Pelan Pengurusan Persisiran Pantai Bersepadu (ISMP)

Transcription

JABATAN PENGAIRAN DAN SALIRAN MALAYSIA
bagi Pantai Barat Negeri Sabah (Papar – Tuaran)
Executive Summary
FINAL REPORT
NOVEMBER 2012
bagi Pantai Barat Negeri Sabah (Papar – Tuaran)
Executive Summary
PY Konsep Perunding Sdn. Bhd.
(150165-U)
Lot 15 & 16, 1st Floor, Block C,
Iramanis Centre, Jalan Lintas,
88450 Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah,
Malaysia
bagi Pantai Barat Negeri Sabah (Papar-Tuaran)
Contents
1
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.1
General ................................................................................................................................................................................. 1-1
1.2
ISMP Study Objectives and Scope ............................................................................................................................ 1-1
1.3
Study Sectors ..................................................................................................................................................................... 1-2
1.3.1 Physical Environment..................................................................................................................................... 1-3
1.3.2 Biological Environment ................................................................................................................................. 1-3
1.3.3 Land Use, Tourism and Recreation ........................................................................................................... 1-4
1.3.4 Socio Economics ................................................................................................................................................ 1-4
1.3.5 Legal, Institutional and Policy Framework ........................................................................................... 1-4
1.3.6 Shoreline Protection and Restoration Options .................................................................................... 1-5
1.4
Report Structure .............................................................................................................................................................. 1-5
1.5
Study Area and Management Units ......................................................................................................................... 1-5
1.5.1 Coastal Sediment Cells ................................................................................................................................... 1-5
1.5.1.1 Primary Cells ..................................................................................................................................... 1-7
1.5.1.2 Secondary Cells (Subcells) .......................................................................................................... 1-8
1.5.2 Management Units ........................................................................................................................................... 1-8
1.6
Defining Management Objectives and Strategies ........................................................................................... 1-13
2 Baseline Findings ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1
Physical Environment ................................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1 Coastal Morphology ....................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1.1 Erosion ............................................................................................................................................... 2-1
2.1.1.2 Sedimentation ................................................................................................................................. 2-2
2.1.2 Coastal Protection and Reclamations .................................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2.1 Coastal Protection ......................................................................................................................... 2-2
2.1.2.2 Reclamation...................................................................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.3 Coastal Flooding ............................................................................................................................................... 2-3
2.1.4 Dredging .............................................................................................................................................................. 2-4
2.1.5 Sand Mining........................................................................................................................................................ 2-4
2.1.6 Water Quality .................................................................................................................................................... 2-4
2.2
Biological Environment ................................................................................................................................................ 2-4
2.2.1 Coastal Habitats ................................................................................................................................................. 2-4
2.2.2 Coral Reefs ........................................................................................................................................................... 2-5
2.2.3 Seagrass ................................................................................................................................................................ 2-5
2.2.4 Marine Fauna ...................................................................................................................................................... 2-6
2.2.5 Fishery and Aquaculture ............................................................................................................................... 2-6
2.3
Land use, Tourism and Recreation .......................................................................................................................... 2-6
2.4S
Socio-economics .............................................................................................................................................................. 2-7
2.4.1 Economic Background .................................................................................................................................... 2-7
2.4.2 Demography........................................................................................................................................................ 2-7
2.4.3 Issues faced by Coastal Communities ...................................................................................................... 2-8
3
Stakeholders Comments and Inputs ...................................................................................................................... 3-1
4
Sectoral Study ................................................................................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1
Coastal Flooding, Tsunami and Climate Change ............................................................................................... 4-1
4.1.1 Coastal Flooding ................................................................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1.2 Tsunami ................................................................................................................................................................. 4-1
4.1.3 Climate Change ................................................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2
Coastal Erosion Management .................................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1 Coastal Management Options ....................................................................................................................... 4-2
4.2.1.1 Setback Lines and Buffer Zones .................................................................................................. 4-2
4.2.2 Specific Coastal Management (Erosion) .................................................................................................. 4-3
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4.3 River Mouths and Sand Mining ..............................................................................................................................................4-3
4.3.1 Common Problems within River Mouth Areas ......................................................................................4-3
4.3.2 River Mouth Improvement Options ...........................................................................................................4-4
4.3.3 Sand Mining...........................................................................................................................................................4-4
4.4 Proposed Development and Guidelines .............................................................................................................................4-5
4.4.1 Kinarut Tourism Cluster Development (Reclamation)......................................................................4-5
4.5 Coastal Monitoring .......................................................................................................................................................................4-8
4.5.1 Recommended Shoreline Monitoring System .......................................................................................4-8
4.6 Enhancing Water Quality ..........................................................................................................................................................4-8
4.6.1 Strategies and Interventions ......................................................................................................................................4-9
4.6.1.1 Managing Discharges .......................................................................................................................4-9
4.6.1.2 Solid Wastes .........................................................................................................................................4-9
4.6.1.3 Improve Environmental Management at Industrial Areas .............................................4-9
4.6.1.4 Sustainable Aquaculture Activities ............................................................................................4-9
4.7 Beach Beautification and Restoration Plan.................................................................................................................. 4-10
4.7.1 Proposed Development Options ............................................................................................................... 4-10
4.7.2 Integral Beach Management Plan ............................................................................................................. 4-13
4.8 Governance................................................................................................................................................................................. 4-13
4.8.1 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................... 4-13
5 Information Management System ............................................................................................................................ 5-1
6 Recommendations .......................................................................................................................................................... 6-1
7 Management Objectives ............................................................................................................................................... 7-1
8
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8-1
Figures
Figure 1.1
Figure 1.2
Figure 1.3
Figure 1.4
Figure 1.5
Figure 1.6
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
Study area...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1-6
Defined cell and subcell boundaries. ................................................................................................................................................ 1-7
Management units defined for Kimanis Special Cell. ............................................................................................................ 1-10
Management units defined for Papar Cell. ................................................................................................................................. 1-11
Management units defined for Kota Kinabalu Cell. ................................................................................................................ 1-12
Management units defined for Tuaran Cell................................................................................................................................ 1-13
Recommended cluster development alternative set out in the West Coast of Sabah Shoreline Management
Plan, 1998. (Alternative BII). ............................................................................................................................................................... 4-6
Kinarut Tourism Cluster alternative layouts. .............................................................................................................................. 4-7
Option 1 for beautification and restoration of Tg. Aru Beach. .......................................................................................... 4-11
Option 2 for beautification and restoration of Tg. Aru Beach. .......................................................................................... 4-12
Tables
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Table 6.1
Table 7.1
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Recommended design seawater level for West Coast of Sabah. ......................................................................................... 4-1
Sabah Development Corridor Entry Point Projects within study area. ........................................................................... 4-5
Recommendations highlighted within sectoral reports. ........................................................................................................ 6-1
List of management objectives within each of the 67 management units. .................................................................... 7-1
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Summary
1
Introduction
1.1
General
Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (JPS),also referred to as the Department of Irrigation and
Drainage (DID), Malaysia, awarded PY Konsep Perunding Sdn Bhd the study “Pelan Pengurusan
Persisiran Pantai Bersepadu (ISMP) bagi Pantai Barat Negeri Sabah (Papar-Tuaran)” on 20th July
2011 viz letter of appointment ref. no: (15)dlm PPS(S)14/11 JLD.2.
The commencement date of this study was set as 1st August 2012 with an original study period
of twelve (12) months and completion by 31st July 2012, but extended due to issues on primary
and secondary data collection.
1.2
ISMP Study Objectives and Scope
The main aims of the ISMP study are:
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Reduce risks to people and property from coastal erosion and/or flooding;
Improve and enhance the quality of recreational beaches;
Assist in the conservation of the coastal environment and areas of historical, archaeological
value;
Assist in the planning of land use along the coastal area;
Assist the State Government and the various State Government Agencies/Departments in
making informed decisions with respect to the development in the coastal area.
The state vision, local plans and proposed development plans have, where appropriate, been
considered in the formulation of objectives and strategies for the management of the shoreline.
However, other factors considered are:
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Environmental sustainability
Need for conservation of environmentally sensitive areas
To facilitate and enhance the enjoyment and appreciation by the public of the natural
beauty of the coastline through improving and extending opportunities for recreational,
educational, sporting and tourism activities that draw on, and are consistent with the
conservation and protection of their natural beauty;
Livelihood of fishermen
Welfare, social and cultural needs of existing and future coastal population
Planning and protection of developments in areas vulnerable to coastal hazards such as
erosion, flooding and water pollution.
The ToR outlined the objectives of the study as follow:
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Re-appraisal of the erosion status based on the categories set in the National Coastal
Erosion Study 1985 and previous Shoreline Management Plans for the State of Sabah;
Appraisal of coastal erosion control options and the expected impacts of their
implementation to the adjacent areas and environment;
Selection of coastal development management strategies along the shoreline;
Formulation of specific guidelines for development activities along the shoreline
To enhance the use of ICT/GIS within the various State Agencies and the State Government
with an easily accessible depository of ISMP data.
1-1
Based on the ToR the study included three (3) phases, namely:
Phase 1: Data Collection and Analysis
Phase 1 covered data collection and analyses and included the following:
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Collection of primary and secondary data
Coastal hydraulic study
Analysis of coastal processes
Environmental assessment
Recreational and tourism assessment
Archaeological and historical assessment
Land use assessment
Legal and institutional assessment
Phase 2: Setting Management Objectives
Management objectives for the shoreline have been defined on basis of all data that have been
collected and analysed. Some of these objectives are applicable to the whole shoreline while
others are more specific. These objectives have been ranked in the order of importance, after
consultation with all the relevant parties that have had opportunities to review and refine them.
These proposed objectives have been finalized and adopted with the concurrence of the state
Government and the relevant authorities.
The appraisal and selection of coastal development management objectives and strategies have
been presented to all KKPG members at meetings to allow for the interest and aspirations of
each party to be understood and taken into consideration in the ISMP. These meetings have
allow the members to be kept informed of all developments, provide opportunity for member
contribution and address any area of conflicting interest during the setting of the management
objectives.
Phase 3: Preparation of Plan
The ISMP concluded with Phase 3 which included the following tasks and outputs:
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1.3
Classification of shoreline;
Coastal defence options;
Coastal development management strategies;
An information system comprising of a spatial (GIS based) and a non-spatial information
system
Develop specific guidelines and conditions
Development of GIS coverage for the integrated shoreline management of the coastline from
Papar to Tuaran, Sabah.
Conceptual layouts for beach stabilisation and improvement of water quality for focus areas
to enhance aesthetic and recreational values
Study Sectors
For integrated shoreline management planning multiple sectors affecting the shoreline zone
have been considered. The sectors are:
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1-2
Physical environment considering processes affecting shoreline morphology and evolution
and water quality
Biological environment covering environmental aspects such as coastal and marine ecology
Land use, tourism and recreation
Socio-economics in general and on coastal villages in particular
Legal, institutional and policy framework governing for the development of the plan
Shoreline protection and restoration options
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Summary
The scope for each sector is briefly described in subsequent sections.
1.3.1
Physical Environment
The scope of works for the description of the physical environment includes:
 Primary surveys and collection of secondary data for analysis of coastal processes.
 Catchment modelling:
- Development of catchment and pollution load models to estimate pollution generated
on a catchment basis and to identify main pollutant sources.
 Coastal hydraulic modelling:
- Development of detailed nearshore wave model for derivation of temporal and spatial
variation of wave characteristics along the shoreline.
- Development of a detailed local hydrodynamic model capable of resolving the details of
the nearshore tidal and non-tidal water movements along the shoreline and within
estuaries
- Development of sediment transport models to describe sediment transport along the
shore and bypass of sediments around headlands (natural or artificial) and across river
mouths
 Establishment of littoral sediment budget along the shoreline
 Assess the long term morphology evolution due to coastal developments and to determine
the best coastal defence option for problem areas
 Estimate coastal flood levels
 Assess the spatial and temporal excursion of turbid sediment plumes emanating from the
main riverine sources
 Assess the spatial and temporal dispersion of pollutants discharged from rivers and drains
Formulate management strategies and recommendations to minimise pollution levels for
critical areas
1.3.2
Biological Environment
The main objective of the biological-ecological environmental assessment was to identify and
evaluate the importance of the various ecological resources within the study area which would
guide or influence shoreline management strategies and coastal defence options. In order to
achieve this, the following activities were carried out:
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Terrestrial/Intertidal Habitat Assessment(including mangroves)
- Collation of data from relevant authorities and agencies to identify various landforms,
habitats and linkages
- Mapping of vegetation units based on satellite image analysis and ground truthing.
- Profiling ofvegetation units.
- Evaluation and assessment of important habitats and population. This includes also the
potential threats to the ecological management units
- Formulate management objectives for terrestrial habitats
- Recommend management strategies for ecological units
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Marine Resources
- Collation of data from relevant authorities and agencies to identify presence and
distribution of sensitive marine habitats and fauna.
- Carry out rapid surveys of selected areas where information on reefs/ seagrass areas is
outdated or lacking.
- Evaluate and assess the distribution of coral reefs and seagrass beds and their health
- Evaluate and assess the presence of aquatic fauna of conservation value, such as turtles
and dolphins
- Formulate management objectives and strategies for marine habitats
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Aquaculture and Fisheries Resources
- Collation of data from relevant authorities and agencies to identify main fishing
grounds and aquaculture activities
1-3
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1.3.3
Assess marine habitats identified above for suitability as fishing breeding and nursery
grounds.
Land Use, Tourism and Recreation
The assessment of the land use included mapping of present (actual) land use,including existing
tourism and recreational facilities, based on satellite imagery analysis, data from relevant
authorities and ground truthing surveys. The following components were assessed during the
shoreline surveys:
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Beach Quality Surveys including observations of water clarity, beach width, beach quality
(debris or solid wastes), tranquility as measures of overall suitability for recreation and
tourism.
Survey of all resorts and recreational areas along the study area shoreline
Future land use proposals were determined through available Local and District Plans from the
Town and Regional Planning Department and local authorities, and planned future development
activities in particular from the Sabah Development Corridor proposals. These development
proposals were assessed with respect to the findings of the study and existing guidelines on
coastal and waterfront developments. Where possible, the developments have been integrated
with the recommendations of this study, while general guidelines and policies with respect to
development activities in coastal areas have also been formulated.
1.3.4
Socio Economics
The socio-economic evaluation covered the following aspects:
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Demography. General demographic analysis includes population size, growth, structure and
spatial distribution based on Department of Statistics information.
Economic activities - general economic activities within the study area, including fisheries,
tourism and industries.
A socioeconomic survey was also carried out in order to collection additional information
on the local communities’ perception of environmental conditions, threats such as erosion
and pollution, and their receptiveness to development, such as tourism or other
developments in their localities.
The survey was carried out from late November to mid December 2011 and covered 28 coastal
villages in the districts of Papar, Putatan, Kota Kinabalu and Tuaran.
1.3.5
Legal, Institutional and Policy Framework
The scope for the legal, institutional and policy framework covered the following:
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1-4
Review and evaluation of existing institutional framework for the management of the
shoreline in Sabah and in the districts within the study area.
Review and evaluation of existing legal framework for the control and regulation of
development activities along the shoreline of Sabah and in the coastal districts within the
study area in particular
Review and evaluate existing State/Federal Government policies on ISMP in general and the
management and development of the Sabah State shoreline, in particular with reference to
the existing Sabah Shoreline Management Plan adopted by the State Cabinet in 2006
Identify and summarise the main issues and problems related to the existing institutional
and legal framework for shoreline management in Sabah
Propose where necessary any requirements for new policies, strategies, legislations,
regulations, guidelines or institutional arrangements for the integrated management of the
shoreline in the study area
Make recommendations for institutional arrangements for the implementation of the
present ISMP and make appropriate recommendations
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Summary
1.3.6
Shoreline Protection and Restoration Options
The scope of works for the relating to shoreline protection and restoration options included:
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1.4
Description of advantages and disadvantages of different shoreline protection options
General coastal engineering guidance for design of shoreline protection
Recommendation of shoreline protection or restoration for areas currently facing erosion
Provision of conceptual plan for beautification and restoration of selected stretches of
shoreline by beach nourishment works and any other structural or non-structural measures
to beautify the shoreline.
Report Structure
The ISMP Report is presented in three volumes as follows:
Volume 1 – Main Volume – Summary and MU Objectives and Strategies. This volume
provides general discussion on the main coastal management issues for the shoreline from
Papar to Turan and the broad principles considered in formulating the MU objectives and
strategies. For ease of reference MU objectives and strategies are presented on tabular form.
The earlier SMP was in 2007 endorsed by the State Cabinet and forms today the basis for the
management of the shoreline for the State of Sabah. It is the intention and hope that the present
plan that in greater detail addresses managements issues and detail development strategies
along the stretch of shoreline from Papar to Tuaran, Sabah in due time will become the statutory
plan. For some MUs management objectives and strategies may have changed or amendments
made and for easy reference previous and present management objectives and strategies have
been tabulated and included in an appendix.
Volume 2 – Managing the Shoreline from Papar to Tuaran – Challenges and
Opportunities.This volume contains detailed and specific discussions and recommendations on
major coastal management aspects. Issues covered inlcude coastal flooding and tsunami, climate
change, coastal erosion and sedimentation, coastal protection, dredging and sand mining,
potential impacts of proposed coastal developments, water quality, beach beautification and
restoration as well as governance.
Volume 3 – Baseline Report. A significant amount of data has been collected during the course
of the study. This volume describes both primary and secondary and primary data collected as
well as the analyses carried out and the organisation of data into an IMS.
1.5
Study Area and Management Units
The geographic scope of the ISMP covers the area from Kuala Papar in the Papar district up to
Tg. Luok Pisok in the Tuaran district (Figure 1.1), with the approximate shoreline length of 100
km. The extent of the shoreline area to be considered in the study is general 1 km landward and
12 km seaward of the shoreline. There are twelve islands within the study area of which the
islands of Pulau Sulug, Mamutik, Manukan, Sapi and a large portion of P. Gaya are protected
within the Tunku Abdul Rahman Park (TARP). The part of islands within these parks
isconsidered in the study as a single management unit (protected area unit).
1.5.1
Coastal Sediment Cells
The shoreline within the study area has been sub-divided into three (3) main coastal sediment
cells containing a number of sub-cells. The delineation of cells and sub-cells is based upon
sections of coastline with similar sediment transport and morphological characteristics (see
Figure 1.2).
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1-5
Figure 1.1
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Study area.
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Figure 1.2
1.5.1.1
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Defined cell and subcell boundaries.
Primary Cells
A primary sediment cell is defined as a section of coast bounded by morphological features
around which there is negligible sediment bypass, even during extreme events, or bounded by
major rivers where the sediment supply from the river dominates the littoral drift.
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Based upon this definition, it follows that coastal construction in one primary cell will have no
influence on the shoreline morphology of adjacent cells. Pollution and fine sediments may
however be transported by marine currents from one cell to another.
The three (3) primary cells defined within the study area (cell number in brackets corresponds
to the definition of the Sabah SMP from 2005) are delineated below (south to north) and shown
in Figure 1.2:
1.
2.
3.
Papar Primary cell (Cell 5) delineated by Kuala Papar in the south and Tg. Aru headland in
the north
Kota Kinabalu Primary Cell (Cell 6) delineated by Tg. Aru headland and Tg. Kaitan
Tuaran Primary Cell (Cell 7) delineated by Tg. Kaitan and Tg. Luok Pisok to the north
Kuala Papar is as per the ToR the southern boundary of the study area, but due to the notorious
erosion problems encountered at Pantai Manis immediately south of Kuala Papar the study area
has been extended a few kilometres southward and a special cell has been defined:
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1.5.1.2
Secondary Cells (Subcells)
Secondary cells divide the primary cells into smaller sections, which exhibit similar sediment
transport characteristics and are bounded by features around which sediment bypass is small
during normal conditions, although there may be considerable bypass during extreme
events.Based upon this definition, it follows that coastal construction in one secondary cell will
only have a small influence on adjacent subcells.
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1.5.2
Pantai Manis Special Cell (part of Cell 4) covering the coastline parcel of Pantai Manis
bounded by Kuala Papar to the north
Papar Primary Cell into three (3) subcells:
- North-Papar
- Kinarut and
- Tg. Aru
Kota Kinabalu Primary Cell into five (5) subcells:
- KK City
- Likas
- Tarak Tarak
- Sapangar
- Tg. Gaya
Tuaran Primary Cell into two (2) sub-cells:
- Karambunai and
- Sabandar Bay
Management Units
For each subcell, smaller management units (MUs) which possess coherent features in terms of
physical characteristics and land use have been defined. In some cases, separate submanagement units or hinterland management units are defined within each management unit
due to their distinct land use or natural feature differ from the main management unit fronting
the shoreline (e.g. in the case of estuaries or mangrove systems which extend some distance
inland and need to be considered under the ISMP yet are not located along the shoreline).
Generally the following factors have been considered while defining the MUs:
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Coastal processes (littoral drift, sediment type, etc.)
Erosion threat and coastal protection requirements
Beach quality
Hinterland land use
Cadastral and administrative boundaries
Socio-cultural issues
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Defined MUs and their code names are as far as possible similar to previous selections made in
the earlier SMP, however, management unit boundaries have been amended which has resulted
in addition or deletion of some MUs along the study area and in total 67 MUs have been defined.
For readers familiar with the earlier SMP Appendix A may be used for cross referencing.
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Pantai Manis Special Cell into 2 management units:
- C4-14: Pantai Manis
- C4-15: Papar Islamic School
Papar Cell into 22 management units and has 3 sub management units:
- C5-01: Kuala Papar
- C5-02: Sg. Papar to Sg. Pengalat
- C5-02b: Immediate Hinterland
- C5-03: Sg. Pengalat Estuary
- C5-04: Summer Bay, Melinsung
- C5-04b: Melinsung Mangroves
- C5-05: Tg. Melinsung
- C5-06: Tg. Melinsung to Sg. Kawang
- C5-07: Sg. Kawang Mangroves
- C5-08: Sg. Kawang to Kg. Kinarut Laut
- C5-09: Kg. Kinarut Laut to Sg. Kinarut
- C5-10: Sg. Kinarut Mangroves
- C5-11: Palm Beach
- C5-12: Kinarut Beach
- C5-13: Kg. Karang to Lok Kawi Army Base
- C5-14: Lok Kawi Tourism Cluster Phase I
- C5-15: Lok Kawi Tourism Cluster Phase II
- C5-16: Meruntum Lagoon North
- C5-17: Sg. Putatan to Tg. Dumpil
- C5-18: Tg. Dumpil
- C5-19: Tg. Dumpil to Sg. Petagas
- C5-20: Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA)
- C5-20b: Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA) Runway Extended
- C5-21: Tanjung Aru Beach
- C5-22: Pulau Dinawan
Kota Kinabalu Cell into 22 management units and has 3 sub management unit:
- C6-01: Shangri-La’s Tanjung Aru Resort (STAR)
- C6-02: Kg. Tanjung Aru to Sutera Harbour
- C6-03: Sutera Harbour/Sembulan
- C6-04: KK Times Square
- C6-05: Central Bus Station
- C6-06: Kota Kinabalu Waterfront
- C6-07: Kota Kinabalu Port
- C6-08: Tg. Lipat to Likas Beach
- C6-09: Likas Beach to Anjung Selera
- C6-09b: Likas Lagoon
- C6-10: Sg. Inanam Mangroves
- C6-11: Sg. Inanam to Kg. Layang-Layang
- C6-12: Kg. Tarak-Tarak to Sg. Menggatal
- C6-13: Sg. Menggatal Estuary
- C6-14: UiTM Campus
- C6-15: Sapangar Bay Industrial Area
- C6-16: Sapangar Fish Factory
- C6-17 : Sapangar Naval Base
- C6-18 : Ocean Quarry
- C6-19: Tg. Gaya and Tg. Kaitan
- C6-20: Pulau Sepangar
- C6-21: Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park (TARP)
- C6-22: Gaya Island
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- C6-22b : Tg. Logong
- C6-22c : Gayana Island Resort
Tuaran Cell into 9 management units and has 6 sub management units:
- C7-01: Nexus Karambunai
- C7-02: Kuala Karambunai and Estuaries
- C7-02b: Petronas Complex
- C7-02c: Salut – Mengkabung Estuaries
- C7-02d: Gayang
- C7-03: Shangri-La’s Rasa Ria Resort
- C7-03b: Estuary between Tg. Badak and Kg. Trayong
- C7-03c: Kg. Trayong
- C7-04: Kuala Tambalang
- C7-05: Sabandar Beach
- C7-05b: Tambalang Estuary Mangroves
- C7-06: Kuala Tuaran
- C7-07: Mimpian Jadi Resort
- C7-08: Sulaman Estuary
- C7-09: Sulaman Peninsula
Defined MUs and their code names for the Kimanis special cell, Papar, Kota Kinabalu and Tuaran
Cells well as Pantai Manis Special Cell are shown in Figure 1.3 to Figure 1.6. A total of 67
management units are defined for the whole study area.
Figure 1.3
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Management units defined for Kimanis Special Cell.
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Figure 1.4
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Management units defined for Papar Cell.
1-11
Figure 1.5
1-12
Management units defined for Kota Kinabalu Cell.
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Figure 1.6
1.6
Management units defined for Tuaran Cell.
Defining Management Objectives and Strategies
Management objectives and strategies for each MU (defined in Section 1.5) have been derived
following the methodology outlined below:
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1-13
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
Identify and describe features
Develop management objectives
Rank features/objectives
Develop management strategies that fulfil the objectives for the feature.
Management strategies to address the management objectives have been defined and as with
the management objectives, specific rather than generic management strategies have been
developed for each MU based on the identified and prioritised management objectives.
Management strategies have been proposed based on those that best fulfil the top ranked
objectives. For example, if the management objective for a particular MU is to protect both a
recreational beach and a hotel from erosion, the strategy for coastal defence needs to be tailored
to the protection of the hotel while at the same time allowing for recreational activities to be
promoted. In this example, a soft defence strategy may be favoured over a hard coastal defence
structure.
In general, the MU-specific management strategies may include those related to the following:




1-14
Setback - specification of the recommended setback for the particular MU
Coastal defence – specification of recommended coastal defence option for the MU
Landuse and coastal development recommendations, outline concept plans, including
constraints or best-practice guidelines
Conservation strategies or initiatives.
Exec
Summary
2
Baseline Findings
The baseline report findings from the various sectors have formed the basis for the
development of the ISMP with particular attention given to areas with development potential
(achieved in a sustainable manner)and areas where critical issues have been identified. To give a brief
overview important findings and critical issues have been summarised by sectors:




2.1
Physical environment (coastal morphology (erosion and sedimentation), coastal flooding,
coastal protection, water quality)
Biological environment (terrestrial and marine habitats, fisheries and aquaculture)
Land use, tourism and recreation
Socio-economics
Physical Environment
The physical environment sector covers several aspects including coastal morphology, coastal
flooding, coastal protection, dredging, reclamation, sand mining and water quality. The issues
identified in relation hereto are summarised below.
2.1.1
Coastal Morphology
The coastal stretch from Papar to Tuaran is characterised by its diversity and features a variety
of coastal environments that may roughly be divided into two main categories:


Regulated or artificial coastlines.
Natural unspoiled coastal landscapes.
The coastline in and near Kota Kinabalu is made up by a significant fraction of regulated and
artificial coastlines:
i.
ii.
The regulated coastlines consists of harbours, ports, marinas, land reclamations, water
(stilt) villages, seawalls as well as coastal protection structures ranging from provisional to
massive protection schemes
The developed part of the coastline facilitates a great number of tourism spots with lowerend to world-renowned hotel/resorts, recreational facilities, waterfronts and also features
housing areas, industries and governmental zones
The coastal stretches towards Papar and Tuaran features unspoiled coastlinelandscape with
intermittent developments including housing areas/coastal villages, resorts and recreational
facilities. The coastal landscape varies significantly with littoral beaches (especially north of
Kota Kinabalu towards Tuaran), rocky headlands, river mouths, deltas, lagoons, estuaries, mud
flats, sand spits and mangrove swamps.
2.1.1.1
Erosion
More than 50 km of coastline within the study area is undergoing erosion and without
protection (or upgrade of existing protection) property, infrastructure or other values will
potentially be lost. The eroding coastline has been categorised based on the definitions by the
NCES.
Category 1 – Critical erosion with immediate danger for damage or loss of values:
i. Pantai Manis Beach south of Kuala Papar
ii. Kg. Kinarut Laut
iii. JKR Complex at near Sg. Putatan river mouth
iv. Kg. Contoh along beach at and south of Sg. Petagas
v. Nexus Residential Villa
Exec
summary
2-1
Category 2 – Significant erosion with loss of values with a 5 to 10 years period unless protected:
i. Palm Beach Villa
ii. Tg. Aru Beach at Prince Phillip Park
iii. Nexus Resort at Karambunai
iv. Karambunai Beach near Sg. Menkabung/Sg. Salut
v. Tuaran Beach Resortand private housing at Sabandar Beach
vi. Kuala Tuaran
Category 3 – Acceptable erosion with no or minor loss of value if not protected
i. Kg. Bundusan Papar between Sg. Papar to Sg. Pengalat
ii. Northern Beringgis Beach close to Sg. Kawang
iii. Sabandar Beach except area of Tuaran Beach Resort, private housing and areaimmediately
south of Kuala Tuaran
For most areas under Category 1 and 2, some coastal protection has been constructed, but have
since failed due to inadequate design of the protection structure.
The coastal erosion adjacent to Sg. Papar and Sg. Turan river mouths (Pantai Manis Beach, Kg.
Bundusan Papar and Sabandar Beach) may in part be ascribed to sand mining in the rivers.
2.1.1.2
Sedimentation
Sedimentation is a common problem for the river mouths within the study area and for most
rivers within the study area it is not possible to navigate through the river mouths with a small
boat and for some rivers there is also an increased risk of flooding. The increasing problem of
river mouth sedimentation may generally be ascribed to a combination of higher sediments
loads due to increased soil erosion in the river catchment following land clearing and reduction
in the flushing capacity through the river mouthas the tidal prism of the river is reduced by land
reclamation.
At Sg. Petagas river mouth the sedimentation has further increased following the reclamation
for the KKIA runway extension, causing the sediments transported along the shoreline (from Tg.
Dumpil and northward) to be trapped at the southern end of the reclamation.
Likas Bay is gradually becoming shallower due to discharge of sediments into the bay from
monsoon drains and primarily Sg. Inanam. The high sediment concentrations also affect the
quality of the beach.
2.1.2
Coastal Protection and Reclamations
There are a large number of coastal structures along the shoreline of the study area. In and near
Kota Kinabalu developments have mainly occurred on reclaimed land protected by revetments
and seawall, whereas at other locations developments originally located at some distance from
the shorelinehave become at risk due to erosion and coastal protection has been
constructed.Some of the coastal protection structure and reclamations are listed in the
following.
2.1.2.1
Coastal Protection
Coastal protection structures identified varies from revetments (rubble mounds), seawalls
(masonry, reinforced concrete or gabions) and groynes:
i.
ii.
2-2
Along Pantai Manis Beach precast concrete Labuan blocks have been installed in attempt to
arrest erosion, but blocks have overturned due to scour and wave action.
Long stretches of the shoreline within the study area are protected by rock revetments
(many of these structures are characterised by lack of engineering design and are more
rubble mounds):
a. Rock revetmentsin general good condition are found at Pantai Manis School south
of Sg. Papar, Beringgis Resort south of Sg. Kawang, Borneo Paradise and Langkah
Syabas Resorts along Kinarut Beach, Kota Kinabalu – Papar Highway at Lok Kawi,
Bay View Villa at Tg. Dumpil, Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA), Tg,
Exec
Summary
Lipatnorth of the old Kota Kinabalu Port, jetty belonging to University Malaysia
Sabah (UMS) and within Sapangar Bay
b. Rock revetments in poor condition (failed or failing) are found at Palm Beach
Housing Estate at Sg. Kinarut river mouth, JKR Complex north of Sg. Putatan, beach
south of Kg. Contoh, and Tuaran Beach Resort south of Sg. Tambalang
iii. Shorter stretches of the shoreline within the study are protected by seawalls (concrete or
gabions):
a. Concrete and gabion seawalls in general good condition are found south of Sg.
Kawang, Bay View Villa at Tg. Dumpil, Tg. Lipat north of the old Kota Kinabalu Port
and Likas Beach, Nexus Resort at Karambunai and at Tuaran Beach Resort.
b. Conctrete or masonry seawalls in poor condition (failed or failing) are found at Kg.
Kinarut Laut, Kg. Contoh, Tg. Aru Beachand Nexus Residental Villa at Karambunai
iv. Provisional shoreline protection of tires and concrete pile stubs are found at Kg. Contoh
near Sg. Petagas river mouth.
v. Groins are only found at Likas Beach where they function as terminal structures to prevent
loss of sand from the beach
The failing coastal protection structures are all found in areas subject to erosion and it appears
evident that these structures have been constructed without due consideration of coastal
engineering aspects..
2.1.2.2
Reclamation
Land has mainly been reclaimed around Kota Kinabalu with larger part of the city centre
developed on reclaimed land. Among the more significant or recent are:
i.
The extension of the runway for Kota Kinabalu International Airport (KKIA), which has
caused significant sedimentation at Sg. Petagas river mouth and slightly accelerated erosion
rates at the southern part of Tg. Aru beach. During construction problems with erosion was
noticeable at Kg. Contoh (southern bank of the river mouth), but this ascribed to illegal
activities by contractor
ii. The development of Jesselton Residences near Jesselton Point. Given that the Kota Kinabalu
waterfront is already protected and with no littoral transport the development will not
cause any morphological impacts and merely streamlines the water front
iii. At Sapangar Bay land have been reclaimed for industrial and port development, but with no
significant morphological impacts owing to the limited wave exposure and lack of littoral
zone
iv. The development of the Naval Base for the Royal Malaysian Navy. Land has been reclaimed
over reefs and a causeway constructed from the main land to P. Udar Kechil. Following the
construction of the causeway sedimentation has occurred on the northeastern shore of the
island
v. The Kota Kinabalu City Waterfront (KKCW)development at the city centre with a minor
reclamation on an already protected waterfront
vi. Magellan Sutera Resort and Pacific Sutera Hotel developed on reclaimed peninsular (island)
south of Kota Kinabalu city centre
vii. Bay View Villa housing estate between Tg. Dumpil and Sg. Putatan
viii. Reclamation fronting Kg. Karang to be part of the Lok Kawi Tourism Cluster. The
reclamation has created a narrow and shallow lagoon now partly closed at the southern end
due to trapping of sediments transported along the shore
Most of the reclamations have been protected by revetments and only at some of the recent
developments in Kota Kinabalu city centre seawalls have been used
2.1.3
Coastal Flooding
Coastal flooding is not a common problem within the study area but does occur:
i.
Exec
summary
At Karambunai (Nexus Resort) coastal flooding has been reported, although not reaching
the resort buildings
2-3
ii.
2.1.4
Relatively frequent flooding has been reported at Palm Beach Housing Estate at Sg. Kinarut
river mouth, this being due to a too low platform level for the development combined with
insufficient setback and poor design of coastal protection
Dredging
Higher loads of fine sediments and weak currents result in shallow river mouths with limited
flood conveyance and not navigable with even small boats. Dredging has for these reasons been
carried out or is being considered for some of the river mouths:
i.
ii.
2.1.5
Sg. Papar and Sg. Putatan river mouths have recently been dredged to improve navigability
Dredging is currently being considered to improve flood conveyance and navigability
through the river mouth of Sg. Petagas
Sand Mining
Sand mining or extraction is carried out at numerous locations in Sg. Papar and Sg. Tuaran.
Information on the quantities of sand extracted is not available, but morphological changes
(erosion) near the river mouths indicate that mining results in a deficit in sediment supply to
the shoreline.
2.1.6
Water Quality
The coastal and marine water quality varies significantly with the coastal and hinterland land
use and as such over the study area. Around Kota Kinabalu the high intensity land use for
residential, commercial and industrial purpose result in high pollutant loads in rivers and drains
discharging into the sea. For the lower intensity land use towards Papar and Tuaran pollutant
loads are significantly lower. The data collected for the present study indicates that the
discharges from land-based activities here are a far greater risk to the environment than
pollution from marine activities.
The major pollutants of concern are disease-causing microorganisms (e.g. E. coli), nutrients,
toxic contaminants, debris and sediments that may adversely impact marine flora and fauna,
fisheries and recreational beaches. The loads and the dispersion of pollutants vary with the
monsoon seasons and in comparison to the Malaysian Marine Water Quality Criteria and
Standard the present study reveals that:
iii. High total ammonia nitrogen concentrations exceeding Class 2 requirement are found along
the shoreline of Pantai Manis, North-Papar, Kinarut, Tg. Aru, Likas and Sabandar sub-cells.
iv. Phosphate and nitrate concentrations around Sg. Kinarut, Sg. Putatan and Sg. Menggatal
river mouths and Likas and Tarak-Tarak sub-cells exceeds for longer periods the Class 2
requirements
v. High faecal coliform concentrations are found relatively close to drains and river mouths
and concentrations exceeding Class 2 are observedaround Sg. Papar river mouth and the
sub-cells of Kinarut, Tg. Aru, Likas and Sabandar. Only coastal waters within Pantai Manis,
Sapangar, Tg. Gaya and Karambunai sub-cells comply with Class 2 standards
2.2
Biological Environment
2.2.1
Coastal Habitats
Coastal vegetation within the study area includes beach vegetation, grassland, lowland forests
and mangrove forests. Beach forests and woodlands are concentrated mainly within the Tuaran
and Papar districts, as the Kota Kinabalu city area extending down to the Putatan district is
mostly built-up, and comprises disturbed or artificial habitats such as open grasslands and
landscaped areas. Even in the more vegetated areas, the invasive Acacias are very common
within the beach forests, indicating previously disturbed habitats. Common beach flora includes
coconuts, Aru and Acacias. Less disturbed coastal forests are generally found on the islands,
such as P. Gaya, P. Sapangar, as well as on rocky headlands along the coastline.
2-4
Exec
Summary
The main mangrove areas within the study area are primarily associated with riverine and
estuarine systems, whereas coastal fringing mangroves are not a prominent feature within the
study area. Historically, the shoreline of Kota Kinabalu supported fringing mangrove habitats;
however, these were lost due to expansion of the city area through reclamation since the early
20th century.
The study findings indicate an estimated mangrove area of approximately 5,073 ha within the
ISMP project area. The most extensive distribution is found in the Sulaman and Mengkabung
bays. The Mengkabung and Sulaman mangroves are relatively intact with Sulaman mangrove
protected as a Mangrove Forest Reserve. Most mangrove areas within the study site are
however affected to some extent by conversion for road construction, residential development,
or other development. Other clearings were for conversion to agriculture and aquaculture
activities. When comparing the current mangrove extent to the distribution recorded in 2004,
there has been a loss of approximately 91.4 ha (2.4 %) of mangroves within the study area over
the approximately 7 year period.
Given the disturbed nature of the terrestrial vegetation in the study area, faunal habitats are
restricted primarily to mangrove areas and the coastal forests on headlands. Although no
studies have been carried out to determine the fauna of the study area, secondary data indicates
that the mangrove areas are highly diverse with different species of mammals, reptiles,
amphibians and birds, with a high proportion of species of high conservation value.
2.2.2
Coral Reefs
Coral reef distribution within the study area is concentrated in the central region, from
Kinarut/Lok Kawi in the south up to Tg. Kaitan (bounding Sapangar Bay) in the north.The coral
reefs in Sabah in general as well as in the study area have been rapidly and adversely impacted
by human activities in the past decades and the impacts are continuing today. Along the west
coast of Sabah, live coral cover has declined due to fish bombing, sedimentation, and effluent
run-off from mainland or nearby islands.
Despite the above threats, a number of areas of good quality reefs remain, namely, south of Sg.
Kinarut (although current status is uncertain), around P. Dinawan, the reefs of the Tunku Abdul
Rahman Park and around P. Sapangar. It is therefore proposed that these areas are prioritised
for conservation.
P. Dinawan should be conserved as a protected area due to the good quality coral reefs found
during the recent surveys. The fringing reefs of the southern part of the island have good coral
cover while reefs along other parts of the range in quality from poor to good. This island has
good potential as a tourist destination due to its location near the state capital. In view of the
quality of the reefs in the area, dive tourism should be explored in the area.
P. Sapangar has good potential as a tourist destination due to its location near the state capital,
Fair reef conditions and generally good water quality. The data basis in this area is however
2007 and hence some updates would be required. Due to its proximity to UMS, this site would
be ideal as a research station for the Borneo Marine Research Institute (BMRI). Dive tourism
could also be promoted to further protect this site and also to help reduce some of the pressure
on the reefs within TARP due to high visitor numbers.
2.2.3
Seagrass
Extensive seagrass beds are found in the large estuaries on the West Coast of Sabah, such as the
Mengkabung and Sulaman estuaries, while a number of other areas support smaller, patchy
seagrass beds such as on the southeastern side of P. Dinawan, around P. Gaya, northeast of P.
Sapangar, within Sapangar Bay, Salut, and the Mengkabung and Sulaman estuaries as mentioned
above.
Threats to the seagrass habitats within the study area include high sediment and nutrient
loading, where recent observations show stress due to sedimentation and algal epiphytic cover
Exec
summary
2-5
in areas such as Meruntum lagoon, Sapangar Bay and P. Gaya. The seagrass in Sapangar Bay is
also threatened by potential reclamation and expansion of industrial activities in the area.
2.2.4
Marine Fauna
The marine mega fauna found within the waters of Sabah is highly diverse with species of high
conservation value. Numerous sightings of marine mammals within the study area have been
recorded with the most recent occurrence on 10 January 2012 when a Pygmy killer whale
(Feresa attenuata) was found stranded on the Tg. Aru beach.
Large amounts of krill flowing out from the Mengkabung and Sulaman estuaries attract whale
sharks to the area. Whale sharks are one of the most common megafauna sighted within Kota
Kinabalu area where whale sharks are reportedly sighted at TARP by resort operators and
divers each year. In 1997, three (3) whale sharks were tagged in Usukan Island for a satellite
tracking study. The tagged whale sharks show that the whale sharks remains quite close to
shore, travelling from Usukan, going into Mengkabung Bay, TARP and to Pulau Tiga. It is
deduced that the whale sharks do not remain in one area and have a widespread movements
where they remain close to Borneo and Philippine Islands as they make their way to South
China Sea.
There are not many reported sightings and reports available of dolphins between Tuaran and
Papar waters except for occasional sightings by divers especially near TARP. Dugongs however
have been reported within the Sulaman Bay area, where seagrass beds are recorded.
Marine turtlescan be observed within the TARP area. No nesting beaches are reported along the
mainland shorelines. The most recent report turtle nesting was of a Hawksbill turtle found
laying eggs in P. Mamutik, TARP in 2009.
2.2.5
Fishery and Aquaculture
The coastline along essentially the entire study area, from Sapangar Bay down to Kimanis Bay is
classified as a fisheries area. In addition, the mangrove lined estuaries of Sulaman Bay,
Mengkabong Bay, Salut Bay and Pulau Gaya also support fisheries and aquaculture activities.
In Sabah, there are 16 Fisheries Districts, in which the study area is located within the Tuaran,
Kota Kinabalu and Papar fisheries districts. According to the Department of Fisheries Malaysia,
in 2007 a total of 2,565 fishermen were recorded from the three fishing districts, where a slight
increase in number of fishermen was recorded from 2007 to 2010. Between 2007 and 2010, the
highest number of registered fishermen was recorded in Kota Kinabalu, followed by Papar and
Tuaran.
A range of commercial and traditional fishing gears is used to harvest a large variety of species
within these fisheries zone. Types of fisheries resources landed within the waters of Sabah are
diadromous fish, marine fish (both demersal and pelagic), crustaceans and molluscs.
Miscellaneous resources like sea urchins and jellyfish are also part of the Sabah marine fish
resources.
The Department of Fisheries (DOF) Malaysia has designated numerous areas around Malaysian
waters for Aquaculture Industrial Zone for High Impact Projects. Under this programme, marine
aquaculture in Sabah is carried out using cage system, clam farming, seaweed farming and
hatchery activities. Two areas within the ISMP study area have been designated under this
programme, namely P. Gaya for cage system and Tg. Badak in Tuaran for hatchery activities.
2.3
Land use, Tourism and Recreation
The land use within the study area (1 km from the shoreline, and in some places further inland
in consideration of the inland limit of mangroves) comprises vegetated areas (27%), open space
(24%) and built up areas (30%), typically consisting of commercial, residential, institutional,
recreational and industrial land uses. Wetlands cover a further 16% of the study area.
2-6
Exec
Summary
Villages are scattered along the shoreline of the study area with a total of 35 villages recorded.
The highest number of coastal villages is found in the Tuaran District with a total of 15 villages,
followed by Kota Kinabalu (13 villages) and Papar (5 villages). Putatan has the least number of
coastal villages with only 2 reported.
The total area of alienated land within the study area is 7,017 ha (53%). The study area in Papar
has about 40% alienated land including in the foreshore reserve and nearshore (i.e. water
space) areas. Similarly, in the Putatan District there are also numerous land titles stretching into
the foreshore reserve and nearshore areas. There are several land titles issued in the marine
waters within the proposed tourism reclamation cluster extending from Tg. Dumpil down to Lok
Kawi, including titles issued along the Meruntum lagoon sand spit which has since been lost to
erosion. About 82% of the study area in the Kota Kinabalu District comprises alienated land
while in the Tuaran district, only around 19% of the coastal area is alienated land, the rest being
state land or forest reserves.
A total of 155 lodgings of various categories of hotels and resorts can be found along the Papar
to Tuaran stretch. Of these, 26 of the hotels and resorts are either sited on the shoreline or
reclaimed coastal land with seafront view. From the total of 21 accommodations within Papar to
Tuaran along the shoreline, 12 hotels and resorts were star rated, three (3) were orchid rated
and 6 were not rated as of reported by Sabah Tourism up to date.
There are many tourism and recreational attractions along the Papar to Tuaran coastal stretch,
with the most frequented recreational spots by either locals or foreigners being the beaches,
which is evidenced by the many resorts found strategically located at beachfront or on
waterfront property.
Tg. Aru Beach and Tg. Lipat in Kota Kinabalu are popular public beaches with facilities available
to the public. Tg. Aru is crowded over the evenings and weekends with locals and tourists, while
Tg. Lipat Beach adjacent to Likas Bay attracts locals for recreational activities and post picnic
swims over the weekend. Both of these locations hold Sabah’s annual events such as Dragon
boat races as well as Yacht Sailing Regatta competitions.
Papar has a few public beaches to name, Pantai Manis and a small stretch of Melinsung Beach,
where it not as crowded but still visited by nearby locals. The Kinarut area, also located in the
Papar district hosts a couple of popular beach stretches with small to moderate scale resorts
such as Langkah Syabas and Beringgis Beach Resort. Other tourism attractions apart from the
public and tourist beaches include historical/cultural sites, retail and dining outlets primarily
concentrated in Kota Kinabalu.
2.4
Socio-economics
2.4.1
Economic Background
Sabah’s tourism sector is the 6th highest contributor to the State’s economy, and Sabah’s
coastline is one of the major attractions for tourists. In particular in the study area, tourism
remains a strong economic component, with KK City being the State’s entry point and numerous
attractions in the vicinity such as the Tunku Abdul Rahman Park, beaches and beach resorts in
Tuaran and Kinarut.
Industrial activities also occur within the study area, concentrated primarily in Sapangar Bay
and around the Salut estuary in the Kota Kinabalu Industrial Park (KKIP) area.
2.4.2
Demography
The study area comprising of the Kota Kinabalu, Tuaran, Papar and Putatan Districts had a total
population of 752,696 in 2010, representing 23.5% of the total population of Sabah. Among the
four areas, Kota Kinabalu had the highest population, followed by Papar, Tuaran and Putatan.
Exec
summary
2-7
According to a survey conducted in December 2011, the shoreline population within the study
area was 95,592, which was 12.7% of the whole population of the study area.
The State of Sabah is the most diverse state in Malaysia in terms of ethnicity with more than 30
ethnic groups. The main ethnic groups comprise of Kadazan/Dusun, Baja and Murut. Other
groups are Malay, Other Bumiputera (e.g. Kedayan, Bisaya, Irranun, Rungus, Kimarang, Kwijau,
Lundayeh, Ubian, Binadan, Orang Sungai, Tatana, Tagaas, Brunei, Suluk, etc.), Chinese, Indians
and others. Within the study area, the ethnic composition can be summarised as follows:

The Chinese community is the largest ethnic group in Kota Kinabalu, followed by Bajau and
Kadazan/Dusun;

The Kadazan/Dusun and Bajau ethnic groups are dominant in Tuaran District;

In Papar District, the Malay community is the largest ethnic group with slightly smaller
groups of Kadazan/Dusun and Bajau;

In Putatan District the Bajau community is the largest ethnic group with slightly smaller
groups of Malay and Kadazan/Dusun.
In 2010, the employment profile in the Kota Kinabalu and Penampang districts was dominated
by service workers and shop and market sales workers, while in Tuaran most employed persons
worked as skilled agricultural and fisheries workers. This was not the case in Papar, where most
of the employed persons worked in elementary occupations.
2.4.3
Issues faced by Coastal Communities
A survey within the study area was conducted between December and November 2011, mainly
to determine the socio-economic issues within the study area. Twenty-eight (28) villages were
covered during the survey, located mostly within 1 km radius from the shoreline. Reported
serious issues facing these coastal communities included erosion and flooding (inundation),
pollution and deterioration of natural resources. Exposure to natural hazards such as erosion
and flooding was in particular highlighted in the District of Tuaran, followed by Papar, Kota
Kinabalu and Putatan.
The main highlighted pollution problem was that of household garbage, indicating that the local
people are well aware of the issue but are faced by lack of waste management infrastructure or
services. This was a reported issue in all districts within the study area.
Most of the surveyed villages are agreeable to making their areas as tourist destinations,
especially
in
Tuaran,
followed
by
Kota
Kinabalu,
Papar
and
Putatan.
2-8
Exec
Summary
3
Stakeholders Comments and Inputs
As part of setting the management objectives and defining the strategies for the MUs, two
workshops were held with Kumpulan Kerja Pengurusan Garispantai (KKPG). The overall
objectives of the workshops were:
KKPG Workshop 1: To present baseline findings, obtain views/opinions from stakeholders on
management objectives proposed by the consultant for each MU and resolve any conflicting
interests that fundamentally affect the decision making process the ISMP is to support.
KKPG Workshop 2: To obtain views/opinions from stakeholders on management strategies
proposed by the consultant.
Exec
summary
3-1
4
Sectoral Study
In the course of this study several issues affecting the shoreline from Papar to Tuaran have been
identified. Most issues relate to coastal erosion and water quality of which especially the latter
pose a significant challenges to the authorities as it is jeopardising part of the unique and scenic
environment on which a large part of the tourism industry is built.
4.1
Coastal Flooding, Tsunami and Climate Change
4.1.1
Coastal Flooding
Multiple coastal processes or phenomenon are contributing towards inundation along the
coastal areas. They can be categorized as individual events occurring independently or in
association with a storm event.
Although it is not a requisite of this study to establish design water level for the studied area a
general recommendation is provided for planning and management purposes. Recommended
design sea water level, for design periods of 1 in 25 and 50 years are given inTable 4.1.
Table 4.1
Recommended design seawater level for West Coast of Sabah.
Component
1:25 Years
1:50 Years
Tide, Mean High Water Spring (mCD)
2.13
2.13
Storm Surge (m)
0.25
0.30
0.19 – 0.60
0.20 – 0.64
0.10
0.10
2.7 – 3.1
2.8 – 3.2
0.7
0.7
3.4 – 3.8
3.5 – 3.9
Wave effects (Run-up)
Other effects
Proposed sea water level (mCD)
Climate Change Projection (2100) by NAHRIM
Proposed sea water level including climate change (mCD)
4.1.2
Tsunami
Tsunamis typically arise from submarine earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and landslides where
huge amounts of water are quickly shifted. If a tsunami is to reach the shoreline of the study this
will likely occur as a result of a submarine earthquake along the Manila Trench located west of
the islands of Luzon and Mindoro, Philippines. Historical records for the last 40 years shows that
tsunamis have been generated along segments of the trench, but none of these have resulted in
noticeable tsunami along the west coast of Sabah. However, as part of a tsunami impact study
for the North and East coast of Sabah initiated by the Ministry of Natural Resources and
Environment (MNRE) through the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Malaysia
simulations showed that tsunamis caused by high magnitude earthquakes in the Manila Trench
will propagate into South China Sea.
The results show that for most of the study area the water level set-up will be below 1m, but
with a water level set-up along the shorelines from Tg. Kaitan to Tg. Dalit and from Sg. Tuaran to
Tg Luok Pisok reaching between 1 to 2m.
The speed at which a tsunami propagates depends on the water depth and through the northeastern part of the South China Sea it will be in the order of 750 km/h and it will take about two
hours before it reaches the northern tip of Borneo and another half an hour before it reaches the
study area.
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summary
4-1
4.1.3
Climate Change
Climate change refers to changes in average climate pattern or conditions due to both natural
causes and human activities.
In addition to sea level rise, climate change also lead to other form of impacts onto the shoreline
which include changes or alterations in temperatures (both air and sea), wind pattern, wave
conditions, cyclones or storms characteristics (intensified), rainfall, exaggerate shoreline
erosion, river mouths stability and degrading marine biology.
4.2
Coastal Erosion Management
The management of coastal areas and the decision process at arriving at appropriate coastal
protection or sea defence measures is a complex one. It requires a thorough understanding of
the overall and specific site coastal morphology in conjunction with good engineering
knowledge. The decision on how a section of coastline is managed relies on knowing what data
and information exists and any supplementary information that is required, together with an
understanding of what options are available.The objective is to take into account all the natural
and environmental features together with the social and economic aspects that enable decisions
to be made whilst minimising potential negative impacts.
4.2.1
Coastal Management Options
Selection of erosion management must consist of sufficient consideration covering to the
uniqueness of local coastal features. Upon evaluation, the available management options can be
distinguished into categories of soft option, hard option or a mix of both; each with their pros
and cons.



4.2.1.1
Soft Management Options:
▫ Environmental planning
▫ Setback lines and buffer zones
▫ Mangrove forests and stabilization
▫ Restrictive zoning
▫ Managed retreat
▫ Voluntary purchase
▫ Development control condition
Coastal Protection / Sea Defense Options (Hard Options):
▫ Seawalls
▫ Revetment
▫ Labuan Blocks
Mixed Coast Protection (Structures and Nourishment)
▫ Beach nourishment and management plans
▫ Groynes
▫ Emerged detached breakwaters
▫ Submerged or low crested breakwaters
▫ Modified breakwater, headland and terminal groynes
Setback Lines and Buffer Zones
It is recommended that all allowable activities are setback to allow for coastal erosion where
identified (as well as accreting areas) and to include a minimum of 60m from the Highest
Astronomical Tide (HAT). In addition, a greater minimum setback in low lying areas in the order
of less than 3 m (level depends partly on design life and usage) above Chart Datum (CD) is also
recommended. Consideration should also be made for future sea level rise especially in regard
to new near shore developments.
To help clarify the setback guidance the following example shows what would be considered to
be the setback distance from the current high water level (HAT) where the proposed
development has a design life of 50 years. Example - It has been identified that a particular
4-2
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Summary
stretch of coastline is eroding at a rate of 2 m per year (historical erosion rate); therefore the
setback distance is 100 m for the erosion over the design life plus the 60 m buffer zone. The
total setback in this example is 160 m.
4.2.2
Specific Coastal Management (Erosion)
Within each management unit’s shoreline which experiences on-going erosion, specific solutions
to combat the retreat are provided.
The options proposed are made purely on engineering grounds and do not consider the
ownership regarding public or private works. This is part of the management and political
decision process and should be considered in the early stages.
Setback lines and buffer zones are estimated from the historical erosion rates and included here
are the recommended setbacks based on a 50 year design life of a property plus the 60m
minimum setback according to state legislation under its land ordinance laws which include
provision for a foreshore reserve.
It is assumed that the incorporation of any measures to provide coast protection and/or sea
defences will take into account all the necessary data gathering and engineering design
principles to be able to undertake this work.
It is also assumed that sufficient topographic surveys will be carried out at any proposed new
development site and when coast protection schemes are being considered to determine
whether the land is at flood risk or if a scheme should be flood defence rather than coastal
protection.
4.3
River Mouths and Sand Mining
Management of river mouths is highly complex, therefore, river mouth interventions require
detailed analysis to minimise the potential impacts of such works. Potential impacts of river
interventions include, among others, saline intrusion, river bank erosion, wave disturbance,
water quality and coastal stability. Enhancing navigability, reducing flooding problems or
limiting morphological changes often lead to modification of the littoral transport which then
often leads to erosion on nearby beaches. Hence, in most cases the optimal solution is achieved
by a compromise between environmental, social and economic aspects.
Each river mouth within the study area (12 of them) has their characteristics assessed (in
compliance with guidelines given in National River Mouth Study 1994) and categorized. Specific
solutions or improvement options are provided for deteriorating river mouth such as Sg.
Petagas (MU C5-19).
4.3.1
Common Problems within River Mouth Areas
Issues regarding to river mouth areas could vary for different locations but among the typical
problems found are as follow:





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summary
Shallow sea bed fronting river mouth entrance which hinder navigability in and out from
the entrance e.g. Sg. Petagas.
Dynamic equilibrium of river mouth section which vary seasonally notably at areas which
experience significant littoral force induced by wave and wind e.g. Sg. Sulaman.
Strong tidal current coupled with steep refracted wave at river mouths pose risk to boats
and vessels e.g. witnessed at tidal inlet of Sg. Salut – Mengkabung.
Sediment deposition at river mouth entrance creating backwater event as well as upstream
flooding e.g. Sg. Putatan.
Sedimentation of excessive fine sediment (or siltation) at calm river mouth areas (of limited
wave attack) creating muddy flat coast and rapid infilling of river and dredged channel.
4-3
4.3.2
River Mouth Improvement Options
Specific measures are required in order to improve the river mouth condition, either in
enhancing navigability or flushing. Due to the uniqueness of each river mouth characteristics in
terms of morphologically or land usage, different engineering solution can be proposed. Careful
considerations must be given to ensure the implemented improvement works solve the
identified problem and at the same time, minimizing their impacts onto the coastal
environment.
Dredging and hard protection structures are the preferred river mouth improvement works
implemented within Malaysia. Both of these are complicated in terms of the design and
management point of view and require a thorough understanding of the river processes. It is
likely that some sort of study and survey work would be required before undertaking any
improvement works so that the most cost effective solution is found. The schemes
implementation costs should be considered together with the long term maintenance (redredging and/or training wall repairs). Another consideration is the disposal of any material
removed by dredging and the location of any dumping grounds for the material. There may be
environmental considerations regarding the dredge spoil together with disposal licence costs
and turnaround times if the disposal site is many kilometres away from the dredging operation.
Physical, social and economic aspects all influence the selection of an “optimal” solution and
each intervention scheme must, therefore, be treated using a holistic approach that embraces all
aspects identified. It is crucial that the scheme is designed to fulfil the project objectives and to
deal with the environmental conditions that define the river mouth. Conditions are highly
variable, and an optimal solution for one site may not be appropriate for the neighbouring river
mouth even if the project objectives are similar.
4.3.3
Sand Mining
Sand mining in rivers reduces the supply of the sediments from the river and impact on the
stability of the river mouth and coastline adjacent to the river mouth. It can also change the flow
characteristics of the river resulting in downstream and/ or upstream flooding. The key issues
relating to uncontrolled sand mining are listed as follows:





River bank erosion and sedimentation arising from changes in hydrology due to the
alteration in water depths and river bed morphology.
Decreased water quality owing to sediment plumes and oil spills. During the sand mining
works which can affect the aquatic life as well as the local population which rely on the river
water for various purposes.
Ecological impacts: uncontrolled sand mining activities can result in disturbance to the
riverine ecosystem and subsequent impacts to flora and fauna habitats. These impacts may
affect the aquatic food chain and subsequently impact the livelihoods of the local population
which depend upon the freshwater fisheries.
Cumulative impacts, such as erosion along the coastline due to decreased sand supply
where sand extraction exceeds the natural replenishment rate.
Flooding arising from changes in hydrology due to the alteration in water depths and river
bed morphology that can increase the flow rate from storm events.
Excessive river sand mining in Sg. Papar and Sg. Tuaran is the likely key contributor to the
shoreline erosion near the river mouths.
Two approaches are recommended as follows:


4-4
Full capacity sediment study of the river to enable a view on the overall changes to the flow
characteristics and identify if material extraction may lead to coastal erosion. The aim is to
determine what is the annual volume of material that can be extracted and without causing
a negative effect on the environment and flooding.
Local capacity sediment study of each operation to determine whether it will locally
destabilise the river banks causing erosion and the subsequent environmental problems.
The local study should not only focus on the area of extraction but look at both up stream
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and more specifically downstream where changes in the river velocities may cause erosion
or accretion of material.
4.4
Proposed Development and Guidelines
A number of projects have been proposed along the coastline within the study area. Most of the
projects are located along the shoreline but do not comprise any major activities that modify the
coastline such as reclamation works. Proposed projects included under the Sabah Development
Corridor Entry Point Projects (EPPs) at the time of writing are outlined inTable 4.2.The only
major proposed development involving reclamation is the proposed Kinarut Tourism Cluster in
MU C5-14 and C5-15.
Table 4.2
4.4.1
Sabah Development Corridor Entry Point Projects within study area.
Project
MU
Project Description
Development Type
Jesselton Waterfront
Development, KK
C6-07
High end residential, retail,
office, hotels, cruise terminal,
marina
Marine construction; no information on
whether reclamation is involved.
Sabah International
Convention Centre
C6-07
Convention centre, convention
hotel and high-end spa resort.
Marine construction with structures on
piles; no reclamation of land will be
allowed.
Kota Kinabalu City
Waterfront
Development
C6-06
Retail malls, designer suites,
hotel and boardwalk
Marine construction; reclamation based
on dry methodology with sheet piles
minimal fill material used to create
basement space for the development.
Relocation and
Redevelopment of P.
Gaya
C6-22
To relocate all P. Gaya
residents to make way for
tourism development
No information
Karambunai
Integrated Resort
C7-1 and
C7-2C
Tourism, residential and water
theme park areas.
Development on land nearby Salut
estuary; development plan indicates
dredging will be required to create
lagoons and internal water features.
Alila Resort and
Lagoon Resort
C7-3b
Two coastal resorts and villa
developments.
Resort development setback from
shoreline; no marine construction
involved.
Sulamanga Resorts
C7-8
Sulaman
Estuary
(exact
location
unknown)
Near Sulaman estuary. Resort
and serviced apartments.
No information available although over
water development on stilts may be
involved.
Coastal Tourism
Development –
Development Cluster
1: Sulaman Lema’as
C7-8
Sulaman
Estuary &
New town centre, resorts,
residential, golf course, lagoon
and mangrove park.
Development setback from shoreline
with no marine construction indicated.
C7-9
Sulaman
Peninsula
Kinarut Tourism Cluster Development (Reclamation)
The Kinarut Cluster covers the coastline from Tg. Dumpil in the north to Kuala Kinarut in the
south under the initiation of the 1998 West Coast Shoreline Management Plan and Regional
Environmental Impact Assessment (REIA), refer to Figure 4.1.
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4-5
Figure 4.1
Recommended cluster development alternative set out in the West Coast of Sabah Shoreline
Management Plan, 1998. (Alternative BII).
The main constraints for development in this cell are sedimentation and poor water quality,
degradation of the natural sandy beach in the southern part of the cell, obstruction of sea access
for the Lok Kawi development and other resorts already developed or under construction in the
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Summary
southern part of the cell. In addition, the preservation or enhancement of the good quality coral
reef around Pulau Mantukud and Pulau Dinawan is of paramount importance.
Land titles and development proposals within the Tourism Cluster have been issued and
planned in isolation. None of the development projects however have materialised to
date.Following the adoption of the Sabah SMP 2005 by the Sabah State Cabinet, some
discussions and investigations into potential re-design of the cluster development was carried
out with EPD and TRPD over the 2005–2006 periods. The predicted flushing capacity of the
layouts and water quality impacts based on the numerical modelling are implemented and
assessed (refer Figure 4.2).
Figure 4.2
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summary
Kinarut Tourism Cluster alternative layouts.
4-7
It is clear that the current practice of independent planning and implementation of individual
developments within the Tourism Cluster will result in a lack of interconnectivity in land use
and overall infrastructure (e.g. road access, utilities, etc.) in addition to imposing restrictions on
the planning of design features such as internal lagoons and channels as originally intended.
As such the following measures are strongly recommended to:


4.5
Stop piecemeal alienation of land
Implement integrated development
Coastal Monitoring
At present, numerous data; physical, chemical and biological, are collected by several state
departments, but in what appears to be an unstructured manner and not specifically aimed at
integrated shoreline management. For future effectiveness and economical value, coordination
of data collection, analysis and sharing of data between departments should be encouraged to
ensure better monitoring of the shoreline.
It is recommended to establish a regular coastal monitoring program with the collection of the
following types of data:




Waves and water levels
Seasonal coastal profiling
Terrestrial and marine habitat health
Marine water quality and pollutant loads
To utilise the outcome of the monitoring system to its full management potential it is important
that data are added to the existing information management system (IMS) for the ISMP and
shared among decision makers. The information sharing may be enhanced by development of a
web based information and decision support system that extracts historical and present data
from a central updated GIS database.
4.5.1
Recommended Shoreline Monitoring System
A shoreline monitoring system that allows for adaptive management must include the following:








4.6
High – resolution aerial photographs
Coastal profiling
Water level
Wind and waves
Marine and water quality
Pollution loads
Terrestrial vegetation health
Marine habitat health
Enhancing Water Quality
Relatively high pollutant loads are found all along the study area. However, as the coastline is
relatively open, water exchange and flushing is fairly good and actual coastal water quality is
still fair. The major contributors to pollution load are the main rivers and urban centres, such as
Kota Kinabalu city down to Putatan areas, Papar and Tuaran towns.
The primary water quality issues within the study area are suspended sediments and domestic
pollution. Industrial discharges also affect the urban areas around Kota Kinabalu in particular.
4-8
Exec
Summary
4.6.1
Strategies and Interventions
4.6.1.1
Managing Discharges
At present, major sewerage works are being undertaken with the aim to provide an integrated
sewerage system for Kota Kinabalu. Part of the sewerage works involves construction of 15 km
of sewers and upgrading of the Inanam WWTP. In other areas such as Tuaran, Putatan and
Papar, a thorough survey of sewage/wastewater treatment plants should be carried out to
obtain information on their capacity, operational status and conditions. This is to prioritise
efforts for maintenance, upgrading and improvement works or replacement/ construction of
new treatment facilities.
Provision of sewage infrastructure to water villages should be prioritised. Systems such as
vacuum sewer systems can be installed in water villages, where the sewage is then piped to a
treatment site on land. Provision of such services goes hand in hand with legalising the
settlements or closing down/relocating illegal settlements as the legal villages will need to be
incorporated into local authority rating areas.
The impact of sullage dischargefrom restaurants/other food outlets is significant as the sullage
is totally untreated.The cumulative impact is apparent in areas such as the Kota Kinabalu
waterfront and Tg. Aru.To reduce pollution loads, connection to a sewerage network is the best
solution. Other less effective (but still worthwhile) measures include grease traps and rubbish
screens installed at-source.
Current best practice in urban stormwater drainage management focuses on water quality as
much as water quantity; filter systems, infiltration devices and sediment traps all help to keep
urban drainage networks clean.
All wastewater discharged should be treated to levels specified in guidelines (refer to Appendix
A of Volume 2).
4.6.1.2
Solid Wastes
There are two main ways to ensure that the amount of solid wastes that ends up in the
environment is minimised:


Minimise the production of wastes in the first place (reduce, reuse, recycle)
Ensure that the produced waste is collected and disposed of in an appropriate and
environmentally sensitive manner
It is recommended that environmental taxation is applied to plastic bags in all cases, so that
consumers have to pay for plastic bag in all situations. Use of screens and trash racks in urban
drainage networks to be further extended. These exist in a number of the drains and rivers in
Kota Kinabalu, but are apparently not extensive or effective enough.Correspondingly, waste
collection and management system within and outside the urban region should be further
improved through innovative measures such as extend rated areas and separation of recyclable
wastes (i.e. paper, glass, aluminium) from other household wastes to facilitate recycling by the
garbage collection agencies.
4.6.1.3
Improve Environmental Management at Industrial Areas
Enforcement by the authoritiesparticularly on the smaller and medium industries can be
significantly strengthened through better data management, sharing and cooperation between
DOE and other relevant government agencies such as the local authority, EPD and DID.
4.6.1.4
Sustainable Aquaculture Activities
Measurements proposed for minimizing pollutants originating from aquaculture activities
include the following:

Exec
summary
Implement and enforce all existing guidelines
4-9



4.7
Adjustment of EIA regulations
Options to directly mitigate coastal pollution issues relating to pond aquaculture
Cage culture operation should be located at areas where there isa good degree of flushing
Beach Beautification and Restoration Plan
The Beach Beautification and Restoration Plan (BBRP) focuses on upgrading of the visual
impacts and restoring the shoreline of Tg. Aru Beach.
The development of an integrated BBRP is a multi-disciplinary exercise that requires
collaboration among the following to combine coastal landscape and urban elements:



Landscape architects/master planners securing optimal layout and landscaping
Coastal engineers securing good beaches and excellent water quality
Planners securing proper integration of schemes in society
The objectives of the BBRP are as follows:



To develop a sustainable Beautification and Restoration Plan for Tg. Aru Beach
To provide landscape features that can assist in the beach restoration works. If any coastal
structures are introduced these must be multifunctional, i.e. terminal structures used to
prevent loss of sand may serve as viewing points, be used for fishing or be part of a marina.
To formulate a landscape framework in the form of strategy plan with guidelines for future
development and activities along the beach.
Considerations are made towards the aspects of beach access, water /beach quality, beach
stability as well as landscaping to provide a long-term and sustainable improvement to the
existing coastal environment for the benefit of residents and tourists.
4.7.1
Proposed Development Options
For the beautification and restoration of Tg. Aru Beach two options (referFigure 4.3 and Figure
4.4) have been developed guided the following aims:







Maximum and unrestricted public access to and on the beach and waterfronts
The area of park, beach and foreshore to be increased through widening and extension by
artificial beach of good quality
Improved beach quality to attract more visitors to walk along and swim in the beach and for
increased use of the water for boating, sailing and water sports
Opportunities for a range of land uses which maintain existing recreational opportunities
while also introducing new land uses on land which will provide a wide range of visitor
experiences and boost tourism
Roads and access opportunities to be improved to make the beach and new developments
more easily accessible to the general public whether they are pedestrians or travelling by
bicycle, bus, or car
Creation of 4 key activity nodes (two major) to cater for commercial, sport recreational,
tourism and transport activities in the hope of increasing visitor numbers and also to
encourage the movement of visitors between nodes
The opportunity of a ferry terminal (where it is nearest to Airport Terminal 1) and a marina
that will require reclamation at the southern tip of the subject area, just north of Sg. Petagas
river mouth
In the development it is a prerequisite that the existing issues on water quality are addressed
by:


4-10
Ensuring that waste water from facilities are directed to the sewage system
That drains are realigned (underground) with discharges north and south of the new
artificial beach
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Figure 4.3
Exec
summary
Option 1 for beautification and restoration of Tg. Aru Beach.
4-11
Figure 4.4
4-12
Option 2 for beautification and restoration of Tg. Aru Beach.
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Summary
4.7.2
Integral Beach Management Plan
To conserve and sustain the environmental qualities of a beautified and restored Tg. Aru Beach
an integral beach management plan is to be developed. This may include requirements on
operation and restriction on beach use.
4.8
Governance
The available and/or recommended instruments to implement the various management
strategies proposed in this study are being highlighted and elaborated according to ‘issuesbased’. These cover the following main themes as identified in through the setting of
management objectives and strategies for specific areas along the coastline, as well as
intervention strategies and sustainable development guidelines mentioned in this volume:













Coastal setback
Coastal protection
Flood protection
River sand mining
River navigation
Reclamation activity
Shoreline development projects
Water quality
Sanitation improvement
Mangrove conservation
Coral reef conservation
Seagrass conservation
Coastal monitoring
The legislative and institutional frameworks for the implementation of recommendations
related to the above issues are discussed thoroughly.
4.8.1
Recommendations
The existing legislations and administrative structures, with accompanying powers to carry out
effective management and development of the coastline, are adequate in conserving, protecting
and enhancing Sabah’s coastline.
No major changes to the existing legislations or the responsible departments that administer
them are recommended.The administrative structures appear to have the necessary
mechanisms to review, monitor and executive the powers vested in them through the current
pieces of legislations.However, what is needed is the carrying out of these mechanisms more
effectively and efficiently in order to achieve a quality environment through better planning and
coastal management. It appears that in some instances the various departments do not
necessarily work together, and where there are overlapping responsibilities no one department
takes responsibility. Thus, the emphasis should be on close cooperation and coordination.
Recommendations made included:




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summary
Setting up an inter-agency committee comprising district councils/offices, Kampung
Administration, Government departments, NGOs and other interest groups.
Streamlining the approvals process for developers as the present legislative framework is
rather complex.
Constant monitoring and review of ISMP through a dedicated committee.
Efficient implementation of enforcement through coordinated action or plan.
4-13
5
Information Management System
The development of an Information Management System (IMS) is an integral part of the ISMP
that allows timely and efficient access to relevant information, being essential to support
effective management and decision making. With a proper structured IMS relevant information
can be extracted from different data sources and consolidated into relevant indicators that can
support decision making. The IMS has been created on basis of existing data sources as well as
outputs from numerical modelling tools, but is fully scalable and extendable with the possibility
of online publishing of information in various formats in the form of interactive webpages.
To manage, analyse and display the large quantity of data a management system is being
develop using the latest GIS tools (ArcGIS version 10) including a geodatabase for the storage of
spatial and temporal data. Data collected as part of the ISMP study (see Section 2) is included in
the management system:










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summary
Spatial layers of roads, administrative boundaries, property lot
Satellite imagery
Topographic and bathymetric data
Coastal profile data and coastal erosion
Sediment grading and beach quality
Coastal structures
Waves, winds, currents and water levels
Habitats and water quality
River discharges, pollutant loads
Numerical modelling results
5-1
6
Recommendations
Various recommendations produced from the sectoral studies (Section 4) are summarized
within Table 6.1.
Table 6.1
Recommendations highlighted within sectoral reports.
Recommendations
1
Coastal Flooding, Tsunami and Climate Change
1.1
Continuous monitoring and study impacts related to climate change in order to assess and
prepare counter measurements.
2
Coastal Erosion Management
2.1
Undertake regular surveys and monitoring of beaches suffering erosion, suggested to be
twice a year after monsoon periods and after severe storm events. Baseline survey of the
coastal zone / foreshore should be undertaken as part of any proposed development for
future use and assessment.
2.2
DID setback limits and buffer zones should be enforced taking into account the setback from
HAT and including an allowance for the existing erosion rate
2.3
The threshold level (level at which property/development starts to flood) should be defined
based on the hydraulic studies (see below). The level to be defined should be based on the
design life of the development and risk.
2.4
Gather historical evidence on any erosion problems.
2.5
Prevent individual erosion control measures unless it meets the objectives of the
management unit and are designed and constructed using good engineering practice and
principles.
2.6
Where developments are to be constructed in or near the coastal zone undertake detailed
hydraulic studies to gain further knowledge of the existing and potential erosion problems
and the physical conditions at the site. As a minimum this should include:



Exec
summary
Hydrodynamic models
Wave models
Beach evolution models
2.7
Consider the warning systems in place and the evacuation options for areas within the
coastal zone in the event of extreme high water or tsunami events.
2.8
Control, regulate or prevent sand mining operations in areas where this activity is causing
erosion problems on the coastline
2.9
Prohibit the removal of mangroves in the coastal zone or any coastal development within
the mangrove areas
2.10
Prohibit the removal of trees and vegetation along the foreshore area, certainly within the
setback area / buffer zone
2.11
Prohibit any activity that modifies, destroys or alters the offshore coral reefs and coral
platforms.
3
River Mouths and Sand Mining
3.1
Undertake surveys and monitoring of the river mouth prior to any improvement works to
ensure any modifications will not have any detrimental effect on adjacent structures.
3.2
Gather any historical data on river mouth evolution to demonstrate that the river mouth
position is potentially stable.
6-1
Recommendations
3.3
6-2
For any river mouth improvement works or for sand mining operations hydraulic studies
should be undertaken to:

Determine what the effect any river mouth modifications would have on upstream flow
velocities that may lead to erosion and sedimentation problems as well as potential
flooding.

For sand mining full capacity sediment studies should be carried out to determine what
the maximum volume of material can be extracted without causing overall negative
impacts on the environment and flooding.

For sand mining local capacity sediment studies should be carried out to determine
how each operation will affect the river banks both locally and also upstream and
downstream of the sand removal operation.
3.4
Regulate or prohibit sand mining operations that are known to be having a detrimental
effect on the adjacent coastlines each side of the river mouth
4
Proposed Development and Guidelines
4.1
Urban waterfront development

Provide connectivity and public access along the shoreline, such that the ocean and
island views can be enjoyed by all

Maintain recreational and amenity areas of high quality, to ensure KK is an attractive
place to live and work

Protect cultural heritage and landscape

Restrict expansion of development seaward, however consider development which
streamlines existing frontage

Related to the above, design frontage in a way that the natural system is taken into
account e.g. structures are streamlined to reduce sedimentation and water quality
issues

Maintain or re-establish good coastal water quality by minimizing discharge of
pollutants and nutrients
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Summary
Recommendations
4.2
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summary
Coastal Tourism Development – Beaches

Protection of the natural environment and landscape should be prioritised for all beach
development proposals, regardless of the scale of development

Allow for public access to the beaches and allocate general facilities for the comfort of
visitors

Ensure that natural fluctuations in the shoreline are allowed for through appropriate
coastal setback

Efficient sewage and wastewater management

Minimise fertiliser and pesticide application practices in landscaped areas and golf
courses

Incorporation of water management features in the landscaping to minimise runoff and
maximise filtration of suspended solids and other pollutants (water sensitive design)

Incorporation of existing vegetation stands in landscape, to maintain coastal vegetation
belt and avoid planting of exotic species
6-3
Recommendations
4.3
Coastal Tourism Development – Estuaries and Lagoons


4.4
6-4
Minimise adverse impacts to coastal water quality and the biological environment
o
Maintain mangrove fringe with at least 20 m buffer from mangrove (highest
astronomical tide).
o
Efficient sewage and wastewater management
o
Minimise fertiliser and pesticide application practices in landscaped areas and
golf courses
o
Incorporation of water management features in the landscaping to minimise
runoff and maximise filtration of suspended solids and other pollutants (water
sensitive design)
o
Seagrass areas in vicinity should be identified through a survey and mapping
exercise, and impacts to these areas are to be avoided, whether water quality
or direct impacts (e.g. boating/anchoring and other recreational activities that
may damage seagrass beds)
Siting and construction methodology to ensure that environmental objectives are met
o
Avoiding sites with sensitive habitats e.g. seagrass beds
o
Avoiding impacts to the adjacent land/beach areas during construction, in
particular any mangroves
o
Careful anchor handling of piling and construction barges to avoid habitat
damage
o
Ensuring that no obstruction (barring the piles/stilts) to the coastal currents
and sediment transport are introduced, e.g. from access ramps, etc.
o
Management of wastes and spills during construction
Coastal Tourism Development on Headlands

Generally recommended that the landscape and aesthetic value of headlands is
protected through restricting development to low density and low-rise tourism which
will maintain the aesthetic and ecological integrity of these areas

Hill-side developments should blend into the natural environment with no or minimal
impacts to the coastline
o
Careful planning of development footprint
o
Buildings and other infrastructure (including access) should be designed in
such a way that blends in with the existing scenery and disturbs as little of the
vegetation as possible both during and post-construction.
o
Biological surveys should be carried out to identify and mark protected or old
growth tree species or any unique habitats or communities in the area prior to
detailed planning of the development footprint.
o
Careful attention to design and architecture - buildings should remain within
the canopy and architectural designs and materials should be sensitive to
environmental or natural aesthetics.
o
Road access should consider options which minimise both visual intrusion
and slope cutting - generally the ridge lines provide the most stable platform
with the least amount of slope cutting and the least risk of inducing landslides.
o
Hill-side developments should generally be light structures on piles and be
carried out with minimal cutting and carefully designed drainage to avoid
erosion and sediments washing into the sea, impacting the marine habitats.
o
Utilities should be designed to blend into the environment
o
Drainage systems must have sedimentation ponds to minimise the release of
any fines to the beaches/coastline below.
Exec
Summary
Recommendations
4.5
Exec
summary
Kinarut Tourism Cluster Development (Reclamation)

Town and Regional Planning Department to update the local plans to reflect the
recommended layout proposed.

State Government should explore options for a revised land title offer for those with
land titles within the original phase 2 approved development area with equivalent
dimensions to the original boundaries

No further piecemeal alienation of land within the Cluster boundary should be
permitted (Land and Survey Department)

A single developer should be appointed to perform all reclamation, coastal protection
and beaches, as well as basic infrastructure such as main roads, water supply and
sewage system for the whole Cluster. The developer could be the state government or a
representative, a financially strong investor/developer or a consortium of
investors/developers with a common project management

Development of individual plots of land within the parcels should not be permitted.
Existing developers shall either acquire or JV with other owners to develop the parcels
as discrete packages with access roads, conceptual development plan/ masterplan to
control aspects such as perimeter design, phasing and timing, infrastructure and land
use.
5
Coastal Monitoring
5.1
Collection of high resolution aerial photographs covering details such as shoreline and
mangroves and should be updated at least on annual basis to quantify erosion or shoreline
movement as well as detecting mangroves encroachment
5.2
Coastal profiling measurement and update of at least twice a year (post monsoon) to
quantify erosion and seasonal variations in shoreline movement
5.3
Water level measurement (long term) at few strategic locations to determine sea level rise
and design water levels
5.4
Wind and wave measurement at offshore locations to derive meteomarine design conditions
for numerical models validation
5.5
Water quality monitoring at sensitive marine habitats and recreational sites to ensure
compliance with environmental quality objectives as well as gathering information on
changes in water quality
5.6
Determining and quantifying pollution loads originating from rivers, drains, agriculture,
aquaculture, industrial activities etc. to ensure compliance with environmental quality
requirements.
5.7
Identify and monitor coverage of mangrove forests to detect encroachment of mangroves
5.8
Identify and monitor coral reefs and seagrass areas to determine their health status and any
changes occurring
5.9
Continuous update of information management system and sharing capabilities through the
development of a web based information and decision support system that extracts
historical and present data from a central updated GIS database
6
Enhancing Water Quality
6.1
Management of sewage

Integrated sewerage system

Prioritise efforts for maintenance, upgrading and improvement works or replacement/
construction of new treatment facilities

Provision of sewage infrastructure to water villages

All wastewater discharged should be treated to levels specified in guidelines given
6-5
Recommendations
6.2
6.3
Improve Sullage Treatment and Reduce Pollution from eatery outlets

Connect to sewerage network

Grease traps and rubbish screens installation at-source

Renovation procedures and controls for residential and commercial premises to be
tightened and enforced to prevent owners from diverting sullage discharge from
sewers into the stormwater drains
Water Sensitive Urban Design

6.4
Practice urban stormwater drainage management on water quality as much as water
quantity; filter systems, infiltration devices and sediment traps all help to keep urban
drainage networks clean.
Solid Wastes Management


Minimise the production of wastes in the first place (reduce, reuse, recycle)
o
Plastic bag free days
o
Environmental taxation is applied to plastic bags in all cases
Ensure that the produced waste is collected and disposed of in an appropriate and
environmentally sensitive manner
o
6.5
6.6
6-6
Extensive use of screens and trash racks in urban drainage networks
Improve Environmental Management at Industrial Areas

Collaboration among agenciesthrough better data management, sharing and
cooperation

Promote self-regulation in the industrial sector via specific incentives and grants to
encourage adoption of environmental management systems, use of cleaner technology
and pollution control measures such as oil separators on site

Initiate demonstration or pilot projects to assess the cumulative impacts of industrial
discharges. It noted that compliance to the discharge standard is evaluated for each
factory and is independent of discharge rate. Each of these factories normally
discharges into a main drain which eventually discharges into the sea hence the
cumulative impact of all discharges need to be considered

Centralised effluent discharge treatment plants for main industrial estates, e.g. KKIP,
Inanam, Kolombong Industrial areas. This will typically include a dedicated system for
the collection of effluent discharges and transfer to a centralised treatment plant
Sustainable Aquaculture Activities

Implement and enforce all existing guidelines

Adjustment of existing EIA regulations to disallow conversion of wetland or mangroves
for the development of aquaculture facilities such as ponds

Mitigate coastal pollution issues relating to pond aquaculture

Cage culture operation should be located at areas where there is a good degree of
flushing
7
Beach Beautification and Restoration Plan (Tg. Aru Beach)
7.1
Maintain public access to the beach area such as pedestrian walk and road access
Exec
Summary
Recommendations
7.2
summary

Sufficient amount of wave exposure all year long

Moderate tidal range

Good degree of flushing or water exchange with open sea

Removal of rock outcrops

Allow only for structures which would not form dangerous currents

Beach material should consist of medium grained sand of minimum content of fines and
coarse materials (well sorted)

Free from organic content or floating debris
7.3
Ensure water quality standards are met with respect to faecal pollution, toxic algae and
cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)
7.4
Development should reduce or impinge on the natural setting of the natural features of the
beach
7.5
Exec
Ensure high quality of beach nourishment through good design criteria and proper
maintenance

Landscape design should maintain and enhance the coastal landscape character of the
area as expressed by existing landforms, vegetation and materials

The design of structures, outdoor furniture, signs and utilities within a site should be
visually coordinated


Structures should not impede public access to and along the beach
All materials and finishes should be durable in the coastal environment to also
minimize maintenance

Utility services should be unobtrusive and, wherever possible, underground
Integral Beach Management Plan

Maintain the designed level of protection provided by the beach

Manual andmechanical beach cleaning

Ensure litter bins are emptied regularly

Control activities to avoid conflicts and ensure safety

Control use of motorised recreational crafts within restricted areas

Restrict launching and landing of sail boats at the yacht club to a given corridor

Prohibit sailing within certain distance from the shore

Prohibit use of mechanical propelled vehicles on the beach

Monitor beach and water activities through the formation of Beach Surveillance and
Lifeguard Service

Weekly monitoring of bathing water

No swimming allowed whilst the red flag is flying

Public transport system to reduce parking problems
8
Governance
8.1
In order to determine the coastal setback, high-water mark is to be defined from the Highest
Astronomical Tide (HAT) level
6-7
Recommendations
8.2

Hydraulic study through DID for any coastal protection structures where EIA not
required

Approval for coastal structure development application will be granted through the
Local Authority and DID functions as technical advisor providing input to approval
conditions. Existing DID Guidelines should form the basis to regulate construction of
marine structures

Mandatory guidelines in considering future coastal protection structures includes
MASMA Guidelines (DID), Guidelines on Erosion Control for Development Projects in
the Coastal Zone (DID), Guidelines for Planning Development in the Coastal Zone JPBD
6/97, Guidelines and Standards for Coastal Zone Development JPBD 6/2000
8.3
Currently, reclamation is a prescribed activity requiring EIA under the Environment
Protection Enactment (Prescribed Activities). This is the best control over reclamation
activity as all such developments need the EIA regardless of size. The EPD involve technical
departments such DID and Department of Fisheries in the review of EIA Terms of Reference
and EIA Reports.
8.4
Tourism
8.5
6-8
Any construction of coastal protection/sea defence should undertake the following:

Local Authority to adopt restrictions on tourism development into the local planning in
order to enforce strategies recommended in each area

To implement Best Management Practices (BMPs) for any tourism activity particularly
within sensitive areas such as a Marine Parks. Additionally, these should be
incorporated in the Marine Park Management Plans and be based on proper carrying
capacity studies. Accreditation of resorts that practices BMP with green certification
should be encouraged

Coastal Tourism Masterplan and guidelines on development activities should be
developed for other potential coastal tourism areas
Water Quality

Fish cage culture should undertake an Environmental Assessment before licenses are
issued for aquaculture activity

Guidelines for the Environmental Assessment of Coastal Aquaculture Development
should be developed that will include options to directly mitigate coastal pollution
issues relating to aquaculture particularly cumulative impacts of aquaculture farms
within semi-enclosed areas such as estuaries.

Study on cumulative effects of industrial effluents need to be undertaken in order to
have detailed information for better planning.

To manage agriculture/non-point sources of pollution, it is
implement at-source controls such as the following:
recommended to
o
River buffer zones can be established according to the Sabah Water Resources
Enactment.
o
Reducing the reliance on fertiliser and pesticides in agricultural practice is
another measure that reduces loads at the coasts.
o
To keep track of problem areas and progress on remediation measures, water
quality monitoring is recommended
Exec
Summary
Recommendations


8.6
8.7
Exec
summary
To reduce suspended sediments in runoff from agricultural loadings, at-source control
measure such as the following should be undertaken:
o
Implement and enforce all existing guidelines.
o
Implement and enforce ESCP in all projects – for those not requiring EIA, to be
required under local authority regulations with advice / monitoring by DID.
o
Implement buffer zones for all land with activities that contribute to soil
erosion.
For sewage and waste management the following are to be undertaken:
o
To use the State Environment Protection Enactment 2002, as a tool to manage
wastewater in the State.
o
Adequate budget needs to be set aside for the responsible agencies to carry
out both capital and maintenance activities.
To manage and control sand mining and dredging activities, the following are to be
undertaken:

To address the carrying capacity for sand extraction in individual rivers prior to issuing
licenses. Information on the carrying capacity of the river will be the basis to impose a
limit on the total allowable sand to be extracted.

Future sand mining activities in these rivers should refer to this carrying capacity
study.
To manage river mouths and estuarine issues, the following are to be undertaken:

Any developments along the sand spits must maintain a suitable setback from the river
mouth as well as the coastlines.

No permanent structures within a suitable setback zone, inclusive of any attempts of
coastal protection or river mouth training must be allowed along sand spits as this
would deplete the natural attraction of the area that drives the tourism business and
the public recreational values.
8.8
Control of water villages and informal settlements to be implemented by enforcing existing
legislation such as the Local Government Ordinance 1961 and Local Government
(Amendment) Enactment 2000
8.9
Measures to protect mangrove areas may be made through the Forestry Enactment (gazette
as forest reserve), or through local planning instruments, i.e. conservation areas in local
plans.
8.10
To conserve coral reefs by regularly monitoring the status of reefs and water quality as to
investigate cumulative effects of nearshore and inland activities and develop plans
necessary for conservation
6-9
Recommendations
8.11
6-10
The following is recommended for coastal monitoring:

Close strategic cooperation and coordination between the relevant authorities for
strategic planning of coastal monitoring

Coordination between the DID and the Councils (Councils here include KK City Hall, the
Municipal Councils and Town Boards), who are the deciding authorities on planning
applications for the implementation, monitoring and review of the management
strategies

Enforcement is essential in order to ensure that the proposed management strategies
are implemented effectively.

Where there are overlapping designations in the management units, such as in forest
reserves and wildlife sanctuaries, the relevant departments (whose enactment was
used) should coordinate enforcement activities.

The Environment Protection Enactment 2002 should be used to further strengthen the
legislation, particularly with regard to any development that has “adverse impact” on
the environment to ensure coastal monitoring is conducted.
Exec
Summary
7
Management Objectives
Table 7.1 summarises the management objectives allocated and ranked accordingly for all 67
management units as outlined in Volume 1B.
Table 7.1
List of management objectives within each of the 67 management units.
No.
Management Unit
Management Objective
1
C4-14: Pantai Manis
Managed coastline retreat
Manage coastal road retreat
Restore basic public amenities/ facilities
2
C4-15: Papar Islamic School
Protect school against erosion
3
C5-01: Kuala Papar
Conserve mangroves
Preserve/Increase sediment supply to prevent further coastal
erosion
Preserve current condition of river mouth
Improve river mouth navigability and flood conveyance
Maintain/ improve boat docking facility
Maintain and improve village areas
Maintain access to river banks for fishermen
Restrict further land clearing expansion into mangroves
4
C5-02: Sg. Papar to Sg. Pengalat
Manage coastline retreat
Preserve forest as buffer zone
Maintain agriculture area
Maintain / promote tourism destination
5
C5-02b: Immediate Hinterland
Conserve mangroves
Preserve/improve water quality status
Preserve aquaculture area
Maintain agricultural areas
6
C5-03: Sg. Pengalat Estuary
Conserve mangrove
Allow for morphological fluctuations
Maintain village sanitation and cleanliness
Preserve aquaculture area
Maintain agricultural areas
Improve boat landing facility
Coastal road to be protected for accessibility
Exec
summary
7-1
7
C5-04: Summer Bay Melinsung
Preserve current beach condition
Maintain housing area and beach amenity for public access
8
C5-04b: Melinsung Mangroves
Conserve mangroves
Maintain tidal prism in mangrove
Maintain village sanitation and cleanliness
9
C5-05: Tg. Melinsung
Preserve headland as aesthetic landscape feature
Maintain stream outlet
10
C5-06: Tg. Melinsung to Sg.
Kawang
Protect resorts and lodges against coastline erosion
Conserve live coral reefs
Maintain low density development
Protect residential areas against coastline erosion
11
C5-07: Sg. Kawang Mangroves
Conserve mangroves
Maintain natural riverine environment to encourage naturebased tourism/ recreation
Maintain recreational facilities and jetties
12
C5-08: Sg. Kawang to Kg. Kinarut
Laut
Maintain natural shoreline processes
13
C5-09: Kg. Kinarut Laut to Sg.
Kinarut
Protect against coastline erosion
14
C5-10: Sg. Kinarut Mangroves
Conserve mangroves
15
C5-11: Palm Beach
Maintain housing development
16
C5-12: Kinarut Beach
Maintain/ improve water quality status
Maintain residential
Maintain housing area and beach amenity for public access
7-2
Exec
Summary
17
C5-13: Kg. Karang to Lok Kawi
Army Base
Improve water quality status
Restrict further expansion of water village
Maintain drainage function and flushing
Maintain residential area allocation
Maintain commercial area allocation
18
C5-14: Lok Kawi Tourism Cluster Promote tourism development; integrated within proposed
Phase I
tourism cluster
Conserve live coral reefs seaward of the proposed tourism
cluster
Permit loss of poor quality reef within proposed tourism
cluster reclamation area
19
C5-15: Lok Kawi Tourism Cluster Promote tourism development; integrated within proposed
Phase II
tourism cluster
Conserve live coral reefs seaward of the proposed tourism
cluster
Permit loss of poor quality reef within proposed tourism
cluster reclamation area
20
C5-16: Meruntum Lagoon North
Conserve seagrass
Maintain / protect lagoon integrity and flushing
Conserve mangroves
Maintain flushing/ discharge capacity
Relocation or transformation of water village area
21
C5-17: Sg. Putatan to Tg. Dumpil
Preserve flushing capacity
Improve flood conveyance
Protection JKR complex from coastline erosion
Conserve mangroves
Protect reclamation/housing against erosion
22
C5-18: Tg. Dumpil
23
C5-19: Tg. Dumpil to Sg. Petagas
Protect village against erosion
Improve flushing capacity
Exec
summary
24
C5-20: Kota Kinabalu Internation Protect airport run way
Airport (KKIA)
25
C5-20b: Kota Kinabalu
International Airport (KKIA)
Runway Extended
Protect airport run way
7-3
26
C5-21: Tg. Aru Beach
Maintain discharge capacity and improve drainage system
(divert outlets away from beach area)
Improve coastal protection
Improve recreational amenity
Improve protected areas/ seawalls, which are degraded/
hazardous
Traffic (master/ action plan required)
Maintain private housing areas
Convert / encourage tourism activities (tourism belt)
27
C5-22: Pulau Dinawan
Maintain and promote resort as tourism destination
Conserve seagrass
28
29
C6-01: Shangri – La’s Tg. Aru
Resort (STAR)
Maintain beach quality for recreation
C6-02: Kg. Tg. Aru to Sutera
Harbour
Improve aesthetic value/ waste management
Maintain resort facilities
Improve water quality
Beautify coastline
30
C6-03: Sutera Harbour /
Sembulan
Provide public access to shoreline
Maintain/ promote high-end residential development
Maintain cleanliness of drains and improve water quality
Maintain navigability
31
C6-04: KK Times Square
Maintain/ promote commercial development
Protect reclamation from erosion
Maintain cleanliness of drains and improve water quality
32
C6-05: Central Bus Station
Optimise land utilisation in line with coastal location
Protect reclamation from erosion
Consider streamlining frontage in Suria/ Jesselton residences
area
33
C6-06: Kota Kinabalu Waterfront Protect reclamation from erosion
Consider streamlining frontage in Suria/ Jesselton residences
area
Improve waste management, aesthetic value, access
Improve jetty/ landing access points
Improve amenities, accessibility for public connectivity and
coherence
Maintain commercial/ residential areas
7-4
Exec
Summary
34
C6-07: Kota Kinabalu Port
Optimise land utilisation in line with coastal location
Maintain navigability for boat/ shipping operations
Public access to shoreline to be maintained/ connectivity to
KK city centre/ Likas Beach
35
C6-08: Tg. Lipat to Likas Beach
Protect coastal road
Maintain tidal flushing
Conserve mangroves
Improve accessibility to public and connectivity to KK city
centre and Likas beach
36
C6-09: Likas Beach to Anjung
Selera
Maintain and improve beach and coastline
Maintain coastal protection
Improve water and beach quality
Improve recreational amenities
Improve waste and wastewater management
37
C6-09b: Likas Lagoon
Protect wetland
Maintain flood retention function
Potential for public recreational use
38
C6-10: Sg. Inanam Mangroves
Conserve mangroves
39
C6-11: Sg. Inanam to Kg. Layang - Maintain village area
Layang
Low density development
Restrict/ optimise land use to that which requires or
optimizes coastal location/ natural landscape
Maintain jetty accessibility
Conserve live corals
Maintain landscape feature
40
C6-12: Kg. Tarak – Tarak to Sg.
Menggatal
Maintain aesthetic landscape value
Maintain village area
Maintain access to village area
Improve sanitation and waste management
Conserve seagrass
41
C6-13: Sg. Menggatal Estuary
Conserve mangroves
Maintain village areas
Maintain navigation access/ fish landing
Improve sanitation and waste management
Preserve drainage/ flushing capacity
Improve river mouth navigability
Exec
summary
7-5
42
C6-14: UiTM Campus
Maintain and promote tertiary education
Preserve ridge as aesthetic landscape feature and buffer zone
43
C6-15: Sapangar Bay Industrial
Area
Maintain water quality
Conserve seagrass
44
C6-16: Sapangar Fish Factory
Protect coastal road
Maintain village area
Maintain aesthetic landscape value of vegetated hills
Do nothing for reefs anddead corals
45
C6-17: Sapangar Naval Base
Maintain security area and buffer zone
46
C6-18: Ocean Quarry
Maintain quarry site
47
C6-19: Tg. Gaya and Tg. Kaitan
Maintain aesthetic value
Prohibit development
48
C6-20: Pulau Sapangar
Conserve live corals
Provision of sanitation/ waste management
Preserve/ improve water quality status around the farms
49
C6-21: Tunku Abdul Rahman
Marine Park (TARP)
Conserve life corals
Maintain tourism facilities
Maintain island status
Ensure aesthetic value of beach
Conserve mangroves
Conserve seagrass
50
C6-22: Gaya Island
To improve water quality and ensure no impacts to Tunku
Abdul Rahman Marine Park (TARP)
51
C6-22b: Tg. Logong
Preserve current unspoiled condition of headland
52
C6-22c: Gayana Island Resort
Maintain aesthetic value and amenities of resort
53
C7-01: Nexus Karambunai
Protect resort and villas against erosion
Maintain and promote as tourism destination
Potential for fringing coral reefs rehabilitation
7-6
Exec
Summary
54
C7-02: Kuala Karambunai and
Estuaries
Improve river mouth navigability
Protect gas pipeline against erosion or scour
Conserve seagrass
Maintain and protect recreational centre against river bank
erosion
55
C7-02b: Petronas Complex
Control industrial development
56
C7-02c: Salut – Mengkabung
Estuaries
Conserve mangroves
Maintain tidal prism
Conserve seagrass
Maintain villages sanitation and cleanliness
57
C7-02d: Gayang
Preserve / improve water status
Promote low to middle sized industry activities
58
C7-03: Shangri – La’s Rasa Ria
Resort
59
C7-03b: Estuary between Tg.
Badak and Kg. Trayong
Preserve aesthetic value of forest / vegetation
60
C7-03c: Kg. Trayong
61
C7-04: Kuala Tambalang
Preserve present condition of river mouth
Maintain as tourism destination
62
C7-05: Sabandar Beach
Maintain and promote tourism development
Protect resort and residential against erosion
63
Exec
summary
C7-05b: Tambalang Estuary
Mangroves
Conserve mangrove
Preserve/ improve water quality status
7-7
64
C7-06: Sabandar Beach
Preserve or increase sediment supply to prevent further
coastal erosion
Improve accessibility and safety for boat navigation
Allow for morphological fluctuations at river sand spits
Conserve mangrove
65
C7-07: Mimpian Jadi Resort
Maintain and promote as tourism destination
Maintain aesthetic value and amenities of resort
66
C7-08: Sulaman Estuary
Maintain tidal prism
Preserve present condition of river mouth
Conserve mangrove
Conserve seagrass
67
C7-09: Sulaman Peninsula
7-8
Exec
Summary
8
Conclusion
Through the various recommendations and guidelines proposed in the ISMP, it will take the
relevant stakeholders and authorities a large amount of effort to ensure they are being enforced
efficiently in order to guarantee the successful implementation. This is often the critical stage in
executing any new management plan and in particular integrated shoreline management plans,
with its multi-sectoral considerations. Government agencies involved as well as NGOs should
commit further and collaborate together which would not only promise credible outcome but
also would lead to savings in both human and financial resources. Public awareness towards
preserving the sustainability of shoreline and its features too is hoped to be raised and the
workshops conducted as part of the study were an encouraging start.
The recommendations of this ISMP cover the planning stage (what to do where), project
implementation (how to develop, e.g. setback considerations) and on-going monitoring
programmes. The implementation of the ISMP would therefore fulfil the main aims of the study,
namely to:





Exec
summary
Reduce risks to people and property from coastal erosion and/or flooding;
Improve and enhance the quality of recreational beaches;
Assist in the conservation of the coastal environment and areas of historical, archaeological
value;
Assist in the planning of land use along the coastal area;
Assist the State Government and the various State Government Agencies/Departments in
making informed decisions with respect to the development in the coastal area.
8-1

Pelan Pengurusan Persisiran Pantai Bersepadu (ISMP)

Transcription

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