Circulation
Transcription
Circulation
Cardiomyocytes Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells Recapitulate Electrophysiological Characteristics of an Overlap Syndrome of Cardiac Sodium Channel Disease Richard P. Davis, Simona Casini, Cathelijne W. van den Berg, Maaike Hoekstra, Carol Ann Remme, Cheryl Dambrot, Daniela Salvatori, Dorien Ward-van Oostwaard, Arthur A.M. Wilde, Connie R. Bezzina, Arie O. Verkerk, Christian Freund and Christine L. Mummery Circulation. published online May 30, 2012; Circulation is published by the American Heart Association, 7272 Greenville Avenue, Dallas, TX 75231 Copyright © 2012 American Heart Association, Inc. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0009-7322. Online ISSN: 1524-4539 The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2012/05/25/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Data Supplement (unedited) at: http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/suppl/2012/05/25/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092.DC1.html Permissions: Requests for permissions to reproduce figures, tables, or portions of articles originally published in Circulation can be obtained via RightsLink, a service of the Copyright Clearance Center, not the Editorial Office. Once the online version of the published article for which permission is being requested is located, click Request Permissions in the middle column of the Web page under Services. Further information about this process is available in the Permissions and Rights Question and Answer document. Reprints: Information about reprints can be found online at: http://www.lww.com/reprints Subscriptions: Information about subscribing to Circulation is online at: http://circ.ahajournals.org//subscriptions/ Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Cardiomyocytes Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells Recapitulate Electrophysiological Characteristics of an Overlap Syndrome of Cardiac Sodium Channel Disease Running title: Davis et al.; Disease modelling using PSC cardiomyocytes Richard P. Davis, PhD1,6*; Simona Casini, PhD1*; Cathelijne W. van den Berg, MSc1*; Maaike Hoekstra, MSc2; Carol Ann Remme, MD, PhD2; Cheryl Dambrot, MSc1,4; Daniela Salvatori, PhD1,5; Dorien Ward-van Oostwaard, BSc1; Arthur A.M. Wilde, MD, PhD2; 1 Connie R. Bezzina, PhD2; Arie O. Verkerk, PhD3; Christian Freund, Ph PhD hD1* ; 1,6* Christine L. Mummery, PhD 1 Dept of Anatomy & Embryology, 4Dept of Cardiology, 5Proefdiercentrum, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; Cent Ce nter nt er,, Le er Leiden en n; 2De Dept D pt of Clinical & Experimental Experimenta tall Ca ta C Cardiology, rdiology, 3Dept off Anatomy, Anat An a omy, Embryology & Physiology, Heart Academic Center, University Phys Ph y io olo ogy gy, He Hear art Failure Research Center, Aca ademic Medical Ce ent n er,, Un Univ iversity y of Amsterdam, Amsterdam; Amst Am ster erda er dam da m; 6Ne Netherlands eth ther e la er land ndss Proteomics nd P ot Pr oteo e mi eo m css Institute, Instiitu tute te,, Ut te U Utrecht, reecht, cht,, T The he N Nethe Netherlands heerl rlan ands an ds equally **contributed con ntriibuteed ed equ ual ally ly Correspondence: C orrespond nden dence: Richard Ri h d P. P Davis, D i PhD PhD or Christine Ch i tii L. L Mummery, M PhD PhD Department of Anatomy & Embryology Leiden University Medical Center Einthovenweg 20 2333 ZC Leiden The Netherlands Tel: 31-71-5269307 Fax: 31-30-2516464 E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Journal Subject Codes: [106] Electrophysiology; [130] Animal models of human disease; [137] Cell biology/structural biology; [152] Ion channels/membrane transport 1 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Abstract: Background - Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) offer a new paradigm for modelling genetic cardiac diseases but it is unclear whether mouse and human PSCs can truly model both gain and loss of function genetic disorders affecting the Na+ current (INa) due to the immaturity of the PSCderived cardiomyocytes. To address this issue, we generated multiple PSC lines containing a Na+ channel mutation causing a cardiac Na+ channel overlap syndrome. Method and Results - Induced PSC (iPSC) lines were generated from mice carrying the Scn5a1798insD/+ (Scn5a-het) mutation. These mouse (m)iPSCs, along with wild-type miPSCs, were compared to the targeted mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line used to generate the mutant mice and to the wild-type mESC line. Patch-clamp experiments showed that the Scn5a-het y y had a significant g y and a larger g ppersistent INa when cardiomyocytes decrease in INa density compared to Scn5a-wt cardiomyocytes. Action potential (AP) measurements sho showed howe wedd a re we redu reduced duce du c d ce upstroke velocity and longer AP duration in Scn5a-het myocytes. These characteristics ecapi p tulated findings g from primary cardiomyocytes cardiomyocyt ytes isolated directly from adult Scn5a-het mice. recapitulated Finally, Fina Fi nall na lly, ll y, iPSCs iPS PS SCs were wer eree generated g ne ge nera ratedd from fr m a patient pati pa t ent with with h tthe he equ equivalent quiv i alen nt S SCN5A CN5 N5A A1795insD/+ mut mutation. utat atio on. Patch-clamp P atcchh clamp measurements meas me a ur as urem em ments ents on on the the derivative derivativve cardiomyocytes der carddioomy yocyt ocyttess revealed reveale ledd similar siimi mila larr changes la ch hange ange g s too tho tthose h se ho the mPSC-derived mPSCC-de Cd rived de ved ca card rdio iomy myoc my ocyt ytes yt es. inn the cardiomyocytes. Conclusions Conc nclu lusion ions - Here Herre we H w demonstrate dem emon onst stra rate t thatt bo both th ESCESC S - an andd iP iPSC iPSC-derived SC-d - er eriv ived ed car cardiomyocytes rdi d om omyo yocyte tess ca can an recapitulate ecapi p tulatee the the characteristics cha hara ract ra c er ct e issti tics c of cs of a combined comb co mbin mb i ed gain in ggai ainn and ai and loss loss of of function funccti fu tion on Na Na+ cchannel hann ha nnnel m mutation utation andd that the electrophysiological immaturity of PSC-derived cardiomyocytes does not preclude their use as an accurate model for cardiac Na+ channel disease. Key words: differentiation; electrophysiology; stem cells; disease modelling; sodium ion channels 2 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Multiple cardiac arrhythmia syndromes including long-QT syndrome type 3 (LQT3), Brugada syndrome (BrS), progressive cardiac conduction disease and sinus node dysfunction have been linked to mutations in SCN5A, the gene encoding the Į-subunit of the cardiac sodium (Na+) channel.1,2 Most SCN5A mutations associated with LQT3 act by disrupting fast inactivation of the Na+ channel, resulting in a persistent inward Na+ current (INa) during the action potential (AP) plateau phase, and subsequently delaying ventricular repolarisation and prolonging the QT interval (gain of function mutations).3 In contrast, SCN5A mutations underlying BrS and conduction disease are loss of function mutations and are believed to reduce the total amount of available INa due to expression of non-functional channels, impaired intracellular trafficking and decreased membrane surface channel expression, or through altered channel gat gating tin ng pr prop properties. op per erti ties ti e .1,2 es Initially, it was believed that these arrhythmia syndromes constituted separate clinical en entities ntiiti ties es w wit with ithh iindividual it ndi diivi vidu d al SCN5A mutations leading ng to to one particular ar ele electrophysiological ect ctrrophysiological ro disorder. H However, ow wever, gen genotype-phenotype not otyp ype--ph yp p en not otyp ypee sstudies yp tud udie ud i s in ie n lar large rgee pe pedigrees edigreees ees ha have ave ve nnow ow w eestablished sttab bliishhed ed tthat hatt se ha sev several veral ver ral si ssingle ngle SCN5A with multiple manifestations consequence SC CN5 N5A A mutations mut m utat ut atio at ionns present pre rese sennt nt w wit ithh mu it mult ltip lt iplle le clinical cli linnica caal ma man niffest fest stat atiions at ns aass a co cons nseq equuen uence nce of the hee vvarious ario ar io ous us biophysical de defects efe fect ctts as aassociated sociat so ated at ed dw with ithh th it tthee mu muta mutations tati ta tion ti o s (t on (the h sso-called he o ca ocall l ed ooverlap ll veerl rlap ap ssyndromes). yndr yn drrom omes es). es ).4 T The he first reported was the in-frame insertion of an aspartic acid residue at position 1795 in the human protein (designated 1795insD), identified in a large Dutch family, with ECG features of bradycardia, ventricular and atrial conduction slowing, LQT3, and BrS.5,6 Transgenic mice carrying the mouse equivalent (1798insD) of the human SCN5A-1795insD mutation recapitulate the majority of the electrophysiological and ECG characteristics observed in patients, with Scn5a1798insD/+ (Scn5a-het) mice displaying signs of sinus node dysfunction in addition to prolonged PQ, QRS, and QTc intervals on surface ECGs.7,8 Patch-clamp analysis in isolated Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes demonstrated a prolonged AP duration (APD) and decreased upstroke 3 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 velocity (Vmax) compared with wild-type (Scn5a+/+; Scn5a-wt) myocytes.7,8 Additionally, the mutation resulted in a reduction in INa density, underlying the observed conduction slowing in the Scn5a-het mice. Finally, a larger persistent inward INa was measured in cardiomyocytes from Scn5a-het mice, explaining the presence of the increased AP duration and QTc prolongation.9 Critically, in contrast to previous transfection studies using HEK cells,10 the majority of kinetic properties of the INa remained unchanged in the isolated Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes,7,8 underscoring the challenges in interpreting the electrophysiological properties of ion channel mutations in heterologous expression systems. The ability to reprogram somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and cardiomyocyttes, of ooffers fers fe rs a nnew ew differentiate these cells into many cell types, including functional cardiomyocytes, paradigm for modelling human disease.11,12 However, the electrophysiological immaturity of pl lurrip ipot oten ot en nt st stem tem cce el ell-derived cardiomyocytes (P PSCSC-CMs) might in nflue ueenc ncee whether they are able pluripotent cell-derived (PSC-CMs) influence too recapitulate recapitulate ec eN Naa+ cchannel h nn ha nel llos loss osss off ffunction os unct un ctiion m mutations utattioons th that hat affect affe af fect ctt the the rrapid apiid uupstroke pstr ps trok okke of the he A AP. P.. In huma hu human mann embryonic ma embr em bryyon br yonic stem stem m cell-derived cel ell-de d ri de rive vedd cardiomyocytes ve caard dio iomy myoc my o ytees oc es (hESC-CMs), (hE hESC SC-C SC CMs), ), the thee relative reelat elattiv i e contribution co ont ntri ribbut bution tion off INa to the phase phas asse 0 of the the h AP AP is a matter mattte t r of debate, ddeb ebaate eb t , wi with t uupstroke th pstr ps trok tr okee ve ok vvelocities loci lo citi ci tiies aaro around r un ro undd 8 V/ V V/ss typicallyy detected in hESC-CMs13-16 compared with ~200V/s in adult cardiomyocytes.17 In hiPSC-derived CMs (hiPSC-CMs) similar low upstroke velocities have also been reported.18-20 While mouse (m)PSC-CMs show an increase in INa and upstroke velocity during prolonged in vitro differentiation,21-23 the latter is still smaller than that observed in isolated primary adult mouse cardiomyocytes.8 Therefore it remains uncertain whether PSC-CMs can recapitulate the electrophysiological features of Na+ channel loss of function mutations. In this study, we generated iPSC lines from Scn5a-het mice and from wild-type littermates, and derived functional cardiomyocytes from these. In addition, the mESC line used 4 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 to introduce the Scn5a-1798insD mutation into the mice, and the parental (Scn5a-wt) control mESC line were also differentiated into cardiomyocytes. The biophysical properties of the Na+ channel and AP characteristics in cardiomyocytes derived from these two PSC sources were examined and compared to those observed in cardiomyocytes isolated from Scn5a-wt and -het mice that were described previously.8,9 Both in vitro Scn5a-het models recapitulated the electrophysiological phenotype observed in the corresponding primary adult cardiomyocytes. Finally to ascertain whether some of the electrophysiological features underlying LQT3 and BrS could also be detected in human cardiomyocytes, we generated a hiPSC line from a patient carrying the SCN5A-1795insD variant. Cardiomyocytes derived from these cells also displayed he INa and AP properties of this cardiac Na+ channelopathy. Collectively, these re rresults esuult ltss the demonstrate the utility of PSCs in modelling even complex ion channel disorders. Me Met th thods Methods Methods Supplemental Ann eexpanded xpan xp ande dedd Me de eth hod odss sect ssection ec io on is ava aavailable vail ilab able ab le iinn th thee Su Supp upp pleeme ment ntal nt a Material. al Mat a erria al. 24-26 26 Mouse Mous se and a d human an h ma hu man iPSCs iPSC iP SCss were SC wer generated gen ener erat er ated at e essentially ed essse sent ntia iall ia llly ass described ddes e cr crib ibed ib ed previously, ppre r viiou re ousl sly, sl y,24 either by retroviral or lentiviral transduction of vectors encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc. The undifferentiated PSC lines were maintained using standard procedures.27,28 Teratomas were generated by injecting undifferentiated iPSCs into NOD-SCID mice. Mouse PSCs were differentiated in vitro as embryoid bodies (EBs) using a “hanging drop” protocol,27 while human iPSCs were induced to differentiate to cardiomyocytes by co-culture on visceral endoderm-like (END-2) cells as described previously.28,29 Immunofluorescence and gene expression analyses were performed as described previously.28,30 PSC-CMs were isolated from differentiated EBs by enzymatic dissociation and the electrophysiological recordings obtained by using either ruptured 5 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 or perforated patch-clamp techniques. Results are expressed as mean±SEM. Comparisons were made using either unpaired Student’s t-test, one-way ANOVA or two-way repeated measure ANOVA (rmANOVA), followed by a Holm-Sidak test for post-hoc analysis. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analyses were performed with SigmaStat software. Results Generation and characterisation of Scn5a-wt and -het mPSC lines The mESC line in which one allele of the Scn5a locus was modified to contain the 1798insD mutation, and the corresponding mutant mouse used to generate the miPSC lines, have been described previously.7,8 Fibroblasts cultured from Scn5a-wt and -het littermates w were erre reprogrammed eprogrammed to generate the corresponding miPSC lines. Several independent clones for each geno ge genotype noty no typpe ty pe were wer w erre obtained ob btain tai ed from both adult tail-tip and and embryonic fib fibroblasts. ib brobl bllas astts. The 1798insD hheterozygous hete e ero r zygous m mutation utaatio ionn in tthe he Sc SScn5a cn5 n55a lo llocus ocuus was wass confirmed con nfirm fi med to to be be present preeseentt inn the th he Scn5 SScn5a-het cn5 n5aa-h -heet m mESCs ESC ES Cs and Figure an nd miPSCs, miPS mi PSCs Cs,, but Cs but not not in in the the wild-type wil ildd-ty dtype ty pe lines lin ines es (Supplemental ((Su Su upp pple leme meenttal F Fig igur ig urre 11). ). The miPSC miP iPSC SC C lines lin ness resembled res esem es embl em bled bl e mESCs ed mES ESCs Cs in in terms t rm te rmss of morphology mor orph phol ph olog ol o y and og and expression expr ex p es pr e si sion on of of ESCassociated markers (Oct4, Nanog, and SSEA-1) (Figure 1A), and had reactivated endogenous pluripotency genes (Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Rex1 and ECat1) (Figure 1B). Furthermore, the miPSCs when differentiated in vitro expressed the mesoderm marker smooth muscle actin (ޒ-SMA), the endoderm marker Sox17, and the ectoderm marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) (Figure 1C). Additionally, undifferentiated miPSCs injected into immunocompromised NOD-SCID mice formed teratomas containing cell derivatives of the three germ layers (Figure 1D and 1E). Collectively these results indicate that the adult somatic cells were reprogrammed to a pluripotent state. 6 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Scn5a-wt and –het mPSCs differentiate into cardiomyocytes Scn5a-wt and -het mESCs and miPSCs were differentiated to cardiomyocytes in EBs (Figure 2A).27,31 One day after transferring EBs to adherent culture (day 8 of differentiation), spontaneously contracting foci were apparent (Supplemental Movie 1). By day 10 of differentiation, 75-90% of mESC- and miPSC-derived EBs contained spontaneously contracting regions, indicating comparable cardiomyocyte differentiation potentials (Supplemental Figure 2A). Additionally, no significant difference in the spontaneous beating rate was observed between Scn5a-wt and –het mPSC-EBs (Supplemental Figure 2B). Gene expression profiling of mESC- and miPSC-derived EBs revealed a similar differentiation pattern into mesodermal and cardiac cells for all four lines, including expression of Scn5a from day 3 of ddifferentiation iffe if fereent fe ntia iati ia tion ti o on (Supplemental Supplemental Figure 3). Cardiomyocytes isolated from Scn5aͲwt and -het mESCs and miPSCs disp di displayed spla sp layyedd organised la orggani or nise sedd cross-striations resembling sar se sa sarcomeres arcomeres that we w were ree ppositive os ositive for ȕͲmyosin hheavy eav av vy chain (ȕ (ȕ-MHC), ȕ-M MHC) HC), Į Į-sarcomeric -ssarrco ome meri ricc actinin, ri actininn, troponin tropoonin I and and myosin myosiin light myo lig ght cchain haiin ha in 22A A (M (MLC (MLC2a) LC2a LC 2a)) Figu Fi gure gu re 22B B). ) Similar Sim S imil im illar tto th thee fi find ndiings nd ings ooff ot the hers rs,,32 Į rs Į-actinin-positive -aact c in nin n-p -pos ossit itiv iv ve ce cell cells llss fr ll from om bbot both othh Scn5 ot SScn5a-wt cn5 n5aa-w wt an and nd (Figure 2B). findings others, het mPSC-CMs mPSC-C CMs also als lsoo displayed d sp di s laaye yedd Na+ cchannel haann nnel el sstaining tain ta inin in ingg ((Figure in Fiigu gure re 22B). B). ) Scn5a-het mESC-CMs and miPSC-CMs display reduced INa INa electrophysiological properties were studied using the patch clamp technique in cardiomyocytes derived from mESCs and miPSCs. As reported by others,21-23,32 we also observed an increase in INa in mPSC-CMs with prolonged culture, reaching a plateau around day 17 of differentiation (Supplemental Figure 4A and 4B). Therefore, only cardiomyocytes following 17 or 18 days of differentiation were analysed further. The capacitance was similar for all mPSC-CMs, and did not change over time (Table 1; Supplemental Figure 4A and 4B). Typical examples of INa recordings obtained from Scn5a-wt and -het mPSC-CMs are shown in 7 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Figure 3A and 3B. Average INa density was significantly reduced in Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes derived from both groups compared with their respective control cells (Figure 3C and 3D). At the membrane potential of -30 mV, INa density was reduced by 44% in Scn5a-het mESC-CMs and by 48% in Scn5a-het miPSC-CMs (Figure 3E and 3F; Table 1), mirroring similar reductions observed in primary cardiomyocytes isolated from 129P2 Scn5a-het mice (54%).8 Scn5a-wt and -het miPSC lines derived from MEFs also displayed similar INa density differences in their corresponding cardiomyocytes (Supplemental Figure 4C), indicating the electrophysiological phenotype was conserved between different miPSC clones, independent of whether they were obtained by reprogramming tail-tip fibroblasts or embryonic fibroblasts. As we observed previously in primary cardiomyocytes isolated from the Scn5 SScn5a-het cn5 n a-h -het et m mic ice,,8 mice, voltage dependence of activation and inactivation parameters (half-maximal voltage (V V1/2) and loppe fa fact ctor ct or,, k) or k) di didd nnot ot significantly differ betwe een e either Scn5a-wt Scn5a-w wt and an nd -het -h mESC-CMs or slope factor, between Scn5a-wt Scn5a-wt andd -het Scn -h het miPSC-CMs miP iPSC SC-C -CMs CMs M (F (Figure Figure Fig gure 4A 4A-4D; A-4D; Table Ta e 11). ). IIn n ad addi addition, dittion on,, ffast ast s aand nd sslow nd low lo w ti time me constants co ons nsta tant ta n s ((WWf aand nt ndd Ws) ooff rrecovery ecov ec oveery fr from om iinactivation naact ctiv ivat iv atio at i nw io were erre re ccomparable ompa om para pa raablle fo for or Scn5 SScn5a-wt cn55a-w -wtt an andd -het -het e cardiomyoc cardiomyocytes cyt ytes es in in both both t groups ggro ro oup ups (Figure (Fi F gu gure ree 44E E aand nd 4F 4F;; Ta T Table blee 11). bl ) T ). The h ffraction he ract ra ctio ct ionn of io o cchannels hann ha nnel nn els (A el ((A)) entering the slow inactivated state, and the rate of development of slow inactivation (W), also did not differ between Scn5a-wt and -het cardiomyocytes derived from either PSC source (Figure 4G and 4H; Table 1). Scn5a-het mESC-CMs and miPSC-CMs exhibit a larger persistent INa Persistent INa was measured as a 30 μM tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive current either during a descending voltage ramp protocol, or at the end of a 200 ms test pulse to -30 mV. Representative examples of traces obtained from Scn5a-wt and -het mPSC-CMs illustrating the difference in INa following application of TTX are shown (Figure 5A and 5B; Supplemental Figure 5A and 5B). 8 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 In both mESC and miPSC Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes, the persistent INa density was significantly increased compared to their respective controls (Figure 5C and 5D; Supplemental Figure 5C5E). This is in agreement with the increased persistent INa density we reported in adult cardiomyocytes isolated from Scn5a-het mice.9 Scn5a-het mESC-CMs and miPSC-CMs exhibit a reduced upstroke velocity and a prolonged action potential In our previous studies,8 adult cardiomyocytes isolated from Scn5a1798insD/+ mice were shown to have prolonged APD and reduced upstroke velocity compared to wild-type cardiomyocytes. To determine whether this was captured by mESC- and miPSC-CMs, APs were measured. Representative examples of APs and upstroke velocities from Scn5a-wt and -hett mP mPSC SC C-C CMs Ms,, mPSC-CMs, measured at 6 Hz, are shown in Figures 6A and 6B. Vmax was significantly smaller and APD at 90 0% re repo pola lari la rissatiion ((APD APD90) significantly prolon prolonged nge g d in Scn5a-hett ca ccardiomyocytes rd dio iom myocytes derived from 90% repolarisation bboth oth hm mESCs ESCs and and miPSCs, miP PSC SCs, s compared ccom ompa om pare r d tto re o ccardiomyocytes arddioomyoocytees fr from om m tthe hee ccorresponding orre or resppon ondi ding di ng ccontrols ontr on trools ((Figure Figu Fi ure 6D; Table No membrane potential (RMP), APD 6C C aand nd 6D D; Ta T ab ble 22). ). N o si ssignificant gnif gn iffic ican antt diff an ddifferences ifffer eren ence cess in ce in rresting esstiing m mem embbran em bran anee po pote tent ntia nt iaal (R (RMP MP)), A PD D aatt 20% and 50% % re repolarisation epo pola lari la riisaation on ((AP (APD APD AP D20 and and APD APD50 were r oobserved bser bs erve er veed be between etw twee eenn Sc ee Scn5a-wt Scn5 n55a-w wt an aand d –het 5 ) were cardiomyocytes in both groups, although Scn5a-het mESC-CMs showed a reduction in AP amplitude (APA) compared to Scn5a-wt mESC-CMs (Figure 6C and 6D; Table 2). This reduction is likely due to the low Vmax observed in the Scn5a-het mESC-CMs. Overall, the miPSC-CMs had a more hyperpolarized RMP and higher Vmax than the mESC-CMs. The higher Vmax is also in line with the observed larger INa density (Figure 3C and 3D). At slower pacing frequencies, the differences in Vmax and APD90 remained in both mESC- and miPSC-CMs, although the APD90 was no longer significantly prolonged in the mESC-CMs due to the relatively large variability between individual mESC-CMs (Supplemental Figure 6). 9 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Scn5a-het hiPSC-CMs have reduced INa density and prolonged action potential To determine whether cardiomyocytes derived from a human iPSC line carrying the SCN5A1795insD mutation (SCN5A-het) also had reduced INa and a longer AP compared to SCN5A-wt hiPSC-CMs, we reprogrammed dermal fibroblasts from a patient with the mutation and from an unaffected individual. Sequencing of genomic DNA confirmed heterozygosity for the SCN5A c.5387_5389insTGA mutation in the SCN5A-het hiPSCs, resulting in the insertion of aspartic acid after tyrosine 1795 (1795insD) (Figure 7A). There was no TGA insertion at the corresponding position in the SCN5A-wt hiPSCs (Supplemental Figure 7A). Both hiPSC lines maintained a normal karyotype, showed characteristic hESC morphology, and expressed the Supp ple leme ment me ntal nt al ESC markers OCT4, NANOG, TRA-1-81 and SSEA4 (Figure 7B andd 7C 7C;; Supplemental Figure 7B and 7C). Additionally, EB differentiation of the hiPSCs demonstrated the cells could gene ge nera ne raate dder e iv er ivattiv ivees es of the three embryonic germ m llayers ayers based on n eexp preession ss of the markers Įgenerate derivatives expression SMA SM A, SOX177 and and GFAP GFA FAP P (Figure (Fi Figgure guree 77D D and and S uppleemen ntal nta al Figure Fig gur uree 7D). 7D) SMA, Supplemental To To differentiate difffer di fferen en nti tiat atte the t e SCN5A-wt th SCN5 SC N5AN5 A-wt Awtt and and –het ––he hett hiPSCs he hiP PSC Cs ttoo ca Cs cardiomyocytes, ard rdio io omy myoc occyttes es, th thee ce cells ellls w were erre re cco coocultured withh END-2 ENDEN D 2 cells Dcell ce l s and and rhythmically rhyt rh y hm yt h ic ical ally al ly contracting con ontr trac tr a ti ac t ng g areas aare reas re a started as sta tart rted ed to to appear app ppea eaar after afte af terr 6 days. At te day 12 of differentiation, the spontaneous beating frequency was not significantly different between the SCN5A-wt and -het hiPSC-CMs (Supplemental Figure 8A; Supplemental Movie 2). Immunodetection with antibodies recognising ȕ-MHC, Į-actinin, troponin I, and MLC2A confirmed the presence of cardiomyocytes with characteristic cardiac muscle striations within these beating areas (Figure 8A). Representative examples of INa recorded from SCN5A-wt and -het hiPSC-CMs are shown in Figure 8B. Similar to our findings in mPSC-CMs (Figure 3C and D), average INa density was significantly decreased in SCN5A-het hiPSC-CMs (Figure 8C), with peak INa density at -30 mV 10 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 being 46% of that observed in control hiPSC-CMs (Figure 8D; Table 3). Typical examples of APs and upstroke velocities in SCN5A-wt and -het hiPSC-CMs paced at 1 Hz are shown in Figure 8E. Similar to Scn5a-het mPSC-CMs, SCN5A-het hiPSC-CMs had a significantly smaller Vmax and longer APD90 compared with the control cardiomyocytes (Figure 8F; Table 3). No differences in APD20, APD50, RMP, and APA were detected between the two groups (Figure 8F; Table 3). The differences in Vmax and APD90 also persisted at faster pacing frequencies (Supplemental Figure 8B). Examples of persistent INa measured during a descending ramp protocol are shown in Figure 8G. As observed in the Scn5a-het mPSC-CMs (Figure 5), the persistent INa was also significantly larger in the Scn5a-het hiPSC-CMs compared to the SCN5Awt cardiomyocytes (Figure 8H). Discussion Disc Di scus sc ussi us sion si on Recent advances cardiac Reccent ce advance cess inn the the h PSC PSC field fie ield ld have hhaave ave created creattedd unprecedented un nprreced eden ed entted opportunities oppport rtun unnittiees too study stu udy cca ardi diac di acc disease dise di seas se asse development deve de velo ve lopm pm ment ent in in vitro vit itro o and and establish eest stab st ab bli lish sh novel nnovvel e platforms platfo pla form rm ms for fo or drug drrug g discovery, ddis issco over ery, y, either eitthe her too prevent pre revvennt disease progression confirmed ability prog greess ssio io on orr to to reverse reeve vers rsee it. i . Several it S ve Se v ra rall reports reepo port r s have rt h vee already ha aalr lrea lr eady ea dy con onfi on firm fi rmeed the rm th he ab abil ilit il itty of iPSCCMs to model K+, Ca2+ and Na+ gain of function mutations.18,19,32-34 Here we demonstrate that cardiomyocytes derived from both ESCs and iPSCs can model a combined loss and gain of function Na+ channel mutation that is conserved between humans and mice.7 We chose to investigate this Scn5a mutation originally in mPSC-CMs for several reasons. Firstly, it has been previously established that while mESC-CMs do not initially express any detectable INa, this current and the related upstroke velocity values increase as the cardiomyocytes mature in vitro with phase 0 of the AP becoming Na+-dependent.21 Secondly, the Scn5a1798insD/+ mouse has been extensively characterised,7,8 therefore offering the opportunity to 11 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 compare the biophysical properties of the Na+ channel in primary cardiomyocytes freshly isolated from the mice with cardiomyocytes from either the ESCs used to generate the mutant mouse, or from the miPSCs derived by reprogramming the corresponding fibroblasts. This direct comparison is not possible with hPSC cardiac disease models because sufficient numbers of human ventricular cardiomyocytes cannot be obtained from patients. Finally, by comparing the cardiomyocytes from Scn5a-het mESCs to those from the unmodified mESC line, we could confirm that the observed electrophysiological differences were due to the mutation. Similar electrophysiological changes to those present between the Scn5a-wt and -het mESC-CMs were also detected in both mouse and human iPSCs, suggesting that the reprogramming method did not influence the electrophysiological phenotype. Scn5a-het As observed in cardiomyocytes isolated from the postnatal Scn5a-het mouse,7,8 Scn5a-he mPSC mP SC-C SC -CMs CMs displayed ddispl plaayed pl ay a significant reduction in n INa density and up upstroke pstro oke vvelocity. These cells mPSC-CMs also allsoo ppresented d aan n iincreased ncr crea ease sedd pe se pers persistent rsis iste tennt INNaa lea te leading ading tto o a lon llonger onge nger A AP P co compared omp mpaared ared tto o co cont control ntro nt ol cardiomyocytes, ca ard rdio iomy io myoc my occyt ytes es,, al although lth thoough ough due ue tto o th thee re reduced eduuce cedd APA APA in tthe hee Scn5a-het Scn5 Sc n55a-het -het mESC-CMs, mES m ESCES C-CM CMs, CM s,, ddifferences ifferrenc iffe renc n ess iin n K+ current activation act cttiv ivat attio ionn might migh mi ghht also al o contribute ccon on ntr t ib but utee here here to to the th he pr prol prolonged olon ol onge on gedd AP ge APD. D IInn ad D. aaddition, diti di tion ti on,, no on n significan significant n changes were observed in the voltage dependence of (in)activation, recovery from inactivation, nor in the development of slow inactivation. This is in contrast to previous findings on the biophysical properties of the 1795insD mutation in HEK 293 cells where the mutation did not affect INa density, but altered voltage-dependence of inactivation, and enhanced slow inactivation.10 A possible reason for this discrepancy is that only the SCN5A-1795insD channel was expressed in these cells, rather than co-expression of both the wild-type and mutant channels, as occurs in primary and PSC-derived cardiomyocytes. The presence of wild-type SCN5A might compensate for small changes in current kinetics caused by the 1795insD 12 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 mutation. Additionally, only the ȕ1 subunit was co-expressed with SCN5A. In cardiomyocytes, four ȕ-subunits (as well as other Na+ channel interacting proteins) associate with the Į subunit, and play critical roles in the regulation of sarcolemmal expression and gating of the Na+ channel.35 This highlights the benefit of studying the electrophysiological properties of ion channels using in vitro models that generate bona fide cardiomyocytes, rather than using heterologous expression systems that lack the correct cellular context of a cardiomyocyte. Although there was no apparent difference in cardiac differentiation efficiency between the mESC and miPSC lines, it appears that the miPSC-CMs were more electrophysiologically mature than the corresponding mESC-CMs based on a larger INa density, more negative RMP and higher Vmax in the miPSC-CMs. The differences in peak INa density betweenn the hee mESCmES ESCC- and aannd miPSC-CMs was also present at day 10, and maintaining the mESC-CMs for more than 17 days inn culture cul ultu ture tu re did did not ott result rreesult in further increases in the he INNaa density (Su (Supplemental upp p leeme men ntal Figure 4). A Additionally, ddditionally, di th the he ccapacitance apa paaci cita tanc ta ncee of of th the he ca cardiomyocytes ard diom myocyytes der myo derived eriv er ived ed ffrom rom ro m al all ll th thee mP mPSC PSC SC llines inees in es w was as vve very eryy similar, functional were cell size. imila mila lar, r, excluding excclu ludi dinng the the possibility poossi oss bi bili lity ty that ttha hatt the ha the fu func n ti nc tion onnall differences dif i fe fere renc re nces nc e w es eree rela er rrelated e ate tedd to o cce ell si ell siz ze. Therefore wee believe bel e ie ieve v these ve the h see differences dif i fe fere renc re nces nc ess are are most mos ostt likely l ke li kely l due ly due to to the the inherent in nhe here rent re nt variability vvar aria iabi ia b li bi lity ty among among ESC C and iPSC lines to differentiate into cardiac cell types.36 Indeed, others have also observed similar discrepancies.23 Because the electrophysiological phenotype of the Scn5a-1798insD mutation was evident in both mESC- and miPSC-CMs, we wished to determine whether hiPSC-CMs bearing the SCN5A-1795insD mutation could also recapitulate the mixed biophysical properties of the disorder. We found a significant difference between control and SCN5A-het hiPSC-CMs in INa density, persistent INa, Vmax and APD90, reflecting the loss and gain of function phenotype of this Na+ channel mutation and mirroring the findings in the mPSC models. 13 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 The Vmax of our control hiPSC-CMs (115 V/s) was markedly higher than that reported by others (~8 – 10 V s-1),18-20 partly due to our more negative RMP (-72.4 mV compared to -63.5 & -57.1 mV) and possible higher Na+ channel expression. The RMP plays a critical role in Na+ channel availability, which in turn determines upstroke velocity.37 Any small changes in RMP will have a large effect on Na+ channel inactivation, with the majority of channels in their inactivated state at more positive RMP. As a consequence, modelling Na+ channel loss of function diseases, such as BrS, will be difficult in hiPSC-CMs that lack a rapid upstroke. The reason for the more negative RMP observed in our hiPSC-CMs is unclear, but could possibly be due to the different differentiation method used (co-culture with END-2 cells instead of EB raath ther er tha hann ha differentiation), the inherent variability between PSC lines, and that quiescent rather than pontaneously beating cardiomyocytes were selected for AP recordings. spontaneously It ha has be een pproposed that the SCN5A-1795insD SCN5A-179 95insD mutation ccan a ccause an ausse both LQT3 and au It been 38 Bruugada ug synd dro rome me ddepending epen endi ding di ng oonn th thee exi eexisting xistinng hea art rat te.38 IIndeed, nd dee eedd, in n cardiomyocytes caard dio iomy myoc my ocyt y es yt es iiso isolated s la so late teed Brugada syndrome heart rate. from fr rom Sc SScn5a-het n5aa-h n5 -het et mice, mice, ice,, a prolonged pro rolo ong nged ed APD APD D occurs occ ccur urrs predominantly prred dom min nan antlly att slower sslo lowe lo wer pacing we p ci pa cing ng frequencies, ffre reqquen re quen ncies cies,, while a decreased decrea eaase sedd up upst upstroke sttro okee vvelocity e oc el ocit i y is it i oobserved bsserrve vedd at a hhigher ighe ig heer ra rate rates. t s.7 W te While Whi h le tthe hi he m mix mixed ix xed pphe phenotype heno he n type wass present at all frequencies in the cardiomyocytes derived from the mPSCs, we did not observe the above features. This is possibly due to the limited APD90-frequency relationship in mPSC models between 1 and 6 Hz, preventing more severe prolongation of the AP occurring at lower frequencies. Also, because the APD90 in mPSC-CMs is shorter than in primary cardiomyocytes, the Na+ channels might have sufficient time to recover from inactivation, thereby preventing a more pronounced reduction in Vmax occurring at high frequencies. However, in SCN5A-het hiPSC-CMs we did observe a tendency towards a longer APD when the cells were paced at slower rates. Similarly, at faster rates, the relative reduction in Vmax appeared larger in the 14 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 SCN5A-het cardiomyocytes with respect to the corresponding wild-type cells. The ability to detect these differences in hiPSC-CMs might be due to their longer APD compared to the mouse models. Consequently, the time available for recovery from inactivation in the SCN5A-het hiPSC-CMs is shortened, potentially resulting in further reduction in Na+ channel availability.8 In summary, we have shown that multiple PSC models can recapitulate the diverse features of a SCN5A mutation whose electrophysiological characteristics are conserved in mice and humans. Our findings establish that both mouse and human PSCs can model a cardiac Na+ channel overlap syndrome that evokes multiple cardiac rhythm disturbances. We also prove that mouse and human iPSCs can model loss-of-function Na+ channel mutations, which to the best of our knowledge has not yet been shown. These findings extend and complement a rec recent e en nt publication demonstrating the ability of miPSCs to model a Na+ gain-of-function mutation with 32 al lteere redd ga ati ting ng pro ro operties, pe and suggest that hiPS hiPSCs SCs C might be ablee tto o em emulate mulate ul the altered gating properties, el electrophysiological lecctr t ophysiolloggiccall aspects asppec ectts of oother th her er S SCN5A CN5A Am mutations. uttattion ns.. S Su Such uchh m models ode dels ls cco could ould d pprove rove ro vee bbeneficial eneffic en icia ial a ffor or testing developing pharmacological treatments for LQT3 BrS patients. Overall est stin ingg an in andd de deve vellopping ping nnovel ovel ov ell ppha harm ha rmac rm acol o og ol ogic icall ttre ic reeatments ents ffo or L or QT3 an QT3 andd Br B S pa ati tien entts. en ts Ov Over eraall al this his study sup supports uppo up port po rtts th tthee no nnotion tiion tthat hatt PS ha PSCs Cs ccan an bbee us used ed tto o mo mode model dell in de inhe inherited h ri rite teed fo form forms rmss of ccar rm cardiac ardi ar d ac disease,, di and offers additional lines to the rapidly expanding list of cardiac disease iPSC models available. Acknowledgements: The authors thank D. de Jong, K. Szuhai, and H. Tanke (Molecular Cell Biology, LUMC) for karyotyping analysis, S. Maas (Anatomy and Embryology, LUMC) for assistance with the teratoma analysis, and S. van de Pas (iPSC core facility, LUMC) for cell culture. We also thank S. Commandeur, A. el Ghalbzouri (Dermatology, LUMC), B.A. Schoonderwoerd and M.P. van den Berg (UMC Groningen) for control and SCN5A patient skin samples, and D. Atsma (Cardiology, LUMC) for obtaining approval from the Medical Ethics Committee. S. Braam and M. Bellin (Anatomy and Embryology, LUMC) are thanked for comments on the manuscript. Funding Sources: Netherlands Heart Foundation (CLM: 2008B106; CRB: 2005T024), ZonMW (CLM, SC: 114000101), EU FP7 (‘Industem’, CLM: PIAP-GA-2008- 230675), The Netherlands 15 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Institute of Regenerative Medicine (CLM, CWvdB), The Netherlands Proteomics Consortium (CLM, CF, RPD: 050-040-250) and the Netherlands Heart Institute (ICIN, CAR: 061.02). Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None. References: 1. Remme CA, Bezzina CR. Sodium channel (dys)function and cardiac arrhythmias. Cardiovasc Ther. 2010;28:287-294. 2. 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Stage-specific optimization of activin/nodal and bmp signaling promotes cardiac differentiation of mouse and human pluripotent stem cell lines. Cell Stem Cell. 2011;8:228-240. 37. Satin J, Kehat I, Caspi O, Huber I, Arbel G, Itzhaki I, Magyar J, Schroder EA EA, Perlman A, P errlm man II,, Gepstein L. Mechanism of spontaneous excitability in human embryonic stem ce cell derived elll dder eriv i ed iv cardiomyocytes. J Physiol. 2004;559:479-496. 38. 38 8. Clancy Claancy Cl ancy y CE, CE C E, Rudy Rudy ud Y. Na(+) channel mutationn that th hat causes bothh Brugada B uggad Br ada and long-QT syndrome study mechanism. ynddrome pphenotypes: heno he noty type ty pes: s: A ssimulation i ul im ulat atio at ionn st io stud udyy of m mec ecchanism sm m. Circulation. C rccul Ci ulat a io at ionn. 2002;105:1208-1213. 2 022;1 20 ;105 05:1 05 : 20 :1 2088-12 1 13 12 13.. Table Tabl blee 1. 1. Na+ cchannel hann nnel el bio biophysical oph p ys ysic ical al propert properties rtie iess in Sc SScn5a-wt n5aa-w -wtt an andd Sc SScn5a-het n5aa-h n5 -het e mESCmES ESCC- andd miPSC-CMs miP PSC SC-C - Ms M mE m SC-w SC -w wt mESC-wt 22.2±2.0 22 2 2 0 Cell capacitance (pF) Current density -168.1±24.2 INa (pA/pF) Activation -45.9±1.4 V1/2 (mV) k (mv) 5.8±0.3 Inactivation -90.8±1.7 V1/2 (mV) k (mv) -6.2±0.2 Recovery from inactivation IJf (ms) 57.2±9.5 378.4±78.0 IJs (ms) Slow inactivation A 0.27±0.02 IJ (ms) 1065.8±161.3 n mESC mE SC-h SC -h het e mESC-het n miP m iPSC iP C-w wt miPSC-wt n miPS mi PSC-het PS miPSC-het n 117 19.7±3.0 19 30 11 16.4±1.6 16 4 16 13 19.3±1.5 19 3 1 14 17 -94.1±21.1* 11 -299.6±54.7 13 -154.5±43.4† 14 17 -42.5±1.6 6.6±0.4 11 -43.7±1.3 5.6±0.4 13 -42.6±1.3 6.0±0.2 14 14 -90.6±2.5 -6.4±0.2 9 -91.1±0.7 -6.2±0.2 11 -91.6±0.9 -5.8±0.2 12 10 61.1±8.6 374.1±78.2 8 51.6±4.0 478.1±83.9 11 54.3±8.3 420.6±104.4 8 9 0.28±0.03 904.3±202.5 7 0.28±0.03 1158.1±136.4 9 0.29±0.04 1405.3±192.0 8 n= number of mycoytes; INa, Na+ current density measured at -30 mV; V1/2, voltage of half-maximal (in)activation; k, slope factor of voltage-dependence of (in)activation; IJf and IJs, fast and slow time constants of recovery from inactivation; A, fraction of channels that enter the slow inactivated state; W, time constant for development of slow inactivation. wt, Scn5a+/+; het, Scn5a1798insD/+; Values are mean±SEM. Statistical comparisons were performed using t-test between either mESC-wt and -het, or miPSC-wt and -het; * P=0.04 vs mESC-wt; † P=0.04 vs miPSC-wt 19 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Table 2. Action potential characteristics in Scn5a-wt and Scn5a-het mESC- and miPSC-CMs mESC-wt mESC-het (n=12) RMP (mV) P miPSC-wt miPSC-het (n=8) (n=11) (n=10) -71.6±1.0 -69.9±0.7 -77.4±1.4 -76.9±2.1 APA (mV) 104.1±4.7 85.8±2.8 0.006 112.2±2.6 110.4±1.6 Vmax (V/s) 119.5±14.8 57.1±12.1 0.006 272.3±23.6 133.5±16.4 APD20 (ms) 9.4±2.2 15.3±4.4 7.6±2.2 12.9±2.6 APD50 (ms) 19.2±4.2 26.6±7.2 20.4±3.8 28.9±5.1 APD90 (ms) 52.4±7.5 76.2±8.2 70.5±6.7 92.7±9.0 0.04 P 7 x 10-5 0.04 n= number of mycoytes; RMP, resting membrane potential; APA, action potential amplitude; Vmax, maximal upstroke velocity; APD20, APD50, and APD90, action potential duration at 20, 50 and 90% repolarisation, respectively. Values are mean±SEM. Statistical comparisons were performed using t-test between either mESC-wt and -het, or miPSC-wt and -het; wt, Scn5a+/+; het, Scn5a1798insD/+ Table Tabl le 3.. A Action ctio ct ionn potential p te po t ntial characteristics in SCN SCN5A-wt N5A 5A-wt and SCN5A-het SCN5A-heet hiPSC-CMs h PSC-CMs hi hiPSC-wt hiPS hi P CPS C-wt wt (n=16) (n= (n =16)) -72.4±0.9 -7 72.4±0 0.9 9 106.0±3.2 10 06. 6 0± 0±3 3.2 2 115.7 7 ±18.4 ±18 ±1 8.4 4 50.7±6.2 50 0.7 .7±6 ±6.2 .2 89.8±7.9 89.8 89 .8±7 ±7.9 .9 173.5±12.2 RMP RM P (mV) APA AP PA (mV) (mV) Vmaxx (V (V/s) (V/ /s) /s) APD20 (ms) ( ) APD AP D50 (ms ((ms) ms)) APD90 (ms) hiPSC-het hi iPS PSC--heet (n=13) (n=1 n=13 3) 3) -71.3±1.3 -7 71.3± ±1.3 3 103.1±3.2 10 03.1± 1±3. 32 3. 57.6±14.0* 57.6±1 57 ±14.0* 0** 58.7±5.9 58.7 58 7±5 ±5.9 .9 109.0 10 09. 9.0 0 ±10.1 ±10. ±1 0.1 1 217.2±14.9† n= number of mycoytes; RMP, resting membrane potential; APA, action potential amplitude; Vmax, maximal upstroke velocity; APD20, APD50, and APD90, action potential duration at 20, 50 and 90% repolarisation, respectively. Values are mean±SEM. Statistical comparisons were performed using t-test; wt, SCN5A+/+; het, SCN5A1795insD/+; * P=0.02, † P=0.03 vs hiPSC-wt Figure Legends: Figure 1. Characterisation of control and Scn5a-het miPSC lines. A, Shown from left to right are brightfield images (original magnification, x125), and immunofluorescent images for Oct4, Nanog and SSEA-1 of Scn5a-wt (top) and Scn5a-het (bottom) miPSCs. Nuclei were stained with 20 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 DAPI (blue). B, RT-PCR analysis of endogenous Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Rex1 and Ecat1 expression in Scn5a-wt and -het mouse fibroblasts (mFib) and miPSCs. Scn5a-wt mESCs were used as a positive control, and Gapdh as a loading control. C, Immunofluorescent analysis of embryoid bodies from Scn5a-wt (top) and Scn5a-het (bottom) miPSCs for the differentiation markers Įsmooth muscle actin (Į-SMA), Sox17 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Nuclei were stained with DAPI. D, Teratoma derived from Scn5a-wt miPSCs comprising of cell types from all 3 germ layers. Arrows indicate striated muscle fibres (I), thyroid-like follicles (II), keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (III), and neural rosettes (IV). E, Teratoma derived from Scn5ahet miPSCs comprising of cell types from all 3 germ layers. Arrows indicate striated muscle fibres (I), pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (II), keratinised stratifiedd sq squamous quaamo mous us epithelium (III), and neurons (IV). Scalebars represent 100 ȝm. wt, Scn5a+/+; het, Scn5a1798insD/+. F Figure igu gure u 2. Dif Differentiation ffe ferrentiaati t onn ooff mE mESC mESCs SC Cs an and nd miPS miPSCs PSCs tto PS o ca cardiomyocytes. ard rdio iomy myoc my ocyytes ytes. A A,, Sc Sche Schematic hem he matiic de mati det detailing ta lin tail ingg th the he procedure proc pr oced oc edur ed uree to ddif differentiate iffferrent rentia iatte te m mESCs ESC Cs an andd mi miPS miPSCs PSCs PS Css ttoo ca cardiomyocytes. ard dio iomy myoc my occyt y es. EBs, E s, embryoid EB emb bry ryoi oidd bodi bbodies; odiiess; RA, R A, retinoic etinoic acid. d. B B,, Im Immunofluorescent mmu muno n flluo no uore r sc scen entt im en images mag ages es ooff th thee ca cardiac ard rdia iacc ma ia mark markers rker rk e sȕm myosin yosi yo sinn he si heav heavy avyy ch av cchain ain (ȕMHC), Į-actinin, troponin I, myosin light chain 2 atrial isoform (MLC2a) and Scn5a in cardiomyocytes derived from Scn5a-wt and Scn5a-het mESCs and miPSCs. All cells were costained with the nuclear dye DAPI (blue). Scale bars represent 25 ȝm. wt, Scn5a+/+; het, Scn5a1798insD/+. Figure 3. Na+ current densities in Scn5a-wt and Scn5a-het mESC- and miPSC-CMs. A and B, Examples of Na+ current (INa) traces recorded from Scn5a-wt and Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes derived from mESCs (A) and miPSCs (B). C and D, Average current-voltage relationships for 21 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Scn5a-wt and Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes derived from mESCs (C) and miPSCs (D). Voltage protocols shown as insets. E and F, INa density, measured at -30 mV, in Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes relative to Scn5a-wt cardiomyocytes derived from mESCs (E) and miPSCs (F), expressed as a percentage. * indicates statistical significance (P<0.05; two-way rmANOVA (C and D); t-test (E and F)). wt, Scn5a+/+; het, Scn5a1798insD/+. Figure 4. Na+ current gating properties in Scn5a-wt and Scn5a-het mESC- and miPSC-CMs. A through H, Average voltage dependence of activation (A and B), voltage dependence of inactivation (C and D), recovery from inactivation (E and F), and development of slow nactivation (G and H) for Scn5a-wt and Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes derived from m mE m SCss an SC andd inactivation mESCs miPSCs. Voltage protocols are shown as insets. Data are summarised in Table 1. wt, Scn5a+/+; 1798insD/+ 1798in 8 sD D/+ D/+ he et, S Scn cn5a cn 5a179 . het, Scn5a Figure Fi Figu gure gu re 55.. Persistent Pers Pe rsis isttennt nt Na Na+ ccur current urrrent rent m mea measurements easu suureeme mentts in nS Scn5a-wt cn n5aa-w -wtt an andd Sc Scn5a-het cn5 n a-hhet het mE mESC mESCSC C- and and miPS m miPSCiPS SC CMs. A and B, B, Persistent Pers Pe rsis rs i te is t nt n INa tr ttraces aces ac e obtained es obttai a ne nedd by subtraction sub ubtr trac tr acti tion ti on of of the the h current cur urre rent re nt before bbef e or ef o e and and after a ter af application of 30 μM TTX in Scn5a-wt (top) and Scn5a-het (bottom) cardiomyocytes derived from mESCs (A) and miPSCs (B). Voltage protocols are shown above the traces. C and D, Average values for persistent INa density in mESC-CMs (C) and miPSC-CMs (D). * indicates statistical significance (P<0.05; two-way rmANOVA). wt, Scn5a+/+; het, Scn5a1798insD/+. Figure 6. Action potential characteristics of Scn5a-wt and Scn5a-het mESC- and miPSC-CMs. A and B, Examples of action potential (AP) and upstroke velocity (Vmax, inset) measured in Scn5a-wt and Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes derived from mESCs (A) and miPSCs (B). C and D, 22 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 Average data at 6 Hz for Vmax, AP duration at 20, 50, and 90% repolarisation (APD20, APD50, and APD90), resting membrane potential (RMP) and AP amplitude (APA) in Scn5a-wt and Scn5a-het cardiomyocytes derived from mESCs (C) and miPSCs (D). * indicates statistical significance (P<0.05; t-test). Data are summarised in Table 2. wt, Scn5a+/+; het, Scn5a1798insD/+. Figure 7. Characterisation of SCN5A-het hiPSCs. A, Sequence analysis of SCN5A in SCN5Ahet hiPSCs showing the insertion of the nucleotides “TGA” in one allele, resulting in the addition of aspartic acid (D) at position 1795 of the SCN5A protein. B, COBRA-FISH karyogram of SCN5A-het hiPSCs showing a normal 46XY karyotype. C, Shown from left to right are a brightfield image (original magnification, x16) of, f and immunofluorescent imag ges ffor or O OCT CT3/ CT 3/44, images OCT3/4, NANOG, TRA-1-81 and SSEA4 in SCN5A-het hiPSCs. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). D Imm muno muno nost sta taini niing of embryoid bodies from SCN CN55A-het hiPSCss ffor tthe CN he differentiation markers D,, Im Immunostaining SCN5A-het Į -sm mooth musc scle le aactin cttin ((Į-SMA), Į-S -SMA SMA MA), ), S SOX OX117, an OX nd gli ial fib brilla bri illarry ry acidic aciidi dic protein prooteinn (GFAP). pr (GFA (G FA AP) P).. Nu N clei cl eii w ere Į-smooth muscle SOX17, and glial fibrillary Nuclei were tai aine nedd with ne with DAPI. DAPI. I. Scalebars Scalleba leb rss in in C and and d D represent rrep epre ep reese s nt nt 100 100 00 ȝm. ȝm. m. stained Figure 8. Characterisation of cardiomyocytes derived from SCN5A-wt and SCN5a-het hiPSCs. A, Immunofluorescent images of the cardiac markers ȕ myosin heavy chain (ȕ-MHC), Į-Actinin, Troponin I and myosin light chain 2 atrial isoform (MLC2A) in SCN5A-wt (top) and SCN5Ahet (bottom) hiPSCs-CMs. All cells were co-stained with the nuclear dye DAPI (blue). Scalebars represent 25 ȝm. B, Examples of Na+ current (INa) traces recorded in SCN5A-wt (top) and SCN5A-het (bottom) hiPSCs-CMs. C, Average current-voltage relationships for SCN5A-wt and SCN5A-het hiPSC-CMs. The capacitance (Cm) was 36.0±3.3 pF in the SCN5A-wt and 31.7±3.2 pF in the SCN5A-het cardiomyocytes. D, INa density, measured at -30 mV, in SCN5A-het hiPSC- 23 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 DOI: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.066092 CMs (-121.4±23.8 pA/pF) relative to SCN5A-wt hiPSC-CMs (-264.4±57.0 pA/pF), expressed as a percentage. E, Examples of action potential (AP) and upstroke velocity (Vmax, inset) recorded in SCN5A-wt and SCN5A-het hiPSC-CMs. F, Average data at 1 Hz for Vmax, AP duration at 20, 50, and 90% repolarisation (APD20, APD50, and APD90), resting membrane potential (RMP) and AP amplitude (APA) in SCN5A-wt and SCN5A-het hiPSC-CMs. G, Persistent INa traces obtained by subtraction of the current before and after application of 30 PM TTX in SCN5A-wt (top) and SCN5A-het (bottom) hiPSCs-CMs. The voltage protocol is shown above the traces. H, Average values for persistent INa density in hiPSCs-CMs. * indicates statistical significance (P<0.05; two-way rmANOVA (C and H); t-test (D and F)). wt, SCN5A+/+; het, SCN5A1795insD/+. 24 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012 Downloaded from http://circ.ahajournals.org/ at Erasmus MC Medical Library on June 25, 2012