Sustainable Architecture - cpas --

Transcription

Helwan University
Faculty of Engineering
Mattaria
Architecture Department
Sustainable Architecture
Between Theory and Application in Egypt
Master Thesis
Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master in Architecture
Presented By
Arch. Eng.
Eslam Mohamed Mahmoud Moraekip
Researcher in
Faculty of Engineering - Mattaria
Helwan University
Under Supervision of
Prof.
Randa Mohamed Reda Kamel
Professor and Head of Department in
Helwan University
Assist. Prof.
Assist. Prof.
Ayman Mohamed Nour Afify
Mohamed Abdel Mageed Diab
Assistant Professor in
Helwan University
Helwan University
Cairo – Egypt
2010
Sustainable Architecture between Theory and Application in Egypt
Holy Quran
‫ﺑِ ۡﺴ ِﻢ ٱ ِ ٱﻟﺮ ۡﱠﺣ َﻤ ٰـ ِﻦ ٱﻟ ﱠﺮ ِﺣ ِﻴﻢ‬
" ‫" َﻭﻗُﻞ ﺭﱠﺏﱢ ِﺯ ۡﺩﻧِﻰ ِﻋ ۡﻠ ۟ ًﻤﺎ‬
(١١٤ ‫ ﺃﻳﺔ‬- ‫)ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﻁﻪ‬
ۡ
ْ ‫" َﻭ َﻻ ﺗُ ۡﻔ ِﺴ ُﺪ‬
ۡ ِ‫ﺽ ﺑَ ۡﻌ َﺪ ﺇ‬
" ‫ﺻﻠَ ٰـ ِﺤﻬَﺎ‬
ِ ‫ﻭﺍ ﻓِﻰ ٱﻷَ ۡﺭ‬
(56 ‫ ﺃﻳﺔ‬- ‫)ﺳﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﻋﺮﺍﻑ‬
In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful
“and say: My Lord! Increase me in knowledge”
(Sura Taha – Ayah 114)
“Work not confusion in the earth after the fair ordering”
(Sura Al Araf – Ayah 56)
I
Research Approval
Research Approval
On Tuesday 23\3\2010 met in the theatre of Faculty of Engineering Mattaria - Helwan University the committee of discussion and ruler
which approved from professor vice president for graduate studies and
research on 15/12/2009 to discuss the submitted thesis by Arch. Eng./
Eslam Mohamed Mahmoud Moraekip – Assistant Teacher Department of Architecture - Faculty of Engineering - Mattaria - Helwan
University who registered to obtain a master degree in architecture on
26/2/2007 and the committee has approved the master thesis under the
title of:
The Committee OF Discussion and Ruler
1. Prof. Hesham Sameh Hossen Sameh.
(Ruler)
Professor in Architecture Department - Faculty of Engineering – Cairo University.
2. Prof. Khaled Mahmoud Samy Hassan.
(Ruler)
Faculty Vice Dean for Education and Student Affairs and Professor in Architecture
Department - Faculty of Engineering – Mattaria - Helwan University.
3. Prof. Randa Mohamed Reda Kamel.
(Supervisor)
Professor and Head of Department in Architecture Department - Faculty of
Engineering – Mattaria - Helwan University.
4. Assist. Prof. Ayman Mohamed Nour Afify.
(Supervisor)
Assistant Professor in Architecture Department - Faculty of Engineering – Mattaria Helwan University.
5. Assist. Prof. Mohamed Abdel Mageed Diab.
(Supervisor)
Assistant Professor in Architecture Department - Faculty of Engineering – Mattaria Helwan University.
II
Dedication
Dedication
To:
My Late Father
My Mother, Brother and Sister
My Fiancee
My Colleagues, Friends and Students
III
Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment
Many people have contributed to this research from its early beginning
onwards, support has come in many forms but each input has helped to
bring this research to a successful completion.
I thank all who have helped me in this research but also would also
like to specifically mention a selection of persons whose contribution has
been especially important.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude for the guidance, help and
support which provided by my supervisors:
Prof.
Randa Mohamed Reda Kamel
Professor and Head of Department in
Helwan University
Assist. Prof.
Assist. Prof.
Ayman Mohamed Nour Afify
Mohamed Abdel Mageed Diab
Helwan University
Helwan University
Also, I would like to express my appreciation to my professors and
colleagues in architecture department – faculty of engineering – Mattaria
– Helwan University whom helped and supported me by many ways to
finish my research as I like to be.
I am most grateful to all members of Erasmus Mundus External
Cooperation Window and Vrije University Brussels (VUB) (Brussels,
Belgium) whom helped and supported me for collecting my research data
within my stay in Brussels, Belgium and my trips to many european
cities.
Finally, I would like to thank my late father, my mother, brother
and sister, my fiancee and all my family and friends for their help and
support to finish my research.
IV
List of Contents
List of Contents
Holy Quran.
I
Research Approval.
II
Dedication.
III
Acknowledgment.
IIII
List of Contents.
V
List of Figures and Charts.
X
List of Tables.
XV
List of Abbreviations.
XVI
Glossary of Terms.
XVII
Research Proposal.
XX
Research Introduction.
01
Part One: Theoretical Studies
[1] Chapter One: Sustainability and Sustainable Architecture.
03
Introduction.
03
[1-1] Section One: Sustainability.
04
[1-1-1] Definitions of Sustainability.
05
[1-1-2] Dimensions of Sustainability.
06
[1-1-3] Goals of Sustainability.
07
[1-2] Section Two: Sustainable Architecture.
08
[1-2-1] Sustainable Architecture Definitions.
08
[1-2-2] Sustainable Architecture Dimensions.
10
[1-2-3] Sustainable Architecture Objectives.
11
[1-2-4] Ecology, Green and Sustainable Architecture Relationships.
12
[1-2-5] Benefits of Sustainable Architecture.
13
[1-2-6] Elements of Sustainable Architecture.
14
[1-2-7] Sustainable Architecture Practices.
15
V
List of Contents
[1-2-8] Strategies of Sustainable Architecture.
15
[1-2-9] Principles of Sustainable Architecture.
16
Chapter One Conclusion.
[2] Chapter Two: Elements of Sustainable Architecture.
17
18
Introduction.
18
[2-1] Section One: Urban and Site Design.
20
[2-1-1] Urban, Site Design and Local Environment.
20
[2-1-2] Urban, Site Design and Sustainable Urban Design.
22
[2-1-3] Sustainable Urban and Site Design Strategies.
33
[2-1-4] Sustainable Urban and Site Design Case Studies.
34
[2-2] Section Two: Landscape and Nature in the City.
38
[2-2-1] Landscape, Nature in the City and Local Environment.
38
[2-2-2] Landscape, Nature in the City and Sustainable Urban Design.
40
[2-2-3] Sustainable Landscape and Nature in the City Strategies.
44
[2-2-4] Sustainable Landscape and Nature in the City Case Studies.
46
[2-3] Section Three: Transportation Systems.
48
[2-3-1] Transportation Systems and Local Environment.
48
[2-3-2] Transportation Systems and Sustainable Urban Design.
50
[2-3-3] Sustainable Transportation Systems Strategies.
53
[2-3-4] Sustainable Transportation Systems Case Studies.
54
[2-4] Section Four: Building Architecture Form.
58
[2-4-1] Building Architecture Form and Local Environment.
58
[2-4-2] Building Architecture Form and Sustainable Urban Design.
60
[2-4-3] Sustainable Building Architecture Form Strategies.
65
[2-4-4] Sustainable Building Architecture Form Case Studies.
67
[2-5] Section Five: Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces Design.
70
[2-5-1] Indoor Environment, Interior Spaces Design and Local Environment.
70
[2-5-2] Indoor Environment, Interior Spaces Design and Sustainable Urban Design.
72
VI
List of Contents
[2-5-3] Sustainable Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces Design Strategies.
81
[2-5-4] Sustainable Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces Design Case Studies.
83
[2-6] Section Six: Waste Management.
86
[2-6-1] Waste Management and Local Environment.
86
[2-6-2] Waste Management and Sustainable Urban Design.
87
[2-6-3] Sustainable Waste Management Strategies.
91
[2-6-4] Sustainable Waste Management Case Studies.
93
[2-7] Section Seven: Building Materials.
94
[2-7-1] Building Materials and Local Environment.
94
[2-7-2] Building Materials and Sustainable Urban Design.
96
[2-7-3] Sustainable Building Materials Strategies.
102
[2-7-4] Sustainable Building Materials Case Studies.
105
[2-8] Section Eight: Energy Consumption.
108
[2-8-1] Energy Consumption and Local Environment.
108
[2-8-2] Energy Consumption and Sustainable Urban Design.
110
[2-8-3] Sustainable Energy Consumption Strategies.
119
[2-8-4] Sustainable Energy Consumption Case Studies.
122
[2-9] Section Nine: Water Ecosystem.
126
[2-9-1] Water Ecosystem and Local Environment.
127
[2-9-2] Water Ecosystem and Sustainable Urban Design.
128
[2-9-3] Sustainable Water Ecosystem Strategies.
132
[2-9-4] Sustainable Water Ecosystem Case Studies.
134
[2-10] Section Ten: Air Quality.
136
[2-10-1] Air Quality and Local Environment.
136
[2-10-2] Air Quality and Sustainable Urban Design.
137
[2-10-3] Sustainable Air Quality Strategies.
139
[2-10-4] Sustainable Air Quality Case Studies.
141
Chapter Two Conclusion.
142
VII
List of Contents
Part Two: Analytical and Implementing Studies
[3] Chapter Three: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems, Design
Guides and Case Studies.
143
Introduction.
143
[3-1] Section One: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems and
Design Guides.
144
[3-1-1] Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED).
144
[3-1-2] BRE Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM).
153
[3-1-3] Green Globes Design.
156
[3-1-4] Other Rating Systems.
164
[3-2] Section Two: Sustainable Architecture Case Studies.
165
[3-2-1] Great River Energy Headquarters.
168
[3-2-2] Genzyme Center.
184
[3-2-3] Synergy at Dockside Green.
199
[3-2-4] The Evergreen State College.
211
[3-2-5] The Desert Lodge.
223
Chapter Three Conclusion.
233
Part Three: Guidelines, Conclusion and Recommendations
[4] Chapter Four: Guidelines of Sustainable Architecture.
Introduction.
234
234
[4-1] Sustainable Urban and Site Design Guidelines.
235
[4-2] Sustainable Landscape and Nature in the City Guidelines.
237
[4-3] Sustainable Transportation Systems Guidelines.
239
[4-4] Sustainable Building Architecture Form Guidelines.
242
[4-5] Sustainable Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces Design Guidelines.
244
VIII
[4-6] Sustainable Waste Management Guidelines.
249
[4-7] Sustainable Building Materials Guidelines.
251
[4-8] Sustainable Energy Consumption Guidelines.
253
List of Contents
[4-9] Sustainable Water Ecosystem Guidelines.
258
[4-10] Sustainable Air Quality Guidelines.
260
Chapter Four Conclusion.
Conclusion and Recommendations.
263
264
Conclusion.
264
Recommendations.
269
List of References and Further Reading.
274
Research Abstract.
282
Researcher Curriculum Vitae.
284
Research Approval (Arabic Version).
285
Research Abstract (Arabic Version).
286-287
IX
List of Figures and Charts
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Figures or Charts Name
Page
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(2-4-4)
Sustainability dimensions
Sustainable architecture dimensions
The seven R’s sustainable strategies relationships
Sustainable architecture strategies
Urban heat islands effects
Urban heat islands intensities
Urban wind speed levels
Urban traffic problem
Using landscape elements for controlling solar gain
Using landscape elements for controlling wind speed and direction
Using landscape elements for decreasing urban pollutions
Building and sites relationships
Urban parks harvesting
The green city of tomorrow
Building with nature
Harvesting building site strategies
Harmony with nature
First view of the relationships between landscape and urban neighborhoods
Second view of the relationships between landscape and urban neighborhoods
Collecting and controlling storm water
Using storm water systems in landscape irrigation
Using drip irrigation systems
Using shade trees to conserving buildings from unwanted solar gain
Using landscape to controlling direction and speed of wind
Using landscape to controlling wind in outdoor spaces
Using roof garden systems
Heat islands effects on cities
Protecting existing landscape and wild life
Using vertical landscape on buildings elevations
Harvesting nature landscape in buildings sites
Using roof planting system
Creating walkable urban neighborhoods strategy
Walkable urban neighborhoods strategy
Creating safely pedestrians for people
Creating cycles parking in and out buildings
Using public transportation trams
Using public transportation buses
Using public transportation underground
Creating walkable ways
Creating cycles stops
Using public cycles storages
Creating integrated design of street supporting walking and cycling systems
Using solar energy collector
Respecting daylighting in designing building architecture form
Using different types of daylighting elements
Using top monitors for daylighting
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Using single and double side ventilation
Using architecture form and articulated walls to creating different pressure area
Using interior court and roof opining to enhancing air flowing in interior spaces
Using upper south opining to dragging hot air from indoor spaces to outdoor
Using storm water management systems
Using roof planting systems
Using atriums to improving nature daylighting
Using building architecture form to controlling solar gain
Improving nature ventilation and daylighting
Improving nature ventilation, storm water and photovoltaic usages
Improving ventilation and photovoltaic usages
Using indoor green vacuum
Using over hangs to controlling solar gain
Using louvered shades and recessing windows to controlling solar gain
Using roof light color and reflective finishing materials to controlling solar gain
Using light shelves to reflecting and distributing daylighting inside interior spaces
Mixing natural and artificial lighting to achieving visual comfort to interior spaces
Creating pressure differences to improving air flowing
Improving air flowing into building’s interior spaces
Using one side and two sides opening windows
Controlling noise in building’s interior spaces
Improving daylighting distribution
Improving air flowing between building’s interior spaces
Improving air flowing by increasing ceiling surface area
Improving air flowing by mixing natural and mechanical ventilation
Typical reflectance of internal materials
Integration between indoor colors and finishing materials
Using nature daylighting systems
Using nature ventilation and controlling solar gain systems
Using nature daylighting and ventilation systems
Using natural daylighting and external views availability
The sustainable waste management solution hierarchy
Creating integrated waste management services
Classification of construction waste types
Waste disposal processes
Main categories of solid municipal waste
Classification of domestic waste types
Using recyclable building materials
Separating generated waste
Building materials selection strategy
Embodied energy of building materials
Building materials lifecycle
Building materials lifecycle effects
Increasing of toxic building materials
Sources of interior unhealthy building materials
Using low negative impacts building materials
Using sustainable building materials
Using local non finishing building materials
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(3-1-8)
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(3-1-13)
Total world energy use by fuel sources
CO2 emissions from different energy sources
Energy usage of buildings applications
Integrating natural daylighting with artificial lighting
Integrating natural daylighting with artificial lighting
Only highlighting in specific functional
Using energy efficient lighting fixture
High performance lighting systems
Using solar daylighting and photovoltaic
Inside urban wind turbines places
Types of wind turbines
Vertical wind turbines shapes
Biomass circle
Using sensors to control lighting systems
Using different types of sensors technology
Using solar water heating systems
Using movable photovoltaic shades
Using photovoltaic and wind turbines street lamp
Using wind turbines
Using photovoltaic and daylighting to conserving electric energy
Using photovoltaic and natural ventilation
Energy Star products
Using natural and artificial lighting and ventilating
World potable water usages percentage
Typical household domestic water usages
In buildings treatment system
Using dual flush toilet
Using water brake taps faucets to reducing water growling
Using intelligent plumbing fixtures
Using sensor controls on faucets
Using rain water in irrigation systems
Waste water recycling system
Solar water heater system
Treatment grey water for reusing
Harvesting rain water for reusing
Harvesting natural lake and wild life
Improving outdoor and indoor air quality
USGBC logo
LEED objective
LEED average saving
LEED rating points requiring
LEED approaches
LEED rating systems
Project checklist
LEED for new construction points
LEED for existing buildings points
LEED for commercial interiors points
LEED for core and shell points
LEED for schools points
Green Globes Design questionnaires
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Green Globes Design elements
Green Globes Design ratings
Green Globes Design organizational structure
Green Globes Design project loop
GRE main elevation
GRE outdoor atrium
GRE main building
GRE building proposing design
GRE lifecycle economic analysis
GRE building construction processes
GRE building team weekly meeting
GRE context plan study
GRE site plan study
GRE site harvesting
GRE building form
GRE interior spaces lighting
GRE main spaces natural daylighting
GRE indoor daylighting usages
GRE wind turbines usages
GRE photovoltaics usages
GRE lake
GRE water inelegant fixtures
GRE grey water system
GRE ventilation study
GRE down floor ventilation
GRE LEED scores
GC main elevation
GC exterior design
GC indoor atrium
GC main section design
GC site plan
GC urban site
GC indoor landscape usages
GC daylighting design
GC daylighting systems
GC ventilation design
GC double facade systems
GC natural daylighting usages
GC daylighting reflective mirrors
GC interior atrium
GC LEED scores
SDG project
SDG inside urban spaces
SDG master plan
SDG urban planning
SDG green way
SDG nature landscape harvesting
SDG urban landscape elements
SDG inside walk areas
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SDG green roofs usages
SDG architecture form
SDG daylighting usages
SDG indoor and outdoor connectivity
SDG waste collecting and separating
SDG using healthy and recyclable materials
SDG biomass system
SDG waste water recycling system
SDG LEED scores
ESC building
ESC general plan
ESC main plans
ESC forest site
ESC nature landscape harvesting
ESC architecture form
ESC indoor green atrium
ESC daylighting and exterior views
ESC indoor top opening nature ventilation
ESC natural ventilation design
ESC natural daylighting usages
ESC waste water collecting and filtering
ESC indoor atrium landscape
ESC natural ventilation top opening
ESC LEED scores
DL main building
DL exterior spaces
DL architecture style
DL outdoor life
DL hot mineral spring
DL visitor’s room
DL oasis view design
DL Interior spaces usages
DL huge terrace usages
DL view to oasis
DL site
DL landscape usages
DL landscape usages
DL cycling system
DL traditional style usages
DL room’s form
DL interior spaces
DL interior spaces
DL building materials
DL local material usages
DL photovoltaics usages
DL waste water collection
DL water filtration
204
204
204
205
205
205
206
207
207
211
212
212
214
214
215
215
216
216
217
217
217
218
218
218
219
223
223
224
224
224
225
225
225
225
226
226
226
226
227
227
227
228
228
228
228
229
229
229
XIV
List of Tables
List of Tables
No.
Tables Name
Page
(3-2-1)
(3-2-2)
(3-2-3)
(3-2-4)
(3-2-5)
GRE Sustainability Implementing
GC Sustainability Implementing
SDG Sustainability Implementing
ESC Sustainability Implementing
DL Sustainability Implementing
181,182,183
196,197,198
208,209,210
220,221,222
230,231,232
XV
List of Abbreviations
List of Abbreviations
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers.
BREEAM
Building
Research
Assessment Method.
CASBEE
The Comprehensive Assessment System for Building
Environmental Efficiency.
CFD
Computational Fluid Dynamic.
DL
Desert Lodge.
ESC
Evergreen State College.
GBTOOL
Green Building TOOL.
GBI
Green Building Initiative.
GC
Genzyme Center.
GRE
Great River Energy Headquarters.
HAWT
HorizontAl Wind Turbines.
HVAC
Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning.
IAQ
Indoor Air Quality.
LEED
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design.
NRC
Natural Resources Canada.
SDG
Synergy at Dockside Green.
USGBC
U.S. Green Building Council.
VAWT
VerticAl Wind Turbines.
VOCS
Volatile Organic CompoundS.
XVI
Establishment
Environmental
Glossary of Terms
Glossary of Terms
Biomass Energy:
Energy which containing in plant matter and
animal waste and can be burnt to provide
electricity, heat or steam.
Black Water:
All water which containing human waste comes
from toilets and also all water which comes from
kitchen sinks and dishes washers.
Climate Responsive Design:
The design of building which control solar gain
with take advantage of passive heating, natural
daylighting, ventilation and cooling opportunities.
Daylighting:
The method of illuminating building’s interior
spaces with natural daylighting.
Ecological Footprint: The concept of measuring the amount of land
requires sustaining human activities in the long
term by provide food, water, energy and materials
and by assimilating waste and can be used to
calculate the land requirements of occupant’s
buildings and activities.
Ecosystem:
The complex of a community and its environment
that functions as an ecological unit in nature.
Embodied Energy:
The energy which consuming in extract,
manufacture, transport, install building materials
and other construction processes.
Fossil Fuel:
A fuel such as: coal, oil and natural gas which
produced by the decomposition of ancient plants
and animals.
XVII
Glossary of Terms
Global Warming:
The increasing in the average temperature of the
earth’s surface.
Gray Water:
All waste water which comes from domestic
appliances such as: baths sinks, showers, washing
machines, swimming pools and other appliances
with the exception of toilets.
Heat Islands:
The raising of general temperature in cities caused
by removal of vegetation and replacement with
asphalt, concrete roads, buildings and other
structures.
Horizontal Wind Turbines:
Wind turbines that are rotate around a horizontal
axe.
Indoor Air Quality:
The air in which are no known contaminants at
harmful concentrations as determine by cognizant
authorities and with which a substantial majority
of the people expose do not express
dissatisfaction.
Life Cycle:
The consecutive, interlinked stage of a products
beginning with raw materials acquisition and
manufacture continuing with its fabrication,
manufacture, construction and concluding with
any of a variety of reusing, recovering, recycling
or other waste management options.
Nonrenewable Sources:
Sources or energy that existing in a fixed amount
in various places and has the potentials to renewed
only by: geological, physical and chemical
processes taking places over hundreds of millions
to billions of years.
XVIII
Glossary of Terms
Nonrenewable Water:
Water sources which are founded as groundwater
bodies as deep aquifers.
Operating Energy:
The energy used for buildings operating and on
their various systems such as: lighting, heating,
cooling, ventilation, water pumping, water
heating, treatment, maintenance and others.
Passive Design:
A method of designing a building’s architecture
elements to collect, store and distribute solar
sources for heating, cooling and daylighting.
Photovoltaic:
The generation of electricity from the energy of
sunlight using photocells.
Recyclable Materials: Materials those are capable of being recycled and
typically made of a single component of materials
that can be separated.
Renewable Energy:
Energy sources that can keep
indefinitely without being depleted.
producing
Renewable Water:
Water sources which are computing on the basis
of the water cycle such as: surface water and
ground water.
Solar Gain:
Direct solar radiation passing through buildings
elevations that contributes to space heating.
Ventilation Capacity: The amount of air that flow through a window and
depend on the area and the way of the window
opens.
Vertical Wind Turbines:
Wind turbines that are rotate around a vertical axe.
XIX
Research Proposal
Research Proposal
Introduction.
Development processes of societies and countries are aiming to raise
the community’s nature, economic and social environment, those
processes are resulting many of environment hazards and negative
impacts.
So, it is necessary to take other directions of development to enhancing
the quality of life without producing negative impacts to local and global
nature, economic and social environment.
Sustainability is a new direction of development which aim to meeting
the needs of the present generations without reducing the abilities of
future generations to have their requirements in all areas which related to
them through the various dimensions of sustainability: naturally,
economically and socially and without resulting any negative impacts for
local and global environment.
Architecture field is representing great challenges in the area of
implementing sustainability in all processes of construction and
reconstruction because they are consuming large quantities of materials,
great amount of energy and nonrenewable natural sources, producing
large quantities of wastes and resulting lot of negative impacts to local
and global environment.
By applying sustainability in the field of architecture, there are differs
in the criteria of implementing from one region to another causing by
differences of nature, economic and social environment between them.
So, achieving an integrated sustainable architecture in Egypt needs to
develop local design guidelines for implementing sustainability during
each stage of architecture projects lifecycle and including all elements of
sustainability implementing with considering local nature, economic and
social environment. In addition, considering the roles of all people whom
working in this area for applying this approach as a successfully and
integrated way suitable with local conditions.
XX
Research Proposal
Research Problems.
Sustainable architecture is a global theory depending on many of
principles and foundations which differ in the criteria of implementing
from one region to another according to the differences of nature,
economic and social environment between them.
Then, for implementing the theory of sustainable architecture in Egypt
should be considered local nature, economic and social environment
within every stage of the architecture project lifecycle such as: planning,
designing, constructing, operating, maintaining, demolition and reusing to
develop local design guidelines which consider all elements of
sustainability implementing in the field of architecture such as: urban
planning and site design, landscape and nature in the city, transportation
systems, building architecture form, indoor environment and interior
spaces design, waste management, building materials, energy
consumption, water ecosystem, air quality and consider all sustainable
architecture strategies such as: respect, receive, reduce, reuse, recycle,
restore and remember for implementing sustainability in architecture as
an integrated way which are suitable with Egyptian environment.
However, this research will be focusing on three basic problems:
Non integration between all elements which associating with
implementing sustainability in the field of architecture and
sustainable architecture strategies are leading to weakness of
gaining benefits of sustainable architecture in buildings and urban
neighborhoods.
Implementing sustainable architecture principles by non integrated
way during all stages of the architecture project lifecycle processes
are causing a failure of achieving the optimum sustainable
architecture benefits.
Disappearing of any local integrated design guidelines for
implementing the principles of sustainable architecture in Egypt
which are suitable with local nature, economic and social
environment leading to failure of achieving the objectives of
sustainable architecture in Egypt.
XXI
Research Proposal
Research Hypothesis.
This research will be discussing three fundamental hypotheses:
Creating good integrating between all elements which associating
with implementing sustainability in the field of architecture with
sustainable architecture strategies will succession achieving all
benefits of sustainable architecture.
The succession of implementing sustainable architecture theory is
depending on considering and integrating between all the stages of
the architecture projects lifecycle processes.
Considering local nature, economic and social environment and
develop local design guidelines for implementing sustainability to
architecture field in Egypt leading to succession of gaining all
benefits of sustainable architecture for all buildings and urban
neighborhoods.
Research Objectives.
This research is aiming to:
Firstly, studying the theory of sustainability and it’s relationships with
the architecture field for concluding the theory of sustainable architecture
to implementing sustainability in the architecture field.
Secondly, discussing the elements which sustainable architecture
should be implemented on, it’s effecting on nature, economic and social
environment, it’s relationships with sustainable urban design and some
case studies for every element.
Thirdly, orienting some international sustainable architecture rating
systems, design guidelines, case studies and some Egyptian sustainable
architecture case studies.
Finally, suggesting some sustainable architecture design guidelines for
every element of implementing which should be considered and take
advantage to implementing sustainability in the field of architecture as an
integrated and successfully way.
XXII
Research Proposal
Research Methodology.
This research will be presenting its contents in several chapters as
following:
Chapter One: Sustainability and Sustainable Architecture.
This chapter will consider discussing the concept of sustainability by
its definitions, dimensions and goals, then discussing the relationships
between sustainability and the building environment to reach the concept
of sustainable architecture and studying its dimensions, views, benefits,
elements, strategies and others to conclude the concept of sustainable
architecture for implementing sustainability theory in architecture and
construction field.
Chapter Two: Elements of Sustainable Architecture.
This chapter will consider discussing the most important elements
which should be considered and take advantage for achieving
sustainability in architecture field by discussing some views such as:
studying relationships between every element and the local nature,
economic and social environment and the mutual effecting between them
positively and negatively, studying relationships between every element
and the sustainable urban design by discussing some items should be
considered for implementing sustainability in buildings and urban
neighborhoods and deducing sustainable architecture strategies for every
element to consider when planning and designing buildings and urban
neighborhoods processes.
Also, showing some case studies which explaining the implementing
of every element in architecture projects.
Chapter Three: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems, Design
This chapter will consider orienting some of international sustainable
architecture rating systems, design guides and global and local case
studies of implementing sustainability on architecture field as an
XXIII
Research Proposal
Chapter Four: Guidelines of Sustainable Architecture.
This chapter will suggest some design guidelines for every element of
implementing sustainability in the field of architecture should be taken
and consider to achieving and gaining all benefits of sustainable
architecture for all buildings and urban neighborhoods.
Conclusion and Recommendations.
Concluding all the research contents and recommending some items
should be consider and take advantage for implementing sustainable
architecture by a successfully and integrated way.
In addition, considering the roles of all people whom working in this
area for applying this approach.
Research Structure.
[1] Chapter One: Sustainability and Sustainable Architecture.
[2] Chapter Two: Elements of Sustainable Architecture.
[2-5] Section Five: Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces Design.
XXIV
Research Proposal
[3] Chapter Three: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems, Design
[3-1] Section One: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems and
Design Guides.
[4] Chapter Four: Guidelines of Sustainable Architecture.
[4-2] Sustainable Landscape and Nature in the City Guidelines.
[4-5] Sustainable Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces Design
Guidelines.
[5] Conclusion and Recommendations.
[5-1] Conclusion.
[5-2] Recommendations.
XXV
Research Proposal
Chapter One: Sustainability and Sustainable Architecture
Section One: Sustainability
Section Two: Sustainable Architecture
Chapter Two: Elements of Sustainable Architecture
Section One: Urban and Site Design
Section Two: Landscape and Nature in the City
Section Three: Transportation Systems
Section Four: Building Architecture Form
Section Five: Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces Design
Section Six: Waste Management
Section Seven: Building Materials
Section Eight: Energy Consumption
Section Nine: Water Ecosystem
Section Ten: Air Quality
Chapter
Ch
t Th
Three: S
Sustainable
t i bl A
Architecture
hit t
R
Rating
ti S
Systems,
t
D
Design
i Guides
G id andd
Case Studies
Section One: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems and
Design Guides
Section Two: Sustainable Architecture Case Studies
Chapter Four: Guidelines of Sustainable Architecture
Conclusion and Recommendations
XXVI
Research Introduction
Research Introduction.
Development processes of societies and countries are usually
accompanying by series of changes that aiming to raise the community’s
Associating with those processes many of environment hazards and
negative impacts are resulting, for example: negative impacts on soil,
water, sea sources, wide spreading of pollutions and regional climate
changes.
So, it is necessary to take other directions of development to enhance
the quality of life without negatively affecting the local and global nature,
economic and social environment.
Sustainability is one of those other directions of development which
appear to enhance the living conditions of the current generations without
causing negative impacts to future generations, nature sources and the
surrounding economic and social environment.
The aim of sustainability is to meet the need of the present generations
without reducing the abilities of future generations to have their
requirements in all areas relating to them through the various dimensions
of sustainability naturally, economically and socially with conserving
local and regional environment.
The architecture field is representing great challenges in the area of
implementing sustainability at all stages of construction and
reconstruction such as: planning, designing, constructing, operating,
maintaining, demolition and reusing because they are consuming large
quantities of materials, great amount of energy and nonrenewable nature
sources and producing large quantities of wastes and resulting lots of
negative impacts to nature, economic and social environment.
To achieve sustainability in the field of architecture, there should be
integration between many disciplines such as: planning, designing,
constructing, electrical, mechanical and environment engineering and
many other disciplines that are related to this field.
-1-
Research Introduction
By applying sustainability in the field of architecture, there are
differences in the criteria of implementation from one region to another
caused by differences of sustainability development dimensions from one
region to another such as: nature, economic and social dimensions.
It is necessary to examine the possibility of implementing
sustainability in architecture and construction at the level of each territory
alone to reaching the optimum benefits of it in accordance with local
nature, economic and social conditions.
For achieving an integrated sustainable architecture in Egypt; it is very
necessary to develop local construction guidelines for implementing
sustainability during each stage of the architecture project. In addition,
considering the roles of all people who are working in this area is very
important for applying this approach as an integrated way suitable with
local nature, economic and social conditions.
So, this research will consider discussing the theories of sustainability
and its relationships with the architecture field to conclude the theory of
sustainable architecture.
Then, will discuss the elements which sustainable architecture should
be implemented on, orienting some international sustainable architecture
rating systems, design guidelines and case studies and some Egyptian
sustainable architecture case studies.
Finally, suggesting some sustainable architecture guidelines that
should be considered and take advantage to implementing sustainability
in the field of architecture as an integrated way.
-2-
Introduction.
The concept of sustainability appeared and became very important in
the 1960’s and early of 1970’s with the realization that existing
development patterns were not delivering the benefits expecting and
having lot of negative impacts on the local and regional nature, economic
and social environment.
Sustainable development is the only development which acting on all
of local, national and international level which provide all societies with
nature, economic, social, culture and other needing while avoiding
damage to the nature, economic and social environment either in short or
long term, this type of development will be achieved by the efficient
usages of both natural and human sources in a long term strategic
framework.
The building environment is playing an important role in people’s life
by affecting their quality of life, health, satisfaction and performance, so
sustainability is greatly concerned with building lifecycle processes
because it’s mutual relationships between all building lifecycle processes
and local nature, economic and social environment.
Architecture and all construction processes are facing an important
challenge for implementing sustainability concepts in all construction and
reconstruction lifecycle and processes such as: planning, designing,
constructing, operating, maintaining, demolition and reusing because they
are consuming large quantities of materials, great amount of energy and
nonrenewable nature sources and producing large quantities of wastes and
resulting lot of negative impacts to nature, economic and social
environment.
So, this chapter will consider discussing the concept of sustainability,
by its definitions, dimensions and goals, then will discuss the
relationships between sustainability and building environment to reaching
the concept of sustainable architecture and studying its dimensions,
views, benefits, elements, strategies and others to conclude the concept of
sustainable architecture for implementing sustainable development theory
in architecture and construction field.
-3-
Natural Dimension.
Economy Dimension.
Social Dimension.
The concept of sustainability has become an important issue in the last
20 years, it is a concept that recognizes that human as civilization is an
integral part of the nature, economic and social environment and all those
environment elements should be conserved and sustained to the next
generations.
Sustainable design, sustainable development, design with nature,
environmentally sensitive design and holistic source management can be
called "sustainability" which means the capability of nature, economic
and social systems being continuing over time with enhancing their
quality and conserving environment from any negative impacts locally
and globally.
Sustainability does not require a loss in the quality of life but does
require a change in mind, a change in values toward less lifestyle, these
changes should enhance the quality of life with conserving nature,
economic and social environment.
Then, the principles of sustainability are aiming to addressing the
problems of environment degradation, lack of human equality and quality
of life by supporting development type that is sustainable in nature,
economic and social terms and is capable of retaining the benefits of a
safety, healthy, satisfaction and performance stable environment in the
long term.
Sustainability is a huge concept associating with all facets of life
activities and processes aiming to deal with human impacts through
development on the environment to produce high quality environment for
human life without any negative impacts for all environment elements
and give the ability of future generations to meet their need with conserve
earth environment.
So, this section will consider discuss the theory of sustainability by
orienting their various definitions, their nature, economic and social
dimensions, goals and other related issues.
-4-
The word “sustainability” has become a wide range term that can be
applying to almost every facets of life on earth from local to global scale
and over various time periods.
The theory of sustainability has more various definitions containing lot
of issues such as:
The U.N organization: “Meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
needs”.
The Hannover principles: “The conception and realization of
ecologically, economically and ethically sensitive and responsible
expression as a part of the evolving matrix of nature”.
Robert C. Gilman: “Think of it extending the golden role over time,
so that you do unto future generations as you would have them do
unto you”.
The earth charter: “We must join together to bring forth a
sustainable global society founded on respect for nature, universal
human rights, economic justice and a culture of peace. Towards this
end, it is imperative that we - the peoples of earth - declare our
responsibility to one another to the greater community of life and to
future generations”.
“Sustainability is a state in which interdependent nature, economic
and social systems prosper today without compromising their future
prosperity”. ((NCARB), 2001)
“Sustainability as a process: Sustainable design is informed action
that aims to improve a project’s contribution to nature, social and
economic prosperity throughout its life cycle”. ((NCARB), 2001)
“Sustainability as a result: The characteristics and ongoing
operation of a sustainable design contribute to nature, social and
economic prosperity throughout its life cycle”. ((NCARB), 2001)
“Sustainable development is development that delivers
environmental, economical and social services to all residents of a
-5-
community without threatening the viability of the natural, built,
economic and social systems upon which the delivery of these
systems depends”. (Dublin, 2000) (1)
So, sustainability can be defined as “Sustainability is a process of
developing all facets of life for filling all human needing and improving
the quality of human life with conserving and enhancing local and
regional nature, economic and social environment over the short and
long term” (By researcher)
The dimensions of sustainability are
often taken to be: nature, economic and
social and known as “three pillars”.
These can be depicted as three
overlapping circles to showing that they
are not mutually exclusive and can be
mutually reinforced. (Figure 1-1-1)
However, sustainability has three
major dimensions to implementing on.
x Natural Dimension.
Figure (1-1-1)
Ref.: (By researcher)
Conserving and respecting nature
environment is the most important dimension of sustainability to deal
with the nature environment and gain its benefits without produce
negative impacts, there are two major ways of reducing negative human
impacts and enhancing ecosystems services: environment management
and management of human consumption of sources.
x Economy Dimension.
Sustainability is aiming to developing and enhancing local and
regional economic environment by wisely deal with sources, energy,
waste, natural opportunities and other related issues.
(1) (NCARB), The National Council of Architecture Registration Boards. 2001. Sustainable Design. First
Edition. Washington - U.S.A : (NCARB), The National Council of Architecture Registration Boards, 2001. p.
3-21. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
-6-
x Social Dimension.
Sustainability is aiming to develop and
take advantage of social environment of
any communities to provide life that
enhancing human quality of life,
improving safety, health, performance and
satisfaction of people.
However, succession of implementing
sustainability theory is depending on the
Figure (1-1-2)
succession on integration between all
dimensions to gain all benefits of
sustainability without produce negative impacts. (1) (2) (Figure 1-1-2)
Sustainability has important goals in all of local, global and regional
levels such as:
Environment equity by providing future generations with the same
environment potential as presently exists.
Decreasing economic growth from environment degradation and
managing growth to be fewer sources intensive and less polluting.
Integrated environment naturally, economically and socially.
Ensuring environment adaptability, resilience and maintenance.
Preventing irreversible long term damage to ecosystems.
Avoiding high environment costs on vulnerable populations.
Education involvement people and communities investigating
problems and developing new solutions. (3)
3-21. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
(2) Sassi, Paola. 2006. Strategies for Sustainable Architecture. First Edition. New York - USA : Taylor &
Francis - Taylor And Francis Group, 2006. p. 3-9. ISBN10: 0-415-34142-6.
(3) Thomas, Randall and Fordham, Max. 2003. Sustainable Urban Design (An Environmental Approach).
First Edition. London and New York - (U.K - U.S.A) : Spon Press (Taylor and Francis Group), 2003. p. 3-13.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
-7-
Natural Dimension.
Economy Dimension.
Social Dimension.
[1-2-4] Ecology,
Relationships.
Green
and
Sustainable
Benefits to Nature Environment.
Benefits to Economic Environment.
Benefits to Social Environment.
Architecture
Sustainability is aiming to meeting the needs of the present generations
without reducing the abilities of future generations to have their
requirements in all areas which related to them through the various
dimensions of sustainability naturally, economically and socially.
Sustainable architecture should be used an alternative approach than
tradition architecture that incorporates the changing in mind and the
changing in values toward less lifestyle to recognize the impacts of every
design choice on the nature, economic and social of local, regional and
global environment.
So, this section will consider discussing the potentials of applying
concepts of sustainability in the architecture field by studying the
definitions of sustainable architecture and its dimensions, benefits,
elements, strategies, principles and other related issues.
Architecture is considered the great field to implementing
sustainability concepts on all stages of construction and reconstruction
because they are consuming large quantities of materials, great amount of
energy and nonrenewable natural sources, producing large quantities of
wastes and resulting lot of negative impacts to nature, economic and
social environment.
Sustainable architecture is a dynamic rapidly growing and evolving
field, driven by a confluence of rising public concerning about global
climate changes, cost and availabilities of energy sources and the impacts
of the built environment on local nature, economic and social
environment.
Sustainable architecture is a general term that describing
environmentally conscious design techniques in the field of architecture
and seeking to minimize the negative environment impacts of buildings
by enhancing efficiency and moderation in the usages of materials, energy
and others.
-8-
There are many definitions of sustainable architecture and also it is
using interchangeably with: sustainable design, sustainable building,
green building, ecobuilding, ecological design, ecological building and
other related terms.
As with the term sustainability there is no single definition for
sustainable architecture; there are lots of definitions of sustainable
architecture such as:
The green building council of the United States (USGBC): “A
process to design the built environment while considering
environmental responsiveness, resource efficiency and cultural land
community sensitivity”.
California integrated waste management board: “A structure that is
designed, built, renovated, operated or reused in an ecological and
resource efficient manner”.
Hong Kong University: “Involves a holistic approach to the design
of buildings”.
Doerr architecture: “Most simply, the idea of sustainability or
ecological design is to ensure that our actions and decisions today
do not inhibit the opportunities of future generations”.
Sustainable buildings and communities program for the emirate of
Abu Dhabi: “A holistic approach which sympathetically integrates
the local and built environment in the regional context with the
underlying principles of minimizing resource use and maintaining
quality of performance”. (1) (2) (3) (4)
(1) Abu Dhabi Municipality, Emirate of Abu Dhabi Department of Municipal Affairs, et al. 2008.
Sustainable Buildings and Communities and Buildings Program for the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. First Edition.
Abu Dhabi - United Arab Emirates : Abu Dhabi Municipality, Emirate of Abu Dhabi Department of Municipal
Affairs; , Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi; , Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council; , Masdar - Abu Dhabi
Future Energy Company;, 2008. p. 1-8.
3-21. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
(3) W. Orr, David, Watson, Donald and FAIA. 2007. Sustainable Design: Ecology, Architecture and
Planning. First Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA : John Wiley & Sons, 2007. p. 1-22. ISBN: 978-0-47170953-4.
(4) Committee, City of Santa Monica Project Advisory. 1999. City of Santa Monica Green Building Design
and Construction Guidlines. First Edition. Santa Monica - Canada : City of Santa Monica Project Advisory
Committee, 1999. Introduction Chapter.
-9-
Then, sustainable architecture can be concluded and defined as:
“Sustainable architecture is a process of creating high performance and
efficient buildings and urban neighborhoods to filling all occupants
activities needing and improving their life quality, safety, healthy,
performance, satisfaction and making buildings and urban
neighborhoods more attractive to life in with conserving and enhancing
local and regional nature, economic and social environment over the
short and long term” (By researcher) (1)
The dimensions of sustainable architecture are often taken to be:
nature, economic and social and known as “three pillars”.
Figure (1-2-1)
Sustainable architecture dimensions
Ref.: (www.arch.hku.hk, 08/2008)
x Natural Dimension:
To provide buildings that using materials and adopt forms of design
and construction that minimize environmental negative impacts, conserve
natural sources, enhance and protect the nature environment, decrease
global warming, heat islands effects, pollutions and ozone depletion,
harvest water ecosystem, manage and control natural potentials, conserve
natural landscape, wildlife and other nature features.
3-21. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
- 10 -
x Economy Dimension:
To create or develop buildings and urban neighborhoods with
enhancing local and regional economic environment by wisely dealing
with sources, energy, waste, materials, natural potentials and other related
issues.
x Social Dimension:
To provide buildings and urban neighborhoods that enhance human
life quality, improve safety, healthy, performance, satisfaction of
occupants and make buildings and urban neighborhoods more attractive
to live in.
However, succession of implementing sustainability theory in the field
of architecture can be achieved by making a good integration between all
dimensions for producing high performance sustainable buildings and
urban neighborhoods for occupants with conserving environment. (1) (2)
Sustainable architecture is the philosophy of designing physical
objects, building environment and services to be suitable with the
principles of nature, economic and social sustainability, sustainable
architecture is creating solutions that solve the nature, economic and
social challenges of the project and powered by sustainable energies.
Sustainable architecture is the foundation of the program requirements;
energy, form, construction processes, building materials, native places
and long life are integral to the design solution, all designs can be
sustainable but the changing in the design processes should be included a
changing in the designer’s thinking. (3) (4)
3-21. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
- 11 -
[1-2-4] Ecology,
Relationships.
Green
and
Sustainable
Architecture
Ecology architecture is the study of the relationships between plants
and animals to their environment and it is the study of spatial connectivity
between organism and environment that make ecology design an
excellent model for sustainable design. Sustainable architecture
expanding the role of the design program and moving the design goal
from objects to communities and then designs the connections, illustrating
the relationships between available local sources, energy and the natural
places.
Green design is an element of sustainable architecture because green
buildings and communities are integrating the local climate and building
sources, create healthy interior spaces and completing recycling and
reusing of materials which are critical to the development of a sustainable
future, green buildings that efficiently using nonrenewable energy is slow
the energy and pollutions crisis.
Sustainable architecture is different from green design in that it is
additive and inclusive it includes continuity, surviving, thriving and
adapting, green design incorporating ecologically sensitive materials and
creating healthy buildings and processes that do not negatively affect the
environment before, during or after manufacture, construction and
deconstruction, green architecture incorporate efficient mechanical
systems and high performance technologies but still functions primarily
through the usages of fossil fuels.
Sustainable architecture is integrating the principles of green design
and goes further to become a passive and active structure that is designed
to maximize the usages of sites nature renewable sources. When buildings
are conceived as organisms instead of objects they become part of the
ecological neighborhood and when they operating off existing site and
regional renewable energies they are sustainable. So, sustainable
architecture is green architecture powered by sustainable energies. (1)
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x Benefits to Nature Environment.
Reduction of generated gasses that contribute to global warming
such
as:
carbon
dioxide,
methane,
nitrous
oxide,
chlorofluorocarbons and others.
Reduction of the heat islands effect on local microclimates.
Protecting of nature habitat and wild life.
Harvesting air, water and soil quality.
Minimizing pollutions and other negative impacts for ecosystems.
x Benefits to Economic Environment.
Enhancing economic development.
Reducing design and buildings costs.
Reducing operating costs.
Reducing infrastructure costs.
Conserving nonrenewable types of energy.
Reducing raw materials consumption.
Improving reusing and recycling systems.
x Benefits to Social Environment.
Enhancing community’s identity.
Improving the
neighborhoods.
performances
of
all
buildings
and
urban
Enhancing people life quality, health, performance and satisfaction.
Enhancing people protection and safety. (1) (2)
3-21. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
- 13 -
The goals of sustainable architecture are supporting nature, economic
To achieve these goals they should be controlled by all architecture
systems over the long term and through all buildings and urban
neighborhoods lifecycle processes starting from planning passing through
designing, constructing, operating, maintaining, demolition and reusing
processes.
The most important elements that should be considered and take
advantage when planning and designing buildings and urban
neighborhoods are:
Urban and Site Design.
Landscape and Nature in the City.
Transportation Systems.
Building Architecture Form.
Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces Design.
Waste Management.
Building Materials.
Energy Consumption.
Water Ecosystem.
Air Quality.
However, succession of implementing sustainability theories in the
field of architecture can be achieved by make a good integration between
all those elements for producing high performance sustainable buildings
and urban neighborhoods for occupants with conserving local nature,
economic and social environment. (1) (2)
3-21. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
- 14 -
Sustainable architecture implementing can base on several practices
which can reduce the ecological negative impacts of buildings and
enhancing occupant’s health, performance and satisfaction.
Use Less To Do More: By meeting several needing by few elements.
Be Sure That Design Strategies Are Very Effective: By considering
the effect of any element on the others and on the whole building.
Build To Adapt And To Last: By designing buildings to be able to
change according to usages change over all their long useful lifecycle and
to be reusing after demolition processes.
Avoid Create Problems: By preventing problems from the beginning.
Consider Local Conditions: By using environment responsive design
which integrates with nature, economic and social conditions. (1)
Applying sustainable architecture in every element can be achieved by
considering seven strategies
through
all
architecture
processes,
these
seven
principles calling seven R’s:
Respect.
Receive.
Reduce.
Reuse.
Recycle.
Restore.
Remember.
Figure (1-2-2)
The seven R’s sustainable strategies relationships
Ref.: ((NCARB), 2001, p. 16)
- 15 -
The original three R’s: reduce,
reuse
and
recycle
are
controlling handle sources
within the project lifecycle,
the principles of receive and
restore are addressing the
transfer of sources between
their nature state outside the
project and their application
within the project and the
principles of respect and
remember are expanding the
vision
of
professional
responsibility
by
Figure (1-2-3)
Sustainable architecture strategies
understanding the context of
Ref.: (By Researcher)
environment
and
remembering the success of sustainable actions to applying it in the
future. (1) (Figure 1-2-2) (Figure 1-2-3)
There are three main principles should be considered in the initial
sustainable architecture process:
Connectivity: Design to reinforce the relationships between the
project, site, communities and the ecology and make minimum changes to
the nature ecosystems functioning, reinforcing and steward those nature
characteristics specific to the place.
Indigenous: Design with and for what has been resident and
sustainable on the site for centuries.
Long Life, Loose Fit: Design for future generations while reflecting
past generations. (2)
3-21. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 16 -
Chapter One Conclusion.
Sustainability is a process of developing all facets of life for filling all
human needs and improving the quality of human life with conserving
and enhancing local and regional nature, economic and social
environment over the short and long term.
Sustainability has three major dimensions to implementing on: natural
dimension which aim to conserving and respecting nature environment,
economy dimension which aim to developing and enhancing local and
regional economic environment and social dimension which aim to
developing and take advantage of social environment of any
communities.
Sustainability have important goals in both local and global level such
as: environment equity, decreasing economic growth from environment
degradation, integrating environment elements naturally, economically
and socially, ensuring environment adaptability, resilience and
maintaining, preventing irreversible long term damage to ecosystems,
avoiding high environment costs on vulnerable populations and education
involvement people and communities investigating problems and
developing new solutions.
Sustainable architecture is a process of creating high performance and
efficiency buildings and urban neighborhoods to filling all occupants’
activities needs and improving their life quality, safety, healthy,
performance, satisfaction and making buildings and urban neighborhoods
more attractive to live in with conserving and enhancing local and
regional nature, economic and social environment over the short and long
term.
Sustainable architecture can be implemented on three major
dimensions naturally, economically and socially and can be achieving by
constructing, electrical, mechanical, environment engineering and many
other disciplines that related to this field to gaining its optimum benefits
and with considering all sustainable architecture elements and strategies.
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Introduction.
Architecture field is representing great challenges for applying
sustainability at all stages of construction and reconstruction such as:
planning, designing, constructing, operating, maintaining, demolition and
reusing processes because it has lot of elements that should be considered
and integrated to be achieved and implemented.
Successful applying all elements of sustainability in the field of
architecture crossing all scales from buildings, urban neighborhoods,
cities to region scale are needing to take advantage and deeply studying of
some issues to applying all aspects in every element and produce high
performance life which enhance health, performance and satisfactions life
environment to occupants with protecting local nature, economic and
social environment from any negative impacts over the long term.
Also, sustainable architecture is approaching great solutions for
dealing with local environment to gain its potentials and opportunities and
avoiding its negative effects with conserving local environments.
These elements which should be considered and take advantage are
such as: urban and site design, landscape and nature in the city,
transportation systems, building architecture form, indoor environment
and interior spaces design, waste management, building materials, energy
consumption, water ecosystem, air quality and others.
Each element is a part of larger systems of nature, economic and social
systems and each element also has sub systems that should be considered
to create successful planning and designing strategies which coordinating
between all those element to achieve sustainability as an integral and
successful way.
On the other hand, it is very important to make a good integration
between all professionals people who are working in the architecture
fields such as: planners, designers, constructions, electrical, mechanicals,
environment engineers and other people disciplines who should be
working together to apply all aspects of sustainability in those elements
with a good integrated system for make all elements working together to
achieve sustainability in every scale.
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So, this chapter will discuss the most important elements which should
be considered and take advantage for achieving sustainability in the
architecture field by discussing some views such as: studying
relationships between every element and the local nature, economic and
social environment and the mutual effecting between them positively and
negatively, also will study relationships between every element and the
sustainable urban design by discussing some items that should be
considered for implementing sustainability in buildings and urban
neighborhoods, beside deducing sustainable architecture strategies for
every element to consider when planning and designing buildings and
urban neighborhoods processes and finally showing some case studies
which explaining the implementation of every element in some
architecture projects.
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Urban Activities Associating Impacts.
Sustainable Urban Planning Concepts.
Urban Context and Local Ecosystems.
Urban Climate Optimization.
Building Sites Choosing and Designing.
Respect.
Receive.
Reduce.
Reuse.
Recycle.
Restore.
Remember.
Urban sites are meaning to architecture a deed land area which
buildings and urban neighborhoods will be setting on; because architects
are only most concerning with boundaries and all existing infrastructure
in urban sites of any new projects.
On the other hand, urban sites are meaning to the sustainable design
team a home of various ecosystems, communities sources and local
nature, economic and social environment that should be considered earlier
when planning and designing buildings and urban neighborhoods.
So, this section will consider discussing some items that should be
considered and take advantage when planning and designing urban fabrics
and projects sites to achieve and gain all benefits of sustainable
Sites is one of the earth most precious sources because it is provides
spaces for human inhabitation, provide the sources which is required to
enable occupants activities and to absorbing waste from these activities.
Sustainable urban design should be meeting the needing of the present
people without compromising the abilities of future generations to
meeting their needing and also with conserving local nature, economic
Then, there are relationships between the urban, site design and the
success of implementing sustainability in any urban neighborhoods
creating or developing processes; because those processes are consume
big amount of sources and cause lots of negative impacts to local
environment.
Urban neighborhoods planning, designing, constructing, operating,
developing, maintaining, services and other their lifecycle processes with
urban occupant’s activities are create intensifying demand and has a great
effect on local environment.
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Then, urban and site design has great opportunities to controlling
relationships between urban neighborhoods lifecycle processes and all
local environment elements by gaining the potentials of local environment
to promote buildings and urban neighborhoods more healthy, satisfactory,
performance and attractive to live in with conserving local environment
from any pollutions and negative impacts and enhancing its quality.
However, sustainable urban and site design are aiming to produce high
performance projects to occupant’s usages with conserving and enhancing
local and global environment naturally, economically and socially.
Naturally: Urban and site design has a great effecting on nature
environment by increasing urban ecological footprint and causing
negative impact to nature ecosystems, also it has great opportunities to
dealing with local nature potentials to gaining its benefits and avoiding its
negative impacts by implementing success sustainable planning and
designing strategies.
Economically: Urban and site design has a great effecting on
economic environment by consuming big amount of sources, building
materials, energy and others which costing a lot during all their lifecycle
processes and should be controlled and decreased to make urban
neighborhoods more sustained.
Socially: Urban and site design have a great effecting on occupants
health, performance and satisfaction and that should be considered to
promote good social environment to occupants which attracting them to
live in.
So, urban and site design should be considered early when planning
and designing sites and urban neighborhoods to create sustainable
projects to occupants with conserving local environment from any
negative impacts. (1) (2) (3)
(1) Dublin, Energy Research Group - University College. 2000. Sustainable Urban Design. First Edition.
Dublin - Ireland : Energy Research Group - University College Dublin, 2000. p. 2-3.
(3) (DDC), City of New York Department of Design and Construction. 1999. High Performance Building
Guidelines. First Edition. New York : City of New York Department of Design and Construction (DDC), 1999.
p. 26-53.
- 21 -
x Urban Activities Associating Impacts.
Urban lifecycle processes is greatly affecting on the rate of success of
implementing sustainability in buildings and urban neighborhoods
because it has lot of negative impacts that should be considered at
planning and designing processes to create balance between the occupants
needing, activities, effects and local environment conservation and its
quality enhancing.
Urban Ecological Footprint: Ecological footprint is the concept of
measuring the amount of land required to sustain human activities
in the long term by providing food, water, energy, materials and
others and assimilating waste. Ecological footprint can be used to
calculate the land which is required for occupant’s buildings,
activities and others.
The ecological footprint of any urban neighborhoods is measure the
success of sustainability implementing by many categories such as:
mixing of buildings usages, limiting areas of building land,
conserving landscape and nature ecosystems, managing
transportation of people and goods, succeeding of buildings outdoor
and indoor designing, assimilating waste generating, minimizing
raw building materials usages, wisely dealing with energy,
harvesting water, air quality and others.
However, cities in developed countries has a larger ecological
footprint than those in developing countries and the world average
ecological footprint is 2.4 ha/person.
So, ecological footprint of any urban neighborhoods should be
controlled and take advantage to conserve local environment.
Urban Heat Islands: Heat islands are an areas of land whose
ambient temperature is higher than the land surrounding it, heat
islands are raising general temperature in the cities which caused by
the removal of the vegetation and replacing it with asphalt, concrete
roads, buildings and other structures and infrastructure.
- 22 -
So, it is a direct relationship
between urban density, occupant’s
activities and the intensity of the
heat islands. (Figure 2-1-1) (Figure 2-1-2)
Heat islands are mainly caused by:
air pollutions, heat resulting from
buildings and traffic, increasing of
Figure (2-1-1)
buildings and other hard surfaces
Urban heat islands effects
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 48)
which absorbing solar radiation and
reflecting heat and the minimization of green areas and replacing it
with roads, infrastructure, buildings and others.
Heat islands effects are increase global temperatures which leading
to increase of the consumed energy which is needed for ventilating,
cooling and air conditioning of building’s interior spaces which
leads to increase of its related negative impacts.
However, it is possible to reduce heat islands effects by: using high
reflective roofs, building materials and colors, planting green areas
near buildings and across all urban neighborhoods spaces and
decreasing environment pollutions. (1) (2)
Figure (2-1-2)
Urban heat islands intensities
Ref.: (Dublin, 2000, p. 4)
Dublin - Ireland : Energy Research Group - University College Dublin, 2000. p. 3.
- 23 -
x Sustainable Urban Planning Concepts.
Sustainable urban planning is considered the local environment
conservation strategies which should be based on the understanding of:
climate, geography, culture and traditions of building sites and occupants
that should be promote a good environment which offers urban density,
diversity, productivity and protection for all urban neighborhoods.
Urban Density: Mixing usages of buildings and activities that aim
to improve the viability and vitality of urban neighborhoods,
increasing the potentials for sharing sources, reducing transportation
usages and others.
Sustainable urban design suggesting to reduce the importance of
using transportation facilities and considering less environment
damaging ways of achieving the horizontal and vertical movement
of people, energy, food, goods, water, waste and others.
Generally, urban neighborhoods with high densities are using less
energy for horizontal movement by mixing of usages and
supporting footing and cycling concepts and reducing travel
distances, car usages and its related emissions, pollutions and
negative impacts.
Also, high densities urban neighborhoods are improving the sharing
of facilities and sources, infrastructure supply lines can be shorter,
reducing distances for energy and water service runs and protecting
nature landscape and wildlife.
The optimum densities of a site are depending on some variables
that should be considered such as: climate, social and topographical
factors, location and existing settlement of local environment.
However, high densities urban neighborhoods has many advantage
to gain such as: efficient use of land, protecting of nature landscape,
easily access to social, culture, transportation and commercial
facilities and also has a negative results such as: less spaces
availabilities, parking and smaller roads problems, reducing urban
gardens and green areas, losing of privacy, higher levels of noise
and pollutions.
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Urban Diversity: It can be achieved by: comprising mixing of
different buildings types, usages and activities, mixing between
buildings, landscape and nature spaces and utilizing different types
of renewable energy types instead of depending on nonrenewable
energy types and others.
Urban Productivity: It can be achieved by using various buildings
integrated systems such as: photovoltaic, heat recovery, water
recycling, solar thermal and others to give potentials for buildings
to produce its need of energy, water and others for its own usages
and avoiding related negative impacts, these processes should be
reduce the demand on energy, water and infrastructure supply
networks, also reducing, reusing and recycling strategies that can be
enhance urban productivity with conserving local environment.
Urban Protection: Urban and site design can protecting local
environment to benefiting occupants in urban neighborhoods
without negative impacts by improving the usages of solar, wind
and biomass energy, controlling acoustic properties, good dealing
with solar gain, management of water sources and usages,
minimizing waste generating, air pollutions and other negative
impacts and others. (1) (2)
x Urban Context and Local Ecosystems.
Urban Water Quality: The quality of urban existing surface and
rain water is greatly influenced by urban occupant’s activities. Acid
rain and pollutions which produced by domestic and industrial
activities are the common sources of water pollutions, also dusts,
dirt and other solid pollutions in urban spaces that are washed with
rainwater into drains to cause more pollutions and negative impacts
for urban water sources.
Only drinking and human need of water should be fully filtering
and treating with chemicals to combating bacteria, micro organisms
Dublin - Ireland : Energy Research Group - University College Dublin, 2000. p. 5.
- 25 -
and other water pollutants to produce high quality of water to urban
occupants.
Water conservation and harvesting is one the important
sustainability issues which aiming to: conserve water ecosystem,
produce water for every usage as quality as requiring, reduce the
consumption of potable water, enhance waste water reusing and
recycling systems and reduce energy consumption which needing
for all water lifecycle processes and others.
Urban Air, Wind and Dusts: Urban air quality is affected by many
of pollutions sources, fossil fuel usages in urban activities is
consider the main sources of air pollutions, also increasing
individual vehicle usages is one of the main contributors to air
pollutions in urban neighborhoods by vehicular emissions.
Urban wind velocities in urban spaces are generally lower than
those in the surrounding countryside due to the obstructions of air
flowing caused by buildings and urban fabric contents. (Figure 2-1-3)
Figure (2-1-3)
Urban wind speed levels
Ref.: (Dublin, 2000, p. 5)
Urban wind is greatly affects on the local temperature, rates of
cooling, air quality and is considered an important factor of micro
climatic levels.
Tall buildings in urban neighborhoods are leading to air movement
through a combination of wind channels and also affect on wind
- 26 -
turbulence in some areas and they concentrate the pollutions where
there are wind shadows.
Urban dusts are usually caused by: products of building materials,
exhaust fumes from buildings, transportation facilities,
manufacturing and others.
Dust is clinging to porous surfaces such as stone, brick and concrete
and also it is considered one of important air pollutants which cause
health problems to occupants.
Sustainable architecture is aiming to conserve air from pollutions
and enhance indoor and outdoor air quality by reducing pollutions
form its sources and treating air from pollutants.
Urban Energy Management: The efficient management of energy
has a great importance in any sustainable urban design strategies by
minimizing the activities and functions that are waste energy, using
energy wisely and enhancing the dependence on renewable types of
energy such as: solar, wind and biomass energy which produce
urban needing of energy with conserving local environment.
Urban Traffic: Urban traffic and
transporting of people and goods
inside urban spaces have huge
negative impacts for urban fabrics
such as: waste big areas of land to
be used for roads, stations, stops,
parking
areas
and
other
transportation
infrastructure,
consuming big amount of energy,
Figure (2-1-4)
increasing environment degradation,
Urban traffic problem
Ref.: (Dublin, 2000, p. 4)
increasing air pollutions, increasing
heat islands intensities, causing negative impacts for nature
ecosystems, reducing landscape, bad effects on wildlife and others.
However, sustainable planning, designing, placing and density of
buildings in urban neighborhoods can solve lot of those problems
and reduce its related negative impacts. (Figure 2-1-4)
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Urban Waste Generating: Domestic, industrial and other urban
dairy activities are generate huge amount of waste which are
considered a major source of environment pollutions, negative
impacts, producing bad smells and other emissions and consuming
big amount of energy within all waste lifecycle processes.
Sustainable architecture is dealing with this generated waste by
considering waste as a source of building materials and products
when take advantage of reusing and recycling strategies. (1) (2)
x Urban Climate Optimization.
Urban planning and urban fabric elements designing has great
opportunities for dealing with local climate to gaining its benefits,
avoiding its negative impacts and optimizing local climate for promoting
suitable conditions for occupants life.
Urban Solar Radiation: The aim of solar responsive design is to
maximize the access of solar radiation to building’s interior spaces
when heating is required in winter and protecting buildings from
unwanted solar radiation when cooling is required in summer with
enhancing the usages of nature daylighting and ventilating indoor
buildings. (Figure 2-1-5)
Figure (2-1-5)
Using landscape elements for controlling solar gain
Ref.: (Dublin, 2000, p. 11)
- 28 -
This design can be achieved by good urban planning, orienting,
forming, designing of buildings, choosing suitable building
materials and good using of vegetations and landscape elements
inside the urban neighborhoods fabrics and others.
Urban Wind Control: Wind velocities have an important effecting
on the thermal comfort in buildings and urban neighborhoods, tall
buildings which is separated by open spaces can create pressure
difference which create local ventilation that continues flowing to
building’s interior spaces, while landscape vegetation can be used
as a wind break, reduce unwanted wind speeds, allow enough air
flowing through external spaces and dense planting around
openings in the urban fabric will mitigate wind tunnel effects,
impede the movement of dust and improve thermal comfort by
reducing urban heat transferring and infiltrating. (Figure 2-1-6)
Sustainable architecture should be considered all those items at
planning and designing buildings and urban neighborhoods to
gaining wind benefits without its negative impacts.
Figure (2-1-6)
Using landscape elements for controlling wind speed and direction
Ref.: (Dublin, 2000, p. 13)
Urban Relative Humidity and Temperature Degree: Passive
direct evaporation strategies at an urban neighborhoods scale can be
achieved by: usages of vegetation, fountains or ponds in public
spaces, water towers and other urban contents.
- 29 -
When dealing with evaporation in hot climates an expansive surface
of water does not needing but nature ventilation should be designed
to avoiding problems with increasing humidity levels.
Due to the evaporation of water from vegetation; temperatures can
be up to 10K lower in urban parks than in surrounding densely
building sites, alternating densely planted areas with open spaces
enhance night cooling by allowing the humid air from around the
vegetation to escape.
Also, concentrated sources of heat production such as kitchens
should be located near densely planting areas.
However, evaporation and humidity should be considered at
sustainable urban planning of any urban neighborhoods.
Urban Air Quality: In areas where air quality is poor many species
of vegetation can absorbing substantial levels of common urban
pollutants such as: CO2, NOx and SO2.
Some plants are not only resistant to air pollution but can
significantly improve the local air quality by filtering particulate
matter from the air through their leaves, considering planting near
or downwind from sources of dust or pollutions such as motorways
and dry, dusty ground surfaces can decrease air pollutions and
negative impacts. (Figure 2-1-7)
Figure (2-1-7)
Using landscape elements for decreasing urban pollutions
Ref.: (Dublin, 2000, p. 12)
- 30 -
Using inside urban neighborhoods parks and landscape can
extremely reduce the effect of pollutions and also can enhance
thermal stability of buildings, improve acoustic insulation, create
nature habitat for wildlife, reduce the effects of urban heat islands
and decrease the negative impacts of building footprint. (1)
x Building Sites Choosing and Designing.
Sustainable building sites choosing and designing should be supporting
and dealing with local environment to gaining its opportunities and
potentials with avoiding its negative impacts. (Figure 2-1-8)
Figure (2-1-8)
Building and sites relationships
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 47)
Site Selection and Designing: Achieving sustainability in new
urban neighborhoods are needing wisely selection of building sites
which has good properties for producing optimum needing for
occupants with conserving environment from negative impacts.
Solar responsive design should be considered as a main principal
when choosing, planning and designing building sites, this
consideration should be providing to occupants their needing of
- 31 -
nature daylighting, heating, cooling, ventilating, solar radiation and
other solar gain.
There are some factors which are associated with solar responsive
design and vary across the world countries according to local
environment conditions such as: orientation, forms, surrounding
terrain, adjoining developments and others.
In the urban neighborhoods level with a mix of buildings types and
forms, buildings should be arranged with respecting sun’s and wind
paths to gain its nature potentials and avoiding any negative impacts
which are associated with them.
So, site selection and designing should be aiming to maximize the
potential for passive solar gain in winter and avoiding it in summer,
allowing solar access at the street level, using street proportions and
external landscaping features which take into account variations in
climate and sun angles occurring.
Also, site selection and designing processes should be take
advantage of existing surrounding fabric contents and infrastructure
to gain its benefits with avoiding any negative impacts.
Urban Buildings and Land Usages: Buildings are the main
element which shape urban fabrics and that is required for the most
occupants’ activities, they have great impacts on local environment
across all their lifecycle. So land use of buildings and other urban
fabric spaces should be considered and wisely controlled to
minimizing it’s wastefully.
Sustainable architecture is aiming to controlling land use according
to their functions to ensure that optimal usages is achieved to filling
the needing of occupants without wasting or producing negative
impacts for local environment. (1) (2) (3)
p. 26-53.
- 32 -
x Respect.
Respect and understand urban and sites local nature, economic and
social environment.
Respect and understand urban and sites ecosystems, climate,
landscape, wildlife and other existing nature properties.
Respect and understand urban and sites existing buildings, services,
infrastructure and other existing features.
Respect and consider local urban and sites sources and energy.
x Receive.
Study urban and sites ecosystems opportunities, potentials and
negative impacts.
Determine the optimum needs and types of spaces, buildings and
services of occupant’s usages.
Analyze the relationships between all local nature, economic, social
environment elements in urban and sites.
Study and consider the existing buildings and infrastructure in
urban and sites.
x Reduce.
Reduce building land area to minimize building ecological
footprint, urban heat islands, costs, consumption of building
materials, energy and others.
Reduce building footprint negative impacts on local ecosystems.
Reduce the dependence on nonrenewable sources and energy.
x Reuse.
Reuse existing building sites, buildings, materials and infrastructure
in urban and sites spaces.
Reuse removed landscape elements form building sites to other
places.
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x Recycle.
Recycle existing materials and products from old buildings to reuse
it again in new projects.
Recycle generated waste from urban activities to reuse it again as
sources.
x Restore.
Restore removed landscape, wildlife and other ecosystems elements
from building area to other nature spaces.
x Remember.
Evaluate and save all data observed about urban spaces quality and
performance.
Analyze and save all data about all urban and sites lifecycle
processes to be considered in new development.
Place: Urban Parks.
City: Brussels, Belgium.
Description: Harvesting existing
nature parks and create new landscape
spaces and green areas inside urban
fabrics to developing a landscape
networks across all the city spaces for
decreasing
building
footprint,
improving
city
environment,
enhancing local climate, air quality,
social activities and producing public
spaces which are more healthy,
satisfaction and attractive to life in.
Figure (2-1-9)
Urban parks harvesting
- 34 -
Figure (2-1-10)
The green city of tomorrow
Ref.: (Halliday, 2008)
Place: Urban Spaces.
City: Malmo, Sweden.
Description: Vastra Hamnen (The
green city of tomorrow) is a harbour
industrial area consisting of open
spaces with sparse vegetation.
This city developing strategy is
aiming to be an international city of
environmentally urban development
by:
x 100% renewable energy supply
from solar, wind, water and
biogas.
x High quality green buildings
performance.
x Good waste management strategy
to recovering up to 80 % of energy
from waste recycling, reduce
harmful waste up to 50% and
reduce waste transportation up to
60 %.
x Green parks and special focus on
the ecological value of the site.
x Rain water management to
reducing
potable
water
consumption up to 50 %.
many
attractive
x Generating
landscape spaces by creating a
diverse range of nature life with
parks and green to integrated the
design of the buildings with the
nature environment.
x Green traffic by planning high
quality cycle ways and foot paths
to make these attractive for short
journeys with an integrated public
bus services running by green
fuels.
x Water consumption is reducing up
to 50%, heavy metals and other
pollutants to sewage water are
reducing up to 50%, drainage
water is linking to water networks
and all surface water are managing
locally.
- 35 -
Figure (2-1-11)
Building with nature
Ref.: (www.usgbc.org, 08/2008)
Building: Queens Botanical Garden
Visitor Center.
Location: New York, USA.
Description: This building is a single
building urban setting based on
community programming including
social services to improve urban
social activities.
Also, this building are containing of
classes for visitors and professionals
of
sustainable
on
everything
development.
The building design is aiming to
celebrate the relationship between
diverse cultures and the environment
and to showcase water management,
energy
landscape
integration,
conservation and generation and can
be accessible by public transportation,
cycles and walking.
Building sitting, orientating and
forming is allowing daylighting to
reaching all interior spaces, providing
nature ventilation, more than 33% of
the materials in the building is
harvested or manufactured within 500
miles of the project site.
This building is greatly respecting all
features of the site by build on
previously used area, harvesting
existing nature landscape, water,
wildlife and other local environment
and that can be considered as a public
park for occupants to be involved with
nature and learning them how to
harvesting nature ecosystems.
- 36 -
Figure (2-1-12)
Harvesting building site strategies
Ref.: (www.eere.energy.gov, 08/2008)
Building:
Alberici
Corporate
Headquarters.
Location: Overland, Louis County,
USA.
Description: Harvesting building site
ecosystems by minimizing building
footprint,
conserving
existing
landscape and wildlife habitat,
harvesting nature lake and wit areas,
and using it for collecting and storing
rain water. Also, designing, orienting
and forming buildings to maximize
using nature potentials such as: solar
gain, nature ventilation, rain water,
renewable energy from solar and wind
and others.
Figure (2-1-13)
Harmony with nature
Ref.: (www.eere.energy.gov, 08/2008)
Building: Shangri La Botanical
Gardens.
Location: Orange, Texas, USA.
Description: This building has
minimum footprint negative impacts
by: minimizing disruption and
fragmentation of ecological zones,
maximizing usages of previously
disturbing areas to protecting native
zones, minimizing site infrastructure
intrusions and considering nature
potentials by gaining its benefits
without producing negative impacts.
- 37 -
[2-2-2] Landscape, Nature in the City and Sustainable Urban
Design.
Landscape and the City.
Landscape Networks Strategies.
Landscape and Drainage Systems.
Landscape and Controlling Solar Gain.
Landscape and Natural Ventilation.
Landscape and Roof Garden Systems.
Landscape and Heat Islands Mitigation.
Respect.
Receive.
Reduce.
Reuse.
Recycle.
Restore.
Remember.
[2-2-4] Sustainable Landscape and Nature in the City Case
Studies.
Urban neighborhoods development and management of landscape
around buildings have important impacts on: local and regional ecosystem
health, buildings specification, regional energy usages, local aquifers and
surface waters, land and soil restoration, air quality, human health and
other impacts.
Landscape design and natural development in the city are important for
the quality of life in urban neighborhoods because landscape is playing an
important role in the development processes to improve occupant’s life
quality.
Landscape isn’t an add-on but rather forming the basis for creating:
places, land forms, ecosystems, open spaces networks and forming the
nature environment.
So, this section will consider discussing some items that should be
considered at designing landscape and nature in the city development to
achieving and gaining all benefits of sustainable architecture for all
buildings and urban neighborhoods.
There are two different views of the relationships between landscape
and the urban neighborhoods development:
The First View: Development is seen the nature landscape as an
imposition on urban neighborhoods surrounding and built on land and
landform that is far away from its location. (Figure 2-2-1)
Figure (2-2-1)
First view of the relationships between landscape and urban neighborhoods
Ref.: (Thomas & Fordham, 2003, p. 33)
- 38 -
The Second View: New development suggesting that landscape is
integral to city living and needing to be considered as a main part of any
development activities and also respecting all landscape and wildlife
habitat inside and around the urban neighborhoods. (Figure 2-2-2)
Figure (2-2-2)
Second view of the relationships between landscape and urban neighborhoods
Landscape is a fundamental element of urban neighborhoods planning
and designing processes and may even be the starting point of planning
and designing urban neighborhoods to create sustainable cities which
build on the balance between buildings and nature environment.
The benefits of this approach are reflected on all local environment
elements: ecologically, economically, and socially.
Naturally: Landscape and nature in the city has a more benefits for
nature environment such as: improving the local microclimate,
temperature, air quality, wild life, storm water conservation and reducing
dusts, pollutions, noise and other environment pressure on the urban
neighborhoods.
Economically: Landscape and nature in the city have a great effecting
on controlling solar gain, wind speed and direction, storm water and
general urban neighborhoods environment. Then, it is effecting on the
costing of HVAC systems and water management of buildings.
Socially: Landscape and nature in the city are improving the quality of
life and make the urban neighborhoods more attractive for human life and
has a positive effecting on human health, comfort, performance and
satisfaction and also urban landscape networks can improve social
relations between populations by creating suitable places for people’s
social activities.
- 39 -
So, landscape and nature in the city should be considered at planning
and designing buildings and urban neighborhoods to gaining its benefits
and achieve sustainability. (1)
[2-2-2] Landscape, Nature in the City and Sustainable Urban
Design.
x Landscape and the City.
The role and benefits of landscape in the urban neighborhoods are
multifold, they effecting on: the microclimate, people perception and
quality of life in the urban neighborhoods.
Microclimate: Landscape has more benefits for the microclimate in
urban neighborhoods to make it more pleasant and satisfy place to life in.
Those benefits are such as:
Conserving air quality by drawing CO2 from the air and producing
oxygen.
Filtering outdoor air and reducing dusts.
Reducing air pollutions, noise and other negative impacts.
Harvesting and collecting storm water to reusing it.
Enhancing local temperature.
Reducing unwanted wind speed.
Reducing unwanted solar gain.
Providing an environment for wildlife such as: birds and butterflies.
People Perception and Quality of Life: Landscape has more benefits
for the human habitat in urban neighborhoods by creating more green
spaces with more trees and greener views and other benefits such as:
Raising the quality of urban neighborhoods life.
Making urban neighborhood more attractive to live in.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 40 -
Landscape in parks and gardens can improve social relations and
activities between populations.
Enhancing quality of building’s interior spaces. (1) (2)
x Landscape Networks Strategies.
The principles of having landscape networks strategies in the urban
neighborhoods are related to sites of all sizes, any large development sites
should have landscape networks strategies before constructing to spread
and distribute of greens and landscape areas to reach all parts of the sites
and to be available for all people to use.
Those landscape networks may appear as: natural parks, gardens,
greening areas, babies gardens, playing area and social open spaces.
So, when sitting out a new development there are some principles that
should be considered to achieve more sustain such as: considering the
local landform and landscape of the site, understanding the local
microclimatic conditions and reserving unbuildable spaces as a green
places. (3)
x Landscape and Drainage Systems.
Landscape use approximately 35% of overall water consumption in the
world. Using big amount of potable water in irrigation is causing
consumption of big amount of energy for: filtering, treating and pumping,
and producing negative impacts.
Because of that, landscape can use
other types of water as storm or grey
water to reduce the dependence on
potable water in irrigation process. Storm
water is considered cleaner than grey
water to be used in landscape irrigation
Figure (2-2-3)
Collecting and controlling storm water
Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Landscaping
Chapter, p.5)
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
(2) Kibert, Charles J. 2008. Sustainable Construction (Green Building Design and Delivery). Second Edition.
New Jersey - U.S.A : John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2008. p. 133-159. ISBN 978-0-470-11421-6.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 41 -
also using drip irrigation system and other
water efficient irrigation systems is very
important to conserve water consumption
in landscape irrigation.
So, landscape drainage systems should
be considered in the early of urban
neighborhoods planning and designing. (1)
(2) (3)
(Figure 2-2-3) (Figure 2-2-4) (Figure 2-2-5)
Figure (2-2-4)
Using storm water systems in landscape
irrigation
Chapter, p.11)
x Landscape and Controlling Solar
Gain.
Controlling solar gain in buildings by
planting shade trees in front of west and
south elevations of the buildings is a very
effective way to protect buildings from
unwanted solar gain and then reduce
cooling loads indoor buildings and its
related
consumption
of
energy,
production of pollutions, noise and other
negative impacts. (4) (Figure 2-2-6)
Figure (2-2-5)
Using drip irrigation systems
Chapter, p.6)
x Landscape and Natural Ventilation.
Enhancing
urban
neighborhoods
Figure (2-2-6)
natural ventilation and cooling by Using shade trees to conserving buildings
from unwanted solar gain
influencing wind flowing to reduce Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Landscaping
Chapter, p.8)
mechanical HVAC systems then reducing
the consumption of energy and enhancing the quality of indoor
environment is one of the required processes to achieve sustainability in
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
Committee, 1999. Landscaping Chapter.
- 42 -
buildings, this is require designing
landscape elements to controlling wind
direction and speed in the early of
planning
and
designing
urban
(1)
neighborhoods. (Figure 2-2-7) (Figure 2-2-8)
x Landscape
Systems.
and
Roof
Garden
Using roof garden is very important to
achieve sustainability in building by:
controlling
indoor
temperature,
conserving flat roofs from unwanted
direct solar gain, reducing pressure on
mechanical
HVAC
systems
and
enhancing outdoor environment quality.
Also, restoring removed landscape
from buildings sites and making urban
neighborhoods more attractive to live in.
(2) (3)
(Figure 2-2-9)
x Landscape
Mitigation.
and
Heat
Figure (2-2-7)
Using landscape to controlling direction
and speed of wind
Chapter, p.9)
Figure (2-2-8)
Using landscape to controlling wind in
outdoor spaces
Chapter, p.10)
Islands
Heat islands are caused by the removal
of the vegetation and replaced it with
asphalt and concrete roads, buildings and
other structures.
Figure (2-2-9)
Using roof garden systems
Chapter, p.13)
Heat islands cause increase of local
low level temperature that have many negative energy impacts such as:
increasing energy consumption of buildings, increasing mechanical
- 43 -
cooling loads and so increasing ground
level ozone pollutions, noise and other
negative impacts.
So, it is possible to reduce heat islands
effects by: using high reflective roofs to
reflecting solar radiations back to the
Figure (2-2-10)
atmosphere, planting shade trees near
Heat islands effects on cities
Ref.: (Kibert, 2008, p.150)
buildings to reduce temperature and light
colors of landscape materials to reflecting solar gain. (1) (Figure 2-2-10)
x Respect.
Respect and understand local landscape and nature environment in
the urban neighborhoods around buildings sites.
Respect and consider wildlife in urban neighborhoods.
Understand the local climate to enhance it by landscape elements.
Understand the relationships between site's potential sources from
local environment such as: solar gain, wind and natural ventilation,
water ecosystem and local site’s plants and landscape elements and
properties.
Respect exist landscape networks in the urban neighborhoods.
x Receive.
Analyze local ecosystem to determine the positives which can be
enhanced and negatives which can be solved by landscape elements.
Choose the suitable landscape to match with local environment.
Analyze and specify local environment elements characteristic and
defects which can be improved and treated by landscape elements.
Analyze and study the availability of water and its properties which
is needed in landscape irrigation.
- 44 -
x Reduce.
Reduce landscape need of irrigation water.
Reduce the amount of water used in irrigation by using low volume
irrigation systems.
Reduce unwanted solar gain and speed of wind on buildings
elevations by landscape.
Reduce pollution, noise, heat islands effects and other negative
impacts by landscape elements.
x Reuse.
Reuse removed landscape from buildings sites in other landscape
spaces or in roof gardens.
Reuse storm and grey water in irrigation.
Reuse landscape materials in other places after removal.
x Recycle.
Recycle storm and grey water for reuse it in irrigation to reduce the
dependence on potable water.
Use recyclable, renewable and locally available materials when
constructing landscape features.
x Restore.
Restore removed landscape in building sites to other nature spaces
or in roof gardens.
Restore uses indoor landscape in buildings to nature after usages.
Treatment of any negative impacts from landscape elements to local
environment.
x Remember.
Analyze and save all data about all landscape elements usages in
urban neighborhoods.
Evaluate and save all the data observed about the landscape
elements quality and performance.
- 45 -
[2-2-4] Sustainable Landscape and Nature in the City Case
Studies.
Place: Petlon Park.
Location: Brussels, Belgium.
Description:
Harvesting
and
protecting
exciting
urban
neighborhoods nature parks and
forests for integrated it with general
urban landscape network strategies to
conserve
nature
environment,
landscape and wild life, enhance
general climate, create areas for
collecting and storing storm water for
reusing it in suitable usages and create
suitable
places
for
enhancing
population social relationships and
activities
around
the
urban
neighborhoods.
Figure (2-2-11)
Protecting existing landscape and wild life
Building: Residential Building.
Location: Paris, France.
Description: Using vertical landscape
in building elevations walls to
enhance building indoor and outdoor
environment.
Figure (2-2-12)
Using vertical landscape on buildings elevations
- 46 -
Figure (2-2-13)
Harvesting nature landscape in buildings sites
Ref.: (www.aiatopten.org, 08/2008)
Building: Shangri La Botanical
Gardens and Nature Center.
Location: Orange, Texas, USA.
Description:
Harvesting
nature
landscape
during
and
after
construction processes to: protect wild
life, minimize buildings footprint,
salvage native plants and enhance
general environment.
Building: Nanyang University.
Location: Singapore.
Description: Using roof planting
system to reduce solar gain and
slowing runoff during raining.
Figure (2-2-14)
Using roof planting system
Ref.: (www. greensource.com, 08/2008)
- 47 -
Transportation and Sustainability.
Transportation and Urban Design.
Transportation Energy Consumption.
Street Planning and Designing.
Respect.
Receive.
Reduce.
Reuse.
Recycle.
Restore.
Remember.
Drawing out successful and sustainable urban neighborhoods should
be started by recognizing all ways which people and goods moving
around urban spaces.
Most recently, automobiles has turned the established structure of
urban spaces by increasing the needing of roads and transportation
services for receiving traffic flowing and speed.
Then, the results of this turning are producing a lot of negative impacts
to: urban fabrics, urban environment and urban occupants.
Also, transportation facilities are killing a high number of people by
knocking them down or producing health damaging pollutions to local
and regional environment.
So, this section will consider discussing some items should be
considered when planning and designing transportation systems to
achieving and gaining all benefits of sustainable architecture for all urban
neighborhoods.
Reducing the needing of automobiles has a major benefits for urban
neighborhoods such as: minimizing pollutions and noise, minimizing the
wasteful of energy, reducing waste of spaces which needing for roads,
parking areas, public transportation and cars stops and services,
decreasing the destruction of landscape networks and nature ecosystems,
improving the quality of life in urban neighborhoods and making it more
safe and attractive to occupants life.
Because of that, transportation systems are very important issue which
assigning the successful of any urban neighborhoods constructing and
developing.
Sustainable transportation systems should be meeting the needing of
the present people without compromising the ability of future generations
to meeting their needing and also with conserving all elements of local
environment: naturally, economically and socially.
- 48 -
Increasing the needing of transportation systems in urban
neighborhoods has lot of negative impacts on local nature, economic and
social environment.
Naturally: Transportation systems are produce pollutions and noise,
increase the waste of spaces, increase the destruction of nature
ecosystems, increase the consumption of nonrenewable energy, increase
heat islands effects and produce negative impacts for regional climate.
Economically: Transportation systems need higher economic costs for
creating transportation networks, infrastructure and maintenance services
and also consume big amount of energy to be operated.
Socially: Transportation systems are produce negative impacts on
people lives and activities, decrease safety, children have been unable to
playing safely around there homes, decrease the quality of life, make
urban neighborhoods not satisfactory to live in and also bad transportation
systems are decrease occupants safety, health, performance and
satisfactions.
Also, transportation systems are resulting negative impacts to urban
fabrics by: pushing buildings back from the pavement to make spaces for
roads and parking areas, bad acting on landscape networks in urban
neighborhoods and increasing growling sites area for roads networks,
transportation services, parking, car services and public transportation
stops and services.
So, transportation systems should be considered at the early of urban
neighborhoods planning and designing processes to meeting the urban
occupants needing of transportation without any negative impacts on local
environment. (1) (2) (3) (4)
Committee, 1999. Transportation Chapter.
(2) Committee, The USGBC Research. 2007. A National Green Building Research Agenda. The USGBC
Research Committee, The U.S. Green Building Council. U.S.A : The U.S. Green Building Council, 2007. p.
54-56.
(3) Committee, Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2002. LANL Sustainable Design Guide. First Edition. Los
Alamos - U.S.A : Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2002. p. 44-45.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 49 -
x Transportation and Sustainability.
Sustainable transportation systems should meeting the needing of the
present people of transportation without causing any negative impacts to
fabrics, environment and occupants in the urban neighborhoods.
So, to achieve sustainability in the transportation systems for urban
neighborhoods there are three required changes that should be considered:
1. Reducing the needing of transportation and decreasing the distance
between homes, works, shops and other human activities.
2. Changing types of transportation in the urban neighborhoods by
using footing or cycling for short journeys and using public
transportation for longer journeys instead of private cars.
3. Making transportation facilities more energy efficient beside
producing less pollutions and noise.
By those changes, the transportation systems will have less negative
impacts on nature, economic and social environment and will achieve
more sustain to urban neighborhoods. (1) (2)
x Transportation and Urban Design.
Urban neighborhoods planning and designing has an important role to
play for creating sustainable transportation systems design supporting
pedestrians and cyclists strategies and containing a good mixing of uses in
the urban neighborhoods to be easily accessed for every activity on foots
or by cycles to decrease transportation needing and transportation
distances.
This design should be created walkable urban neighborhoods which
enhance the dependences on footing and cycling for short journeys and
public transportation for long journeys.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 50 -
Walkable
urban
neighborhoods
planning and designing is work out the
balance between: mixing of uses and
privacy, cars, pedestrians, cycling, public
transportation, streets, cycling ways and
storages to meeting transportation needing
with decreasing related pollutions, noise,
consumption of energy and other negative
impacts. (Figure 2-3-1)
Figure (2-3-1)
Creating walkable urban neighborhoods
strategy
Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999,
Transportation Chapter, p. 9)
In addition, the location of buildings and the available transportation
options that serve occupants also affect on human productivity, waste
time in traffic, human health, commuter and pedestrians safety,
infrastructure costs and ecosystem health. (1) (2) (Figure 2-3-2)
Figure (2-3-2)
Walkable urban neighborhoods strategy
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 51 -
x Transportation Energy Consumption.
Transportation of people and goods has become an important problem
to achieve sustainability in urban neighborhoods because it is using a big
amount of energy and produce health damaging pollutions, noise and
other negative impacts.
Recently, the distance of transportation between homes, works, shops
and other human activities has increased by up to 40% and the journeys
have taken longer time beside it waste more energy.
Actually, there are wide range of factors influencing the transportation
energy such as: land use density, diversity of buildings uses and services
in the area, availability of public transportation and other alternatives to
private automobile transportation, distance to public transportation,
availability and convenience of parking, walk ability of the area,
suitability for bicycle commuting, incentives offered to buildings
occupants for using lower impact transportation alternatives and using
transportation facilities which are operated with alternative fossil fuels
energy.
So, all those factors should be considered at the early of transportation
systems planning and designing processes to produce suitable
transportation systems for occupants without loss more energy. (1) (2)
x Street Planning and Designing.
To
achieve
sustainability
in
transportation systems networks there are
some elements that should be considered
in street planning and designing such as:
reducing traffic speeds, giving priority to
pedstrains and cyclists, creating a separate
and safe ways to footing and cycling,
creating and maintaining an attractive
Figure (2-3-3)
Creating safely pedestrians for people
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
54-56.
- 52 -
public transportation networks, creating
cars parking and cycles storage near to
buildings
entrances
and
public
transportation stations and stops to
improve park and take strategies and
consedering
landscape
networks
connectivity in the urban neighborhoods
spaces. (1) (2) (Figure 2-3-3) (Figure 2-3-4)
Figure (2-3-4)
Creating cycles parking in and out
buildings
x Respect.
Respect local nature, economic and social environment.
Understand local transportation infrastructure in the urban
neighborhoods.
Respect local landscape networks in the urban neighborhoods.
x Receive.
Analyze and understand local urban fabrics contents and activities
in the urban neighborhoods.
Specify types of transportation which are suitable for urban areas.
Analyze and study all details about transportation of people from
space to another in the urban neighborhoods.
Analyze and study availability of make a walkable strategy.
Design a good public transportation networks to serve all areas.
x Reduce.
Reduce the consumption of energy in transportation systems.
Reduce environmental pollutions and noise associate with
transportation activities.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 53 -
Decrease the waste of spaces in transportation networks,
infrastructure and services.
Reduce the destruction of ecosystems act by transportation systems.
Decrease the dependences on private transportation.
Reduce traffic speeds and intensity.
x Reuse.
Reuse exist transportation infrastructure found in exist sites.
x Recycle.
Use recyclable materials and infrastructure in transportation
systems and networks.
x Restore.
Restore removed landscape from transportation networks to nature.
Treatment of any negative impacts from transportation systems to
local environment.
x Remember.
Analyze and save all data about all transportation systems.
Evaluate and save all the data observed about the transportation
systems quality and performance.
Place: Downtown Street.
Location: Amsterdam, Holland.
Description: Depending on public
transportation trams inside urban
fabric to meeting the big amount of
people transportation needing with
conserving energy consumption in
private facilities and also reducing the
pollution resulting by fossil fuel
energy and replacing it with electric
energy to operating public trams.
Figure (2-3-5)
Using public transportation trams
- 54 -
Place: Downtown Street.
Location: Berlin, Germany.
transportation buses integral network
inside city across all city places to
meeting the people transportation
needing with conserving energy
consumption in private facilities and
also reducing the amount of pollution
and traffic problems that is produces
by transportation facilities.
Figure (2-3-6)
Using public transportation buses
Figure (2-3-7)
Using public transportation underground
Place: Underground Station.
Location: Paris, France.
underground networks across urban
places and intersect with local and
regional stations to improve public
transportation
strategies
with
conserving local environment.
- 55 -
Place: Town Street.
Description: Creating safe and good
walkable
urban
neighborhoods
networks is very important to reduce
the needing of private and public
transportation facilities in short
journeys and its related negative
impacts and also improve the people
health, performance and satisfaction
in urban neighborhoods.
Place: Town Street.
Location: Edinburgh, Scotland.
Description: Creating safe and good
cycles stops near of buildings
entrances to enhance cycling systems
in short journeys which conserve big
amount of energy, non polluting
resulting and also improve occupant’s
health, performance and satisfactions
in urban neighborhoods.
Building: Train Station.
Location: Antwerp, Belgium.
Description: Creating good and safe
public storage areas for cycles inside
urban fabric and near of main public
transportation stations and stops is a
good way to developing and
supporting cyclists and park and take
strategies inside cities to reduce the
needing of transportation, decrease
energy consumption and reduce
pollutions and traffic problems related
to transportation facilities.
Figure (2-3-8)
Creating walkable ways
Figure (2-3-9)
Creating cycles stops
Ref.: (SDU, 2008, p.29)
Figure (2-3-10)
Using public cycle’s storages
- 56 -
Figure (2-3-11)
Creating integrating design of street supporting walking and cycling systems
Ref.: (www.sydneymedia.com.au, 08/2008)
Place: Town Street.
Location: Sydney, Australia.
Description: Creating integrated planning and designing of town streets supporting
walking and cycling systems by using separated ways to every usage is very
important to achieve safety and supporting non energy consumption and non
pollutions and negative impacts ways of transportation inside cities.
- 57 -
[2-4-2] Building Architecture Form and Sustainable Urban
Design.
Solar Responsive.
Natural Daylighting.
Natural Ventilation.
Storm Water Management.
Roof Planting Systems.
Respect.
Receive.
Reduce.
Reuse.
Recycle.
Restore.
Remember.
Sustainable architecture is aiming to meeting the needing of the
present people without compromising the abilities of future generations to
meeting their needing and with conserving all elements of environment:
naturally, economically and socially.
The building architecture form design is considering a starting point to
designing sustainable buildings and urban neighborhoods to produce high
performance buildings for occupants with conserving the local
environment from any negative impacts and gaining the benefits of the
available local nature potentials.
So, this section will consider discussing some building architecture
form items which should be considered to achieve and gaining all benefits
of sustainable architecture for all buildings and urban neighborhoods.
Sustainable architecture concepts can minimize negative environment
impact, minimizing the important and consumption of energy as well as
the generation of waste, pollutions and other negative impacts.
The ideal situation of buildings and urban neighborhoods development
processes should be constructed from: using local nature sustainable
materials which collected from buildings sites, generating its own energy
from renewable energy sources such as: solar photovoltaic and wind
turbines, reducing and managing its own generated wastes, pollutions and
Also, depending on nature environment opportunities in building
architecture form design processes such as: solar gain, natural
daylighting, natural ventilation, storm water collecting and others in
building’s interior spaces is very important to considering within
sustainable building architecture form designing processes to create a
high performance buildings to occupants without losing more energy or
producing more environmental pollutions and other negative impacts to
local environment.
- 58 -
Building architecture form designing is one of the early stages of
sustainable building design processes which has important effects on the
buildings life cycle, quality, performance, occupants and local
environment by affecting on: buildings energy consumption, indoor and
outdoor environment quality and other effects on buildings and local
environment naturally, economically and socially.
Naturally: Building architecture form has great opportunities to
dealing with local nature potentials to gain its benefits and avoid its
negative impacts such as: solar gain, natural daylighting and natural
ventilation, storm water and others.
Economically: Building architecture form has great opportunities to
save buildings operating costs which is needed for operating indoor
various systems such as: lighting and HVAC systems by dealing with
outdoor environmental conditions, improving generating of renewable
energy for buildings usages and others.
Socially: Building architecture form has great effecting on buildings
occupants health, comfort, performance and satisfaction.
So, there are a lot of items that should be considered when designing
building architecture form such as: strengths and opportunities of the
sites, local environmental conditions, solar gain, availabilities of
renewable energy sources, using of natural daylighting in building’s
interior spaces, integrated using of outdoor finishing materials, colors and
landscape, using of natural ventilation, using roof planting systems, storm
water management and others.
Then, respecting all those items within building architecture form
designing processes will improve the buildings performance and
building’s interior spaces quality for occupants without producing
negative impacts to local environment and then achieve sustainability in
buildings and urban neighborhoods. (1) (2)
Committee, 1999. Siting and Form Chapter.
(2) Halliday, Sandy. 2008. Sustainable Construction. First Edition. Oxford - Burlington - (U.K - U.S.A) :
Elsevier, 2008. p. 221-245. ISBN 978-0-7506-6394-6.
- 59 -
[2-4-2] Building Architecture Form and Sustainable Urban
Design.
x Solar Responsive.
Respecting sun in designing building architecture form processes has
many benefits on buildings performance and indoor environment; this
respecting will be achieve by considering two main issues:
The First Issue: Is considering the relationships between sun
direction, its daily life cycle, the form and direction of buildings and
all outdoor buildings details such as: heights, doors, windows,
finishing, colors and other details to gaining all solar benefits
without its negative impacts such as: natural daylighting without
unwanted solar gain.
The Second Issue: Is improving the
dependence on renewable energy
which can come from solar energy
collectors to produce renewable
energy for buildings operating and
reduce the using of nonrenewable
energy and its related pollutions and
negative impacts. (Figure 2-4-1)
Figure (2-4-1)
Using solar energy collector
Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Siting and
Form Chapter, p. 16)
Considering sunlight is very important when outside detailing design
of buildings by appropriating orientation for buildings, using overhangs
and shading for optimizing the opportunities of buildings external comfort
and energy efficiency. Also, sunlight is important for building’s interior
spaces by using high quality natural daylighting indoor buildings and
reducing energy consumption in artificial lighting systems.
So, considering solar responsive design in designing building
architecture form processes by choosing suitable orientation of buildings
and good designing of buildings form, shape, outdoor details, materials,
colors, opening, landscape, creating suitable places for fixing solar energy
collector and others will minimizing energy growling in cooling and
heating for building’s interior spaces, minimizing indoor consumption of
- 60 -
nonrenewable energy, improving uses of renewable energy and gaining
other solar benefits. (1) (2)
x Natural Daylighting.
Natural daylighting has an impact on occupant’s health, comfort,
performance and satisfaction; it is also key determinant of buildings
energy usages, load shape, peak cooling load and peak electric demand,
natural daylighting has better properties than other artificial lighting such
as: zero energy consumption, directionality, variability, intensity and
better color for human eyes.
The design of buildings which depend
on natural daylighting concept is very
complex because it should be integrated
with: designing of artificial lighting,
building architecture form, buildings
shape, planning, fabric, orientation,
elevations details, building’s interior
depth, spaces design and others. (Figure 2-4-2)
Figure (2-4-2)
Respecting daylighting in designing
building architecture form
Form Chapter, p. 7)
Improving
depend
on
natural
daylighting for building’s interior spaces has many benefits for
performance and life quality in buildings by: reducing lighting energy,
reducing pollutions which is resulted by artificial lighting and enhancing
the visual quality of building’s interior spaces by connecting to outdoor
views using large area of openings and glazing.
Buildings architecture form has major impacts on improving natural
daylighting usages in building’s interior
spaces by considering it in designing
form, roofs and openings elements such
as: windows, skylights, roofs and others
Figure (2-4-3)
to improve natural daylighting usages.
Using different types of daylighting
(Figure 2-4-3)
elements
Ref.: (Halliday, 2008, p. 229)
Elsevier, 2008. p. 221-245. ISBN 978-0-7506-6394-6.
- 61 -
Using roof monitors and other forms of
top lighting such as: skylights and saw
tooth roofs is providing excellent
opportunities for natural daylighting,
natural ventilation, avoiding noise and
achieving many benefits such as:
conserving lighting energy, good lighting
distribution, integrated with artificial
lighting, give excellent locations for
photovoltaic panels and others. (Figure 2-4-4)
The
effectiveness
of
natural
daylighting in buildings is shaped by
several building architecture form factors.
So, natural daylighting should be
considered within building architecture
form design processes. (1) (2) (3)
x Natural Ventilation.
Poor control mechanical ventilation
systems are using big amount of energy
and considered one of the noise and air
pollutions sources indoor buildings.
Figure (2-4-4)
Using top monitors for daylighting
Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Envelope
and Space Planning Chapter, p. 11)
Natural ventilation can easily solve those problems by good designing
of building architecture form to improve natural ventilation to flow in
building’s interior spaces to achieve many benefits such as: improving
indoor air quality and replacing indoor air which contain CO2 by new
fresh air with O2, removing excising heat from people activities indoor
buildings, removing moisture, smells and indoor air pollutions, reducing
Elsevier, 2008. p. 221-245. ISBN 978-0-7506-6394-6.
27-36. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
- 62 -
cooling loads and its costs, reducing
negative mechanical cooling effects on
ozone layers and local environment.
Then, building architecture form
should take advantage of natural
ventilation in the designing processes by
suitable orientation of buildings, good
designing of building architecture form
and articulated walls to make a pressure
differences between outdoor and indoor to
dragging air flowing into building’s
interior spaces. (Figure 2-4-5) (Figure 2-4-6)
Also, using double side ventilation in
building’s interior spaces, using upper
opening interior court to improving air
flowing between indoor and outdoor,
using upper spaces opining to let the hot
air to out of building’s interior spaces and
enhancing air flowing between indoor and
outdoor and other form elements is very
important to improving using continues
natural ventilation inside building’s
interior spaces. (Figure 2-4-7) (Figure 2-4-8)
So, all those elements should be
considered when designing building
architecture form processes to enhance
the usages of nature ventilation instead of
artificial HVAC systems to achieve
sustainability in buildings and urban
neighborhoods. (1) (2)
Figure (2-4-5)
Using single and double side ventilation
Form Chapter, p. 8)
Figure (2-4-6)
Using architecture form and articulated
walls to creating different pressure area
Figure (2-4-7)
Using interior court and roof opining to
enhancing air flowing in interior spaces
Figure (2-4-8)
Using upper south opining to dragging hot
air from indoor spaces to outdoor
Elsevier, 2008. p. 247-273. ISBN 978-0-7506-6394-6.
- 63 -
x Storm Water Management.
Storm water is one of the
important elements which should be
considered when designing building
architecture form and roofs to be
able to collecting and store storm
water for reusing it in landscape
irrigation, W.C flushing, fire
Figure (2-4-9)
Using storm water management systems
protection and other suitable usages
Ref.: (Dublin, 2000, p.106)
which need big amount of water and
doesn’t need high quality and then reducing the usages of potable water
and reducing the related energy consumption.
So, all those items should be considered in designing building
architecture form to improve reusing storm water after the collection and
treatment processes to achieve sustainability in buildings and urban
neighborhoods. (1) (Figure 2-4-9)
x Roof Planting Systems.
Green roofs which consisting of vegetations can be created by a thin
layer of soil with light loading on building’s structure and including
sedums, herbs, grasses and other light vegetations.
Those green roofs can improve buildings performance and indoor
environment by decreasing unwanted solar gain and also it is useful for
increasing
the
quality
of
local
environment by taking up CO2 and
producing O2, releasing moisture into the
atmosphere, removing dust particles and
provide environment for wildlife such as:
Figure (2-4-10)
birds and butterflies and others to life. (2)
Using roof planting systems
(Figure 2-4-10)
Chapter, p.13)
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 64 -
x Respect.
Understand and respect all environmental systems in the local urban
neighborhoods.
Collect and consider all local data about sun, wind, storm water,
landscape and others which acting on the buildings.
Respect the site's potential sources from local environment such as:
solar gain, sunlight and natural daylighting, wind and natural
ventilation, storm water and local site’s plants and landscape.
x Receive.
Study and determine the properties of solar gain that act on
buildings and the opportunities of form buildings to conserve and
reuse it indoor buildings and decrease its negative impacts.
Study and determine the property of wind air comes to the buildings
and the opportunities of form buildings to redirect it indoor
buildings for ventilation.
Study and determine the properties of storm water that is poured
down on buildings and the opportunities of form buildings to
collect, store and reuse it again in suitable usages.
x Reduce.
Reduce indoor nonrenewable energy consumption by produce
renewable energy from site’s potential sources.
Reduce unwanted solar gain by good orient and form of the
buildings and use roof planting systems.
Reduce indoor consumption of lighting energy and replace it with
natural daylighting which is improved by good building architecture
form designing and orientation.
Reduce indoor consumption of HVAC systems energy and replace
it by natural ventilation which is improved by good building
architecture form design and orientation.
- 65 -
Reduce indoor consumption of potable water by reuse storm water
indoor buildings in suitable usages.
x Reuse.
Reuse daylighting in building’s interior spaces to reduce energy
consumption in artificial lighting systems.
Reuse natural ventilation in building’s interior spaces to reduce
energy consumption in artificial HVAC systems.
Reuse storm water after treatment processes indoor buildings in
usages which need big amount of water and low quality level.
Reuse removed planting from buildings sites in roof planting
systems.
x Recycle.
Recycle solar renewable energy by store it after being collected by
solar collector to reuse it indoor buildings.
Recycle storm water and conserve it to reuse it indoor buildings in
suitable usages.
x Restore.
Restore indoor air to outdoor by improve continues air flow from
indoor to outdoor.
Restore storm water to the nature environment after collecting.
Treatment of all negative impacts produced by building architecture
form that affect local environment.
x Remember.
x
Analyze and save all data concerning outdoor environment
elements such as: solar, wind, storm water and others for all
building’s sites.
x
Evaluate and save all the data observed about the environment
quality and buildings architecture form performance and the
relationships between them during all buildings lifecycle.
- 66 -
Building: Train Station.
Location: Antwerp, Belgium.
Description: Using huge atrium with
glazing volt to provide the lighting
needed from nature daylighting.
Figure (2-4-11)
Using atriums to improving nature daylighting
Figure (2-4-12)
Using building architecture form to controlling solar gain
Building: Queens Botanical Garden Visitor Center.
Location: Flushing, New York, USA.
Description: Using sheltering canopy with big glazing area in the building south
elevation to controlling solar gain during summer and winter seasons by protecting
south elevation from direct solar radiation in the summer and allowing solar
radiation to reaching building in the winter with enhancing using natural daylighting
during all seasons. Also, using double side’s ventilation for building’s interior
spaces to improve natural ventilation continues flowing cross building’s interior
- 67 -
Figure (2-4-13)
Improving nature ventilation and daylighting
Building: Lake View Terrace Library.
Location: California, USA.
Description: Improving natural ventilation to up to 80% of the building needs by
the passive cooling tower with mechanically interlock windows controlled by the
building's energy management system, integrated photovoltaic system shades the
entry and roofs of the community room to provide 15% of the building's energy,
using daylighting during a typical day in all public areas to achieve 93% of the
building lighting without artificial lighting energy consumption.
Figure (2-4-14)
Improving nature ventilation, storm water and photovoltaic usages
Building: Aldo Leopold Legacy Center.
Description: Improving natural ventilation continues flowing, using sloping roofs to
create good directed surfaces to solar gain for fixing photovoltaic, collecting storm
water and providing top openings for ventilation.
- 68 -
Building: Island Wood.
Location: Washington, USA.
Description: Designing building
architecture form and sloping wooden
roofs in the two ways to maximize
daylighting for building’s interior
spaces and controlling passive design
with improving the usages of natural
continuing flow ventilation and
creating a good place for fixing
photovoltaic system also collecting
and storing rain water to be used in
landscape irrigation.
Building: Institute for Forestry and
Nature Research.
Description: Creating indoor huge
vacuum in the center of the building
and using this vacuum as an indoor
garden environment by designing
glazing skylight roof, dry stone walls,
trees, hedges, ponds, swamps, tree
lanes and water channels to enhance
indoor environment quality, climate,
decreasing the consumption of energy
needing for HVAC systems and
creating suitable place for social
activities.
- 69 -
Figure (2-4-15)
Improving ventilation and photovoltaic usages
Ref.: (Moskow, 2008, p. 141)
Figure (2-4-16)
Using indoor green vacuum
Ref.: (Moskow, 2008, p. 192)
[2-5-1] Indoor Environment, Interior Spaces Design and Local
Environment.
[2-5-2] Indoor Environment, Interior Spaces Design and
Sustainable Urban Design.
Indoor Solar Control.
Indoor Natural Daylighting.
Indoor Natural Ventilation.
HVAC Systems.
Indoor Noise Control.
Space Planning and Interior Finishing.
[2-5-3] Sustainable Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces
Design Strategies.
Respect.
Receive.
Reduce.
Reuse.
Recycle.
Restore.
Remember.
Design Case Studies.
[2-5] Section Five: Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces
Design.
People are spending up to 90% of their daily time’s indoor buildings in
their: homes, work places, schools, shopping malls and other buildings
types.
Then, they are increasing building’s interior spaces and those selves’
chances of exposing to pollutions and other indoor environment negative
impacts such as: poor lighting, poor ventilation, poor moisture control,
indoor and outdoor noise, glare, flicker, uncomfortable temperature and
So, this section will consider discussing some of indoor environment
elements and the relationships between buildings indoor environment and
local environment to achieve and gain all benefits of sustainable
[2-5-1] Indoor Environment, Interior Spaces Design and Local
Environment.
Integrated indoor environment is one of the sustainable architecture
important issues to achieve high quality of indoor environment in high
performance buildings to occupants without lose more energy and without
produce more pollution and other negative impacts to local environment.
However, consider indoor environment elements such as: visual, thermal
and acoustic properties within planning and designing processes are very
important to achieving sustainability.
Sustainable indoor environment and interior spaces design should be
meeting the needing of buildings occupants without producing negative
impacts to local environment naturally, economically and socially.
Naturally: Buildings indoor environment and interior spaces design
are affect on local nature environment by producing negative impacts
resulted from buildings occupant’s activities and indoor operating
systems such as: lighting systems, HVAC systems, finishing materials
and others to local nature environment.
- 70 -
Economically: Buildings indoor environment and interior spaces
design has a great effects on the operating costing of buildings by
consuming big amount of energy in lighting, ventilating, cooling, heating
and other occupants needing systems and using big amount of finishing
building materials and other costly items.
Socially: Buildings indoor environment and interior spaces design
have great affects on occupant’s health, comfort, performance and
satisfaction by the effecting of lighting systems, HVAC systems, indoor
pollutions, noise and other related occupants activities and operating
systems negative impacts.
Buildings indoor environment and interior spaces design have great
opportunities to conserve local environment and increase performance of
buildings by considering three main elements:
Indoor Visual Comfort: By improving interior lighting systems
quality, using natural daylighting, increasing the availability of views to
the exterior and other visual properties in building’s interior spaces.
Indoor Thermal Comfort: By controlling indoor air temperature,
ventilation, humidity and air quality, using natural ventilation and
controlling solar gain.
Indoor Acoustical Comfort: By controlling indoor and outdoor noise
from its sources or decreasing its effects in building’s interior spaces by
good planning and designing of buildings and urban neighborhoods
elements to decrease noise transforming from outdoor to indoor.
Also, conserving nonrenewable energy, wisely using of interior
finishing materials, using indoor planting, controlling HVAC systems and
integrated systems for collecting solar energy and rain water are very
important for conserving local environment.
So, considering all those items during all building’s interior spaces
designing processes have many benefits to improve buildings
performance, increase quality of life indoor buildings for occupants, and
conserve local environment and then achieving sustainability in buildings
and urban neighborhoods.
- 71 -
The negative effects which acting on indoor environment of buildings
can be classified into three main factors:
Physical Factors: All negative effects caused by indoor and outdoor
noise, lighting quality, thermal condition and odors; those problems are
generally non toxic but leading to health problems to occupants and non
comfortable building’s interior spaces environment.
Chemical Factors: All negative effects caused by chemicals which are
produced by: painting, installation of carpets, cleaning products and other
chemical sources usages indoor buildings which leading to health
problems and polluting indoor environment.
Biological Factors: All negative effects causing by biological
contaminants such as: bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae, dust and others
which causing health problems to occupants.
So, there are relationships between indoor environment, interior spaces
design and local environment that should be considered when planning
and designing buildings and urban neighborhoods processes to produce a
high quality indoor environment to occupants with conserving local
environment and then achieving sustainability in buildings and urban
neighborhoods. (1) (2) (3)
[2-5-2] Indoor Environment, Interior Spaces Design and
Sustainable Urban Design.
x Indoor Solar Control.
Solar control is an effective tool to improve indoor buildings
performance with conserving energy by: reducing the consumption of
energy for lighting, ventilating, cooling and heating, reducing cooling and
heating loads, decreasing glare and flicker problems in buildings and
others.
Committee, 1999. Envelope and Space Planning Chapter.
p. 72-89.
- 72 -
However, the main solar control issues are to controlling solar gain
without losing the potentials of: natural daylighting, ventilation, exterior
views availability and controlling the entrance of outdoor noise and
pollutions to building’s interior spaces.
Solar control has a lot of buildings elements that should be considered
in designing processes to achieve its benefits such as:
High Performance Glazing Systems: Using this type of glazing
will reduce unwanted solar gain, outdoor noise and pollutions with
improving natural daylighting and exterior views availabilities.
Exterior Shading Systems: Using exterior shading systems is very
useful for reducing unwanted solar gain, controlling glare and
flicker and creating a balance between solar gain and natural
daylighting and exterior views availabilities.
Over Hangs Systems: Using over hangs systems can reduce
cooling energy up to 6% and can be
20% if it considering natural
daylighting in designing processes.
Over hangs details and dimensions
are depending on buildings internal
spaces: design, load and orientation.
(Figure 2-5-1)
Louvered Shades Systems: Using
slatted or louvered shades systems
are
allowing
more
natural
daylighting to entering while
shading windows from unwanted
direct solar gain. (Figure 2-5-2)
Recessing Windows: Recessing
windows into the wall can reduce
unwanted solar gain and allowing
natural daylighting to entering the
building’s interior spaces without
glare and flicker. (Figure 2-5-2)
- 73 -
Figure (2-5-1)
Using over hangs to controlling solar gain
Figure (2-5-2)
Using louvered shades and recessing
windows to controlling solar gain
Roof Finishing and Materials:
Using light colors and reflective
finishing materials in roof finishing
can reflect and reduce unwanted
solar gain and its effects indoor
buildings. (1) (Figure 2-5-3)
x Indoor Natural Daylighting.
Figure (2-5-3)
Using roof light color and reflective
finishing materials to controlling solar gain
The natural sunlight is the best lighting
sources for the human eye. Thus, the ideal
healthy indoor lighting is the one which replace indoor artificial lighting
with outdoor natural daylighting as possible as it could be.
Using natural daylighting will create a high quality of indoor lighting
with reducing the consumption of energy for artificial lighting, this
natural daylighting can enter the building’s interior spaces from some
buildings elements such as: windows, roof lighting elements, skylights,
saw tooth roofs and others.
Windows is the most important buildings elements for maximizing the
use of natural daylighting and improving availability of exterior views
with considering natural ventilation, outdoor noise and pollutions and
solar gain, considering those elements in designing windows is enhance
lighting performance without producing negative impacts.
Designing details of windows and other buildings natural daylighting
elements has lot of criteria that should be considered such as:
Area and Type of Glazing: For admiting more natural daylighting
in building’s interior spaces without any negative impacts; glazing
should be increased in north and northeast elevations and limited in
south and southwest elevations to improve natural daylighting
without gaining unwanted solar gain. Using double glazing and high
performance glazing systems also improve the entrance of natural
daylighting with decreasing unwanted solar gain, outdoor
pollutions, noise and negative impacts.
- 74 -

Light Shelves Using: Light shelves
are using to collecting sunlight from
outdoor
and
reflecting
and
distributing natural daylighting
inside the building’s interior spaces
with conserving exterior view
windows from negative solar
effects. (Figure 2-5-4)
Figure (2-5-4)
Using light shelves to reflecting and
distributing daylighting inside interior
spaces
Ceiling Design: Good choosing for
light colors, free of distribution
ceiling and false ceiling surfaces are better for spreading natural
daylighting into building’s interior spaces, sloping the ceiling down
from the windows side also will enhance lighting distribution and
reduce glare and flicker.
Also, integrated natural and artificial lighting will achieve high visual
quality for building’s interior spaces. (1) (2) (Figure 2-5-5)
Figure (2-5-5)
Mixing natural and artificial lighting to achieving visual comfort to interior spaces
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 77)
- 75 -
x Indoor Natural Ventilation.
Natural ventilation is a good way
which can renewing indoor hot and
polluted air by outdoor fresh air to
enhancing the quality of building’s
interior spaces and also it can reducing
the requiring energy for artificial HVAC
systems operating.
The method of natural ventilation can
be explained by: wind create pressure
differences that drive the air into
buildings, building’s indoor human
activities are warming air and raise it to a
high level to be replaced with fresh air
entering at low level. (Figure 2-5-6) (Figure 2-5-7)
Natural ventilation is depends on the
number and orientation of the buildings
openings, the difference in temperature
and pressure between inside and outside
and the wind properties.
Figure (2-5-6)
Creating pressure differences to improving
air flowing
Figure (2-5-7)
Improving air flowing into building’s
interior spaces
Designing type, details and placement
of air inlets and outlets is very important
to dragging outdoor fresh air, exiting
indoor hot and polluted air and directing
air into building’s interior spaces by
continuous flowing and distributor way.
(Figure 2-5-8)
Figure (2-5-8)
Using one side and two sides opening
windows
Ref.: (Roaf, Fuentes, & Thomas, 2001)
Ventilation capacity is the amount of
air that flowing through a window and
depending on the area and the way of the window opens. (1) (2)
Elsevier, 2008. p. 247-273. ISBN 978-0-7506-6394-6.
- 76 -
x HVAC Systems.
HVAC systems are the most important artificial elements to achieve
high quality indoor environment in buildings, the HVAC systems are
aiming to exchange, filtering and conditioning all of building’s interior air
in case of needing closer properties in buildings when the external heat,
noise, pollutions are too great. So, the HVAC systems are playing an
important role to improve indoor environment quality.
Designing of HVAC systems is differing from buildings to another
according to their types of usages, buildings areas, buildings finishing
materials and local environment.
HVAC systems should be achieved a balance between indoor
temperature and humidity and maintaining indoor air to improve indoor
air quality and produce comfortable indoor temperature (ranging between
18°c to 26°c) and humidity levels (between 30 and 60 percent) to
buildings occupants.
Also, HVAC systems can be a source of indoor air pollution by
improving generated and spreading molds, spores and fungi between
different building’s interior spaces and also creating indoor noise.
So, all those factors should be considered early at designing HVAC
systems for buildings to produce high quality of indoor environment
without producing any indoor environment negative impacts. (1)
x Indoor Noise Control.
A good acoustic indoor environment is keeping noise at levels that do
not interfere with human activities in building’s interior spaces,
controlling sound and noise transmission in buildings is a major problem
because it is causes discomfort and health problems to buildings
occupants.
Buildings elements which are using for improving natural daylighting
and natural ventilation are also improving the entrance of outdoor noise
and pollutions to building’s interior spaces.
- 77 -
So, it is a conflict will be happen between them should be solved by:
layout and oriant buildings away from noise outdoor public spaces,
decrease outdoor noise from its sources, use double glazing and high
performance glazing systems in opening elements, use vegetation and
other landscape elements to create sound baffle between public and
private activities and design different parts of windows and other
elements for different needings.
Buildings indoor noise sources are such as: HVAC systems, water
plumping, electrical systems and others that should be treated by:
decreasing noise from its sources, locating services and maintenance
functions away from public areas and separating and isolating each
building’s interior spaces which requaires low noise level away from
noise sources. (1) (2) (3) (4) (Figure 2-5-9)
Figure (2-5-9)
Controlling noise in building’s interior spaces
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 80)
(2) Reynolds, John J. 1994. Guiding Principles of Sustainable Design. Guiding Principles of Sustainable
Design.
[Online]
National
Park
Service,
12
15,
1994.
[Cited:
08
01,
2008.]
http://www.nps.gov/dsc/dsgncnstr/gpsd/ack.html.
p. 72-89.
- 78 -
x Space Planning and Interior Finishing.
Interior spaces planning and finishing
have a great effecting on buildings
performance; building’s interior design
that should be ensured that lighting and
air ventilation is reaching the largest area
by coordinating building’s interior
surfaces shapes, materials and colors and
all elements used to improve natural
daylighting and ventilation.
Figure (2-5-10)
Improving daylighting distribution
Large glazing areas admitting natural
daylighting and exterior views availability
but can subject the buildings at the risk of
unwanted solar gain, thermal discomfort,
glare and flicker. Lighting distribution in
building’s interior spaces is depending on:
windows height, using light shelves,
materials and colors and good integration
between natural and artificial lighting.
(Figure 2-5-10)
Indoor air ventilation is depending on
continues air flowing which can be
achieve by creating open plan layout,
using false ceiling above corridors and
upper windows to give the possibilities
for air flowing between all building’s
interior spaces and using high ceiling to
allowing hot air to be raised up of
occupying zones. (Figure 2-5-11) (Figure 2-5-12)
Figure (2-5-11)
Improving air flowing between building’s
interior spaces
(Figure 2-5-13)
Indoor finishing colors and materials
also are very important in the appearance,
operation and ambience of spaces, light
colors and materials helps to spreading
lighting by internal reflection of walls,
- 79 -
Figure (2-5-12)
Improving air flowing by increasing ceiling
surface area
ceiling and floors, using good acoustic properties materials can reduce
noise resulted of human activities. Also, using indoor plants can improve
indoor environment quality by: taking up CO2 and producing O2,
removing air pollutants such as: formaldehyde, ammonia, nitrogen and
benzene. (1) (2) (3) (4) (Figure 2-5-14) (Figure 2-5-15)
Figure (2-5-13)
Improving air flowing by mixing natural
and mechanical ventilation
Figure (2-5-14)
Typical reflectance of internal materials
Figure (2-5-15)
Integration between indoor colors and finishing materials
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 82)
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
Elsevier, 2008. p. 221-245. ISBN 978-0-7506-6394-6.
p. 72-89.
- 80 -
Design Strategies.
x Respect.
Understand and respect the environmental systems in the local
Collect and consider all local data about visual, thermal and
acoustical local properties.
Respect the site's potential sources from local environment such as:
solar gain, sunlight and natural daylighting, wind and natural
ventilation and local site’s plants and landscape.
Understand the used type of all building’s interior spaces and all
surround used types of buildings.
x Receive.
Determine the properties of solar gain acting on buildings and the
opportunities for conserve and reuse it indoor buildings and
decrease its negative impacts.
Determine the direction and quality of wind air that comes to the
buildings and the opportunities for reuse it indoor buildings for
ventilation.
Determine the outdoor and indoor noise types and the opportunities
to reduce it.
Determine the local pollutions and the opportunities to decrease and
solve its problems.
Determine all building’s interior spaces needing of: visual quality,
thermal quality and acoustical quality.
x Reduce.
Reduce the consumption of lighting energy by improve the
dependence on natural daylighting and good distribution of lighting.
Reduce consumption of HVAC energy by improve the dependence
on natural ventilation and good air flow designing indoor buildings.
- 81 -
Reduce unwanted solar gain.
Reduce indoor and outdoor noise.
Reduce indoor and outdoor pollutions.
x Reuse.
Reuse renewable energy comes from solar collector indoor
buildings to reduce buildings energy consumption.
Reuse natural daylighting by reflect it to interior spaces.
Reuse natural ventilation by improve continues air flow between
building’s interior spaces.
Reuse recent cooling indoor air which drags from main building’s
interior spaces in less important spaces to conserve cooling energy.
x Recycle.
Treatment of recent cooling indoor air which dragged from main
building’s interior spaces to reuse it in less important spaces to
conserve cooling energy.
Recycle and reuse every materials and operating systems element
after its end of usages.
x Restore.
Restore hot and polluted air which produced by human activities
and operating systems from buildings to outdoor environment after
treatment processes.
Treatment of any negative impacts from indoor environment
systems to local environment.
x Remember.
Analyze and save all data about all indoor environment elements
such as: visual, thermal and acoustic quality within all buildings
lifecycle.
Evaluate and save all the data observed about the indoor
environment quality and building’s interior spaces performance.
- 82 -
Design Case Studies.
Building: Sainsbury Supermarket.
Location: Peninsula, London, UK.
Description: This building is
achieving energy save up to 50%
comparing
with
a
standard
supermarkets
and
scoring
the
maximum BREEM rating of 31 point
in the energy efficiency by: using low
ambient artificial lighting which
integrated with nature daylighting by
good orientation to north with
movable
computer
controlling
aluminum louvers to controlling
lighting direction and reducing glare,
also using light reflectivity colors in
ceiling and flooring materials.
Figure (2-5-16)
Using nature daylighting systems
Ref.: (www.cabe.org.uk, 08/2008)
Figure (2-5-17)
Using nature ventilation and controlling solar gain
systems
Building: Jewish Reconstructionist Congregation.
Location: Evanston, Illinois, USA.
Description: Using natural ventilation by exiting hot air from top opening to be
replaced by new fresh air from down level windows, also controlling solar gain,
outdoor noise and natural daylighting to enhance indoor environment quality.
- 83 -
Figure (2-5-18)
Using nature daylighting and ventilation systems
Building: The Reichstag.
Description: Using huge glazing dome, reflective mirrors panels, shading systems
and lovers to enhance using nature daylighting in the main building space without
unwanted solar gain, using huge cone to directing natural ventilation from outdoor to
the main building space. Also, use flat glazing area to enhance daylighting admitting
with making availabilities for people to see the main building space.
- 84 -
Figure (2-5-19)
Using natural daylighting and external views
availability
Building: Great River Energy Headquarters.
Location: Maple Grove, Minnesota, USA.
Description: Using huge natural daylighting atriums, top skylight, big glazing area,
open spaces office design, high ceiling, light colors finishing materials and computer
modeling within designing processes are reduce artificial lighting energy over 60
percent and enhance the availability of the connection between building’s interior
spaces and outdoor natural views, also choosing finishing materials which are less
toxic and have negative effects emission resulted are enhance building occupants
health, comfort, performance and satisfaction.
- 85 -
Sustainable Waste Management Hierarchy.
Minimizing Waste Generation.
Waste Collecting and Transporting Processes.
Waste Disposal and Treatment Processes.
Waste Reusing and Recycling Systems.
Respect.
Receive.
Reduce.
Reuse.
Recycle.
Restore.
Remember.
Buildings and urban neighborhoods waste are containing of rich mix of
materials which should be considered and take advantage, 54 % of
industrial and commercial waste and 83 % of household waste gone to
landfill, costing a lot of money for collecting and transporting, consuming
big amount of energy in transportation, treatment, disposal and other
related processes. In addition, they are producing lot of pollutions and
negative impacts to local environment.
So, this section will consider discussing the relationships between
waste management and local environment and some items that should be
considered to achieve and gain all benefits of sustainable architecture for
all buildings and urban neighborhoods.
Sustainable architecture and development of any urban neighborhoods
should have its own strategies for waste management to: manage waste
disposal, conserve local environment, reduce energy consumption,
minimize related negative impacts, enhance reusing and recycling and put
waste to use as a source not as a waste that need to be disposed.
Millions tons of buildings and urban neighborhoods waste are
generating yearly in the world, these amount are increasing by about 20 %
every year.
On the other hand, there are no completely safely methods to disposal
this huge amount of waste because all forms of disposal are cause
negative impacts to local environment. Waste generated in urban
neighborhoods usually transported to the surrounding regions where
cheaper land prices to landfill and disposal, this processes has a lot of
negative impacts to local nature, economic and social environment.
Naturally: Landfill and disposal buildings and urban neighborhoods
waste has lot of negative impacts to local nature environment such as:
growling a big area of land, causing damages for nature and wildlife
ecosystem, causing air, soil and water pollutions, causing noise and other
nature environment negative impacts.
- 86 -
Economically: Waste landfill and disposal has lot of negative impacts
to local economic environment such as: costing a lot of money for
collection, transportation and treatment processes, consuming big amount
of energy, reducing the availability of recycling and reusing processes and
other economic environment negative impacts.
Socially: Unsafe waste disposal processes are cause human diseases
and negative effects for general public human health, comfort,
performance and satisfaction.
So, sustainable architecture can solve all those problems which are
associated with buildings and urban neighborhoods waste by creating
sustainable waste management strategies depending on conserving local
environment and enhancing reusing and recycling methods. (1) (2)
x Sustainable Waste Management Hierarchy.
Using sustainable waste management
solution hierarchy starting from reduction
passing through reusing, recycling,
energy recovering processes and ending
with safely disposal methods are a
starting point for creating success
sustainable waste management systems.
(Figure 2-6-1)
This hierarchy can be achieved by
considering some criteria such as:
Consuming building materials and
products wisely to minimize waste.
Figure (2-6-1)
The sustainable waste management
solution hierarchy
Ref.: (Minister, 2005, p. 20)
Routinely and safely collecting and transporting generated waste.
Separating and classifying collected recyclable materials.
First Edition. London and New York - (U.K - U.S.A) : Spon Press (Taylor and Francis Group), 2003. p. 100108. ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
(2) Committee Reynolds, John J. 1994. Guiding Principles of Sustainable Design. Guiding Principles of
Sustainable Design. [Online] National Park Service, 12 15, 1994. [Cited: 08 01, 2008.]
- 87 -
Educating people to successfully implementing waste management
services facilities and sustainable systems to promoting reusing and
recycling processes.
Creating integrated waste management services facilities to collect,
transport and manage waste cycle.
Using safely waste treatment and disposal methods. (1) (2) (Figure 2-6-2)
Figure (2-6-2)
Creating integrated waste management services
Ref.: (The Auditor General for Scotland and The Accounts Commission, 2007, p. 6)
(1) Minister, The Office of The Deputy Prime. 2005. Planning Policy Statement 10 - Planning for
Sustainable Waste Management. United Kingdom : The Office of The Deputy Prime Minister, 2005. p. 27.
ISBN 0 11 753950 3.
(2) The Auditor General for Scotland and The Accounts Commission. 2007. Sustainable Waste
Management. Scotland : The Auditor General for Scotland and The Accounts Commission, 2007. p. 48.
- 88 -
x Minimizing Waste Generation.
The most effective environment solution is often to reduce the
generation of waste by using building materials, products and sources
wisely, using standard products dimensions, using products which have
less waste generated and others.
Reduction of generated waste is considering the starting point to create
a sustainable waste management by decreasing the amount of waste
generated from all human industrial and domestic activities and then
reduce related negative impacts. (1)
x Waste Collecting and Transporting Processes.
Collecting and transporting buildings and urban neighborhoods waste
is very important issues that should be considered at planning and
designing processes to provide creative ways for collecting and
transporting waste which will be suitable with every type, density and
treatment type of waste and will be safe, less polluting, less costing for
local environment and supporting reusing and recycling methods.
Classifying and separating different types of waste is very important
for improve reusing and recycling buildings and urban neighborhoods
waste processes. This classification will be achieved by separating and
conserving all types of generated waste
through all buildings and urban
neighborhoods
lifecycle
from
constructing to demolition of every type
such as: glass, paper and card, metals,
plastics and other materials to enhance
directing recycable and reusable waste to
Figure (2-6-3)
(2) (1)
of construction waste types
Classification
its own reusing and recycling cycle.
(Figure 2-6-3)
Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Construction
Management Chapter, p. 14)
(1) Minister, The Office of The Deputy Prime. 2005. Planning Policy Statement 10 - Planning for
Sustainable Waste Management. United Kingdom : The Office of The Deputy Prime Minister, 2005. p. 27.
ISBN 0 11 753950 3.
- 89 -
x Waste Disposal and Treatment Processes.
Disposal of waste is a problematic in urban neighborhoods due to
limited availability of land and causes bad odors, litter and smoke
nuisance, air, soil and water pollutions as well as posing health risks to
nearby communities. Also, waste disposal and treatment considerations
should be included the setting of the proposed location and the needing to
protecting landscape of national importance such as: national parks, areas
of outstanding natural beauty and heritage coasts.
So, disposal processes of waste should be considered by identifying the
sources, quantities, characteristic and types of generated waste to
verifying the suitable treatment methods, choosing sites faraway from
residential urban neighborhoods and less environment negative impacts
on air, soil and water and ensuring that waste disposal processes are safe
and conserve local environment. (2) (Figure 2-6-4)
Figure (2-6-4)
Waste disposal processes
Ref.: (Dublin, 2000, p.17)
x Waste Reusing
Systems.
and
Recycling
Building materials can be used for the
same or different purpose by reusing
processes and can be set as new sources
by recovering and treating. (Figure 2-6-5)
Figure (2-6-5)
Main categories of solid municipal waste
Ref.: (SDU, 2008, p.80)
Committee, 1999. Construction Management Chapter.
(2) (SEAM), Support for Environmental Assessment and Management. 1999. Solid Waste Management
Strategy Governorate of Dakahleya and Sohag. The Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency and UK
Department for International Development. Dakahleya and Sohag - Egypt : (SEAM), Support for
Environmental Assessment and Management, 1999. p. 248.
- 90 -
So, recycling of buildings and urban neighborhoods waste can be
environmentally preferable because it helping to decrease the amount of
generated waste and its related negative impacts with putting waste to be
used as a resource and produce the needing of building materials and
products which needing less energy than raw materials which needing big
amount of energy and require high costs for exploring, extracting,
transporting, manufacturing and other
processes.
Safely
collecting,
separating,
transporting and educating people to
successfully
implementing
waste
management services facilities to promote
reusing and recycling waste are very
important to achieve reusing and
recycling methods with conserving local
environment. (1) (2) (Figure 2-6-6)
Figure (2-6-6)
Classification of domestic waste types
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p.127)
x Respect.
Understand and respect the environment systems in local urban
neighborhoods.
Collect and consider all local data about waste generation sources,
quantities, characteristic, types and others.
x Receive.
Calculate and consider sources, quantities, types and nature of
generated waste.
Study of suitable methods of disposal, treatment, storage,
segregation, and collection of waste.
Committee, 1999. Construction Management Chapter.
- 91 -
Study and understand the local potentials for applying reuse and
recycle methods on generated waste.
x Reduce.
Reduce waste generation from
neighborhoods lifecycle stages.
all
buildings
and
urban
Reduce waste that produces negative impacts on local environment
by using suitable treatment methods.
Reduce energy consumption of manufactory processes by using
reusable and recyclable materials and products.
Use building materials and products wisely to reducing waste.
Optimize building materials used, become familiar of typical sizes
and shapes of building materials and use the modular concept in
design building’s interior spaces to reduce the amount of
construction material waste.
x Reuse.
Reuse generated waste after treatment processes in suitable usages.
x Recycle.
Recycle and reuse generated waste from various materials and
products.
x Restore.
Restore materials and products to nature after its useful lifecycle
usages.
Treatment of any negative impacts results from waste to local
environment.
x Remember.
Analyze and save all data about all waste generated from all
buildings and urban neighborhoods lifecycle.
Evaluate and save all the data observed about the waste
management systems.
- 92 -
Figure (2-6-7)
Ref.: (Moskow, 2008, p.53-61)
Building: Pocono Environmental
Education Center.
Location: Pennsylvania, USA.
Description: Using recycling tire
cladding for north wall of building
site which is collected and
manufactured from local sites to
covering without using nonrenewable
materials and with less costing and
negative impacts for environment.
Figure (2-6-8)
Ref.: (www.architectstudio3d.org, 08/2008)
Building: Nautilus Earth Ship.
Location: New Mexico, USA.
Description: Using recycle building
materials such as: old car tires, soda
pop bottles which is powered by solar
panels for constructing.
Figure (2-6-9)
Separating generated waste
Building: Underground Station.
Description:
Separating
and
classifying different waste materials
to 4 waste boxes to improve materials
recycle potentials.
- 93 -
Selection of Building Materials.
Building Materials Embodied Energy.
Biological Building Materials.
Building Materials Lifecycle Consideration.
Healthy Building Materials Usages.
Local Building Materials Usages.
Respect.
Receive.
Reduce.
Reuse.
Recycle.
Restore.
Remember.
[2-7-4] Sustainable Building Materials Case Studies.
Construction of any urban neighborhood is needs building materials
for: buildings, roads, services, infrastructure, landscape and other usages,
the striking is that the usages of most of those building materials are:
accounting for most of natural raw materials, consuming big amount of
energy for its processes, resulting lot of pollutions and negative impacts
for local nature, economic and social environment, also they are reducing
the abilities of next generations to filling their needs of building materials
and products.
However, not all building materials are equal; green building materials
are carefully selected for: low needing of natural raw materials, low
consumption of energy, low resulting of pollutions and negative impacts,
low needing of maintenance and available for reusing and recycling
processes.
Then, the starting point to applying sustainability on building materials
can be achieved by selecting local building materials which has less
negative impacts on local environment and available for reusing and
recycling processes to filling the needing of building materials with
conserving local environment.
So, this section will consider discussing the issue of building materials,
its effects on local environment and some items should be considered to
achieving and gaining all benefits of sustainable architecture for all
Building materials are forming large part of overall environmental
burden of buildings and urban neighborhoods because they are acting on
the local nature, economic and social environment.
Naturally: Exploring, extraction, production, transportation
installation, maintenance and demolition processes of building materials
are causing lot of negative impacts to local nature environment such as:
- 94 -
Raw materials exploring and extraction are damaging natural
ecosystem and reducing water and air quality.
Manufacturing and production of building materials are resulting
toxic waste and other nature environment negative impacts.
Many building materials once installed releasing toxic gases which
negatively affect on buildings indoor quality.
Some of building materials cleaning and maintenance processes are
causing health risk and toxic waste.
Transportation of building materials and building demolition waste
are causing more waste and its negative impacts to nature
environment.
Demolition and disposal processes of buildings are producing huge
amount of negative impacts for nature environment.
Economically: Exploring, extraction, production, transportation
installation, maintenance and demolition processes of building materials
are costing a lot of money and consuming huge amount of energy.
Also, choosing wrong building materials can negatively acting on
building’s interior spaces and facilities performance and efficiency then
increasing buildings economic costs strategies.
Socially: Exploring, extraction, production, transportation, installation,
maintenance and demolition processes of building materials are causing
lot of negative impacts on general human life, health, comfort,
performance and satisfaction.
So, sustainable building design can solve all those problems which
associated with building materials lifecycle by three main concepts:
Firstly: Minimizing the amount of required building materials for
Secondly: Choosing building materials types which generate less
negative impacts to local environment through its lifecycle and enhance
the performance of its usages.
- 95 -
Finally: Using building materials which can be reused, recycled and
can be safely returning to nature environment at the end of its useful life.
So, designers, planners, socialists and other responsible people should
working together to provide convenient sources and to fill the needing of
building materials to buildings and urban neighborhoods with conserving
local nature, economic and social environment. (1) (2) (3)
x Selection of Building Materials.
The selection of building materials for creating sustainable building
projects is the most difficult challenges which face all the project team.
To select a building materials; the important thing to consider is the
effects of using these building materials over the lifecycle on local
environment and how much of each building material required to perform
the same functions, the other thing to consider is the availability of
building materials reusing and recycling potentials.
So, to achieve sustainability in this issue there are some criteria that
should be take advantage when choosing building materials such as:
Building materials impacts on global nature environment,
containing no CFCs, HCFCs or other ozone depleting substances.
Materials usage negative impacts on local nature environment such
as: air and water pollutions, waste and other negative impacts.
Costs of building material and impacts on economic environment.
Amount of energy needed to exploring, extraction, production,
transportation, installation, maintenance and demolition.
Building materials which obtained from local sources.
Committee, 1999. Materials Chapter.
(2) Environment, Denver AIA Committee on The. 2007. The Sustainable Design Resources Guide. The
Sustainable Design Resources Guide. [Online] Denver AIA Committee on The Environment, 2007. [Cited: 08
01, 2008.] http://www.aiasdrg.org/default.htm.
65-74. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
- 96 -
Quality of available building materials and its impacts on
occupants, social environment and general human life, health,
comfort, performance and satisfaction.
Low or no chemical emissions or toxic compounds and low
building materials maintenance requirements.
Building materials which are derived from renewable sources and
biodegradable when disposing.
Building materials potential for reusing and recycling processes.
Because of that, selection of building materials should be considered
early within designing and planning processes. (1) (2) (3) (Figure 2-7-1)
Figure (2-7-1)
Building materials selection strategy
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 92)
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
p. 90-101.
- 97 -
x Building Materials Embodied Energy.
The building materials embodied
energy is representing all energy
expending in exploring, extracting,
production, transportation, installation,
maintenance, demolition and other
building materials processes. When
building materials are reused and recycled
the embodied energy is lowered because
the necessary energy for exploring,
extracting and producing is eliminated
and reduced.
Figure (2-7-2)
Embodied energy of building materials
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 98)
Also, when using local building
materials the embodied energy is lowed because the necessary energy for
transportation is reduced.
So, depending on local nature building materials those has the abilities
to be reused and recycled can extremely reduce all the embodied energy
of building materials. (1) (2) (Figure 2-7-2)
x Biological Building Materials.
Wood: Wood is one of the most environmental friendly building
materials because wood is a renewable source.
On the other hand, there is a mismatch between where timber is
growing and where it is used in the world which resulted in consuming
more energy in transportation from place to another, also some types of
wood are supporting the growth of molds and bacteria that cause
pollutions to building’s interior spaces environment. Wood has the
characteristic of being both structural and ornamental, because wood is
using throughout the world for a multitude of tasks from simple structural
applications to highly finishing decoration and also in opening elements.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
p. 90-101.
- 98 -
So, the environmental impacts and the amount of consumed energy of
all wood lifecycle processes should be considered when using wood as a
building material.
Concrete: Concrete are the most important building materials used in
buildings and infrastructure because it has many positive qualities such
as: high strength, thermal mass, durability, high reflectance and can be
used without finishing.
Construction waste and demolition materials of concrete make up 23%
to 33% of municipal solid waste, concrete is approximately 50% of that
demolishing materials and construction waste but also it can be recyclable
by reusing crash concrete as sub base for roads, sidewalks, parking and
can be used in new concrete mix instead of nature aggregate.
Concrete also has lots of negative impacts on local environment such
as: huge amount of energy consumption, consuming of nature aggregates,
using a big amount of embodied energy for cement industrial and also the
pollutions caused by cement industrial by producing carbon dioxide and
other environment negative impacts.
Metal: Metals are used as a construction building materials and also
for finishing and decoration and has high potentials to be recycled and
reused but also metals needing big amount of energy in all their lifecycle
processes but it can be acceptable when metals are the suitable building
materials for the usage case. (1) (2)
x Building Materials Lifecycle Consideration.
When choosing suitable building materials for any project it is very
important to considering the lifecycle of every building material by
studying many factors such as: building materials properties and sources,
related pollutions, embodied consumption of energy, usages waste and
negatively impacts on local environment, its availability for reusing and
recycling and the final destination at the end of its useful life.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 99 -
It is useful to considering the lifecycle of building materials within
designing and constructing buildings and urban neighborhoods processes
by understanding the lifecycle properties of each used building material.
Also, effects of building materials
usage should be take advantage through
its lifecycle stages starting from exploring
through of extraction, production,
transportation, installation, maintenance
and demolition landfill, each stage is
consuming energy and adding negative
impacts. (Figure 2-7-3) (Figure 2-7-4)
Figure (2-7-3)
Building materials lifecycle
Ref.: (SDU, 2008, p.59)
So, all those elements should be considered early by choosing the
suitable building materials with conserving local environment from any
related negative impacts. (1) (2) (3) (4)
Figure (2-7-4)
Building materials lifecycle effects
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 97)
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
p. 90-101.
Elsevier, 2008. p. 113-137. ISBN 978-0-7506-6394-6.
- 100 -
x Healthy Building Materials Usages.
Many of building materials are
containing chemicals, releasing toxic gas,
supporting growth of molds and bacteria
that cause pollutions to building’s interior
spaces and creating unhealthy indoor
environment while and after installation.
The most common unhealthy building
materials are engineering wood, plastic
and rubber flooring, paint and glues uses
for building’s interior spaces finishing.
Figure (2-7-5)
Increasing of toxic building materials
So, selection of healthy building
materials which has minimal or no toxic properties, do not shed dust and
fiber and do not absorb pollutants is very important matter to create
healthy building’s interior spaces to occupants with conserving local
environment. (1) (Figure 2-7-5) (Figure 2-7-6)
Figure (2-7-6)
Sources of interior unhealthy building materials
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 93)
- 101 -
x Local Building Materials Usages.
A healthy community has a healthy local economy. So, sustainable
building design and construction can aiding by using local available
building materials to be more sustain than importing from other places.
Some of local building materials such as stone and timber also can
give more quality for buildings and urban neighborhoods and reduce
energy and environmental impacts of long distance transportation.
Specifying building materials from local or regional sources has other
many beneficial results such as:
Stimulating local and regional economy.
Reducing the pollutions caused by transportation from far distant
sources.
Promoting the awareness of the origin of the materials used in our
projects.
Increasing the opportunities for regional control over sources.
So, local building materials usage should be take the first priorities
when choosing building materials for any buildings and urban
neighborhoods to achieve sustainable architecture and gain all its benefits
in this field. (1) (2) (3)
x Respect.
Respect the available local and nature building materials in the
Understand the lifecycle properties of each chosen building
material.
65-74. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
- 102 -
Respect local environmental properties, potentials and opportunities
in urban neighborhoods sites.
Collect and consider all local data about all local environment
elements.
x Receive.
Determine buildings and urban neighborhoods actually optimum
need of building materials.
Compare and choose the better building materials properties and the
amount to satisfy the functional requirements.
Determine all building’s interior spaces needs of building materials
and its types to achieve high performance within all its lifecycle.
Determine all results of negative impacts when using each building
material.
Study the availabilities of reusing and recycling of every building
material.
Compare characteristics, costs and reduction of the available
building materials waste in the urban neighborhoods.
x Reduce.
Minimize the total area of buildings to reduce building materials
usages.
Detail building elements so that the only component uses to make
the assembly perform.
Choose the types of building materials that can reduce the negative
impacts on nature, economic and social environment of buildings
Reduce the amount of construction material waste by optimize
building materials uses, become familiar typical sizes and shapes of
building materials.
Reduce building materials waste at all their lifecycle processes.
- 103 -
Reduce the pollutions and negative impacts resulted from all
lifecycle of building materials.
Reduce the consumption of building materials embodied energy by
using renewable types of energy.
Reduce the usage of nonrenewable types of raw materials and
depend on renewable ones.
x Reuse.
Reuse whole old buildings after renew to reduce the consumption of
building materials and the amount of waste materials.
Reuse exist building materials in old buildings renew process.
Reuse old building materials comes from buildings demolition
processes in suitable usages.
Reuse exist infrastructure materials in the buildings and urban
neighborhoods sites.
x Recycle.
Recycle all waste of building materials and reuse it to reduce the
consumption of new and raw materials.
x Restore.
Consider how building materials can be returned to the nature if
they cannot be reused or recycled without causing any negative
impacts to the local environment.
Treatment of any negative impacts produced by building materials
lifecycle processes to local environment.
x Remember.
Follow up and record the observed impacts of using all types of
building materials on nature, economic and social environment in
buildings and urban neighborhoods to consider those remarks when
using building materials in the future.
Evaluate and save all the data observed about every building
material quality and performance.
- 104 -
[2-7-4] Sustainable Buildings Materials Case Studies.
Figure (2-7-7)
Using low negative impacts building materials
Ref.: (Moskow, 2008, p.53-61)
Building: Pocono Environmental
Education Center.
Location: Pennsylvania, USA.
Description: Choosing of building
materials which has durability, long
life span, low maintenance, low
negative environment impact and has
reusable and recyclable availabilities.
Most of those building materials will
not require refinishing during the life
of the building, reducing first costs
and operation costs, improving indoor
air quality, local building materials
and achieving energy efficiency.
- 105 -
Figure (2-7-8)
Using sustainable building materials
Ref.: (Moskow, 2008, p.162-171)
Building: The Robert Redford
Building.
Description: Choosing of sustainable
building materials which are available
in local sites and has less negative
impacts on local environment such as:
all concrete consist of minimum 17
percent content of fly ash, all structure
steel is of a minimum of 75 percent
recycled material, toilet partitions are
made out of recycled milk bottles and
recycled glass ceramic tiles, carpet
made out of 100 percent recycled
nylon, acoustic ceiling tiles made out
of 70 percent recycled material,
bamboo, linoleum and poplar
flooring, bio fiber panels made from
wheat straw, low VOC paints and
glue, low VOC fiberboard cabinetry
and FSC certified wood.
- 106 -
Figure (2-7-9)
Building: The Solaire.
Description: Using building materials
which achieve sustainability such as:
67
percent
of
materials
is
manufactured within 500 miles radius
of the site, photovoltaic cells is made
from 100 percent recycled materials,
most of building materials are include
recyclable contents such as: gypsum
board, mineral wool insulation,
mineral fiber, ceiling panels, tiles,
slate roofing shingles, brick, cast
stone and slate, granite and ceramic
tile is producing locally, low or no
emitting materials that are free of
formaldehyde and negative impacts is
using throughout, site generating
waste is sorting for reusing and
recycling, ozone depletion potential of
refrigerants in cooling systems is
minimized and 30 percent of the using
cement in concrete is replacing with
fly ash.
Figure (2-7-10)
Using local non finishing building materials
Building: Island Wood.
Description: Using construction
building materials which: available in
the local environment, coming from
renewable
sources,
has
great
potentials for recycling and reusing,
eliminated the need for finishing
materials, has no toxic emissions or
negative impacts on building’s
interior spaces,
has less energy
consumption in construction and has
potentials for redesign processes.
- 107 -
Energy Awareness.
Energy Conservation.
Energy Efficiency.
Renewable Energy Sources.
Energy Automatic Control Systems.
Respect.
Receive.
Reduce.
Reuse.
Recycle.
Restore.
Remember.
Certain forms of energy consumption in the buildings and urban
neighborhoods such as: fossil fuels and electricity have become the life
blood of the modern societies but they cause more pollutions and negative
impacts within exploring, extracting, producing and consuming processes
and coming at great expense.
So, this section will consider discussing the buildings and urban
neighborhoods energy consumption, its effects on local environment and
also some items that should be considered to achieve and gaining all
All forms of energy are playing important roles in the lifecycle of any
buildings and urban neighborhoods in every stage of them such as:
Initially, energy is using for manufacturing of building materials and
products and in all construction processes.
After that, energy is using for buildings operating and their various
systems such as: lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, water pumping,
water heating, treatment, maintaining and other usages, also energy is
using for people, goods and services transportation.
Finally, energy is using for remodeling and demolition of buildings
and urban neighborhoods processes.
Because of that, energy is making huge challenges to achieve
sustainability in architecture field to producing the needing of energy
without resulting negative impacts to local environment.
Exploring, extracting, producing and consuming all forms of
traditional sources of nonrenewable energy such as: solid fuels, oil,
natural gas, biofuels, nuclear, hydro and others are making the energy
conservation major priority to achieve good sustainable building design
because they are producing lot of negative impacts for local nature,
economic and social environment. (Figure 2-8-1)
- 108 -
Naturally: Exploring, extracting,
producing and consuming of traditional
sources of nonrenewable energy are
producing big amount of pollutions and
negative impacts for nature environment
such as: air, water, ground water, marine,
soil and farmland pollutions, increasing
global climate warming and changes, acid
rains, smog, bad acting on wild life, bad
effecting on ozone layers, increasing CO2
emissions in air and others. (Figure 2-8-2)
Economically: Exploring, extracting,
producing and consuming traditional
sources of nonrenewable energy are
needing a higher economic costs, building
the infrastructure to feeding all users
needing of the energy is costing a lot and
depending on nonrenewable energy is
reducing the next generation abilities to
finding their needing of energy.
Figure (2-8-1)
Total world energy use by fuel sources
Figure (2-8-2)
CO2 emissions from different energy
sources
Ref.: ((NCARB), 2001, p. 23)
Socially:
Exploring,
extracting,
producing and consuming traditional sources of nonrenewable energy
have lot of negative impacts on human health, performance and
satisfaction.
Thus, the true cost of all forms of energy processes is not just the
prices which are paid but also the prices the environment paying
naturally, economically and socially. So, energy types, sources, impacts,
amount and properties should be considered early when designing and
planning buildings and urban neighborhoods to create high performance
sustainable cities. (1) (2)
22-26. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
Design.
[Online]
National
Park
Service,
12
15,
1994.
[Cited:
08
01,
2008.]
- 109 -
x Energy Awareness.
Traditional types of nonrenewable energy such as: fossil fuels and
others are causing lot of negative impacts for the local environment.
So, it is very important in sustainable building design to reduce the
uses of these nonrenewable sources of energy and consider using of
renewable types such as: radiant energy from sunlight, mechanical energy
from wind, biomass and other renewable energy sources which have less
negative impacts and more environmental friendly.
Electrical systems accounting from 60% to 95% of the typical
buildings and urban neighborhoods total energy consumption, the usages
of electricity has a few negative impacts on the consumption but also has
a huge environmental negative impacts in generation processes, because it
is one of the largest consumers of fossil fuels and also it release carbon
dioxide and it is considered as a regional air pollutants by producing:
nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides and ozone layer damaging.
So, the way of generating electricity should be considered to produce
the need of electricity with less negative impacts and also depend on
safely and renewable electricity generation such as: nuclear reactors, solar
photovoltaic, wind turbines and others.
Sustainable urban design suggesting the sources of energy with less
nature, economic and social environment negative impacts, this is make
the architects in a better position to choose the sources of energy which
has less negative impacts and has a potential of renewable.
Also, depending on renewable sources of energy is very important in
sustainable building design to creating high performance buildings which
generating its own energy and reducing depending on nonrenewable
energy and its related negative impacts. (1) (2)
22-26. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
Committee, 1999. Electrical Systems Chapter.
- 110 -
x Energy Conservation.
Sustainable building design is aiming to reduce the amount of energy
consumption in both of embodied and operating energy in all buildings
Buildings Embodied Energy: Is the energy expending in
extracting, manufacturing, transporting and installing building
materials and other construction processes; to reduce this types of
energy consumption architects should be considered the properties
of building materials and the construction methods that require little
energy and able to use renewable energy, enhance recycling of
existing facilities and build only the minimum to satisfy the
functional requirements.
Buildings Operating Energy: Is the energy consuming for
buildings operating and on their various systems such as: lighting,
heating, cooling, ventilation, water pumping, water heating,
treatment, maintaining and others, this types of energy represent
larger buildings energy consumption and it is equal 15 times of
buildings embodied energy after 40 years of operation; to reducing
this types of energy consumption architects should be considered
the nature opportunities by good buildings designing, sitting,
orientating, opening elements design, building materials selection
and using renewable energy, this criteria also can improve the
building’s interior spaces quality and performance.
Also, using simulation software within planning and designing
processes is very important for creating an integrated system
between all elements of buildings and local nature opportunities. (1)
x Energy Efficiency.
Energy efficiency methods, devices, and applications should be
employed at the sustainable development to reduce energy as possible as
could be with conserving local environment, energy efficiency should be
considered early in planning and designing of buildings and urban
22-26. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
- 111 -
neighborhoods processes by creating good
climate responsive design to reduce the
amount of energy consumption in
lighting, heating, cooling, ventilating,
domestic devices and others. (Figure 2-8-3)
The starting point of designing high
performance sustainable buildings should
be by considering passive design strategy;
passive design is the designing of the
Figure (2-8-3)
buildings lighting, heating, cooling and
Energy usage of buildings applications
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 62)
ventilation relaying on sunlight, wind,
vegetations and other nature potential in the buildings and urban
neighborhood sites, passive design has two major aspects: the first aspect
is the usage of building’s location and site potentials to reduce building’s
energy consumption and the second aspect is the designing elements of
the buildings themselves to controlling building indoor environment, also
passive design has many factors to achieve its benefits such as: heating
and cooling degree days, humidity patterns, sun angles, annual wind
strength and direction, buildings uses, massing, envelope, aspect ratio
and orientation, the site’s landscape elements and others. However,
passive design can extremely reduce energy consumption and should be
considered early at planning and designing buildings and urban
neighborhoods processes.
Lighting Energy: To achieve
lighting energy efficiency there
should be creating a good
integration
between
natural
daylighting and artificial lighting to
enhance the quality of lighting
systems with reducing energy
consumption. (Figure 2-8-4)
Figure (2-8-4)
Integrating natural daylighting with
artificial lighting
Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Electrical
Systems Chapter, p. 9)
Also, building’s interior spaces
designing should be take advantage of the lighting systems by good
integration between spaces, ceilings, walls designing, finishing
colors and others.
- 112 -
Natural Daylighting Systems:
Natural daylighting should be used
wherever possible, it has more
quality and ambiances than artificial
lighting without any economic cost,
using natural daylighting can be
achieved by good planning,
orientation, architecture buildings
form design, opening and roofs
design and shades devices design.
Figure (2-8-5)
Integrating natural daylighting with
artificial lighting
So, natural daylighting should be considered early in buildings
and urban neighborhoods planning and designing processes to
improving its usages. (Figure 2-8-5)
Artificial Lighting Systems:
Artificial lighting should be
designed based on reducing
growling of lighting energy by
using lighting only when and where
needing and highlighting only using
in specific functional which need it,
Figure (2-8-6)
Only highlighting in specific functional
Also,
using
sensors
and
economizing lighting fixtures can saving up to 75% of lighting
energy and can life average of 10 times of other lighting fixtures
and then reducing maintenance and transportation costs, these are
such as: fluorescent lamps and others. (Figure 2-8-6) (Figure 2-8-7)
Also, using energy efficient lighting simulation programs when
designing all buildings elements can minimizing lighting energy
consumption and growling by make integration between natural
daylighting, artificial lighting, all buildings external and internal
elements and natural potential to ensure that high quality lighting is
reaching all buildings spaces to produce high performance buildings
to occupants with conserving energy as possible as it could be and
reduce its related pollutions and negative impacts. (Figure 2-8-8)
- 113 -
Figure (2-8-7)
Using energy efficient lighting fixture
Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Electrical Systems Chapter, p. 7)
Figure (2-8-8)
High performance lighting systems
Ref.: ((DDC), 1999, p. 59)
- 114 -
HVAC Systems Energy: Heating, ventilating, air conditioning
systems can playing several roles for enhance the quality, healthy,
comfortable and satisfaction of indoor environment for occupants
but also they produce lot of negative impacts by consuming a huge
amount of energy, causing damage to the ozone layer and producing
more pollutions and negative impacts.
The climate responsive building design can conserve the energy
which is consumed by HVAC systems by controlling solar gain
with take advantage of passive heating, natural daylighting,
ventilating and cooling opportunities, this design can reduce
buildings heating and cooling loads and thus the required size of
HVAC systems and equipments, then reduce related energy, costs,
pollutions and negative impacts with enhance the quality of
building’s interior spaces environment. (1) (2) (3) (4)
x Renewable Energy Sources.
Once energy awareness, conservation and efficiency have been
employed, renewable energy sources should be investigated for providing
the needs of energy by using site potential renewable energy sources such
as: solar energy, wind energy, biomass energy and others.
Using renewable energy sources has lot of benefits such as: reducing
pollutions due to tradition energy sources exploring, extracting, producing
and consuming, improving security of energy supply, minimizing
buildings operating costs and conserving local environment. Energy type
and source is an important sustainable building design issue that should
be considered when planning and designing buildings and urban
neighborhoods to create effective energy strategy depending on renewable
energy which is available from site’s potentials.
Design.
[Online]
National
Park
Service,
12
15,
1994.
[Cited:
08
01,
2008.]
Committee, 1999. HVAC Systems Chapter.
41-44.
- 115 -
Solar Energy: Solar energy is one
of the important sustainable
renewable sources of energy
because
solar
is
achieves
sustainability for buildings and
Figure (2-8-9)
urban neighborhoods in three
Using solar daylighting and photovoltaic
directions: solar thermal, solar Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Electrical
daylighting and solar photovoltaic
and also help in creating high performance buildings with low
negative impacts on local environment. (Figure 2-8-9)
Solar Thermal: Solar heat is collected by either air or water and
then transferring it to building’s interior spaces to produce
comfortable indoor temperature and hot water for occupants without
losing more nonrenewable energy, these processes are needing a
good choosing of building materials and good buildings and urban
neighborhoods planning and designing to controlling the transfer of
heat from outdoor to indoor.
Solar Daylighting: Daylighting design has great impacts on
buildings occupants performance, comfort, health and satisfaction,
also it is key determinant of buildings energy consumption, load
shape, peak cooling load and peak electric demand, daylighting
design should be considered the building’s design, architecture
form, orientation, building’s interior spaces, opening elements,
flooring shape and design and other buildings details to improve the
dependence on daylighting instead of artificial lighting systems.
Solar Photovoltaic: Solar photovoltaic is one of the most
environmental friendly system that produce electrical energy
directly from solar radiation with very low pollutions, photovoltaic
can be fixed on roofs or walls cladding which face most of the daily
direct sun radiation and also can be parts of sun shades systems or
integrated with glazing systems. So, solar photovoltaic should be
considered early when planning and designing buildings and urban
neighborhoods to optimizing the solar potential of the site and
achieving the maximum benefits of solar energy.
- 116 -
Wind Energy: Wind energy is one
of sustainable renewable sources of
energy because it is producing
renewable energy coming from
wind turbines without negative
impacts.
On the other hand, those turbines
are costing a lot for constructing
and maintaining processes and
resulting noise and unsafe places.
So, it is recommended to
constructed them out of urban
neighborhoods, also there will be
reduction of the wind speed due to
urban buildings and contents;
buildings roofs can serve wind
turbines where height may be
advantage. (Figure 2-8-10)
Wind turbines can be classified
into two main types: horizontal
wind turbines (HAWT); turbines
that rotate around a horizontal axis
Figure (2-8-10)
Inside urban wind turbines places
Figure (2-8-11)
Types of wind turbines
Ref.: (www.thesolarguide.com)
and vertical wind turbines (VAWT);
turbines that rotate around a vertical
axis. (Figure 2-8-11) (Figure 2-8-12)
Inside urban wind turbines can
be classified into three types: wind
Figure (2-8-12)
Vertical wind turbines shapes
catcher which is uses at good height
and free flow, wind collector which
is used at lower buildings with more surfaces roughness and more
turbulence and wind sharer which is used at high wind speed and
high turbulence.
However, choosing types and shapes of wind turbines should be
considered early according to the properties of sites and buildings.
- 117 -
Biomass Energy: Energy is
contained in plant matter and
animal waste and can be burnt
to provide electricity, heat or
steam, using of organic waste
for energy can be integrated
into
waste
management
strategy.
Figure (2-8-13)
Biomass circle
Ref.: (www.ncl.ac.uk, 08/2008)
Biomass sources can be
from
pulp
and
paper
operation, forests, agricultural, urban woodlands and animal waste.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
(Figure 2-8-13)
x Energy Automatic Control Systems.
Sustainable architecture should have simple lighting equipment and
minimal HVAC systems to produce high quality, performance,
satisfaction and comfortable buildings indoor environment for occupants
with conserving energy and local environment.
Success of high performance buildings require automatic control
systems on electrical and mechanical systems, these automatic control
systems should have a good strategy to: allow occupants to directly
manipulate simple and understandable building’s features, providing
feedback on their effects, controlling healthy buildings indoor
environment and low energy consumption and operating costs.
So, automatic control systems should be ensured that buildings
operating processes are efficiently.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
(2) Media, Moxy. The Solar Guide. The Solar Guide. [Online] Moxy Media. [Cited: 08 01, 2008.]
http://www.thesolarguide.com/.
Committee, 1999. Electrical Systems Chapter.
32-36.
Elsevier, 2008. p. 275-297. ISBN 978-0-7506-6394-6.
- 118 -
Digital controls systems can help and serve climate responsive design
by adjust electrical and mechanical systems to supplement natural
daylighting, cooling, heating, ventilating and others.
Daylighting controlling systems can allowing the lighting energy to be
reduced as much as 80% by: adjusting space lighting with occupants real
needing, success building’s interior spaces design, success materials and
devices selection, reducing lighting fixtures effects on cooling loads and
then reducing energy consumption.
Climate responsive design with
controlling systems also can reduce
energy consumption on HVAC systems
by controlling solar gain, natural
ventilating, cooling and heating and using
the local environment potential to reduce
energy consumption.
Digital controlling systems which use
sensors for lighting and HVAC systems
can ensure that lighting and HVAC
systems are only switch on when and
where actually needing and as optimum
amount and quality as needed for
reducing growling of operating energy
and costs. (1) (Figure 2-8-14) (Figure 2-8-15)
Figure (2-8-14)
Using sensors to control lighting systems
Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Control
Figure (2-8-15)
Using different types of sensors technology
Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Control
x Respect.
Understand and respect types, amount and properties of the
available sources of energy in the urban neighborhoods.
Respect the site's potential renewable energy sources from local
environment such as: solar energy, wind energy, biomass and
others.
Committee, 1999. Control Systems Chapter.
- 119 -
Understand explore, extract, produce and consume methods, cost
and negative impacts of every type of available energy in the urban
neighborhoods.
Understand the nature, economic and social consequences at the
explore, extract, produce and consume of every type of available
energy in the urban neighborhoods.
Collect and consider all local data about local nature, economic and
social environment properties which acting on buildings and urban
neighborhoods.
x Receive.
Determine the types, amount and properties of energy which
buildings and urban neighborhoods need within all lifecycle stages
in every usage.
Study the amount of pollutions results from explore, extract,
produce and consume of every type of available energy in the urban
neighborhoods.
Study and consider the optimum buildings and urban neighborhoods
needs of energy by types and amount to operate.
Design climate responsive buildings to deal with local environment
potential and use it to meet the buildings and urban neighborhoods
needs with reduce buildings energy consumption.
x Reduce.
Reduce the energy consumption amount and its related negative
impacts in every buildings and urban neighborhoods lifecycle stage
and in every usage.
Depend on sustainable renewable energy sources to reduce the
consumption of nonrenewable energy sources and it’s relating
negative impacts.
Use energy simulation software systems when planning and
designing buildings and urban neighborhoods to optimize and
reduce energy consumption.
- 120 -
Consider buildings orientation, opening properties, glazing systems,
insulation systems, finishing materials and colors, outdoor and
indoor design and other buildings details to use natural daylighting,
cooling, heating, ventilation and other natural potential to reduce
energy consumption.
Ensure that the energy is only used when and where there is a need
and in the optimum amount to reduce the growl of energy.
Size and place of mechanical and electrical systems according to
actual needs to reduce the consumption of energy.
Use HVAC systems, lighting systems, machines, fixtures and
facilities which has more potential to save energy.
Use local building materials to reduce transportation energy
consumption.
Use all domestic devises by an economic way to conserve its energy
usages.
x Reuse.
Use energy recovery systems to reuse the energy expended in
heating, cooling and others to minimize the consumption of energy.
x Recycle.
Recycle buildings or building materials after demolition to reuse it
and minimize the embodied energy for explore, extract and produce
of new building materials.
x Restore.
Treatment of any negative impacts from energy explores, extract,
produce and consume on local environment.
x Remember.
Analyze and save all data about buildings and urban neighborhoods
explore, extract, produce and consume of every energy type.
Evaluate all benefits of using site’s available renewable energy in
all urban neighborhoods lifecycle.
- 121 -
Building: Residential Building.
Location: Nairobi, Kenya.
Description: Using solar water
heating systems fixed in roofs and
good directed to solar radiation to
produce hot water to building usages
with zero energy consumption, non
pollution resulting and minimal
maintenance
requirements,
this
technique can save electricity energy
which is consumed in heating water to
up to 85% and can work up to 20
years.
Figure (2-8-16)
Using solar water heating systems
Ref.: (www.solarworldea.com, 08/2008)
Building: European Parliament.
Description:
Using
movable
photovoltaic shades to automatically
be directed to solar radiation for
maximizing using solar energy.
Figure (2-8-17)
Using movable photovoltaic shades
Place: Road.
Location: Nairobi, Kenya.
Description: Using photovoltaic and
wind turbines street lamp to produce
lighting which is needed to roads with
zero energy consumption.
Figure (2-8-18)
Using photovoltaic and wind turbines street lamp
Ref.: (www.solarworldea.com, 08/2008)
- 122 -
Place: Road Near of Amsterdam.
Location: Amsterdam, Holland.
Description: Creating wind turbines
out of residential areas to maximize
using wind energy as a renewable
energy feeding the city with some of
its energy needs without producing
any negative impacts to residential
urban neighborhoods such as: noise,
unsafe places and others.
Figure (2-8-19)
Using wind turbines
Figure (2-8-20)
Using photovoltaic and daylighting to conserving electric energy
Ref.: (Ford, 2007, p.121-123)
Building: Fossil Ridge High School.
Location: Colorado, USA.
Description: Using photovoltaic shades to maximize using solar energy with
conserving south elevations from direct unwanted solar radiation, this technique
make the electrical energy consumption of building sources about 0% by generating
all electric energy needs in the building from solar photovoltaic and wind turbines,
also depending on daylighting for lighting most of building interior spaces
conserving about 60% of the required lighting energy.
- 123 -
Building: St Leonard’s College.
Location: Victoria, Australia.
Description: Using photovoltaic in
south
elevation
to
maximize
generating electricity from solar and
using integrated systems of top
opening, skylights, thermal shutters,
sun shades, water wall, ceiling fans
and wall opening to control using
natural ventilation during summer and
winter
instead
of
mechanical
ventilation and improving natural
ventilation to continue flowing across
all building’s interior spaces with
replacing indoor existing air with new
fresh air from outdoor.
Figure (2-8-21)
Using photovoltaic and natural ventilation
Ref.: (Ford, 2007, p.199-200)
- 124 -
Figure (2-8-22)
Energy Star products
Ref.: (www.energystar.gov, 08/2008)
Company: Energy Star.
Location: USA.
Description: Energy Star is a joint program of the USA environmental protection
agency and the USA department of energy aiming to protecting the environment
through energy efficient products and practices, Energy Star provide over 60
products categories and thousands of models for the home and office. These products
are delivering the same or better performance as comparable models while using less
energy, Energy Star also provide easy to use home and building assessment tools so
that homeowners and building managers can starting down the path to greater
efficiency and cost savings.
Figure (2-8-23)
Using natural and artificial lighting and ventilating
Ref.: (www.buildinggreen.com, 08/2008)
Building: Sidwell Friends Middle
School.
Description: Creating a good
integration between natural and
artificial lighting and ventilation with
controlling them by sensor system to
adapting with occupants needing.
- 125 -
Water Conservation.
Water and Buildings.
Water and Landscape.
Water Treatment.
Water Harvesting and Recycling.
Water Heating Energy Conservation.
Respect.
Receive.
Reduce.
Reuse.
Recycle.
Restore.
Remember.
Water is a major nature source because
it is one of the big three: land, water and
air. Urban water ecosystem is closely
related to their surrounding regions;
because the supplies of potable water are
brought via lead pipes from: groundwater,
rivers, rainfall, storage reservoirs and
other sources of potable water from the
surrounding area to the consumptions
sites. In fact, 10% of water consumption
are used for residences, 20% for industry
and 70% for irrigation systems. (Figure 2-9-1)
10% Residences
20% Industry
70% Irrigation
Figure (2-9-1)
World potable water usages percentage
Ref.: ((NCARB), 2001, p. 57)
The treatment processes of potable water which comes from all
sources are very important for sustainable cities, this treatment will be by:
filtration, chlorination and other treatment processes.
That is because; potable water can be contaminated by many nature
and human activities reasons. The aim of sustainable water management
is to: ensuring that water usages is efficient, reducing all related energy
consumption, pollutions and other negative impacts to local and regional
environment.
The starting point for achieving sustainability in water ecosystem is by
minimizing the consumption of potable water in buildings and urban
neighborhoods and considering the relationships between water quality
and its intended usages and all related influent such as: consumption of
energy, resulting environmental negative impacts and others.
So, this section will consider discussing these points and their
possibilities to achieving sustainability. (1) (2)
57-64. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 126 -
The reality is that 97% of the earth's water is salty, the majority of the
under 3% is potable water but locked in glaciers and polar ice caps and
only 0.3% is surface water founding in rivers and lacks and readily
accessible. So, water has been a main issue on the international agenda
for the last 30 years.
In computing water sources in countries a distinction is to be made
between renewable and non renewable water sources.
The Renewable Water Sources: are computing on the basis of the
water cycle such as: surface water and ground water.
The Nonrenewable Water Sources: are groundwater bodies as deep
aquifers.
Water ecosystem is effecting and acting on the local nature, economic
Naturally: Water ecosystem and water sources affected by nature
environment pollutions and negative impacts and also can be one of
nature environment pollutions sources.
Economically: Water ecosystem and water cycle processes costing a
lot of money in every lifecycle process such as: treating, pumping and
heating that consuming big amount of energy which is needed in all those
operations.
Socially: Water ecosystem and water amount and quality in urban
neighborhoods are affecting on human health, comfort, performance and
satisfaction.
So, all those items should be considered to filling the needing of water
in suitable quality level to occupants without producing negative impacts
to local environment. (1) (2)
Design.
[Online]
National
Park
Service,
12
15,
1994.
[Cited:
08
01,
2008.]
(2) The United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization. 2003. Review of World Water Resources By
Country. Food and Agriculture Organization, The United Nations. Rome - Italy : The United Nations, 2003. p.
3-8. ISBN 92-5-104899-1.
- 127 -
x Water Conservation.
Conservation of potable water quantity and quality is very important to
producing all needing of water to population with minimizing the
consumption of potable water and all related operations such as: treating,
pumping, heating and the energy which is losing in all those operations,
also all those operations are causing environmental negative impacts.
The basic strategy to conserve potable water is to reduce its
consumption by two main steps: the first step is improving the use of non
potable water sources to replace potable water in the applications which
needing less quality of water and the second step is minimizing the
consumption of both potable and non potable water. Then, conservation
of water is important to achieve sustainability by producing suitable
quality of water without losing energy and causing environmental
negative impacts. (1) (2)
x Water and Buildings.
The main water supply is using in buildings by thousands of human
activities such as: drinking, cooking, dishes washing, clothes washing,
cars washing, bathes, showers and other
usages. (Figure 2-9-2)
However, all the choices for achieving
sustainability in water are up to buildings
users to manage and reduce the
consumption of water and use their
sources wisely.
In buildings treatment system is one of
the important ways to minimize the
consumption of potable water in buildings
6% Drinking and cooking
6% Gardening and car washing
8% Handbasins
12% Clothes washing
13% Dishwashing
20% Bathes and showers
35% W.C flushig
Figure (2-9-2)
Typical household domestic water usages
(1) Kibert, Charles J. 2008. Sustainable Construction (Green Buildingss Design and Delivery). Second
Edition. New Jersey - U.S.A : John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2008. p. 217-237. ISBN 978-0-470-11421-6.
57-64. ISBN 0-941575-35-7.
- 128 -
by classifying the waste water to three main categories:
1. Rain Water: The collection of water coming from rainfall.
2. Grey Water: All waste water coming from domestic appliances
such as: baths sinks, showers, washing machines, swimming pools
and other appliances with the exception of toilets.
3. Black Water: All water containing
human waste coming from toilets
and also all water coming from
kitchen sinks and dishes washers are
sometimes considered as black
water because it containing: oil,
grease and food scraps which can
burdening the treatment and
disposal processes.
This classification is present the
possibilities of reusing waste water in
other usages which needing less quality
and can minimizing the consumption of
potable water such as using rain or grey
water after treatment in W.C flushing, fire
protection and outdoor landscape
irrigation which consume the high
percentage of water used in buildings and
doesn't need high quality water. (Figure 2-9-3)
Also, using intelligent plumbing
fixtures such as: sensor controls on
faucets, dual flush toilets (uses 1.1 liter
for a half flush and 6 liters for a full
flush), low flow fixtures, waterless
fixtures, spray jets showers with mixing
between air and water and other
intelligent fixtures can reducing big
amount of potable water which growling
in bathes and kitchens, those intelligent
- 129 -
Figure (2-9-3)
In buildings treatment system
Ref.: (Committee C. o., 1999, Water
System Chapter, p. 14)
Figure (2-9-4)
Using dual flush toilet
Figure (2-9-5)
Using water brake taps faucets to reducing
water growling
fixtures has become more widely
available and less costly. (1) (2) (3) (Figure 2-9-4)
(Figure 2-9-5) (Figure 2-9-6) (Figure 2-9-7)
x Water and Landscape.
Landscape uses a huge amount of daily
potable water.
So, for achieving sustainability in
landscape it is important to control the
amount and type of landscape usages of
water.
Figure (2-9-6)
Using intelligent plumbing fixtures
Using waste water coming from
buildings as rain water and grey water are
very important to produce the landscape
needing of water without consuming of
potable water.
So, waste water treatment system
should be considered in planning and
designing processes of buildings and
urban neighborhoods to use waste water
which comes from buildings in landscape
irrigation. (4) (Figure 2-9-8)
Figure (2-9-7)
Using sensor controls on faucets
x Water Treatment.
The types of treatment required of
water will depend on: the source of water,
the quality of water source and the
required quality of water.
Figure (2-9-8)
Using rain water in irrigation systems
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
(2) Committee, City of Santa Monica Project Advisory. 1999. City of Santa Monica Green Buildingss
Design and Construction Guidlines. First Edition. Santa Monica - Canada : City of Santa Monica Project
Advisory Committee, 1999. Water System Chapter.
(3) Kibert, Charles J. 2008. Sustainable Construction (Green Buildingss Design and Delivery). Second
Edition. New Jersey - U.S.A : John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2008. p. 217-237. ISBN 978-0-470-11421-6.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
- 130 -
Treatment of groundwater is accomplished by using simple
disinfection using sodium hypochlorite, surface water requiring sand
filtration or cartridge filtration. Only the water used for drinking,
washing, and cooking would need to be completely treating.
Then, treatment processes need a big amount of energy and chemical
materials to produce the needing of potable water for buildings and urban
neighborhoods.
So, minimizing potable water consumption and growling and
specifying the type of treatment according to the intended usages will
achieve sustainability on water ecosystems. (1) (2)
x Water Harvesting and Recycling.
Harvesting and conserving waste water is one of the important
strategies to minimize using potable water in usages doesn't need high
quality of water.
Rain water is generally considered
being: cleaner, less risk of infection in the
systems and higher quality than grey and
black water.
So, collecting rain and grey water and
storing them after filtration by backup
systems to be used in W.C flushing, fire
protection and outdoor landscape
irrigation is one of the ways to recycle
water. (Figure 2-9-9)
Recycling waste water is one of
important
elements
to
achieve
sustainability on water and minimize the
amount of potable water used in buildings
Figure (2-9-9)
Waste water recycling system
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
Design.
[Online]
National
Park
Service,
12
15,
1994.
[Cited:
08
01,
2008.]
- 131 -
and urban neighborhoods and all related processes such as: water
treatment, consumption of energy and negative impacts. (1)
x Water Heating Energy Conservation.
Reducing the amount of hot water usages can minimize the energy
required for heating the water for the population usages. Water heating
energy can be conserved by many ways such as: reducing the
consumption of hot water, isolating hot water pipes and tanks which
causing about 15% losses of heating and using renewable heating energy
as solar water heater which can heating
water up to 24 º c – 35 º c and save more
energy.
So, water heating system should be
considered early in the designing
processes to reduce the energy needed for
heating water and achieving sustainability
for buildings and urban neighborhoods. (2)
(Figure 2-9-10)
Figure (2-9-10)
Solar water heater system
x Respect.
Understand and respect the hydrological system and water
ecosystem in the urban neighborhoods.
Respect the site's potential sources of water such as: ground water,
rain water, rivers and other water sources.
x Receive.
Compare the quality and related impacts of available water sources.
Determine the amount and quality of water which will be needed by
population.
ISBN 0-415-28122-9.
(2) Committee, City of Santa Monica Project Advisory. 1999. City of Santa Monica Green Buildingss
Design and Construction Guidlines. First Edition. Santa Monica - Canada : City of Santa Monica Project
Advisory Committee, 1999. Water System Chapter.
- 132 -
Determine the amount of rain and grey water which produced by
buildings and urban neighborhoods to reuse it again in suitable
usages.
Set a plan for conserve potable water early in the designing
processes of buildings and urban neighborhoods.
x Reduce.
Reduce the consumption of potable water in all of water usages and
in every water cycle stage.
Reduce the dependence on potable water by using waste water such
as: rain and grey water in usages which need big amount and less
quality of water.
Use smaller pipes and pumps for lower flow usages to reduce
potable water growling.
Reduce the consumption of potable water by use intelligent
plumbing fixtures.
Reduce the pollutions of water by using non toxic materials in
plumbing fixtures and use waste water treatment system to collect
and conserve waste water.
Reduce the consumption of energy for all water cycle processes by
reduce the consumption of water and use renewable sources of
energy.
x Reuse.
Reuse waste water such as: rain and grey water in uses which need
less quality of water.
Reuse waste heated water to heat the potable water pipe to reduce
the heating energy.
x Recycle.
Design biological waste treatment systems to treatment waste water
from human activities to reuse this water again in usages which
need less water quality.
- 133 -
x Restore.
Restore waste and storm water again to nature after treatment
processes.
Treatment of any negative impacts produced by water ecosystem
and water cycle processes to local environment.
x Remember.
Analyze and save all data about all water usages in buildings and
urban neighborhoods such as: amount, quality and sources through
projects or cities life cycle.
Evaluate and save all the data observed about the: quality, amount
and types of waste and storm water that come from buildings and
Building: High Rise Apartment
Building.
Description: Using grey water
reusing system which collects waste
water from washing machines,
showers, bathtubs, lavatory faucets
and others by separated lines to
collect and treat waste water for
reusing in suitable usages and
reducing potable water needing.
Figure (2-9-11)
Treatment grey water for reusing
Ref.: (www.greensource.com, 08/2008)
- 134 -
Figure (2-9-12)
Harvesting rain water for reusing
Building: The Chesapeake Bay
Foundation Headquarters.
Location: Annapolis, USA.
Description: Using sloping roofs,
roof finishing materials, rain water
collecting system and tanks to store
rain and grey water for reusing in
suitable usages such as: landscape
irrigation and W.C flushing.
Place: Natural Lake.
Description: Harvesting natural lake
inside urban neighborhoods fabric to
conserve nature water source from
human activities negative impacts and
collect and store rain water for future
using, also create a suitable place for
improving human social and sportive
activities, attracting and saving
wildlife to live in.
- 135 -
Figure (2-9-13)
Harvesting natural lake and wild life

utdoor Air uality.
ndoor Air uality.

espect.

eceive.

educe.

euse.

ecycle.

estore.

emember.
High quality of outdoor and indoor air is one of the sustainable
architecture important issues for achieving high quality environment to
occupants without losing more energy and without producing more
pollution and other negative impacts to local nature, economic and social
environment.
Sustainable urban design is seeking to preserve outdoor air quality and
enhance indoor air quality to produce an acceptable air quality which is
frees from any negative air contaminants such as: bacteria, fungi, viruses,
dusts and other air pollutants which cause health risk and uncomfortable
environment for human life.
However, considering air quality and its properties within planning and
designing processes of any buildings and urban neighborhoods are very
important to achieve sustainability and enhance local and global
environment.
So, this section will consider discussing some of indoor and outdoor
air quality issues to achieve and gain all benefits of sustainable
There are comple interrelationships between air quality and other
local environment issues for e ample, there are connections between air
quality and energy efficiency, energy consumption is polluting outdoor
and indoor air and also resulting lot of negative impacts for air quality.
So, it is possible to reduce production of air pollutants by reducing energy
consumption and its related negative impacts.
Then, conserving air quality needs a good cooperation with other
environment processes.
However, sustainable air quality should be met the needing of
occupants without producing negative impacts to local environment
naturally, economically and socially.
- 13 -
Naturally: Air quality is affecting by local nature environment
negative impacts which resulted of nature and industrial sources of
pollutions, urban indoor and outdoor occupant’s activities, indoor H AC
systems and other sources of pollutions.
Economically: Controlling and enhancing air quality has great
affected on the operating costing of buildings and urban neighborhoods
by consuming big amount of energy in ventilating, cooling, heating and
other H AC systems processes.
Socially: Air quality has great effects on occupant’s health, comfort,
performance and satisfaction and should be considered to produce
suitable air quality for occupants various indoor and outdoor activities.
So, considering air quality during all buildings and urban
neighborhoods planning and designing processes has many benefits to:
improve occupant’s health, performance, comfort and satisfaction,
increase quality of life indoor and outdoor buildings for occupants,
conserve local environment and then achieving sustainability. 1
x Outdoor Air Quality.
utdoor air is contaminants by various sources naturally by forest
fires, volcanoes and other nature pollutions sources and industrially by
human industry, transportation systems, waste management processes,
urban living activities and others.
These types of pollutions are strongly affecting on the quality of
human life by many negative impacts such as: increasing global
temperature, increasing heat islands densities, increasing o one layers
depleting, enhancing global warming, negative effecting on nature
landscape and wildlife and other negative impacts.
1 (NCARB), The National Council of Architecture Registration Boards. 2001. Sustainable Design. First
dition. Washington - U.S.A : NCA B , The National Council of Architecture egistration Boards,
1. p.
1 . SBN - 15 5-35- .
Abu Dhabi Municipality, Emirate of Abu Dhabi Department of Municipal Affairs, et al. 2008.
Sustainable Buildings and Communities and Buildings Program for the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. First dition.
Abu habi - United Arab mirates : Abu habi unicipality, mirate of Abu habi epartment of unicipal
Affairs , nvironment Agency - Abu habi , Abu habi Urban lanning Council , asdar - Abu habi
Future nergy Company ,
. p. 5 - , 1 3-1 5.
- 13 -
Architects and urban planners can preserve outdoor air quality by
reducing: land disturbance, urban industrial processes, depending on
fossil fuels, using materials that negatively affect on o one layers and
pollutions which produced by transportation facilities, also improving
landscape and green areas inside urban fabrics, depending on sustainable
renewable energy types, locating industrial buildings away from
residential areas and others can achieve high quality outdoor air and
conserve from pollutions and negative impacts. 1
x Indoor Air Quality.
ndoor air quality is an essential component to maintaining good
indoor environment conditions, nature ventilation of buildings is provide
e ternal air for respiration and also abstraction of pollutants generated
within the indoor environment.
ndoor air is contaminants by many chemical and biological sources:
Chemical Sources: All sources which resulted negative chemicals
pollutants which is produced by: painting, installation of carpets,
cleaning products and other chemical sources used indoor buildings
which produce fumes, odors, microbial diseases and leading to
healthy problems and polluting indoor environment.
Biological Sources: All sources which produce negative biological
contaminants such as: bacteria, fungi, viruses, algae, dusts, mites,
insects, mildew and others which cause healthy problems to
occupants.
oor indoor air quality is leading to human illness and ultimately
results in increasing liability and e penses for buildings owners,
operators, design professionals and insurance companies, it can also
affecting on the productivity of buildings occupants which in turn will
leading to economic losses to employers.
1 (NCARB), The National Council of Architecture Registration Boards. 2001. Sustainable Design. First
1. p.
1 . SBN - 15 5-35- .
Abu Dhabi Municipality, Emirate of Abu Dhabi Department of Municipal Affairs, et al. 2008.
. p. 1 3-1 5.
- 13 -
Architects can enhance indoor air quality by reducing the use of to ic
or polluting materials, controlling and filtrating indoor air by considering
pollutions in nature and mechanical ventilation also the location and
direction of outdoor air intake should be considered and separated from
pollutant sources to dragging high quality of outdoor air to building’s
interior spaces and avoiding outdoor polluted air and considering H AC
systems design and quality.
HVAC Systems: Heating, ventilating, air conditioning systems can
playing several roles to enhance the quality, healthy and comfortable of
indoor air for occupants with reducing the negative environment impacts
which acting on building’s interior spaces, but also it can be a source of
indoor air pollutions by providing good places for the growth of bacteria,
fungi and others and spreading them crossing all indoor spaces.
So, H AC systems should be considered and take advantage to
improve indoor air quality without producing negative impacts for
3
building’s interior spaces. 1
x Respect.
Understand and respect the environmental systems in the local
Collect and consider all local data about local air quality and
properties.
Consider and understand the used types of all urban spaces,
buildings, building’s interior spaces and all surrounding used types
of buildings.
1 Committee, City of Santa Monica Project Advisory. 1999. City of Santa Monica Green Building Design
and Construction Guidlines. First dition. Santa onica - Canada : City of Santa onica ro ect Advisory
Committee, 1 . H AC Systems Chapter.
(NCARB), The National Council of Architecture Registration Boards. 2001. Sustainable Design. First
1. p.
1 . SBN - 15 5-35- .
3 Abu Dhabi Municipality, Emirate of Abu Dhabi Department of Municipal Affairs, et al. 2008.
. p. 5 - .
- 13 -

espect all site nature potentials such as: wind, landscape elements
and other elements associate with air quality and properties.
x Receive.
Consider local wind direction, contents and properties when orient
buildings and set location of fresh air intakes to buildings.
Study and analy e outdoor and indoor local air pollutions sources.
Analy e the impacts of outdoor landscape elements on coming air
to buildings such as plants and surface water.
x Reduce.

educe air needs for mechanical ventilation to reduce the needs of
energy for H AC systems.

educe the use of to ic building materials and products.

educe air pollutants from its sources.
x Reuse.

euse indoor air comes from cleanest spaces for less important
spaces ventilation after filtration processes to reduce the amount of
energy consumption for H AC systems.
x Recycle.

lanet indoor planets to help the recycle and renew processes for
indoor air and improve its quality.
x Restore.

estore indoor air to outdoor after filtration to reduce the buildings
negative impacts on local environment.
x Remember.
Save and document all data about air such as component, quality,
pollutions, temperature and other properties to consider it when
design other pro ects.

valuate and save all data observed about outdoor and indoor air
quality and properties.
-1
-
Figure (2-10-1)
Improving outdoor and indoor air quality
Ref.: (www.worldarchitecture.org, 08/2008)
Building: nstitute for Forestry and
Nature esearch.
Description: Creating indoor huge
vacuum in the center of the building
and using this vacuum as an indoor
garden environment by designing
gla ing skylight roof, dry stone walls,
trees, hedges, ponds, swamps, tree
lanes and water channels to enhancing
indoor air quality, climate, decreasing
the consumption of energy needed for
H AC systems, decreasing air
pollutants and creating suitable place
for social activities. However, using
wide areas of planting and green areas
indoor building spaces is e tremely
enhancing indoor air quality.
-1 1-
Chapter Two Conclusion.
sustainability because it has lot of elements should be considered: and
integrated for achieving and implementing and each element are a part of
larger systems of nature, economic and social systems.
These elements are such as: Urban and site design which consider:
urban activities associating impacts, sustainable urban planning concepts,
urban conte t and local ecosystems, urban climate optimi ation, building
sites choosing and designing. Landscape and nature in the city which
consider: landscape and the city, landscape networks strategies, landscape
and drainage systems, landscape and controlling solar gain, landscape and
natural ventilation, landscape and roof garden systems and landscape and
heat island mitigation. Transportation systems which consider:
transportation and sustainability, transportation and urban design,
transportation energy consumption and street planning and designing.
Building architecture forms which consider: solar responsive, natural
daylighting, natural ventilation, storm water management and roof
planting systems. ndoor environment and interior spaces design which
consider: indoor solar control, indoor natural daylighting, indoor natural
ventilation, H AC systems, indoor noise control and space planning and
interior finishing. Waste management which consider: sustainable waste
management hierarchy, minimi ing waste generation, waste collecting
and transporting processes, waste disposal and treatment processes and
waste reusing and recycling systems. Building materials which consider:
selection of building materials, building materials embodied energy,
biological building materials, building materials lifecycle consideration,
healthy building materials usages and local building materials usages.
nergy consumption which consider: energy awareness, energy
conservation, energy efficiency, renewable energy sources and energy
automatic control systems. Water ecosystem which considers: water
conservation, water and buildings, water and landscape, water treatment,
water harvesting and recycling and water heating energy conservation.
Air quality which consider: outdoor air quality and indoor air quality.
-1
-
Chapter Three: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems, Design
Guides and Case Studies
Chapter Three: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems,
Design Guides and Case Studies
Design Guides
Chapter Three: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems, Design Guides and Case Studies
Introduction.
Applying sustainability in the field of architecture has differs in the
criteria of implementing from one region to another causing by
differences of sustainability development dimensions from one region to
another such as: nature, economic and social dimensions.
Achieving an integrated sustainable architecture needs developing
construction guidelines for implementing sustainability during each stage
of the architecture pro ect.
n addition, considering the roles of all people whom working in this
area for applying this approach as an integrated way suitable with local
Sustainable architecture various rating systems are aiming to scoring or
rating the effecting of building lifecycle processes among them
environment impacts, sources consumption, occupants health and others,
all these elements can be evaluating at both local and global scale.
Sustainable architecture various design guides are aiming to guiding
and educating all responsible people whom working on this field to
implementing and applying sustainability in all elements which
associating with their speciali ations to gain the optimum benefits of
sustainable architecture by producing high performance buildings and
urban neighborhoods with conserving nature, economic and social
environment.
Sustainable architecture is becoming an important issue in the last
years and becoming the first concept which should be consider and take
advantage when think to create and develop any buildings and urban
neighborhoods to producing high quality spaces for occupants with
conserving all elements of the environment and this considering is
appearing in lot of case studies around the world.
So, this chapter will consider orienting some of international
sustainable architecture rating systems, design guides and global and local
case studies of implementing sustainability on architecture field as an
-1 3-
Design Guides
Design Guides
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[3-1] Section One: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems
and Design Guides.
The succession of applying sustainability in the architecture field is
depend on considering all elements of implementing and all sustainable
architecture strategies within every element, this can be achieved by
creating and developing integrated rating systems which coordinate
between all elements and strategies to evaluate and develop all criteria of
applying for all types of buildings.
Sustainable architecture various rating systems are aiming to score or
rate the effecting of building lifecycle processes among them environment
impacts, sources consumption, occupants health and others, all these
elements can be evaluate at both local and global scale.
So, this section will be consider orienting and discussing some
international sustainable architecture rating systems and design guides
which produced and developed to score and rate the succession of
implementing sustainability in projects and also aim to educating and
guiding all people whom working in all specifications associating with
the architecture to applying sustainability in a successfully way.
x LEED Developer.
LEED is developing by the U.S. Green
Building Council (USGBC) to provide
buildings
owner’s
and
operator’s
framework
for
identifying
and
implementing practical green building
design, construction, operations and
maintenance solutions by assume some
credit points. (1) (2) (Figure 3-1-1)
Figure (3-1-1)
USGBC logo
(1) Council, U.S. Green Building. U.S. Green Building Council. U.S. Green Building Council. [Online] U.S.
Green Building Council. [Cited: 09 01, 2009.] www.usgbc.org.
- 144 -
Section One: Sustainable Architecture Rating Systems and Design Guides
x LEED Overview.
The leadership in energy and
environmental design (LEED) is a
building assessment tool in the United
States and arguably in the world and a
result of long processes occurred between
1994 and 1998.
LEED is an international green
building certification system which
providing verification for buildings or
communities design and using strategies
which
aim
to
improving
their
performance across all associating
elements such as: energy savings, water
efficiency, CO2 emissions reduction,
improving indoor environment uality
and stewardship of sources and sensitivity
to their impacts. (Figure 3-1-2) (Figure 3-1-3)
Figure (3-1-2)
LEED objective
Figure (3-1-3)
LEED average saving
LEED is fle ible enough to applying to all buildings types and it is
working throughout the building lifecycle processes starting from
planning passing through designing, constructing, operating, maintaining
and ending with demolition and reusing. LEED is considering
neighborhoods development to e tending the benefits of LEED beyond
the buildings footprint into the
neighborhoods.
LEED rating system is employing a
point system to award a latinum, Gold,
Silver or Certified rating basing on how
many specific predetermining criteria in
several associating elements can the
project applying and achieving through all
its lifecycle processes. (1) (Figure 3-1-4)
Figure (3-1-4)
LEED rating points requiring
Ref.: (kibert, 2008, p. 58)
- 145 -
x LEED Elements.
LEED is a certification program that
can be applied to any building type and
any building lifecycle process it is
promoting whole building approaches to
sustainability by recogni ing performance
in many elements. (Figure 3-1-5)
Sustainable Sites:
Figure (3-1-5)
LEED approaches
Choosing building sites and
managing those sites during all buildings lifecycle processes are
important considerations for achieving sustainability in projects.
This credits category is aim to discouraging development on
previously undeveloped land, minimi ing building negative impacts
on ecosystems, conserving water ecosystems, rewarding smart
transportation choices and reducing pollutions, heat islands
effecting and others.
Water Efficiency.
Buildings are the major consumption of indoor and outdoor potable
water supply and also negatively affect on water ecosystem.
This credits category is aim to encouraging smarter usages of water,
water reduction is typically achieve through more efficient
appliances, fi tures and fittings inside and water wise landscaping
outside.
Energy and Atmosphere.
Buildings are using 9 of the energy and 74
which generated each year.
of the electricity
This credits category is aim to encouraging a wide variety of energy
strategies, commissioning, energy usages monitoring, efficient
design and construction, efficient appliances, systems and lighting,
the usages of renewable and clean sources of energy which
generated on site or off site and other innovative strategies.
- 146 -
Materials and Resources.
During both the construction and operations processes, buildings
are generating lot of wastes and using lot of materials and sources.
This credits category is aim to encouraging the selection of
sustainably growing, harvesting, producing and transporting
products and materials and promoting the reduction of waste as well
as reusing and recycling and it take into account the reduction of
waste at a product’s sources.
Indoor Environmental Quality.
eople are spending about 90 of their days indoors where the air
uality can be significantly worse than outside.
This credits category is aim to promoting strategies that can be
improving indoor air as well as providing access to natural
daylighting, ventilating, views and improving acoustics properties.
Locations and Linkages.
uch of a home’s negative impacts on the environment are coming
from where it is locating and how it fits into its communities.
This credits category is aim to encouraging homes being built away
from environment sensitive places and instead being built in infill,
previously developing and other preferable sites, built near e isting
infrastructure, community’s sources and its encouraging access to
open spaces for walking, physical activities and others.
Awareness and Education.
The LEED rating system acknowledges that a green home is only
truly green if the people who live in are using the green features to
ma imum benefits.
This credits category is aim to encouraging home builders and real
estate professionals to providing homeowners, tenants and building
managers with the education and tools they need to understanding
what make their home green and how to making the most of those
features.
- 147 -
Innovation in Design.
This credits category is aim to providing bonus points for projects
that using new and innovative technologies and strategies to
improve a building’s performance well beyond what is re uiring by
other LEED credits or in green building considerations that are not
specifically addressing elsewhere in LEED.
This credits category also rewards projects for including a LEED
accrediting professional on the team to ensure holistic and
integrated approaches to the design and construction processes.
Regional Priority.
USGBC regional councils, chapters and affiliates have identifying
the environment concerns that are locally most important for every
region of the country and si LEED credits that addressing those
local priorities are selecting for each region. A project that earning a
regional priority credits will earn one bonus point in addition to any
points award for that credit, up to four e tra points can be earn in
this way. (1)
x LEED Rating System.
Architects, real estate professionals, facilities managers, engineers,
interior designers, landscape architects, construction managers, lenders
and government officials all using LEED to help transform the built
environment to sustainability.
LEED is not a single rating system but a suit of rating systems dividing
to several rating systems such as: LEED
for new construction, LEED for e isting
buildings, LEED for commercial interiors,
LEED for core and shell, LEED for
schools, LEED for retail, LEED for
healthcare, LEED for homes and LEED
for neighborhood development. (Figure 3-1-6)
Figure (3-1-6)
(Figure 3-1-7)
LEED rating systems
- 148 -
Figure (3-1-7)
Project checklist
LEED for New Construction (LEED NC).
LEED for new construction rating
system is designing to guiding and
distinguishing high performance
commercial
and
institutional
projects including: office buildings,
high rise residential buildings,
government buildings, recreational
facilities, laboratories and other new
construction buildings.
LEED for new construction is
addressing 110 points for 7 main
topics: sustainable sites, water
efficiency, energy and atmosphere,
materials and resources, indoor
environmental uality, innovation in
design and regional priority. (Figure 3-1-8)
- 149 -
Figure (3-1-8)
LEED for new construction points
LEED for Existing Buildings (LEED EB).
LEED for e isting buildings rating
system is help buildings owners and
operators measuring operations,
improvements and maintenance on
a consistent scale with the goal of
ma imi ing operation efficiency
while minimi ing environment
impacts.
LEED for e isting buildings
addresses whole buildings cleaning
and maintenance issues, recycling
programs, e terior maintenance
programs, systems upgrades and
other operating and maintaining
issues. (Figure 3-1-9)
Figure (3-1-9)
LEED for existing buildings points
LEED for Commercial Interiors (LEED CI).
LEED for commercial interiors is
the green benchmark for the tenant
improvement market. It is the
recogni e system for certifying high
performance green interiors that are
healthy, productive places to work,
less costly to operate and maintain
and have reducing environment
footprint
negative
impacts
strategies.
LEED for commercial interiors is
producing standards for certifying
the design and construction of
office, restaurant, healthcare, hotels,
resorts, education buildings and
others. (Figure 3-1-10)
Figure (3-1-10)
LEED for commercial interiors points
- 150 -
LEED for Core and Shell (LEED CS).
LEED for core and shell is a green
building rating system for designers,
builders, developers and new
building owners who want to
address sustainable design elements
for their new core and shell
construction.
LEED for core and shell can be
using for projects in which the
developer controls the design and
construction of the entire core and
shell base buildings such as:
mechanical, electrical, plumbing,
fire protection systems and other
systems. (Figure 3-1-11)
Figure (3-1-11)
LEED for core and shell points
LEED for Schools (LEED S).
LEED for schools rating system are
recogni ing the uni ue nature of the
design and construction of schools
basing on the LEED for new
construction rating system, it
addresses issues such as classroom
acoustics, master planning, mold
prevention and environment site
assessment.
LEED for Schools is providing a
uni ue, comprehensive tool for
schools that recogni ing standards
for high performance schools that
are healthy, comfortable, attractive
and cost effective in all its operating
processes. (Figure 3-1-12)
- 151 -
Figure (3-1-12)
LEED for schools points
LEED for Retail (LEED R).
LEED for retail pilot recogni ing the uni ue nature of the retail
environment and addresses the different types of spaces that
retailers needing for their distinctive product lines.
LEED for Healthcare (LEED HC).
LEED for healthcare green building rating system is developing to
meet the uni ue need of the health care market including inpatient
care facilities, licensing outpatient care facilities and licensing long
term care facilities.
LEED for healthcare is may also be use for medical offices,
assisting living facilities, medical education, research centers and
others.
LEED for Homes (LEED H).
LEED for homes is a rating system that promoting the design and
construction of high performance green homes.
LEED for homes is aim to using less energy, water and nature
sources, creating less waste and are more durable and comfortable
for occupants.
LEED for Neighborhood Development (LEED ND).
LEED for neighborhood development rating system is integrated
the principles of smart growth, urbanism and green building into the
first national system for neighborhood design.
LEED certification providing independent verification that a
development’s location and design are meets accepting high levels
of environment responsible.
LEED for neighborhood development is collaboration among
USGBC, the congress for the new urbanism and the natural
resources defense council. (1) (2)
- 152 -
x BREEAM Developer.
B EEA is the oldest building assessment systems and until the
advent of LEED it was the most successfully system. B EEA was
initiated in 1988 by B E (the national buildings research organi ation of
the United ingdom) to helping transforming the construction of office
buildings to high performance standards. (1)
x BREEAM Overview.
B EEA is using all around the world and can be used to assessing a
single development or a portfolio of developments both within and across
national boundaries. B EEA has particular benefits in that it can be
readily adapting to local regulation and conditions.
B EEA
is the leading and most widely using environment
assessment method for buildings. It is set the standards for best practice in
sustainable design and become using to describing buildings environment
performance.
B EEA is address wide range environment and sustainability issues
and enable developers and designers to proving the environment
credentials of their buildings to planners and clients. It is using a straight
forward scoring system that is transparent, easy to understanding and
supporting by evidence basing searches, it has a positive influence on the
design, construction and management of buildings and setting and
maintaining a robust technical standards with rigorous certification.
Clients, planners, development agencies, funders and developers are
use B EEA
to specifying the sustainability performance of their
buildings in a way that is uick, comprehensive, and highly visible in the
market place and providing a level playing field. roperty agents are
using it to promoting the environment credentials and benefits of
buildings to potential purchasers and tenants. Design teams are using it as
a tool to improving the performance of their buildings and their own
e periences and knowledge of environment aspects of sustainability.
- 15 -
anagers are use it to reducing running costs, measuring and
improving the performance of buildings, empower staff, developing
action plans and reporting performance at both single and portfolio level.
B EEA
is consisting of standards, easy to use assessment
methodology and a rd party certification processes that provide a clear
and credible route map to improving sustainability.
B EEA can assist users to: reducing operating costs, enhancing the
value and market ability of property assets, giving a transparent platform
for negotiating buildings improvements with land lords and owners,
providing a route to compliance with environment legislation and
standards, giving greater engagement with staff in implementing
sustainable business practices and providing opportunities to improving
staff satisfaction with the working environment with the potential for
significant improvements in productivity.(1)
x BREEAM Elements.
B EEA
awards points or credits and groups the environment
impacts into some sections such as:
Energy: This section of B EEA is considered: CO2 emissions,
low energy lights, metering and energy management.
Management: This section of B EEA
is considered: best
practice commissioning, policies implementing at top level
management, effective, using and maintaining operating manuals,
and operating environment management system.
Health and Wellbeing: This section of B EEA is considered:
ma imi ing controls in heating, lighting, air uality and noise.
Transport: This section of B EEA is considered: the locations
of the development, parking and cyclist facilities, accessing to
public transport and implementation of travel plans.
Water: This section of B EEA is considered: water efficient
appliances, water metering, leak detection systems and water butts.
(1) BREEAM. The Code for Sustainable
[Cited: 09 01, 2009.] www.breeam.org.
omes . The Code for Sustainable Homes . [Online] B EEA .
- 154 -
Materials: This section of B EEA is considered: materials with
a low embodied energy, buildings where part or all of an e isting
building is being reusing, responsibly sources of materials and
usages of recycling materials.
Waste: This section of B EEA
is considered: construction
sources efficiency, waste management and minimi ation.
Land Use: This section of B EEA is considered: brown field or
rededicating a contaminating site, making ecological enhancements,
protecting or endangering e isting ecological features and making
the best usages of buildings footprint.
Pollution: This section of B EEA is considered: refrigerants and
insulation with a low global warming potential, spaces heating with
minimum emissions, building in a low flood risk area and
attenuation of surface water runoff, good practice in terms of oil
interceptors and filtration in car parks and other risks areas.
Ecology: This section of B EEA is considered: ecological value,
conservation and enhancement of the site. (1)
x BREEAM Rating System.
B EEA is covering a number of building types such as: offices,
retails, educations, prisons, courts, health care, industrials and certain
types of housing under eco homes.
B EEA
awards points or credits and groups the environment
impacts into some sections, the total number of points or credits gained in
each section is multiplying by an environment weighting factor which
take into account the relative importance of each section.
Once the overall score for the building is known this is translating into
a rating on a scale of: ass, Good, ery Good, E cellent, Outstanding and
a star rating from 1 to 5 stars is also providing. (2) ( )
(1) BREEAM. The Code for Sustainable omes . The Code for Sustainable Homes . [Online] B EEA .
( ) BREEAM. The Code for Sustainable omes . The Code for Sustainable Homes . [Online] B EEA .
- 155 -
x Green Globes Design Developer.
Green Globes Design is the newest edition of B EEA
Green Leaf
suite of environment assessment tools, Green Globes Design also
integrated by the Natural esources Canada (N C) screening tool which
provides energy efficiency modeling.
B EEA
Green Leaf tools are using in hundreds of North American
buildings and are currently applying for many institutions. Then, the
Green Globes Design system is mainly using in Canada and the USA.
In the USA, Green Globes Design owning and operating by the Green
Building Initiative (GBI) and in Canada, the version of e isting buildings
owning and operating by BO A Canada. (1)
x Green Globes Design Overview.
Green Globes Design assessment and rating system is representing
more than eleven years of search and refinement by wide range of
prominent international organi ations and e perts.
Green Globes Design is an on line auditing tool to guide integration of
environment performance in projects delivery and to assess the design of
green buildings against best practices and standards.
Green Globes Design is both of guides for integrated green design
principles and assessment protocol by using confidential uestionnaires
for each stage of project delivery, the program generates comprehensive
on line assessment and guidance reports. The program is uestionnaire
basing and consisting of appro imately 150 uestions that taking between
2 to hours to answering, uestions are typically of a yes no type and
are grouping broadly under seven areas of building environment
performance. (Figure 3-1-13)
Using Green Globes Design can help to design buildings that will be
energy and sources efficient, achieve operation saving and being healthy
to work or live in.
(1) Globs, The Green. The Green Globs. The Green Globs. [Online] The Green Globs. [Cited: 09 01, 2009.]
www.greenglobes.com.
- 156 -
Figure (3-1-13)
Green Globes Design questionnaires
Ref.: (www.greenglobes.com, 09/2009)
Once the uestionnaires are being completed, a printable report is
automatically generated that providing:

ercentage eco ratings for: project management, site, energy, water,
sources, emissions, effluents, indoor environment highlights of the
design and other impacts.
Suggestions for further improvements to the design.
- 157 -

yper links to information on buildings systems and management.
Green Globes Design system is suitable for large and small buildings
including offices, multi family structures and institutional buildings such
as: schools, universities and libraries and others.
The objectives of Green Globes Design are to:
Evaluate energy usages and environment performance.
Encourage peer reviews of design and management practices for
buildings.
Increase awareness of environment issues amongst buildings
owners, designers and managers.

rovide action plans for improvement at varying stages of project
delivery.

rovide certification and awards for green building design and
management.
owever, Green Globes Design is assist in the design of buildings that
are energy and sources efficient, achieve operation saving and create
healthy and more comfortable spaces to work and live in. (1) (2)
x Green Globes Design Elements. (Figure 3-1-14)
Figure (3-1-14)
Green Globes Design elements
- 158 -
(A) Project Management.
(A.1) Integrated Design Process: To meet the environment and
function priorities and goals of the project in effective and cost
efficient manners.
(A.2) Environmental Purchasing: To select materials, products
and e uipments that has minimum impacts on the environment in
terms of sources usages, production of waste and energy usages.
(A.3) Commissioning: To design, construct and calibrate
building systems so they operating as intending.
(A.4) Emergency Response Plan: To minimi e the risk of
injury and the environment impacts of emergency incidents.
(B) Site.
(B.1) Development Area: To protect important land usages,
lower demands on municipal infrastructure services and reduce
the impacts on the site’s biodiversity.
(B.2) Ecological Impacts: Erosion Control: To avoid the
negative effects of erosion on air and water uality and to
maintain the ecological integrity of the site. educe eat Islands
Effects: To minimi e impacts on the microclimate and habitat.
inimi e Light ollution: To reduce the impacts on the
nocturnal environment of fauna and flora.
(B.3) Watershed Features: To reduce the uantity of storm
water runoff entering storm sewers and increase ground
infiltration of storm water without negative effect on the
buildings or on site vegetations.
(B.4) Site Ecology Enhancement: To increase the nature
biodiversity of the site.
(C) Energy.
(C.1) Energy Performance: To
consumption for building operations.
- 159 -
minimi e
the
energy
(C.2) Reduced Energy Demand: Space Optimi ation: To
achieve efficient utili ation of spaces, minimi e the amount of
spaces that will be needed to be heated or cooled and provide
fle ibility for future occupant’s growth.
esponse to
icroclimate and Topography: To take advantage of site and
microclimate opportunities to reduce energy re uirements for
heating, cooling and ventilating. Integration of Daylighting: To
reduce the need for electrical lighting. Building Envelope: To
minimi e the energy that is gain or loses through the envelope,
prevent condensation and avoid water damage and other energy
usages. Integration of Energy Sub
etering: To encourage
energy efficiency by monitoring energy consumption.
(C.3) Integration of Energy Efficient Systems: To reduce
energy which need for building systems and e uipment.
(C.4) Renewable Energy Sources: To minimi e the
consumption of non renewable energy sources and to minimi e
green house gas emissions.
(C.5) Energy Efficient Transportation: To reduce fossil fuel
consumption for commuting.
(D) Water.
(D.1) Water Performance: To ma imi e water efficiency and
reduce the burden on municipal supply and treatment systems of
water.
(D.2) Water Conserving Features: Sub
etering: To
encourage water conservation by measuring and monitoring
water consumption. Integration of Water Efficient E uipment:
To minimi e the burden on municipal water supply and waste
water treatment systems. inimi ing Usages of Irrigation Water:
To eliminate the usages of potable water which re uiring for
landscape irrigation.
(D.3) On Site Treatment of Water: To reduce the burden on
municipal water supply and waste water systems.
- 160 -
(E) Resources.
(E.1) Low Impact Systems and Materials: To select materials
with the lowest lifecycle environment burden and embodied
energy.
(E.2) Minimal Consumption of Resources: To conserve
sources and minimi e the energy and environment impacts of
e tracting and processing non renewable materials.
(E.3) Reuse of Existing Buildings: To conserve sources and
minimi e the energy and environment impacts of e tracting and
processing non renewable materials.
(E.4) Building Durability, Adaptability and Disassembly: To
e tend the life of buildings and its components, conserve sources
by minimi ing the need of replacing materials and assemblies.
(E.6) Reduction, Reuse and Recycling of Demolition Waste:
To divert demolition waste from the landfill.
(E.7) Recycling and Composting Facilities: To minimi e
landfill waste generating by occupants.
(F) Emissions, Effluents and Other Impacts.
(F.1) Air Emissions: To minimi e air emissions.
(F.2) Ozone Depletion: To minimi e the emission of o one
depleting substances.
(F.3) Avoiding Sewer and Waterway Contamination: To
avoid contamination of water ways and reduce the burden on
municipal waste water treatment facilities.
(F.4) Pollution Minimization: To minimi e risks to occupant’s
health and impacts on the local environment.
(G) Indoor Environment.
(G.1) Ventilation System: To provide effective ventilation
thereby helping to ensure occupant’s health and comfort.
- 161 -
(G.2) Control of Indoor Pollutants: To minimi e contaminants
in the indoor air.
(G.3) Lighting: Daylighting: To provide occupants with
e posure to nature. Lighting Design: To reduce the energy need
for electrical lighting.
(G.4) Thermal Comfort: To provide thermally comfortable
environment, help to ensuring the health and comfort.
(G.5) Acoustic Comfort: To provide good acoustic
environment, thereby help to ensuring the health and comfort of
occupants. (1)
x Green Globes Design Rating System.
Green Globes Design is provide two types of ratings:
The first type: Scores are giving the percentage of points that awarding
for meet best energy and environment design practices and standards for
each module such as: site, energy, water, sources, emissions, indoor
environment and project management.
The second type: A study for the government of Canada aim to
harmoni ing Green Globes Design with local environment to resulting on
harmoni ing criteria and weightings for each module. (2) (Figure 3-1-15)
Figure (3-1-15)
Green Globes Design ratings
Ref.: (kibert, 2008, p. 63)
- 162 -
x Green Globes Design Stages. (Figure 3-1-16) (Figure 3-1-17)
Figure (3-1-16)
Green Globes Design organizational structure
Green Globes Design is consider all projects processes such as:

roject Initiation Goal Definition.
Option Site Analysis.

rogramming.
Concept Design.
Design Development.
Construction Documents.
Construction.
Commissioning. (1)
Figure (3-1-17)
Green Globes Design project loop
- 16 -
x The Comprehensive Assessment
Environmental Efficiency (CASBEE).
System
for
Building
CASBEE is a relative new building assessment approaches creating for
Japanese construction it is developing under the Japan sustainable
building consortium. CASBEE is designing and developing specifically
for Japan and Japanese culture, social and political conditions.
CASBEE is a suite of assessment tools for the various phase of the
building being evaluated: planning, designing, completion, operation and
renovation and still under developing processes. (1)
x Green Star.
Green Star is the building assessment system advocating by the
Australian green building council, it is fully implementing commercial
office design and construction. Green Star is based on LEED and
B EEA but it has individual environment measurement criteria suitable
with Australian local conditions.
Green Star covers many categories such as: management (12 points),
indoor environmental
uality (27 points), energy (24 points),
transportation (11 points), water (12 points), materials (20 points), land
use and ecology (8 points), emissions (1 points) and innovations (5
points). (2)
x Green Building Tool (GBTOOL).
GBTOOL is a system using in the green building challenge
conferences to compare building performance in several countries.
GBTOOL is covering several categories such as: sources consumption,
environment loading, indoor environment uality, service uality,
economic management and commuting transport. ( )
( ) Kibert, Charles J. 2008. Sustainable Construction (Green Building Design and Delivery). Second Edition.
- 164 -
Design Guides
Case Studies Objective.
Case Studies Choosing Criteria.
Chosen Case Studies.
Case Studies Analytical Methodology.
Applying sustainability in architecture projects have different criteria
of implementing from one region to another causing by differences of
sustainability development dimensions from one region to another such
as: nature, economic and social dimensions.
Then, succession implementing of sustainable architecture is
depending on consider local nature, economic and social environment
within every stage of the architecture project lifecycle such as: planning,
designing, constructing, operating, maintaining, demolition and reusing
and consider all elements and strategies of sustainability implementing in
the field of architecture such as: urban and site design, landscape and
nature in the city, transportation systems, building architecture form,
indoor environment and interior spaces design, waste management,
building materials, energy consumption, water ecosystem, air uality and
others.
So, this section will be consider orienting and discussing some
international and Egyptian sustainable architecture case studies which
have successfully and integrated implementing of sustainability in most of
sustainable architecture elements during most of case study lifecycle
processes.
Case Studies Objective.
The objective of these case studies are presenting and analy ing some
international and Egyptian case studies which achieve successfully and
integrated sustainable architecture implementing in most of sustainable
architecture elements and using all strategies during all architecture
project lifecycle processes.
Case Studies Choosing Criteria.
The research will be choosing some international and Egyptian
sustainable architecture case studies by consider some criteria in choosing
such as:
- 165 -
1. Choose case studies which are known and famous in implementing
sustainability in their processes.
2. Select case studies from both of international and Egyptian
locations.
. Select case studies which have different types, usages, activities and
have different shapes, scales, areas and costs.
4. Select case studies which have different nature, economic and social
environment.
5. Choose case studies which consider sustainability in most of project
lifecycle processes.
6. Choose case studies which implemented sustainability in most of
sustainable architecture elements.
7. Choose case studies which applied all of sustainable architecture
strategies.
8. Select case studies which rating under rate systems or gain awards
in sustainability fields.
9. Choose case studies which built in the last 10 years.
Chosen Case Studies.
The research will be orient and discuss some international and
Egyptian sustainable architecture case studies such as:
1. Great iver Energy ead uarters - Commercial Office Grove, innesota, United States.
aple
2. Gen yme Center - Commercial Office - Cambridge,
United States.
innesota,
. Synergy at Dockside Green - etail,
ulti Unit
Building - ictoria, British Columbia, Canada.
esidential
4. The Evergreen State College - igher Education Building Olympia, Washington, United states.
5. The Desert Lodge – Touristic esort - Dakhla Oasis, Egypt.
- 166 -
Case Studies Analytical Methodology.
The researcher will be orient and discuss these case studies by:
1. Orient every case study general details such as: location, type, area,
scale, completed date, cost, climate region, rating systems and
2. Discuss every case study lifecycle processes such as: planning,
designing, constructing, operating, maintaining, demolition and
reusing and their relationships with implementing sustainability.
. Discuss every case study implementing of sustainable architecture
elements such as: urban planning and site design, landscape and
nature in the city, transportation systems, building architecture
form, indoor environment and interior spaces design, waste
management, building materials, energy consumption, water
ecosystem, air uality.
4.
iew every case study awards and rating systems.
5. Study every case study implementing of sustainable architecture
strategies through every element of implementing.
- 167 -
Figure (3-2-1-1)
GRE main elevation
Ref.: (www.greensource.construction.com, 09/2009)
x Project Overview.
Building Name: Great iver
Energy ead uarters (G E).
Building Location:
aple
Grove,
innesota, United
States.
Building Type: Commercial
Office.
Building Area: 15400 m2.
Building Scale: 4
Building.
loors
Building Completed Date:
arch, 2008.
Building Climate Region:
Cold - umid.
Figure (3-2-1-2)
GRE outdoor atrium
Rating Systems: U.S. Green Building Council (LEED - NC),
latinum Level (56 oints). (1) (Figure 3-2-1-1) (Figure 3-2-1-2)
- 168 -
Building Overview: G E is a
commercial office building
owning to great river energy
and typically occupying by
425 people, 50 hours per
person per week, 150 visitors
per week and 2 hours per
visitor per week. (Figure 3-2-1-3)
Figure (3-2-1-3)
GRE main building
Ref.: (www.greatriverenergy.com, 09/2009)
G E was designed to
showcase workplaces productivity, energy efficient technologies
and a collaborative culture within the most electric energy efficient
building in the states. G E is a new office built as a model of
electric efficient buildings solutions that aim to reducing the
demand for nonrenewable energy, meeting new demand with wind
power and other renewable energy sources, demonstrating energy
efficient technologies that can be transferring to their customers and
reducing future demand for fossil fuel by using green energy.
G E was built by concrete frames, glasses curtain walls and contain
of outdoor artificial lake resulted from gravel e cavation and
providing future parking deck without reducing green spaces. G E
have a variety of building design strategies including: creating high
uality spaces rather than
uantity of space, optimi ing
collaborative work areas, using natural daylighting for all working
ones, reducing the CO2 footprint of the concrete, demonstrating
leading edge applications of technologies and urban wind turbines.
The usage of renewable green energy is reducing G E fossil fuel
usages by 75 and cuts CO2 emissions by 60 . G E is achieving
these goals while providing the availabilities of nature daylighting
and views to the e terior, improving indoor air uality and creating
work environment that can be efficient, affordable, comfortable and
healthy for occupants. (1) (2)
(2) Energy, Great River. Great iver Energy. Great River Energy. [Online] Great iver Energy. [Cited: 09
01, 2009.] www.greatriverenergy.com.
- 169 -
x Project Lifecycle Processes.
Planning Processes: lanning members of the design team for the
G E were aimed to developing conceptual plans for a prototype of
a healthy, energy efficient, replicable market rate office building,
also they aimed to applying the prototype concepts as well as
consider ecological principles related to habitat restoration, water
conservation, transportation and raw materials managing.
During the planning processes, the integrated team redefined the
sustainable goals and began an open dialogue with all consultants,
contractors, sub contractors and G E leadership. rom these
processes planning team was established a list of environment goals
to consider and achieve during all building lifecycle processes.
Designing Processes: Initial designing ideas for G E were created
by architects, mechanical and electrical engineers reach to early
phase concept sketch of the building sections. This sketch was
considering key design driving for a high performance building in
an e treme climate including: internal gathering space, availabilities
for nature daylighting, views,
solar access, under floor
thermal
displacement
ventilation
and
energy
efficient controlling systems.
(Figure 3-2-1-4)
During designing processes,
computer simulations and
modeling were used to efforts
for energy, water, ventilating,
daylighting, materials and
wind
managing.
Whole
systems economic modeling
was completed to measure the
overall
benefits
and
succession of whole building
design. (Figure 3-2-1-5)
- 170 -
Figure (3-2-1-4)
GRE building proposing design
Figure (3-2-1-5)
GRE lifecycle economic analysis
Constructing Processes: The
integrated design team found
that the general contractors
should be able to participated
in the design phase of the
project because this idea is
allowing contractors to review
the
design
objectives,
educating contractors about
the green goals for the project
and to being sure that
contractors is fully on board
with those goals. The
integrated
design
and
construction team were made
lot
of
meetings
to
communicating not only the
processes of documenting
LEED criteria but also the
larger vision for the design.
Figure (3-2-1-6)
GRE building construction processes
Ref.: (www.treehugger.com, 09/2009)
Figure (3-2-1-7)
GRE building team weekly meeting
During construction processes, the team was reviewed LEED
criteria and submittals during each regular weekly construction
meetings. (Figure 3-2-1-6) (Figure 3-2-1-7)
Operating and Maintaining Processes: A long term of building
operations and maintenance was critical considerations in the
selection of materials and systems of G E.
G E was designed for a 100 year life, e terior and interior
materials was selected for their durability and low maintenance
need, mechanical and lighting systems while complicating due to
the level of control and reporting re uire for LEED are e uipped
with user friendly interfaces. (1) (2)
- 171 -
x Project Sustainable Architecture Elements.
Urban and Site Design: G E
site location was located near
from basic services and
several
medium
density
residential neighborhoods to
reducing
transportation
negative impacts. (Figure 3-2-1-8)
(Figure 3-2-1-9)
G E is reducing the number
of parking spaces than typical
city
re uirements,
incorporating bicycle racks
for employees, 10
of the
buildings employees parking
lots are dedicating to fuel
efficient vehicles, carpools
and
vanpools,
those
employees are receiving a
sticker allowing them to
parking in specific spots near
the building’s entrance.
G E site was selected to
reduce the amount of open
green space usages for
building, the project also
involve the restoration of two
acres of native prairie
shoreline around Arbor Lake
and an artificial lake of water
was resulted from gravel
e cavation. (Figure 3-2-1-10)
Figure (3-2-1-8)
GRE context plan study
Figure (3-2-1-9)
GRE site plan study
Figure (3-2-1-10)
GRE site harvesting
Ref.: (www.contractormag.com, 09/2009)
G E is e ceeding Maple Grove’s open space requirements by more
than 25
and e ceeding the green space re uirements by 211 ,
- 172 -
reducing parking areas, e panding green space and reflective white
polyolefin roof combining to reducing heat islands effects.
E terior lighting on the site is meeting the L
shopping
commercial district lighting criteria for managing and controlling
light pollution.
Landscape and Nature in the Site: The previously disturbing sites
was selected to reducing the amount of open green space loosing in
building areas, although the site is not contaminating by ha ardous
waste, making it a gray field site reclaiming to completing a
community master plan.
ore than half of the site vegetation is native or ecologically
adapting to innesota and re uiring little to no irrigation once
establishing.
ruit trees are producing cherries, pears, plums and apples for the
local fauna, employees and community.
Transportation Systems: The site was designed to link G E with
the main street and a metro wide transit terminal.
G E is across the street, offering access to multiple bus routes
serving the greater twin cities area.
G E is working with public transportation services to provide a
shuttle bus for employees who live outside the metropolitan area.
The buses are operate twice in the morning with two return trips in
the afternoon and offering multiple transportation opportunities for
employees and sharing parking agreements with adjacent retailers.
G E is providing incorporating bicycle racks for 5 or more of the
buildings users and showers for 0.5
of full time e uivalent
employees, all employees are also welcome to check out bicycles
during their lunch hour to run errands nearby without using a
vehicle.
Also, the project is completing city systems of walking and biking
paths by linking them through the G E site.
- 17 -
Architecture Form: G E
building was designed and
formed to ma imi ing usages
of nature potentials and
opportunities such as: using
hori ontal form and huge
areas of glasses in elevations
to ma imi ing the usages of
nature
daylighting,
ventilating, solar heat gain
and
increasing
the
availabilities for e ternal
nature views. (Figure 3-2-1-11)
Indoor Environment and
Interior Spaces Design: G E
is working out daylighting
concepts through computer
modeling and large scale
physical models which is
assembling under an artificial
sky dome at the University of
Minnesota’s college of design
daylighting lab.
75
of the building interior
spaces is receiving 25 foot
candles of natural daylighting,
50 foot building width and
east west orientation enable
natural daylighting and giving
all 90 employees access to
natural daylighting and views.
(Figure 3-2-1-12) (Figure 3-2-1-13)
Figure (3-2-1-11)
GRE building form
Ref.: (www.treehugger.com, 09/2009)
Figure (3-2-1-12)
GRE interior spaces lighting
Computational fluid dynamic (C D) modeling is using to designing
and validating the performance of the displacement ventilation
- 174 -
system, computer modeling is
evaluating
energy
performance of the building,
including
payback
for
different performance models.
Displacement
ventilation
delivers 20
more fresh air
to the breathing one than a
mi ing
system,
this
mechanical
system
is
achieving an air ventilation
effectiveness rate
0
greater than that re uiring by
AS AE.
ore than 90
of office
occupants have individual
controls of the air supply at
their own workstations.
All paints, sealants and carpet
in the building containing low
levels of volatile organic
compounds
( OCs)
and
plywood and agro fiber
products contain no added
urea formaldehyde.
Waste Management: An
innovative post tensioning
concrete frame is using 45
post
industrial
recycling
flyash. G E supplying flyash
to reduce carbon footprint and
energy consuming in concrete
manufacturing processes.
The
general
contractor
Figure (3-2-1-13)
GRE main spaces natural daylighting
is
- 175 -
providing onsite collection bins for recycling materials during the
construction processes, educating construction crews on the correct
disposal of waste and appointing one person to monitoring the
recycling and disposal of construction materials.
ecycling receptacles for paper, corrugated cardboard, glass,
plastics and metal are designating throughout the building, organic
waste bins are locating in the cafeteria and pantries where the waste
is composting and sold to residential and commercial customers.
ore than 95 of construction waste is recycling due largely to a
successful recycling program on the construction site.
Building Materials: G E is using 87
of SC certifying wood,
2
of building materials are locally sourcing, 18.5 of building
materials are recycling and 96 of construction waste is diverting
from the landfill.
The using concrete structural frame is containing of more than 45
flyash, flyash is using in the structure as a replacement for cement
and in carpet backing.
Using flyash in construction is decreasing the amount of waste
which sending to landfills and eliminating energy need to produce
cement.
G E is designing for adaptability to future usage long life and
loosing fit is part of the integrating design team’s approaches to
designing an adaptable space.
G E is making possible through the usage of modular office space
planning and lighting design, accessing flooring and low velocity
under floor supply air with easy to move diffusers.
G E is setting up for recycling with fi tures for recycling
receptacles and a recycling room to reducing the waste that is
hauled to landfills, in addition to the re uiring receptacles for paper,
corrugating cardboard, glass, plastics and metal, includes
compostable waste bins near the cafeteria and in pantries.
- 176 -
The building is containing a
variety of materials made
from
recycling
contents,
including rebar framing made
from recycling steel and
countertops
made
from
recycling glass and concrete.
Energy
Consumption:
Whole
building
energy
modeling began early in the
design processes to inform
design decisions and system
selection.
Energy modeling predicts that
the facilities will operate with
47.5
energy cost savings
comparing
to
AS AE
standards.
The
synergistic
energy
strategies
is
including
optimi ing natural daylighting
harvesting
with
lighting
controls and a high efficiency
mechanical system combining
a water source heat pump with
under floor displacement
ventilation. (Figure 3-2-1-14)
The displacement ventilation
system allowing cool air
delivering to conditioning
spaces to be warmer than it
should be in a conventional
ducting system, displacement
ventilation combining with
Figure (3-2-1-14)
GRE indoor daylighting usages
- 177 -
heat recovery means that
additional
fresh
air
is
providing without energy.
The building is receiving
nearly 14
of its energy
from on site renewable
sources: appro imately 10
from wind turbines and from
to 5
from the solar
photovoltaic. (Figure 3-2-1-15)
Figure (3-2-1-15)
GRE wind turbines usages
Ref.: (www.worldarchitecturenews.com, 09/2009)
(Figure 3-2-1-16)
Wind turbines are producing
up to 200 kW at full output
and the photovoltaics are
producing 72 kW at full
capacity.
100
of the building’s
electricity is renewable.
Water
Ecosystem:
innesota City is known as
the “land of 10,000 lakes”.
Figure (3-2-1-16)
GRE photovoltaics usages
(Figure 3-2-1-17)
In that conte t, an important
goal for the G E project was
demonstrating stewardship of
water sources.
otable water usages is
reducing by 89
through
rooftop rainwater harvesting,
efficient fi tures and native
landscaping and saving over
two million gallons of
drinking potable water each
year. (Figure 3-2-1-18)
- 178 -
Figure (3-2-1-17)
GRE lake
Figure (3-2-1-18)
GRE water inelegant fixtures
Water is filtering and
circulating through an eco
friendly
water
treatment
system using ultraviolet light
and small amount of hydrogen
pero ide to saniti ing the
water.
Gray
water
is
collecting from sinks and
Figure (3-2-1-19)
GRE grey water system
drinking fountains along with
rainwater from the cistern to
using in toilets and urinals and dual flush toilets and 0.5 gpm
aerators combining with motion sensors at faucets further reducing
potable water usages, all of these measures are reducing the amount
of water using in the building. (Figure 3-2-1-19)
Air Quality: The long, cold, dry winters and hot, humid summers
are re uiring buildings to accommodating wide range of climate
conditions. G E team is focusing on envelope design and
innovative, efficient mechanical, electrical and plumbing systems to
ma imi ing fresh indoor air
and comforting through all
seasons, individual occupant
controls and a
0
increasing of fresh air are the
Figure (3-2-1-20)
GRE ventilation study
result. resh air terminals is
feeding the core building
under floor air systems
measuring the fresh air to
each portion of the building
and reacting to maintaining
healthy indoor air uality. (1)
(2)
(Figure 3-2-1-20) (Figure 3-2-1-21)
Figure (3-2-1-21)
GRE down floor ventilation
- 179 -
x Building Awards and Rating Systems.
Awards:
AIA/COTE: Top ten green projects in 2009.
Building Excellence Award:
building projects category.
irst place in large commercial
Tekne Award: Green company category.
Governor’s Award for Pollution Prevention: Green building
category.
ARC Award: E cellence in engineering category.
Planning Award: roject that informing the public about planning
category.
Leadership Award: Corporate recycling and green building
initiatives category.
Business of the Year Award 2008: North metro mayors
association.
Rating Systems:
U.S. Green Building Council (LEED - NC), Platinum Level (56
Points). (Figure 3-2-1-22)
Sustainable Sites: 12 of 14
possible points.
Water Efficiency: 5 of 5
possible points.
Energy and Atmosphere: 16
of 17 possible points.
Materials and Resources: 6
of 1 possible points.
Indoor
Quality: 1
Environmental
of15 possible points.
Figure (3-2-1-22)
GRE LEED scores
Innovation and Design Process: 4 of 5 possible points.
- 180 -
Table (3-2-1): GRE Sustainability Implementing
Sustainability
Element
Urban And
Site Design
Landscape
And
Nature in the Site
Sustainability Features
Choosing site near from services and
infrastructure.
Ensuring that development is fitting
within a responsible local and regional
planning framework.
Selecting already developing sites for new
development.
Supporting cycling and walking systems.
Harvesting local nature environment.
Reducing building ecological footprint on
site.
Using
landscape
with
existing
vegetations.
Using landscape with edible plants.
Replanting damaging sites with native
vegetation.
Transportation
Systems
Providing showers and changing rooms
for walking and cycling systems.
Providing cycles storages.
Providing public transportation accesses
and limiting parking area.
Architecture Form
Using light colors for exterior walls and
roofs.
Using large exterior windows and high
ceilings to increasing natural daylighting
and ventilating.
Using building architecture form to
enhancing exterior views availabilities.
- 181 -
Sustainability
Element
ndoor
Environment
And
nterior Spaces
Design
aste
Designing an open floor plan to allowing
natural daylighting and ventilating to
using in interior spaces.
Using atrium for daylighting and
displacement ventilation.
ceilings to increasing natural daylighting
and ventilating.
Designing recycling coordinator.
Separating generating wastes.
Designing physical in house composting
anagement systems.
ore than
of the construction waste
is recycling.
uilding
aterials
Energy
Consumption
Replacing up to
of the cement in
concrete with flyash.
Using wood products from independently
certifying.
Using modular offices spaces planning
and designing to reducing building
materials growling.
Depending on natural daylighting
ventilating and other potentials to
reducing energy consumption.
Using building integrated photovoltaics to
generating electricity on site.
Using wind turbine systems to generating
electricity.
Sustainability
Element
ater Ecosystem
Air uality
Using low flow toilets and automatic
faucet controls.
Supporting gray water separating and
reusing.
Using gray water for irrigations.
Using roof top rainwater collecting
systems to diverting water from the
building.
Providing occupants to controlling
temperature in their areas.
Avoiding urea formaldehyde particle
board.
Using only very low or no
C paints.
Avoiding wood products which making
with urea formaldehyde binder.
-
-
Figure (3-2-2-1)
GC main elevation
x Project Overview.
Building Name: en yme Center
Building Location: Cambridge
C.
innesota United States.
Building Type: Commercial ffice.
Building Area:
Building Scale:
m.
Floors uilding.
Building Completed Date: November
.
Building Climate Region: Cold Humid.
Rating Systems: U.S. reen uilding Council LEED
Platinum Level
Points . (Figure 3-2-2-1)
Council, U.S. Green Building. U.S. reen uilding Council. U.S. Green Building Council.
reen uilding Council. Cited
. www.usgbc.org.
NC
nline U.S.
Building Overview: C was
built
for
iotechnology
Company
containing of
offices employees cafeteria
library
gardens
training
rooms conferences center
cafes public retail spaces and
others. (Figure 3-2-2-2)
C is owning to en yme
Corporation and occupying by
people
hours per
person per week and
visitors per week hours per
visitor per week.
Figure (3-2-2-2)
GC exterior design
C was built as symbol of progress to representing point of
identification for the company its employees and visitors.
C was designed to develop building from the inside to outside
from the individual working environment to the overall complex
structure of the building.
C was built by the collaboration between the design team
developer client and construction team this leading to an
environment friendly highly communicative and innovative
building resulted.
C pro ect team was aimed to creating an environment responsible
corporate head uarters by consider number of environment design
strategies contributing to the LEED Platinum rating the building
are expecting to achieve and establishing an open spatial
atmosphere for the building occupants.
C envelope was constructed by high performance curtain walls
gla ing system with operable windows on all
floors more than
of the exterior envelope is ventilating double facade that
blocks solar gains in summer and captures solar gains in the winter
for achieving high uality building interior spaces for occupants.
-
-
C central atrium is operating
as huge returning air duct and
lighting shaft fresh air is
moving into the atrium and up
and out exhausting fans near
the
skylights
natural
daylighting from the fully
gla ing facade and from the
atrium is reflecting deep into
the building interior spaces.
(Figure 3-2-2-3)
Figure (3-2-2-3)
GC indoor atrium
Steam is coming from a
nearby planting to using for central heating and cooling C is
using
less water than comparable office buildings by using
waterless urinals dual flush toilets automatic faucets and low flow
fixtures building materials are choosing for their low emissions
recyclable contents and local manufacturing.
Planning Processes: C designed is the resulted of an international
design competition which started with strong urban plan great
importance was placed on introducing contemporary architecture
the selection criteria are reflecting the designers ambition to
pushing the design envelope great stress is leading not only on
increasing of performance of the individual building but also on its
abilities to creating truly dynamic urban places in the context of the
master plan and an exceptional environment for building’s
occupants. The winning firm was completed pro ects in Europe that
embodied some of green environment concepts in selected a team a
deliberating decision was made by developer and client alike to
embark on commitment to sustainable design.
. www.usgbc.org.
Center, Genzyme. en yme Center. Genzyme Center. nline en yme Center. Cited
www.gen ymecenter.com.
Fehrenbacher, Jill. en yme Center. Genzyme Center. nline N C Designer. Cited
www.inhabitat.com.
nline U.S.
.
.
Designing Processes: C was designed by an international design
team for a client that has global reach the proposal for the
designing competition is presenting strong basis for the further
development of the design including its environment aspects.
C client were decision to pursuing LEED rating and embracing by
the entire design and construction team the building’s exceptional
performance was rooted in the early stages of its designing and is
the resulted of deliberating implementation of broad design
strategies
intending
for
achieving the most sustainable
building possible elements.
These strategies are appearing
as the atrium concept natural
daylighting and ventilation
systems
exterior facade
integrated
building
management systems green
construction
specifications
and precast concrete system.
(Figure 3-2-2-4)
Figure (3-2-2-4)
GC main section design
Constructing Processes: The typical divisions between architects
owner contractors and tenants have to be dissolved to
accommodating European construction techni ues on an American
fast track schedule.
An exceptionally efficient team was afforded allowing more than
change orders to be re uested by the client approving by the
architects and the developer and incorporating into the construction
processes without one extra day being adding to the schedule.
The most critical challenge of the sustainability implementing in
construction terms was the decision to using a new kind of concrete
lab construction calling a “Filigree Wide Slab” which has many
green benefits reducing amount of concrete steel releasing agents
and the thermal mass of the concrete.
-
-
Operating and Maintaining Processes: An extensive operations
and maintenance user manual was developed for the pro ect this
manual is in an electronic form covering all areas of building
materials e uipment and systems dividing into
chapters it was
covering information on the following earthwork concrete
masonry steel metals millwork roofing insulation curtain walls
doors hardware ceiling panels flooring painting audio visual
e uipment building maintenance systems blinding systems
interior plants fire protection elevators H AC electrical P
system lighting emergency power building management systems
green building elements and other operating systems.
Each section was described what is in building and referencing to
manufacturers of materials e uipment and products.
Urban and Site Design C was located in the area which known
as endall s uare at the heart of a district framing by T campus
Charles River and east Cambridge neighborhoods.
The endall s uare area was a predominantly industrial area
years ago lining with factories utilities operations and parking lots
and with the redevelopment of
key sites such as
the
Cambridge side galleria and
now the en yme Center
endall s uare was begun to
emerging as a focal point for
pedestrian and walkable life
ad acent to the
T campus
the subway transit stop and
others. (Figure 3-2-2-5)
Figure (3-2-2-5)
GC site plan
. www.usgbc.org.
www.inhabitat.com.
nline U.S.
.
.
The development was offered
a highly urban density mixing
usages community contained
of biotech labs offices
residential buildings four star
hotel restaurants and broad
range of retail usages will
activate site throughout the
day. (Figure 3-2-2-6)
Figure (3-2-2-6)
GC urban site
As cross roads between a
multitude of attractions and activities the development including
the en yme Center will evolve into a cultural recreational and
retail hub. The overall challenge of the master plan is to creating a
context for integration of new neighborhood into the surrounding
urban fabric numbers of ad acent streets are providing excellent
opportunities to connecting with neighborhoods.
Landscape and Nature in the Site: C is achieving responsive
site ecology related to using a remediating initial brown field site
reducing the heat islands effecting which causing by asphalt and
others instead of landscape elements. C is responding to site
ecology by reducing disturbance to site maximi ing open spaces
protecting wetlands and using open spaces on the site which
exceeding city re uirements by
is planting with either native
or adaptive plants and trees the roof of the building is using plant
materials
and
reflective
surface to reducing heat
absorption this vegetating
roof with skylights rainwater
collection systems is reducing
storm water runoff by
.
Also
C is using indoor
landscape
elements
to
enhancing building’s indoor
environment. (Figure 3-2-2-7)
Figure (3-2-2-7)
GC indoor landscape usages
-
-
Transportation Systems: The endall s uare
T transit bus
station is a five minute walk from en yme Center to encouraging
alternatives to single occupant vehicles for commuting.
n addition the building has indoor bike storage with lockers
showers and additional bike storage in the garage the garage has
alternative fuel recharging stations for electric vehicles and has
preferring carpool spaces.

Architecture Form: C architecture form has huge areas of
operable windows and lighting controls for work spaces to
maximi e daylighting usages as well as permanent temperature and
humidity monitors connecting to the building management systems
light pollutions is controlling by use reflective lighting control
indoor lighting and shading with an automating blind systems after
dark the outer skin was designed to maximi ing natural daylighting
exposure into the interior resulted in
of the offices floor area
being providing with
daylighting fraction and all work spaces
has visual contacting with the outside. (Figure 3-2-2-8)
Figure (3-2-2-8)
GC daylighting design
Ref.: (www.inhabitat.com 09/2009)
Interior Spaces Design: C
design is meeting ASHRAE
standards for thermal and
humidity comfort lighting
enhancement
systems
providing sufficient natural
daylighting for
of work
spaces. (Figure 3-2-2-9)
Figure (3-2-2-9)
ork spaces layout and extensive usages of gla ing system on both
interior and exterior walls are permitting views to the outside from
all of the regularly occupying spaces
indoor gardens and
accessible outdoor patios further enhance occupant’s connections
with the nature environment. Create an optimum working
environment is identifying as one of the key goals by the architects
early in the design processes for maximi ing natural ventilation by
using double facade entrance facade operable skylights on the
main atrium and operable windows. (Figure 3-2-2-10)
Figure (3-2-2-10)
GC ventilation design
Ref.: (www.inhabitat.com, 09/2009)
-
-
Waste Management: A construction waste management plan was
developed and implemented that resulted in the recycling or reusing
of
of generated construction waste.
ore than
ft of area within the building is devoting to storage
of recyclables collecting as part of the building’s recycling program.
Building Materials: C was framed with filigree slab concrete the
concrete structure substantially increasing the thermal efficiency of
the finishing building but the inherent strength of the filigree slabs
also reduce the need for reinforcing steel.
y using foam fillers in the panels the overall structure weight was
reduced thus re uired fewer concrete piles and reduced the
foundation elements.
y the LEED calculation
methods
of the building
materials in aggregate are
recycling material more that
of the materials are
manufacturing locally and
nearly
of the wood use
FSC certifying.
Energy Consumption:
C
facade is constructing as a
double facade with external
ventilating void
operable
blinds in the void are solar
gaining in summer and
venting them back outdoors
before they entering the
conditioning spaces in winter
the void is not ventilating and
the blinds are opening make
double facade warm buffer
around building. (Figure 3-2-2-11)
Figure (3-2-2-11)
GC double facade systems
The central heating and cooling systems are powering with steam
from an ad acent power plant which driving absorption chillers for
cooling during the summer and is exchanging directly into heating
during the winter to avoid distribution losses.
C is using fan coil units to meet local heating or cooling loads in
each space and deliver energy more efficiently by pumping water
around the building rather than blowing air minimum fresh air is
delivering to each space but ventilation can be increased if carbon
dioxide sensors register stuffy indoor air conditions fan coil units
are automatically shutting off when windows or doors are opening
for natural ventilation.
Lighting
sensors
and
occupancy
sensors
are
detecting conditions and
diming overhead lights as
need to significant energy
savings and a personally
controllable
indoor
environment. The daylight
dimming system is expecting
to reduce lighting energy
usages by
. (Figure 3-2-2-12)
Figure (3-2-2-12)
GC natural daylighting usages
Natural
daylighting
enhancement system utili ing
series of roof mounting
heliostats
mirrors
that
tracking the sun movement
across the skylight to fixing
mirrors the mirrors are
Figure (3-2-2-13)
further
reflecting
the
GC daylighting reflective mirrors
daylighting to series of
prismatic louvers locating at the top of the atrium the louvers also
moving with the sun path and elevation and reflecting glaring
direct sunlight back to mirrors to allowing diffuse lighting to enter
the atrium. (Figure 3-2-2-13)
-
-
Natural
daylighting
is
reflecting to the floors by a
system of hanging prismatic
mobiles reflective panels and
reflective light wall on the
inner surface of the atrium.
(Figure 3-2-2-14)
C has photovoltaic on the
roof of the mechanical
penthouses to reducing the
pro ect overall energy cost for
the building by about
.
Figure (3-2-2-14)
Water Ecosystem: Rainwater is collecting from the vegetating roof
to use to supplement the water demand for the evaporative cooling
towers also overflow from the vegetating roof and from surface
drains is filtering to remove solids before it is discharging.
ater conservation features including moisture sensors gardens
irrigation low flow faucets waterless urinals and dual flush toilets
are installing to reduce potable water usages by
.
Air Quality: High uality indoor air is achieving through many
design features and indoor air
uality management plan is
designing and implementing
C is strategically placing
carbon dioxide monitors all
paints coatings sealants and
adhesives are meeting low
C standards for conserving
building indoor air uality and
Figure (3-2-2-15)
healthy.
(Figure 3-2-2-15)
GC interior atrium
. www.usgbc.org.
www.inhabitat.com.
nline U.S.
.
.
Awards:
AIA/COTE: Top ten green pro ects in
.
NESEA Green Building Awards Second place in
.
Environmental Design and Construction Magazine Excellence
in Design Awards n
.
Royal Institute of British Architects:
orldwide award in
.
Association of General Contractors: America award in
.
Architectural Review MIPIM Future Projects Awards: n
.
AIA New Hampshire Chapter: Sustainable design award in
.
City of Cambridge, Massachusetts, Go Green Business Awards
Co recipient in the large business category for energy in
.
EPA Waste Wise Program: Champion award in
.
Environmental Business Council of New England: n
.
Rating Systems:
U.S. Green Building Council (LEED - NC), Platinum Level (52
Sustainable Sites:
possible points.
of
Water Efficiency:
possible points.
of
Energy and Atmosphere:
of possible points.
Materials and Resources:
of possible points.
Indoor
Quality:
Figure (3-2-2-16)
GC LEED scores
Environmental
of pos
sible points.
Innovation and Design Process:
of
possible points.
-
-
Table (3-2-2): GC Sustainability Implementing
Sustainability
Element
Urban And
Site Design
Landscape
And
Nature in the Site
planning framework.
Creating mixing usages development.
Assessing property to integrated with
local community.
inimi ing soil erosion from construction
activities.
Designing green roof systems.
Using plants to stabili e soils and control
erosions.
Selecting brown
field
sites
for
development.
Using moisture meter to control outdoor
irrigation.
Using indoor landscape to improve indoor
environment.
Transportation
Systems
Providing showers and changing rooms
for walking and cycling systems.
Providing storage areas for cycles.
Providing
accessing
to
public
transportation facilities.
Providing electric vehicle charging.
Architecture Form
Using building elements to redirecting
daylighting and controlling glare.
Using skylights for daylighting usages.
Designing open floor plans to allow
exterior daylighting.
Using atrium for daylighting usages.
Sustainability
Element
ndoor
Environment
And
nterior Spaces
Design
aste
Designing an open floor plan to allow
exterior daylighting to penetrating the
interior.
Providing occupants with control lighting
in their areas
Providing occupants with access to
operable windows.
Re uiring waste management plan from
the contractors.
Specifying recycling receptacles that are
anagement accessible to the occupants.
Designing physical in house recycling
systems.
uilding
aterials
Energy
Consumption
Using wood products from independently
certifying.
Preferring materials that are sourcing and
manufacturing within the local area.
Using photovoltaics systems to generate
electricity on site.
Using
modulating
photo
electric
daylighting sensors.
Si ing fans and pumps properly to
meeting the optimum loads.
Using direct digital controlling systems.
-
-
Sustainability
Element
ater Ecosystem
Air uality
Specifying waterless urinals and low flow
toilets.
Using automatic faucet controls for
lavatories.
Collecting and storing rain water for
landscape irrigations.
Collecting and filter rain water to use in
cooling towers.
Designing entry to facilitate removal of
dirt before entering building.
Providing occupants with the means to
control temperature.
Avoiding wood products made with urea
formaldehyde binder.
Using only very low
C carpet
adhesives.
Providing local exhaust ventilation for
rooms with high emitting sources.
Figure (3-2-3-1)
SDG project
Ref.: (www.cascadiagbc.org, 09/2009)
x Project Overview.
Building Name: Synergy at
Dockside reen SD .
Building Location: ictoria
ritish Columbia Canada.
Building Type: Retail
ulti
Unit Residential uildings.
Building Area:
Building Scale:
Figure (3-2-3-2)
SDG inside urban spaces
m.
ultiple uildings.
arch
Building Climate Region:
editerranean Climate.
.
Rating Systems: Canada reen uilding Council LEED – NC
Platinum Level
Points . (Figure 3-2-3-1) (Figure 3-2-3-2)
Council, Cascadia Region Green Building. Cascadia Region reen uilding Council. Cascadia Region
Green Building Council.
nline Cascadia Region reen uilding Council. Cited
.
www.cascadiagbc.org.
-
-
Building Overview: SD is mixing usages development on former
brown field site in the heart of ictoria ritish Columbia Canada
SD is owning to indmill est and ancity Developments and
typically occupying by
people and visitors per week.
SD first phase is containing of four buildings constructing over a
common underground parking structure including nine floors
residential tower with commercial units on the ground floors two
floors town house building six floors building with commercial
units on the ground floor and
four
floors
residential
building the site is framing
by roads on the west and
north sides green way on the
east
side
and
future
Figure (3-2-3-3)
SDG
master plan
development on the south
side. (Figure 3-2-3-3)
SD design team is focusing on ecological economic and social
sustainability designing buildings form and orientation as well as
envelope design to producing energy efficient buildings.
ccupants has control over their spaces through dashboard that
control these canopies as well as heating and ventilation green
roofs with vegetable garden spaces and the green way on the site are
designing to support social e uity and also have some environment
benefits green roofs and spaces are limiting the urban heat islands
effects and allowing storm water to permeate on site collecting
storm water on site to reuse for irrigation and toilet flushing or
treating by the green ways.
uilding materials were chosen for their durability recycling
contents and regionality rapidly renewable building materials such
as bamboo and cork were used as interior finishing and materials
with low levels of volatile organic compounds are also choosing.
.
Planning Processes: SD was began as design competition
sponsoring by city of ictoria which owning the land the winning
team were included many consultants brought together for an
integrated design processes including developer marketing expert
real estate advisors architects structure and mechanical engineers
landscaper geotechnical consultants ecologists soil remediation
consultants and contractors. All of consultants were attended the
conceptual design meetings which help foster the green design
initiatives put forward by the city.
Designing Processes: SD team was consider key points that are
developing early in the design processes including mixing usages
strategies combining heat and power plant for the development and
the storm water strategies. The team was design the infrastructure
for the entire development as each part depending on the combining
heat and power and sewage treatment plants.
Constructing Processes: SD constructing team was consider
many of sustainability features during all constructing processes
such as harvesting nature elements in the site controlling waste
generations reducing constructing pollutions and others to
conserving environment also team members had a regular meetings
to sustainability implementing during construction processes.
Operating and Maintaining Processes: SD was design to
achieve some sustainability elements during its operating processes
such as reducing energy consumption and depending on renewable
types of energy collecting and treating and reusing rain and waste
water to reducing potable water usages integrating waste
management system using green materials for maintaining and
cleaning and others to producing high performance residential
buildings for occupants with conserving local nature economic and
social environment.
.
-
-

Urban and Site Design SD is locating on brown field site which
building on and consider harvesting all the site nature elements
SD team are planting native species throughout the site and
bringing it back from industrial mistreatment to improve local
environment. SD is consider green way which providing habitat
waste water treatment and tying the land usages together to creating
a thriving urban village with improving local social activities.
Higher density is placing around the village to support commercial
development and it is support by mixing usages of buildings by
mixing residential with commercial offices and other activities.
(Figure 3-2-3-4)
Figure (3-2-3-4)
SDG urban planning
Ref.: (www.greenarchitext.com, 09/2009)
Landscape and Nature in
the Site: SD green way was
developed
to
harvisting
existing
site
landscape
collecting and treating storm
water creating suitable places
for wildlife and habitate and
improving local environment.
(Figure 3-2-3-5)
Figure (3-2-3-5)
SDG green way
Also
creating
inside
landscape open spaces such as
green areas and artificial lakes
are improving local climate
and environment supporting
the social life and make the
urban spaces attractive to live
in. (Figure 3-2-3-6) (Figure 3-2-3-7)
Transportation
Systems:
SD
team are integrated
accessing
to
alternative
transportation into entire
development
two
fuel
efficient
vehicles
are
providing for residents and
local car cooperative has
placing vehicles nearby to
servicing the commercial
tenants ferry network are
linking SD
to downtown
and the development is
locating on several bus routes.
Also SD
is design to
encouraging
pedestrian
access in addition walking
and biking trail.
Figure (3-2-3-6)
SDG nature landscape harvesting
Figure (3-2-3-7)
SDG urban landscape elements
Architecture Form: SD
pro ect is containing of some
mixing usages buildings link
by attractive pedestrians and
open spaces which create
suitable environment for
occupant’s life. (Figure 3-2-3-8)
Figure (3-2-3-8)
SDG inside walk areas
-
-
SD
architecture form is
consider lot of sustainability
elements to achieve high
performance buildings for
occupants with conserving
local environment such as
green roof usages big areas
of double gla ing systems
recessing windows using
over hangs and shading
systems
collecting
and
storing storm and waste
water
using
natural
daylighting
ventilation
exterior views and others.
Figure (3-2-3-9)
SDG green roofs usages
(Figure 3-2-3-9) (Figure 3-2-3-10)
Figure (3-2-3-10)
Interior Spaces Design:
SDG architecture form
SD
was
design
for
adaptability to future usages because it is important to make sure
that residential and commercial units meeting the spaces need for
residents and occupants without exceeding them by make the spaces
flexible and open with plenty of daylighting.
All SD buildings are ensure
that daylighting is using and
connect to the outdoors
through large energy efficient
gla ing openings. (Figure 3-2-3-11)
ccupants have controlling
over their spaces through a
dashboard
system
that
controlling
heating
ventilation exterior shading
devises and others.
Figure (3-2-3-11)
SDG daylighting usages
All
housing
units
are
providing with balconies that
have a planter box feeding
with rain water. The planters
gla ing
openings
and
proximity to the greenway are
enhancing the connections
between
indoors
and
outdoors. (Figure 3-2-3-12)
Waste Management SD is
self sustaining community in
which waste from one area is
becoming fuel for another for
example wood waste from the
industrial is using as fuel in
the biomass combining.
Composting and recycling
facilities for paper plastic and
metals is being incorporated
into the buildings. The
contractor is diverting
of
waste from the landfill and
composting lunches hand
towels and others. (Figure 3-2-3-13)
Figure (3-2-3-12)
SDG indoor and outdoor connectivity
Figure (3-2-3-13)
SDG waste collecting and separating
Building Materials: SD
team was specified building
materials that are durable
regional
and
containing
recycling contents over
of using materials are made of
Figure (3-2-3-14)
recycling contents
are
SDG using healthy and recyclable materials
extracted and manufactured
regionally and rapidly renewable materials such as bamboo and
cork were used as finishes throughout the pro ect. (Figure 3-2-3-14)
-
-
Energy Consumption: SD
than a comparable pro ect.
was design to using
less energy
SD team was also purchased renewable energy credits meaning
that the pro ect is responsible for
less carbon emissions.
SD massing study is allowing to maximi ing daylighting and high
performance gla ing and external shading are minimi ing solar heat
gain high efficiency condensing boilers is providing heat and hot
water until the district energy plant becoming operational.
ther energy efficiency systems are including such as reducing
lighting power densities lighting sensors and low flow plumbing
fixtures that limiting the need for domestic hot water.
The biomass gasification
system feeding by waste
wood from local industries is
providing heat and hot water
for the entire development
small amount of nature gas is
using when the biomass plant
is being cleaning or under
repairing. (Figure 3-2-3-15)
Figure (3-2-3-15)
SDG biomass system
Ref.: (www.architectureweek.com, 09/2009)
SD is using the Energy Star
target finder or the HERS rating system and achieving all
energy
and atmosphere credits under LEED Canada for new construction.
Water Ecosystem: ater conservation strategies are considering
include low flow fixtures dual flush toilets drip irrigations and
native and adapting landscaping.
The waste water systems are recycling water which coming from
storm water and buildings usages and providing
gallons per
day for toilets and irrigation these operations are saving
million
gallons of potable water each year with an additional
million
gallons of water available for sale. (Figure 3-2-3-16)
Figure (3-2-3-16)
SDG waste water recycling system
Ref.: (www.greenarchitext.com, 09/2009)
Air Quality: SD is considering air uality by using healthy
building materials and environment friendly cleaning products with
improving natural ventilation and using landscape elements.
Awards:
AIA/COTE: Top ten green pro ects in
.
Rating Systems:
Canada Green Building Council (LEED – NC), Platinum Level
(63 Points). (Figure 3-2-3-17)
Sustainable Sites:
possible points.
of
Water Efficiency:
possible points.
of
Energy and Atmosphere:
of possible points.
Materials and Resources:
of possible points.
Figure (3-2-3-17)
SDG LEED scores
Indoor Environmental Quality:
of
Innovation and Design Process:
of possible points.
possible points.
-
-
Table (3-2-3): SDG Sustainability Implementing
Sustainability
Element
Urban And
Site Design
Landscape
And
Nature in the Site
Assessing property for integration with
local
communities
and
regional
transportations corridors.
planning framework.
Create mixing usages development and
high density communities.
Harvesting local nature landscape and
wild life.
Select brown field sites for development.
Design green roof systems.
Using
landscape
with
indigenous
vegetations.
Using landscape with edible plants.
Transportation
Systems
Design development to have pedestrian
emphasis
rather
than
automobile
emphasis.
Providing safe accessing for cycling and
pedestrians.
Providing
accessing
to
public
transportation.
Supporting efficient vehicles.
Architecture Form
rienting buildings properly.
Shading south windows with exterior
louvers awnings or trellises.
ceilings to increase natural daylighting
and ventilating.
Using buildings elements to redirecting
Sustainability
Element
ndoor
Environment
And
nterior Spaces
Design
aste
and ventilating.
Design open floor plans to allowing
exterior daylighting.
Place primarily non occupying spaces
away from daylighting sources.
Providing occupants with control of
lighting and illumination.
Using biodegradable materials.
Re uiring waste management plan from
the contractors.
Re uiring that sub contractors keep their
anagement wastes separated.
Specify recycling receptacles that are
accessible to the occupants.
Design physical in house composting
systems.
uilding
aterials
Energy
Consumption
Using materials and systems with low
maintenance re uirements.
Specify building materials that are
durable regional and contain recycling
contents.
Using
building
materials
which
manufactured regionally and rapidly
renewable materials.
Using biomass gasification boiler to
provide heating and hot water.
Using high efficiency condensing oil or
gas boilers and furnaces.
Using hot water heating distribution.
Consider cogeneration systems to
providing heating and electricity.
-
-
Sustainability
Element
ater Ecosystem
Air uality
Using low flow toilets.
Design buildings to use treating waste
water for non potable usages.
ntegrated on site waste water treatment
systems with landscape design.
Recycling gray water for landscape
irrigations.
Providing occupants with the means to
control temperature in their areas.
Using only very low or no
C paints.
Using environment friendly cleaning
products.
Figure (3-2-4-1)
ESC building
x Project Overview.
Building Name: The Evergreen State College (ESC).
Building Location: Olympia, Washington, United States.
Building Type: Higher Education.
Building Area: 15600 m2.
Building Scale: 4 Floors, 5 Buildings.
Building Completed Date: November 2004.
Building Climate Region: Cold - Raining.
Rating Systems: U.S. Green Building Council (LEED - NC), Gold
Level (40 Points). (1) (Figure 3-2-4-1)
(1) Council, Cascadia Region Green Building. Cascadia Region Green Building Council. Cascadia Region
Green Building Council. [Online] Cascadia Region Green Building Council. [Cited: 09 01, 2009.]
- 211 -
Building Overview: ESC buildings is owning and occupying by
The Evergreen State College, State government and typically
occupying by 01 person, 40 hours per person per wee .
ESC was built to create
smaller learning communities,
ive
semi
independent
academic
clusters
are
ingering into the landscape,
each cluster is including o
aculty o ices, students home
rooms,
seminar
rooms,
wor shops and lecture hall.
(Figure 3-2-4-2) (Figure 3-2-4-3)
ndoor central open volume is
allowing natural daylighting,
natural ventilation and visual
connections, wal ways, stairs
and bridges tie the levels
together, outdoor classrooms
e tending rom each lower
level into landscape.
Figure (3-2-4-2)
ESC general plan
Ref.: (www.mahlum.com, 09/2009)
To reduce ESC negative
impacts on local environment
Figure (3-2-4-3)
vegetating roo was installed,
ESC main plans
water ree urinals and low
low toilets are using to reduce water usages by 25 , landscape
eatures native species and re uiring no irrigations, 0
o
buildings spaces is natural ventilating, e terior sun shades coupling
with operable windows are using, daylighting in all occupying
spaces signi icantly decreasing lighting loads, the structure and
e terior closure materials is concrete and over 9 o construction
waste is diverting rom the land ill. (1)
- 212 -
Planning Processes: ESC planning team was consider establishing
the needing, scope and budget o the pro ect and connecting with
the sustainability consultant leading to establishing the
sustainability goals.
The sustainability concepts o natural ventilation, strict limits on
volatile organic compounds OC, planting roo and celebrating rain
were established and considered at this phase.
Designing Processes: ESC designing team was ta e advantage o
sustainable goals early in their processes to improve usages o
natural daylighting and ventilation, increase acoustical criteria
which being set or o ices and others to achieve long term com ort,
health, satis action and happiness or occupants.
ll those sustainable criteria were implemented by design team and
committee with coordinating many meetings and presentations.
Constructing Processes: Construction team was aim to achieve
LEED gold rating and education is a large part o both the
speci ications and bidding processes.
mandatory pre bidding con erences including a presentation
about the sustainable goals or the pro ect were e plained the
contractor’s responsibility in achieving them to insuring that the
goals o the sustainability are achieving.
Operating and Maintaining Processes: ESC team was created
computer model to studying the impacts o two design strategies:
green roo s and stormwater detention. ESC was design to producing
high per ormance interior spaces or occupants with reducing
negative impacts or local environment by integrated using natural
daylighting, ventilation, availability or e ternal views and other
natural potentials o the site. (1) (2)
(2) Architects, The American Institute of.
COTE Top Ten Green Pro ects. The American Institute of
Architects. [Online] The merican nstitute o rchitects. [Cited: 09 01, 2009.] www.aia.org.
- 21 -
Urban and Site Design: ESC
was located in a big area o
land in primarily a second
growth orest, ESC is raming
by orest site and considering
many elements within every
site li ecycle processes such
as: campus master plan,
ecological
impacts,
site
ambiance and sustainable
principles in rastructure.
Figure (3-2-4-4)
ESC forest site
ESC was consider the loosing
o orest land in the heart o the campus by concentrating buildings
development in previously disturbing areas, saving stands o nature
trees between buildings clusters and allowing the orest to grow
bac . (Figure 3-2-4-4)
the Site: ESC is bro ing the
nature orest into ive pieces
and
ingering into the
landscape, ESC ground is
planting with mi ing o native
species according to their
nature settings and replacing
the areas disturbing by
construction and protecting
nature
landscape
during
construction. (Figure 3-2-4-5)
Figure (3-2-4-5)
ESC nature landscape harvesting
The ecological restoration is so success ul in ESC buildings
li ecycle processes by: conserving nature landscape in the orest,
moving lanscape elements rom the disturbing areas by construction
to other places, conserving nature habitat and wild li e and
increasing the usages o storm water.
- 214 -
Transportation Systems: ESC is lin ing by many o public
transportation acilities and also supporting wal ing and cycling
systems to reducing depending on private vehicles.
Architecture Form: ESC
buildings architecture orm
design are basing on an
integrated, multidisciplinary,
academic model, variety o
le ible
spaces
to
accommodating
changing
academic
programs
and
multiplicity
o
needing,
o ices are grouping with
teaching spaces on each loor
with the intention that aculty
moving with their programs
on a yearly basis with
e tensive daylighting and
views to e terior. (Figure 3-2-4-6)
lso, ESC is using huge
indoor green atrium to
enhancing
indoor
environment and gaining
bene its
o
natural
opportunities. (Figure 3-2-4-7)
Figure (3-2-4-6)
ESC architecture form
Ref.: (www.mahlum.com, 09/2009)
Figure (3-2-4-7)
ESC indoor green atrium
Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces Design: ESC buildings
con iguration are allowing the outdoors to engaging ully with all
occupying spaces even the large lecture rooms which are typically
devoid o views by large windows acing the orest, high percentage
o e terior and interior operable gla ing are creating both a visual
and a physical connection to the outdoor environment.
nside buildings, 94 has views to the e terior and 0 is natural
ventilating, natural daylighting is using or all o ices and teaching
spaces, 6 o the building has daylighting actor o 2 or above,
- 215 -
to insure occupants com ort
and
overall
satis action
individual controlling systems
are hallmar o buildings.
(Figure 3-2-4-8) (Figure 3-2-4-9)
Waste Management: 9
o
construction waste is
diverting rom the land ill.
Every loor in every academic
cluster is containing o three
gallon
containers
or
separating
paper,
commingling
aluminum,
glass,
plastic
and
nonha ardous waste that
cannot be recycling to
enhancing
recycling
processes.
Building Materials: ESC is
speci ying materials and
systems rom the region 6
o all the materials used on
buildings were manu actured
locally and 1
o those
materials are harvested or
e tracted within the region.
Figure (3-2-4-8)
ESC daylighting and exterior views
Figure (3-2-4-9)
ESC indoor top opening natural ventilation
Both the concrete and the lyash used to replacing 4
o the
Portland cement and the concrete were produced in the region.
Gypsum wall boards are containing 100
recycling contents and
also producing locally, 100
recycling carpets and reclaiming
wood are using, 100
recycling rubber are using as looring
inishing, wall inishing are limiting to concrete and wood paneling
and acoustic panels made rom recycling abrics.
- 216 -
Energy
Consumption:
Natural ventilation is mainly
using in buildings and giving
the site average ma imum
outside air temperature o
only 2 c during the summer
months, the usages o natural
ventilation as a cooling
strategy is reducing huge
amount o energy which
needing or cooling and
building s ins parameters are
modi ying so inal design is
achieving
0
natural
ventilation. (Figure 3-2-4-10)
Daylighting and solar gain in
all regularly occupying spaces
are signi icantly decreasing
lighting loads, S ylights and
e terior shading devices are
easily
tuning
to
each
e posure, solar gain is a large
concerning
or
summer
com ort by using three
hori ontal
and
vertical
e terior sun shades systems.
Figure (3-2-4-10)
Figure (3-2-4-11)
ESC natural daylighting usages
(Figure 3-2-4-11)
ESC main section is designing
three level ventilation and
daylighting sha t within one
o the academic clusters to
enhancing natural daylighting
and vetntelation usages with
conserving
energy
consumption. (Figure 3-2-4-12)
Figure (3-2-4-12)
- 21 -
Water
Ecosystem:
The
reduction o potable water
usages in the pro ect is
achieving include composting
toilets and grey water reusing
systems, using water ree
urinals, automatic aucets and
low low toilets to achieve
potable water savings up to
25 . Collecting, iltering and
reusing waste and storm water
in suitable usages is reducing
water usage. (Figure 3-2-4-13)
Air Quality: ESC buildings
designing
are
setting
aggressive air uality goals to
achieve because indoor air
uality is a big problem in
some o the colleges original
buildings. Every building
materials and products are
choosing
healthy
and
nonpolluting.
entilation
rates
are
increasing to 0 cubic eet per
minute per person in all
mechanically
ventilating
spaces and natural ventilating
spaces
have
individual
controls or ventilation. (1) (2)
(Figure 3-2-4-14) (Figure 3-2-4-15)
Figure (3-2-4-13)
ESC waste water collecting and filtering
Ref.: (www.metropolismag.com, 09/2009)
Figure (3-2-4-14)
ESC indoor atrium landscape
Ref.: (www.metropolismag.com, 09/2009)
Figure (3-2-4-15)
ESC natural ventilation top opening
Ref.: (www. mithun.com, 09/2009)
(2) Architects, The American Institute of.
COTE Top Ten Green Pro ects. The American Institute of
Architects. [Online] The merican nstitute o rchitects. [Cited: 09 01, 2009.] www.aia.org.
- 21 -
Awards:
AIA Committee on Architecture for Education: Educational
acility design awards in 200 .
Green Roofs for Healthy Cities Award: E tensive institutional in
2005.
AIA / COTE Top Ten Green Projects: in 2005.
IIDA / Metropolis Smart Environments Award: in 2006.
Environmental Design and Construction Magazine Excellence
in Design Awards: Finalist in the institutional, nonpro it
organi ation, educational or healthcare in 2005.
Rating Systems:
U.S. Green Building Council (LEED - NC), Gold Level (40
Sustainable Sites: 9 o 14
possible points.
Water Efficiency: 4 o
possible points.
5
Energy and Atmosphere: 5
o 1 possible points.
Materials and Resources: 6
o 1 possible points.
Indoor
Environmental
Quality: 11 o 15 possible points.
Figure (3-2-4-16)
ESC LEED scores
Innovation and Design Process: 5 o 5 possible points.
- 219 -
Table (3-2-4): ESC Sustainability Implementing
Sustainability
Element
Urban nd
Site Design
Landscape
nd
Nature in the Site
ssessing property or integration with
local
communities
and
regional
transportation corridors.
Ensuring that development is itting a
responsible planning ramewor .
Cluster buildings to preserving open space
and protecting habitat.
Sitting buildings so as to help occupants
celebrating the nature beauty.
Designing green roo systems.
Landscape with indigenous vegetations.
Selecting plants or drought tolerance.
rranging plants in groups according to
water needing.
Celebrating and enhancing e isting
landscape eatures.
Transportation
Systems
Providing storage areas or cycles.
Providing access to public transportation.
Supporting cycling and wal ing networ s.
rchitecture Form
Using large e terior windows and high
and ventilating.
Using building elements to redirecting
Using s ylights or daylighting usages.
Using huge indoor green atrium to
enhance indoor environment.
- 220 -
Sustainability
Element
ndoor
Environment
nd
nterior Spaces
Design
Waste
Using operable windows.
a ing high internal thermal mass
buildings.
Using accurate simulation tools to design
cooling system.
Using s ylights, large e terior windows
and high ceilings to increase natural
daylighting and ventilating.
Setting up labeled bins to eep recyclable
materials separated.
anagement Speci y recycling receptacles that are
accessible to the occupants.
Building
aterials
Energy
Consumption
Considering the usages o structure
materials that do not re uire application o
inishing layers.
voiding endangering wood species and
species rom sensitive habitats.
Pre erring materials that are sourcing and
manu acturing within local area.
Reviewing the material data sheet when
evaluating construction materials.
Utili ing studies to optimi ing shading
strategies.
Optimi ing energy per ormance o
gla ing systems.
Using demand controlling ventilation.
Designing three level ventilation and
daylighting sha t to enhance natural
daylighting and vetntelation usages.
- 221 -
Sustainability
Element
Water Ecosystem
ir uality
- 222 -
Speci ying waterless urinals and low low
toilets.
Using automatic aucet controlling or
lavatories.
Using water e icient aucets.
Collecting, iltering and reusing waste and
storm water in suitable usages.
Providing
occupants
controlling
temperature in their areas.
Recommending non smo ing policy or
buildings.
Locating buildings away rom sources o
pollutions.
Figure (3-2-5-1)
DL main building
Ref.: (www.desertlodge.net, 09/2009)
x Project Overview.
Building Name: The Desert
Lodge (DL).
Building Location: Da hla
Oasis, Egypt.
Building
Resort.
Type:
Touristic
Building Scale:
Buildings.
ultiple
2005.
Figure (3-2-5-2)
DL exterior spaces
Building Climate Region: Hot - Dry.
Awards: Best Environmental Tourism (DR ) By German Travel
ssociation. (1) (Figure 3-2-5-1) (Figure 3-2-5-2)
(1) Lodge, The Desert. The Desert Lodge. The Desert Lodge. [Online] The Desert Lodge. [Cited: 09 01,
2009.] www.desertlodge.net.
- 22 -
Building Overview: DL is an
ecological resort located in
Da hla oasis, 50 ilometers
rom Cairo.
DL was built in the traditional
style o local architecture and
situated on top o a nearby
cli
overloo ing the oasis
which is under protection o
heritage. (Figure 3-2-5-3)
DL is one o the ew
ecological resorts which built
in Egypt and DL is the
resulted o collective thin ing
o
international
tourism
e perts and rom people who
li ing outdoor li e, nature and
beauty o desert. (Figure 3-2-5-4)
Figure (3-2-5-3)
DL architecture style
Figure (3-2-5-4)
DL outdoor life
DL is containing o many
interior spaces and services
such as:
2 large bed rooms, dining
room, visitors ca eteria or
drin s and small snac s, huge
terrace where visitors can
Figure (3-2-5-5)
DL hot mineral spring
en oy sunsets, a superb clear
night s y with spar ling stars,
rabic co ee, wor shop or artists, hot mineral spring or bathing,
small library, internet co ee, games room, mountain bicycles or
rent, con erence room and small ba aar or local goods and
products. (1) (Figure 3-2-5-5) (Figure 3-2-5-6)
- 224 -
Planning Processes: DL
planning team was aim to
creating an ecological tourism
resort viewing the beauty o
the desert and Da hla oasis
which gain all the potentials
o the nature with conserving
local environment rom any
negative impacts. (Figure 3-2-5-7)
Designing Processes: DL
designing is consider creating
buildings in local architecture
style with using elements
which improving usages o
natural
daylighting,
ventilating, e terior views and
others. (Figure 3-2-5-8) (Figure 3-2-5-9)
Constructing Processes: DL
constructing is using local
healthy
nature
building
materials with less inishing
processes which providing
high uality indoor spaces
with conserving environment.
Operating and Maintaining
Processes: DL is using
healthy
maintaining
and
cleaning
materials
and
products with consider waste
generation collecting and
recycling systems in all
operating processes.
Figure (3-2-5-6)
DL visitor’s room
Figure (3-2-5-7)
DL oasis view design
Figure (3-2-5-8)
DL Interior spaces usages
Figure (3-2-5-9)
DL huge terrace usages
- 225 -
x Project
Sustainable
Architecture Elements.
Urban and Site Design: DL
is located on top o a nearby
cli which is under protection
o heritages.
DL have two story cabins
which are arranging in
triangles to ma imi e the
views o the oasis and
mountains
and
enhance
natural
ventilation
in
buildings interior spaces.
DL is considering local nature
environment in site by
harvesting local landscape and
wild li e with gaining natural
potential o the site such as
solar and natural ventilation.
Figure (3-2-5-10)
DL view to oasis
Figure (3-2-5-11)
DL site
(Figure 3-2-5-10) (Figure 3-2-5-11)
the Site: DL is raming by
nature green landscape and
palm trees.
DL is harvisting this local
landscape with improve its
usages in outdoor spcaes and
choosing local landscape and
plants wich need less water
irregations with grouping
plants wich need irrigations
together to conserving water.
Figure (3-2-5-12)
DL landscape usages
(Figure 3-2-5-12) (Figure 3-2-5-13)
Figure (3-2-5-13)
DL landscape usages
- 226 -
Transportation Systems: DL
can be reach by public
transportation such as: two
daily bus connections rom
and to Cairo and one wee ly
light rom Cairo to harga
oasis. Then, DL is supporting
public transportation usages
instead o
using private
vehicles to reach the resort,
this is according to the long
distance between
harga
oasis and other Egyptian
cities, this is leading to
decreasing
energy
consumption, transportation
related negative impacts and
pollutions.
lso, DL is
supporting
wal ing
and
cycling systems by o ering
visitors cycles to us withen
oasis areas. (Figure 3-2-5-14)
Architecture Form: DL is
building in the traditional
style o the local architecture
o Da hla oasis, DL design is
aim to gaining natural
potentials such as: daylighting
and ventilating by using
domes,
volts,
suitable
building materials, shading
systems, interior atriums,
small openings in windows
and walls and other details.
(Figure 3-2-5-15) (Figure 3-2-5-16)
Figure (3-2-5-14)
DL cycling system
Figure (3-2-5-15)
DL traditional style usages
Figure (3-2-5-16)
DL room’s form
- 22 -
Interior Spaces Design: DL
is urnishing by the local style
and using local building
materials and inishing which
are healthy and low costing,
DL interior spaces have high
ceilings and small windows
areas to enhance natural
ventilation with conserving
energy, most o the terraces
have spectacular views to
oasis. (Figure 3-2-5-17) (Figure 3-2-5-18)
Waste Management: DL is
reducing waste generation to
minimum and considering
separating wastes to enhance
recycling opportunities. DL
solid waste is sending to
recycling acility in Cairo or
conversion materials and
using reusable glass bottles
rather than metal cans or
plastic bottles to minimi ing
wastes.
Building Materials: DL is
only using local and natural
building
and
inishing
materials such as: using mud
and straw bric , natural
stones, palm parts and others
which do not need inishing
processes, suitable with local
environment and costing less.
(Figure 3-2-5-19) (Figure 3-2-5-20)
- 22 -
Figure (3-2-5-17)
DL interior spaces
Figure (3-2-5-18)
DL interior spaces
Figure (3-2-5-19)
DL building materials
Figure (3-2-5-20)
DL local material usages
Energy Consumption: DL is
using energy running on
hydro electrical and solar
systems to gaining local solar
potentials with conserving
energy consumption.
lso, DL is depending on
natural
ventilating
and
daylighting
in
buildings
interior spaces to conserving
energy. (Figure 3-2-5-21)
Water Ecosystem: DL is
using tap water which
iltering with hi tech ilters
and o ering to occupants
glass bottles or drin ing
purposes to reducing the huge
amount o waste o PET
bottles
and
minimi ing
transportation costs.
lso, DL is reusing waste
water in landscape irrigations.
(Figure 3-2-5-22) (Figure 3-2-5-23)
Figure (3-2-5-21)
DL photovoltaics usages
Figure (3-2-5-22)
DL waste water collection
Figure (3-2-5-23)
DL water filtration
Air Quality: DL is using cleaning products which are environment
riendly, using healthy building materials and products and
improving natural continues ventilation indoor buildings to
conserving and enhancing indoor air uality. (1)
x Building Awards.
Awards:
Best Environmental Tourism (DRV) by German Travel
Association: awarded the irst pri e in 200 .
- 229 -
Table (3-2-5): DL Sustainability Implementing
Sustainability
Element
Urban nd
Site Design
Landscape
nd
Nature in the Site
Using local traditional style when design
buildings architecture elements.
Harvesting local site heritage and nature
environment.
Sitting and orienting buildings to
ma imi e natural daylighting, ventilating,
e terior views and others.
Harvesting local natural landscape
elements.
Conserving local wild li e habitat.
Enhancing usages o landscape in outdoor
spaces with conserving irrigations water
usages.
Transportation
Systems
Supporting public transportation usages.
Providing cycles, cycle’s storages and
acilities to enhance cycling systems
within oasis areas.
Supporting wal ing systems within the
oasis.
rchitecture Form
Using local traditional style when design
buildings architecture orm.
Using building e terior elements which
deal with natural potentials and
opportunities such as: domes, volts,
shading systems, atriums and small
opening in widows and walls.
-2 0-
Sustainability
Element
ndoor
Environment
nd
nterior Spaces
Design
Waste
Using high ceiling and small windows
areas with small opening to enhance
natural ventilating indoor buildings.
Using local traditional architecture style
indoor buildings.
Using healthy and none or less inishing
processes needing building materials in
buildings interior spaces.
inimi ing wastes generation to the
minimum.
Collecting
and
separating
wastes
generating to improve recycling systems.
anagement Enhancing reusing systems to limit wastes
amount.
Connecting with recycling waste systems
to recycling generating wastes.
Building
aterials
Energy
Consumption
Using local natural building materials.
Using healthy and suitable building
materials with local environment.
Using building materials with none or less
inishing processes re uiring.
Using building materials which available
to reusing or recycling a ter it’s
success ully usages.
Using natural opportunities such as:
natural daylighting, ventilating and local
natural building materials to conserving
energy consumption.
Using solar photovoltaics to generating
the needing o electricity to buildings
operations.
-2 1-
Sustainability
Element
Water Ecosystem
ir uality
-2 2-
Using hi tech iltering system or
providing high uality o water or
visitors.
Using waste water in landscape
irrigations.
inimi ing potable water growling.
Using healthy and nonpolluting cleaning
materials and products.
Using healthy and non to ic building
materials.
Enhancing natural ventilating to improve
indoor air uality.
Chapter Three Conclusion.
chieving an integrated sustainable architecture needs or developing
construction guidelines or implementing sustainability during each stage
o the architecture pro ect and considering all elements o implementing
sustainability in architecture ield.
n addition, considering the roles o all people whom wor ing in this
area or applying this approach as an integrated way suitable with local
rate the e ecting o building li ecycle processes among them environment
impacts, sources consumption, the occupants health and others, all these
elements can be evaluated at both local and global scale.
and educating all responsible people whom wor ing on this ield to
associating with their speciali ations to gain the optimum bene its o
sustainable architecture by producing high per ormance buildings and
environment.
Success ully applying all elements o sustainability in the ield o
architecture crossing all scales rom buildings, urban neighborhoods,
cities to region scale is need to ta e advantage and deeply studying o
some issues to applying all aspects in every element and producing high
per ormance li e which enhancing health, per ormance and satis actions
li e environment to occupants with conserving local nature, economic and
social environment rom any negative impacts over the long term.
On the other hand, it is very important to ma e a good integration
between all pro essionals people which are wor ing in the architecture
ields such as: planners, designers, constructions, electrical, mechanicals,
environment engineers and other people disciplines to wor ing together
or applying all aspects o sustainability in those elements with a good
integrated system or ma e all elements to wor together or achieve
sustainability in every scale.
-2
-
[4-1] Sustainable Urban and Site Design Guidelines
[4-2] Sustainable Landscape and Nature in the City Guidelines
[4-3] Sustainable Transportation Systems Guidelines
[4-4] Sustainable Building Architecture Form Guidelines
[4-5] Sustainable Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces
Design Guidelines
[4-6] Sustainable Waste Management Guidelines
[4-7] Sustainable Building Materials Guidelines
[4-8] Sustainable Energy Consumption Guidelines
[4-9] Sustainable Water Ecosystem Guidelines
[4-10] Sustainable Air Quality Guidelines
Introduction.
Architecture is consider a great challenge for implementing
sustainability and sustainable development theories during all
construction and reconstruction processes starting from planning
processes and through designing, constructing, operating, maintaining
processes and ending with demolition and reusing processes because it is
consume large amount of materials, energy and nonrenewable natural
sources and produce large amount of wastes and lot of negative impacts
to nature, economic and social environment.
So, to achieve sustainability in the field of architecture, there should be
constructing, electrical, mechanical and environment engineering and
many other disciplines that are related to this field.
On the other hand, the succession of implementing sustainability in the
field of architecture can be achieved by consider and integrate between all
elements of implementation such as: urban planning and site design,
landscape and nature in the city, transportation systems, building
architecture form, indoor environment and interior spaces design, waste
management, building materials, energy consumption, water ecosystem,
air quality and others to gain all the benefits of sustainable architecture in
every element without affect on others.
So, achieving an integrated sustainable architecture in Egypt; it is very
necessary to developing local construction guidelines for implementing
sustainability during each stage of the architecture project and containing
all elements of implementation which will be suitable with all local
nature, economic and social environment in Egypt.
In addition, considering and controlling the roles of all people who are
working in this area for applying this approach as an integrated and
successful way.
So, this chapter will suggest some design guidelines for every element
of implementing sustainability in the field of architecture that should be
considered to achieve and gain all benefits of sustainable architecture for
all buildings and urban neighborhoods.
-2 4-
Urban Planning Guidelines.

se land and building sites efficiently and minimi e building area
and footprints.

onsider and only build the optimum areas which need to
communities for every activity.

reate and coordinate mi of uses and activities in urban fabrics.
Enhance the concept of share sources, infrastructure and services.

esign to appropriately high densities of urban neighborhoods.
Increase the density of urban fabrics to leave more land for green
and natural ecosystems and minimi e footprint negative impacts on

inimi e the ecological footprint negative impacts from the urban
neighborhoods lifecycle processes.
Enhance potentials to create safe pedestrians and cyclists strategies.

anage and improve transportation systems and facilities quality.

rovide protected public spaces and parks in all urban
neighborhoods areas.
Integrate buildings with the local natural conte t of the site.

rotect and take advantage of nature sites features such as
topography, e isting plants, water, wildlife and others.
inimi e natural habitat disturbance and negative impacts.

educe any urban activities that have negative impacts on natural
ecosystems.

isely spread all services facilities around all urban neighborhoods
areas.
Separate residential areas from industrial, services and other
pollutant activities.
Urban Sources Management Guidelines.

onsider generated waste as sources by enhance reuse and recycle
processes.
hoose renewable materials types instead of nonrenewable ones.
se local building materials to reduce transportation costs and its
related negative impacts.
Enhance the generation and uses of energy from renewable natural
sources such as: solar, wind, biomass and others.

onserve water sources from any urban activities negative impacts.
Optimize Local Environment Guidelines.

rotect local natural habitats, plants and wildlife.

reate and spread green networks inside urban spaces to enhance
environment quality, decrease heat islands density and improve
social activities.

se green roofs, plants, reflective colors and materials in buildings
and landscape elements to decrease heat islands effects.

arvest local surface, waste and rain water to be able to reuse in
suitable usages.
Improve air quality by decrease its pollutants from its sources and
decrease pollutions density.
Orient and form buildings to minimi e or ma imi e solar heat gain,
according to occupants heating and cooling needs.

esign and shape buildings to optimi e daylighting.
se landscape elements to reduce unwanted wind speed and direct
needed wind for indoor ventilation and decrease humidity usages.
Building Sites Selection and Design Guidelines.

euse e isting building sites instead of choose new sites.
Select sites which have potentials for future e tend and growth.
-
-

hoose sites with low ecological value or ecosystems home.
Avoid choose
opportunities.
reenfield sites or sites which has natural
Select sites which support social activities.
Select sites which are near from infrastructure, services and public
transportation.

hoose sites which have e isting or potential links for pedestrians
and cyclists infrastructure.
Select sites which have public transportation facilities availabilities.
Sit, orient, form and design buildings on sites to ma imi e the uses
of natural potentials to gain its benefits and avoid its negative
impacts.

espect all sites e isting features and deal with them to create
sustainable buildings harmony with local nature elements.
[4-2] Sustainable Landscape and Nature in the City
Guidelines.
Landscape and Sustainable Urban Neighborhood Design.

andscape design should be considered in the early of urban
neighborhoods new planning and development.

rotect and conserve wetlands and other elements that are key
elements of e isting ecosystem.

espect and enhance wildlife in new urban neighborhoods.

rotect natural features and integrate them into new buildings
projects.

inimi e buildings negative impacts and footprint on natural
ecosystem during construction processes.

onserve farm land and reduce buildings impacts on it.
Separate industrial spaces from natural ecosystem and reduce its
impacts in the local environment.

onserve and restore all landscape elements which are removed
from buildings sites to other places.

ake a good integration between landscape, nature environment
elements and buildings.

esign and make a good distribute of landscape networks in urban
neighborhoods.
Landscape and Sustainable Building Design.

hoose buildings sites that have been previously utili ed instead of
land that is valuable from an ecological point of view.

onsider and understand local climate when designing landscape
for use landscape to conserve buildings from negative impacts.

se landscape elements to conserve buildings from high speed wind
with enhance natural ventilation uses in building’s interior spaces.

se landscape elements to conserve buildings from unwanted direct
solar with enhance natural daylighting usages in building’s interior
spaces.

se landscape elements to conserve buildings from air pollutions,
noise and other negative impacts.

se landscape indoor buildings to enhance indoor quality.
Provide a good interaction between building’s interior spaces and
outdoor landscape views.

se roof garden systems to gain its useful benefits.
Sustainable Softscape Elements Design.

se native and adapted softscape elements in new buildings sites.
Avoid use planting which require chemical treatment when plant
near of buildings openings.

educe the dependence on plant that requires frequent irrigation
and maintenance.
hoose native plants that attract wildlife.
-
-
Sustainable Hardscape Elements Design.

se light colors of paving and other hardscape elements to reduce
heat islands effects on sites.

arefully design of e terior lighting systems to eliminate light
pollutions and its consumption of energy.

inimi e paving as possible as could be to decrease the destruction
of natural ecosystem.

se recyclable hardscape materials to reduce usage of materials, its
need of energy and its industry related negative impacts.

se hardscape elements that attract wildlife.
Landscape and Sustainable Water Ecosystem Design.

se drip irrigation and other water efficient irrigation systems to
conserve water consumption.

arvest storm water for irrigation and other usages on sites and to
recharge the aquifer.

educe water pollutions from pesticides, herbicides and fertili ers
by use plant combinations and maintenance methods that do not
require chemicals.

se natural wetland to store and manage storm and grey water in
buildings sites.
Transportation Systems and Urban Fabrics Design.

reate a good mi of uses in urban neighborhoods to decrease
length of journeys, then to be easily accessible for every activity on
foots or by cycles.

esign walkable urban neighborhoods strategies which enhance the
dependence on footing and cycling for short journeys and public
transportation for long journeys.

ecrease the distance between homes, works, shops and other
human activities to minimi e the waste of energy and time for
transport.
Improve the dependence on pedestrians and cyclists strategy in
urban transportation networks planning and designing.

ake private ways for footing and cycling to be safer in use.

reate places for cycling services such as cycle’s storage and
maintenance in urban fabrics to improve cycling strategy.

reate cycle storage areas near to buildings entrances and public
transportation stations and stops to enhance cycling strategy.

educe the waste of spaces which are need for transportation
facilities and services such as: roads, parking areas, public
transportation and cars stops and services.

reate and maintain an attractive public transportation networks to
improve its usages.

ake cars parking and cycle storage near to public transportation
stations and stops to improve park and take strategy.
Transportation Systems and Urban Environment Management.

hange the facilities of transportation from automobiles to foot and
cycle.
Enhance the replacement of private cars by public transportation.
Increase quality of public transportation.

inimi e pollutions and noise by transportation facilities and
services.

inimi e the wasteful of energy by transportation facilities and
services.

ecrease the destruction of landscape networks and natural
ecosystems resulted by transportation networks.

hoose a transportation facility which is more energy efficient.
-
-

hoose transportation facilities which operate with alternative fossil
fuels energy.

hoose a transportation facility which produce less pollutions and
noise produces.

se less energy emission vehicles such as electricity and provide its
services to decrease negative impacts of other types of energy.

se recyclable materials and infrastructure in transportation
systems to improve recycle method.
Transportation Systems and Urban Occupants Needing.

educe people need of transport in both of the number and length of
the journeys.

esign good transportation systems to improve the quality of life in
urban neighborhoods and make it more safe and attractive to
occupants.

reate an integrated network of various public transportation
facilities to serve all urban neighborhoods areas.

hange the urban neighborhoods types of transportation by using
footing or cycling for short journeys and use public transportation
for longer journeys.

educe traffic speeds to increase human safety.
Achieve safety for footing and cycling people in all transportation
networks.

reate an integral public transportation networks to enhance the
dependence on public transportation instead of private ways.

ake a balance between public transportation facilities density and
the number of using people in all of urban neighborhoods areas.
Improve the quality of public transportation to make it more
attractive to be used.
Improve the use of telecommunications to reduce the needing of
transportation.
Solar Responsive Design.

orm and shape buildings to control solar gain which acts on
buildings and surrounding area.
irect and orient buildings to control solar loads and its effects.

orm and shape buildings to improve the collection of solar energy
by solar collector systems.

ollect and conserve renewable energy comes from solar collector
systems for reuse it indoor buildings to reduce nonrenewable energy
consumption and its related pollutions and negative impacts.

onsider the design of outdoor buildings details such as: heights,
openings, finishing materials, colors and others to control solar
effects on buildings and gain its benefits without negative impacts.

reate suitable places in building architecture form to fi , operate
and improve usage of solar photovoltaic systems in elevations and
roofs.

se overhangs and shading to control solar gain on buildings
elevations and openings.

se outdoor landscape elements to control the effects of solar on
buildings elevations and the surrounding area.

se roof planting systems to decrease unwanted solar gain on
buildings roofs, increase the quality of local environment and
provide suitable environment for wildlife.
Natural Daylighting Design.

aylighting should be the first choice for lighting systems in
building’s interior spaces during the morning hours.

orm, shape and orient buildings to improve usage of natural
daylighting in building’s interior spaces.
-
-

se roof monitors and other forms of top lighting such as: skylights
and saw tooth roofs to provide e cellent opportunities for natural
daylighting indoor buildings and decrease outdoor noise and
pollutions.
Shape the roof monitors to admit only daylighting from north and
northeast direction to avoid unwanted solar negative effects.

se diffuse glass to give better distribution of daylighting.
se double gla ing and high performance gla ing systems to admit
daylighting without negative impacts such as: unwanted solar gain
and outdoor pollutions, noise and others.
Avoid using hori ontal skylight which results in e cessive solar
gains in summer.

eep windows and openings always clean and maintained.

ake a good integration between natural daylighting and artificial
lighting in building’s interior spaces.

se modeling and simulation to building architecture form design
before construction to be ensure that daylighting will reach all
spaces without any negative impacts.
Natural Ventilation Design.

irect and orient buildings for e posure likeable wind.

orm and shape buildings to improve air flow and natural
ventilation into and out of building’s interior spaces.

orm and shape buildings to create a pressure differences between
outdoor and indoor spaces to improve drag of air to flow into
building’s interior spaces as a continues way.

se outdoor articulate walls to make a pressure differences and drag
air to flow into building’s interior spaces.
Use double side ventilation in building’s interior spaces to improve
air flow indoor buildings.

se interior court and upper opening to let the hot air out of
building’s interior spaces and enhances air flow between indoor and
outdoor spaces.

ake a good integration between building architecture form and
outdoor landscape to improve the quality of natural ventilation.

se modeling and simulation for buildings design before
construction to ensure that natural ventilation is enter building’s
interior spaces without any negative impacts.
Storm Water Management.

orm and shape buildings to collect and store storm water to reuse it
in suitable usages.

se in building treatment systems to collect, store and treat storm
water to conserve local environment and reduce dependence on
potable water.

estore storm water again to nature after treatment processes if not
use to conserve local environment.
[4-5] Sustainable Indoor Environment and Interior Spaces
Design Guidelines.
Indoor Visual Quality Design Guidelines.
x Solar Control Design.

ollect and save renewable energy comes from solar collector to
reuse it for indoor buildings systems operate.
Shade windows and openings elements during cooling periods to
reduce unwanted solar gain.
Select light colors for e terior finishes to reflect unwanted solar
gain.

se double gla ing and high performance gla ing systems to reduce
unwanted solar gain with enhancing the admit of natural daylighting
and e terior views availabilities.
-
-

se e terior shades to reduce unwanted solar gain, control glare,
flicker and reflection and create a balance between solar gain and
natural daylighting.
Use over hangs on south and southwest building’s elevations
windows to reduce unwanted solar gain.

se light shelves to shade view windows in west and southwest
buildings elevations.

imit windows area and gla ing on west and southwest where mid
afternoon summer sun is difficult to shade effectively with fi ed
fins or overhangs to reduce unwanted solar gain.

se slatted or louvered shades to allow more natural daylighting to
enter while shade windows from direct sunlight during the summer
and allow more natural daylighting to enter without shade windows
from direct sunlight during the winter.

se recess windows into the wall to reduce unwanted solar gain and
allow natural daylighting to enter the space without glare and
flicker.

se light color and reflective finishing materials in buildings roof to
reduce unwanted solar gain.

se movable solar energy collectors to improve solar energy gain as
possible as could be.
x Natural Daylighting Design.

esign windows and other opening elements to ma imi e use

se roof monitors, top lighting, skylights, saw tooth roofs and other
elements to improve natural daylighting usages.
Shape and plan and finish building’s interior spaces to enhance uses
Increase gla ing area on north and northeast buildings elevations to
admit more natural daylighting.

hoose gla ing with good admission of natural daylighting and low
admission of unwanted solar gain.

se diffuse glass to give better distribution.

se taller windows to improve use natural daylighting.
Shape the ceiling to reflect natural daylighting and improve natural
daylighting distribution in building’s interior spaces.
Increase ceiling height to improve the uses of natural daylighting.

se light shelves to reflect sunlight to the ceiling and then distribute
it in the building’s interior space.
Use light colors in ceiling to spread lighting inside the building’s
interior space.
Slope the ceiling down from the windows side to enhance natural
daylighting distribution and reduce contrast, glare, flicker and other
visual negative impacts.
Use modeling and simulation in building’s design before
construction to ensure that natural daylighting will reach all
building’s interior spaces without any negative impacts and as
minimum to satisfy the functional requirements with conserve
energy and reduce related negative impacts.
x Lighting Design.
Achieve a good balance between uniform lighting levels and
locali e variations and the type of activities to create a dynamic and
comfortable visual environment to building’s interior spaces.
Good distribution and spread lighting design in all building’s
interior spaces to achieve lighting quality.
Ensure that lighting is on only when needing to reduce lighting
energy.

egular maintain and clean all lighting fi tures to improve its
quality.
-
-

se light color of finishing materials to increase lighting
distribution.
Ensure that lighting level and color is suitable with the target
activities to achieve lighting quality.

se energy saver lighting fi tures to save lighting energy.
Integrate artificial lighting with natural daylighting to achieve
lighting quality and reduce lighting energy.
x Visual Contact with the Exterior Views Design.

ayout and orient buildings to ma imi e use e terior views.

esign windows and other openings to ma imi e e terior views.
Increase glazing area as possible in building’s elevations to enhance
more connect with e terior views.
Indoor Thermal Quality Design Guidelines.
x Natural Ventilation Design.
Shape and plan and finish building’s interior spaces to enhance
natural ventilation.

esign windows and other opening elements to ma imi e use
se taller windows to improve natural ventilation.
Separate windows to upper and lower to improve natural ventilation
continues flow.

reate open plan layout to improve natural ventilation air flow
between building’s interior spaces.

se false ceiling above corridors and upper windows to give the
possibility to air flow between building’s interior spaces.

se high ceiling to allow heated air to rise out of occupy ones.
Single sided ventilation should be place as high as possible to e it
warm air at ceiling level.

se ducts, atrium, under floor spaces to improve air flow and
natural ventilation inside building’s interior spaces.

he plan width should be less than five times of the floor to ceiling
height to improve the spread of natural ventilation into building’s
interior spaces.
Increase ceiling height to improve natural ventilation.
Design all building’s interior spaces to enhance air ventilation and
flow across spaces.
Integrate natural and mechanical ventilation to ensure all building’s
interior spaces have suitable air ventilation.

se modeling and simulation for building’s design before
construction to ensure that natural ventilation is reach all building’s
interior spaces without any negative impacts.
x HVAC Systems Design.
Ensure all
A systems elements are turned on only when needed
to reduce its growl of energy.

onserve
A systems from local environment pollutions.
euse recent cooling or heating indoor air which drags from main
building’s interior spaces in less important spaces to conserve the
consumption of energy.
Ensure that outside air source for buildings should be taken away
from any pollution and in high quality case.

educe
A systems related noise by isolate all its elements and
separate between HVAC systems elements and building’s interior
noise sensitive spaces.
Indoor Acoustical Quality Design Guidelines.
x Outdoor Noise Control Design.

ecrease outdoor noise from its sources.
ocate services and maintenance functions away from noise public
areas to reduce noise.
-
-
Site, orient, and layout buildings such that e ternal noise sources
can be attenuat by distance or by topographic features or walls to
reduce outdoor noise effects.

se double gla ing and high performance gla ing systems in
opening elements to reduce enterance of outdoor noise.

esign different parts of windows and other opening elements for
different needings.

se vegetation and other landscape elements to create sound baffle
between outdoor noise public area and buildings.
x Indoor Noise Control Design.

hoose mechanical devices, plumbing devices, ductwork and
piping that generate less noise.

ocate noise mechanical equipment, office equipment and functions
away from noise sensitive building’s interior spaces.
Isolate noise devices to reduce noise generate.

ocate service and maintenance functions away from noise
sensitive building’s interior spaces.

hoose interior finishing materials which have good acoustic
properties to reduce indoor noise.
Minimize Waste Generation Guidelines.

onsume building materials and products wisely to minimi e waste
generating.

se products and building materials that minimi e waste amount
and growl in materials.

se standard dimensions when manufacture building materials to
reduce building materials waste.

esign and consumer products which generate less waste in all its
lifecycle.

educe the number of construction and finishing materials to
minimi e waste generation.
Specify and order the correct amount and the useful types of
material to reduce waste.
Waste Collect and Transport Guidelines.

ollect and transport generated waste routinely and by safely ways.

reate and manage an integrated waste management services
facilities to collect, transport and manage waste cycle.
Separate and classify different types of waste to enhance its reuse
and recycle opportunities.

se the suitable waste collect and transport with the target waste
types and density.

se waste collect and transport facilities and systems which support
reuse and recycle methods.
Waste Disposal and Treatment Guidelines.

refer reuse and recycle solutions than disposal or landfill to
minimi e disposal waste amount.

hoose the disposal and landfill areas which has less negative
impacts for local nature, economic and social environment.

hoose sites faraway from urban neighborhoods for disposal to
conserve local environment.

se building materials and products that are non to ic.
aste storage areas should be appropriately located away from
residential areas and storm water drains.
Segregate different types of waste when disposed.

hoose the suitable and safe methods of disposal, treatment,
storage, segregation, and collection of waste.

onsider surface water and groundwater sites and level when
choosing the disposal areas.
-
-
Reuse And Recycle Waste Strategies Guidelines.

evelop and integrate urban reuse and recycle systems to collect
and deal with generated waste.
Improve people reuse and recycle systems awareness.

se materials that can be reused and recycled instead of disposal
after its usages.
euse waste product and materials wherever possible.
Educate people to successfully implement waste management
services facilities to promote reuse and recycle processes.

se manufactory systems and materials which support reuse and
recycle methods.
Set the first priority to the recyclable and reusable materials and
product when manufactory instead of others.
Ensure that recycle facilities are minimi ing the negative impacts
on local environment.

lassify and separate all types of waste to enhance reuse and
recycle opportunities.
Building Materials Selection Guidelines.

aterials should be selected to adapt with local nature, economic

hoose local building materials to reduce transportation related
energy consumption and negative impacts.

se building materials which has less negative impacts on global
and local environment at all their lifecycle processes.

hoose building materials which has good properties to enhance
building’s interior spaces performance and efficiency.
Select building materials that don’t produce to ic waste or gas
results at all their lifecycle processes.

se building materials with less need of energy at all their lifecycle
processes.
Select building materials which depend on renewable types of
energy during its manufacture processes.

hoose building materials which need less maintenance and clean.

se building materials which can be safely disposed and conserve
local environment.
Sit and locate building materials manufacture sites away from
residential urban neighborhoods to minimi e its related pollutions
and negative impacts.

se building materials which has less availability to molds and
bacteria grows.
Select building materials which can deal with local environment
potential and opportunities to gain its benefits and enhance
building’s interior spaces performance with conserve local
environment.

se building materials that are less or nonpolluting at the end of
their useful life.

se non to ic and harmless impact cleaning and maintenance
materials.
Minimize Building Materials Usage Guidelines.

se optimum amount of building materials to perform the required
functions.

educe the number of building materials types which are need in
every buildings element.
Eliminate unnecessary finish products in all areas where they are
not require.

inimi e building materials waste at all their lifecycle processes.

se efficient design and detail to help reduce building materials
usage and waste generation.
-
-

se standard dimensions and modular design when design and
manufacture building materials to reduce its related waste.
inimi e areas of buildings to reduce the needing of materials.
uilding materials should be used efficiently as possible as allow
and consider the amount of waste results.
Close Building Materials Loops Guidelines.

euse whole old buildings and building materials after renew to
reduce the consumption of building materials and all related energy
consumption and negative impacts.

epend on building materials which has good availabilities for
reuse and recycle.

enewable, reusable and recyclable building materials should take
precedence over nonrenewable ones.

esign and use building materials to facilitate recycle processes.
Enhance reuse and recycle building materials to reduce building
materials embodied energy at all their lifecycle processes.

se reused and recycled building materials to minimi e the
consumption of raw materials.

se standard dimensions and modular design when manufacture
building materials to enhance the reuse and recycle availability for
all building materials.

se fi ed fi tures and accessories which available for reuse and
recycle after its useful usages.
Energy Sources Guidelines.

hoose the available types of energy which has less negative
impacts on local nature, economic, social environment.

esign suitable places to fi and operate solar photovoltaic in the
building’s exterior elements.

ive the priority for renewable available sources of energy such as:
solar energy, wind energy, biomass and others to generate the
needing of energy with less local environmental negative impacts.

hoose nuclear reactors, solar photovoltaic, wind turbines and other
types of safely and environment friendly renewable energy sources
to generate electricity instead of fossil fuels to conserve local
environment.
Integrate photovoltaic systems with shading and other buildings
e terior elements to ma imi e usages of photovoltaic with conserve
building from unwanted solar radiations.

se movable solar photovoltaic to ma imi e its performance.
Sit wind turbines to generate energy out of urban neighborhoods to
reduce its related noise and unsafe places and ma imi e its
performance.

hoose the suitable wind turbines type according to the properties
of sites and buildings.
onsider the usages of biomass energy as a renewable energy.
Energy Conservation Guidelines.
x Construction Energy.
Enhance recycle and reuse of e ist buildings, facilities,
infrastructure and building materials to conserve building
construction energy.

uild and use only the minimum area and finishing materials to
satisfy the functional requirements.

se local materials and products to reduce the related consumption
of energy in transportation processes.

se building materials which need less energy to be e plored,
e tracted and produced.

hoose the construction methods which have less energy
consumption.
-
-
x Lighting Systems Energy.

esign efficient
consumption.
lighting
systems
that
minimi e
energy
Ensure that lighting systems are only switched on when and where
they are needed.

ive priorities for natural daylighting instead of artificial lighting to
conserve lighting energy.
Optimi e the passive solar design of the buildings to control solar
daylighting.
Orient and form buildings to ma imi e natural daylighting usages
with conserve buildings from unwanted solar radiations.

esign effective opening elements which ma imi e the usage of

se solar photovoltaic to generate renewable energy which is need
for lighting systems.

se light indoor finishing materials and colors to enhance the
performance of indoor lighting systems.

ake a good integration between natural daylighting and artificial
lighting by good design of building’s interior spaces and its
elements.
Only highlighting in specific functional which need it.

se efficiency lighting fi tures and systems to conserve lighting
energy.
Ensure that lighting systems is reaching all building’s interior
spaces and only as brightness as need to satisfy the functional
requirements and as quality as needing.

ood design of all buildings elements to ma imi e the use of
daylighting in buildings interior spaces such as: building interior
design, light shelves, lovers, opening elements, sky lighting, roof
shape and design and others.
x HVAC Systems Energy.

hoose efficient
consumption.
Ensure that
A
they are needed.
A
systems
which
minimi e
energy
systems are only switched on when and where
Enhance insulation of buildings to reduce cooling and heating
energy loads.

se light colors of outdoor finishing materials to reduce cooling
energy loads.
Optimi e the passive solar design of the buildings to control heating
and cooling loads.
Orient buildings to control solar heat.
Orient and shape buildings to ma imi e natural ventilation usage to
conserve energy need for mechanical systems.

onsider natural ventilation when design buildings forms and
e terior details.

reate good ventilation paths indoor buildings to make continues
indoor ventilation move by good design of building’s interior
spaces and its elements.

hoose opening elements design which ma imi es the usage of
Ensure that HVAC systems is reaching all building’s interior spaces
and only as quality as need to satisfy.

se
layer.
A
systems which have less negative impacts for o one
Si e
A systems as optimum as possible to satisfy the
functional requirements.

ood design of outdoor landscape elements to control and support
passive design and gain the benefits of natural potentials such as:
cooling, heating and ventilation.
-
-
x Domestic Devices Energy.

hoose efficient
consumption.
domestic
devices
that
minimi e
energy
Ensure that domestic devices are only switched on when and where
they are need.

epend on stairs rather than elevators in low rise buildings to
reduce energy consumption.

se solar heating systems to produce hot water for buildings
domestic usages to minimi e required indoor water heating energy.
Control Energy Consumption Guidelines.

se automatic control systems to ensure that buildings operating
processes are efficiently.

se buildings simulation tools and software to assist designers in
minimi e buildings energy consumption.

se buildings simulation tools and software to make good
integration between buildings, urban neighborhoods and local
environment potentials to conserve energy.

se simulation software within design building’s exterior and
interior elements to create an integrated system between all
elements of buildings to ma imi e the usages of natural daylighting,
ventilation, cooling, heating and other natural potentials.

onsider the placement and properties of trees and other landscape
elements to enhance usage of natural site’s potential and reduce
negative impacts.

se lighting sensors to control lighting systems energy consumption
and ensure that it is only on when and where need and in efficiency
way.

se
A systems sensors to control
A systems energy
consumption and ensure that it is only on when and where needing
and in efficiency way.
Water Quality Control Guidelines.

roduce high quality of potable water for human usages after being
treated by important treatment processes.
Ensure that the quality of used water is as high as required for the
types of usage but not higher.

igh quality potable water should be only used for applications that
involve human consumption.
se filtered tap water for drinking and cooking usage water.

rey and rain water can be used after treatment processes for:
landscape irrigation, fire protection, . flushing and other usages
which doesn’t need high quality of water and use big amount of
potable water.

onsider and create in building treatment system to treatment waste
water and reuse it in suitable quality for their new usages.
Ensure using non to ic materials in plumbing fi tures and all
fi tures used to collect waste water to conserve the quality of used
water and improve the opportunities to reuse waste water.
Manage Water Consumption Guidelines.

inimi e the consumption of potable water and reduce the waste
water generation.

onserve potable water by use water more efficiently.

se smaller pipes and pumps for lower flow usages.

se plumbing fixtures that don’t use water such as: composting
toilets and waterless urinals to reduce the using of potable water.
se water efficient plumbing fi tures such as: low flow toilets.
se double flush toilets to save water by provide a partial flush for
liquid wastes and a complete flush for fecal wastes.
-
-
Ensure that the water is only being used when needed by using
intelligent plumbing fi tures such as: sensor controls on faucets.

se spray jets showers that mi between air and water to reduce
growl of potable water.

se highly efficient drip irrigation system which uses less water in
outdoor landscape irrigation.

ollect and reuse waste water such as: rain water, grey water from
buildings to reduce the need of potable water.

reate waste water treatment systems and strategies for every
building to classify all types of waste water produced by building
and treatment every type to reuse it again in suitable usages.

reate suitable system to collect and store waste water to reuse it
again in suitable usages without produce local environmental
negative impacts.
Every building should have two water lines: one for potable water
and one for non potable water and those pipes should be colored.

onservation of water ecosystem should be considered early in the
planning and designing process.

se landscape types which use less water and use water
conservation systems for irrigations.
Reduce Related Energy Guidelines.

educe potable water usages and use waste water will reduce big
amount of energy consumption to produce potable water for

educe the consumption of heating energy by: isolate water piping
and tanks, use renewable heating energy and reuse waste heated
water to heat the potable water pipes.

educe the water need of energy for: treat, pump, heat, cool and
other related processes and decrease local environment negative
impacts produced by those processes by reduce the need of potable
water and use renewable energy.
Conserve Local Environment Guidelines.

se waste water in building treatment systems to collect and store
waste water for conserve local environment from negative impacts.

inimi e local environment negative impacts by consider early in
the design processes of the buildings and urban neighborhoods the
impact of: sewage treatment, discharge and all pollutions produced
by: treat, pump, heat, cool and other water processes.

estore waste and storm water again to nature after treatment
processes to conserve local environment.
Outdoor Air Quality Guidelines.

educe outdoor air pollutions from its sources.
ilter and maintain polluted air from industrial, workshops and
other pollutions sources activities.
se landscape elements for filtration and limited air pollutions.

ocate industrial and workshops activities away from residential
areas.

epend on sustainable renewable energy and other clean types of
energy with low related negative impacts.

educe the density of transportation facilities and its negative
impacts on air quality.

anage good ways for waste collect, transport and disposal to
minimi e its related air pollutions.

tili e district cooling systems.

esign to minimi e usages of air conditions and
Avoid any important of
A systems.
and alon containing equipment.
Specify building materials which have low or no negative gases
emissions associate with their lifecycle processes.
-
-

se renewable energy sources such as: photovoltaic, wind turbines
and others instead of fossil fuel to minimi e its negative impacts.
Specify use of district cooling and heating systems.
Adopt alternative refrigerants such as: ammonia and hydrocarbons
with comparatively low global warm potentials.
Select environmentally friendly cleaning products to be used in
regular maintenance.
Avoid usages of materials which negatively effect on o one layers.

se natural ventilation and other local natural potentials to
minimi e
A systems usages and its related negative impacts.

reate good urban landscape networks inside urban fabric spaces to
renew and improve outdoor air quality.
Indoor Air Quality Guidelines.
Specify materials that are resistant to microbial growth especially in
areas where moisture can support the growth of fungi.

arefully design the e terior wall envelope to control moisture by
locating the moisture barrier appropriately.

se clean air shafts in occupied areas of new construction and all
finishing materials with high efficiency particulate air.

se high performance cleaning materials which has less or no
negative impacts on indoor air quality.
Site outdoor air intakes away from pollutions sources of
contamination such as: cooling towers, plumbing vents, loading
docks, parking areas, relief air louvers and dedicated e hausts from
contaminating spaces such as toilets, kitchens, copy rooms and
other contaminating spaces.

rotect outdoor air intakes from bird pollutions with screens and
bird guards.

rovide high efficiency air filtration systems to remove particles of
airborne dusts from the outside air prior to distribution through the
building’s
A system.
Ensure that all
A systems elements are turned on only when
needed to reduce its negative impacts.

onserve
pollutions.

se materials in
A
bacteria, fungi and others.
A
systems elements from local environment
systems which avoid the growth of
Improve natural ventilation for renewing indoor air and enhance its
quality.

euse recent cooling or heating indoor air which drags from main
building’s interior spaces in less important spaces to conserve the
consumption of energy and its related pollutions.
Ensure that outside air source for buildings should be taken away
from any pollution and in high quality.

se indoor plants and landscape elements for renew and enhance
indoor air quality.
Avoid use toxic or bad emission materials indoor building’s interior
spaces.
-
-
Chapter Four Conclusion
Succession of implementing sustainability in the field of architecture
can be achieved by considering and integrating between all elements of
implementing to gain all the benefits of sustainable architecture in every
element without effect on others. So, achieving an integrated sustainable
architecture in Egypt; it is very necessary to develop local construction
guidelines for implementing sustainability which contain all elements of
implementing which will be suitable with all local nature, economic and
social environment in Egypt.
hese elements can be successfully implementing by considering some
guidelines should be contain of: rban and site design which consider:
urban planning, urban sources management, optimi e local environment
and building sites selection and design. andscape and nature in the city
which consider: landscape and sustainable urban neighborhoods design,
landscape and sustainable building design, sustainable softscape elements
design, sustainable hardscape elements design and landscape and
sustainable water ecosystem design. ransportation systems which
consider: transportation systems and urban fabrics design, transportation
systems and urban environment management and transportation systems
and urban occupants needing. uilding architecture forms which
consider: solar responsive design, natural daylighting design, natural
ventilation design and storm water management. Indoor environment and
interior spaces design which consider: indoor visual quality design,
indoor thermal quality design and indoor acoustical quality design. aste
management which considers: minimi e waste generation, waste collect
and transport, waste disposal and treatment and reuse and recycle waste
strategies.
uilding materials which consider: building materials
selection, minimi e building materials usage and close building materials
loops. Energy consumption which consider: energy sources, energy
conservation and control energy consumption. ater ecosystems which
consider: water quality control, manage water consumption, reduce
related energy and conserve local environment guidelines. Air quality
which consider: outdoor air quality and indoor air quality.
Conclusion
Recommendations
Conclusion
Conclusion.
Sustainability is a process of developing all facets of life for filling all
human needs and improving the quality of human life with conserving
and enhancing local and regional nature, economic and social
environment over the short and long term.
Sustainability has three major dimensions to implementing on: natural
dimension which aim to conserving and respecting nature environment,
economy dimension which aim to developing and enhancing local and
regional economic environment and social dimension which aim to
developing and take advantage of social environment of any
communities.
Sustainability have important goals in both local and global level such
as: environment equity, decreasing economic growth from environment
degradation, integrating environment elements naturally, economically
and socially, ensuring environment adaptability, resilience and
maintaining, preventing irreversible long term damage to ecosystems,
avoiding high environment costs on vulnerable populations and education
involvement people and communities investigating problems and
developing new solutions.
Sustainable architecture is a process of creating high performance and
efficiency buildings and urban neighborhoods to filling all occupants’
activities needs and improving their life quality, safety, healthy,
performance, satisfaction and making buildings and urban neighborhoods
more attractive to live in with conserving and enhancing local and
regional nature, economic and social environment over the short and long
term.
Sustainable architecture can be implemented on three major
dimensions naturally, economically and socially and can be achieving by
constructing, electrical, mechanical, environment engineering and many
other disciplines that related to this field to gaining its optimum benefits
and with considering all sustainable architecture elements and strategies.
-
-
Conclusion
sustainability because it has lot of elements should be consider and
integrated for achieving and implementing and each element is a part of
larger systems of nature, economic and social systems.
hese elements are such as:
rban and site design which consider: urban activities associating
impacts, sustainable urban planning concepts, urban conte t and local
ecosystems, urban climate optimi ation, building sites choosing and
designing.
andscape and nature in the city which consider: landscape and the
city, landscape networks strategies, landscape and drainage systems,
landscape and controlling solar gain, landscape and natural ventilation,
landscape and roof garden systems and landscape and heat island
mitigation.
ransportation systems which consider: transportation and
sustainability, transportation and urban design, transportation energy
consumption and street planning and designing.
uilding architecture forms which consider: solar responsive, natural
daylighting, natural ventilation, storm water management and roof
planting systems.
Indoor environment and interior spaces design which consider: indoor
solar control, indoor natural daylighting, indoor natural ventilation,
A systems, indoor noise control and space planning and interior
finishing.
aste management which consider: sustainable waste management
hierarchy, minimi ing waste generation, waste collecting and transporting
processes, waste disposal and treatment processes and waste reusing and
recycling systems.
uilding materials which consider: selection of building materials,
building materials embodied energy, biological building materials,
building materials lifecycle consideration, healthy building materials
usages and local building materials usages.
Conclusion
Energy consumption which consider: energy awareness, energy
conservation, energy efficiency, renewable energy sources and energy
automatic control systems.
ater ecosystems which consider: water conservation, water and
buildings, water and landscape, water treatment, water harvesting and
recycling and water heating energy conservation.
Achieving an integrated sustainable architecture needs for developing
construction guidelines for implementing sustainability during each stage
of the architecture project and considering all elements of implementing
sustainability in architecture field.
In addition, considering the roles of all people whom working in this
area for applying this approach as an integrated way suitable with local
rate the effecting of building lifecycle processes among them environment
impacts, sources consumption, the occupants health and others, all these
elements can be evaluated at both local and global scale.
and educating all responsible people whom working on this field to
associating with their speciali ations to gain the optimum benefits of
sustainable architecture by producing high performance buildings and
environment.
Successfully applying all elements of sustainability in the field of
architecture crossing all scales from buildings, urban neighborhoods,
cities to region scale need to take advantage and deeply studying of some
issues to applying all aspects in every element and producing high
performance life which enhancing health, performance and satisfactions
life environment to occupants with conserving local nature, economic and
social environment from any negative impacts over the long term.
-
-
Conclusion
On the other hand, it is very important to make a good integration
between all professionals people which are working in the architecture
fields such as: planners, designers, constructions, electrical, mechanicals,
environment engineers and other people disciplines to working together
for applying all aspects of sustainability in those elements with a good
integrate system for make all elements to work together for achieve
sustainability in every scale.
Succession of implementing sustainability in the field of architecture
can be achieved by considering and integrating between all elements of
implementing to gain all the benefits of sustainable architecture in every
element without effect on others.
So, achieving an integrated sustainable architecture in Egypt; it is very
necessary to develop local construction guidelines for implementing
sustainability which contain all elements of implementing which will be
suitable with all local nature, economic and social environment in Egypt.
hese elements can be successfully implementing by considering some
guidelines should be contain of:
rban planning and site design which consider: urban planning, urban
sources management, optimi e local environment and building sites
selection and design.
andscape and nature in the city which considering landscape and
sustainable urban neighborhoods design, landscape and sustainable
building design, sustainable softscape elements design, sustainable
hardscape elements design and landscape and sustainable water
ecosystem design.
ransportation systems which consider: transportation systems and
urban fabrics design, transportation systems and urban environment
management and transportation systems and urban occupants needing.
uilding architecture forms which consider: solar responsive design,
natural daylighting design, natural ventilation design and storm water
management.
Conclusion
Indoor environment and interior spaces design which consider: indoor
visual quality design, indoor thermal quality design and indoor acoustical
quality design.
aste management which considers: minimi e waste generation,
waste collect and transport, waste disposal and treatment and reuse and
recycle waste strategies.
uilding materials which consider: building materials selection,
minimi e building materials usage and close building materials loops.
Energy consumption which consider: energy sources, energy
conservation and control energy consumption.
ater ecosystems which consider: water quality control, manage water
consumption, reduce related energy and conserve local environment
guidelines.
In addition, consider and control the roles of all people whom working
in this area for applying this approach as an integrated and successfully
way.
-
-
Recommendations
Recommendations.
he research is aim to recommending some items which should be
considered and take advantage for implementing sustainable architecture
by successfully and integrated way in Egypt such as:
x
ake the sustainable development direction as first choice when
create or develop any building or urban neighborhood to enhance
quality of life without producing negative impacts to local and
global nature, economic and social environment.
x Sustainability should be applied in architecture field in all processes
of construction and reconstruction because they are consume large
quantities of materials, great amount of energy and nonrenewable
natural sources, produce large quantities of wastes and result lot of
negative impacts to local and global environment.
x Integrate and consider all dimensions of sustainability naturally,
economically and socially to implementing sustainability in
successfully way and gaining all benefits of sustainability without
producing negative impacts to local and global environment.
x
onsider differs in the criteria of implementing sustainability from
one region to another causing by differences of nature, economic
and social environment between them is very important to apply
sustainability in the field of architecture.
x
ake a good integration between all elements which associating
with implementing sustainability in the field of architecture to
applying sustainability by a successfully and integrated way.
x
onsider all sustainable architecture strategies is very important to
implementing sustainability in this field by a successfully and
integrated way.
x Integrated between all the stages of the architecture projects
lifecycle processes and all elements which associating with
implementing sustainability is very important to applying
sustainability in this field by a successfully and integrated way.
Recommendations
x
nderstand the impacts of any project on the nature, economic and
social environment to measure the sustainability implementing
successes of the project and gain the optimum benefits.
x
onsider nature dimension of sustainable architecture design to
minimi ing environment negative impacts, conserving nature
sources, enhancing and protecting the nature environment,
decreasing global warming, heat islands effects, pollutions and
o one depletion, harvesting water ecosystem, managing and
controlling natural potentials, conserving natural landscape, wildlife
and other natural features.
x
onsider economic dimension of sustainable architecture design to
create or develop buildings and urban neighborhoods with
enhancing local and regional economic environment by wisely
dealing with sources, energy, waste, natural potentials and
opportunities and other related issues.
x
onsider social dimension of sustainable architecture design to
provide buildings and urban neighborhoods that enhancing human
quality of life, improving safety, healthy, performance, satisfaction
of occupants and make buildings and urban neighborhoods more
attractive to live in.
x
evelop local design guidelines for implementing sustainability
during each stage of architecture projects lifecycle and including all
elements of sustainability implementing with considering local
nature, economic and social environment is very important to
achieve an integrated sustainable architecture in Egypt.
x Implementing sustainability in the element of urban and site design
by consider urban activities associating impacts, urban planning
concepts, conte t, local ecosystems and climate optimi ation and
building sites choosing and designing and coordinate guidelines for
urban planning, sources management, optimi e local environment
and building sites selection and design which suitable with local
nature, economic and social environment and applying all
sustainable architecture strategies.
-
-
Recommendations
x Implementing sustainability in the element of landscape and nature
in the city by consider landscape and the city, landscape networks
strategies, landscape and drainage systems, controlling solar gain,
natural ventilation, roof garden systems and heat islands mitigation
and coordinate guidelines for landscape and sustainable urban
neighborhoods design, sustainable building design, sustainable
softscape, hardscape elements design and sustainable water
ecosystem design which suitable with local nature, economic and
social environment and applying all sustainable architecture
strategies.
x Implementing sustainability in the element of transportation
systems by consider transportation and sustainability, urban design,
energy consumption and street planning and designing and
coordinate guidelines for transportation systems and urban fabrics
design, urban environment management and urban occupants
needing which suitable with local nature, economic and social
environment and applying all sustainable architecture strategies.
x Implementing sustainability in the element of building architecture
form by consider solar responsive, natural daylighting, ventilation,
storm water management and roof planting systems and coordinate
guidelines for solar responsive design, natural daylighting,
ventilation design and storm water management which suitable with
local nature, economic and social environment and applying all
x Implementing sustainability in the element of indoor environment
and interior spaces design by consider indoor solar control, natural
daylighting, ventilation,
A systems, noise control and space
planning and interior finishing and coordinate guidelines for indoor
visual, thermal and acoustical quality design which suitable with
local nature, economic and social environment and applying all
x Implementing sustainability in the element of waste management by
consider sustainable waste management hierarchy, minimi ing
waste generation, waste collecting and transporting processes, waste
Recommendations
disposal and treatment processes and waste reusing and recycling
systems and coordinate guidelines for minimi e waste generation,
waste collect and transport, waste disposal and treatment and reuse
and recycle waste strategies which suitable with local nature,
economic and social environment and applying all sustainable
architecture strategies.
x Implementing sustainability in the element of building materials by
consider selection of building materials, building materials
embodied energy, biological building materials, building materials
lifecycle consideration, healthy and local building materials usages
and coordinate guidelines for building materials selection, minimi e
building materials usage and close building materials loops which
suitable with local nature, economic and social environment and
applying all sustainable architecture strategies.
x Implementing sustainability in the element of energy consumption
by consider energy awareness, conservation, efficiency, renewable
energy sources and energy automatic control systems and
coordinate guidelines for energy sources, conservation and control
energy consumption which suitable with local nature, economic and
social environment and applying all sustainable architecture
strategies.
x Implementing sustainability in the element of water ecosystem by
consider water conservation, water and buildings and landscape,
water treatment, water harvesting and recycling and water heating
energy conservation and coordinate guidelines for water quality
control, manage water consumption, reduce related energy and
conserve local environment which suitable with local nature,
x Implementing sustainability in the element of air quality by
consider outdoor and indoor air quality and coordinate guidelines
for outdoor and indoor air quality which suitable with local nature,
-
-
Recommendations
x
onsider roles of all people whom working in architecture field is
very important for applying this approach as a successfully and
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Research Abstract
Research Abstract
evelopment processes of societies and countries are aiming to raise
the community’s nature, economic and social environment, those
processes are resulted environment ha ards and negative impacts.
So, it is necessary to take other directions of development to enhancing
the quality of life without producing negative impacts to local and global
Sustainability is a new direction of development which aim to meet the
needs of the present generations without reduce the abilities of future
generations to have their requirements in all areas which related to them
through the various dimensions of sustainability: naturally, economically
and socially and without resulting any negative impacts for local and
global environment.
Architecture field is represent great challenges in the area of
implementing sustainability in all processes of construction and
reconstruction because they are consume large quantities of materials,
great amount of energy and nonrenewable natural sources, produce large
quantities of wastes and result lot of negative impacts to local and global
environment.
y applying sustainability in the field of architecture, there are differs
in the criteria of implementing from one region to another causing by
differences of nature, economic and social environment between them.
So, achieving an integrated sustainable architecture in Egypt needs to
develop local design guidelines for implementing sustainability during
each stage of architecture projects lifecycle and including all elements of
sustainability implementing with consider local nature, economic and
social environment. In addition, consider the roles of all people whom
working in this area for applying this approach as a successfully and
his research is presenting its contents in several chapters as
following:
-
-
Research Abstract
hapter one “Sustainability and Sustainable Architecture”: will
consider discussing the concept of sustainability by its definitions,
dimensions and goals, then discussing the relationships between
sustainability and the building environment to reach the concept of
sustainable architecture and study its dimensions, views, benefits,
elements, strategies and others to conclude the concept of sustainable
design for implementing sustainability theory in architecture and
construction field.
hapter two “Elements of Sustainable Architecture”: will consider
discussing the most important elements which should be considered and
take advantage for achieving sustainability in architecture field by
discussing some views such as: studying relationships between every
element and the local nature, economic and social environment and the
mutual effecting between them positively and negatively, studying
relationships between every element and the sustainable urban design by
discussing some items which should be considered for implementing
sustainability in buildings and urban neighborhoods and deducing
sustainable architecture strategies for every element to consider when
planning and designing buildings and urban neighborhoods processes,
also showing some case studies which e plaining the implementing of
every element in architecture projects.
hapter three “Sustainable Architecture ating Systems, esign
uides and ase Studies”: will consider orienting some of international
sustainable architecture rating systems, design guides and global and local
case studies of implementing sustainability on architecture field.
hapter four “ uidelines of Sustainable Architecture”: will suggest
some design guidelines for every element of implementing sustainability
in the field of architecture should be considered to achieve and gain all
onclusion and ecommendations: will conclude all the research
contents and recommending some items should be considered and take
advantage for implementing sustainable architecture by a successfully and
integrated way.
Researcher Curriculum Vitae
Researcher Curriculum Vitae
Name:
Eslam
Gender:
ale.
Religion:
uslim.
ohamed
Birth:
ahmoud
oraekip.
airo – Egypt .
Nationality: Egyptian.
Phone:
E-Mail:
Work:
.
oraekip yahoo.com.
oraekip hotmail.com.
Assistant Teacher: Architecture Department - Faculty of
Engineering – Mattaria – Helwan University – Cairo –
Egypt.
Education:
High School Certificate
Excellent
(Secondary School – Cairo – Egypt)
Bachelor Of Architecture Engineering
1999 – 2003 (Architecture Department - Faculty Of Engineering – Very Good
Mattaria – Helwan University – Cairo – Egypt)
Post Graduate Studies
2004 – 2006 (Architecture Department - Faculty Of Engineering – Very Good
Post Graduate Studies (Urban Studies Module)
(Faculty Of Science – Department Of Geography –
2008
30 ECTS
Cosmopolis Research Group – Vrije University
Brussels (VUB) – Brussels – Belgium)
Master of Science in Architecture
Master
2004 – 2010 (Architecture Department - Faculty Of Engineering –
Degree
1996 – 1998
-
-
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫ﺇﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻝﺛﻼﺛﺎء ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﻓﻖ ‪2010 /3/23‬ﻡ ﺇﺟﺘﻤﻌﺖ ﺑﻤﺴﺮﺡ ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ –‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﺍﻥ ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺣﻜﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭ ﻧﺎﺋﺐ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻣﻊ ﺓ ﻟﺸﺊﻭﻥ‬
‫ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﻡ ﺓ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺓ‬
‫‪2009/12 /1‬ﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺤﻮﺙ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺱ‪ /‬ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﻳﻜﺐ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ – ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ –‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺴﺠﻞ ﻟﻨﻴﻞ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺑﺘﺎﺭﻳﺦ‬
‫‪200 /2/26‬ﻡ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺇﻋﺘﻤﺪﺕ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪Sustainable Architecture between Theory and Application in Egypt‬‬
‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎء ﻟﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻜﻢ‬
‫‪ . 1‬ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻫﺸﺎﻡ ﺳﺎﻣﺢ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻣﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺎً(‬
‫)ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺎً(‬
‫‪ . 2‬ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﺧﺎﻟﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺣﺴﻦ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺸﺌﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬‫‪ .3‬ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﺍ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺿﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻣﺸﺮﻓﺎً(‬
‫‪ . 4‬ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﺃﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻋﻔﻴﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .‬ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﺍﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪-28 -‬‬
‫ﻣﻠﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‬
‫ﺗﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻼﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻹﺭﺗﻘﺎء ﺑﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻠﻚ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻝﻣﺨﺎﻁﺮ ﺍﻝﺑﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻠﺒﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‬
‫ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﺮﻓﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍً‬
‫ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻝﻣﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺇﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻱ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻮﻓﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺧﻼﻝ ﺑﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﺟﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺗﻬﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ‬
‫ﺍً‬
‫ﺳﻠﺒﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍ ﻝﺑﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻺﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎً ﻭﺇﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎً ﻭﺇﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎً ﻭﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺎً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍً ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻹ ﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻦﺍء‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﻠﻚ ﻗﺪﺭﺍً ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺍُ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻝﻣﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻛﻤﻴﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻭﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻊﺍﻳﻴﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻦﻁﻘﺔ ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻹﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹ ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ‪ ،‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻋﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺗﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻛﻮﺩ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻛﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﺍﺣﻞ‬
‫ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻉ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺮﺍﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍ ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻹﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺍﻷﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﻠﻴﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻝ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﺍ‬
‫ﺍﻹﺗﺠﺎﻩ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﺗﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺓ‬
‫ﻭﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻳﺎﺗﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻷﺑﻮﺍﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ "ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ"‪ :‬ﻳﻨﺎﻗﺶ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺃﺏﻋﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﺃﻫﺪﺍﻓﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻹ ﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﻢ ﺍﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﻮﺻﻮﻝ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺃﺑﻌﺎﺩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻧﻈﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻫﺎ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﺇ ﺳﺘﺮﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﺖﻧﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺸﻴﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ "ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ "‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻫﻢ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻭﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻟﺘﺢﻕﻳﻖ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺜﻞ ‪ :‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺑﻴﻨﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﺠﺎﺑﻴﺎ ً ﻭﺳﻠﺒﻴﺎ ً ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻡ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ‬
‫ﺑﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻛﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺇﺳﺖﺭﺍﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺃﺛﻨﺎء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻟﻜﻞ‬
‫ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺮﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ "ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺩ ﻭﻋﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ "‪ :‬ﻱﻋﺮﺽ ﺑﻊﺽ‬
‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻛﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﺍﺳﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ " ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ"‪ :‬ﻳﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻜﻞ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻹﺳﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﻣﺮﺍﻋﺎﺗﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺬ‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻛﻞ ﻓﻮﺍﺋﺪﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫"ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺻﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ "‪ :‬ﻳﻌﺮﺽ ﺧﻼﺻﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇ ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎ ﻭﺍﻷﺧﺬ ﺑﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻝﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﺤﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
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‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠﻮﺍﻥ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺪﺍﻣﺔ‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫ﺭﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻛﺠﺰء ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺟﺴﺘﻴﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺇﻋﺪﺍﺩ‬
‫ﻡ‪ /‬ﺇﺳﻼﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﻣﺮﻳﻜﺐ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻴﺪ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺇﺷﺮﺍﻑ‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﺭﺍﻧﺪﺍ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺭﺿﺎ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻭﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻗﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﺃﻳﻤﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻧﻮﺭ ﻋﻔﻴﻔﻲ‬
‫ﺃ‪.‬ﻡ‪.‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﻋﺒﺪ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻴﺪ ﺩﻳﺎﺏ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺑﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻛﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ – ﺍﻟﻤﻄﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻫﺮﺓ ‪ -‬ﻣﺼﺮ‬
‫‪2010‬‬