over the front entrance, 6-12.
Other characteristics include Palladian
windows (windows with a large center
section and two side sections, usually
arched), circular or elliptical windows,
recessed arches, and oval-shaped rooms.
The most famous oval-shaped room
in this style is the Oval Office of the
President of the United States in
Washington, D.C.
Early Classical Revival. During the
Federal period, architecture evolved
using the classical details of Greek and
Italian design, which became known as
Early Classical Revival. One of the best
examples of this architectural style is
Monticello (meaning “little mountain”
in Italian), the home Thomas Jefferson
designed and built for himself, 6-13. He
began construction in 1769. Because of
the influence of Roman architecture, the
architectural style of his home is classified as Roman Neoclassicism. (Neoclassicism refers to an adaptation or revival of
classical details.) Monticello has a large
portico on its west front with columns
and a triangular pediment gable. Jefferson added the dome in 1800 after being
influenced by the French architecture
he saw while traveling in France. Jefferson
was the founder of the University of
Virginia in Charlottesville, Virginia and
designed the original campus.
In addition to these major contributions, Jefferson was the principal author
of the Declaration of Independence and
third President of the United States.
He was also an inventor and renowned
political leader.
Greek Revival
Greek Revival (1825 to 1860) is another
style of classic traditional design. It
developed during a period that embraced,
and carefully duplicated, the formal
6-12
The gabled
pediment over
the door is an
example of the
Federal influence.
6-13
Monticello—the
home built
by Thomas
Jefferson—is
found in
Charlottesville,
Virginia. It is an
example of Early
Classic Revival
architecture.
Photography by the
Thomas Jefferson
Foundation/Monticello
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Southern Colonial
An offshoot of the Greek Revival
style developed in the 1800s is the
Southern Colonial. The Southern
Colonial is a large, two- or three-story
brick or frame house of symmetrical
design, 6-15. Two-story columns extend
across the entire front, covered by an
extension of the roof. The roof style is
hip or gable. Dormers, shutters, and a
belvedere are often included. A belvedere
is a small room on the roof of a house
used as a lookout.
Victorian
6-14
A Greek
Revival house
is characterized
by a two-story
portico supported
by Greek
columns with a
large triangular
pediment.
6-15
The design of this
Southern Colonial
evolved from the
Greek Revival
style.
Oak Alley Plantation,
Louisiana Office of
Tourism
elements found in ancient Greek
architecture.
One characteristic of a house in the
Greek Revival style is the two-story
entry porch across the entire front of the
structure. This structure is supported
by Greek columns. Another key characteristic is a large triangular gable with
a pediment, 6-14. These houses are also
symmetrical with bold moldings and
heavy cornices (molded and projecting
horizontal members that crown architectural elements such as columns).
Houses of this style are large and
impressive. Some government buildings are designed in the Greek Revival
style.
Following the Civil War, growing
industrialization greatly influenced
architecture of the Victorian period—a
time during the reign of Queen Victoria
of England (1837 to 1901). House styles
of the Victorian period, Figure 6-16,
include the following:
• Italianate
•
Gothic Revival (wood and masonry)
•
American Second Empire (Mansard
style)
•
Stick style (also called Carpenter
Gothic)
•
Richardsonian Romanesque
•
Eastlake Victorian
•
Queen Anne
The main feature of all Victorian
housing styles is the abundance of
decorative trim. Other characteristics
include high porches, roofs with steep
gables, tall windows, high ceilings, dark
stairways, long halls, and turrets, which
are small towers. Not every Victorian
house had every feature, but a strong
combination of these elements came to
be associated with the haunted-house
stereotype in horror movies.
As the style developed, owners tried
to outdo one another in the amount
of decorative trim on their houses.
Machine-made trim became a sign of
prosperity and high style. Quantity
A—Italianate
B—Gothic Revival
C—Romanesque
D—Queen Anne
E—Gingerbread
6-16
These homes show some of the varied features of Victorian homes, including a turret (small
tower) with much decorative trim.
179
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Part 3
Discuss
Note the gingerbread trim
in Figure 6-16E. What do
you think this type of trim
does to the cost of a home?
Explain.
Discuss
When were Modern style
house designs created?
Discuss
What are some influences
Frank Lloyd Wright left on
American architecture?
Enrich
Research Prairie style
architecture and the
remaining homes that most
exemplify it. Where are
they located? Find out what
influences shaped Wright’s
development of the style.
6-17
The many
porches, terraces,
and windows
of this house
designed by Frank
Lloyd Wright are
characteristic of
the Prairie style.
Larry G. Morris
Chapter 6
From the Ground Up
became more important than quality.
Scrolls and other decorative trim made
from wood appeared under eaves and
around windows and doors. This came
to be known as gingerbread.
Modern Houses
The housing designs developed in
the United States from the early 1900s
into the 1980s are classified as the Modern
style. Compared to the other housing
styles discussed so far, these are quite
new. Modern styles include the Prairie
style, Arts and Crafts, Bungalow, International style, and the ranch and splitlevel. All are very popular and their use
will likely continue in the future.
Prairie Style
Frank Lloyd Wright, who is one of
the most noted architects of modern
times, designed the Prairie style house.
Wright is considered the greatest figure
in modern American architecture. He
designed a series of Prairie style houses
between 1893 and 1920 that were very
different from the traditional architecture built before this period, 6-17.
Prairie style houses have strong
horizontal lines, low-pitched roofs, and
overhanging eaves. Wright believed
that a house should strongly relate to
its environment, or setting. He liked to
create the illusion that the house had
actually evolved from the site. Prairie
style homes were constructed of wood,
stone, plaster, and materials found in
nature. Earth-tone colors were used to
emphasize the link between the manbuilt structure and its natural setting.
Previous architectural styles used
walls to divide interior space into boxlike
rooms. Wright reduced the number of
walls to allow one room to flow into
another, creating an open floor plan.
In addition, this style allowed interior
space to visually flow outdoors through
porches, terraces, and windows. His
flexible use of space greatly influenced
the design work of European architects.
6-18
Bungalows
typically have
low-pitched roofs
and covered
porches as is
characteristically
found in this
California
bungalow.
Discuss
What are the similarities
and differences between
the characteristics of Arts
and Crafts style homes and
bungalow style homes?
Arts and Crafts
Arts and Crafts style, or Craftsman,
houses were built between 1905 and
1930. This popular style had its roots in
the Arts and Crafts Movement of the
1880s. It celebrated use of natural materials worked by hand. Simple, natureinspired colors and patterns were often
used for interior fabrics and wall coverings. As a response to the over-abundance
of machine-made gingerbread and other
architectural excesses of the Victorian
era, English designers such as John
Ruskin and William Morris and many
others began this movement. In the
United States, two brothers from California—Charles Sumner Greene and Henry
Mather Greene—designed houses during
the Arts and Crafts Movement. They were
widely praised for creating the “ultimate”
bungalow—a larger, sprawling version of
the earlier bungalow.
181
The name “Craftsman” came from
the title of a popular magazine published
between 1901 and 1916 by Gustav Stickley—
the famous furniture designer. At that
time, a true Craftsman-style house was
built strictly according to plans published
by Stickley. Gradually, other magazines,
mail-order houses, and builders began to
publish plans with their own Craftsmanlike details, modifying and often diluting
the true Craftsman style.
Characteristics of a Craftsman-style
house include a low-pitched roof, wide
eaves with triangular brackets, exposed
roof rafters, and wood, stone, or stucco
siding. Craftsman houses feature stone
porch supports with thick, square or
round columns and exterior chimneys
made of stone. The floor plans are open,
with few hallways. These structures use
beamed ceilings and many windows.
Some windows feature stained glass or
leaded-glass designs.
Bungalow
Built between 1905 and 1930, the
bungalow style house expressed the
simple and economical ideals of the Arts
and Crafts Movement. A bungalow is one
and a half stories with a low-pitched
roof, horizontal shape, and a covered
front porch. Sometimes the porch is
enclosed. The bungalow is usually made
of wood or brick. The shingled roof
extends beyond the walls. Windows are
set high to allow the placement of furniture beneath them. Most of the living
spaces are on the ground floor. The
floor plan features a living room at the
center and connecting rooms without
hallways. The design of the floor plan
is very efficient with such features as
built-in cabinets, shelves, and seats. The
California Bungalow is similar in design,
but larger, 6-18.
International Style
The most dramatic architectural
style of the Modern movement is the
International style. It is a style of architecture and furniture design that began
in the 1900s, influenced strongly by
Bauhaus. Bauhaus was the German state
school of design that merged art and
technology. It focused on emphasizing
the simplicity of design and eliminating
unnecessary elements.
International style is a blend of ideas
from four leading architects of the early
twentieth century:
Activity
Read an article about
American bungalows in a
magazine such as American
Bungalow to further your
understanding about the
characteristic features of
this style.
Reflect
How common is the
bungalow style of
architecture in your
neighborhood? the
International style?
Discuss
Why do you think many
modern builders are using
vintage style house plans,
especially Craftsman and
bungalow styles, to build
new houses?
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LINK TO SOCIAL STUDIES & CULTURE
Asian Origins of American Bungalows
Enrich
Research the artistic
contributions of Walter
Gropius, Ludwig Mies van
der Rohe, or Le Corbusier to
International style housing.
Provide pictures that show
examples of the architect’s
work and display his unique
contributions.
6-19
This home is an
example of the
International style
of architecture.
American Plywood
Association
Home designers often blend elements of different cultures in their work. The history
of the bungalow illustrates how a home, considered by many as the essence of American
design, reflects influences from other parts of the world. Bungalow-style homes line the
streets of American cities from Los Angeles to Chicago. Although there are regional
variations in style, a bungalow is generally a one- or one-and-a-half-story home with a
low-pitched roof.
The bungalow originated in a tropical region that is now eastern India and
Bangladesh. These early bungalows were thatched-roof huts suited to the climate. They
were designed to minimize heat buildup and take advantage of cooling breezes. By the
early 1800s, the British controlled India. When British soldiers and merchants settled
in the area, they lived in single-family homes that incorporated elements of the Indian
huts. The huts, called “bangla” or “banggolo,” spread across India and then to the U.S.
and Europe.
In the early 1900s, California architects Charles and Henry Greene popularized
the bungalow. The Greene brothers, leaders in the Arts and Crafts movement, added
Japanese features to their bungalows. For example, interior and exterior spaces were
designed to flow into one another. This created an open and airy feel. One of the Greene
brothers’ masterpieces, the David B. Gamble House, completed in 1909 in Pasadena,
California, reflects such Japanese influences.
•
Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect
•
Walter Gropius, a German architect
and founder of the Bauhaus School
•
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, another
famous German architect and director of the Bauhaus School
•
Le Corbusier, a famous French architect
Geometric shapes and large expanses
of glass windows were the foremost
features of U.S. houses built in the International style. Emerging technology
fostered the use of new building materials and opened new ways of thinking
about space, form, and beauty. With this
form of construction, flat rooftops were
possible and rooftop gardens became
commonplace. Many of these houses
were constructed of reinforced white
concrete. The exteriors of the houses had
little or no ornamentation, 6-19.
183
Ranch
A ranch house is a one-story structure that may have a basement. It has a
low-pitched roof with a wide overhang.
Large windows and sliding glass doors
that open onto a patio are common, 6-21.
The use of building materials and energysaving features vary according to each
region. For instance, light-colored siding
and paint are used to reflect the heat in
warm climates. Brick is another common
exterior siding choice.
The ranch style began in the West.
The informal lifestyle, large plots of
land, and generally warm climate made
the ranch style ideal for the region.
Ranch style homes have since become
popular throughout the country.
Ranch houses vary considerably in
size. Small ranch houses may be relatively inexpensive to build, while larger
sizes can be expensive. This is due to
the large foundations and costly roof
areas. Larger ranch style houses are
less energy efficient than more compact
house plans. One-story ranch houses are
easy to maneuver through and maintain.
Modified ranch structures are regaining
popularity as older adults seek homes
with all rooms on one level in an effort
to eliminate climbing stairs. One-story
ranch houses are also a good choice for
incorporating universal design.
1st Floor
There are many variations of the
ranch style. One is the hillside ranch. As
its name implies, the house is built on
a hill. It has a basement that is partly
exposed, allowing use of natural light
and the possibility of an exterior entry.
This style of basement is also known as
a “walkout” basement. Depending on
the layout of the lot, the exposed part of
the basement may be anything from a
living area to a garage.
Another variation is the raised ranch,
or split-entry, 6-21. It is like a ranch,
except the upper half of the basement is
aboveground. This allows light to enter
the basement through windows. The
1st Floor
Basement
Basement
Ground level
Ground level
A
B
6-20
Ranch-style houses
began in the West on
farms and ranches
where space was
plentiful. Now they
are found in many
communities.
Vocabulary
Define a ranch house and
the characteristics of two
variations—the hillside
ranch and the raised ranch.
6-21
(A) Part of the
basement of a
hillside ranch
is aboveground
level. (B) Since
the top part of
the basement of
a raised ranch is
aboveground, the
basement can be
used as a living
space.
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Part 3
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Bedroom
level
Living level
Intermediate
level
Basement
level
Bedroom
level
Intermediate
level
Living level
Basement
level
Bedroom
level
Living level
Basement
level
A
6-22
(A) Split-level
houses are
designed to adapt
to sloped sites.
(B) Changing the
arrangement of
levels in a splitlevel house also
changes its outside
appearance.
Discuss
What type of lot is ideal for a
split-level house?
Discuss
Why are raised ranches and
split-levels difficult for many
people to use?
Activity
Use a digital camera to
photograph as many roof
styles you can find in your
community. Print the photos
and label them according to
the styles shown in Figure
6-24. Which styles seem
most popular? Predict why.
basement living area can be very pleasant if it is well insulated and waterproof.
A disadvantage is that stairs must be
climbed to get anywhere in the house.
This can be a problem for small children, people with disabilities, and older
people.
Split-Level
A split-level house has either three
or four levels. The levels can be arranged
in many ways, 6-22. The split-level was
developed for sloping lots, although it is
occasionally built on flat lots.
One advantage of a split-level house
is that traffic into the social, quiet, and
service areas can be separated easily.
Also, there are few stairs to climb to
get from one level to another. However,
getting from one level to another always
requires climbing stairs. Again, the
stairs may present a problem for individuals who are less physically agile.
Intermediate
level
B
Contemporary
Houses
Contemporary styles are the current
or latest house designs being constructed
today. Many of the styles reflect design
features from the traditional styles, both
folk and classic. In some cases, current
contemporary designs actually combine
design features from several traditional
architectural styles. However, there
are some commonly recognized characteristics of contemporary houses.
These include a wide variation in ceiling heights, very tall windows with
large glass panes, open floor plans,
and unusual use of shapes and spaces.
The exterior architecture often reflects
these elements through such features as
rooflines and tall windows.
Some contemporary housing designs
may seem surprising or even controversial when compared to the traditional
styles of the past. Other contemporary
houses may combine both traditional and
modern elements in their plans, 6-23. The
successful blending of unrelated styles
and features requires careful planning to
coordinate and harmonize their impact.
Because of this, it is not as easy to classify
and describe Contemporary-style houses
as it is the purely traditional or purely
modern styles. Contemporary designs
may also vary widely from one to another
in shape, material usage, and details.
Many convey a custom or distinctive
one-of-a-kind design. The exterior may
be brick, siding, stucco, stone, concrete,
or a combination of these materials.
Roof styles used in contemporary
houses can also vary widely. While most
of these styles are used in traditional
houses, they can also be used in unique
ways for contemporary housing, 6-24.
Although contemporary houses do
not easily fit into categories, there are
two distinct types that do. They are solar
houses and earth-sheltered houses.
Solar Houses
Solar energy is energy derived from
the sun. Today, many house designs
utilize solar energy. They can use either
active solar heating systems or passive
solar heating systems, 6-25A.
Houses with active solar heating
systems use special equipment, such as
panels installed in the roof of the build-
ing, to capture the sun’s energy. Then
fans and pumps move heated air or
liquid from the panels to a storage area
or wherever heat is needed.
Passive solar heating systems have no
working parts. Instead, they include any
design feature or construction material
that makes maximum use of the sun for
heating. A passive solar house might
include large areas of windows on
the home’s southern side. Reinforced,
concrete-pipe columns or dark-colored
walls may absorb heat from the sun and
gradually transfer it inside.
185
6-23
This contemporary
house utilizes the
classic features of
a gambrel roof.
Photo Courtesy of JELDWEN Windows
Discuss
What building in your
community shows the best
example of passive solar
heating? Identify and describe it.
6-24
Roof styles have a
great effect on the
exterior design of
buildings.
High-pitched gable
Low-pitched gable
Gambrel
Hip
Mansard
Flat
Shed
Dormer
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From the Ground Up
187
6-26
This example
of postmodern
design can be
seen at the
Massachusetts
Institute of
Technology in
Cambridge,
Massachusetts.
Activity
A
6-25
(A) This house
has both active
and passive solar
heating systems.
(B) This earthsheltered house is
partially covered
with soil. The soil
helps insulate it
from the desert
heat.
(B) Concept 2000,
Hermann J. Fraunhoffer
Discuss
What is the purpose of
building a home partially in
the earth?
Enrich
Investigate the
requirements for building
earth-sheltered homes.
What building materials
and processes must be
used for construction to
prevent deterioration of the
structure? Is there a limit
to how much earth can
be used as insulation or a
covering? How much lower
are the heating and airconditioning costs of earthsheltered homes?
Choose an architect
of the Postmodern era
and research his or her
architectural styles. Create a
poster presentation showing
examples of the architect’s
designs.
B
Earth-Sheltered Houses
Another type of contemporary housing is earth-sheltered housing. Earthsheltered houses are partially covered
with soil. They are energy-efficient since
the soil is a natural insulation and helps
protect the house from weather elements
and climate extremes, 6-25B. Some earthsheltered houses are designed to be partly
underground. Other dwellings are built
into a hill or have soil compacted against
the sides of the building.
A number of earth-sheltered houses
are powered in part by solar energy.
They may utilize active or passive solar
heating systems or both.
Postmodern
Houses
Postmodernism is a view about the
architectural style of housing that began
in the 1970s and continues today. This
view often deviates from strict rules
of architecture by using building techniques, angles, and styles differently.
Postmodern design includes a sense of
rebellion to the “less is more” simplicity
of modern architecture. In addition, it
includes a sense that anything in design
is acceptable.
Some features of postmodernism
include residential designs filled with
absurd humor or wit. Some architectural critics say that if the “wit” feature
is absent from postmodern design,
it may just be modern or some other
design style. Unexpected and playful
elements are essential in the postmodern design, 6-26.
Postmodern homes are all unique.
The diversity of design also includes
some blending of previous styles
including traditional, contemporary,
and newly invented forms. Details may
be exaggerated. Postmodern houses can
be bizarre or shocking.
Architects leading this era of postmodern design include Robert Venturi,
Cesar Pelli, and Frank Gehry. Venturi
states that although previous architectural styles are easily identified by consistent characteristics, postmodernism is
characterized by its diversity in features.
Historic
Preservation
One trend in housing design is actually a step back in time. Nationally, there
is a growing concern for restoring and
preserving older buildings and houses.
Increasingly, various agencies, local
governments, and private organizations
are identifying properties that represent
architectural value and importance.
One such group is the National Trust for
Historical Preservation. This group identifies such structures and grants them
landmark status. Once they become
landmarks, these buildings cannot
undergo destruction or significant alteration. A person who helps restore these
buildings is an historical preservationist.
Restoration work follows careful
guidelines to insure that materials, colors,
and designs are true to the original era of
a building’s construction. In this way,
society preserves the best of its past for
future generations to experience, 6-27.
6-27
As a designated
national historic
landmark, the
preservation of
Beacon Hill makes
this neighborhood
one of the
most desirable
neighborhoods in
Boston.
Discuss
What would you say to
a group of home owners
who object to a unique
housing style built in their
neighborhood?
Discuss
In your own words,
explain the importance of
restoring and preserving
architecturally significant
homes.
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CAREER FOCUS
Reflect
In your career journal, write
about whether or not you
would you be interested
in a career as a historic
preservationist. Which of
your talents and skills do
you feel fit this type of work?
Activity
Research the National Trust
for Historical Preservation
and its mission. What has
it accomplished? How did
this group form and how
long has it operated? Has
the group been involved
in any sites in or near your
community?
Rhonda Hull Interiors;
Rhonda Hull, Allied
ASID; ASID Historical
Renovation Merit Award
2007; Harper House
Hickory History Center.
Photography by Bob
Huffman, Hickory, North
Carolina.
Historic Preservationist
Can you imagine yourself as an historic preservationist? If you share some of the
following talents, interests, and skills, you may consider exploring a career as an
architect or interior designer who specializes in historic preservation.
Talents/Skills: Do you have a love of studying architectural styles in history? Are
drawing and sketching a major part of your hobbies? Do you share the value of
historical buildings with others and believe that older buildings should be given new
life through adaptive reuse? Do you believe it is important for future generations
to understand the evolution of such buildings? Skills necessary for this important
career include excellent computer knowledge and ability. Exceptional research and
organizational skills along with strong presentation and communication skills are
necessary to work with others.
Career Snapshot: Historic preservationists usually have an architecture or interior
design background. They choose to specialize in the adaptive reuse of old buildings and
commonly work in an architectural or design preservation firm. Historic preservationists
also work with local governments and community groups. They help identify buildings
with historic significance and are often consulted on the true historic value of a structure.
Historic preservationists need to be salespeople, too. It can be difficult to educate and
convince others of a structure’s importance to the community. The history and style of
a building are most important, but the use of materials and applications must also have
proven value. For example, paint colors must be authentic to the time period a building
was constructed.
Education/Training: A five-year
bachelor’s degree is most often required.
A master’s degree or postgraduate studies
are preferred. Courses of study include
the history of architecture, history, art, art
history, specific courses in the techniques
and research for historic preservation,
architecture, and computer programs.
Examination/License: All states require
architects to be licensed. Architects must
pass all divisions of the Architect Registration
Examination. Many states require interior
designers to be licensed or registered. Interior
designers must pass the National Council of
Interior Design Qualification (NCIDQ) exam
to receive licensure.
Professional Associations: Membership
in the National Trust for Historic Preservation
(www.PreservationNation.org), the
American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) (www.asid.org), and the International
Interior Design Association (IIDA) (www.iida.org) is ideal.
Job Outlook: Current trends for green and sustainable architecture are positive for
historic preservationists. Skills in adaptive reuse design methods and techniques to
repair and maintain buildings that already exist are valuable.
189
Summary
There are many varieties of exterior housing styles in the United States. They
evolved from the housing styles of the Native Americans and of the settlers who brought
styles from their homelands.
Traditional folk styles include those from Native Americans, Spanish, Scandinavians,
Dutch, Germans, French, and English. During colonial times, other styles unique to
the United States began to evolve. They include the Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison
styles. Later, the classic traditional styles of Georgian, Federal, Adam, Early Classical
Revival, Greek Revival, Southern Colonial, and Victorian were developed.
During the twentieth century, modern and contemporary housing was designed to fit
and take advantage of the environment and changing lifestyles. Modern houses include
the Prairie Style, the bungalow, the International Style, the ranch and its variations, and
different versions of the split-level.
Contemporary housing covers the styles of homes that are built today. Two
categories of contemporary design are the solar house and the earth-sheltered house.
Contemporary homes may use traditional or modern styles, or can be a unique, distinctive
one-of-a-kind design. Postmodernism is a recent approach to housing design that often
combines features of past housing with a new look that sometimes has a jarring effect
on the viewer.
As housing styles continue to evolve to meet changing trends and lifestyles,
preserving the best of the past for future generations is desirable. Historical preservation
saves outstanding examples of past architectural styles from demolition or significant
alteration.
Answer Key
1. Spanish
2. Folk style originates
from the common
experiences of a group
of people. Classic
style refers to the use
of formal architectural
elements recognized
over time for their
enduring design
excellence.
3. built in southern coastal
regions; one-room
wooden building with a
wood or stone chimney
at one end
4. (See pages 170–172 of
the text.)
Review the Facts
1. Red tile roofs, enclosed patios, and arch-shaped windows and doors are
characteristics of which style of traditional housing?
2. Contrast the meaning of folk and classic styles of traditional architecture.
3. What are the characteristics of a Tidewater South home?
4. Compare and contrast the following styles: Cape Cod, Saltbox, and Garrison.
5. Name two features typical of the Spanish style.
6. How were log cabins built?
7. What are the similarities and differences between the Dutch Colonial and the
French Manor house styles?
8. Identify three features of a Georgian-style house.
9. What two architectural styles emerged from the Federal period?
10. What is the difference between a portico and a pediment?
11. How can you identify Greek Revival style architecture?
12. Identify four characteristics of Victorian houses.
13. Who designed the Prairie style house?
14. What two features were characteristic of houses built in the International style in
the United States?
15. Name one advantage and one disadvantage of the ranch house.
16. What kind of lot is best suited to the split-level house style?
5. (List two:) red tile roofs,
construction of adobe
brick or stone covered
in stucco, earthen
floors, beamed ceilings,
whitewashed plaster
walls, asymmetrical
design, courtyards,
enclosed patios,
wrought iron exterior
decor, arched windows
and doors
6. Log cabins were built
on a stone or rock
foundation. The logs
were squared off,
notched, and then
stacked. Chinking was
used to fill in the gaps
between the logs and
was then covered with a
layer of mud. A door and
window were cut into the
house.
7. (See pages 174–175 of
the text.)
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17, Contrast the following roof styles: gable, gambrel, and hip.
Technology Applications
18. Solar and earth-sheltered houses are two energy-efficient examples of the _____
housing style.
25. Log cabin technology. From the early Swedish immigrants to modern time, the
log cabin remains a house style appealing to many in the U.S. culture. Trace the
roots of the log cabin from its earliest beginnings to present time. How has the
technology (the practical application of knowledge in a particular area) for building
log cabins changed over the years? What role does computer-aided drafting
and design (CADD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) play in building
modern-day log cabins? Use presentation software to share your findings with the
class.
Think Critically
8. (List three:) simple
exterior lines; dignified
appearances;
symmetry; centrally
located front doors;
windows with small
panes of glass;
gable or hip roofs;
tall chimney at each
end of the roof; eave,
door, and window
ornamentation
19. Draw conclusions. As many older homes and buildings face destruction in the
modern world, many people are striving to preserve the heritage of these older
structures. Draw conclusions about why is there growing concern to restore and
preserve these older buildings.
20. Form a hypothesis. Review the styles of architecture from the 1700s to the
present time. How are architectural features similar and different throughout the
ages? What features appear again and again? Form a hypothesis about why
certain architectural features are presently popular. What does this say about
people and culture?
Community Links
9. Adam style and Early
Classical Revival
10. A portico is an open
space covered with
a roof supported by
columns. A pediment
is an architectural
rooflike decoration
usually found over a
portico, window, or
door.
11. two-story portico
supported by Greek
columns with a large
triangular pediment
21. Walking tour. Take a walking tour of one of the oldest residential areas of your
community. What styles of architecture do you see? If possible, take a few
digital photos of the various architectural styles (be sure to ask permission of the
owners). Then examine the historical records of your community to find out when
it was first settled. Who were the earliest inhabitants? Which of the houses in your
photos can you track down? Prepare a photo essay and summarize your findings
for the class.
22. Real estate research. Use Internet or print resources to examine the classified
ads about real estate in your local community. Using the information and pictures
in the ads, compile a price list of different styles of homes that are currently on
the market. What styles do the ads mention? What are their descriptions? What
architectural trends can you identify in the ads? Are older homes more expensive
because of historical significance? Are certain styles of homes priced below the
market average? Is there a style of house that reflects the greatest value?
Academic Connections
12. (List four:) abundance
of decorative trim
(gingerbread), high
porches, steep gable
roofs, tall windows,
turrets, high ceilings,
dark stairways, long
halls
13. Frank Lloyd Wright
14. geometric shapes
and large expanses of
glass windows
23. Writing. Imagine you and your family were among the early settlers in North
America. Pick a style of Folk architecture and write a story that describes the
lifestyle you and your family might have experienced living in the house. Think in
terms of cooking, sleeping, bathing, working, learning, enjoying recreation, and
conducting other aspects of daily life. You may wish to illustrate your story. Share
your story with the class.
24. History. Choose an architect to research, such as Thomas Jefferson, Frank
Lloyd Wright, Robert and James Adams, William Morris, Walter Gropius, Ludwig
Mies van der Rohe, Robert Venturi, or Frank Gehry. Write a one-page report
summarizing the architectural influence of the architect. Include photos or
drawings of this architect’s work that represent his/her style. To where would your
class need to travel to find the closest example of a building designed by this
architect?
26. Earth-sheltered house technology. For many generations, people have used
the soil to help protect their homes from severe climate conditions. Investigate
ways that computer technology has improved the way people build earth-sheltered
structures. How is beauty combined with form and function in such houses? How
does 3-D modeling help improve such designs?
191
15. (List one of each:)
advantages—easy to
maintain, easy to walk
through, informal, many
variations, few or no
stairs; disadvantages—
uses much space,
expensive to build, not
as energy efficient as
more compact homes
Design Practice
27. House design. Imagine you are an architect designing housing in the year 2030.
Create an exterior design that you think would reflect future design trends. Does
your design relate to any previous historical styles or time periods? What features
of exterior design, if any, do you think are classic and will be repeated in the
future? How does your design relate to changes of lifestyle for future generations?
28. Portfolio. Presume you are a contractor who is selecting photos, drawings,
and descriptions of the house styles your company builds for a new Web site.
Determine the styles of homes that your business will offer. If the styles are part of
a planned housing development or subdivision, describe it as well. Put together a
storyboard of your offerings in preparation for meeting with a Web designer.
Citizenship and Historical Preservation
Check out your community’s Web site or the telephone directory to find out
about a historical preservation group in your area. Alone or with your team,
attend a meeting of this group to learn more about the group’s activities with
historic preservation. What needs does the organization have? How can youth
get involved?
Report your findings to your FCCLA chapter. Determine if and how your
team might work with this organization to help preserve historic buildings in
your community. Then use the FCCLA Planning Process to plan, carry out, and
evaluate your project. Use your project for an FCCLA Illustrated Talk STAR Event
or a project for Leaders at Work. See your adviser for information as needed.
16. sloping
17. gable—comes to a high
point in the center and
slopes on both sides;
gambrel—has a lower
steeper slope and an
upper less-steep slope
on both of its sides;
hip—has sloping ends
and sides
18. Contemporary

Chapter 6 - Goodheart

Transcription

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