k|f

Transcription

k|f

k|f·fl/s j[mlif pTkfbg,
k|dfl0fs/0f ;DaGwL dfkb08,
lgb]{lzsf, dfu{bz{g Pj+
sfo{ljlwx?sf] ;+ufnf]
g]kfn ;/sf/
j[mlif ljsf; dGqfno
j[mlif ljefu
j[mlif Joj;fo k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ljsf; lgb]{zgfno
j[mlif j:t' lgof{t k|j4{g sfo{qmd
xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/
@)&)
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg, k|dfl0fs/0f ;DaGwL dfkb08,
lgb]{lzsf, dfu{bz{g Pj+ sfo{ljlwx¿sf] ;+ufnf]
g]kfn ;/sf/
s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
s[lif ljefu
s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g tyf ahf/ ljsf; lgb]{zgfno
s[lif j:t' lgof{t k|j4{g sfo{qmd
xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/
@)&)
b'O{ zAb
:yfgLo k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / ;Gt'lnt pkof]u
u/L bLuf] s[lif Joj:yfkg dfkm{t s[lif If]q Pj+ d'n'ssf] cfly{s
ljsf; ug]{ nIo xfl;n ug{df k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLn] dxTjk"0f{ 6]jf
k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;Gbe{df /fli6«o s[lif gLlt, @)^!
df k|fËfl/s v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg k'¥ofOg]5 elg pNn]v ePsf] / ;f]xL
gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu s[lif ljsf; dGqfnoaf6 æk|fËfl/s s[lif
pTkfbg tyf k|z]fwg k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DaGwL
lgb]{lzsf, @)^$Æ :jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . ;f]
lgb]{lzsf sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf /fli6«o÷cGt//fli6«o :t/sf
k|fËfl/s k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfonfO{ ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] æ/fli6«o
k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf] ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf
Aoj:yf ug{ ag]sf] sfo{ljlw, @)^(Æ :jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf]
5 . To;}ul/ ljZjfl;nf] / ;j{;'ne k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ug{ æk|fËfl/s s[lif
pTkfbgsf] ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL ;~rfng ;DaGwL
dfu{bz{g, @)^(Æ :jLs[t eO{ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . o;
dfu{bz{gn] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|s[ofnfO{
;:tf], ;j{;'ne / Jojxfl/s agfpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg, k|dfl0fs/0fsf] d"n cfwf/ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnL ePsf]n] æk|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;fd'lxs k|df0fLs/0fsf
nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf, @)^(Æ :jLs[t eO{
sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . pk/f]Qm lgb]{lzsf, dfu{bz{g / sfo{ljlwn]
k|fËfl/s s[lif k|dfl0fs/0f k|s[ofnfO{ yk ljZjfl;nf] / Jojxfl/s
agfpg] p2]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg u/L pQm j:t'x?sf] k|dfl0fs/0f ubf{ nfUg]
vr{df cg'bfg lbg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cf=a= @)^^÷^& b]lv
k|dfl0fs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg pknJw u/fpb} cfPsf] / ;f] k|s[ofnfO{
Joj:yLt ug]{ p2]Zon] æk|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tsf nflu
k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] Aoj:yf ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw,
@)^(Æ l:js[t eO{ sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] 5 . pQm sfo{ljlwn]
pTkfbgstf{, k|zf]wgstf{, lgof{tstf{nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ ck]Iff
/flvPsf] 5 .
o; lgb]{lzsf, dfu{bz{g / sfo{ljlw sfof{Gjog ug]{ l;nl;nfdf
;/sf/L Pj+ ;/f]sf/ /fVg] lghL If]qx? larsf] k|efjsf/L ;dGjo /
;xsfo{df dfq ;xh ?kdf ;~rfngdf cfpg ;Sg] x'gfn] ;a}
If]qsf] /rgfTds ;xof]u /xg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} o;
k'l:tsfn] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg ug]{ s[ifs, k|zf]wgstf{, Jofkf/L tyf
cGo ;a}nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .
o; k'l:tsf tof/ ug]{ l;nl;nfdf pko'Qm /fo, ;'emfj tyf
k|ltlqmof lbO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g] ;Dk"0f{ ;/f]sf/jfnfx? / k|:t't
k|ltlqmofx?nfO{ ;d]6L k'l:tsfnfO{ clGtd ?k lbg] sfo{df ;+nUg
s[lif j:t' lgof{t k|j4{g sfo{qmdsf jl/i7 s[lif cy{lj1 >L b'uf{
k|;fb pk|]tL / s[lif cy{lj1 >L s[kf 9sfnsf] sfo{nfO{ ;x|fgf ub}{
cGo ;a} ;xof]uL ;fyLx?nfO{ wGojfb lbg rfxG5' .
;'lgn gfy nf]xgL
k|d'v
s[lif j:t' lgof{t k|j4{g sfo{qmd
ljifo–;"rL
-!_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf]
/fli6«o k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^$
-;+zf]wg, @)^%_
!–$@
-@_ /fli6«o k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf]
;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf Aoj:yf ug{ ag]sf]
sfo{ljlw, @)^(
$#–%^
-#_ Kf|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL ;~rfng ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, @)^(
%&–^^
-$_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;fd'lxs k|df0fLs/0fsf
nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf, @)^(
^&–!)*
-%_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tsf nflu k|df0fLs/0f
z'Ns cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf
;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)^(
!)(–!!^
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg
k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o k|fljlws
dfkb08 ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^$
-;+zf]wg @)^%_
-g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ldlt @)^%.!!.@)_
1
k|:tfjgf
efu !M kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"ld
!=@ k|fËfl/s s[lif / o;sf] dxTj
!=# k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt
!=$ k|fËfl/s pkh k|df0fLs/0f
efu @M k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg
@=!= k|of]udf cfpg] zAbfjnL
@=@= k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg
k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zo
@=#= k|fËfl/s s[lifsf cfwf/x?
@=$= k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg ubf{
Wofg lbg' kg]{ ljifox?
@=%= k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx?
efu #M k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] dfkb08
efu $M k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f ;+/rgf
cg';"rL !
cg';"rL @
cg';"rL #
cg';"rL $
cg';"rL %
2
#
%
%
^
&
*
!)
!)
!%
!^
!&
!*
!(
##
#*
#(
$)
$!
$@
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o
k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^$
-;+zf]wg @)^%_
k|:tfjgf
(Preamble)
cfGt/Ls Pj jf+XØ ahf/df k|fËfl/s vfB j:t' Pj+ cGo s[lif tyf
kz'hGo pkhx?sf] dfu lbgfg'lbg a9b} u}//x]sf] / b]zsf clwsf+z
hgtf s[lifdf cfwf/Lt ePsf] kl/k|]Ifdf k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf
k|zf]wgaf6 s[ifs ju{sf] cfo cfh{gdf j[l4 tyf j}b]lzs d'b|f
cfh{gsf] e/kbf]{ dfWod x'g'sf] ;fy} k/Dk/fut 1fg, lzk / snfsf]
;+/If0f, s[lif pTkfbsTj tyf hldgsf] pj{/f zlQmdf j[l4, pTkfbg
k|j[mofdf k'g{k|of]u / k'ghL{ljt÷k'gp{Tkfbg x'g] k|ljlwsf] k|j4{g,
df6f]÷hn ;Dkbfsf] lbuf] / :j:Yos/ pkof]udf k|f]T;fg, s[lif
k|0ffnLaf6 pT;lh{t k|b"if0fsf] Go"lgs/0f / cfg'j+lzs tyf hftLo
ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f x'g] k4ltsf] ljsf;jf6 jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;d]t
x'g hfg] ePsf]n] –
 k|fËfl/s s[lif tyf kz'hGo pkhx?sf] pTkfbgdf /;folgs
dn, ljiffbL / ljleGg /f;folgs cf}ifwLx? / k|zf]wg sfo{df
of]uzLnx?sf] k|of]udf lgoGq0f u/L vfB :jR5tf sfod ug{,
 pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0fsf ljleGg r/0fx?df k|fËfl/s
kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{,
 pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ :jR5 pTkfbg, k|zf]wg Pj+ ahf/Ls/0fsf]
k|Tofe"t ug{,
 u'0f:t/ cGt/f{li6«o dfu÷dfkb08 ;/x sfod u/L o:tf
pkhx?sf] Jofkf/÷Joj;fo clej[l4 ug{
rfn' cfjlws of]hgf, /fli6«o s[lif gLlt, @)^! / s[lif Joj;fo
k|j4{g gLlt, @)^# sf cfwf/df of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . of]
lgb]{lzsf k|fËfl/s pTkfbg k|0ffnL / k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] l;4fGt cg';f/
pTkflbt s[lif tyf kz'hGo pkh / ltgaf6 k|zf]lwt kbfy{x?sf]
3
u'0f:t/ k|dfl0fs/0f / lgoGq0fsf nflu nfu" ul/g]5 . o;sf nflu
lgb]{lzsfn] pTkfbg b]lv k|zf]wg, n]jln+u, lgl/If0f / ahf/Ls/0f
;Ddsf ;j} sfo{x?nfO{ ;d]6\g] 5 . k|fËfl/s k|ljlwaf6
pTkfbg÷k|zf]wg u/L ;"rs–kq (label) df biodynamic, organic,
ecological jf biological h:tf zAbx? /fvL ljlqm ljt/0f ul/g]
pkh÷pTkfbgx? of] lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ k|dfl0ft ul/g' kb{5 .
lgb]{lzsfnfO{ lj:t[t Pj+ k|fËfl/s pTkfbgx?sf] cGt//fli6«o
dfkb08;Fu ;dfgLs/0f ug{ cfjZos kl/dfh{g ub}{ nlug]5 .
4
efu !M kl/ro (Introduction)
!=! k[i7e"ld
(Background)
g]kfndf k/Dk/fut s[lif k|0ffnL cGtu{t k|fËfl/s v]lt ckgfO{b}
cfPsf] ePtf klg o;df ;do ;fk]If ;'wf/ x'g g;Sbf cfzfltt
pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . s[lif tyf kz'hGo pTkfbg
j[l4sf nflu dn, ljifflb, xdf]{g nufot ljleGg /;fogx?sf] k|of]u
lj:tf/} a9\b} uO{ /x]sf]5 . xl/t qmflGt k|jlt{t s[lif k|0ffnLsf]
lj;+ult :j?k o;af6 l;lh{t pTkfbsTjsf] x|f;, vfB kbfy{sf]
cefj / pknAw vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/df x|f; h:tf ljleGg
;d:ofx? b]lvO;s]sf 5g\ eg] s[lif If]qdf Jofks ?kn] a9\b} uPsf]
ljifflb k|of]u, vfB kbfy{df cvfB j:t'sf] ld;fj6 / hg:jf:Yosf
ljifodf hgrf;f] al9/fv]sf] 5 . ;fy} cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df a9\bf]
k|fËfl/s pTkfbgsf] dfunfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf oy]i7 k|fËfl/s pTkfbg
ug{ ;s] a}b]lzs Aofkf/sf] a[l4 eO{ b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df of]ubfg
x'g] b]lvG5 .
g]kfndf vfB j:t'x?sf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ / pkef]Qmf xs /
clwsf/nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ k|of;x? eO{ /x]sf 5g\ . o; cGtu{t vfB
P]g @)@#, vfB lgodfjnL @)@&, pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g @)%$ /
pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f lgodfjnL @)%^ nfu" eO{ ;s]sf 5g . pkef]Qmf
;+/If0f P]g @)%$ cg';f/ pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f kl/ifb ;d]t u7g ePsf]
5 / pkef]Qmf ;+/If0f P]g÷lgodfjnLsf] cfwf/df v'nf tyf Kofs]lhË
ePsf pTkflbt÷k|zf]lwt j:t'x?df x'g] u/]sf cvfB j:t'x?sf]
ld;fj6 Go"gLs/0f ug]{ k|of; ePsf] kfO{G5 . ;f] P]g÷lgodfjnLdf
pTkfbg k|j[mof ;d]tsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug]{ k|oTg ePsf] b]lvPtf
klg s[lif tyf kz'hGo jfnL pTkfbgdf s[ifsn] cjnDjg ug'{kg]{
laifo / /f;folgs dn, sL6gfzs ljiffbL / cGo /f;fogx?sf]
k|of]u ;DaGwL k|i6 pNn]v ePsf] kfO{+b}g . lg/LIf0f tyf
k|df0fLs/0fsf] ;jfndf KoflsË u/]sf vfB kbfy{df g]kfn u'0f:t/
lrGx -NS dfs{_ sf] k|of]u afx]s k|zf]wgsf nflu sRrf kbfy{ /
5
pTkfbg u/L pkef]Qmf ;Dd vfBj:t' cfk"lt{ x'Fbf cjnDjg ul/g'kg]{
pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf k|s[ofut dfkb08sf] cefj 5 . ;fy}
k|fËfl/s s[lif pkh / vfBfGg k|ltsf] hgr]tgf / o;sf nflu
ahf/df a9\bf] ?kdf b]lvPsf] dfu / cfk"lt{nfO{ Wofgdf /fvL
g]kfndf klg k|fËfl/s s[lif pkh Joj:yfkg tyf k|df0fLs/0fsf]
cfjZostf b]lvPsf] 5 .
a9\b} uO{/x]sf] pTkfbg nfut, jftfj/0fLo ljgfz / hn–k|b"if0f,
hldgsf] pj{/fzlQm tyf afnLx?sf] pTkfbsTjdf cfPsf] x|f; /
vfB k|b"if0faf6 >[lht ;d:ofx?sf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu Ps dfq
ljsNk :j?k k|fËfl/s v]tL k|0ffnLsf] dxTj qmlds ?kdf a9b}
uPsf] 5 . k|fËfl/s s[lif ljsf; cleofgn] pko'Qm / ;/n k|ljlwsf]
cjnDjg ub}{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;+/If0f, ;Da4{g / ;Gt'ngnfO{ ljz]if
hf]8 lbg] u/]sf] 5 . bzf}+ of]hgf tyf /fli6«o s[lif gLlt, @)^! n]
;d]t k|fËfl/s s[lifnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . csf{] tkm{ g]kfn ljZj
Jofkf/ ;+u7gsf] ;b:o eO{ ;s]sf] kl/j]zdf ljZj ahf/df k|lt:kwf{
ug{sf] nflu k|fËfl/s s[lif k|j4{g ug'{ clt cfjZos 5 . o;}
;Gbe{x?nfO{ dWogh/ /fvL of] k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o
k|fljlws dfkb08 tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
!=@ k|fËfl/s s[lif / o;sf] dxTj
(Organic Agriculture and its Importance)
…k|fËfl/s s[lifÚ bLuf] kof{j/0f / kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL, ;'/lIft,
u'0f:t/Lo tyf kf]if0fo'Qm vfgf, k|f0fL hfltsf] sNof0f / ;fdflhs
Gofosf nflu s[lif k|0ffnLdf k|of]u x'g] lglZrt k|j[mofx?sf] Plss[t
pkfud (Approach) xf] . k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLdf aflx/L ;|f]t tyf
nufgLsf] Go"gtd pkof]u ul/G5 / jfnL pTkfbg sfo{df s[lif
k|0ffnLsf s]lx pTkfbg ;fdfu|L tyf k|j[mofx?sf] pkof]unfO{
gsfl/G5 (IFOAM, 2002) . o;af6 kof{j/0fLo ;Gtn'g sfod /fVg
/ o;sf] lg/Gt/tfsf] nflu ;xof]u x'g hfG5 .
/f;folgs tyf afx\o ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t pTkfbg ;fdfu|Lsf] a9\bf]
k|of]un] s[lif k|0ffnL, kof{j/0fLo l:ytL tyf dfgj :jf:Yodf
6
gs/fTds k|efj kg]{ ePsf] / g]kfndf s[lif If]qdf k|of]u ul/g] o:tf
;fdfu|Lx? cfoft ul/g' kg]{ / ef}uf]lns ljs6tfsf] sf/0f ljt/0f
sfo{ hl6n / vlr{nf] ePsfn] :yfgLo ;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkg /
;b'kof]u u/L s[lif pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug]{ gLlt lng' plrt x'G5 .
k/Dk/fut 1fg tyf ;LknfO{ ;do ;fk]If ?kdf kl/jt{g u/L]
k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnL cjnDag ubf{ k|lt O{sfO{ e"ldaf6 clws
pTkfbg x'g'sf] ;fy} ;f] If]qsf] kof{j/0f÷jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng /fVg
;xof]u x'G5 . k|fËfl/s v]tL k|0ffnLsf] dxTj / kmfObf a'lem;s]sf
ls;fgn] g]kfndf klg skmL, rLof / cGo s]xL afnLx?df of] k4lt
z'? u/L pkef]QmfnfO{ ;'/lIft / u'0f:t/Lo vfB j:t' pknAw ug{
yfln;s]sf 5g\ / k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] If]qdf qmlds j[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 .
:yfgLo k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / ;+t'lnt pkof]u
u/L lbuf] s[lif Joj:yfkg dfkm{t s[lif If]q Pj+ d'n'ssf] cfly{s
ljsf; ug]{ nIf xfl;n ug{df k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLn] dxTjk"0f{ 6]jf
k'¥ofpg] ljZjf; ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLsf]
ljsf;sf nflu o;sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt tyf k|fljlws cfwf/x?sf]
Plsg u/L k|fËfl/s pkhx?sf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f, dfkg /
k|dfl0fs/0fsf nflu k|lqmofut Joj:yf x'g' clt dxTjk"0f{ x'ghfG5 .
!=# k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] cfwf/e"t l;4fGt
(Basic Principles of
Organic Agriculture)
k|fËfl/s s[lif cleofgsf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3 (International
Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement) n] k|ltkfbg u/]sf]
l;4fGtx?nfO{ g} k|fËfl/s s[lif ljsf; tyf k|a4{gsf k|d'v cfwf/sf]
?kdf lnOPsf] 5 . g}lts cfwf/df lgld{t o;sf dfgj :j:Yo,
kof{j/0f, pknlJwsf] lgikIf ljt/0f / ;+/If0f ;DaGwL l;4fGtx?n]
Plss[t (Integrated) ?kdf k|fËfl/s s[lif Joj;fodf ul/g] ljleGg
7
sfo{x?nfO{ lglb{i6 ub{5g1 .
!=$ k|fËfl/s pkh k|df0fLs/0f
(Organic Product Certification)
k|fËfl/s s[lif cleofgsf] cGt/f{li6«o dxf;+3 (The IFOAM2 Organic
Guarantee System) nufot ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif÷ljZj
:jf:Yo ;+u7g, o"/f]lkog ;+3 (EEC 20092/91) / cd]/Lsf (United
State National Organic Program), hfkfg (Japan Agricultural
Standard), Sofg8f, ef/t / rLg h:tf d'n'sx?n] k|fËfl/s s[lif
pkhx?sf] :t/ lgwf{/0fsf nflu dfkb08 to u/]sf 5g\ . h;cg';f/
oL b]zx?df cGo d'n'saf6 k|fËfl/s s[lif pkh cfoft ug'{ k/]df
lgwf{l/t dfkb08 d'tfljs pTkfbg ul/Psf / tL b]zsf ;DalGwt
lgsfoaf6 :jLs[t k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] k|dfl0ft u/]sf j:t'x? dfq
cfoft ug'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 .
o; lsl;dsf dfkb08x?n] clu|d klxrfgsf cfwf/df k|fËfl/s
pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / ljt/0fsf nflu ljleGg zt{x? lgwf{/0f ub{5g .
s'g} klg k|fËfl/s pkhdf lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/ sfod ug{sf nflu
ljZjfl;nf] k|s[of ckgfO{ o:tf zt{x? k'/f ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 . s'g}
pkhsf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / ljt/0fdf o:tf cfjZos zt{x? k'/f
ul/Psf]5 egL t];|f] kIfn] lbg] lnlvt ;'lglZrttf nfO{ k|df0fLs/0f
(Certification) elgG5 . cfjZos k|lqmof ckgfO{ o;/L k|fËfl/s
1
k|fËfl/s s[lifn]–
 lbuf] ljsf;df df6f], kfgL, jg:ktL, hGt' tyf dfgj nufot ;du| k[YjLnfO{ hLjGt
agfpgsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ub{5 (Principle of Health);
 kof{j/0fLo k|lqmof / k'gMk|of]u k|0ffnL cg';f/ pTkfbg ug'{kb{5 (Principle of Ecology);
 ;a}sf nflu jftfj/0fLo tyf hLjgsf cj;/x?nfO{ lgZkIf ?kdf ;'lglZrt ub{5
(Principle of Fairness);
 jt{dfg tyf efjL ;Gtltsf] :jf:Yo / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf nflu] ;fjwfgL / pQ/bfoLk"j{s
k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] Joj:yfkg ub{5 (Principle of Care)
2
of] dxf;+3 !(&@ df hd{gLdf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . :yfkgf sfndf hd{gL, :jL6\h/n}08 h:tf
b]zdf dfq ;Lldt ePsf] of] ;+:yfdf xfn !)* b]zsf sl/a *%) hlt ;+:yf cfa4
e};s]sf 5g\ .
8
;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug{] lgsfonfO{ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo (Certifying
body) elgG5 h;n] cfjZos zt{ k'/f ug]{ s[lif pkhnfO{
k|df0fLs/0f lrGx (Logo) klg k|bfg ub{5 . k|fËfl/s pkh
k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu pkhx?sf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg / ljt/0fdf
lgwf{l/t k|j[mof / zt{x? k'/f eP gePsf] lgl/If0fsf] cfwf/df Plsg
u/L k|df0fLs/0f lgsfonfO{ k|ltj]bg ug{ tf]lsPsf] bIf / ;DalGwt
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfoaf6 O{hfht k|fKt k|fljlwsx?nfO{ k|fËfl/s
lg/LIfs (Organic Inspector) elgG5 .
9
efu @M k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg
(Organic Agriculture Production and Processing)
@=!= k|of]udf cfpg] zAbfjnL
(Words in Use)
s_ cl86 (Audit)M cl86 eGgfn] ljlwjt Pj+ :jfoQ hf+r
k|s[of cGtu{t lgof]lht p2]Zo cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
eP gePsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ hgfp+5 .
v_ s[lif pkh÷ s[lifaf6 pTkflbt kbfy{ (Agricultural Product/
Product of Agriculture Origin) M s[lif pkh jf s[lifaf6
pTkflbt kbfy{ eGgfn] s[lif hGo kbfy{df cfwfl/t s'g}
sRrf kbfy{ jf k|zf]lwt kbfy{ dfgj–pkef]u jf kz'–
bfgfsf] nflu tof/ u/L ahf/Ls/0f ul/Psf] kbfy{nfO{
hgfp+b5 . o; kl/efiffn] kfgL, g"g / cGo of]ulznnfO{
;d]6\g] 5}g .
u_ cg'j+z k|+f}Bf]lus jf ;ljGof; ul/Psf kbfy{ (Genetically
engineered/modified organism) cg'j+z kl/jt{g u/L
ag]sf kbfy{ o; cGt/ut kg]{ 5g . k|fs[lts t/j/sf]
d]l6+u jf k|fs[lts ldngaf6 ag]sfnfO{ o; kl/efiffn]
;d]6\g] 5}g .
3_ cg'j+z k/Ljt{g t/Lsf÷k/Ljt{g (Techniques of genetic
engineering/ modification) cg'j+z k/Ljt{g t/Lsf eGgfn]
Recombinant DNA, cell fusion, micro/macro injection,
encapsulation, gene deletion and doubling h:tf
k|j[mofx?nfO{ hgfpg]5 . cg'j+z kl/jt{g eGgfn]
Conjugation,
transduction,
hybridization
afx]ssf
k|s[ofnfO{ ;Demg' kb{5 .
ª_ cfw'lgs÷/f;folgs v]tL k|0ffnL (Conventional farming):
/f;folgs dn, ljiffbL / a[l4jw{s /;fog
(Enzymes/hormons) h:tf afXØ pTkfbg ;fdfu|Lx?
k|of]u x'g] v]tL k|0ffnL .
10
r_ lj?jf ;+/If0f kbfy{ (Plant protection product) M lj?jf
;+/If0f kbfy{ eGgfn] pTkfbg, e08f/0f, kl/rfng jf
k|zf]wg sfo{df s[lifhGo pkh / kz' bfgfnfO{ ;'/lIft
/fVg k|lt/f]w, lgoGq0f, cfsif{0f jf ljsif{0f sfo{sf nflu
k|of]u u/Lg] kbfy{x?nfO{ a'em\g' kb{5 .
5_ e]6g/L cf}iflw (Veterinary drug) M e]6g/L cf}iflw eGgfn]
kz'hGo vfB kbfy{ pTkfbgsf nflu kz' pkrf/sf qmddf
k|of]u ul/g] cf}iflwnfO{ hgfp+5 .
h_ pTkfbg (Production)÷tof/L (Preparation) M pTkfbg
eGgfn] v]taf/L÷kmf/ddf ug]{ sfo{ b]lv Kofs]lh+u /
n]jln+u ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 . tof/L eGgfn] jfnL÷hgfj/
sf6\g] b]lv k|zf]wg ug]{, ;+/If0f ug]{, Kofls+u ug]{ / n]jln+u
ug]{ sfo{ ;DdnfO{ hgfpF5 .
em_ ?kfGt/0f (Conversion): cfw'lgs÷/f;folgs v]tL
k|0ffnLaf6 k|fËfl/s v]tL k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g ug]{ k|s[of,
h;nfO{ Pp6f ljlwjf6 csf]{ ljlwdf ;+qmd0f klg elgG5 .
`_ ?kfGt/0f cjlw (Conversion period): k|fËfl/s ljlwaf6
v]tL k|0ffnL z'? u/] b]lv pTkflbt j:t'sf] k|df0fLs/0f
lrGx lbO{g] ;do aLrsf] cjlwnfO{ ?kfGt/0f cjlw
elgG5 .
6_ k|fËfl/s pTkfbg If]q (Organic production area): k|fËfl/s
s[lifsf] l;4fGt cg';f/ v]tL k|0ffnL ckgfO{Psf] pTkfbg
If]q .
7_ k/Dk/fut s[lif k|0ffnL (Traditional agricultural system):
s'g} lglZrt If]qdf ;f]xL If]qsf afl;Gbfx?af6 ljsf;
u/L k|rngdf /x]sf] s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ k/Dk/fut s[lif k|0ffnL
elgG5 .
8_ ;ld>0f (Ingredient)M ;ld>0f eGgfn] vfB kbfy{sf]
pTkfbg÷k|zf]wgsf nflu k|of]u x'g] s'g} klg kbfy{ -vfB
of]ulzn ;d]t_ nfO{ a'lemG5, h'g k|zf]lwt vfB j:t'df
kl/jlt{t ?kdf /xg ;Sb5g .
11
9_ vfB of]uzLn (Food additives): vfB j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ kf]if0f tTj, af:gf, :jfb, Ps– ?ktf, e08f/0f Ifdtf /
cfsif{0f_ a9fpg vfB a:t'df k|of]u ul/g] k"/s j:t' eGg]
a'lemG5 .
0f_ vfB ld;fj6 (Food adulteration): vfB j:t'df u'0f:t/
sd x'g] u/L vfB jf cvfB j:t' ld;fpg] sfo{ .
t_ k|ltalGwt ;fdfu|L (Prohibited material): k|fËfl/s
pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f k|s[ofdf k|of]u ug{
k|ltalGwt j:t' .
y_ lgolGqt ;fdfu|L (Restricted material): k|fËfl/s pTkfbg,
k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f k|s[ofdf k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfosf]
:jLs[lt lnP/ dfq k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] j:t' .
b_ :jLs[t ;fdfu|L (Permitted material): k|fËfl/s pTkfbg,
k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f k|s[ofdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] egL
:jLs[t j:t' .
w_ ;zt{ ;fdfu|Lsf] k|of]u (Conditional use of materials):
k|b"if0fsf] vt/f / k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng h:tf ljifodf uDeL/
?kdf ljrf/ k'¥ofO{ k|of]u ul/g' kg]{ s'g} ;fdfu|L / To;sf]
k|of]u ug{ ldNg] dfqf eGg] a'lemG5 . To:t} cfsl:ds
?kdf s"g} /f]u tyf sL/fsf] k|sf]k b]lvPdf k|dfl0fs/0f
lgsfox?nfO{ ;d]t ;"rgf lbO{ ;/sf/L lgb]{zg /
lgu/fgLdf k|of]u ul/g] s'g} /f;folgs kbfy{ / To;sf]
lglZrt kl/df0f eGg] a'lemG5 .
g_ k|fËfl/s pkh (Organic product): of] lgb]{lzsf tyf g]kfn
;/sf/sf] dfGotf k|fKt cGo k|fËfl/s pkh :t/ lgwf{/0f
k'l:tsfdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ pTkflbt÷k|zf]lwt s[lif, jg
tyf kz'hGo pkh .
k_ cflwsf/Ls lgsfo (Competent authority) cflwsf/Ls
lgsfo eGgfn] sfg"gL clwsf/ k|fKt ;/sf/L lgsfonfO{
;Demg' kb{5 .
12
km_ dfGotf k|fKt lg/LIf0f jf k|df0fLs/0f k|0ffnL
M dfGotf
k|fKt lg/LIf0f jf k|df0fLs/0f k|0ffnL eGgfn] sfg"gL
dfGotf k|fKt ;/sf/L lgsfo jf lghL If]qsf]
lgl/If0f÷k|dfl0fs/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ hgfpFb5 .
k|df0Ls/0f lgsfo (Certification body) M k|dfl0fs/0f
lgsfo eGgfn] k|fËfl/s kbfy{ egL ahf/Ls/0f sfo{sf
nflu pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, kl/rfng, n]jlnË / cfoft sfo{sf]
d"Nof+sg ug]{ lgsfonfO{ hgfpF5 .
;"rs–kq (Label)÷n]jln+u (Labeling) M n]jn÷n]jln+u
eGgfn] lalqm k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] n]lvPsf] cyjf lk|G6 u/L
pTkflbt÷k|zf]lwt j:t'df nufO{Psf] k"hf{÷ljj/0fnfO{
;Demg' kb{5 .
k|df0fLs/0f (Certification): clu|d ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf]
Pj+ ljZjfl;nf] k|j[mof ckgfO{ s'g} s[lif pkhsf] lgwf{l/t
u'0f:t/ sfod ug{sf nflu k'/f ug{'kg{] zt{x? k'/f ul/Psf]
5 egL t];|f] kIfn] lbg] lnlvt ;'lglZrttf .
lg/LIf0f (Inspection): s'g} s[lif pkhsf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg
tyf ljt/0f k|s[of lgwf{l{/t dfkb08 cg';f/ 5÷5}g egL
;DjlGwt :yndf uO{ jf:tljstf kQf nufpg cg'udg /
hfFrk8tfn ul/g] sfo{nfO{ lg/LIf0f elgG5 .
lg/LIfs (Inspector): k|df0fLs/0f ug{] lgsfon] ;DalGwt
s[lif pkhsf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f k|s[of lg/LIf0f
ug{sf nflu lgo'Qm u/]sf] JolQmnfO{ lg/LIfs elgG5 .
k|df0fLs/0f lrGx (Certification logo): k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfon] ;~rfng u/]sf] k|df0fLs/0f sfo{s|ddf cfjZos
kg{] zt{x? k'/f u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu lbOg]
;+s]t÷lrGx÷k|ltsnfO{ k|dfl0fs/0f lrGx (logo) elgG5 .
;dfgfGt/ pTkfbg (Parallel production): Pp6} ls;fgn]
cfˆgf] v]t af/Ldf Ps} ;dodf k|fËfl/s / ck|fËfl/s
tl/sfaf6 pTkflbt Ps} afnL jf hftsf a:t' .
recognized inspection/certification system)
a_
e_
d_
o_
/_
n_
j_
(Officially
13
z_ k|zf]wg ;fdu|L (Processing materials): vfB j:t'sf]
?kdf pkof]udf gcfpg] t/ vfB j:t' k|zf]wg tyf
pTkfbgsf nflu k|of]udf NofO{g] cf}hf/, efF8f s'F8f tyf
cGo ;fdu|LnfO{ k|zf]wg ;fdu|L elgG5 . o:tf ;fdfu|Lx?
k|zf]ws jf pTkfbssf] lgot jf cg'dfg aflx/} cjz]ifsf
?kdf ldl;P/ vfB j:t' pkef]usf nflu cg'ko'Qm x'g
;Sb5g .
if_ k|zf]wg ;xof]uL (Processing aids): k|zf]wg ;xof]uL
eGgfn] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf Kofs]lhË sfo{df n'lj|s];g
(lubrication) tyf ;kmfO{ h:tf sfdsf nflu k|of]udf
NofO{g] t/ pTkflbt ÷k|zf]lwt j:t'df ld;fO{g gx'g]
kbfy{nfO{ a'em\g' kb{5 .
;_ sRrf kbfy{ (Raw material): k|zf]wg sfo{df k|of]u x'g]
k|zf]wg ;fdfu|L / vfB of]uzLn afx]ssf k|zf]wg k"j{sf
vfB ;f/o'Qm j:t' eGg] a'lemG5 . k|zf]wg ul/g] d'Vo j:t'
jf pTkfbg sRrf kbfy{leq kb{5 .
x_ dfkb08 (Standard): dfkb08 eGgfn] s'g} b]zn] cfˆgf]
cfGtl/s k|of]usf nflu jf jfXØ ahf/sf nflu
cGt/f{li6«o lgod cg';f/ dfGo x'g] u/L agfPsf] k|fËfl/s
s[lif pTkfbgsf] dfkb08 eGg] a'lemG5 .
If_ k|zf]wg (Processing): k|zf]wg eGgfn] ttfpg], lr:ofpg],
lgd{nLs/0f ug]{, ;'sfpg], ksfpg], s'6\g], lk:g], ld;fpg],
pdfNg], pl;Gg], emf]n agfpg], bfgf agfpg], e'6\g], tfg]{,
crf/ agfpg] / o;/L pTkflbt j:t'nfO{ Kofs÷l8Jjf
jlGb ug]{ (canning/bottling) sfo{ eGg] a'lemG5 .
q_ ;~rfns÷k|zf]ws (Operator/ Processor): ;+rfns
eGgfn] s'g} klg kbfy{ pTkfbg, tof/L, cfoft jf
ahf/Ls/0f ug]{ JolQmnfO{ hgfp+5 . ldn wgL, l8Aaf
lgdf{tf, KoflsËstf{, lgof{tstf{, yf]s Jofkf/L, v'b|f
Jofkf/L, ;+sns / cGo ;fgf pBdLx? k|zf]ws÷;~rfns
cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
14
@=@= k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zo
(Objective of Organic Agriculture Production and
Processing Systems)
jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf ;fy} u'0f:t/Lo k|fËfl/s j:t' pTkfbg u/L
pkef]Qmfsf] dfu k"lt{ ug'{ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg
k|0ffnLsf] d'Vo p2]Zo xf] . k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljz]if p2]Zox?
o; k|sf/sf 5g\ M
s_ k|fs[lts k|0ffnL÷rqml;tsf] /rgfTds Pj+ hLjgbfoL
cGt/lqmofsf cfwf/df kof{Kt dfqfdf u'0f:t/Lo vfB j:t'
pTkfbg ug]{ . pTkfbg k|s[ofdf k'gk|{of]u / k'ghL{ljt÷
k'gp{Tkfbg x'g] lsl;dsf j:t'sf] k|of]udf hf]8 lbg] .
v_ s[lif pTkfbg ul/g] hdLg tyf j/k/sf] If]qdf /x]sf jg:klt,
hLjhGt' / z'"Id hLjf0f'x? jLrsf] h}ljs rqmsf] ;xcl:tTj
sfod /fVg ;xof]u ug]{ .
u_ df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm / hn–;Dkbfsf] bLuf] pkof]u u/L ;d'lrt
Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
3_ s[lif k|0ffnLaf6 pT;lh{t k|b"if0fx?sf] Go"gLs/0f ug]{ .
ª_ kfNt' kz'–k+IfLnfO{ sd lk8f lbg / k"0f{ ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm
Joj:yfkg ug{] .
r_ s[lif k|0ffnL leq h}ljs ljljwtf -kof{j/0fLo, hftLo /
cg'jf+lzs_ ;+/If0f ug]{ .
5_ k/Dk/fut 1fg, zLk, snf / s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ;+/If0f tyf
;b'kof]udf hf]8 lbg] .
h_ ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] j8fkqdf pNn]v eP d'tfljs z'4 / :jR5
vfgf tyf sfo{:yndf :j:y jftfj/0f ;'lglZrt ug{ hf]8 lbg] .
em_ s}og AolQm÷;d'bfodf cfg'jf+lzs k|f}Bf]lusL (Genetic
Engineering) n] hLjg / o;;Fu cfa4 l;4fGt / bz{gsf]
lj?4df sfo{ ub{5 eGg] ljZjf; ePsf] x'Fbf k|fËfl/s s[lif
k|0ffnLdfkm{t …dfgj afgL–Joxf]/f / jftfj/0fÚ / …hLjg / bz{gÚ
aLrsf] k|uf9 cGt/;DaGwsf] ljifodf hgr]tgf k}mnfpg] .
15
@=# k|fËfl/s s[lifsf cfwf/x?
(Basis for Organic Agriculture)
@=#=! afnL pTkfbg (Crop production)
df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm tyf h}ljs ljljwtf sfod ug{ lgDgcg';f/
ljlw cjnDjg ul/g' kb{5M
s_ pko'Qm afnL rqm / ldl>t jfnL k|0ffnLsf] cg';/0f
v_ k'g{k|of]u / k'ghL{ljt÷k'g{pTkfbg x'g] cfwf/df k|fËfl/s
j:t'sf] pkof]u
u_ /f;folgs dnvfb tyf ljiffbL k|of]u aGb u/L /f]u÷sL/f
Joj:yfkgsf nflu :yfgLo ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t cGo Plss[t
ljlwsf] k|of]u .
@=#=@ kz'kfng Joj:yfkg (Livestock management)
k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLsf ;Gbe{df vfB–rqm (food-cycle) Joj:yfkg,
k|fËfl/s k'gk|{of]u (organic recycling), s[lifhGo pk–pTkfbgx?
(Byproduct) sf] ;b'kof]u / df6f], h}ljs ljljwtf tyf jftfj/0f
;+/If0fsf b[li6n] kz'kfng Joj;fosf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .
kz'kfngdf kz'–k+IfLx?sf] ;+t'lnt cfxf/ Pj+ zfl/l/s tGb'?:tL /
kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf nflu lgDgfg';f/sf ljlw cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 M
s_ k|r'/ dfqfdf k|fËfl/s 8fn]÷e'O{+ 3fF; tyf cGo vfB j:t'sf]
cfk"lt{
v_ kz'–k+IfLsf] afgL Joxf]/f / cfjZostf cg';f/ uf]7, vf]/, r/g
tyf lx+88'nsf] Joj:yf
u_ k|fs[lts, xf]ldof]k]lys tyf cfo'j]{lbs cf}ifwf]krf/sf] Joj:yf
3_ cGo s'g} cf}ifwL, /;fog tyf k'm8 Pl8l6E;\, k|of]u ljlxg
pTkfbg
ª_ cfg'jf+lzs >f]t ;+/If0fsf nflu 5gf}6 (Selection) ljlw / gftf
gkg]{ lar :jhftLo k|hgg\af6 pTkfbsTjdf j[l4 Nofpg] .
16
@=$ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg ubf{ Wofg
lbg' kg]{ ljifox?
k|fËfl/s s[lif pkhx?sf] pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wgdf Wofg lbOg' kg]{
kIfx? lgDgfg';f/ 5g .
s_ ;x–;DaGwM kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng eGg' g} jg:klt tyf
hLjhGt'x? aLrsf] ;x–;DaGw xf] . s[ifsn] cfˆgf] v]taf/L /
3/–uf]7sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ j:t'x? ;s];Dd cfk}+mn] pTkfbg
u/]df o; vfnsf] ;DaGwnfO{ bLuf] ?kdf sfod /fVg ;Dej
x'G5 . jfg:klts k|f]l6g tyf zlQmnfO{ kz'hGo ?kdf ?kfGt/0f
ug]{ qmddf h}ljs ljljwtf gfl;P/ hfg] ;Defjgf a9L ePsf]
x'Fbf afnL tyf kz' pTkfbg aLr ;Gt'ng sfod ul/g' kb{5 .
v_ pko'Qm k|zf]wg M sRrf vfB kbfy{ k|zf]wg ubf{ k|fËfl/s
pkhsf] u'0f:t/ sfod ug{ :jLs[t k|zf]wg ljlw tyf vfB
of]uzLnsf] k|of]u x'g'kb{5 . o;af6 k|zf]wg k|s[ofsf sf/0f vfB
u'0f:t/df x'g;Sg] lu/fj6nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
k|zf]wg sfo{df :t/–lgwf{/0f, xf]l;of/L, phf{ ;+/If0f / afXØ
j:t'sf] sd k|of]u x'g'kb{5 .
u_ jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f tyf k|b"if0f Go"gLs/0fM k|fËfl/s pkhx?sf]
k|zf]wg, Kofs]lhª tyf :yfgfGt/0f ubf{ pTkflbt a:t'sf]
u'0f:t/sf] ;'lglZrttf, kmf]xf]/–d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg /
jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fdf ljz]if Wofg lbOg'kb{5 .
3_ >lds tyf ;fdflhs lxt M k|zf]wg, Kofs]lhª tyf
:yfgfGt/0fdf ;+nUg >ldsx?sf] lxt / cflbaf;Lsf k/Dk/fut
1fg / ;Lksf] cfwf/df pTkflbt pkhx?af6 k|fKt nfesf]
Gofof]lrt ljt/0f x'g'kb{5 .
ª_ pko'Qm b"/L M k|fËfl/s tyf /f;folgs pTkfbg If]q aLr tf]lsP
cg';f/sf] b"/L eP gePsf] / ;dfgfGt/ pTkfbg cj:yfdf
tf]lsP cg';f/ k|ljlw cg';/0f eP gePsf] ;'kl/j]If0fsf
cfwf/df k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fsf] k|s[of yfngL x'g' kb{5 .
17
@=%= k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] dfu{bz{s l;4fGtx?
(Guiding Principles of Organic Agriculture)
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgDg l;4fGtx?sf cfwf/df ul/Psf] x'G5 .
s_ Psn afnL k|0ffnLnfO{ PsLs[t afnL k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f ug]{ .
v_ /f]u–sL/f Joj:yfkgdf k|fs[lts zq' hLj Joj:yfkgfdf s]lGb|t
h}ljs tl/sf ckgfpg] . kz'kfngdf vf]k tyf ;Gt'lnt kf]if0fsf
dfWod /f]u k|ltsf/fTds Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug]{ vfnsf
pkfox?sf] cjnDjg ug]{ .
u_ pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg :yn s'g} ld;fj6, /;fog tyf ljiffbLaf6
x'g] k|b"if0faf6 d'Qm x'g'kb{5 . kz'kfngsf] xsdf 3fF;df cfwfl/t
kz'kfng u/L kz'k+5L bfgf pTkfbgdf PlG6jfof]l6S; / xdf]{g
h:tf /;fogsf] k|of]u ul/g' x'+b}g .
3_ :yfgLo xfjfkfgL ;'xfpFbf] / /f]u–sL/f sd nfUg] lsl;dsf] afnL
la?jfsf] hft 5gf}6 ul/g' kb{5 .
ª_ df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm j[l4 ug{ k|fËfl/s dn -uf]7]dn, sDkf]i6,
xl/of] dn, kLgf, h}ljsdn, emf]ndn / 5fkf]sf] pkof]u ug]{ .
r_ df6f]df vfBtTj cfk"lt{sf nflu 3/v]tdf pTkflbt k|fËfl/s
kbfy{sf] pkof]u ug]{ .
5_ cfg'jf+lzs k|f}Bf]lusL (Genetic Engineering) af6 pTkflbt
cfg'j+z ?kfGtl/t (GMOs) tyf hLljt ?kfGtl/t (LMOs)
j:t'sf] k|of]u x'g' x'Fb}g .
18
efu #M k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] dfkb08
(Standards of Organic Agriculture)
#=!= k|fËfl/s v]tL ul/g] hldg
#=!=! k|fËfl/s v]lt x'g] lsQfnfO{ k|b"if0f / ld;fj6af6
hf]ufpg k|fËfl/s / /f;folgs v]lt ul/g] lsQfx? lar
dWojtL{ If]q / afnL x'g'kb{5 .
#=!=@ k|fËfl/s / /f;folgs v]lt lar ;8s ePdf $ ld6/ /
cGo cj:yfdf slDtdf % dL6/ dWojlt{ If]q (Buffer
zone) x'g' kg{]5 .
#=!=# k|fËfl/s k|dfl0fs/0fsf nflu lgDg cg';f/sf pkhx?
:jLsfo{ x'g] 5}gg\ .
#=!=#=! Ps} lsQf hldgdf k|fËfl/s / /f;folgs b'j}
tj/sf] v]lt ePdf .
#=!=#=@ cfk;df ld;fj6sf] ;Defjgf /x]sf ;dfgfGt/
pTkfbg ePdf .
#=!=$ /f;folgs dn, j[l4 k|a4{s / /f]u÷sL/f÷emf/gfzs
ljiffbL h:tf s'g} lsl;dsf] /;fog k|of]u ePsf] x'g'
x'Fb}g .
#=!=% /;fogsf] ;+;u{df cfPsf d]l;g, cf}hf/ tyf pks/0fx?
;kmf u/]/ dfq k|fËfl/s v]lt ul/g] hldgdf k|of]u
ug'{kb{5 .
#=@= ?kfGt/0f cjlw
(Conversion period)
#=@=! ?kfGt/0f cjlw k|fËfl/s v]lt z'? ePsf] ldlt b]lv
ulgg] 5 .
#=@=@ ?kfGt/0f cjlwsf] klxnf] jif{df -k|fËfl/s k|0ffnLdf
NofOPsf] Ps jif{;Dd_ k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ lgsfon] a]nf
a]nfdf lg/LIf0f ug'{kb{5 . k|df0fLs/0f lrGx eg] k|of]u
ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
19
#=@=# ?kfGt/0f cjlwsf] bf];|f] / t];|f] aif{sf] pTkfbgnfO{
/fd|f];Fu lg/LIf0f u/]/ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] …?kfGt/0f
cj:yfsf] k|df0fL s/0f lrGxÚ k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
#=@=$ pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg stf{n] ljut tLg aif{b]lv k|fËfl/s
tl/sfn] pTkfbg÷k|zf]wg u/]sf] eGg] oy]i6 k|df0f -df6f]
/ pTkflbt j:t'df ljiffbLsf] c;/ g/x]sf] egL
k|of]uzfnfsf] l/kf]6{sf ;fy} pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg
k|0ffnLdf k|of]u ul/Psf ljlw, k|ljlw / a:t'x?sf]
clen]v_ h'6fpg ;s]df k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu k'/}
?kfGt/0f cjlw klv{/xg' kg]{ 5}g .
#=@=% k|fËfl/s v]lt ul/Psf] elgPsf] hldgdf k"j{ :jLs[lt
ljgf lgolGqt jf k|ltjlGwt ;fdfu|L k|of]u ePsf]
kfO{Pdf k|df0fLs/0f lrGx k|bfg ug{ ;ls+b}g . o:tf]
cj:yfdf k"j{ lgl;|t k|dfl0fs/0f vf/]h u/L
k|dfl0fs/0fsf nflu k'gM # aif{sf] ?kfGt/0f cjlw sfod
ul/g]5 . oBkL pTkfbssf] sfj' aflx/} cfsl:ds ?kdf
s'g} lgolGqt jf k|ltjlGwt ;fdfu|L /flvg uPsf] eGg]
k|dfl0ft ePdf l:yltsf] gfh'stf x]/L k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfosf] lg0f{o cg';f/ x'g]5 .
#=@=& k|rlnt sfg"g cg';f/ :jLs[tL k|fKt k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfon]
k|fËfl/s v]lt ul/Psf] hldgsf] O{ltxf; tyf pTkfbg
tf}/ tl/sf ;d]tsf] lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df o;
dfkb08sf] p2]Zosf] k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ?kfGt/0f
cjlwnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg] 5 . oBlk ?kfGt/0f cjlw
Ps jif{eGbf sd ePsf] pTkfbgnfO{ k|fËfl/s dflgg] 5}g
. ltg jif{ eGbf al9 afF+emf] /x]sf] hldg / ;fd'bflos
jgdf pTkflbt jf jg If]qaf6 ;+slnt pkh /
kz'÷df}/L r/0f If]qsf] xsdf hldgsf] ?kfGt/0f cjlw
k|dfl0fs/0f k|:tfjgf :jLs[t ePsf] ldltaf6 u0fgf
ul/g]5 .
20
#=#= afnL pTkfbg3
(Crop production)
#=#=! kfP;Dd / x'Fbf;Dd :yfgLo hft / k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f
ePsf aLp lahgsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . k|fËfl/s
k|df0fLs/0f ePsf aLp lahg gkfO{Pdf /f;folgs
tl/sfn] pTkflbt t/ /f;folgs kbfy{÷ljiffbLdf pkrf/
gul/Psf] jLp ljhg k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 . ev{/} k|fËfl/s
v]lt z'? ePsf] If]qdf k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] tf]s]sf]
;dofjlw leq dfq /f;folgs kbfy{÷ljiffbLdf pkrf/
ePsf] aLp k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 . ck|fËfl/s aLp k|of]u
ul/g] dflysf b'j} cj:yfdf lg/LIf0fsf cfwf/df
cfjZos lgb]{zg ;lxt k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfosf] k"j{
:jLs[lt clgjfo{ x'g]5 .
#=#=@ aLp pkrf/sf] nflu cg';"rL ! df atfP d'tflas
ug'{kb{5 .
#=#=# cfg'jf+lzs k|f}Bf]lusL (Genetic Engineering) af6
pTkflbt cfg'j+z ?kfGtl/t (GMOs) tyf hLljt
?kfGtl/t (LMOs) j:t'sf] jLp k|of]u ug{ kfO{+b}g .
#=#=$ kz'k+IfLsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ 3fF; / bfgf k|fËfl/s
pTkfbgaf6 cfk"lt{ x'g'kb{5 .
#=#=% df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm ljsf; x'g], hldgdf gfO6«f]hg r'xfj6
Go"g x'g] / emf/, /f]u / sL/fsf] ;d:of Go"lgs/0f x'g]
u/L afnL rqm k|0ffnL cg'z/0f ul/g' kb{5 .
3
;fdfGo l;4fGt M
k|fËfl/s pTkfbg ul/g] afnLsf] hft, la?jf / aLp ;se/ k|fËfl/s tl/sfn] pTkfbg
ul/Psf], v]lt ul/g] ef}uf]lns If]qsf] nflu l;kmfl/z ePsf] / /f]u–sL/f sd nfUg] x'g'kb{5 .
@ aLp tyf la?jfsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ jfnLsf] hftLo ljljwtf sfod /fVg ljz]if Wofg k'¥ofpg'
kb{5 .
# :yfgLo :t/df k|fËfl/s aLp÷la?jf pTkfbg, ;f6f;f6 tyf laqmL ljt/0fnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{
vfnsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .
!
21
#=$ df6f], kfgL / dnvfb Joj:yfkg4
#=$=! df6f]sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{ s'g} lsl;dsf] /f;folgs dn
k|of]u ug{ kfO{+b}g .
#=$=@ Go"gtd () lbg s'xfP/ /fd|f];Fu kfs]sf] uf]j/dn jf
uf]a/ UofF;af6 lg:s]sf] n]bf] (slurry) dn jfnL
sf6\g'÷l6Kg' eGbf #) lbg cufj} df6f]df ldnfpg' kb{5 .
/fd|f];Fu gkfs]sf] uf]a/ dn / uf]a/ UofF;af6 lg:s]sf]
n]bf] (slurry) k|of]u ug'{ x'Fb}gÙ olb k|of]u ug'{ kg]{ cj:yf
cfPdf jfnL sf6\g'÷l6Kg' eGbf !@) lbg cufj} df6f]df
ldnfO{ ;Sg' kb{5 .
#=$=# s'v'/fkfng kmd{af6 s'v'/fsf] dn NofP/ k|of]u ug'{ kbf{
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfoaf6 :jLs[tL lnO{ o:tf] dnnfO{
nfebflos lhjf0f'x?sf] k|of]u u/L k"0f{?kn] s'xfP/ dfq
k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
#=$=$ df6f]df kf]6fl;od nufot cGo vlgh tTj sdL ePdf
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfonfO{ hfgsf/L u/L v]taf/Ldf /fVg
agfO{Psf] sDkf]i6dn -k|lt6g_df al9df %–!) s]=hL=
/f;folgs ;|f]taf6 k|fKt o:tf vlgh tTjo'Qm dnvfb
/fVg ;lsG5 .
#=$=% cfg'j+z kl/jlt{t j:t' (GMOs) tyf o:tf] ;|f]tjf6
k|fKt eP afx]s df6f] tyf dndf nfebfos ;"Id
hLjf0f'x? k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .
4
;fdfGo gLlt tyf l;4fGt
df6f]sf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{, dnvfb k|of]u tyf afnLsf] 5gf}6 ug'{ eGbf cufl8 df6f]sf]
gd"gf lnO{ vfB tTj / ljiffbLsf] c;/ k/LIf0f ul/g'k5{ .
v= k|fs[lts jf k|fs[ltshGo vlgh ;|f]taf6 k|fKt j:t'x? k|of]u u/L df6f]sf] lk=Pr= 7Ls
cj:yfdf /fVg'kb{5 .
u= v]taf/L vfnL g/fvL sf];]afnL nufO{ /fVg'kb{5 . h;n] df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm ;'wf/ ub{5 /
e"Ifo x'gaf6 klg hf]ufpFb5 .
3= vGg] / hf]Tg] sfo{sf] nflu 7"nf d]lzg/L ;fdfgsf] k|of]u 36fpFb} nfg'kb{5 . o; ;Gbe{df
z'Go vghf]t / Go"g vghf]t k|ljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5 .
ª= df6f]df vfB tTjsf] ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg PsLs[t df6f] ;'wf/ sfo{ / k|fËfl/s kbfy{
;Gt'lnt tl/sfn] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
s=
22
#=$=^ cf}Bf]lus tyf zx/L If]qaf6 lg:sg] kmf]xf]/ d}nfdf s8f
wft'÷vlgh tTj x'g] ePsfn] k|efjsf/L ;'Id hLjf0f'
k|of]u u/L /fd|f];+u kfs]sf] dn k|of]uzfnfdf hFrfO{ s8f
wft'÷vlghsf] dfqf x]/L k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] :jLs[tLdf
k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] 5 . dnvfb jf cGo k|of]hgsf nflu
dfgj dnd'"qsf] k|of]u lgif]w ul/Psf]5 .
#=$=& d'Vo afnLsf] cufl8 of k5fl8 afnLrqm k|0ffnLdf
clgjfo{ ?kdf sf];]afnL nufpg' kb{5 .
#=$=* k|fËfl/s dnsf] ?kdf kz' k+IfLsf] /utsf] w'nf],
ufO{j:t'sf] dnd"q, /fd|/L s'lxPsf] s'v'/fsf] dn, xl/of]
e\mofp, gLdsf] lkgf, tf]/Lsf] lkgf, cGo s'g} afnLsf]
lkgf, r§fgsf] w"nf], x8\8L r"0f{, kmnsf] af]qmf, lbpnL,
sf7sf] w"nf], v/fgL, k|lt 6g sDkf]i6df % s]=hL ;Dd
kf]6fl;od ;Nk]m6, wfgsf] e';, k|fs[lts r"g / c08fsf]
af]qmfsf] w'nf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
#=$=( sDkf]i6sf] emf]n, gl/ansf] /;, l;:gf]sf] emf]n /
k|fËfl/s kbfy{af6 agfO{Psf] emf]n dn / k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfosf] :jLs[tLdf la?jfsf] jfg:klts k|;f/0fsf]
nflu k|of]u x'g] /f;folgs k|a4{s afx]s /f;folgs j[l4
k|a4{s k|of]u ug{' x'Fb}g
#=$=!) /f]uhGo cj:yfdf / vf]l/of v]tLdf v/fa k|s[ltsf
la?jf, sfF8f / emf/ kf]Ng' k/]sf] cj:yfdf afx]s s'g}
klg afnL cjz]if kf]Ng' x'Fb}g .
23
#=%= /f]u, sL/f tyf emf/kft lgoGq0f5
#=%=! /f]u, sL/f / emf/ lgoGq0fdf /f;folgs tj/af6 ˆoflS6«
lgld{t ;fa'g tyf ;k{mx? nufot s'g} lsl;dsf]
/f;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u ug{ kfOb}g .
#=%=@ k|fËfl/s jfnLdf /f]u–sL/f Joj:yfkgdf –
s_ gLd, asfO{gf], l/¶f], cv'{n, tLt]kftL, c;'/f], t'n;L,
;"lt{ h:tf jg:kltaf6 agfOg] emf]n tyf w"nf]hGo
jfg:klts sL6gfzs,
v_ vlgh kbfy{, v/fgL, k|fËfl/s v';f{gL, Kofh, n;'g /
jg:klt t]n,
u_ GMOs/LMOs afx]s z'Id hLjf0f'
3_ aQL, ln;f] -6f+l;g]_, k]m/f]d]g / vf]N;] (pit-fall) kf;f]
h:tf ef}lts tl/sf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
#=%=# t/sf/L jfnLdf cv{'n (Derris elliptica) h:tf
jg:kltaf6 lgsflnPsf] emf]nhGo jfg:klts sL6gfzs
5ls{Psf] jfnL l6kfgLsf nflu ;ft lbg ;Dd kv{g' kb{5 .
#=%=$ ;"lt{ tyf ;"lt{hGo jfg:klts ljiffbL df6f]df /xg] sL/f
lgoGq0fsf] nflu dfq k|of]u ug'{kb{5 . cfn', ;v/v08 /
cGo h/f vfg] afnLx?df eg] of] kbfy{ k|of]u ug{ kfO{g]
5}g .
5
;fdfGo gLlt tyf l;4fGt
s= k"mn v]Ng], ljleGg lsl;dsf af:gf cfpg] la?jfx? d'Vo afnL;Fu} nufPdf /f]u sL/f
lgoGq0fdf ;lhnf] x'g'sf] ;fy} k|fs[lts zq' hLj Joj:yfkgdf klg ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
k|fËfl/s /f]u sL/f Joj:yfkgsf] nflu v]taf/L j/k/ ufOg] sL/f, h'gsL/L / :qL :jefjsf]
vk6] a:g ;Sg] af;:yfg l;h{gf ug'{kb{5 .
v= /f]u, sL/f lgoGq0f ug]{ / sL/f eufpgsf] nflu k|dfl0ft e};s]sf Ps jifL{o la?jfx?
ldl>t afnLsf] ?kdf nufpgfn] /f]u sL/f lgoGq0fdf 7"nf] ;xof]u k'Ub5 . pbfx/0fsf]
nflu aGbfsf] ls/f lgoGq0f ug'{ k/]df aGbfsf] leq Kofh, n;'g nufpg] .
u= b'j} jf tLg} df};ddf pxL hUufdf p:t} tyf pxL afnL nufpg] rng aGb u/L afnLrqm
k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ .
3= /fd|f] / pko'Qm lsl;dsf] vghf]t u/L emf/ lgoGq0f ug]{ ;fy} ldl>t afnL, 5fkf] xfNg]
tyf 5fkf] h:tf] x'g] afnL nufpgfn] klg emf/ lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u k'Ub5 .
ª k/Dk/fut tyf cflbaf;Ln] zlbof}+b]lv ljsf; u/]sf pko'Qm afnL e08f/0f k|0ffnL jf
k|fËfl/s l;4fGt cg';f/ ljsl;t u/]sf] k|0ffnL cjnDag ug'{kb{5 .
24
#=%=% Rofp pTkfbgdf ck|fËfl/s tl/sfn] pTkfbg u/]sf]
k/fn k|of]u ug{ kfO{+b}g .
#=%=^ k|fËfl/s tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsg] xb;Dd /f]u–
sL/fsf] k|sf]k eO{ /f;folgs ljiffbL g} k|of]u ug'{kg]{
l:ylt cfO{k/]df k|df0fLs/0f lgsfonfO{ ;Dks{ u/L
cfjZos k/fdz{ Pj+ :jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 .
#=%=& 5fkf] /fVg] k|of]hgsf] nflu wfgsf] k/fn / p:t} ;fdu|L
h'g;'s} ;|f]taf6 Nofpg kfO{G5 .
#=^= afnL÷jLp e08f/0f
#=^=! e08f/0f ubf{ k|fËfl/s / ck|fËfl/s pkhx?nfO{ ld;fP/
/fVg' x'Fb}g .
#=^=@ k|fËfl/s pkh /fd|/L KoflsË u/LPsf] / pkef]Qmf ;Dd
k'u'Gh]n z'/lIft /xg] u/L n]an nufO{Psf] x'g'kb{5 .
#=^=# k|fËfl/s pkh e08f/0f ul/g] s06]g/ / :yfg -sf]7f of
uf]bfd_ df s'g} lsl;dsf] /;fog k|of]u ug{ kfO{+b}g .
#=^=$ e08f/0fdf s'g} /;fogsf] k|of]uaf6 k|fËfl/s pkh
k|b"lift gx'g] u/L ef}lts tyf oflGqs kf;f] /fVg kfOg]5 .
#=^=% kmnk"mn, afnLgfnL tyf ;fu;AhL ksfpg jf /+u
ljsl;t ug{ s'g} lsl;dsf] /;fog k|of]u ug{ x'Fb}g .
#=&= kz'kfng Joj;fo6
6
;fdfGo l;4fGt
k|fËfl/s kz'kfng Joj;fo df6f]kfgL, lj?jf / hgfj/x?sf] s[oflzn ;DaGwdf cfwfl/t
x'g'kb{5 .
v= hgfj/x?sf] k|fs[lts cfjZostf k'/f ug{ / pgLx?sf] :jfefj cg';f/sf] rl/q k|bz{g ug]{
jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g' kb{5 .
u= kz' pTkfbgsf nflu ul/g] r/g Joj:Yffkgn] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f / df6f]kfgL
Joj:Yffkgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
3= k|fËfl/s kz' Joj:yfkg ;Gt'lnt kf]if0fsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'g' kb{5 h;n] ljleGg /f]u
tyf ;+qmd0fsf ;fy} k/hLjLsf] cfqmd0f / cfGtl/s u9a8Laf6 x'g] ;d:ofsf] /f]syfddf
;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpFb5 .
s=
25
#=&=! kz'x?nfO{ k|s[lts :jfefj cg';f/sf] lqmofsnfkdf
cj/f]w gx'g] / :jfefljs tl/sfn] a9\g / x's{g ;Sg]
jftfj/0fdf /flvg' kb{5 .
#=&=@ e'|0f k|Tof/f]k0f / Snf]lgË ug{ kfOb}g .
#=&=# s[lqd uef{wfg ug'{ k/]df k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf]
;Nnfxdf ug'{ kg]{5 .
#=&=$ cfg'j+z kl/jlt{t kz'x?sf] pTkfbg ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
#=&=% kz' k|hggsf nflu xdf]{gx?sf] k|of]u ug{ kfO{g] 5}g .
#=&=^ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] k/fdz{df /f;folgs >f]tsf s'g}
Pl06jfof]l6s k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 . kz' pTkfbgdf o:tf
/;fogsf] cjz]if -Residue) :jLs[t dfqf eGbf clws
x'g'x'+b}g .
#=*= dT:okfng Joj;fo7
#=*=! k|fËfl/s df5f kfngdf k|of]u x'g] kfgLdf ux|f} wft'hGo
tyf cGo /;fog ld;fj6sf] ;Defjgf ePdf kfgLsf]
pkrf/ jf 5'§} ;|f]t / ;Íng kf]v/Lsf] Joj:yf x'g'kb{5 .
#=*=@ k|fËfl/s df5f kfng ug]{ hnfzo / cGo hnfzo aLr
slDtdf kfFr ld6/sf] b"/L x'g'kb{5 .
#=*=# hnfzodf df5fsf] rnv]n / a[l4 ljsf;df gsf/fTds
c;/ k'Ug] u/L a9L 3gTjdf df5f /flvPsf] x'g' x'Fb}g .
#=*=$ df5f pTkfbg ug]{ hnfzosf] j/k/ 5fFofsf] Joj:yf ug'{
kb{5 .
7
;fdfGo l;4fGt
k|fËfl/s df5f kfng Joj;fodf df5fx?sf] cfwf/e"t rfl/lqs cfjZostfx?sf] Vofn
ul/Psf] x'g'k5{ .
v= df5fkfng Joj;fo ubf{ df5fx?sf] :jf:Yo /fd|f] /fVg] s'/fdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
u= :yfgLo hftsf] df5f pTkfbgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g' kb{5 . olb df5f :yfgLo xf]Og eg]
o;n] :yfgLo kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ kfg{ ;Sg] gsf/fTds k|efjnfO{ Go'lgs/0f ug]{
pkfox?sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ kb{5 .
3= df5f kfng Joj;fon] jl/k/Lsf] jftfj/0f / cGo hLjnfO{ gsf/fTds c;/ k'¥ofpg x'b}g .
ª= df5f pTkfbg ug]{ hnfzo / jl/k/Lsf] jftfj/0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu pko'Qm pkfox?
ckgfpg' kb{5 .
s=
26
#=*=% df5f kfngaf6 lg:sg] kfgL / cGo ;xpTkfbgn]
jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'g'x'+b}g .
#=*=^ cfg'jf+lzs k|f}Bf]lusL (Genetic Engineering) af6 cg'j+z
kl/jlt{t df5fsf] hftx? k|of]u ug{ kfOb}g .
#=*=& cGo j'Fbf;Fu gaflemg] u/L df5f pTkfbgdf r"g,
gLnf]t"yf] / uf]j/sf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg]5 .
#=*=* df5f kfng Joj;fo cGo Joj;fo;Fu PsLs[t?kdf
ul/g' kb{5 .
#=(= df}/Lkfng Joj;fo8
#=(=! k|fËfl/s df}/Lkfngsf nflu :yfgLo hftsf] df}/L (Apis
cerena) sf] ;jfndf b'O{ ls=ld= / o'/f]lkog df}/L (Apis
mellifera) sf] ;jfndf $ ls=ld= If]q jl/kl/ ck|fËfl/s
v]tLkftL jf cGo lqmofsnfk ePsf] x'g' x'+b}g .
#=(=@ df}/Lsf] 3f/df k|of]u x'g] sf7 tyf cGo ;–;fgf ;fdfu|L
/ dx sf6\bf k|of]u ul/g] cf}hf/ tyf ;fdfu|L j'+bf #=!@
cg';f/ to ul/Psf] k|fËfl/s dfkb08 cg';f/ x'g' kb{5 .
#=(=# df}/Lsf] dx sf9\bf k'/} rfsf lgrf]/]/ dx sf9\g x'b}g .
#=(=$ /f]u tyf k/hLjL lgoGq0fsf] nflu PlG6afof]l6s tyf
df}/LnfO{ xflgsf/s x'g ;Sg] cf}ifwL k|of]u ug{ x'b}g .
#=!) k|zf]wg, KoflsË, e08f/0f tyf ;+/If0f9
8
;fdfGo l;4fGt
s= k|fËfl/s df}/Lkfng Joj;fon] PsLs[t tyf k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ kb{5 .
v= df}/L kfng Joj;fodf :yfgLo hftsf] df}/LnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{ kb{5 .
u= df}/Lsf] dx pTkfbgsf nflu ul/g] df}/L r/g Joj:yfkgn] h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f /
df6f]÷kfgL Joj:yfkgdf ;d]t ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' kb{5 .
9
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] s[lif pkh k|zf]wg, KoflsË, yf]s÷v'b|f ljlqm, e08f/0f / 9'jfgL sfo{
;DaGwdf lg/LIf0f, k/fdz{ tyf cGo ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 . ef8fdf lnO{Psf nufot
o:tf :ynx? k|fËfl/s l;4fGt cg'?k k|b"if0f d'Qm x'g'kb{5 .
;fdfGo l;4fGt
s= k|zf]wg ug]{ ljlw cjnDag ubf{ pkh, vfB j:t'sf] k|fs[lts u'0f:t/ sfod x'g] lsl;daf6
ug'{kg]{5 . k|zf]wgsf] nflu ;xof]u k'Ug] Pl8l6jx? %Ü eGbf sd dfqfdf k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .
v= k|zf]wg, cf];f/ k;f/ ubf{ k|fËfl/s tyf /f;folgs pTkfbg ldl;g lbg' x'Fb}g .
u= Kofs]lhË ;fdfu|Ln] jftfj/0fnfO{ k|lts"n k|efj kfg]{ x'g' x'Fb}g .
27
#=!)=! k|zf]wgstf{n] k|fËfl/s s[lif pkh k|zf]wg sfo{sf nflu
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 cg'dlt kq lng'
kb{5 . ljz]if lgu/fgL ;"rLdf /x]sf k|zf]lwt j:t'x?sf]
xsdf ljz]if cg'dlt kq lng' kb{5 .
#=!)=@ ck|fËfl/s pkh tyf cGo k|zf]wgdf pkof]u ePsf]
:yn, d]zLg, pks/0f tyf efF8fs'F8fx? k|fËfl/s pkh
k|zf]wg ug{' cufl8 /fd|f];Fu ;kmf ;'U3/ ug'{ kb{5 .
#=!)=# d'Vo sRrf kbfy{ s'g} klg /;fogaf6 k|b"if0f d'Qm
k|dfl0ft k|fËfl/s pkh x'g'kb{5 .
#=!)=$ k|zf]lwt pTkfbgdf kfgL afx]s k|fËfl/s d'Vo sRrf
kbfy{ -x?_ sf] efu jhgsf lx;fan] (%Ü x'g'kb{5 /
vfB of]uzLn (food additives) nufot cGo ck|fËfl/s
sRrf kbfy{ -x?_ sf] sf] efu kfFr k|ltzt eGbf a9L
x'g'x'Fb}g .
#=!)=% -s_ k|zf]wgdf k|of]u ul/g] kfgL ;kmf, z'4 /
hLjf0f'÷/;fog /lxt x'g'kb{5 . -v_ k|zf]lwt j:t'df
%)Ü eGbf a9L kfgL /xg] cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n]
tf]s]sf] u'0f:t/ cg'?k :jLs[t sDkgL jf ;|f]tsf] kfgL
k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . -u_ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] k|of]u x'g]
kfgLsf] k|of]uzfnf hfFrsf] k|ltj]bg dfu ug{ ;Sg]5 .
o; cj:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 dfGotf k|fKt
k|of]uzfnfdf ljZn]if0f u/fO{ k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
#=!)=^ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] :jLs[tL lbP j]u/sf s'g}
lsl;dsf /;fog tyf Pl8l6ex? k|zf]wgdf k|of]u ug{
kfO{+b}g . k|df0fLs/0f lgsfox?n] ljZj :jf:Yo ;+u7g
tyf ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3Lo vfB tyf s[lif ;+u7g sf]
sf]8]S; Plnd]06fl/o; sld;g (Codex Alimentarious
Commission) af6 :jLs[t dfkb08 GL32-1999
(Organically produced foods) sf] cg';"rL @ sf]
tfnLsf # / $ ;Fu ;dfgLs/0f x'g] u/L k|zf]lwt
k|fËfl/s pkhx?df of]uzLn, ˆn]el/Ë;\, kfgL, nj0f,
28
O{Ghfd tyf z'Idh}ljs pkh, vlgh / k|zf]wg
;xof]uLx?sf] k|of]u :jLs[t ug{ ;Sg]5g .
#=!)=& cfuf], lah'nL, uf]a/UofF; jf ;f}o{ phf{ k|of]u u/L
;'sfpg], cg'j+z kl/j{ltt lhjf0f' (GMO) /lxt h}ljs
k|lqmofåf/f crf/, hfd, h]nL, dfdf{n]8 tyf cGo j:t'
agfpg], s'6\g], lk:g], lyRg], cflb k|j[mofaf6 k|fËfl/s
pkhx?sf] k|zf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 .
#=!)=* k|fËfl/s pkhsf] k|zf]wg ;Dej xF'bf;Dd pTkfbg
If]qdf g} ug{' kb{5 .
#=!)=( k|zf]lwt k|fËfl/s pkh KoflsË ug]{ ;fdfu|L tyf
s06]g/ k'gk|{of]ulzn jf h}ljs k|lqmofaf6 ;8\g] (biodegradable), /f;folgs dn, laiffbL jf cGo
/;fogaf6 k|b"if0f/lxt / k|of]u ug'{ cufl8 /fd|f];Fu
;kmf ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .
#=!)=!) k|zf]lwt k|fËfl/s pkhx? e08f/ ubf{ :ki6 n]an
nufO{Psf] x'g'kb{5 .
#=!)=!! k|zf]lwt k|fËfl/s / ck|fËfl/s pkhx? Pp6} e08f/df
/fVg' k/]df cfk;df gldl;g] u/L /fd|f];Fu 5'§\ofP/
/fVg'kb{5 .
#=!)=!@ e08f/ pks/0f tyf kmlg{r/sf] ;/;kmfO{df
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfoaf6 :jLs[t ;fdfu|L dfq k|of]u
ug'{kb{5 . k|fËfl/s pkh e08f/df s'g} /f;folgs
ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ k/]df k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] k/fdz{
cg';f/ ug'{kb{5 .
#=!)=!# xfjf /lxt jf sfj{g 8fOcS;fO{8 ;lxt KoflsË ug{
;lsg]5 t/ ljls/0fsf] k|of]u ug{ kfO{+b}g .
#=!)=!$ k|fËfl/s pkh e08f/df tfkqmd gfKg] ;+oGq ;lxt
lr;f] agfpg] d]lzg -/]lk|mh/]6/_ / g]kfn ;/sf/af6
lgwf{l/t dfkb08 cg';f/sf] a/km k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
#=!)=!% :ki6 n]an ;lxt k|fËfl/s / ck|fËfl/s k|zf]lwt
pkhx? cfk;df gldl;g] u/L oyf]lrt Joj:yf
29
ul/Psf] 5 eg] b'j} vfn] pTkfbg Pp6} afxgaf6 9'jfgL
tyf cf];f/ k;f/ ug{ kfO{G5 .
#=!)=!^ k|fylds :t/sf k|fËfl/s / ck|fËfl/s pkhx? Pp6}
e08f/df e08f/0f ug{ / Pp6} jfxgdf /fvL cf];f/
k;f/ ug{ ;lsg] 5}g .
#=!! ;fdflhs clwsf/ / :jR5 Jofkf/10
#=!!=! k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f ubf{ pTkfbs
tyf k|zf]wsaf6 dhb"/x?sf] enfO{ ;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o
>d ;+u7gsf] ;lGw–;Demf}tfsf] kfngf eP÷gePsf]
:ki6 pNn]v x'g'kb{5 .
#=!!=@ p:t} k|s[ltsf] sfdsf] nflu ;dfg Hofnfsf] Joj:yf
x'g'kb{5 . k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f ubf{
pTkfbs tyf k|zf]wsn] dhb"/x?sf] xs, lxt / enfO{
;DaGwL /fli6«o sfg"gsf] kfngf eP÷gePsf] :ki6
pNn]v x'g'kb{5 .
#=!!=# ;fgf pTkfbs tyf k|zf]wsnfO{ k|fËfl/s dfkb08 k'u]sf]
pkhsf] plrt d"No lbnfpg /fHon] cfjZos sfg"gL
Joj:yf ldnfO{ ;s]sf] cj:yfdf k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon]
pkh ljlqm ljt/0fsf ;DefJo ljsNk af/] k|sfz
kfl/lbg' kb{5 .
#=!!=$ d"No lgwf{/0f k|s[of kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 .
10
k|fËfl/s pkh pTkfbg jf k|zf]wg ug]{ JolQm jf ;d'bfon] dhb"/ tyf afn lxt Pj+
clwsf/sf laifo ;'/lIft ug{ k|rlnt lgod sfg"gsf] kfngf ug'{kb{5 . ;+alGwt lgsfon]
pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;a} sd{rf/L, dhb"/ tyf ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{
;kmf÷:jR5 kfgL, vfgf, a;f]af;, lzIff, :jf:y / oftfoftsf] k|aGwdf Wofg lbg' kb{5 .
sd{rf/Lx?sf] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff, plrt j]tg, ;~rosf]if, pkbfg / dlxnf sd{rf/Lx?sf]
nflu ;'Ts]/L labfsf] Joj:yf x'g'sf] ;fy} ;dfg sfddf ;a} sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ ;dfg ;'ljwf
pknAw x'g' kb{5 . 7"nf pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg O{sfO{sf] z]o/ lgZsfzg ubf{ dhb"/ /
sd{rf/Lx?sf] nflu cf/If0f lbg'kb{5 . Hofnf–dhb"/L ;+aGwL lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/ dflns /
dhb"/ aLrsf] cfk;L ;xdltdf x'g] eP klg b]zsf] k|rlnt sfg"gn] tf]s] eGbf sd
x'g'x'Fb}g .
30
#=!!=% pTkfbgnfO{ d'Vo pkef]Qmfsf] dfemdf k'Ug] rfF8f] tyf
pko'Qm dfWod pTkfbs tyf k|zf]wsn] vf]Hg k|oTg
ug'{kb{5 .
#=!!=^ pTkfbg / jftfj/0fLo vr{ wfGg] lsl;dn] pTkflbt
j:t'sf] d"No tf]lsg'kb{5 .
#=!!=& dWo:ystf{ Jofkf/Lx? ;+nUg /x]sf] cj:yfdf gfkmfsf]
d'Vo lx+:;f pTkfbs sxfF k'Ug] Joj:yf ;'lglZrt
x'g'kb{5 .
#=!!=* s'g} pkhsf] k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu ;f] pkhsf]
pTkfbg÷k|zf]wg sfo{af6 cflbjf;Ln] k/Dk/f b]lv
pkof]u ub}{ cfPsf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?df s'g} lsl;dsf]
gsf/fTds c;/ k'u]sf] x'g' x'Fb}g .
#=!!=( s'g} pkhsf] k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu ;f] pkhsf]
pTkfbg÷k|zf]wg sfo{ ;+rfngdf sd{rf/Lx? ljr Ifdtf
cg';f/sf] ;dfg cj;/ / sfo{ ljefhg, kf]if0f÷:jf:Yo
;]jf, sfo{ :yndf of}g b"Jo{jxf/ la?4 ph'/L tyf
:j;+/If0f ug]{ / ;dfg sfdsf nflu ;dfg -k'?if ;/x_
Hofnf kfpg] h:tf ;fdflhs clwsf/x?sf] xgg ePsf]
x'g' x'+b}g .
#=!!=!) k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f ul/g] pkhsf] n]jndf ;f] pkhsf]
pTkfbg÷k|zf]wg :yn, k|j[mof / ;d'bfo ;DaGwL
pNn]lvt Joxf]/f ;Totfdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 .
#=!!=!! k|df0fLs/0f ePkl5 dfq k|fËfl/s pkhx?sf] n]jndf
…k|fËfl/s pTkfbg (organic product)Ú eGg] zAbfjnL
/fVg ;lsg]5 . k|fËfl/s pkhdf cfwfl/t pTkfbgdf
ld;fO{Psf] s'g} j:t' k|fËfl/s ;|f]tsf] gePdf o;
lsl;dsf] zAbfjnLsf] k|of]u k|fËfl/s pTkfbgsf]
cfwf/e"t cjwf/0ffsf] alv{nfk gx'g] u/L k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfon] lbPsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ x'g]5 . k|fËfl/s pkhsf]
n]jndf pTkfbs÷k|zf]wssf] k'/f gfd / 7]ufgf ;lxt
pQm pkhsf] pTkfbg– qmdfÍ, k|fËfl/s–:t/,
31
pTkfbg÷k|zf]wg ldlt / pkof]u cjwL :ki6 b]lvg] u/L
pNn]v ug'{kb{5 . k|zf]lwt j:t'sf] xsdf To; j:t'df
/x]sf] cjoj (Ingredients) / kl/df0f (Quantity) :ki6
v'nfpg' kb{5 .
#=!@ ljljw
(Miscelaneous)
#=!@=! s'g} ljz]if j:t', k|ljlw jf pTkfbg÷k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf]
xsdf k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu o; lgb]{lzsfdf
:ki6 Joj:yf x'g g;s]sf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o k|fËfl/s
k|fljlws ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df /fli6«o ;DaGwg k|bfos
lgsfoaf6 :jLs[t x'g] dfkb08 cg';/0f ug'{ kb{5 .
32
efu $M k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f ;+/rgf
(Structure for Organic Certification)
k|fËfl/s s[lif pkhx?sf] k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu lgDg ;+/rgfsf]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 .
$=! k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg Joj:yfkgdf cfjZos
;dGjosf nflu ljBdfg k|fËfl/s v]lt /fli6«o ;dGjo
;ldltnfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;lrj, >L s[lif tyf
;xsf/L dGqfnosf] cWoIftfdf Ps k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg
tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnL /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldltsf] u7g u/L sfo{
;~rfng ul/g]5 . o; ;ldltdf s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno,
n}lËs ;dtf tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvfsf ;x–;lrjn] ;b:o–
;lrj / s[lif jftfj/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtf zfvfn]
;lrjfnosf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5g\ eg] lgDgfg';f/ k|ltgLlwTj
-;b:o_ /xg] 5 .
;lrj, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno
;x–;lrj, s[lif Joj;fo k|a4{g÷tYof+s dxfzfvf,
s[=t=;=dGqfno
;x–;lrj, kf/jxg tyf Jofkf/ ;xlhs/0f
dxfzfvf, jfl0fHo÷cfk"lt{ dGqfno
;x–;lrj, jftfj/0f dxfzfvf, jg dGqfno
;x–;lrj, jftfj/0f dxfzfvf, jftfj/0f,
lj1fg tyf k|ljwL dGqfno
;x–;lrj, j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|zf;g dxfzfvf,
pBf]u dGqfno
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb
dxflgb{]zs, s[lif laefu
dxflgb{]zs, kz' ;]jf laefu
dxflgb{]zs, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f laefu
/lhi6«f/, ;xsf/L ljefu
33
cWoIf
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
dxflgb{]zs, g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
lj1 k|ltlglw, s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg
lj1 k|ltlglw, s]Gb|Lo vfB k|ljlw SofDk;, w/fg
cWoIf, s[lif pBd s]Gb|
pkef]Qmf ;+3x? dWo]af6 ;ldltn] dgf]lgt -!_
;x–;lrj, n}lËs ;dtf tyf jftfj/0f dxfzfvf,
s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;lrj
$=@ cfjZos ;+of]hg tyf cg'udg÷d"NofÍg sfo{sf nflu
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnL /fli6«o ;dGjo
;ldlt cGtu{t jfl0fHo tyf cfk'lt{, jg, / pBf]u dGqfno,
s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno cGtu{t g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg
kl/ifb / s[lif, kz';]jf / vfB k|ljwL tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu
/ b]zdf k|fËfl/s pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|j4{gdf ;s[o u}x|
;/sf/L tyf lghL ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwx?af6 j9Ldf ( hgfsf]
Ps /fli6«o ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo (National Accreditation
Body) :yfkgf u/L k|fËfl/s pTkfbg÷k|zf]wg tyf k|dfl0fs/0f
lrGx (Logo) sf] k|of]u ;DaGwL gLlt, lgod / k|s[of lgwf{/0f
ul/g] 5 . o; lgsfon] k|fËfl/s pkh k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu
k|s[of k'uL cfPsf /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o :t/sf k|dfl0fs/0f
lgsfox?nfO{ :jLs[lt k|bfg ug]{ / ltgaf6 x'g] k|dfl0fs/0f
sfo{sf] cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg u/L lgoGq0f ug]{5 .
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfox?nfO{ lgodg ug]{ ;Gbe{df /fli6«o
;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfon] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;"rLdf /fVg] jf
x6fpg], lgnDjg ug]{ / :jLs[lt vf/]h ug]{ ;d]t ug]{5Ù /fli6«o
;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf] o:tf sfo{df lrQ ga'em]df
;DalGwt kIfn] k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
$=# /fli6«o ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfonfO{ ;DalGwt ljifodf ;Nnfx
/ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg Ps /fli6«o k|fËfl/s k|fljlws ;ldltsf]
u7g ul/g]5 . o; ;ldltn] k|fËfl/s pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg
34
;DaGwL /fli6«o gLlt tyf dfkb08 / k|fËfl/s k|dfl0fs/0f
tyf k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfosf] :jLs[lt ;DaGwL k|lqmofx?sf]
lgdf{0f ug{ / cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg sfo{df /fli6«o ;DaGwg
k|bfos lgsfonfO{ ;s[o ;xof]u k'¥ofpg]5 . /fli6«o k|fËfl/s
k|fljlws ;ldltdf lgDgfg';f/ k|ltgLlwTj /xg] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 .
s[lif jftfj/0f tyf h}=lj= zfvf, s[=t=;=d+=
s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g zfvf, s[=t=;=d+=
ljZj Jofkf/ ;+u7g zfvf, s[=t=;=d+=
kf/jxg tyf Jofkf/ ;xlhs/0f zfvf, jfl0fHo÷cfk"lt{ dGqfno
j}b]lzs nufgL zfvf, pBf]u dGqfno
jftfj/0f d"NofÍg zfvf, jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno
vfB u'0f lgoGq0f dfxfzfvf, vfB k|ljwL tyf u'0f lgoGq0f
ljefu
jfnL ;+/If0f lgb]{zgfno, s[lif ljefu
df6f] k/LIf0f tyf ;]jf lgb]{zgfno, s[lif ljefu
s[lif Jojzfo k|j4{g zfvf, s[lif ljefu
/fli6«o r/0f tyf kz' cfxf/ ljsf; s]Gb|, kz';]jf ljefu
s[lif pBd s]Gb|
cfdlGqt lj1x? -vfB k|zf]wg, s[lif tyf kz' pkh
k|dfl0fs/0f ;DaGwL !÷! hgf_
/fli6«o ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo tyf /fli6«o k|fËfl/s k|fljlws
;ldlt ;+rfngdf gcfP ;Dd logsf sfo{x? k|fËfl/s s[lif
pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnL /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldlt tyf s[lif
jftfj/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtf zfvf, s[lif tyf ;xsf/L
dGqfnoaf6 ;Dkfbg x'g]5g\ . k|:tfljt g]kfn Pqm]l86];g jf]8{
;DaGwL P]g (Nepal Accreditation Board Act) sfof{Gjogdf
cfPsf] cj:yfdf /fli6«o ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf] u7g,
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;f]xL P]gdf Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
35
$=$ s[lifhGo pTkfbg tyf k|zf]lwt pkhx?sf] k|fËfl/s
k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu /fli6«o ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf]
:jLs[tL k|fKt u/L ;/sf/L tyf lghL :t/df k|fËfl/s
k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfo (Accredited Organic Certification Body)
x? :yfkgf x'g]5g . o:tf lgsfox?n] k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fsf
nflu ljifout ?kdf ;Ifd b]lvg] u/L cfjZos ef}lts tyf
hgzlQm ;DaGwL k"jf{wf/x?sf] ljsf; ug'{sf] ;fy} k|fËfl/s
pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnL d"NofÍg ;ldlt Pj+ k|fËfl/s
lgl/Ifs tf]sL :yfkgf Pj+ sfo{ ;+rfngsf nflu /fli6«o
;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf] :jLs[lt lng' kg]{5 . k|fËfl/s
pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnL d"NofÍg ;ldltn] k|dfl0fs/0fsf
nflu k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfodf k|fKt x'g] cfj]bgx?sf] 5fgljg u/L
pTkfbs, ljt/s tyf k|zf]wsx?;Fu cg'aGw (contract)
:jLsf/ ug]{, ljifout ?kdf k|fËfl/s lgl/Ifsx? lgo'Qm ug]{,
lgwf{l/t lgl/Ifsx?af6 lgoldt ?kdf lgl/If0f k|ltj]bg
;+sng ug]{ / cfof]hgf÷pkhx?sf] d"NofÍgsf cfwf/df
k|dfl0fs/0f u/L ;DalGwt pTkfbs, ljt/s tyf k|zf]wsnfO{
k|fËfl/s k|dfl0fs/0f lrGx k|bfg ug]{ sfo{ ug]{5 .
$=% /fli6«o ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf] :jLs[tL k|fKt k|dfl0fs/0f
lgsfox?n] ljifout ?kdf of]Uo dfGotf k|fKt k|fËfl/s
lg/LIfs (Accredited Inspectors) x?sf] rog u/L k|dfl0fs/0f
ul/g] pkhx?sf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f k|s[ofsf]
:ynut lgl/If0f ug'{ kb{5 . dfGotf k|fKt k|fËfl/s
lg/LIfsx?n] :ynut lgl/If0fsf cfwf/df lgoldt cg'udg
Pj+ hfFr k8tfn u/L ;DalGwt pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f
k|s[of lgwf{l{/t dfkb08 cg';f/ eP gePsf] jf:tljstf kQf
nufO{ cfk\mgf] l;kmfl/; ;lxt k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfodf k|ltj]bg
ug'{ kg]{ x'G5 .
36
$=^ k|df0fLs/0f k|j[mof M
JolQmut s[ifs, s[ifs ;d'x tyf k|zf]wgstf{n] pTkflbt s[lif
pkhsf] k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu lgDgfg';f/ k|j[mof
cjnDjg ug{'kg]{5 .
pkh k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu s[ifs, s[ifs ;d'x tyf k|zf]wgstf{n] sfo{qmd
k|:tfjgf ;lxt k|df0fLs/0f lgsfodf lgj]bg lbg]11
sfo{qmd k|:tfjgfsf] d"NofÍg kZrft k|:tfjgf k|fKt ePsf] ^) lbg leq
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] k|:tfj kl/dfh{gsf nflu cfj]bsnfO{
k|ltlqmof k7fpg] jf k|df0fLs/0f kmf/d eg{ cfJxfg ug]{
cfj]bsaf6 k|df0fLs/0f kmf/d e/fO{ cfj]bs / k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo aLr
cg'aGw (contract) :jLsf/ ug]{
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] k|fËfl/s lg/LIfs tf]Sg] (Assignment of organic
inspector)
k|fËfl/s lg/LIfsaf6 cfof]hgf :ynsf] k"j{ lg/LIf0f (Pre inspection) /
k|dfl0fs/0fdf cfjZos k|of]zfnf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;+nUg /fvL k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfodf k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{
k|fËfl/s lg/LIfsaf6 cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog -jfnL, kmfd{, kl/jxg /
k|zf]wgzfnf_ sf] lg/LIf0f
k|fËfl/s lg/LIfsn] k|df0fLs/0f lgsfodf -k|dfl0fs/0fsf nflu cfjZos
k|of]uzfnf k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;+nUg /fvL_ lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg tyf cfjZos k|of]zfnf k/LIf0f
k|ltj]bg cWoog u/L k|fËfl/s dfkb08 k'/f ePsf] cj:yfdf :jLs[t ug]{
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] dfkb08 cg';f/ :jLs[t pkhnfO{ k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lg0f{o
$=& k|dfl0fs/0f lrgf]
11
(Logo) : k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfon] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
k|fylds :t/sf s[lif, jg / kz'hGo pTkfbg k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu k|:tfjgfdf k|fËfl/s v]tL
u/Lg] hdLgsf] :ki6 /]vfÍg ;+nUg x'g' kg]{ .
37
cg';"rL !
aLp tyf a]gf{ pkrf/sf] nflu k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ;fdflu|x?
qm
;+
!
;fdfu|Lsf] gfd
@
k|fs[lts÷xj{n j:t'x? – bfnlrgL tyf NjfËsf] t]n,
n;'g, cb'jf, jfj/L, t'n;L, gLd, asfO{gf], lkk/ld06sf]
/;, l6d"/ / xf]ldof]k]lys cf}ifwL
tftf] kfgL÷ kfgLsf] jfkm
k/+k/fut ?kdf k|of]udf /x]sf j:t'x? -h:t} ux'+t,
g"gkfgL, kLgf_
jfof]8fO{gflds ;L8 ;f]s tyf :k|]
cDn, Iff/, eid tyf nj0fdf jLp 8'jfP/ w'g]
h}ljs jLp pkrf/ -h:t} 6«fO{sf]8df{, j]l;n;
;j6«fO{l8;, /fO{hf]ljod, k|efjsf/L ;'Id lhjf0f'_
#
$
%
^
&
sDkf]i6, edL{ sDkf]i6 tyf ux'+t
38
k|of]u ;DaGwL
s}lkmot
;tlxs k|of]u
ug{ kfO{g]
cg';"rL @
df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm j[l4 ug{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ;fdu|Lx?12 M
qm
;+
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*
(
;fdfu|Lsf] gfd
v]taf/Ldf pTkflbt j:t'x? tyf pk
pTkfbgx? - h:t} abfdsf] af]qmf, pv'sf]
vf]Onf, k/fnsf] 5fkf], cflb_
uf]a/, ux'Ft, n]bf]
s'xfOPsf] ;'nL
u8\of}n] dn
af]6la?jf / kft–kltË/
xl/of] dn
afof]8fOgflds ld>0f
Phf]nf
k|fËfl/s Rofp pTkfbgdf k|of]u ePsf] k/fn
k|of]u ;DaGwL
s}lkmot
/fd|f];Fu
s'xfP/ dfq
!) cGoq pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] xsdf–
s k|fËfl/s k|ljlwdf pTkflbt uf]a/dn, n]bf], sDkf]i6,
d"q, k/fn, kLgf, 5fkf] / k|fËfl/s kbfy{sf] cGo ;|f]t13
v h}ljs dn -/fOhf]laof, dfOsf]/fOhf, k|efjsf/L ;'Id k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfosf]
lhjf0f', vfBtTj l:y/Ls/0f ug]{ cGo ;'Id lhjf0f'
:jLs[lt lng' kg]{
u sf7sf] w"nf]
Æ
3 k|fËfl/s –h:t} sk8f pBf]uaf6 lg:sg] v/fa /;fog
Æ
gldl;Psf] t/ pkrf/ / k|zf]wg ul/Psf] k|fËfl/s
pk–pTkfbg
ª /Qmr"0f{, df+;r"0f{, x•Lr"0f{ / df5fhGo kbfy{
Æ
r vlgh÷nj0f, lhK;d, r"g9'Ëf -SoflN;od tyf
Æ
DofUg]l;od_ / w"nf] kfl/Psf] r§fg
5 k|fËfl/s tj/af6 tof/ ul/Psf] emf]n dn
Æ
12
13
/f;folgs dn k|of]u ug{ alh{t ul/Psf] 5 .
/f;folgs k4ltsf] eP k|of]u ug{ gkfOg] .
39
cg';"rL #
/f]u sL/f Joj:yfkgdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] j:t' / ltgsf] k|of]u
qm
;+
!
@
#
$
%
^
&
;fdfu|L
/f;folgs ljiffbL
af:gf cfpg] j:t'
d]lzg/L kf;f]
/lËg -qmf]dfl6s_ kf;f]
k|of]u k|of]u ;DaGwL s}lkmot
;+s]t
x
3fts
+
kof{j/0f vt/fnfO{ Wofg lbg'kg]{ .


+


gsf/fTds c;/ klg kg{ ;Sg]
+
k|efj gsf/fTds x'g ;Sg]
(
!)
!!
!@
la?jfaf6 lgld{t ljiffbL
l;lns]6
/f]u lg/f]ws -k|f]kmf]ln;_
vf]k
la?jf tyf kz'af6 k|fKt
t]n
g/d ;fa'g
lhn]l6g
afof]8fOgflds ld>0f
lzsf/L tyf k/hLjL
!#
;"Id lhjf0f'

*



+
/}yfg] sL/f÷k/hLljnfO{ c;/ kg{
;Sg]
cfg'j+z kl/jlt{t hLjf0f' k|of]u ug{
gkfOg]
gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;S5
!$
!%
+
UfGws
+
tfdfo'Qm nj0f
-sk/clS;Snf]/fO{8
%)WP !) ls=u|f=÷ x]=
;/x_
+
!^ kf]6fl;od k/DofËg]6
g/fd|f] c;/ klg kg{ ;S5
+
!& r'gfo'Qm ;f]8fsf] emf]n
;+/rgfTds c;Gt'ng
+
!* xNsf vlgh t]n
+
!( k|fs[lts ;|f]tdf kfO{g]
;ts{tf ;fy k|of]u ug]{
h"sf gfzs
@) k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 lnO{Psf] 
5fkf] xfNg] ;fdfu|L
 k|of]u ug{ kfOg]
+ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] :jLs[tL lnO{ xf]l;of/Lk"j{s k|of]u ug'{ kg]{
x k|of]u ug{ gkfOg]
40
cg';"rL $
k|of]u ug{ kfOg] kz' cf}ifwLx?14
qm=
k|of]u ug{ kfOg] cf}ifwLx?
k|of]u ;DaGwL
;+=
s}lkmot
! k|foh;f] ;a} lsl;dsf] hl8a'6Lx?
@ k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 ;Ílnt sRrf kbfy{ k|of]u u/L
PGy|f]kf];f]lkms k4ltaf6 agfO{Psf xf]ldof]k]lys
cf}ifwLx?
# cSo"k~r/
$ k|fs[lts ;|f]taf6 ;Ílnt ;fdfu|L k|of]u u/L tof/
ul/Psf l6+r/ tyf PG6L;]K6Lsx?
% k|dfl0fs/0f ul/Psf cfo'j]{lbs cf}ifwLx?
^ SoflN;od af]/f]Un'sf]g]6, SoflN;od Un'sf]g]6,
SoflNo;d Snf]/fO8, SoflN;od kmf]:k]m6, DofUg]l;od
km:k]m6 / SoflN;od÷DofUg]l;od ld>0f h:tf tof/L
vlgh
& k|fs[lts kmnfdsf] 3f]n h:t} l;:gf] .
* tf]/L÷/fof]sf] kft, cl8/sf] t]n, 3fF;df /flvg] ld>0f
/ cfn;sf] t]n (linseed oil) h:tf ku]{l6e j:t'x? .
( k|fs[lts le6fldgx?
!) kvfnf nfu]df cf}ifwLsf] ?kdf sf]Onf jf cf]ssf]
af]qmf / rs .
!! l/Gh/ 3f]n, lkmlhof]nf]lhsn Saline (NaCl 0.9%)
3f]n, cflb On]S6«f]nfO6
!! /f;folgs ;|f]taf6 cfPsf PlG6afof]l6s cf}ifwL
k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfosf]
:jLs[ltdf
k|of]u
ug{
;lsg] .
!@ nfebfos z'Id hLjf0f'af6 ag]sf cf}iflwx?
14
kmfd{df k|of]u ul/Psf] ;a} cf}ifwL tyf /;fogsf] /]s8{ /flvg'kb{5 . ;fjwfgL ;fy k|of]u
ug'{kg]{ cf}ifwL÷/;fogx? ?kfGt/0fsf] cjlwdf /x]sf] kmfd{n] dfq k|of]u ug{ kfpF5 .
41
cg';"rL %
k|fËfl/s pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu lgwf{l/t
;+/rgfM
g]kfn ;/sf/
jg dGqfno
pBf]u dGqfno
s[lif tyf ;xsf/L dGqfno
afl0fHo dGqfno
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnL /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldlt
-8]:s OsfO{M s[lif jftfj/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtf zfvf_
/fli6«o ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo
/fli6«o k|fËfl/s k|fljlws ;ldlt
k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f lgsfox?
lgl/If0f
pTkfbs÷s[ifs
k|dfl0fs/0f
lghL tyf cGo Jofkf/L ;+3 ;+:yf
k|zf]ws
42
/fli6«o k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg
k|bfos lgsfosf] ;DaGwg k|bfg
ug]{ ;DaGwdf Aoj:yf ug{ ag]sf]
sfo{ljlw, @)^(
-g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.!!.)*_
43
k[i7e"ld
kl/R5]b ! k|f/lDes
kl/R5]b @ k|fËfl/s ;DaGwg sfo{qmdsf]] If]q
kl/R5]b # ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ ;DalGw Joj:yf
kl/R5]b $ ljljw
cg';'rL ! -bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -s_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
cg';'rL @ -bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
44
$%
$%
$*
$(
%@
%$
%%
/fli6«o k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf]
;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf Aoj:yf ug{ ag]sf]
sfo{ljlw, @)^(
k[i7e"ld M
/fli6«o s[lif gLlt @)^! df k|fËfl/s v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg k'/\ofOg]5
elg pNn]v ePsf] / ;f]xL gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nfuL s[lif ljsf;
dGqfnoaf6 k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|z]fwg k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o
k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DalGw lgb]{lzsf, @)^$ :jLs[tL eO{
sfof{Gjogdf cfO;s]sf] 5 . pQm lgb]{lzsfsf] bkmf $=@ df k|fËfl/s
pTkfbg÷k|zf]wg tyf k|df0fLs/0f lrGxsf] k|of]u ;DaGwL gLlt, lgod
/ k|s[of lgwf{/0f ug{ /fli6«o k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos
lgsfosf] Aoj:yf ePsf] 5 . ;f] k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos
lgsfoaf6 k|df0fLs/0f lgsfox?nfO{ ;DaGwg k|bfg ubf{ ckgfpg'
kg]{ ;DaGwdf :ki6 sfo{ljlwsf] Aoj:yf gePsf]n] ;f] ;DaGwdf
:ki6 Aoj:yf ug{ jfG5gLo ePsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif ljsf;
dGqfon] of] æ/fli6«o k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf]
;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf Aoj:yf ug{ ag]sf] sfo{ljlw, @)^(Æ
tof/ ul/ nfu' u/]sf] 5 .
kl/R5]b– !
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ of] sfo{ljlwsf] gfd æ/fli6«o k|fËfl/s
s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf] ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf
Aoj:yf ug{ ag]sf] sfo{ljlw, @)^(Æ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] sfo{ljlw t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiffM ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; sfo{ljlwdf,—
45
-s_ æ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo jf cflwsf/Ls lgsfoÆ eGgfn]
cg';'rL–! cg';f/sf] /fli6«o k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg
k|bfos lgsfo ;Demg'k5{ .
-v_ æ;DaGwgÆ eGgfn] ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfon] k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfonfO{ lgwf{l/t p2]Zo cg'?ksf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{sf]
nflu lbOg] lnlvt ;'lglZrttf ;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ æk|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif
ljsf; dGqfno4f/f hf/L ul/Psf] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg
tyf k|z]fwg k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DalGw
lgb]{lzsf, @)^$ adf]lhd pTkflbt s[lif pTkfbg
;Demg'k5{ . ;f] zAbn] k|fËfl/s k|zf]lwt s[lif, ag tyf
kz'hGo pkh ;d]tnfO hgfpg]5 .
-3_ æk|df0fLs/0f lgsfoÆ eGgfn] k|fËfl/s kbfy{ egL
ahf/Ls/0f sfo{sf nflu pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, kl/rfng,
n]jlnË / cfoft sfo{sf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ lgsfo ;Demg'k5{ .
-ª_ æk|df0fLs/0fÆ eGgfn] clu|d?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] Pj+
ljZjfl;nf] k|j[mof ckgfO{ s'g} s[lif pkhsf] lgwf{l/t
u'0f:t/ sfod ug{sf nflu k'/f ug{' kg{] zt{x? k'/f
ul/Psf] 5 egL t];|f] kIfn] lbg] lnlvt ;'lglZrttf
;Demg'k5{ .
-r_ æt];|f] kIfÆ eGgfn] k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo ;Demg'k5{ .
-5_ æ;DaGwg k|df0f kqÆ eGgfn] k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon]
;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfoaf6 k|fKt u/]sf] ;DaGwg k|df0f–
kqnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-h_ æ;DaGwg ;Demf}tfÆ eGgfn] ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo /
;DaGwg k|fKt ug]{ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] aLrdf ePsf]
;Demf}tf ;Demg'k5{ .
-em_ æ;DaGwg k|fKt k|dfl0fsf/0f lgsfoÆ eGgfn] ;DaGwg
k|bfos lgsfoaf6 ;DaGwg k|fKt u/]sf] k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfo ;Demg'k5{ .
46
-`_ æcl86Æ eGgfn] ljlwjt Pj+ :jfoQ hfFr k|s[of cGtu{t
lgof]lht p2]Zo cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg eP gePsf]
d"Nof+sg ug]{ sfo{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-6_ æpTkfbgÆ eGgfn] v]tL afnL÷kmf/ddf ug]{ sfo{ b]lv
Kofs]lhË, n]jlnË / k|zf]wg ;d]tnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-7_ ætof/LÆ eGgfn] afnL÷hgfj/ sf6\g] b]lv k|zf]wg ug]{,
;+/If0f ug]{, KoflsË ug]{ / n]jlnË ug]{ ;Ddsf sfo{
;Demg'k5{ .
-8_ æk|fËfl/s pTkfbg If]qÆ eGgfn] k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] l;4fGt
cg';f/ v]tL k|0ffnL ckgfO{Psf] pTkfbg If]q ;Demg'k5{ .
-9_ ædfGotf k|fKt lg/LIf0f jf k|df0fLs/0f k|0ffnLÆ eGgfn]
;/sf/L lgsfo jf lghL If]qsf] sfg"gL dfGotf k|fKt
lg/LIf0f÷k|df0fLs/0f k|0ffnL ;Demg'k5{ .
-0f_ æ;"rs–kq jf n]jnÆ eGgfn] ljlqm k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon]
n]lvPsf] cyjf 5kfO{ u/L pTkflbt÷k|zf]lwt a:t'df
nufO{Psf] ;"rskq ;Demg'k5{ .
-t_ ælg/LIf0fÆ eGgfn] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] pTkfbg,
k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f k|s[of lgwf{l{/t dfkb08 cg';f/ 5
÷5}g egL ;DjlGwt :yndf uO{ jf:tljstf kQf nufpg
ul/g] hfFrj'emsf] sfo{ ;Demg'k5{ .
-y_ ælg/LIfsÆ eGgfn] k|df0fLs/0f ug{] lgsfon] ;DalGwt
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f
k|s[of lg/LIf0f ug{sf nflu tf]lsPsf] JolQm ;Demg'k5{ .
;f] zAbn] d"NofÍgstf{ ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-b_ æk|df0fLs/0f lrGxÆ eGgfn] k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] ;~rfng
u/]sf] k|df0fLs/0f sfo{s|ddf cfjZos kg{] zt{x? k'/f
u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ug{sf nflu lbOg] lrGx ;Demg'k5{ .
-w_ æ;~rfns jf k|zf]wsÆ eGgfn] s'g} klg kbfy{ pTkfbg,
tof/L, cfoft jf ahf/Ls/0f ug]{ JolQm ;Demg'k5{ . ;f]
zAbn] ldnwgL, l8Aaf lgdf{tf, KoflsËstf{, lgof{tstf{,
47
yf]s Jofkf/L, v'b|f Jofkf/L, ;+sns / cGo ;fgf pBdLx?
;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-g_ æ;ldltÆ eGgfn] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg
k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DalGw lgb]{lzsf,
@)^$ adf]lhd u7g ePsf] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf
k|zf]wg k|0ffnL /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldlt ;Demg'k5{ .
-k_ ædfkb08Æ eGgfn] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg
k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DalGw lgb]{lzsf,
@)^$ adf]lhdsf] dfkb08 ;Demg'k5{ . ;f] zAbn] dfGotf
k|fKt cGo :t/ lgwf{/0f k'l:tsf / To;df to ul/Psf
k|fjwfgx? ;d]tnfO{ hgfp+5 .
kl/R5]b– @
k|fËfl/s ;DaGwg sfo{qmdsf]] If]q
#= ;DaGwg nfu' x'g] If]qM -!_ o; sfo{ljlw cg';f/ ;DaGwg k|bfos
lgsfosf] If]qflwsf/ leq b]xfo adf]lhdsf k|df0fLs/0fsf If]qx?
kg]{5g\ .
-s_ s[lifhGo pTkfbg
-v_ kz'hGo pTkfbg
-u_ df}/LhGo pTkfbg
-3_ dT:o tyf hnLo pTkfbg
-ª_ k|fËfl/s dn / ljiffbL pTkfbg
-r_ hl8a'6L tyf jghGo pTkfbg
-5_ k'ik pTkfbg
-h_ pk/f]Qm j:t'x?sf] k|zf]lwt pTkfbg
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf If]qsf nfuL ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{
cfwf/ Pj+ zt{x? g]kfndf k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg
k|df0fLs/0f sfo{df ;+nUg ;a} /fli6«o:t/sf tyf
cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf nflu nfu' x'g]5g\ .
-#_ ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo;Fu ;DaGwg k|fKt ug{ k|fËfl/s
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|Zff]wg
48
k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf,
@)^$ cg';f/sf dfkb08 cg';/0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -!_ df pNn]lvt ;d"xut pTkfbgsf] ;d"xut
k|df0fLs/0f ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf] If]qflwsf/ leq
/x]sf] dflgg]5 .
$= uf]klgotfM ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox?n] ;ldltsf
lqmofsnfkx?sf] ljifosf] uf]klgotf ;DaGwdf lnlvt k|ltj4tf
JoQm ug'{ kg]{5 .
%= ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{qmdsf] k'g/fjnf]sg M -!_ ;DaGwg k|bfos
lgsfon] cfjZostf cg';f/ ;DaGwg sfo{qmdsf] cfGtl/s
?kdf lgoldt k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ qmddf ;+:yfut
;+/rgf, ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ zt{x? / k|j[mofx?sf] ;ldIff
tyf d"Nof+sg ul/g] 5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd ul/g] d"Nof+sgsf] cfwf/df
cfjZostf cg';f/ sfo{ljlwdf kl/dfh{g ul/g]5 .
kl/R5]b– #
;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ ;DalGw Joj:yf
^= cfj]bg / d"NofÍg k|j[mof M -!_ ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfoaf6 /fli6«o
:t/sf] klqsfdf tL; lbgsf] cjwL lbO{ ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/
cfj]bg dfu ul/g] 5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbOg] lgj]bgsf] 9fFrf cg';"rL–@ df
tf]lsP adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;"rgf adf]lhd cfj]bg k]z ubf{
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] b]xfP adf]lhdsf] sfuhftx? / b:t'/
a'emfO{ ;f] sf] /l;b ;lxt ;+nUg /fvL cfj]bg ug'{kg]{5 .
-s_ btf{ k|df0f kq
-v_ hgzlQm tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/
49
-u_
-3_
-ª_
-r_
k|df0fLs/0f sfo{ljlw
k|df0fLs/0f ;+rfng ul/g] j:t' tyf k|zf]lwt pTkfbg
:yfoL n]vf gDa/÷d'No clej[l4 s/ btf{ k|df0f kq
/fli6«o:t/sf k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo
!= ;DaGwg z'Ns ?= !,))) - Ps xhf/ dfq_
@= gljs/0f z'Ns ?= %)) -kfFr ;o dfq_ jflif{s
-5_ cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo
!= ;DaGwg z'Ns ?= !),))) - bz xhf/ dfq_
@= gljs/0f z'Ns ?= %,))) -kfFr xhf/ dfq_
jflif{s
-$_ cfj]bg ;fy k]z x'g cfPsf sfuhftx? k'/f eP gePsf]
;DjGwdf cfjZos hfFrj'em ul/g] 5 .
&= k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg k|0ffnLsf] lgl/If0f / d"Nof+sg M
-!_ cfj]bg ;fy s]xL hfgsf/L tyf sfuhft ck'u b]lvPdf ;f]
pknJw u/fpg ;DalGwt cfj]bsnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fO{ ck'u
sfuhft k|fKt eP kl5 dfq ;DaGwg k|j[mof cuf8L
a9fO{g]5 .
-@_ ;DaGwg k|fKt ug{sf] nflu k]z u/LPsf] hfgsf/Lsf]
cfwf/df :ynut lgl/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 . ;DaGwg
k|bfos lgsfon] tf]s]sf] lgl/Ifsn] k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf]
:ynut lgl/If0f u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfoaf6 vl6 hfg] lgl/IfsnfO{ g]kfn
;/sf/sf] k|rlnt lgod cg';f/ nfUg] b}lgs tyf e|d0f
vr{ cfj]bsn] g} Joxf]g'{ kg]{ 5 .
*= ;DaGwg k|bfg M -!_ ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfoaf6 cfj]bgdf k|fKt
hfgsf/L / :ynut lgl/If0fsf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df tf]lsP
cg';f/ dfkb08 kfngf ul/Psf] kfO{Pdf ;DaGwg k|bfos
lgsfoaf6 ;DaGwg k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
50
-@_ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] cg';/0f ug]{ k|fËfl/s:t/ dfkb08
cg';f/ gePsf] kfOPdf ;f] sf] hfgsf/L Pj+ ;'wf/ x'g' kg]{
s'/fx? pNn]v u/L ;do cjlw tf]sL cfj]bsnfO{ k'gM
cfj]bg ug{ ;"lrt ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] hfgsf/L k|fKt x'g
cfPdf k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] ;DaGwg k|fKt ug{sf] nflu
tf]lsPsf] ;'wf/x? tf]lsPsf] cjlw leq k'/f ul/ k'gM
cfj]bg ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd k'gM cfj]bg k]z ePkl5 k"j{ hfgsf/L
cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ePsf] kfOPdf ;DaGwg k|bfos
lgsfoaf6 ;DaGwg k|bfg ul/g] 5 .
-$_ o; bkmf adf]lhd ;DaGwg k|fKt ug]{ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf]
gfd ;"rgf k|sfzg ul/ ;fj{hlgs ul/g]5 .
-%_ ;DaGwg k|bfg ul/Psf k|df0fLs/0f lgsfox?n] /fli6«o
k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfonfO{ lgoldt ?kdf
cfly{s jif{ ;dfKt ePsf] tLg dlxgf leq jflif{s k|ult
ljj/0f a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
-^_ pkbkmf -%_ adf]lhdsf] k|ult ljj/0f k|fKt eP kl5 sfo{
;Dkfbg / e|d0f k|ltj]bgsf cfwf/df d"NofÍg u/L
;DaGwg gljs/0f ul/g] 5 .
(= sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf] lgl/If0f M -!_ ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfon]
tf]lsPsf] lgl/Ifs dfkm{t ;do ;dodf ;DaGwg k|fKt
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] :ynut lgl/If0f ug'{ kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ul/g] s'g} klg k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf]
:ynut lgl/If0f nuftf/ tLg jif{;Dd Pp6} lgl/Ifs
dfkm{t u/fOg] 5}g .
!)= ;DaGwg
lgsfon]
pNn3+g
lgnDag
lgnDag tyf vf/]h M -!_ ;DaGwg k|fKt k|df0fLs/0f
dfkb08 / o;} sfo{ljlwsf] cfwf/df :yflkt zt{x?sf]
u/]sf] kfO{Pdf ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfon] ;DaGwg
jf vf/]h ug{ ;Sg] 5 . ;Dawg k|bfos lgsfon]
51
;DaGwg lgnDag jf vf/]h ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfx? b]xfo cg';f/
x'g]5 .
-s_ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] lgwf{l/t k|df0fLs/0f k|j[mof,
dfkb08 tyf zt{x? kfngf gu/]df .
-v_ ;do ;dodf ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfon] dfkb08 /
zt{ kfngfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;"rgf u/L tf]s] adf]lhd
;do l;df leq k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] ;'wf/ gu/]df .
-u_ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfoaf6
v6fO{Psf] d'NofÍgstf{nfO{ cfjZos hfgsf/L pknAw
u/fpg c:jLsf/ u/]df, hfgsf/L n'sfPdf jf
hfgsf/Ldf k"0f{ kx'Fr glbPdf .
-3_ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] ltg'{kg]{ z'Nsx? ;dodf glt/]df .
-ª_ ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo4f/f tf]lsPsf] b08 ;hfo
cg';f/ ;'wf/ ug{ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo c;kmn ePdf .
-r_ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] gljs/0fsf nflu cfjZos
ljj/0f ;dodf k]z ug{ g;s]df .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfon] ;DaGwg
lgnDag jf vf/]h ug'{k"j{ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfonfO{ cfkm\gf]
;kmfO{ k]z ug]{ plrt ;do k|bfg ug]{5 .
kl/R5]b– $
ljljw
!!= ;hfo ;DaGwL Aoj:yfM k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] dfkb08 tyf o;}
sfo{ljlw adf]lhd ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo;Fu u/]sf] ;Demf}tf
cg';f/ kfngf ug'{ kg]{ zt{x? ljkl/t sfo{ u/]df b]xfo
cg';f/sf Ps jf ;f] eGbf a9L ;hfo ug{ ;Sg]5 M–
-s_ lnlvt ?kdf ;r]t u/fpg] .
-v_ lglZrt cjwL tf]s]/ ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ zt{x?sf] af/]df cjut
u/fpg] .
-u_ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfosf] k"gM d'NofÍg ug]{ .
52
-3_ ;DaGwg lgnDag ug]{ .
-ª_ ;DaGwg vf/]h ug]{ .
!@= lgj]bg lbg ;lsg]M -!_ ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfon] ;DaGwg k|bfg
ug]{ ;DaGwdf bkmf -!)_ / -!!_ adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd
sfo{jfxLaf6 dsf{ kg]{ kIfn] cfkmgf] sf/0f ;lxtsf] lgj]bg
To:tf] sfd sf/jfxL eP u/]sf] ldltn] kGw| lbg leq ;DaGwg
k|bfos lgsfo ;dIf k'g/fjnf]sgsf] nfuL lgj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
t/ bkmf -!!_ sf] -ª_ cg';f/sf] sf/afxLsf] xsdf kGw| lbg leq
k|fËfl/s v]tL /fli6«o ;dGjo ;ldlt ;dIf k'g/fj]bg lbg ;Sg]5 .
;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo / ;ldltn] cfkm' ;dIf k]z ePsf]
lgj]bg÷k'g/fj]bg pk/ cfjZos hfFra'em u/L Ps dlxgf leq
6'+uf] nufpg' kg]{5 / ;f] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lgj]bgsf] 6'+uf] nufpFbf ;DaGwg
k|bfos lgsfo jf ;ldltn] lgj]bgsf] cj:yf cg';f/ bkmf
-!)_ / -!!_ adf]lhdsf] sf/jfxL gug{ jf lgj]bg vf/]h ug{
;Sg]5 .
!#= sfo{ljlwdf ;+zf]wgM g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon]
cfjZostf cg';f/ of] sfo{ljlwdf ;+zf]wg tyf yk36 ug{
;Sg]5 .
53
cg';'rL – !
-bkmf @ sf] pkbkmf -s_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
/fli6«o k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo
(National Organic Agriculture Accreditation Body)
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, g]kfn s[lif cg';Gwfg kl/ifb,
dxflgb]{zs, s[lif ljefu,
dxflgb]{zs, vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu,
dxflgb]{zs, kz';]jf ljefu,
dxflgb]{zs, g]kfn u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu,
dxflgb]{zs, jg:klt ljefu,
dxflgb]{zs, pBf]u ljefu,
lj1 k|ltgLlw, s[lif pBd s]Gb| -dgf]lgt_,
lj1 k|ltgLlw, g]kfn kdf{sNr/ ;d"x -dgf]lgt_,
k|d"v, s[lif j:t' lgof{t k|a4{g sfo{qmd,
54
cWoIf
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o
;b:o ;lrj
cg';'rL – @
-bkmf ^ sf] pkbkmf -@_ ;+u ;DalGwt_
lgj]bg kmf/fd
ldltM
>Ldfg\ cWoIfHo",
/fli6«o k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfo,
ljifoM ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf .
dxf]bo,
pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf o; =============== k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] /fli6«o
k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfosf] ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{
;DaGwdf Joj:yf ug{ ag]sf] sfo{ljlw, @)^( cg';f/ ;Dk"0f{ k|s[of
k'–ofO{ ;DaGwg k|fKt ug{sf] nflu of] lgj]bg k]z u/]sf] 5' . ;fy}
cfjZos sfuhkqx? o;} lgj]bgsf] ;fy k]z ul/Psf] 5 .
============================
lgj]bs
55
56
Kf|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf]
;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f
k|0ffnL ;~rfng ;DaGwL
dfu{bz{g, @)^(
57
k[i7e"ld
kl/R5]b ! k|f/lDes
kl/R5]b @ ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL
kl/R5]b # ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f
k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng ;DaGwL k|j[mof
58
%(
%(
^!
^#
Kf|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL ;~rfng ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, @)^(
k[i7e"ldM
/fli6«o s[lif gLlt @)^! df k|fËfl/s v]tLnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbOg]5 /
vfB j:t'sf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f, u'0f lgoGq0f, u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0f /
lgodg ug]{ sfo{df :yfgLo lgsfo ;d]tsf] ;xefuLtf kl/rfng
ul/g]5 eGg] Aoj:yf ePsf]n] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbsx?n] b]zsf]
ljBdfg cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts / ef}uf]lns cj:yf cg';f/
;d'xdf pTkfbg sfo{ ;~rfng ug]{ l;nl;nfdf ;d'xx?n] cfkm"
cg's'nsf] cfjZos gLlt, lgod, zt{ / dfkb08x? agfO{ nfu" ug]{
sfo{nfO{ Aojl:yt ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf]n] g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif
ljsf; dGqfnon] of] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;xeflutfd"ns
u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL ;~rfng ;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, @)^( :jLs[t
u/L nfu' u/]sf] 5 .
kl/R5]b– !
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ of] dfu{bz{gsf] gfd æk|fËfl/s s[lif
pTkfbgsf] ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL ;~rfng
;DaGwL dfu{bz{g, @)^(Æ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] dfu{bz{g g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePsf] ldltaf6
k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiffM ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; dfu{bz{gdf –
-s_ æ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLÆ eGgfn] pTkfbs
/ pkef]Qmf nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf
:yfgLo kl/j]z cg';f/ ;~rfng x'g] k|fËfl/s s[lif
pTkfbgsf]] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL] ;Demg'k5{ .
59
-v_ æk|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno4f/f hf/L ul/Psf] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf
k|z]fwg k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DaGwL
lgb]{lzsf, @)^$ adf]lhd pTkflbt s[lif pTkfbg
;Demg'k5{ . ;f] zAbn] pTkfbs / pkef]Qmf nufotsf
;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo kl/j]z cg';f/
tof/ ul/Psf] dfkb08 adf]lhd pTkflbt s[lif pTkfbg
;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-u_ æcfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLÆ eGgfn] pTkfbsx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t
u/fO{ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] k|df0fLs/0fdf kx'Fr a9fpg
tyf k|df0fLs/0fsf] vr{ 36fpg pTkfbsx?af6} ul/g]
;fd'lxs k|df0fLs/0fsf] k|s[of ;Demg'k5{ .
-3_ æcl86Æ eGgfn] lgwf{l/t p2]Zo cg';f/sf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg
ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] ;DaGwdf ljlwjt ?kdf ul/g]
:jfoQ hfFrj'emsf] k|s[of ;Demg'k5{ .
-ª_ æ:yfgLo ahf/Æ eGgfn] pTkfbs / pkef]Qmfsf] k|ToIf
;Dk{s jf Go"gtd dWo:tstf{sf] ;xeflutfdf ef}uf]lns
If]qsf] glhs x'g] u/L lasf; ul/Psf] vl/b laqmL ug]{ :yfg
jf k|s[of ;Demg'k5{ .
-r_ æpTkfbsÆ eGgfn] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg Pj+ k|zf]wgdf
;+nUg AolQm, ;d'x jf ;+:yf ;Demg'k5{ . ;f] zAbn] To:tf
pTkfbg ug]{ ls;fgx?nfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-5_ æpTkfbgÆ eGgfn] v]taf/L ÷ kmfd{df ug]{ sfo{b]lv
Kofs]lhË / n]jlnË ug]{ ;Ddsf sfo{ ;Demg'k5{ .
60
kl/R5]b– @
;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL
#= u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng M ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLsf] ;+rfngsf] nflu k|z:t tof/L of]hgf /
sfo{x? ;DkGg ug{' kg{] x'G5 . ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f
k|0ffnLsf] nflu dfkb08sf] ljsf; / o;sf] nfu' ug{] qmddf
k|fËfl/s pTkfbg ;DaGwL lgod / pTkfbsn] kfngf ug{' kg{]
zt{x?sf aLrdf :ki6 hfgsf/L x'g' h?/L 5 . o; cGt/utsf
s'g} dfkb08n] pTkfbg ;DaGwL ug{' kg]{ sfo{x? dfq lgoddf
;dfj]z u/]sf] x'G5 eg] s'g} dfkb08n] pTkfbg ;DaGwL lgod /
kfngf ug{' kg{] zt{x? b'a} ;dfj]z u/]sf] x'G5 .
g]kfndf k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o
k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DaGwL lgb{]lzsf @)^$, nfO{ s'g} klg
;xefuLtfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLn] x'ax' nfu' ug{ jf
:yfgLo cfjZostf / cg's"ntf cg';f/ kl/dfh{g u/L nfu' ug{
;Sg]5g\ .
$= dfkb08 / dfGotfx? M pTkfbsx?n] ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL cGtu{t cfˆgf] dfkb08 tof/ ug{] qmddf s'g}
klg Pp6f k|rngdf cfPsf] /fli6«o jf cGt/fli6«o dfkb08nfO{
cfwf/ dfGg ;Sg]5 . o;df ;+nUg ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] kfngf ug{'
kg{] zt{ / dfGotfx? ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;xeflutf /
;+nUgtfdf tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 . o; k|j[mofdf s]xL nfdf] ;do
lnPtf klg o;n] ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] lar ;fd"lxs a'emfO{sf]
ljsf;, :jfldTjsf] dxz'; / k|0ffnL k|ltsf] k|ltj4tfsf] ljsf;
ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . pTkfbs, lat/s, pkef]]Qmf,
Aoa:yfks nufotsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx? k9\g / n]Vg g;Sg]
cj:yfdf 5g\ eg] dfkb08x?nfO{ pgLx?n] a'em\g ;Sg] u/L
tof/ kfl/g' kb{5 . o;sf] nflu lrq, >Aob[iox?sf] k|of]u ug{
61
;lsG5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf dfkb08sf] k|d'v a'Fbfx?sf] hfgsf/L
lbgsf] nflu ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu yk 5nkmn, a}7s / uf]li7sf]
klg cfof]hgf ug{ ;lsG5 .
%= cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL;Fu ;dGjo M ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLdf cfa4 pTkfbsx?n] sfnfGt/df cfkm'nfO{
cfaZos k/]df /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf k|fKt k|dfl0fs/0f
lgsfodf ;Dks{ u/L cfkm\gf] k|dfl0fs/0fsf] :t/f]GgtL ug{
;Sg]5g\ . ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLn] /fli6«o jf
cGt/f{li6«o dfkb08nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ cfˆgf] dfkb08 tof/ u/]sf]
ca:yfdf o:tf k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnLsf] dfWodaf6 ;fd'lxs k|df0fLs/0fsf] k|j[mof cufl8
a9fpg ;Sb5g\ . To;}n] ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f
k|0ffnLsf dfkb08x? s'g} /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfosf] dfkb08;Fu ldNbf] h'Nbf] ePdf o;nfO{ ;lhnf];Fu
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL / t]>f] klIfo k|df0fLs/0f k|j[mofdf
?kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .
Dffkb08 tyf k|s[ofx? ldn]sf] / b'j} kIfx? ;xdt ePsf]
cj:yfdf ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLsf clen]vx?,
:ynut cWoog / cl86 u/]/ t]>f] klIfo k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon]
clanDa k|df0fLt ug{ ;Sb5 . To;}n] s'g} 7fpFsf] pTkfbg t]>f]
kIfaf6 k|df0fLs/0f u/L /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df lalqm
ljt/0f ug{] rfxgf eP z'?df ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / cEof; ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] t]>f] klIfo /
;fd'lxs k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos kg{] bIftf / k"jf{wf/
ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .
^= ;/f]sf/jfnfx?M ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLsf k|d'v
;/f]sf/jfnfx? o; k|0ffnL cGtu{t pTkfbg x'g] j:t'x?sf]
pTkfbs / pkef]Qmfx? x'g\ . ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f
k|0ffnLsf] lasf;df logLx?sf] k|ToIf ;xeflutf cfaZos x'G5 .
62
o; k|j[mofdf aflx/L ;+3÷;+:yfsf] ;d]t ;xeflutf x'g ;Sb5 .
clwsf+z cj:yfdf ;/sf/L, u}/;/sf/L jf lghL ;+3 ;+:yfx?n]
o; k|0ffnLsf] z'?jftsf] cj:yfdf :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfx? lar
pTk|]/s, ;Dafxs / ;dGjosf/L e"ldsf ;d]t lgjf{x ug{' kg{]
klg x'g ;Sb5 .
kl/R5]b– #
;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLsf]
;~rfng ;DaGwL k|j[mof
&= l;4fGt / d"Nox? M ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL
cfˆgf] :ki6 l;4fGt / d"Nox?sf cfwf/df ljsf; ul/Psf] x'G5 .
o:tf l;4fGt / dfGotfx? jftfj/0fLo / ;f+:s[lts kIfx?k|lt
;r]t /xb} :jR5 Jofkf/ ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t
eO{ ljsf; ul/Psf x'G5g\ . o;sf l;4fGt / d"Nox? o;sf
dfkb08 tyf sfo{ljlw÷lgb{]lzsfx?df pNn]v ul/Psf x'G5g /
;fy} o:tf l;4fGt / d"Nox?nfO{ ljleGg sfo{s|dx? dfkm{t
;fj{hlgs ug'{kb{5 .
*= lnlvt Joj:yfklso k|0ffnL ;~rfng k|s[ofM k|fËfl/s u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL kf/bzL{ / ljZjfl;nf] x'gsf] nflu o;sf
sfo{ljlw / cGo cfjZos b:tfj]hx? lnlvt ?kdf x'g' h?/L
5 . o:tf sfo{ljlw / b:tfj]hx?nfO{ cfjZostf cg';f/
kl/dfh{g / cBfjlws ug{' kg{] x'G5 . o; k|0ffnLdf b]xfo
adf]lhdsf b:tfj]h cfjZos kb{5g\ .
-s_ dfkb08x?M lj:t[t jf ;+lIfKt ?kdf klg x'g ;Sg]
-v_ tYofÍM k|To]s ;b:ox?sf] gfd, hDdf If]qkmn, k|fËfl/s
k|dfl0fs/0f ug{ rfx]sf] If]qkmn, k|fËfl/s k|dfl0fs/0f ug{
rfx]sf] pTkfbgsf k|sf/ / cg'dflgt kl/df0f, kmfd{sf]
ljj/0f, kmfd{sf] Oltxf;, Joj:yfkg of]hgf cflb .
63
-u_ sfo{ljlw lgb{]lzsf M lgj]bg lbg] k|s[of, k|fËfl/s u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f k|j[mof, k|lts lrGx -nf]uf]_ k|fKt ug{] r/0fx?, b08,
;hfo / hl/jfgf, k|d'v ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] e"ldsf /
lhDd]jf/L, lg/LIf0f kmf/d, lhDd]af/L laefhg / cg'udg
k|s[of .
-3_ k|fljlws ;Nnfx / ;'emfjx?
(= pTkfbsn] kfngf u/]sf] zt{x?sf] k|dfl0ft ug{] tl/sfM pTkfbsn]
kfngf ug{'kg{] zt{x?sf] k|dfl0ft ug{] k|j[mofdf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf]
;xeflutf / ;xof]unfO{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g' kb{5 / o;nfO{ l;Sg]
cj;/sf] ?kdf lnOg' kb{5 . k|dfl0ft ug{] k|j[mofdf b]xfo
adf]lhdsf s'/fx? cfjZos x'G5g\ M
-s_ pTkfbsn] kfngf ug{' kg{] dfkb08 / zt{x?sf af/]df
;xeflutfd"ns 5nkmn / ;femf ;xdltsf] lasf; .
-v_ ;xdlt ePsf zt{x?sf] kfngf k|lt ;a}sf] lnlvt
k|lta4tf .
-u_ zt{x?sf] kfngf ug{sf nfuL cfaZos Ifdtf clej[l4,
;xhLs/0f, k|fljlws / ahf/Ls/0f ;DaGwL 5nkmn tyf
tflnd .
-3_ pTkfbg kmfd{df ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx?sf] :ki6 ljj/0f .
-ª_ pTkfbsn] kfngf ug{'kg{] zt{x?sf] k|dfl0ft ug{] k|j[mofdf
;femf lhDd]jf/L / ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf .
!)= pTkfbsnfO{ ;xof]u ug{] ;+/rgf M ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f
k|0ffnLn] pTkfbsx?nfO{ ljleGg tl/sfn] ;xof]u ug]{5 .
pTkfbsx?nfO{ ul/g] k|d'v ;xof]ux? o; k|sf/ x'g ;S5g\ M
-s_ pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] ahf/Ls/0fsf] nflu ;xof]u /
;xhLs/0f,
-v_ k|fËfl/s pTkfbgsf] nflu cfjZos kg{] k|fljlws 1fg, lzk
tyf o; ;DaGwL cGo hfgsf/L] pknAw u/fpg] .
64
!!= k|dfl0ft k|lts lrGxM pTkfbg ul/Psf] j:t'x? lglZrt dfkb08
/ zt{x?sf] kfngf u/L pTkfbg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L
;lxtsf] lnlvt b:tfj]h pTkfbsnfO{ pknAw u/fO{G5 . o;/L
pknAw u/fOPsf] æpTkfbssf] k|df0f–kqÆ sf] ;dofjlw Ps
jif{sf] x'g]5 / k|To]s jif{ k|df0f–kqsf] gljs/0f ug{' kb{5 .
pTkflbt j:t'sf] nflu æpTkfbssf] k|df0f–kqÆ pknAw u/fpFbf
;f] sf] ;fydf æk|df0fLt k|lts lrGx -nf]uf]_Æ klg pknAw
u/fpg ;lsg]5 . pTkfbsnfO{ k|df0fkq lbg] o;sf] gljs/0f ug{],
nf]uf]sf] ljsf; ug{] / o;sf] k|of]usf] lgodg ug{] sfo{
;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnLn] rog u/]sf]
Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] ub{5 .
!@= d"NofÍg k|s[of M pTkfbsx?nfO{ Ps csf{sf] kmfd{sf] u'0f:t/
lgwf{/0f k|j[mofdf d"NofÍgstf{sf] ?kdf ;xefuL u/fpg' o;
k|0ffnLsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] . o;sf] d"NofÍg k|j[mofsf]
af/]df ;lhnf] / ;a}n] a'emg] efiffdf :ki6 JofVof ePsf] x'g'
kb{5 . o;sf nflu b]xfo adf]lhd x'g' h?/L 5 M
-s_ :ki6 efiffdf n]lvPsf] sfo{ljlw lgb{]lzsf
-v_ sfo{ z'? ug{' eGbf klxn] tflndsf] Joj:yf
-u_ klxnf] jif{sf] d"NofÍg k|j[mofdf pTkfbs, pkef]Qmf,
k|fljlws laz]if1 / bIf >f]t JolQmx? ;d]taf6 ;+o'Qm
?kdf d"NofÍgsf] Joj:yf
-3_ kmfd{sf] Joj:yfkg / ;~rfng of]hgf
!#= z'NsM ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL ;+rfngsf] nflu
cfly{s >f]tsf] ?kdf ;/sf/L cg'bfg, u|}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yfx?sf]
;xof]u, ;b:otf z'Ns, k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns ;fy} cGo >f]taf6
k|fKt ;xof]ux? x'g ;S5g\ . ;xefuLtfd'ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f
k|0ffnLsf] nflu cfjZos ;+/rgf :yfkgf / o;sf] ;~rfngsf
nfuL cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s >f]tsf] ljifodf z'?df 5nkmn tyf
klxrfg x'g' kb{5 .
65
!$= cfjZos kmf/dx? M ;xeflutfd"ns u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f k|0ffnL
;+rfngsf] nfuL agfOg] sfo{ljlwdf ;b:otf kmf/d, v]taf/L
lgl/If0f tyf d'Nof+sg kmf/fd, lgl/If0f k|ltj]bg kmf/fd
nufotsf kmf/dsf 9fFrfx? :ki6 ?kdf ;dfa]z ul/g' kb{5 .
!%= dfu{bz{gdf ;+zf]wgM g]kfn ;/sf/ -;lrj:t/_ n] cfjZostf
cg';f/ of] dfu{bz{gdf ;+zf]wg tyf yk36 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
66
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;fd'lxs
k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf, @)^(
-g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ldlt @)^(.%.@(_
67
k[i7e"ld
kl/R5]b ! k|f/lDes
kl/R5]b @ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L
kl/R5]b # cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] If]q / lqmofsnfk
kl/R5]b $ kmfd{ Joj:yfkg / :jLs[t ug]{ k|j[mof
kl/R5]b % ljljw
cg';'lr ! cfGtl/s k|fËfl/s dfkb08sf] gd'gf
cg';"lr @ s[ifssf] lgj]bg
cg';"lr # s[ifsx?;Fu lnlvt s/f/gfdf
cg';"lr $ k|f/lDes lg/LIf0f kmf/d
cg';"lr % s[ifs ;+s]t g+ /fVg] k|j[mof
cg';"lr ^ ufpFsf] ;fdflhs gS;f
cg';"lr & cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg kmf/fd
cg';"lr * k|df0fLs/0f l:js[tL jf cl:js[tLsf] lg0f{o
cg';"lr ( dfkb08 pNn+3g k|ltj]bg
cg';"lr !) dfkb08 ljkl/tsf Jojxf/x? / b08
;hfosf] Aoj:yf
68
^(
&!
&@
&(
*%
*(
(!
(#
($
(^
!))
!)!
!)@
!)%
!)^
!)&
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;fd'lxs k|df0fLs/0fsf
nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf, @)^(
k[i7e"ld M
æk|fËfl/s s[lifÆ df6f]sf] pj{/fkg, kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnL / dfgj
:jf:Yosf] ;Dj4{g ug{] pTkfbg k|0ffnL xf] . of] kof{j/0fLo k4lt,
h}ljs ljljwtf / :yfgLo kl/j]z cg';f/sf] h}ljs rqm Pj+
k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t 5 . o;n] k/Dk/f, cGj]if0f / lj1fgnfO{
;dfof]hg u/L o;df cGt/lglxt kIfx?sf] :jR5 ;DaGw dfkm{t
u'0f:t/Lo hLjg k4ltsf] k|j4{g ub{5 . k/Dk/fut 1fg tyf ;LknfO{
;do ;fk]If ?kdf kl/jt{g u/L] k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnL cjnDag ubf{
k|lt O{sfO{ e"ldaf6 clws pTkfbg x'g'sf] ;fy} ;f] If]qsf]
kof{j/0f÷jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng /fVg ;xof]u k'Ub5 . k|fËfl/s v]tL
k|0ffnLsf] dxTj / kmfObf a'lem;s]sf ls;fgn] g]kfndf klg skmL,
lrof / cGo s]xL afnLx?df of] k4lt z'? u/L pkef]QmfnfO{ ;'/lIft
/ u'0f:t/Lo vfB j:t' pknAw u/fpg yfln;s]sf 5g\ / k|fËfl/s
s[lifsf] If]qdf qmlds ?kn] j[l4 e}/x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo k|fs[lts ;|f]t
;fwgsf] ;+/If0f, ;Dj4{g / ;Gt'lnt pkof]u u/L lbuf] s[lif
Joj:yfkg dfkm{t s[lif If]q Pj+ d'n'ssf] cfly{s ljsf; ug]{ nIo
xfl;n ug{df k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLn] dxTjk"0f{ 6]jf k'¥ofpg] ljZjf;
ug{ ;lsG5 . o; ;Gbe{df k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;sf nflu
o;sf cfwf/e"t l;4fGt tyf k|fljlws cfwf/x?sf] Plsg u/L
k|fËfl/s pkhx?sf] u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f, dfkg / k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu
k|j[mofut Joj:yf x'g' clt dxTjk"0f{ b]lvG5 . s'g} klg Joj;flos
pTkfbgsf] pTkfbs / pkef]Qmfx? aLrsf] b"/L w]/} x'G5 . oL b'O{ kIf
dxTjk"0f{ ePtf klg Ps csf{;Fu ckl/lrt x'G5g\ . t;y{, pkef]Qmfn]
pkef]u ug]{ j:t'df s'g} klg xflgsf/s /;folgs kbfy{ 5}g eGg]
s'/fsf] ljZjf; lbnfpg' / To;sf nflu k|ToIf k|df0fsf] cfwf/ tof/
kfg{ cToGt cfjZos x'G5 . oxL k|df0fsf] cfwf/ g} k|fËfl/s
69
k|df0fLs/0f xf] h;n] pkef]QmfnfO{ pTKffbg k|lt ljZj:y agfpF5 .
t;y{ clu|d ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] / ljZjfl;nf] k|s[of ckgfO{
lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/ sfod ug{sf] nflu k"/f ug{' kg]{ cfjZos zt{x? k"/f
ul/Psf] 5 elg k|fËfl/s pTkfbgnfO{ t]>f] kIfn] lbg] lnlvt
;'lglZrttfnfO{ k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f elgG5 .
csf]{ tkm{ x]g]{ xf] eg] ljZjsf w]/}h;f] s[ifsx¿ k|foM b'u{d If]qdf
a:g] ;fgf s[ifs ePsfn] lg/LIf0fsf] nflu w]/} ;do nfUb5 . o;sf]
;fy} Ps hgf s[ifssf] s[lif pTkfbgaf6 x'g] s"n cfDbfgL k|fËfl/s
lg/LIf0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f ug{ nfUg] vr{sf] t'ngfdf lgs} sd x'g]
ub{5 . To;sf/0f ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf ;fgf s[ifsx¿ / k|fËfl/s
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo ldn]/ ;fdl"xs k|df0fLs/0f k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;
u/]sf 5g\, h;n] ;d"xut ¿kdf pTkfbssf] x}l;otn] k|fËfl/s
dfkb08sf] kfngf u/]÷ gu/]sf] cg'udg Pj+ lg/LIf0f u/L k|dfl0ft
ub{5 . ;fd"lxs k|df0fLs/0fsf] d"n cfwf/ g} ;b:ox¿ aLrsf]
cflTdotf / ;xof]uL efjgf ePsfn] o;nfO{ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnLsf] ¿kdf lrlgPsf] 5 . cfOkmf]d (IFOAM, International
Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement) sf] kl/efiff
cg';f/ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL eg]sf] k|fËfl/s pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/
ls6fgL ug]{ Ps lnlvt b:tfj]h xf], h;df jfXo k|fËfl/s
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] ;d"xsf x/]s ;b:ox¿sf] jflif{s lg/LIf0f ug{
;f]xL ;d"x cGtu{t u7g ePsf] ;ldltnfO{ cg'dlt lbG5 . cfGtl/s
lg/LIf0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng ug]{ ;d"x÷;xsf/L ;+:yf÷;+3n] k|To]s ;d"x
;b:ox¿n] afnL pTkfbg ug]{ qmddf tf]lsPsf] k|fËfl/s pTkfbg
dfkb08 cg';f/ sfd u/] gu/]sf] x]b{5 / k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfon] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLn] ;xL 9Ëdf sfd u/] gu/]sf]
d"NofÍg ub{5 . d"NofÍg ug]{ qmddf k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon]
d'Votof cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] /]s8{ /fVg] tf}/tl/sf, To;
cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotf tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ s]xL
s[ifsx¿sf] k"gM lg/LIf0f ub{5 . o;} cGtu{t cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnLn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] k|fËfl/s dfkb08sf] cfwf/df s[ifssf] ;a}
ultljlwx?sf] clen]v /flv k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f k|j[mofnfO{
70
Jojl:yt kfg]{ p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/n] of] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ul/ nfu'
u/]sf] 5 .
kl/R5]b – !
k|f/lDes
!= ;+lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ of] lgb]{lzsfsf] gfd æk|fËfl/s s[lif
pTkfbgsf] ;fd'lxs k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf, @)^(Æ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] lgb]{lzsf g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t ePsf] ldltaf6
k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;+un] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; lgb]{lzsfdf,–
-s_ æcfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLÆ eGgfn] k|fËfl/s u'0f:t/
ls6fgL ug]{ Ps lnlvt b:tfj]h ;Demg'k5{, / ;f] zAbn]
jfXo k|fËfl/s k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfon] ;d"xsf x/]s
;b:ox?sf] jflif{s lgl/If0f ug{ ;f]xL ;d"x cGtu{t u7g
ePsf] u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ cg'dlt k|bfg ug]{,
;fgf s[ifsx¿nfO{ ;+ul7t u/fO{ k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fdf
kx'Fr a9fpg] / k|df0fLs/0fsf] vr{ 36fO{ pgLx¿sf]
k|fËfl/s pTkfbgsf] laqmLdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] k|0ffnL
;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-v_ æk|fËfl/s pTkfbg If]qÆ eGgfn] k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] l;4fGt
cg';f/ v]tL k|0ffnL ckgfO{Psf] If]q ;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ æ;fgf ls;fgÆ eGgfn] t'ngfTds ?kdf yf]/} hldgdf
Joj;flos ?kdf geO{ lgjf{xd"lv ?kdf v]tLkftL ug]{ s[ifs
;Demg'k5{ .
-3_ æt];|f] kIfÆ eGgfn] clu|d ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] Pj+
ljZjfl;nf] k|j[mof ckgfO{ s'g} k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf
k|fËfl/s k|zf]lwt pkhsf] lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/ sfod ug{
71
-ª_
-r_
-5_
-h_
;Dk"0f{ zt{x? k'/f ul/Psf] 5 elg lnlvt ;'lglZrttf lbg]
k|fËfl/s k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfo ;Demg'k5{ .
æk|df0fLs/0f lgsfoÆ eGgfn] k|fËfl/s kbfy{ egL
gfdfÍg / cfoft sfo{sf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ lgsfo ;Demg'k5{ .
æk|df0fLs/0fÆ eGgfn] clu|d ?kdf klxrfg ul/Psf] Pj+
ljZjfl;nf] k|j[mof ckgfO{ s'g} klg s[lif pkhsf] lgwf{l/t
u'0f:t/ sfod ug{sf nflu k'/f ug{' kg{] zt{x? k'/f ul/Psf]
5 egL t];|f] kIfn] lbg] lnlvt ;'lglZrtf ;Demg'k5{ .
ælg/LIf0fÆ eGgfn] s'g} s[lif pkhsf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf
ljt/0f k|s[of lgwf{l{/t dfkb08 cg';f/ 5÷5}g egL
;DjlGwt :yndf uO{ jf:tljstf kQf nufpg ul/g]
cg'udg / lgl/If0fsf] sfo{{ ;Demg'k5{ .
ælg/LIfsÆ eGgfn] k|df0fLs/0f ug{] lgsfon] ;DalGwt s[lif
pkhsf] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0f k|s[of lg/LIf0f
ug{sf nflu lgo'Qm u/]sf] JolQm ;Demg'k5{ .
kl/R5]b – @
;+:yfut ;+/rgf / lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/L
#= ;+:yfut ;+/rgfM -!_ afnL pTkfbg ug]{ :yfgsf] j:t'l:ylt, s[ifs
jf s[ifs ;d"xsf] ;+Vof, k|fËfl/s v]tL ul/g] If]qkmn / To;sf]
cjl:ylt ;fy} k|df0fLs/0fdf nlug] afnL tyf k|df0fLs/0f ug]{
lgsfosf] cfwf/e"t cfjZostf cg';f/ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnLsf] ;+/rgfTds 9fFrf km/s ?kdf tof/ ul/g] 5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ;+/rgf tof/ ubf{ Go"gtd cfjZostf
k'/f ug]{ u/L agfpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/sf] ;+/rgfTds 9fFrf agfpFbf ;d"x÷
;xsf/Ln] b]xfP adf]lhdsf] ;+/rgf agfpg' kg]{5 .
72
k|dfl0fs/0f
lgsfo
cfGtl/s
:jLs[lt ;ldlt
;xsf/L÷;d"x
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnL Aoj:yfkg
;ldlt jf O{sfO{
cg'udg tyf
d"No+fÍg
;+of]hs
cfGtl/s lg/LIfs
k||fljlws ;xhstf{
pTkfbs s[ifsx? jf ;d'x
$= cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] lhDd]jf/ kbflwsf/Lx?M -!_ o;
lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;xh ?kdf ;+rfng
ug{sf] nflu ;d"x÷;xsf/Ln] Go"gtd ?kdf b]xfP adf]lhdsf
;ldltsf] u7g tyf kbx?sf]] ;[hgf u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 M–
-s_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
-v_ cfGtl/s :jLs[lt ;ldlt
-u_ ;+of]hs
-3_ cfGtl/s lg/LIfs
-ª_ lkmN8 ;xhstf{
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd u7g x'g] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo b]xfP adf]lhd x'g]5 M–
-s_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng k|j[mof Joj:yfkg
ug]{,
-v_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf (ICS Manual)
tof/ u/L nfu' ug]{,
73
-u_ cfGtl/s dfkb08 tof/ u/L ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ljt/0f
ug]{,
-3_ cfGtl/s :jLs[lt ;ldltsf] lg0f{o nfu' ug]{,
-ª_ dfgj >f]t ljsf; sfo{qmd ;+rfng ug]{,
-r_ cfGtl/s tyf afXo lg/LIf0f Joj:yfkg ug]{,
-5_ ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgfn] sfd u/] gu/]sf] x]/L cfjZos
km]/abn ug]{
-#_ o; bkmf adf]lhd cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL Joj:yfks
x'gsf] nflu b]xfPsf] of]Uotf k'/f u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 M
-s_ k|fËfl/s v]tLaf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L ePsf]
-v_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng k|j[mof Joj:yfkg
;DalGw 1fg ePsf]
-u_ cfGtl/s dfkb08 ;DaGwL 1fg ePsf]
-3_ cfGtl/s :jLs[lt k|s[of ;DalGw hfgsf/L ePsf]
-ª_ lgZkIf ?kdf sfd ug]{ ;Lk ePsf]
-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd u7g x'g] ;+of]hssf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ b]xfP adf]lhd x'g]5 M–
-s_ cfGtl/s :jLs[lt ;ldlt;Fu ;dGjo ug]{,
-v_ k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo
ug]{,
-u_ s[ifs btf{,
-3_ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ug]{,
-ª_ cfGtl/s lg/LIf0fsf] nflu lgl/Ifsx? v6fpg],
-r_ lkmN8 ;xhstf{;Fu ;dGjo u/L sfd ug]{, / clen]v
Joj:yfkg ug]{
-%_ o; bkmf adf]lhdsf] ;+of]hssf] nflu b]xfP adf]lhdsf]
of]Uotf k'/f ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 M–
-s_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng k|j[mof ;DaGwL 1fg
ePsf]
-v_ dfga >f]t Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg]
-u_ clen]v Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg]
74
-3_ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfo;Fu ;dGjo ug{ ;Sg]
-ª_ k|fËfl/s s[lifaf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L ePsf]
-^_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] cfGtl/s :jLs[lt ;ldltsf] sfd,
st{Jo b]xfP adf]lhdsf] x'g]5 M–
-s_ cfGtl/s lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] ;ldIff ug]{
-v_ cfGtl/s :jLs[ltsf] lg0f{o ug]{ -;DalGwt s[ifssf]
clen]v, ;d"xsf] gLlt lgod / dfkb08 tyf cfGtl/s
lg/LIfssf] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df_
-u_ ;DalGwt s[ifsn] ;'wf/ ug{' kg]{ kIfx?sf] klxrfg u/L
;f] ljifodf cfjZos lg0f{o ug]{ .
-3_ cfjZostf cg';f/ b08 ;hfosf] l;kmfl/z ug]{
-ª_ cfGtl/s ?kdf :jLs[lt k|fKt u/]sf s[ifsx?sf] ;"rL
tof/ ug]{, / -k|fËfl/s s[ifs / ?kfGt/0f cjlwsf
s[ifsx?sf] a]Unf a]Un} ?kdf_
-r_ b08 ;hfo lbg' kg]{ s[ifsx?sf] lni6 tof/ ug]{
-&_ o; bkmfdf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cfGtl/s
:jLs[lt lbg] JolQm / cfGtl/s lg/LIfs km/s km/s JolQm
x'g' kg]{5 .
-*_ o; bkmf adf]lhdsf] cfGtl/s lg/LIfssf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ b]xfP adf]lhdsf] x'g]5 M
-s_ ls;fgsf] v]taf/Lsf] cjnf]sg u/L k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{]
-v_ ls;fgn] /fv]sf clen]vx? -/]s8{_ sf] lg/LIf0f ug{]
-u_ ls;fgx?;Fu cGt/jf{tf{ lng]
-3_ ls;fgsf 3/ kl/jf/ ;b:o tyf cGo l5d]sLx?;Fusf]
cGt/jf{tf{ lng] -ls;fgn] eg] u/]sf lqmofsnfk /
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;ldltdf bflvnf ePsf
/]s8{x? ldNg] / km/s kIf 5'6\ofpg]_ /
-ª_ lg/LIf0f kmf/d eg]{ / k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L ;+of]hsnfO{
a'emfpg] .
75
cfGtl/s lgl/Ifs
/]s8{ lgl/If0f
lgl/If0f
Checklist eg]{
farms lgl/If0f
k|d'v sfd
hf]lvd
pTkfbg /]s8{{
-(_ o; bkmf adf]lhdsf] cfGtl/s lg/LIfssf] nflu b]xfP
adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf k'/f ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 M
-s_ k|fËfl/s v]tLaf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L ePsf],
-v_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng k|j[mof Joj:yfkg
;DaGwL 1fg ePsf],
-u_ cfGtl/s dfkb08 ;DaGwL 1fg ePsf],
-3_ cfGtl/s lg/LIfssf] tflnd lnPsf], /
-ª_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL sfof{nodf ;"rLs[t ePsf] .
-!)_ o; bkmf adf]lhd lgo'Qm x'g] cfGtl/s lg/LIfs lgl/If0f
ul/g] s[ifssf] glhssf] gftfuf]tf leqsf] x'g'x'b}Fg .
-!!_ o; bkmf adf]lhd s[ifs lkmN8 ;xhstf{sf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ b]xfP adf]lhdsf] x'g]5 M
-s_ s[ifsnfO{ /]s8{ /fVg tyf hUufsf] gS;f agfpg
;xof]u ug]{
-v_ ;a} s[ifsx?sf] k|f/lDes lg/LIf0f kmf/d eg]{
-u_ clen]v -cfjZos /]s8{x?_ Joj:yfkg ug{
;+of]hsnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{
-3_ s[ifsx?nfO{ cfGtl/s dfkb08af/] hfgsf/L lbg]
76
-ª_ ;'wf/ ug'{ kg]{ kIfx?af/] ;DalGwt s[ifsnfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg]
-r_ pTkfbg /]s8{ /fVg]
-5_ pTkfbg ;fdfu|L Joj:yfkg ug]{
-h_ pTkfbg cg'dfg tof/ ug]{, /
-em_ tflnd Joj:yfkg ug]{
lkmN8 ;xhstf{ / ;Nnfxsf/
s[ifs /]s8{ Aoj:yfkg
pTkfbg ;fdfu|L Aoj:yfkg
tflnd
k|d'v sfo{
pTkfbg /]s8{
pTkfbg cg'dfg tof/L
afx\o ld;fj6
-!@_ pkbkmf -!!_ cg';f/sf] s[ifs lkmN8 ;xhstf{ x'gsf nflu
b]xfP adf]lhdsf] of]Uotf k'/f ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 M
-s_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng k|j[mof ;DalGw 1fg
ePsf]
-v_ dfgj >f]t Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg]
-u_ clen]v Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Sg]
-3_ k|fËfl/s v]tLaf/] :ki6 hfgsf/L ePsf] /
-ª_ cfGtl/s dfkb08af/] :ki6 hfgsf/L ePsf]
-!#_ pkbkmf -!_ df n]lvP adf]lhdsf] ;ldlt tyf kb afx]s
;d'x÷;xsf/Ln] cfjZostf cg';f/ cGo kb tyf
;ldltx?sf] l;h{gf u/L sfdsf] afF8kmf8 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
77
%= Ifdtf clej[l4M -!_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfngdf ;+nUg
/x]sf ljleGg kb tyf ;ldltdf /xL sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx? tyf
s[ifsx?sf] Ifdtf clej[l4sf] nflu cfjZos tflndsf
sfo{s|dx? lgoldt ?kdf ;+rfng ug{' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{sf] nflu
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ lgsfon] s[ifs, k|zf]ws,
Jofkf/L, sd{rf/L ;a}sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ tflnd tyf
hfgsf/Lsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 .
^= ;fgf ls;fgsf] nflu ;fd'lxs k|df0fLs/0f M ;fgf ls;fgx?sf]]
;fd"lxs k|df0fLs/0f ug{sf] nflu b]xfPsf zt{x? k"/f ePsf]
x'g'kg]{5 M
-s_ ;fdl"xs k|df0fLs/0fsf] Joj:yfkgsf] nflu Ps sfo{ ;ldlt
x'g' kb{5 . pQm ;ldltn] ;d"xsf k|To]s ;b:on] k|fËfl/s
dfkb08sf] kfngf u/]÷gu/]sf] lgwf] ug]{ lhDd]jf/L jxg ug'{
kb{5 . o:tf ;ldlt :jtM:km"t{ ¿kdf ag]sf s[ifs ;d"x,
;xsf/L jf ;+3 ;+:yf tyf Aofkf/L jf k|zf]ws x'g ;Sb5g\ .
-v_ s[ifsx? Pp6} ;d"xdf btf{ ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . k|To]s
s[ifssf] JolQmut ¿kdf k|df0fLs/0f geO{ ;d"xdf cfa4
;b:ox¿sf] ;fd"lxs ?kdf k|df0fLs/0f u/L ;d"xsf] gfddf
k|df0f–kq lbOG5 . ;d"xsf s'g} Ps ;b:on] AolQmut
?kdf k|df0f kqsf] k|of]u ug{ kfOb}g .
-u_ k|To]s ;d"x ;b:on] ;Demf}tf cg';f/sf] k|fËfl/s dfkb08
tyf lgodsf] kfngf ug]{ k|lta4tf hgfpg' kb{5 / cfˆgf]
pTkfbg If]qsf] lg/LIf0fsf] nflu cg'dlt lbg' kb{5 .
-3_ ;fdl"xs k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg ub{5 . h; cGtu{t ;d"xsf
x/]s ;b:osf] JolQmut ljj/0fsf ;fy} ;b:on] ckgfPsf]
k|ljlwsf] ljj/0fsf] clen]v -/]s8{_ /fVg] / jif{sf] slDtdf
Ps k6s lg/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 .
78
-ª_ ;+:yfn] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/df x/]s ;b:on]
k|fËfl/s dfkb08 cg';f/ sfd u/]÷gu/]sf] lg/LIf0f u/L
h'g ;b:on] dfkb08sf] kfngf u/]sf] x'Fb}g p;nfO{
dfkb08df tf]lsPsf] lgodfg';f/ sf/jfxL ug]{5 .
&= dfkb08 pNn]v ug{]M s[ifsx?n] cfkm'n] pTkfbg ug]{ s[lif pkh
s'g dfkb08 cg';f/ k|dfl0ft ug{] xf] ;f] sf] pNn]v ug{' kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b– #
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] If]q / lqmofsnfk
*= cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] If]qM -!_ o; lgb]{lzsf cg';f/
s[ifsx?n] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;xh ?kdf ;~rfng ug{sf
nflu cjnDag ug{' kg]{ ;Dk"0f{ k|j[mofx? lnlka4 ?kdf ;dfa];
u/L cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] lgb]{lzsf tof/ ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ tof/ ul/g] lgb]{lzsfdf b]xfo
adf]lhdsf lqmofsnfkx? ;dfa]; ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 M
-s_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng k|j[mof,
-v_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf /
sfo{ljefhg,
-u_ cfGtl/s dfkb08,
-3_ cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f,
-ª_ kmfd{ lgoGq0f,
-r_ :jLs[lt k|s[of,
-5_ hf]lvd Joj:yfkg,
-h_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;+nUg ;a} kbflwsf/Lx?
Nfufot s[ifsx?sf] Ifdtf lasf; sfo{qmd, /
-em_ clen]v Joj:yfkg
79
(= cfGtl/s lgb{]lzsfsf] ljt/0fM -!_ of] lgb{]lzsf b]xfosf AolQm /
;ldltnfO{ pknAw u/fOg]5 M–
AolQm jf ;d"x
pknAw u/fOg] c+zx?
Joj:yfkg ;d"x –
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf
cfGtl/s :jLs[lt ;ldlt– cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf
cfGtl/s lgl/Ifs –
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf
lkmN8 ;xhstf{ –
cfGtl/s dfkb08, cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnL lgb]{lzsf
s[ifs –
cfGtl/s dfkb08
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k|fKt lgb{]lzsf OR5's s[ifsx?sf]
;'ljwfsf] nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] sfof{nodf
/fVg' kg]{5 .
!)= cfGtl/s lgb{]lzsfsf] ;'wf/ / cBfjlw M-!_ o; lgb]{lzsfnfO{
cfjZostf cg';f/ b]xfPsf cj:yfdf kl/dfh{g u/L nfu' ul/g]5 M
-s_ k|df0fLs/0f dfkb08 kl/jt{g ePdf .
-v_ lgb]{lzsfn] tf]s]sf] ljlw adf]lhd sfd x'g g;s]df .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg afnL
nufpg] ;do z'? x'g'eGbf cl3 cfjZostf cg';f/ jif{sf]
Ps k6s lgb]{lzsfdf ;'wf/ ul/g]5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] kl/dflh{t lgb]{lzsf cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f k|0ffnL Joj:yfkg ;d"xaf6 :jLs[t u/fOg]5 .
-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd kl/dflh{t c+z ;DalGwt kIfnfO{
pknAw u/fpg] lhDd]jf/L cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
;+of]hssf] x'g]5 .
-%_ lgb{]lzsf kl/dfh{g ePsf] v08df gofF lgb]{lzsfsf] ;a} c+z
;DalGwt kIfnfO{ pknAw u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-^_ o; lgb]{lzsf ;a} kIfnfO{ k'u] gk'u]sf] tyf ;a} kIfn]
:ki6;Fu a'em] ga'em]sf] lgSof}{n ug]{ lhDd]jf/L cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+of]hssf] x'g]5 .
80
!!= ;+:yf / k|fËfl/s s[lif k|0ffnLsf] ljj/0f M -!_ k|fËfl/s
k|df0fLs/0f ug{sf] nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng ug]{
;+:yfsf] af/]df cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{
;+lIfKt ?kdf hfgsf/L lbg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd lbOg] hfgsf/Ldf k|fËfl/s v]tL ul/g]
If]q -pTkfbg If]q_ tyf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
;~rflnt If]qsf] xfjfkfgL, e"–jgfj6, s[lif k|0ffnL,
s[ifssf] cj:yf cflbsf ljj/0f pNn]v ug{' kg]{5 .
!@= cfwf/e"t hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf M -!_ hf]lvdx? cfGtl/s ?kdf
kQf nufO{ a:t'sf] u'0f:t/ lau|gaf6 hf]ufpg' kb{5 . t;y{
hf]lvd Go"lgs/0f ug{ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL 6f]nL rgfvf] x'g
h?/L 5 . cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf o; k|sf/sf hf]lvdx?sf]
;DefAo :yfg, cj:yf Pa+ k|s[ltsf af/]df pNn]v u/]sf] x'g' k5{ .
-@_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] qmddf cfpg ;Sg] hf]lvdsf]
:yfg b]xfo adf]lhd x'g ;Sg]5 M
-s_ afnL pTkfbg :ynM jfnL pTkfbg :ynsf] ;DaGwdf
b]xfPsf hf]lvd cfpg ;Sg]5g\ M
-c_ ls;fg k|fËfl/s sfo{qmd tk{meGbf ahf/,
pTkfbgsf] d"No Pj+ sfo{qmdaf6 k|fKt x'g]
lgz'Ns ;fdfu|L k|lt nfnflot x'g] cj:yf .
-cf_ ls;fgn] cfˆgf] dfq} geO{ gft]bf/ -hf] btf{
ePsf 5}gg\_ sf] pTkfbg klg ld;fP/ laqmL
s]Gb|;Dd k7fpg] tyf laqmL ug]{ afgL .
-O_ ls;fgn] gft]bf/sf] pTkfbg klg k7fpFbf
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL cGt{ut sfd ug]{
sd{rf/L kof{Kt dfqfdf uDeL/ gx'Fbf klg ;d:of
cfpg ;S5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf pTkfbg cg'dfg,
pTkfbg lbg ;Sg] afnLsf] kl/df0f h:tf s'/fn]
hf]lvd kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .
81
-v_ afnL cf];f/ k;f/ ubf{ x'g] hf]lvd b]xfPsf cg';f/sf]
x'g]5 M
-c_ afnL cf];f/ k;f/df ;+nUg AolQmx? uDeL/
gx'g' .
-cf_ ;~rfnsnfO{ k|fËfl/s dfkb08 ;DalGw hfgsf/L
gx'g' .
-O_ ;~rfnsn] k|fËfl/s pTkfbgsf] dfq} 5'§}
;~rfng gug{' .
-O{_ 5'§} e08f/ gx'g], gfdfÍg k"hf{ g/fVg], af]/fx?
hyfefjL k|of]u ug]{ h:tf cj:yfdf klg k|fËfl/s
pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/ x|f; x'g ;S5 .
!#= cfGtl/s dfkb08M -!_ o; lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ cfGtl/s dfkb08n]
s[lif pkh pTkfbg;Fu ;DalGwt k|j[mof tyf s[ofsnfkx?sf]
af/]df :ki6 ?kdf pNn]v u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] dfkb08n] s[ifs ;b:ox?sf] jfnL
pTkfbg k|j[mof / u'0f:t/sf] cfGtl/s ?kdf lgoGq0f ug{sf]
nflu dfu{lgb]{zg ug]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/sf] cfGtl/s dfkb08df b]xfo
adf]lhdsf] ljifox? ;d]l6Psf] x'g'kg]{5 M–
-s_ k|fËfl/s pTkfbg ug{] If]qkmn,
-v_ k|fËfl/s ?kfGt/0f k|j[mof,
-u_ ?kfGt/0f cjlw,
-3_ l;dfgf -dWojtL{ If]q_,
-ª_ ;dfgfGt/ pTkfbg,
-r_ pTkfbgdf k|of]u x'g] ;fdfu|L / tl/sf h:t}M jLp,
dnvfb, lbuf] df6f] Joj:yfkg, afnL ;+/If0fdf k|of]u
ug{ kfOg] s[lif ;fdfu|Lx?,
-5_ ;DefJo ld;fj6, /
-h_ afnL s6fgL tyf afnL pTkfbgf]k/fGt ul/g]
s[ofsnfkx?
82
-$_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] cfGtl/s dfkb08df ;dfj]z ePsf
ljifoj:t'x? / ltgn] s[ifsx?df kfg]{ k|efjsf] af/]df
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf sd{rf/Lx? Pj+ ;a} s[ifsn]
a'em\g ;Sg] efiffdf n]lvPsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-%_ cfGtl/s dfkb08 tof/ ubf{ :yflgo cj:yfnfO{ dWo gh/
/fVb} pkh laqmL x'g] ahf/sf] dfu / dfkb08 b'a}nfO{ Wofg
/fvL tof/ ug{'kg]{5 .
-^_ afXo dfkb08x? ;dofg's'n kl/dfh{g e}/xg] ePsfn]
cfGtl/s dfkb08nfO{ klg ;f]xL cg's'n kl/dfh{g ub}{ /xg'
kb{5 . dfkb08nfO{ ;do / kl/l:ylt cg';f/ x]/km]/ ug{
klg ;lsG5 . h:t}M ;a} s[ifsx?n] k|fËfl/s pTkfbg dfq
ul/]/x]sf 5g\ eg] ;dfgfGt/ pTkfbg k|s[ofsf af/]df
dfkb08df pNn]v gu/] klg x'G5 . g]kfnsf] /fli6«o
dfkb08df ljz]if cj:yfdf kf]6fl;od dn k|of]u ug{ kfOg]
s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtfklg :yfgLo ?kdf pQm dn k|of]u ug{
gkfO{g] gLlt agfpg ;lsG5 .
-&_ o; lgb]{lzsf cg';f/ tof/ ul/g] cfGtl/s dfkb08sf]
9fFrf cg';"lr ! df pNn]v eP cg';f/ x'g]5 .
!$= cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] clen]vLs/0fM -!_ cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f k|0ffnL;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ clen]vx? Aojl:yt tj/n]
/fVg'kg]{5 .
-@_ k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f sfo{qmddf ;+nUg x'g] x/]s s[ifssf]
JolQmut kmfOn tof/ u/L k|df0fLs/0fsf] nflu cfjZos
kg]{ ;a} clen]vx? Aojl:yt tl/sfn] /fVg' kb{5 /
lg/LIf0fsf] ;dodf pknAw u/fpg' kb{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhdsf] clen]vx? /fVg] qmddf b]xfPsf
kIfx? ;d]6]/ kmfd{ clen]v tof/ u/L sfof{nodf /fVg'
kg]{5 M
83
-s_ cfGtl/s dfkb08sf] kfngf clgjfo{ ?kdf ug]{5' egL
s[ifs;Fu lnlvt?kdf cf]}krfl/s s/f/gfdf jf
;Demf}tf ul/Psf] b:tfj]h,
-v_ s[ifssf] v]taf/Lsf] k|f/lDes cg'udg k|ltj]bg, h;df
k|ltalGwt kbfy{x? k|of]u ul/Psf] clGtd ldlt ;d]t
pNn]v ePsf] x'g' kb{5,
-u_ v]taf/Lsf] gS;f+sg u/L /fVg' kb{5 ,
-3_ afnL pTkfbgdf k|of]u ePsf s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
ljj/0f ;|f]t -sxfFaf6 NofOPsf]_,
h:t}M aLp
cfk"lt{stf{sf] k|df0fLs/0f–kq, afXo >f]tsf] k|fËfl/s
dnsf] k|of]u ug{' k/]df, dnsf] k|df0fLs/0f–kq, afnL
;+/If0fdf k|of]u ePsf] ;fdu|Lsf] k"0f{ ljj/0f, vl/b
ul/Psf s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿ -dn, ljifflb, aLp_ sf] lj:t[t
ljj/0f ;lxt ;Ssn lan /fVg' kg]{ ,
-ª_ jflif{s ?kdf ul/Psf] cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg
s[ifsnfO{ lbO{Psf] ;Nnfx ;'emfj, tflnd cflb .
-r_ k|fËfl/s / cGo tl/sfaf6 v]tL x'g] b'j} If]qsf] k"0f{
lqmofsnfk / ldltsf ;fy} Kn6 g+=, l;dfgf 5'6\ofpg]
k|i6 lrGx / l56fsf] c;/ kg{ ;Sg] vt/f ;d]t
pNn]v u/]sf] k"0f{ clen]v,
-5_ s[lif k|ljlwx¿ ljz]if ¿kdf dnvfb / /f]u tyf
sL/fgfzs ljifflbx¿sf] k"0f{ ljj/0f /fv]sf] s[ifssf]
b}lgsL k'l:tsf,
-h_ jfnL pTkfbg /]s8{ -Kn6 g+=, leq\ofOPsf] ldlt,
pTkfbg kl/df0f_,
-em_ e08f/0f clen]v -e08f/0fdf /fv]sf] ldlt / lemSg]
ldlt_,
-`_ k|fËfl/s pTkfbgsf] cf];f/k;f/ /]s8{ -v]tjf/Lb]lv
e08f/ / e08f/b]lv k|zf]wg s]Gb|_, /
84
-6_ gofF v]taf/Lx? ylkPsf] cj:yfdf pQm hUufsf]
Oltxf;, h;df klxn]sf] hUuf wgLn] u/]sf] lqmofsnfk
klg pNn]v ug{' kb{5 .
-$_ o; bkmf adf]lhd ;ldltn] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg
sfo{qmddf ;+nUg x'g] s[ifsx?sf] ;'lr tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
-%_ pkbkmf -$_ adf]lhdsf] ;'lrdf x/]s s[ifssf] gfd, ;+s]t
gDa/, s"n If]qkmn, k|fËfl/s v]tL ug]{ hUufsf] If]qkmn jf
af]6 ;+Vof, k|fËfl/s s[ifssf] ?kdf btf{ ePsf] ldlt,
cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f ul/Psf] ldlt, cfGtl/s lgl/Ifssf] gfd,
cfGtl/s lg/LIf0fsf] glthf cflb ultljlwx?sf] pNn]v
ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 . b08 ;hfo kfPsf s[ifsx?sf] ;"lr
h;df b08 ;hfo lbg' kg]{ sf/0f / cjlw ;d]t ;dfj]z
ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 .
kl/R5]b– $
kmfd{ Joj:yfkg / :jLs[t ug]{ k|j[mof
!%= gofF ls;fgx?sf] btf{M cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL;Fu cfj4tfsf]
nflu s[ifsn] b]xfPsf] k|j[mof k'/f u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 M
-s_ ;fdfGotof cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg
sfo{qmddf efu lng rfxg] hf] sf]xLn] klg o; sfo{qmdaf6
pknJw u/fPsf] cg';"lr @ df pNn]lvt 9fFrfsf] lgj]bg
kmf/d e/L cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+of]hsnfO{ k]z ug'{
kg]{5 .
-v_ s[ifsx¿sf] lgj]bg ljlwjt btf{ eO;s] kl5 k|fËfl/s s[lif
pTkfbg sfo{qmddf ;xefuL x'g OR5's s[ifsx?nfO{
sfo{qmdsf] cfjZos zt{x?af/] hfgsf/L u/fO{ -5nkmn
u/L_ s[ifsx?nfO{ ;f] zt{x? dGh'/ ePdf s[ifsx?;Fu
cg';"lr # cg';f/sf] lnlvt s/f/gfdf ul/g] 5 .
85
-u_ ;+of]hsn] lgl/Ifs v6fO{ ;DalGwt s[ifssf] v]taf/Lsf]
k|f/lDes lg/LIf0f u/fpg] 5 / v]taf/Lsf] nflu cg';"lr $
cg';f/sf] k|f/lDes lg/LIf0f kmf/d e/fO{ /fVg] 5 .
-3_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg sfo{qmddf ;+nUg x'g] x/]s
s[ifsnfO{
cg';"lr % adf]lhdsf] ;+s]t g+ lbO{ JolQmut
kmfOn tof/ u/L /fVg' kg]{5 .
-ª_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;+rfng ul/g] If]qsf]
;fdflhs gS;f tof/ kf/L To;df ;+nUg x'g] ;b:o
s[ifsx?sf] cg';"lr ^ adf]lhd gS;fÍg agfO{ /fVg' kg]{5 .
!^= cfGtl/s ;Demf}tfx?M -!_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] nflu s[ifs
/ s[ifs ;d"x aLrsf] ;Demf}tf, s[ifs ;d"x / ;xsf/L aLrsf]
;Demf}tf, cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng ug]{ lgsfo /
k|dfl0fs/0f ug]{ lgsfo aLrsf] ;Demf}tf, laqmL tyf
k|;f]wgstf{;Fusf] ;Demf}tf nufotsf ljleGg ;Demf}tfx?
ul/g]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf ;Demf}tfx?df s'g s'g lgsfo s] s]
lqmofsnfkdf ;+nUg x'g], s;sf] sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/ s]
x'g] cflb ljifox?df :ki6 n]lvPsf] x'g'kg]{5 / ;f]xL
;Demf}tfsf] cfwf/df /xL cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL nfu'
tyf ;~rfng x'g]5 .
!&= cfGtl/s lg/LIf0fM -!_ cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnLsf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] h;Nf] k|fËfl/s pkhsf] u'0f:t/
lgoGq0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub{5 . cfGtl/s dfkb08df
pNn]lvt cfjZostf cg';f/ s[ifsn] afnL Joj:yfkg u/]sf] 5
jf 5}g eg]/ clwsf/ k|fKt clwsf/Ln] ug]{ Ps cf}krfl/s
lg/LIf0f g} cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f xf] h;df x/]s ls;fgn] Go"gtd
dfkb08sf] kfngf u/]sf] x'g'k5{ . k|fËfl/s pTkfbg sfo{qmddf
;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ s[ifsx?sf] jif{sf] slDtdf Ps k6s cfGtl/s
lg/LIf0f clgjfo{ ?kdf ug'{ kb{5 . s'g} klg ls;fgsf] cfGtl/s
86
lg/LIf0f slxn] ug]{ eGg] s'/f To; If]qdf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnL nfu" ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lg0f{o, ls;fgsf] ;dosf] pknAwtfsf
;fy;fy} v]tLjfnLsf] df};d / jfXo lg/LIf0fsf] ;do ;j} Vofn
u/]/ cfGtl/s lg/LIf0fsf] of]hgf tof/ ug'{ kb{5 . cfGtl/s
lg/LIf0f ubf{ ;DalGwt s[ifs jf s[ifs k|ltlglwsf] pkl:yltdf
cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f ul/g' kb{5 .
-@_ lg/LIf0fsf] ;dodf s[ifssf] v]tjf/Lsf] cjnf]sg, s[ifsn]
/fv]sf clen]vx?sf] lg/LIf0f, s[ifsx?;Fusf] cGt/jftf{,
s[ifssf 3/ kl/jf/ ;b:o tyf cGo l5d]sLx?;Fusf]
cGt/jftf{, s[ifsn] eg] u/]sf lqmofsnfk, pTkfbg
;fdfu|Lx? tyf pTkflbt s[lif pkhsf] e08f/0f tl/sf,
pTkfbgf]k/fGt :ofxfg]{ tl/sf, kz'kfng / cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;ldltdf bflvnf ePsf clen]vx? cflbsf]
cWoog tyf lg/LIf0f ug'{ kb{5 . olb s[ifssf] bf];|f] k6s
lg/LIf0f ul/Psf] xf] eg] ;DalGwt s[ifsn] cl3Nnf] jif{
lbOPsf] ;'emfj sfof{Gjog u/]sf] 5 5}g ;f] sf] ;d]t
lg/LIf0f ug{' kb{5 .
-#_ cfGtl/s lg/LIfsn] tf]lsPsf] s[ifsx?sf] lg/LIf0f u/L
cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f kmf/d cg';"lr & adf]lhd k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/L b:tvt ug'{ kg]{5 / ;f] k|ltj]bgdf ;DalGwt
s[ifs jf k|ltlglwsf] ;d]t b:tvt u/fO{ ;f] k|ltj]bg
;+of]hsnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{5 . lg/LIf0fsf] ;dodf olb
s[ifsn] dfkb08 ljkl/t sfd u/]sf] kfOPdf lgl/Ifsn]
;+of]hsnfO{ t'?Gt} va/ ug'{ kb{5 / dfkb08 pNn3+g u/]df
ckgfpg' kg]{ k|j[mof cg';f/sf] k|ltj]bg ;d]t tof/ u/L
;+of]hs ;dIf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
!*= pTkfbg cg'dfgM -!_ k|To]s s[ifsn] s'g} klg afnL nufP kl5
t'?Gt} cfGtl/s lgoGq0f ;ldltdf pTkfbgsf] cg'dfg k]z ug'{
kg]{5 . t/, jx'jlif{o afnLsf] xsdf k|To]s pTkfbg df};dsf]
;'?jftdf g} pTkfbgsf] cg'dfg ul/ k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
87
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ cg';f/ pTkfbg cg'dfg ugf{n] s[ifsn] laqmL
u/]sf] dfqf / cfˆgf]] pTkfbgsf] dfqfsf] cfwf/df d"NofËg
u/L k|dfl0ft ug{ ;lhnf] kb{5 .
!(= cfGtl/s :jLs[lt ug]{ k|j[mof M -!_ k|To]s jif{ cfGtl/s lg/LIfsn]
k|fËfl/s s[ifssf] ;a} v]taf/L] lg/LIf0f kl5 lbPsf] k|ltj]bgnfO{
cWoog kl5 clwsf/ k|fKt lgsfo -cfGtl/s :jLs[lt ;ldlt jf
cfGtl/s :jLs[lt Aoj:yfks_ n] s[ifsx?sf] cg';"lr *
adf]lhdsf] cfGtl/s :jLs[lt jf c:jLs[ltsf] lg0f{o k|bfg ug]{5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd ul/g] lg0f{osf] qmddf ;DalGwt
s[ifsn] ;'wf/ ug{' kg]{ kIf b]lvPdf ;f] sf] ;d]t lgwf{/0f
ug'{ kg]{5 . / cGTodf s[ifsx?sf] cfGtl/s :jLs[lt
;lxtsf] ;"lr tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 .
@)= jfx\o lg/LIf0f / k|df0fLs/0f M -!_ k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon]
jfx\o lg/LIf0fsf] qmddf k|d'v ?kdf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLn]
;xL 9Ëdf sfd u/]sf] 5 jf 5}g egL d"NofÍg ug]{5 .
-@_ cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng ug]{ ;d"x÷ ;xsf/L
;+:yf÷ ;+3n] k|To]s ;d"x ;b:ox¿n] afnL pTkfbg ug]{
qmddf tf]lsPsf] k|fËfl/s dfkb08 cg';f/ sfd u/] gu/]sf]
x]g]{5 .
-#_ d"NofÍg ug]{ qmddf k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] d'Votof
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] clen]v /fVg] tf}/tl/sf /
cfwf/e"t clen]vx? Jojl:yt u/] gu/]sf] x]b{5 eg] To;
cGtu{tsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] of]Uotfsf] klg lg/LIf0f ug]{5 .
-$_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] d"NofÍgsf] cfwf/df
dfkb08sf] kfngf eP gePsf] tyf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnLsf] k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;+rfng eP gePsf] ls6fgL ug{
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] ;f] k|0ffnL ;+rfng u/]sf] ;+:yf÷;d"x
cGtu{tsf ;d"x ;b:ox¿af6 gd"gfsf] ¿kdf s]xL
;b:ox¿sf] k'gM lg/LIf0f ug]{5 .
88
-%_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] d"NofÍg tyf s]xL s[ifsx?sf]
k"gM lg/LIf0fsf] glthf cg';f/ k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon]
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng ug]{ ;d"xnfO{
k|df0fLs/0f k|df0f kq lbg] jf glbg] lg0f{o ug]{5 .
-^_ jfx\o lg/LIf0fsf] glthf cg';f/ olb pQm ;+:yfn] ;'wf/
ug'{ kg]{ kIfx? b]lvPdf ;DalGwt JolQmnfO{ va/ u/L
;'wf/ ug]{ kIfsf] sfof{Gjog lglZrt ;dofjlw leq u/fpg
;Nnfx lbg]5 .
@!= cGo yk k|j[mofx? M k|fËfl/s pkhx?sf] k|zf]wg tyf laqmL
sfo{df ;+nUg AolQm, ;d"x jf ;+3 ;+:yfn] k|fËfl/s pkhx?sf]
u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg ug{ k|fËfl/s pkhx?sf] vl/b, k|zf]wg,
9'jfgL, e08f/0f tyf :ofxf/ k|j[mofsf] yk dfkb08 tof/ u/L ;f]
k|j[mofx?sf] cjnDag ug'{ kb{5 .
kl/R5]b– %
ljljw
@@= b08 ;hfoM -!_ o; lgb]{lzsf adf]lhd jfXo k|df0fLs/0f
lgsfosf] dfkb08 tyf tf]lsPsf] cfGtl/s dfkb08 ljkl/t
pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg ug]{ s[ifs tyf ;d"xnfO{ cfGtl/s :jLs[lt
;ldltn] u/]sf] b08 ;hfosf] lg0f{o cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
sfof{Gjog O{sfO{n] nfu' ug{]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] b08 ;hfosf] lg0f{o ug'{ eGbf cl3
;DalGwt s[ifsn] u/]sf] uNtL sfo{sf] lj:t[t k|ltj]bg
cg';"lr ( adf]lhd tof/ u/L cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL
;+rfnssf] dfOGo"6 kmfOndf dfOGo"l6Ë x'g' kg]{5 .
-#_ o; bkmf adf]lhd b08 ;hfox¿ s[ifsn] u/]sf] e"nsf]
k|s[lt b]xfP cg';f/ x'g]5g\ M–
-s_ ;fdfGo ;'wf/ ug]{
-v_ o:tf cdfGo lqmofsnfk gbf]xf]¥ofpg] lnlvt k|ltj4tf
89
-$_
-%_
-^_
-&_
-u_ Ifltkl"t{
-3_ pTkfbg vl/b gug]{
-ª_ ?kfGt/0f ;dfofjlw j9fpg]
-r_ hl/jfgf
-5_ lgnDag
-h_ k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f sfo{qmdaf6 lgisfzg,
-em_ ;b:otf /2 ug]{ .
sfof{Gjog ;ldlt jf O{sfO{n] ;DalGwt s[ifsnfO{ p;n] u/]sf]
uNtL tyf ;f] pk/ ePsf] sf/jfxLsf] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'
kg]{5 .
lgnDagdf k/]sf s[ifsx¿ lgnlDjt s[ifssf] ;"rLdf /xg]5g\
t/, Ps jif{sf] lgnDag egL ;+s]t ul/g]5 .
lgisfl;t s[ifsx¿sf] gfd :jLs[t s[ifssf] ;"rLaf6 x6fO{
lgisfl;t ;"rLdf /flvg]5 .
lgnlDat ul/Psf s[ifsx¿sf] lg/LIf0f klg jflif{s ¿kdf ul/g'
kg]{5 .
@#= k'g/fj]bgM -!_ s[ifsn] klg cfk"m lj?¢ sfo{qmdn] u/]sf] b08
;hfosf] lg0f{o ljkl/t k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhd k'g/fj]bg ug'{ kbf{ ;DalGwt s[ifsn]
;+of]hsnfO{ lnlvt ?kdf cfˆgf] k'g/fj]bg btf{ u/fpg'
kg]{5 .
-#_ pkbkmf -@_ adf]lhd s[ifsx?sf] k'g/fj]bg k/]df ;+of]hsn]
k"gM larf/sf nflu a}7s af]nfpg' kGf{]5 .
-$_ ;ldltsf] a}7sn] k'/fg} lg0f{o ;b/ jf gofF lg0f{o klg ug{
;Sg]5 .
-%_ k'g/fj]bg pk/ k"gM ljrf/ eP kl5 ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
s[ifsnfO{ u/fOg]5 .
@$= lgb]{lzsfdf ;+zf]wgM g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZostf cg';f/ of]
lgb]{lzsfdf ;+zf]wg tyf yk36 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
90
cg';'lr– !
cfGtl/s k|fËfl/s dfkb08sf] gd'gf
!=
k|fËfl/s sfo{qmddf cfa4 x'g rfxg] s[ifsn] afnL nufpg'
eGbf # dlxgf klxn] lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 . cfGtl/s lg/LIfs
;dIf d'Vo afnL nufot cGo afnLdf /f;folgs s[lif ;fdu|L
k|of]u eP gePsf] hfgsf/L lbg' kb{5 . ;a} gofF s[ifs Pj+ gofF
af/L -If]q_ df c:jLs[t /f;folgs kbfy{ k|of]u eP gePsf]
hfFr ul/G5 . To:tf] ;fdu|L k|of]u ePsf] eP clGtd k|of]u
kl5sf] # jif{;Dd k|fËfl/s ¿kfGt/0f cjlwsf ¿kdf lnOg]5 .
@= 5'6\ofO{Psf] af/Lsf] k"/} If]q / To; leqsf ;a} afnLdf s'g} klg
;fdfGo -ck|fËfl/s_ / c:jLs[t kbfy{x¿ h:t} dn, aLp, /f]u
sL/f / emf/gf;s ljiffbLx¿sf] k|of]u ug{ kfO{g] 5}g .
#= ;a} lap / a]gf{x¿ k|fËfl/s kmfd{af6 Nofpg' kb{5 . gkfPsf]
cj:yfdf ;fdfGo -ck|fËfl/s_ >f]tsf] aLp, a]gf{ k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 t/ /f;folgs ljiffbLn] pkrf/ gu/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
$= df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm sfod /fVg pko'Qm v]tL k|ljlwx¿ h:t}
5fkf] /fVg], sf]z]jfnL, xl/of]dn, sDkf]i6 cflbsf] k|of]u ug'{
kg]{5 .
% dnsf] ¿kdf xl/of] dn, uf]a/ dn, sDkf]i6, ufO{ a:t'sf] ux"t
/ k|fËfl/s dnnfO{ dfq :jLsfl/g]5 . /f]u tyf sL/fgf;s
ljiffbLx¿ :yfgLo a:t'x¿;Fu ufO{ a:t'sf] ux't ldnfP/ jf
gld;fO{sg agfPsf] x'g' kb{5 . sDkf]i6 agfpFbf Jofj;flos
s'v'/f kfng ;fdfGo -ck|fËfl/s_ kmfd{af6 NofO{Psf] s'v'/fsf]
dn k|of]u ug'{ x'b}g .
^= /f]u sL/f lgoGq0fsf] nflu /fli6«o dfkb08df pNn]v ePsf
jfx]s s'g} klg /f;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u ug{ kfO{b}g . :yfgLo
hl8a'6L / cGo ;fdu|Lx¿ k|of]u u/L agfPsf] dn Pj+
ljiffbLx¿sf] dfq k|of]u ug'{ kg]{5 .
91
&= l5d]sLn] k|of]u u/]sf] /f;folgs kbfy{sf] l56fsf] c;/ gkfg{sf
nflu /fli6«o dfkb08df Joj:yf eP cg';f/sf] dWojlt{ If]q
x'g' kg]{5 .
(= ls;fgn] s'g} klg c:jLs[t kbfy{x¿ kmfd{df e08f/0f ug'{ x'b}g .
!)= df6f] aUg jf e"–Ifo x'gaf6 /f]Sg cfjZos k/]df sG6'/
afnLsf] Joj:yf ug'{ kg]{5 .
!!= kof{j/0f ;+/If0fsf] nflu cgfjZos ¿kdf ?v la?jf sf6\g'
x'b}g, s'g} klg k|fËfl/s kbfy{x¿ Pj+ emf/kft hnfpg' x'b}g,
ljifo'Qm ;fdu|Lx¿ h:t} Aof6«L af/Ldf kmfNg x'b}g / Knfli6s
hnfpg' x'b}g .
!@= k|fËfl/s afnLsf] cf];f/ k;f/ ubf{ ck|fËfl/s tl/sfn] pTkflbt
afnL;Fu gldl;g] s'/fsf] kSsf ug'{ kg]{5 .
!#= olb 3/fo;L pkof]usf nflu kz'kfng ul/Psf] eP, ltgsf]
kfng kf]if0fdf cfwf/e"t k|fËfl/s l;4fGtx¿sf] kfngf ul/Psf]
x'g' kg]{5 .
92
cg';"lr– @
s[ifssf] lgj]bg
>Ldfg\ cWoIfHo" ,
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;ldtL
==========================
laifoM k|fËfl/s k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnLdf ;xefuL ul/ lbg' x'g .
dxf]bo,
pk/f]Qm ;DaGwdf o; ;xsf/L÷;d"xn] k|fËfl/s k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+rfng ug{ nflu /x]sf]n] ;f] sfo{qmddf
dnfO{ klg ;xefuL u/fO{ lbg' x'g cg'/f]w ub{5' .
s[ifssf] gfd M
7]ufgf
b:tvt
93
cg';"lr– #
s[ifsx?;Fu lnlvt s/f/gfdf
s[ifs / ;d"x jf ;xsf/L aLrsf] ;Demf}tf
lnlvtd ======================== lhNnf ====================== uf=la=; j8f g+= ===== a:g]
>L =================================================================== -o;kl5 æs[ifsÆ elgPsf]_
tyf ============ ;d"x÷;xsf/L -o;kl5 ;d"x÷;xsf/L elgPsf]_ sf aLr
ePsf] ;Demf}tf
s[ifsn] kfngf ug'{kg]{ zt{x?M
!_ k|fËfl/s k|ljlwsf] lgod kfngf u/L tf]lsPsf] s[lif pkhsf]
u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg ug{]5' .
@_ s'g} klg lsl;dsf] /f;folgs dn tyf ls6gfzs laiffbL
v]tjf/Ldf k|of]u ug]{ 5}g .
#_ lgDg k|fËfl/s l;åfGtnfO{ kfngf u/L afnL÷t/sf/L pTkfbg
ug]{5' M
s_ k|fËfl/s u'0f:t/o'Qm aLpm, k|fËfl/s dn / k|fËfl/s
tl/sfn] /f]u sL/f lgoGq0f u/L pTkfbg ug]{5' .
v_ df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm a9fpg 5fkf], k/fn, 5\jfnL, e'; h:tf
a:t'x? g89fO{ s'xfP/ dnsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug'{sf ;fy}
xl/of] dn k|of]u u/L pTkfbg ug]{5' .
u_ cfjZostf cg';f/ e"–Ifosf] /f]syfd ug]{5' .
3_ jftfj/0f k|b'lift x'g] s'/fx? h:t} hyfefjL ?v la?jf
gsf6\g], 89]nf] gnufpg], Knfli6s gafNg] tyf df6f]]
cDnLo x'g] a:t'x? hyfefjL v]taf/Ldf kmfNg] sfo{ /
ltgsf] k|of]u klg ug]{ 5}g .
$_ l5d]sLsf] v]tjf/Laf6 s'g} klg k|sf/sf] k|b'lift kfgL tyf cGo
j:t'sf] k|j]z x'g glbg cfjZos /f]syfdsf] Aoj:yf ug]{5' .
%_ sy+sbflrt k|fËfl/s k|ljlwo'Qm v]tjf/Ldf xfgL gf]S;fgL
k'¥ofpg] vfnsf s'g} a:t'x? e]§fOPdf cljnDj o;
;xsf/LnfO{ ;"rgf lbg]5' .
94
^_
k|fËfl/s k|ljlwjf6 pTkfbg ug{ sa"n u/]sf] s'g} jf ;a} a:t'
pTkfbg ubf{ x]nr]qm\ofO{ u/]df, pTkfbg g} gu/]df k|fËfl/s
k|ljlw ;DjGwL l;åfGtsf] ljkl/t sfo{ u/]sf] 7xl/g] / k|fËfl/s
k|ljlwsf] d"No dfGotf ljkl/t sfo{ ePsf] 7fgL h'g;'s}
;hfosf] efuL agfPdf :jLsfg{ tof/ 5' .
&_ o; ;d"xsf k|ltlglwn] pTkfbg If]qdf s'g} klg ;do lg/LIf0f
tyf cg'udg ug{ rfx]df s'g} /f]stf]s ug]{ 5}g .
;d"x÷;xsf/Ln]] kfngf ug'{kg]{ zt{x?M
!_ k|fËfl/s k|ljlw cg';f/ s[lif pkh pTkfbg ug{ s[ifsnfO{
k|fËfl/s dfkb08 k|bfg u/L ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{ .
@_ k|fËfl/s k|ljlw cg';f/ s[lif pkh pTkfbgsf] nflu v]tjf/Lsf]
cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f u/fpg' kg]{ .
#_ cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fsf]
nflu cfGtl/s lg0f{o ug{] .
$_ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;lDdlnt ;a} s[ifs ;b:ox?sf]
;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f /fVg] .
%_ s[ifsnfO{ cfjZos kg{] ;Dk"0f{ k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .
pk/f]Qm zt{x? k9L afFrL To;sf] cy{ / kl/0ffd ;d]t a'emL pk/f]Qm
jdf]lhd zt{ aGb]hx?sf] clwgdf /xg] ul/ xfdL b'j} kIf dGh'/
ePsf] x'Fbf xfdLx?sf] dgf]dfgL /fhLv';L;Fu lgDg ;fIfLsf]
pkl:yltdf of]] ;Demf}tfdf ;xL5fk ul/ Ps–Ps k|lt lnof}+ lbof}+ .
s[ifs
=================================================
;d"x÷;xsf/Lsf] tkm{af6
=======================================================
;fIfL =====================================================================================
O{lt ;Djt\ ================ ;fn
dlxgf
95
ut] /f]h z'ed\ ==================
cg';"lr– $
k|f/lDes lg/LIf0f kmf/d
kmfd{ ljj/0f -hUufsf] ljj/0f_
hUufsf] ljj/0f
hDdf hdLg -hUuf_
v]t
af/L -kfvf]_
r/g÷v/af/L÷hu+n
Kf|fËfl/s v]tL u/]sf]
If]qkmn
k|fËfl/s hUufdf /f;folgs
dlxgf ====================
lsQf
g+
If]qkmn v]t÷
af/L
If]qkmn
=========== /f]kgL
=========== /f]kgL
=========== /f]kgL
=========== /f]kgL
s}lkmot
=========== /f]kgL
kbfy{ k|of]u u/]sf] clGtd ldlt aif{ ==============
Df]fx8f
k"÷k÷p
÷b÷pk"
÷pk÷b
k"÷bk
k|sf/
rf/ lsNnf
e"
Ifo
le/fnf]÷
;d:of
le/fnf] k" k p b 5 ÷ 5}g
ux|f÷;
dtn
ux|f
b|i6Ao M K"f—k"j{, k—klZrd, p—pQ/, b—blIf0f,p k"—pQ/ k"j{, p k—
pQ/ klZrd, b k"—blIf0f k"j{, b k —blIf0f klZrd
!=
olb s[ifsn] k|fËfl/s / ck|fËfl/s -/f;folgs ljlw_ b'j}
k|sf/sf] v]tL u/]sf] ePdf
ljj/0f
;dafnLsf] pTkfbg
l;df If]q
5'§} e08f/0f Aoj:yf
xfnsf] cj:yf
5÷5}g
5÷5}g
5÷5}g
96
S}mlkmot
@=
k|fËfl/s v]tL ul/g] If]qsf] k"0f{ ljj/0f
lsQf g+
#=
lsQfsf] gfd
lsQfsf]
If]qkmn
k|d'v afnL cGo afnL
-cGt/ afnL_
s}lkmot
k|fËfl/s lsQf -hUuf_ glhs} s'g} 7"nf] pBf]u 5 < olb 5 eg]
s'g pBf]u 5 < pBf]usf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= hUufsf] lj:t[t ljj/0f
s=df6f]sf] cj:yf
-df6f] hfFrsf] l/kf]{6 -glthf_ cg';f/
qm df6f]sf] u'0fx?
;
! df6f]sf] k|sf/
df6f]sf]
@ clDnokgf -lk
Pr_
df6f]df
# k|fËfl/s
kbfy{sf] dfqf
df6f]df
$ gfO6«f]hgsf]
dfqf
df6f]df
% km:kmf]f/;sf]
dfqf
lsQf
!
lsQf
@
lsQf
#
97
lsQf
$
lsQf
%
lsQf
^
lsQf
&
df6f]df
kf]6f;sf] dfqf
df6f]df cGo
vfBtTjsf]
dfqf
cGo
^
&
*
v= l;+rfO{ ;'ljwf -Joj:yfkg_
qm ;
l;rfO{sf] ;|f]t tl/sf
!
@
#
k/Dk/fut s'nf]
cfsf;] kfgLsf] e/
Knfli6s kfOkaf6
jiff{sf] kfgL ;+sng u/]
kl5 l;+rfO{ ug]{
cGo tl/sf s]xL u/]sf]
eP n]Vg]
$
%
lsQf
!
lsQf
@
lsQf
#
lsQf
$
lsQf
%
u= cfkm\gf] 3/ jf kmfd{df pTkfbg x'g] s[lif ;fdfu|Lx?
qm=;+
!
@
#
$
%
^
3/ kmfd{df pTkfbg x'g] ;fdfu|Lx?
uf]7] dn ,sDkf]i6 dn
e]8f÷ afv|fsf] dn
s'v'/f, k/]jfsf] dn
uf]a/ Uof;sf] dn
ufO{ j:t'sf] ux'Ft
cGo dnx? s]xL eP
kl/df0f
s}lkmot
-3_ kz'kfngsf] ljj/0f
cGo
cGo
ufO{÷uf]? e}+;L÷/fFuf] e]+8f÷afv|f s'v'/f xfF; cGo
s}lkmot
-;+Vof_ -;+Vof_ -;+Vof_ -;+Vof_
-;+Vof_ -;+Vof_
-;+Vof_
98
%=
ljz]if k|sf/sf] afnL s]xL 5 eg] n]Vg'xf];\ .
h:t} M h8La'6L v]tL =====
;'ulGwt afnL=====
^=
cGo s'g} ;xfos k]zf 5 eg] pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
l;sdL{÷8sdL{, Hofnfbf/L dhb'/L, b'w Aoj;fo, s'v'/fkfng,
afv|fkfng, df}/Lkfng cGo==========
&= pTkfbg of]hgf
jif{÷
l;hg
o; jif{ v]tL
ul/g]÷ ul/Psf]
ut jif{sf] pTkfbg
If]
q
kmn
lsQf
g+
k|d'v afnL
cGt/afnL
hDdf k|fËfl/s
If]qkmn v]tLsf] afnLsf] afnLsf] cGt/afnLsf] cGt/afnLsf]
-/f]kgL_ If]qkmn gfd pTkfbg
gfd
pTkfbg
*= hUufsf] gS;f -x/]s lsQf :ki6;Fu b]lvg] u/L gS;f agfpg]
99
cg';"lr– %
s[ifs ;+s]t g+ /fVg] k|j[mof
h:t} M e÷@)^*÷b #÷)!
 s[ifssf] a;f]jf; ePsf] lhNnf -eQmk'/ = e_
 cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;xefuL ePsf] jif{ -@)^*_
 s[ifssf] a;f]jf; ePsf] uf=lj=; / j8f gDa/ -blwsf]6—#= b#_
 cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;xefuL ePsf s[ifsx? btf{sf] qmd
;+Vof
e
)^*
b#
)!
cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f
k|0ffnLdf ;xefuL ePsf
s[ifsx?sf] btf{sf] qmd
;+Vof g+ ! af6 z'? ul/g]
s[ifssf] a;f]jf; ePsf] uf=lj=; /
j8f gDa/
)^* Ö cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf k|j]z ePsf] jif{
e Ö eQmk'/ -s[ifssf] a;f]jf; ePsf] lhNnfsf] gfd
gf]6M
 klxn]sf s[ifsx¿n] klxnf] jif{sf] ;+s]t g+ g} kfpg]5g\ .
 gofF ;b:on] klxn]s} k'/fgf] ;b:osf] qmdfg';f/ g} ;d"xut
¿kdf ;+s]t g+= kfpg]5g\ .
100
cg';"lr– ^
ufpFsf] ;fdflhs gS;f
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] ;+rfngsf nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f
k|0ffnL nfu" ul/Psf] ufpFsf] ;fdflhs gS;f cTofjZos x'G5 . pQm
gS;fdf k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg sfo{qmddf ;+nUg ls;fgsf] 3/w'/L
;+s]t, ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx?, jf6f]3f6f], vf]nfgfnf, h+un, dlGb/,
k|dfl0fs/0fdf ;+nUg 3/x? / k|dfl0fs/0f gePsf ls;fgx?,
;fdflhs ;fFw l;dfgfx? :ki6 b]lvg] vfnsf] x'g' kb{5 eg] pQm
gS;f tof/ ul/Psf] ldlt klg pNn]v x'g' kb{5 .
101
cg';"lr– &
cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg kmf/fd
-k|fËfl/s s[lif lg/LIf0f k|ltj]bg_
s[ifssf] gfd M
cfGtl/s lgl/Ifssf] gfd M
lg/LIf0fsf] k|sf/
cfGtl/s lg/LIf0f
cfsl:ds lg/LIf0f
sf]8 g+=M
lg/LIf0f ldlt M
lg/LIf0fsf] ;do
z'? M ============== ah]
cGt M ============== ah]
lg/LIf0fsf] ;dodf pkl:yt AolQmx? M
v]taf/Lsf] clen]v
s[ifssf] lgj]bg kmf/d tyf
;Demf}tf 5 ls 5}g
nufgLsf] clen]v /fv]sf] 5 ls
5}g
/f;folgs / k|fËfl/s tl/sfn]
Pp6} vfnsf] afnL÷t/sf/L
nufPsf] 5 ls 5}g
-;dfgfGt/ pTkfbg_
ld>Lt v]tL k|0ffnLsf] cj:yf
5
5}g
5
5}g
5
5}g
cGt/afnL÷3'DtLafnLdf
5
sf]z]afnLsf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 5}g
ls 5}g
102
k"0f{ 5
k"0f{ 5}g, lsg
k"0f{ 5
;'wf/
olb 5 eg] s'g s'g
afnL÷t/sf/L
nufPsf] 5 gfd
n]Vg'xf];\ .
jLp a]gf{sf] >f]t
l5d]sLaf6
cfkm\g}
lsg]/
;/sf/L sfof{noaf6
pTkfbg If]q
k|fËfl/s afnLsf] k|sf/
lsQf v]tL k|fËfl/s afnL÷
d'Vo cg'dflgt cGt/ cg'dflgt
g+ ul/Psf] t/sf/L v]tLsf]
afnL pTkfbg afnL pTkfbg
If]qkmn
If]qkmn
s}lkmot
k|fËfl/s s[lifsf] ljj/0f
df6f] ;'wf/ / dnsf] k|of]u -k|To]s Kn6_
lsQf g+=
k|of]u u/]sf] dnsf] k|sf/ / u'0f:t/
dnsf] gfd
dnsf] k|of]u dfqf Dfnsf] >f]t
s}lkmot
lj?jfsf] /f]u sL/f Joj:yfkg
lsQf g+=
Joj:yfkg tl/sf
-s] s] s;/L k|of]u ul/of]_
/f]u sL/fsf] k|sf/
emf/kftsf] Joj:yfkg tl/sf M
k|fËfl/s hUufdf /f;folgs dn / ljifflbx?sf] k|of]u u/]sf] clGtd ldlt M
103
dWojlt{ If]q -dL6/df_
prfO{{
rf}8fO
klZrd
prfO{{
k"j{
rf}8fO
prfO{{
blIf0f
rf}8fO
prfO{{
lsQf
g+=
rf}8fO
pQ/
/f;folgs
/
k|fËfl/s
v]tL
aLrsf] b'/L
!
@
#
ld;fj6sf] hf]lvd
kfgL, s'nf]af6
5}g
jxfj, t/Ë, l56faf6
5}g
cf}hf/ -s'6f], sf]bfnf]
5}g
:k|]o/ cflb af6_
olb a9L vt/f 5 eg], ld;fj6sf] k|sf/,
sd 5
sd 5
sd 5
a9L 5
a9L 5
a9L 5
s}lkmot M
s}lkmot M
s}lkmot M
sf/0f / lsQf g+= pNn]v ug'{xf];\ M
afnL leq\ofpg] / afnL leq\ofP kl5sf] Joj:Yffkg
afnL leq\ofpg] tl/sf
xftn]
d]lzgn] -s[kof JofVof ug'{xf];\_
Af]Rgsf] nflu Tfof/L
s[kof JofVof ug'{xf];\
KoflsË tl/sf
Aff/L
b]lv
a]Rg]
7fpF;Dd 9'jfgL
lgl/Ifssf] ;'emfjx?÷;Nnfx / l;kmfl/z -lgDg kIfx? n]Vg' xf];\ M
s[ifssf] wf/0ff, ;'wf/sf] nflu ;'emfjx?, lj?jf -afnL_ sf] cj:yf,
s[ifssf] k|fËfl/s s[lif k|ltsf] ljZj:ttf, cg'dflgt pTkfbg,
kl/of]hgfnfO{ laqmL ul/g] pTkfbgsf] kl/0ffd cflb_
lg/LIfssf] x:tfIf/
cGt/jftf{ lbg]sf] x:tfIf/
s[ifs
s[ifssf] k|ltlglw
104
cg';"lr– *
k|df0fLs/0f l:js[tL jf cl:js[tLsf] lg0f{o
k|df0fLs/0f lg0f{o
:jLs[t gePsf]
?kfGt/0f :jLs[lt
k|fËfl/s :jLs[lt
lg0f{o :ylut
pTkfbg l:ylt
k|df0fLs/0fsf
afnLsf]
;t{x?÷
k|sf/
sf/0fx?
:jLs[t gePsf]
?kfGt/0f :yLltdf
k|fËfl/s
lg0f{o ePsf] ldltM ===========================
==============================================
cfGtl/s l:js[lt ;ldlt
k|fËfl/s
c:jLs[t
gfd k|fËfl/s
;+s]t
cg'dflgt k|df0fLs/0f ePsf]
/
lsQf If]qkmn
g+
pTkfbg lg0f{o -:jLs[t eP
7]ufgf ;+Vof
jf c:jLs[t_ sf/0f
105
s}lkmot
l:js[t tyf cl:js[t s[ifsx?sf] gfdfjnL
cg';"lr– (
dfkb08 pNn+3g k|ltj]bg
ldlt M
;+s]t g+M
dfkb08 ljkl/t sfd ug]{ s[ifssf] gfd M
dfkb08 ljkl/tsf] lgDg sfo{x? ePsf] kfOof] .
dfkb08 ljkl/tsf] sfd u/] jfkt lgDg adf]lhdsf] lg0f{o lng' x'g
l;kmfl/z ub{5' .
7fpF / ldltM
lgl/Ifssf] x:tfIf/=======================
d}n] dfkb08 ljkl/t u/]sf sfo{x? af/]sf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt u/]+ .
dfkb08 ljkl/tsf] sfd u/] jfkt lgDg adf]lhd lg0f{o ul/Psf] 5 .
7fpF / ldltM
======================
x:tfIf/
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;+of]hs
106
cg';"lr– !)
dfkb08 ljkl/tsf Jojxf/x? / b08 ;hfosf] Aoj:yf
;d:of÷Jojxf/
b08 ;hfosf k|sf/ / ug{'kg]{ lqmofsnfkx¿
!= ls;fgn] af/Ldf /f;folgs  pTkfbg lnO ;s] g;s]sf] hfFr ug]{ .
dn tyf ljifflbsf] k|of]u  ljifflb k|of]u ePsf] lsQfnfO{ ;fdfGo u/]sf] kfOPdf .
ck|fËfl/s_ egL 3f]if0ff ug]{ .
 # jif{;Ddsf nflu k|df0fLs/0f ug{
g;lsg] .
 ;Dejt ls;fgnfO{ :fd"xaf6 lgisf;g
ug{ ;lsg] .
@= k|fËfl/s v]tLdf nufOPsf]  k|fËfl/s pTkfbg eP klg vl/b gug]{
afnL / /f;folgs v]tLdf  ls;fgnfO{ yk tflnd lbg] .
nufOPsf] afnL Pp6}
ePdf
#= 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu  Ps jif{sf nflu lgnDag ug]{ .
k|fËfl/s
afnL;Fu  k|df0fLs/0f # jif{;Ddsf nflu ug{
nufOPsf] cGt/jfnLdf
g;lsg],
/f;folgs dn jf ljifflb
 ;Dejt ls;fgnfO{ :fd"xaf6 lgisf;g
k|of]u ePdf
ug{ ;lsg] .
$= ls;fgn] cfˆgf] hUufsf]
a]jf:tf
u/L
df6f]
;'wf/sf
s'g}
klg
pkfox¿ / sDkf]i6
agfpg] sfd klg gu/]df
%= l5d]sL÷;fyLn] pTkfbg
u/]sf]
;fdfGo
-ck|fËfl/s_
pTkfbg
k|fËfl/s
pTkfbg;Fu
ld;fPdf



df}lvs jf lnlvt r]tfjgL lbg] .
yk tflnd lbg] .
olb bf]xf]l/Pdf, ;b:oftf sfod /fVg]
ls g/fVg] af/] 5nkmn ug]{ .




df}lvs jf lnlvt r]tfjgL lbg] .
yk tflnd lbg] .
Ps jif{sf nflu lgnDag ug]{ .
olb bf]xf]l/Pdf, ;b:otf sfod /fVg] ls
g/fVg] af/] 5nkmn ug]{ .
107
108
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tsf
nflu k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg
pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ;DaGwL
sfo{ljlw, @)^(
109
k|:tfjgf
;+lIft gfd / k|f/De
kl/efiff
k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg k|fKt ug{ rfxg]
lgof{tstf{ 5gf}6sf cfwf/x¿
k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg pknJw u/fOg] cfwf/ tyf ljlw
k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg lgb]{zg ;ldlt
;DaGwL Aoj:yf
ljljw
;+zf]wg, vf/]hL tyf arfp
110
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!@
!!#
!!$
!!^
!!^
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tsf nflu k|df0fLs/0f
z'Ns cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ;DaGwL
sfo{ljlw, @)^(
k|:tfjgfM
/fli6«o s[lif gLlt @)^! sf] bkmf #! df pNn]lvt k|fËfl/s v]tLnfO{
k|f]T;fxg ug{ k|fËfl/s v]tL u/L s[lif j:t' lgsf;L ug]{ pTkfbg
If]qdf pTkfbLt s[lif j:t'x?sf] u'0f:t/ k|df0fLs/0fsf] nfuL 6]jf
k'/\ofpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn ;/sf/af6 cf=a= @)^^÷)^& b]lv xfn;Dd
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{t ug{sf] nflu k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg
pknJw u/fpFb} cfPsf]n] ;f] /sdsf] Jojl:yt Pj+ kf/blz{ ?kdf
;b'kof]u ul/ To:tf k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tsf nflu cg'bfg
pknAw u/fpg] k|s[ofnfO{ ;xh agfpg jf~5gLo ePsf]n] g]kfn
;/sf/, s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] of] æk|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tsf
nflu k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] Aoj:yf ;DaGwL
sfo{ljlw, @)^(Æ :jLs[t u/L nfu" u/]sf] 5 .
!= ;+lIft gfd / k|f/De M -!_ of] sfo{ljlwsf] gfd æk|fËfl/s s[lif
pTkfbg lgof{tsf nflu k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg pknAw
u/fpg] Aoj:yf ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)^(Æ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] sfo{ljlw t'?Gt k|f/De x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiff M ljifo jf k|;Ën] csf]{ cy{ gnfu]df o; sfo{ljlwdf–
-s_ æk|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgÆ eGgfn] g]kfn ;/sf/, s[lif ljsf;
dGqfno4f/f hf/L ul/Psf] æk|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg tyf
k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DjGwL
lgb]{lzsf, @)^$Æ adf]lhd pTkflbt s[lif pTkfbg
;Demg'k5{ . ;f] zAbn] k|fËfl/s k|zf]lwt s[lif, ag, tyf
kz'hGo pkh ;d]tnfO{ hgfpg]5 .
111
-v_ æk|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fÆ eGgfn] clu|d ?kdf klxrfg
ul/Psf] Pj+ ljZjfl;nf] k|lqmof ckgfO{ s'g} k|fËfl/s s[lif
pTkfbgsf] lgwf{l/t u'0f:t/ sfod ug{sf nflu k'/f ug'{kg]{
zt{x? k'/f ul/Psf] 5 elg k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] lbg]
lnlvt ;'lglZrttf ;Demg'k5{ .
-u_ æk|df0fLs/0f lgsfoÆ eGgfn] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg egL
n]jlnË / cfoft sfo{sf] d"NofÍg ug]{ lgsfo ;Demg'k5{ .
-3_ æk|df0fLs/0f z'NsÆ eGgfn] k|df0fLs/0f lgsfon] k|fËfl/s
k|df0fLs/0f u/] jfkt lng] z'Ns ;Demg'k5{ . ;f] zAbn]
cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf nfUg] vr{ ;d]t hgfpg]5 .
-ª_ ælgof{tstf{Æ eGgfn] o; sfo{ljlw adf]lhd k|df0fLs/0f
z'Ns cg'bfg k|fKt ug{ rfxg] k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{t
ug]{ JolQm, ;+3 ;+:yf, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, sDkgL Pj+ lghL kmd{
;Demg'k5{ .
-r_ æ;ldltÆ eGgfn] bkmf % sf] pkbkmf ! adf]lhd u7Lt
k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg lgb]{zg ;ldlt
;Demg'k5{ .
#
k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg k|fKt ug{ rfxg] lgof{tstf{ 5gf}6sf
cfwf/x? M -!_ lgof{tstf{ k|rlnt sfg"g adf]lhd ;DjlGwt
lgsfodf btf{ Pj+ gljs/0f ePsf] x'g' kg]{5 . ;fy} cfj]bgsf]
;fy lgoldt s/ lt/]sf] k|df0f ;d]t ;+nUg u/]sf] x'g' kg]{5 .
-@_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tstf{n] k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns
e'QmfgLsf nflu cfj]bg ubf{ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf]
k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f u/]sf] k|df0f Pj+ lgof{ltt a:t'sf]
kl/df0f / d"No v'Ng] u/L eG;f/ laGb'af6 lgof{t u/]sf]
k|df0f k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ cg'bfg dfu ug]{ lgof{tstf{{n] cfkm"n] lgof{t ug{ rfx]sf]
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg cg'dflgt lgof{t kl/df0f / d"No
v'n]sf] lnlvt ljj/0f cg'bfg e'QmfgL ug]{ lgsfodf
112
e'QmfgL dfu ug'{ eGbf slDtdf ^) lbg cufj} btf{ ug'{
kg]{5 . k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg dfu ubf{ ;Dk"0f{
k|df0fx? ;+nUg /fvL ;f]xL cf=j= sf] h]i7 d;fGt leq
cg'bfg e'QmfgL ug]{ lgsfodf cfj]bg ul/ ;Sg' kg]{5 .
pk/f]Qm ljj/0f cGtu{t lgof{t of]Uo k|fËfl/s s[lif
pTkfbg jf ;+sng ul/g] If]q / s[ifs ;d"x ;DaGwL
ljj/0f ;d]t k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
-$_ lgof{ltt k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k|fËfl/s
s[lif pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o k|fljlws
dfkb08 ;DjGwL lgb]{lzsf, @)^$ df Joj:yf eP
cg';f/sf] ;DaGwg k|bfos lgsfoaf6 ;DjGwg k|fKt ug]{
s'g} cGt/f{li6«o tyf :yfgLo k|df0fLs/0f lgsfoaf6
k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] x'g' kg]{5 . /fli6«o k|fËfl/s s[lif ;DjGwg
k|bfos lgsfojf6 sfo{ljlw tof/ eO{ ;DjGwg k|bfg ug]{
sfo{ k|f/De gx'Fbf ;Dd cGt/f{li6«o ;DjGwg k|fKt
k|df0fLs/0f lgsfoaf6 ePsf] k|df0fLs/0fnfO{ g} dfGotf
lbO{ sfo{ ;+rfng ul/g] 5 .
$= k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg pknJw u/fOg] cfwf/ tyf ljlwM
-!_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] lgof{t k|j4{gsf nflu lgof{ltt
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0fdf nfu]sf]
vr{ cg'bfg :j?k e'QmfgL ul/g] 5 .
-@_ cg'bfg k|fKt ug]{ lgof{tstf{nfO{ lgof{t kl/df0f / d"Nosf
cfwf/df k|lt OsfO{ a:t' lgof{tsf nflu ah]6df Joj:yf
eP adf]lhd klxnf] jif{sf] nflu zt k|ltzt, bf];|f] jif{
krxQ/ k|ltzt / t];|f] jif{ b]lv hlt;'s} jif{ ePtfklg
krf; k|ltzt k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg pknJw u/fO{g]
5 . k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg lbO{ jrt x'g
cfpg] /sd k|fËfl/s s[ifs 8fo/L, km/d]6 5kfO{, cfGtl/s
lgoGq0f k|0ffnL tflnd, cfGtl/s / jfx\o lgl/If0f cflbdf
cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg ;lsg]5 .
113
-#_ k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns jfktsf] /sd e'QmfgL lb+bf lgof{ltt
k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] s[ifs ;xsf/L dfkm{t k|fËfl/s
s[lif pTkfbg lgof{t ePdf ;f] cfly{s jif{df ePsf] s"n
lgof{t d"Nosf] tL; k|ltzt ;Dd, ;xsf/L–lghL ;fem]bf/L
sfo{s|d cGtu{t s[ifs ;d"'x÷;xsf/L dfkm{t lgof{t ePdf
aL; k|ltzt ;Dd, / lghL If]qaf6 lgof{t ePdf bz
k|ltztdf gj9g] u/L cg'bfg lbOg] 5 .
-$_ o; sfo{ljlwdf cGoGq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf klg
pknAw ah]6sf] kl/lw leq /xL ah]6 sdL ePsf
cj:yfdf k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg e'QmfgLsf
nflu l/tk"j{s kg{ cfPsf cfj]bg cg';f/ lgof{ltt d"Nosf]
cg'kftsf] cfwf/df /sd e'QmfgL ul/g] 5 .
-%_ s[lif j:t' lgof{t k|j4{g sfo{qmdn] k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f
z'Ns cg'bfg lgb]{zg ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] ?kdf
k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f jfktsf] z'Ns cg'bfg :j?k k|bfg
ug{ ;"rgf k|sfzg ug]{, /Ltk"j{s k|fKt x'g cfPsf cfj]bg
btf{ ug]{, cÍ ljefhg ;lxtsf] cfj]bg d"NofÍg u/L
of]Uotfqmd tf]sL k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg
lgb]{zg ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ ;d]tsf sfo{x? ug]{ 5 .
-^_ k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg lgb]{zg ;ldltsf]
;lrjfnon] k|rlnt cfly{s P]g, lgod adf]lhd e'QmfgL
n]Vg] sfd ug]{5 .
%= k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg lgb]{zg ;ldlt ;DaGwL Aoj:yfM
-!_ k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg]
Joj:yfnfO{ sfof{Gjog tyf Joj:yfkg ug{sf] nflu s[lif
ljefu cGtu{t b]xfo adf]lhdsf] æk|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f
z'Ns cg'bfg lgb]{zg ;ldltÆ /xg]5 .
-s_ dxflgb]{zs
s[lif ljefu
-v_ sfo{qmd lgb]{zs s[lif Joj;fo k|j4{g tyf
ahf/ ljsf; lgb]{zgfno
114
– ;+of]hs
– ;b:o
-u_ k|ltlglw
-3_ k|ltlglw
-ª_ k|ltlglw
-r_ k|ltlglw
-5_ k|ltlglw
-h_ k|ltlglw
-em_ sfo{qmd k|d'v
kz' ;]jf ljefu
vfB k|ljlw tyf u'0f lgoGq0f ljefu
s[lif a:t' lgof{t ug]{ ;+:yfx? dWo]
;ldltn] tf]s]sf] Ps hgf
s[lif pBd s]Gb|
Jofkf/ tyf lgof{t k|j4{g s]Gb|
s[lif jftfj/0f tyf h}ljs ljljwtf
zfvf, s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
s[lif j:t' lgof{t k|j4{g sfo{qmd,
s[lif ljefu
– ;b:o
– ;b:o
– ;b:o
– ;b:o
– ;b:o
– ;b:o
– ;b:o
;lrj
-@_ pkbkmf -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] k|df0fLs/0fnfO{ kf/bzL{,
j}1flgs / ;/n agfpg lghL If]qsf] k/fdz{ ;]jf lnO{
s[ifsaf6 pTkflbt k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf]
k|df0fLs/0f k|s[ofsf] k|f?k tof/ ug]{ .
-v_ k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg pknJw u/fpg
lgof{tstf{ 5gf}6 ug{ cÍ ljefhg ;lxtsf] d"NofÍg
kmf/d l:js[t ug]{ .
-u_ ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnon] d"NofÍg u/L k]z u/]sf]
of]Uotfqmd cg';f/sf]] cfj]bgx? :jLs[t ug]{ .
-3_ o; sfo{ljlwdf pNn]v ePsf sfdx? ug]{, u/fpg] .
-ª_ ;ldltn] cfjZostf cg';f/ pk;ldltx? u7g u/L
;f] dfkm{t sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
-r_ ;ldltn] cfjZostf cg';f/ ljifo ljz]if1 tyf
;DalGwt ;+:yfsf k|ltlglwnfO a}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{
;Sg]5 .
-5_ ;ldltsf] a}7s ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw ;ldlt cfkm}n]
lgwf{/0f u/] adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno s[lif j:t' lgof{t k|j4{g sfo{qmd, s[lif
ljefudf /xg]5 .
115
^= ljljw M -!_ s[lif ljsf; dGqfno cGtu{tsf cGo lgsfox?af6
k|fËfl/s k|df0fLs/0f z'Ns cg'bfg lbg' kbf{ o;} sfo{ljlw
adf]lhd lbOg] 5 .
-@_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbgsf] k|df0fLs/0fsf] ;DjGwdf o;
sfo{ljlwdf k|i6 gePsf ljifox? k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg
tyf k|zf]wg k|0ffnLsf] /fli6«o k|fljlws dfkb08 ;DjGwL
lgb]{lzsf, @)^$ df Joj:yf eP adf]lhd x'g] 5 .
-#_ o; sfo{ljlw sfof{Gjogdf s]xL afwf Jojwfg cfOk/]df jf
låljwf pTkGg ePdf s[lif ljsf; dGqfnon] u/]sf] AofVof
dfGo x'g]5 .
&= ;+zf]wg, vf/]hL tyf arfpM -!_ g]kfn ;/sf/n] cfjZostf
cg';f/ o; sfo{ljlwdf ;+zf]wg tyf yk36 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o
dfGotfk|fKt k|df0fkq lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf
;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)^^ vf/]h ul/Psf] 5 .
-#_ k|fËfl/s s[lif pTkfbg lgof{tsf nflu cGt/f{li6«o
dfGotfk|fKt k|df0fkq lgMz'Ns pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf
;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)^^ adf]lhd eP u/]sf sfd
sf/afxLx? o;} sfo{ljlw adf]lhd eP u/]sf] dflgg] 5 .
116
;Dks{ 7]ufgfM
j[mlif j:t' lgof{t k|j4{g sfo{qmd
xl/x/ejg, nlntk'/
kmf]g g+M )!%%%@(&!, %)!)!)*
Email: [email protected]
Web page: www.acepp.gov.np

k|f

Transcription

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