Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough An

Transcription

Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of
Middlesbrough
An Architectural and Historical Review
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of
Middlesbrough:
Prepared for
English Heritage and the Diocese of Middlesbrough
by
The Architectural History Practice Limited
March 2008
1.0. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of the Review
The purpose of this review is to provide an architectural and historical review of the
churches of the Roman Catholic diocese of Middlesbrough. It is intended to provide a
framework within which decision-making can take place, so that historical and
architectural considerations can be balanced alongside pastoral and financial
considerations.
The diocese was created in 1878, from the diocese of Beverley. It covers an area of
4,000 km², consisting of the boroughs of Middlesbrough, Redcar and Cleveland,
Stockton on Tees (south of the river), the cities of Kingston upon Hull and York, East
Yorkshire and most of North Yorkshire. The Cathedral is located in Coulby Newham,
a suburb of Middlesbrough, and the diocese currently has some 93 parishes and Mass
centres (excluding private chapels, university chaplaincies and barracks).
With the agreement of the diocese and of English Heritage, the Review includes all
those church buildings listed in the Directory for 2007 which are used for regular
parish worship. Buildings in multi-faith use, such as university chaplaincies, or
buildings in other institutional use, such as school, prison and army chapels, have not
been visited. Neither have private chapels, or churches belonging to religious orders
(apart from those served from Ampleforth Abbey, which has agreed to be a partner in
this project).
91 churches have been visited. Where we have been unable or have not needed to gain
access to the interior, this is stated. Where we have been accompanied by the parish
priest or a member of the parish, this too is stated.
The Review has been overseen by a steering committee consisting of representatives
of the diocese (Mgr David Hogan, Dr Jim Whiston), English Heritage (Sarah Brown,
Head of Research, Places of Worship, and Diane Green, Inspector of Historic
Buildings in the Yorkshire Region), The Patrimony Committee (Sophie Andreae,
Vice-Chairman and Tricia Brooking, Hon. Secretary) and the Historic Churches
Committee (represented by Keith Knight RIBA).
1.4. Authors of the Review
The Review has been undertaken by the Architectural History Practice (AHP) with
the help of Nicholas Antram and Geoff Brandwood, independent consultants.
The summary document and individual church reports for the York and Ryedale
Pastoral Areas have been written by Andrew Derrick, a Director of AHP. Andrew
read Art History at the Courtauld Institute of Art and subsequently took a postgraduate Diploma in Building Conservation from the Architectural Association in
London; his thesis topic being the post-war rebuilding of Wren’s City Churches. From
1987 to 2002 he was an Inspector of Historic Buildings for English Heritage, until
1990 in London and thereafter in East Anglia. From 2002 until 2005 he was
Assistant Regional Director at the English Heritage Cambridge office and also held a
national responsibility for policy on places of worship, in which role he co-ordinated
the English Heritage publication New Work in Historic Places of Worship. He is a
member of the Roman Catholic Patrimony Committee and of the Historic Churches
Committee for the Diocese of East Anglia.
The reports for St Luke Kirby Pastoral Area are by Neil Burton, a Director of AHP.
Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough
1
Neil read history at Oxford, and subsequently took a postgraduate diploma in the
History of Art. He is an architectural historian with over thirty years experience; as a
historian with the Greater London Council Historic Buildings Division, as an
Inspector of Historic Buildings within English Heritage and, more recently, as
Secretary of the Georgian Group, one of the national amenity societies. He has
published a number of works on historic buildings.
Nicholas Antram has written all the reports for the Southern Vicariate, and those
for the Pastoral Area of St Hilda in the Central Vicariate. Nick is an architectural
historian and chartered town planner with 25 years experience in the heritage sector,
most recently as an Assistant Regional Director in the London Region of English
Heritage. He is at present engaged on a revision for the Buildings of England
(‘Pevsner’) volume for Sussex and has a detailed knowledge of historic buildings and
areas and their management. He was one of the two authors of the 2005 review of
churches in the RC diocese of Arundel and Brighton, and assisted AHP in their review
of the RC diocese of Portsmouth in 2007.
The reports for the Pastoral Areas of St Romuald, Our Lady of Perpetual Help and St
Bede have been written by Geoff Brandwood. Geoff is a former Chairman of the
Victorian Society and the author of a book on Temple Moore, the distinguished late19th and early-20th century church architect. He has previously worked with AHP on
the Diocese of Portsmouth review and on the preparation of a report for English
Heritage on 19th century Commissioners’ Churches.
1.5. Acknowledgements
The authors would like particularly to thank Sarah Brown of English Heritage for her
help, support and guidance throughout the preparation of this report. Thanks are
also due to Mgr David Hogan and Jenny Dowson, respectively Chairman and
Secretary of the Diocesan Historic Churches Committee, to David Smallwood,
Diocesan Archivist, and to Fr Anselm Cramer, archivist at Ampleforth Abbey, all of
whom have been tremendously helpful. We would also like to thank the numerous
parish priests and parishioners for their help in granting access to and providing
information about their churches.
1.6. Disclaimer
The broad aims of the Review have been fully endorsed by English Heritage, the
Diocese and the Patrimony Committee. However, the opinions that it contains are
those of the authors alone. The Review does not, and should not be seen to,
fetter the discretion of other bodies, including English Heritage, the
Historic Churches Committee and local planning authorities, to advise as
they see fit in the light of their own established policies. Similarly, the
authors bear responsibility for any factual errors that the Review may contain.
1.7. Select bibliography
Publications used for individual reports are cited in the individual reports. The chief
published source of historical information about the diocese is Robert Carson’s The
First 100 Years – A History of the Diocese of Middlesbrough 1878-1978, published in
1978. There are also numerous pamphlets and smaller publications relating to
individual buildings, many of which are held in the diocesan archives at Linthorpe,
and which are referred to in the individual reports. Similarly, some parishes have
useful information on their websites, and where these have been consulted, the
reports say so. Other more general publications which have been consulted are:
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Beck G.A. (ed.) The English Catholics: 1850-1950, Burns Oates 1950
Derrick, A. (ed.) Ecclesiology Today: Journal of the Ecclesiological Society,
Issue 38, May 2007
Diocese of Middlesbrough: Diocesan Yearbook 2007
Little B: Catholic Churches since 1623, Robert Hale 1966
Martin, C.: A Glimpse of Heaven: Catholic Churches of England and Wales,
English Heritage/Catholic Bishops’ Conference of England and Wales, 2006
Norman, E.: The English Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford,
1984
Pevsner, N.: Yorkshire: The North Riding, 1966
Pevsner, N. & Neave, D.: The Buildings of England, Yorkshire: York and the
East Riding, Penguin Books 1995
Twentieth Century Architecture 3: The Twentieth Century Church, The
Journal of the Twentieth Century Society, 1998
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2.0.
ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
2.1. The Penal years
Figure 1: St John the Baptist, Holme-on-Spalding Moor (Holme Hall), 1766, attributed to
John Carr
Legal Catholic worship ceased in England in 1559 with Queen Elizabeth I’s Acts of
Supremacy and Uniformity. Thereafter, practice of the Catholic faith became a covert
activity, often carried out in the face of considerable danger. It survived because of
three things – the blood of martyrs, the seminary priests and the old Catholic landed
families. Yorkshire was in short supply of none of these.
York was the headquarters of the Council of the North, set up to enforce the new
religious dispensation. Although more than fifty Catholics were martyred here, most
famously St Margaret Clitherow, Catholicism survived in York throughout penal
times (Margaret Clitherow’s house in the Shambles was a Mass house). Twenty
parishes in the present diocese of Middlesbrough originated in missions established
from the homes of the Catholic gentry during Penal times. At first these were served
by ‘Marian’ priests, that is those who remained in England after the accession of
Queen Elizabeth I, but later they were more likely to be secular and religious priests
trained overseas. Dr (later Cardinal) William Allen founded the English College at
Douai in Flanders in 1658, the first of several seminaries on the continent which were
to provide the missionary priests of the ensuing decades. These priests were sheltered
in the houses of the recusant Catholic gentry, such as the Constables at Everingham
and Holme, the Langdales at Houghton and the Scropes at Danby. Other priests, such
as the Ven. Nicholas Postgate (put to death in 1679 as a result of the Titus Oates
Conspiracy), were itinerant or ‘riding’ priests, with no permanent abode.
With the accession of the Catholic James II in 1685 the fortunes of Catholics
temporarily revived, and in 1686 the nuns of the Institute of the Blessed Mary felt
sufficiently emboldened to open a new convent just outside the York City walls at
Micklegate Bar. Two years later England and Wales were divided into four Vicariates
or Districts, each headed by a Vicar Apostolic (that is, a missionary bishop directly
responsible to Rome - an arrangement that was to continue until 1850). Yorkshire
formed part of the Northern District and John Smith was appointed its first Vicar
Apostolic. The other Districts were the London District (the capital and southeastern
counties), Midland (from the Welsh border to the East Anglian coast), and the
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Western (southwestern counties and Wales).
This brief period of relative tolerance ended with the Protestant Revolution of 168889 and James II’s exile. However, as the 18th century progressed and the threat of
Jacobitism receded, Catholics were shown a higher degree of toleration, and the
Penal laws enforced less rigorously. In 1742 the mission of St Wilfrid was established
in Blake Street, York and a larger chapel built near the Mass House that had been
there previously. In 1776, the Constable family commissioned the fashionable
architect John Carr of York to build them a chapel on the ground floor at Holme Hall
(figure 1). In 1778, the year of the first Relief Act, a public chapel was built in
Posterngate, Hull.
2.2. The First Relief Act, 1778
The first Catholic Relief Act was brought before Parliament by a committee of lay
Catholics. The passing of this Act allowed Catholics to buy and inherit land and
protected clergy from prosecution for fulfilling their priestly role. It prompted a
fierce backlash that culminated with the Gordon Riots of 1780, when the London
embassy chapels were sacked and the newly-built chapel in Hull destroyed. Despite
the residual anti-Catholicism that the riots demonstrated, Catholic gentry were
increasingly prepared to build new chapels in or close to their houses, although this
remained technically illegal. The first separate chapel built in the grounds of an East
Yorkshire estate was that at Marton, built from designs by Robert Atkinson on the
Burton Constable estate in 1789 (this is a private chapel and therefore not included in
the current study, although it is still in use for weekly Mass).
2.3. From the Second Relief Act to Emancipation
Figure 2: St Mary & St Joseph, Hedon, near Hull, 1803
The passing of the second Catholic Relief Act on 24 June 1791, 232 years to the day
after public Masses had been made illegal, allowed Catholics, subject to the swearing
of an oath to the King, to practice their religion without fear of prosecution, and this
included the building of churches. However, bells and steeples were not permitted.
Neither was the establishment of schools or religious orders (although the latter
picture quickly changed with the attack on religious institutions in Revolutionary
France).
New missions were established at Hull (St Charles Borromeo), Egton Bridge, Yarm,
Hedon, Whitby and Bedale. Churches built during the post-Relief Act years and until
Catholic Emancipation in 1829 tended to be deliberately unassuming and
unostentatious, borne both of legal requirement and the accustomed practice of
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quiet, low-key worship. They were typically of a simple, Nonconformist galleried type,
although many have been subsequently embellished and enlarged, if not replaced.
However, the chapel at Hedon (1803, figure 2) survives as a little-altered example of
the type of chapel being built in the years immediately after the Second Relief Act.
At about this time, the closure of the English Colleges and religious communities in
France led to an exodus of priests and religious to England. By this time ingrained
Anglo-Saxon fear and suspicion of Popery had been superseded by the more real
threat of revolution and sedition, and the exiles were both welcomed and provided
for. It has been estimated that at one time there were 5,500 exiled French clergy and
nearly 6,000 laypeople in England. Most of these settled in the counties of the southeast, but amongst those religious venturing further north were the English
Benedictines from Dieulouard, who in 1802 took up residence at Ampleforth Lodge,
home of the chaplain to the Fairfaxes of Gilling. From this grew the Benedictine
community and school at Ampleforth.
A notable break with the tradition of restraint that characterises Catholic architecture
in the early years of the 19th century came in 1838-9 with the building of the
Constable’s family chapel at Everingham (a private chapel not included in this study,
figure 3). Here was the triumph of Romanita, built by a Roman architect, and as
much an old Catholic aristocratic snub to the rising hegemony of Puginian Gothic as
it was a demonstration of Catholic triumphalism.
Figure 3: St Mary the Virgin and St Everilda, Everingham (Agostino Giorgioli, 1838-9)
2.4. Restoration of the Hierarchy and the flowering of the Gothic Revival
In 1840 the Catholic Directory estimated the Catholic population of England at
452,000, a more than six-fold increase on the 1781 estimate. That year Pope Gregory
XVI increased the number of vicariates in England and Wales from four to eight,
mainly to accommodate growth in the North and Midlands. Yorkshire became a
separate District, as did Lancashire and Wales, and the Midland District was split
into two territories. John Briggs became Vicar Apostolic for the Yorkshire District.
This arrangement was short-lived, for ten years later the Episcopal hierarchy was
restored. John Briggs was appointed first bishop of the new diocese of Beverley,
based in York and encompassing the county of Yorkshire, and was enthroned in the
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Hansoms’ church of St George’s, York, now designated the Pro-Cathedral (figure 4).
Figure 4: St George’s York, Pro-Cathedral of the Diocese of Beverley 1851-1864
Figure 5: St Wilfred, York, Pro-Cathedral 1864-1878
At the time of the 1851 census there were about 680,000 Catholics in England, about
three-quarters of them recent Irish immigrants, arriving mostly in the wake of the
potato famine. In Yorkshire there were 61 churches and 69 priests at this time, and
just over 33,000 Catholics at Mass on Sunday March 30 1851. There were reckoned to
be just under 80,000 people in the county who were Irish by birth (Beck, 50). In York
there were 50,000 Catholics, 43,000 of them Irish. Despite its dedication, St George’s
was the Irish church, located in one of the poorer parts of the city where the incomers
were concentrated, while St Wilfred’s attracted the old and established English
Catholics.
St George’s is one of three churches in the diocese by J. A Hansom, the others being
at Easingwold (1833, for the Benedictines, and probably his first church) and Ulshaw
Bridge (1868). These two other churches span the period of the hegemony of the
Gothic Revival in the diocese and throughout the country. The most prolific Gothic
Revival architect in the diocese was George Goldie, who was born in York and whose
firm specialised in the structural polychromy that was so fashionable in the 1860s. He
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or the various permutations of his practice was responsible for at least ten churches,
including the rebuilding of St Wilfred, York (figure 5). When this opened in 1864 it
replaced St George’s as the Pro-Cathedral until the creation of the Diocese of
Middlesbrough, when another Goldie church became the first Cathedral.
2.5 The Diocese of Middlesbrough, 1878
Figure 6: The Cathedral Church of St Mary, Middlesbrough, 1876-8 (demolished)
The third quarter of the 19th century saw the transformation of Yorkshire Catholicism
from a primarily rural character, dominated by the old Catholic gentry, to an urban,
working class phenomenon, concentrated on the newly industrialised population
centres of Leeds, Bradford, Hull, and Middlesbrough.
There is no evidence that Mass was celebrated in Middlesbrough from 1563 until
1848, when a private room in North Street was used for this purpose. A little later a
modest chapel was erected and a resident priest placed in charge. The third quarter of
the 19th century saw a massive expansion of the town’s Catholic population, brought
about by Irish immigration and the rapid development of the ironworks on Teesside.
By 1860, 32 blast furnaces on the banks of the River Tees were producing about half a
million tons of cast iron each year.
In 1872 the Rev. Richard Lacy was put in charge of the Middlesbrough mission and in
1878 Goldie’s St Mary's church (replacing the original modest chapel) was opened by
Cardinal Manning and Bishop Cornthwaite, the second Bishop of Beverley. In
December of the same year, the Diocese of Beverley was split in two, to form the
Dioceses of Leeds and Middlesbrough. The split was fiercely resisted by the Catholic
gentry of Yorkshire, who looked naturally to York rather than Middlesbrough as their
social and cultural centre. They were particularly exercised by the division of the city
of York itself between the two new dioceses (a division that was only reversed in
1981). They petitioned Rome, but to no avail. Bishop Cornthwaite was appointed the
first Bishop of Leeds and in 1879 Richard Lacy, then aged only 38, the first Bishop of
Middlesbrough. St Mary's became the Cathedral in which Bishop Lacy was
consecrated on 11 December 1879, at the hands of Cardinal Manning, assisted by
Bishop Cornthwaite and Bishop O'Reilly of Liverpool.
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2.6 Bishop Lacy 1879-1929
Bishop Lacy remained in office for 50 years, until his death in 1929. Although new
churches were built over the length and breadth of the diocese in his time, efforts
were concentrated on the new industrial centres of Teesside and Hull. Parishes were
established within the satellite towns growing up around the ironworks on Teesside –
at Thornaby in 1879, South Bank in 1874, Grangetown in 1878 and Warrenby in 1874.
In Hull there were only two parishes in 1879, but Bishop Lacy established six more.
The most notable architectural practitioners here were the Hull firm of Smith,
Brodrick and Lowther, who built generally in the conventional Gothic Revival style of
the day, until breaking out with their extraordinary Baroque remodelling of St
Charles Borromeo (1894, figure 7).
Figure 7: St Charles Borromeo, Hull (1894)
Another sign of the anti-Gothic backlash is the remarkable church of St Mary at Filey,
built by the Benedictine monk and scholar Fr Eugene Roulin (figure 8), and early
example of the use of an early Christian basilican plan as the model for new churches.
Figure 8: Early 20th century photograph of St Mary’s Filey (1905-6)
However, the major building project in the diocese during Bishop Lacy’s time was not
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a diocesan building, but the first phase of Giles Gilbert Scott’s great rebuilding of the
Abbey church at Ampleforth (1922). This was firmly in the continuation of the Gothic
Revival, taking its cue from the late Romanesque churches of Aquitaine.
2.7 Bishop Shine 1929-1955
Bishop Thomas Shine was the second Bishop of Middlesbrough, and like his
predecessor held the see for a considerable length of time. He also continued his
predecessor’s enthusiasm for church building, opening 19 churches between 1929 and
1939 alone (some replacing temporary buildings but most of them new churches
serving newly-created parishes). This was a remarkable achievement, given the
economic conditions of the 1930s. Unusually for a bishop, Shine appears to have had
a decisive hand in the design and, in at least one case, the actual decoration of the
churches in his diocese. He collaborated with the builder F. Spink of Bridlington on
the design of several buildings, mostly cheaply-built and lacking in any architectural
distinction. However, their Italianate design for the church of St Francis at
Middlesbrough is a design of some quality (figure 9).
St Joseph’s is not untypical of the churches of the interwar years, which saw a large
programme of church and school building throughout the country, with expansion
into the newly built suburbs. Gothic designs continued to be popular but were
increasingly challenged by the Romanesque and, following the lead of Westminster
Cathedral, the Byzantine/Early Christian styles. After the early promise of Filey, the
new thinking on liturgy emanating from the Continent made little headway in the
diocese at this time. Peter Anson characterised the period as one of ‘chaotic
eclecticism’1.
Figure 9: St Joseph, Middlesbrough (Shine & Spink, 1933-4)
With the outbreak of war, Hull and Middlesbrough became targets of enemy
bombing. One church (Brodrick & Lowther’s St Wilfrid at Hull) was completely
destroyed, and the Cathedral itself suffered minor damage. But even during wartime
1
Anson, P Fashions in Church Furnishings 1840-1940, 1965
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church building did not come to a complete standstill, with the opening of St Joseph’s
at York taking place in 1942.
2.8. Bishop Brunner 1956-1967
Figure 10: Abbey Church of St Laurence, Ampleforth, completed 1961
In the immediate post-war years of austerity, a shortage of materials and workmen
and the need to obtain building licences slowed down the pace of new church
building. However, Bishop Brunner’s time as the third Bishop of Middlesbrough saw
the diocese through the revival of church building that started from the mid-1950s up
to the end of the Second Vatican Council. This was the period when dual purpose
hall-churches were in vogue (the first was at St Pius, Middlesbrough in 1955); a
number of these were built, none of great architectural significance. However,
buildings of real architectural distinction did occasionally emerge. Foremost among
post-war parish churches is Francis Johnson’s St Joseph, Scarborough (1960), a
design which owes more to early 20th century Scandinavian and Italian precedent
than the Georgian influences we associate with Johnson’s domestic architecture.
Significant new buildings also continued to be built by the religious orders, notably
Giles Gilbert Scott’s Abbey Church at Ampleforth (figure 10), completed in a stripped
lancet Gothic style. In contrast to these two traditional designs, the new liturgical
ideas and architectural modernism made their appearance in the new chapel built for
the Sisters of Mercy at Endsleigh by Williams Sleight and Co in 1965 (now the parish
church of St Anthony and Our Lady of Mercy, Hull).
2.9. Bishop McClean 1967-1978
Bishop Mclean’s period as fourth Bishop of Middlesbrough takes us from the end of
the Second Vatican Council to the election of Pope John Paul II and the centenary of
the diocese. In those 11 years he opened 11 new churches, six of them for new
parishes. One of these is the oldest church in the diocese - the church of St Leonard at
Malton, built in the late 12th century as a chapel of ease for the Gilbertine monastery
at Old Malton. In the 1960s it became surplus to the requirements of the Anglicans of
Malton and was offered to the diocese of Middlesbrough, a conveyance that was
completed in 1971. This is believed to be the first medieval parish church to revert
from Anglican to Catholic parish use.
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2.10 Post-1978
Figure 11: The new Cathedral of St Mary, Middlesbrough (Swainston Partnership, 1985-7)
The thirty years that have elapsed since the centenary of the diocese in 1978 have
seen the appointment of three more bishops (compared with four in the preceding
century), and an end to the ambitious programme of church building. Churches are
still built, not the least of which has been the new Cathedral, completed in 1987 and
replacing Goldie’s building, fire damaged and eventually demolished in 2000. Parish
churches also continue to be built, usually replacing existing buildings or following
the amalgamation of existing parishes. Some of these are of some architectural
quality (such as Vincente Stienlet’s St Francis of Assisi at Hull, 1996). However, the
trend is now one of retrenchment, amalgamation and closure. The decline has been
rapid rather than gradual. As recently as 1984, 200 worshippers were accommodated
in the newly-built church of St Gregory, Teesville. However, by 2006 the numbers
had fallen to 80, and the church was closed. Such developments are due not only to
the falling away of church attendance, common to all denominations and all parts of
the country, but also to post-industrial decline coupled with housing policies which
have conspired to result in the significant de-population of large areas, of
Middlesbrough in particular. However, this is by no means a universal process. In
some areas, such as parts of Hull and its rural hinterland, the recent influx of migrant
workers from Eastern Europe has boosted attendance at churches which were until
recently regarded as prime candidates for closure. Demographic factors are therefore
variable, and subject to rapid change. They have left some churches without a
sustainable parish base, bringing the prospect of closure, and some with a shortage of
space and a need for expansion. Local solutions which take account of changing local
circumstances are therefore needed. It is hoped that this report will help to ensure
that these are properly informed by an understanding of the significance of the
buildings so affected.
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Annex 1
OUTLINE CATHOLIC CHRONOLOGY FROM 1531
(Milestones relevant to Diocese of Middlesbrough italicised)
1531
Henry VIII declares himself head of the English Church.
1534
Act of Supremacy.
1558
Accession of Queen Elizabeth I.
1559
Act of Uniformity abolishes the Roman Mass. Entire Catholic hierarchy
imprisoned, except for Bishop of Llandaff, who agrees to take Oath of
Supremacy.
1581
Dr (later Cardinal) William Allen made Prefect of English Mission.
1585
Elizabethan Act ‘against Jesuits, seminary priests, and such other like
disobedient persons’.
1585
Death in Rome of Thomas Goldwell, Bishop of St Asaph and last survivor of
old hierarchy.
1685-8 Catholic James II promotes Catholics within government, including Privy
Council appointments. Declaration of Indulgence of 1687 allows freedom of
worship to Nonconformists and Catholics.
1688
Country divided into four Vicariates or Districts, each headed by a Bishop, or
Vicar Apostolic. Districts are London (the capital and southeastern counties),
Midland (Welsh border to East Anglian coast), Northern (north of this up to
the Scottish border) and Western (southwestern counties and Wales).
Catholic population of England estimated at 325,000.
1688
Anglican bishops refuse to publish Declaration of Indulgence. Archbishop of
Canterbury and six other bishops imprisoned. Backlash leading to William of
Orange’s Protestant Revolution.
1688-1745 Penal Laws – Catholics forbidden to bear arms, own a horse worth more
than £5, vote in elections, practise in the professions, inherit land or celebrate Mass.
No new churches built.
1715
Jacobite Rebellion.
1730
Richard Challoner becomes Vicar Apostolic of London District.
1766
Death of Old Pretender leads to relaxation of Penal laws.
1766
American War of Independence – Government approaches Richard
Challoner, de facto Bishop of London, for help in recruiting Scottish clansmen
for army. As a quid pro quo Government sets up a committee of laymen to
consider relaxation of penal laws. First Relief Act drawn up by William Burke.
1780
First Relief Act. Catholics given property rights. Provokes Gordon riots.
1781
Catholic population of England counted at 69,316.
13
1789
French Revolution. More than 5,500 clergy and religious flee to England.
1791
Second Relief Act. Celebration of Mass authorised in registered chapels by
priests who had taken oath of allegiance, and construction of new churches
permitted. 900 chapels built 1791-1816.
1791
Catholics admitted to professions.
1811
Catholic population of England estimated at 250,000.
1817
Catholics allowed commissions in armed forces.
1829
Catholic Emancipation Act removes almost all remaining prohibitions.
1835
Conversion of A.W.N. Pugin.
1840
Catholic population of England and Wales estimated at 452,000. 457 public
churches. Number of Vicars Apostolic increased from 4 to 8, with Midland
District split in two and Wales, Lancashire and Yorkshire becoming separate
Districts.
1845
Conversion of John Henry Newman.
1845-7 Influx of destitute Irish in the wake of potato famine.
1849
Nicholas Wiseman becomes Vicar Apostolic of London.
1850
Restoration of Catholic Hierarchy. 12 dioceses created, with Westminster the
metropolitan see. Wiseman becomes first Archbishop of Westminster. The
new Diocese of Beverley is coterminous with the County of Yorkshire.
1851
Bishop Briggs, first Bishop of Beverley, enthroned in the Pro-Cathedral of St
George’s, York.
1852
Census returns 679,000 Catholics in England, served by 800 priests.
Conversion of Archdeacon Manning.
1858 Bishop Cornthwaite becomes second Bishop of Beverley.
1864 The newly-rebuilt St Wilfred’s, York replaces St George’s as the Pro-Cathedral
of the Diocese of Beverley.
1865
Manning becomes second Archbishop of Westminster.
1869-70 First Vatican Council.
1878 Diocese of Beverley split between two new dioceses of Leeds and
Middlesbrough. Richard Lacy becomes first Bishop of Middlesbrough and St
Mary’s at Middlesbrough the new Cathedral. Bishop Cornthwaite becomes
Bishop of Leeds.
1892
Herbert Vaughan becomes third Archbishop of Westminster. Obtains from
Rome permission for Catholics to attend Oxford and Cambridge universities.
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1893
Vaughan begins construction of Westminster Cathedral.
1900
Catholic population of England and Wales 1.3m, 1500 churches and chapels,
about 3000 priests (secular and religious).
1903
Francis Bourne becomes fourth Archbishop of Westminster.
1908
By the decree Sapiento Concilio, missions in England and Wales become
canonical parishes.
1911
Creation of three Metropolitan Provinces, with archbishops in Liverpool and
Birmingham as well as London.
1916
Wales created a separate province (Archbishop of Cardiff).
1917
Catholic population of England and Wales 1.9m, 1900 churches and chapels,
about 4000 priests.
1929
Thomas Shine becomes second Bishop of Middlesbrough.
1935
Arthur Hinsley becomes fifth Archbishop of Westminster.
1939
Catholic population of England and Wales 2.36m.
1939-49 Catholic population increases to 2.65m and number of churches and Mass
centres in England and Wales from 2475 to 2821. Number of priests
increases from 5642 to 6643.
1943
Bernard William Griffin becomes sixth Archbishop of Westminster.
1956
William Godfrey becomes seventh Archbishop of Westminster.
1956 George Brunner becomes third Bishop of Middlesbrough.
1962
John Carmel Heenan becomes eighth Archbishop of Westminster.
1963
Catholic population of England and Wales 3,824,000. 3,071 parish churches,
1,088 private chapels with weekly Mass.
1963-5 Second Vatican Council.
1967
John Gerard McClean becomes fourth Bishop of Middlesbrough.
1976
George Basil Hume becomes ninth Archbishop of Westminster.
1978
Augustine Harris becomes fifth Bishop of Middlesbrough.
1981
Middlesbrough Diocesan boundary redrawn to include the whole of the city
of York.
1987
Opening of new Middlesbrough Cathedral.
1993
John Crowley becomes sixth Bishop of Middlesbrough.
2000 Cormac Murphy-O’Connor becomes tenth Archbishop of Westminster.
15
Demolition of Goldie’s Middlesbrough Cathedral.
2008 Terence Drainey becomes seventh Bishop of Middlesbrough.
16
Annex 2
LEADING ARCHITECTS WORKING IN MIDDLESBROUGH DIOCESE
(Asterisk denotes listed building)
ATKINSON Thomas c.1729-1798
Catholic convert and leading Yorkshire architect during the reign of George III.
• Bar Convent and Chapel, York, 1766-9 *
• Most Holy Sacrament, Marton, 1789 *
CARR John 1723-1807
The principal architect practising in the north of England in the second half of the
18th century, working primarily for Yorkshire gentry
• St John the Baptist, Holme-on-Spalding-Moor, 1766 * (attributed)
CARR Martin
Slightly ‘Rogueish’ architect of Redcar
• Our Lady Star of the Sea, Staithes, 1884-5
CRAWFORD Thomas A
Trained in Newcastle, widespread practice in Diocese of Middlesbrough (1955-68
practice known as Crawford, Spencer & Wilkes)
• St Augustine, Redcar, 1936-7
• The Holy Name of Mary, Linthorpe, 1937-8
• St Alphonsus, North Ormesby, 1959-60
• St Clare of Assisi, Brookfield, 1965
EARLE John c1779-1863
Mason, sculptor and architect of Hull. ‘A competent provincial practitioner in a late
Georgian classical style’ (Colvin)
• St Charles Borromeo, Hull, 1829 *
GIORGIOLI Agostino
Roman architect
• Chapel of St Mary the Virgin and St Everilda, Everingham, 1836-9 *
(executant architect John Harper of York)
GOLDIE George 1828-87
Born in York, Goldie was a pupil and then partner of M.E. Hadfield and J.G.
Weightman (q.v.). Later worked with John Child (died 1911) and with son Edward
Goldie (1856-1921)
• St Anne, Ugthorpe, 1855
• St Peter, Scarborough, 1858 *
• St Mary and St Romuald, Yarm, 1859-60
• St Wilfrid, York, 1862-4 *
• St Joseph and St Francis Xavier, Richmond, 1867-8 *
• Sacred Heart, Northallerton, 1871 (replaced in 1934)
• St Joseph, Stokesley, 1872-3
• St Mary’s Cathedral, Middlesbrough, 1876-8 (demolished)
• St Mary and St Joseph, Bedale, 1878
• St Patrick, Thornaby (Edward Goldie), 1891
17
HANSOM Joseph Aloysius 1803-82
Born in York, and in partnership with Edward Welch from 1828. Subsequently
partner with brother Charles (1855-59), with son Henry John (1859-61); with
E.W.Pugin (1861-63), and with son Joseph Stanislaus from 1869.
• St John the Evangelist, Easingwold, 1833 *
• St George, York, 1849-50 *
• St Simon and St Jude, Ulshaw Bridge, 1868 *
JOHNSON Francis 1911-95
20th century architect who usually worked in a Classical idiom.
• St George, Scarborough, 1957
• St Joseph, Newby, Scarborough, 1960 *
LANGTRY-LANGTON, J.H. 1899-1982
Yorkshire architect, trained as an engineer and best known for the liturgically
pioneering pre-war church of the First Martyrs, Bradford, for Fr John O’Connor.
• Our Lady, Acomb, York, 1955
SCOLES Joseph John 1798-1863
Pupil of Joseph Ireland, favoured architect of the Jesuits.
• St Charles Borromeo, Hull, 1835 (alterations) *
SCOTT Sir Giles Gilbert 1880-1960
Son of George Gilbert Scott junior, articled to Temple Moore
• Ampleforth, Abbey Church of St Laurence, 1922 and 1961 *
Bishop Thomas SHINE 1872-1956 and F. SPINK of Bridlington
Collaborated on the design of a number of churches in the diocese. The extent of the
Bishop’s involvement in the designs has not been established.
• Corpus Christi, Hull, 1932
• Holy Name, Hull, 1933
• St Joseph, Middlesbrough, 1933-4
• Sacred Heart, Northallerton, 1934
• St Francis of Assisi, Acklam, Middlesbrough, 1935
• St Peter and St John Fisher, Withernsea, 1936
• St Bede, Marske-by-the-Sea, Redcar (attrib), 1936
• St William, Dormanstown (attrib) 1938-9
SIMPSON, Edward (1844-1937)
Bradford architect who designed a number of Catholic churches in the north of
England. After serving articles in Hull he moved to London before setting up practice
in Bradford around 1870. Handed over practice to his son Charles in 1914.
• Our Lady and St Edward, Driffield, 1886
SMITH Bernard
Amplefordian with London practice who prepared ambitious designs for Ampleforth
Abbey in 1893.
• St Mary, Helmsley (attrib), 1894
• St Chad, Kirkbymoorside, 1897
SMITH, BRODRICK & LOWTHER
Hull firm with a varied late 19th century practice.
• St Mary, Wilton Street, Hull, 1890-1 (demolished)
• Our Lady and St Peter, Bridlington, 1893-4
18
•
•
•
•
St Charles Borromeo, Hull, 1894 (alterations) *
Old church of St Wilfred, Hull, 1896 (demolished)
St John of Beverley, Beverley, 1897-8 *
St Peter’s, South Bank, Middlesbrough, 1903-5 *
STIENLET Vincente
Third generation of an architectural practice founded in North Shields in 1904 by
Pascal Stienlet.
• St Francis of Assisi, Hull, 1996-7
STOKES Leonard 1858-1925
Articled to S.J. Nicholl in 1874, going on to spend time in the offices of James Gandy,
G.E. Street, J.P. St Aubyn and T.E. Collcutt. Started independent practice in London
in 1880.
• St Joseph, Pickering, 1911 *
SWAINSTON F.B. d. 1982
Middlesbrough firm (also traded under the name Swainston, Wilson & Collie).
Architect for the present Cathedral.
• St Andrew, Teesville, 1962
• St Bernadette, Nunthorpe, 1963
• Christ the King, Thornaby, 1968
• St Anne’s, Teesville, 1970
• St Alban, Redcar, 1972
• St Mary’s Cathedral, Middlesbrough, 1985-7
WEIGHTMAN John Gray & HADFIELD Matthew Ellison
Worked together in Sheffield from 1834, and in formal partnership by 1838. On
completion of his apprenticeship with the firm in 1850 or 1851, George Goldie (q.v.)
was taken into partnership. Weightman practised alone from 1858, Hadfield and
Goldie continuing in partnership in Sheffield and London for a further two years.
• St Mary and St Joseph, Pocklington, 1862-3
• St Hedda, Egton Bridge, 1866-7 *
• St Hilda, Whitby, 1866-7 *
WILLIAMS & JOPLING/JOPLING & WRIGHT
Of Hull
• Holy Cross, Cottingham, 1928
• English Martyrs, York, 1932
• St Vincent de Paul, Hull, 1932-3 *
WILLIAMS, SLEIGHT & CO.
Successor Hull practice to Williams and Jopling?
• Sacred Heart, Hornsea, 1956
• New church of St Wilfrid, Hull, 1956
• St Anthony and Our Lady of Mercy, Hull, 1965
19

Churches in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough An

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