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Iraqi Dialect Standard Arabic
Iraqi Dialect Versus Standard Arabic ﺇﻝ ﻋﺮﺍﻗﻲ ﻣﻮ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﻓﺼﻴﺢ ق Kurmanji Bahdini Sorani Syria Iran Sunni triangle Jordan Shiite Area Shiite Area Hawza Saudi Arabia Kuwait Gulf 3 Iraqi Dialect Usage Analysis Matti Phillips Khoshaba (Al- Bazi) (MATFL) 2006 Library of Congress United States copyright Office in accordance with title 17,United States Code, attests that registration has been made for the work identified: Iraqi Dialect Versus Standard Arabic Matti Phillips ( Al-Bazi) TX 6-194-045 Effective Date of Registration July -18 -2005 ISBN-10 ISBN 1-4243-0092-4 All rights reserved to the author Matti Phillips Khoshaba Al-Bazi 1821 Buckingham Dr. Salinas, Ca, 93906 Introduction “Iraqi Dialect VS Modern Standard Arab (MSA) ” helps Iraqi students in higher studies to get an idea of how they can say Arabic things that they know in a fluent English . By going over the chapters on and on, they will unconsciously get a schema of how to deal with the collocations, expressions, idioms, and proverbs that are introduced as notions, functions, and concepts and use them in the real life conversations. There is enough analysis of the Iraqi sound system embedded in the mechanism of Iraqi dialect versus Modern standard Arabic (MSA) to help you be aware of for teaching purposes as well. This book also shows the areas where Hebrew or Assyrian languages are manifested in the Iraqi dialect as consonant clusters, or as phrases and or expressions that go rather with the languages of the indigenous people especially in the matter of intonation and stress patterns in the sentence and the paragraph levels. The primary aim of the book is to further push research to discover more about dialects and sub-dialects in Iraq. I hope students in their university studies will benefit a lot from this plainly written book. Matti Phillips Khoshaba (Al – Bazi) MATFL Associate professor 2006 California, USA Contents page 1. Consonants 2. Vowels 3. Iraqi Language Features (1) Assimilation (2) Voicing (3) Elision (4) Consonant Clustering 1 6 11 14 17 21 4. Phonology (1) Consonants (2) Vowels Vs Semi-vowels 23 35 5. Grammar and Syntax (1) No case ending vowel ling (2) Accusative cases of dual and plural (3) Future tense particle (4) Continuous tense particles (5) Relative pronoun connector (6) Passive voice (7) Gemination (8) Transitive and contractions 6. Vocabulary (1)Verbs and Conjugations (2) Common Verbs (3) Nouns 7. Functional Words (1) Wh-questions (2) Connectors 1. Time 2. Reason 3. Purpose 4. Contrasts 5. Result / consequence 6. Condition 7. Additions (3) Negation (4) Prepositions (5) Demonstratives (6) Adjectives (7) Quantifiers as Adverbs 42 42 44 45 47 48 51 53 55 65 80 90 94 98 100 103 105 109 V (8) Reflexives (9) Adverbs of Time (10) Vocatives (11) Possessives (Objective case) 8. High Frequency Colloquial Iraqi 9. IDIOMS 111 112 114 116 117 127 9. Social Discourse Notional and Functional Expressions 1. Greetings 2. Greeting Visitors 3. Leave-taking 4. Thank you expressions 5. Congratulation expressions 6. Titles 7. Introducing people 8. Permission 9. Apology 10. Consoling 11. Questioning a point 12. Polite request 13. Obligation 14. Necessity 15. Un-necessity 16. Promise 17. Wishing 18. Possibility 19. Broaching subjects 20. Contradict and argue 21. Ask politely to interrupt 21. Ask not to interrupt 23. Show empathy 24. Disappointment and pessimism 25. Praising 26. Condemnation 27. Support 28. Expectation 29. Convincing 30. Hypothesizing 31. Suspicion 32. Conclusive transitory 33. Etiquettes 34. Avoiding an evil eye 35. Expressions to mean “start” 36. Criticism VI 132 133 134 134 135 136 136 137 138 139 140 141 141 142 143 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 154 155 155 155 156 156 158 158 159 160 160 10. Concepts, Notions, and Messages Behind words and Phrases 1. Shallowness 2. Disliked ones 3. Liked ones 4. Revenge 5. Sneaky ones 6. Talkative 7. Questioning a point 8. Rebuke 9. Complaining 10. Ploys & tricks 11. Warning 12. Refusing 13. Ignoring 14. Advice 15. Play truancy 16. Bravery & courage 17. Offering gifts 18. Promising 19. Humiliation 20. Match or mismatch 21. Trust/ distrust 22. Being nosy 23. Balance 24. Exaggerate 25. Disgusting 26. Too Late 27. Stinginess 28. Threatening 29. Suffix ______siz 30. Prefix: bala__________ 31. Suffix ________chii 32. Suffix _______ khaana 33. Allah (SWT) 34. Pejoratives 35. Harassing women 36. Flirting 37. Express” Chaos” 38. Euphemism 162 164 165 166 168 169 169 170 172 173 174 175 176 177 179 180 181 181 182 184 185 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 194 195 195 196 198 200 202 202 204 VII 11. Wise Sayings 12. Iraqi Proverbs 13. Pan Arab Proverbs 14. Messages Behind Profanity Language (Not printed but given upon request) 15. Parts of the body 16. Months Conclusion 16. References VIII 205 207 211 missing 214 214 215 216 1 The Iraqi Sounds as consonants and vowels. Consonants are divided into two types: voiced and voiceless. The voiced consonants are those when articulated, the vocal cords vibrate. The voiceless have no involvement of the vocal cords. . (vowels) ( واﺻوات ﻋﻠﺔconsonants) ﺳواﻛن: ﺗﻘﺳم اﻻﺻوات ﺑﺷﻛل ﻋﺎم اﻟﻰ . voiced وﻣﺟﮭورةvoiceless ﻣﮭﻣوﺳﺔ:واﻟﺳواﻛن ﺗﺟزء اﻟﻰ ﻧوﻋﯾن أﻣﺎ اﻟﺳواﻛن اﻟﻣﺟﮭورة. ﻗوﯾﺔ وﻻ ﺗﮭﺗز اﻻوﺗﺎر اﻟﺻوﺗﯾﺔ أﺛﻧﺎء ﻧطﻘﮭﺎvoiceless اﻟﺳواﻛن اﻟﻣﮭﻣوﺳﺔ . (articulation) ( أﺛﻧﺎء ﻧطﻘﮭﺎvocal cords) ﻓﺗﮭﺗز ﻓﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﺣﺑﺎل اﻟﺻوﺗﯾﺔvoiced We can sum them as followings: Consonants p k f sh ch voiced ﺳﻮاﻛﻦ ﻣﺠﮭﻮرة (fan) tanaka (joke) ( bend) thuum (garlic) shamra (attitude) ( as if) .1 ت.2 ﻛـ.3 ف ﻓﻠﻛﺔ samra (brunette) channa ﺗـﻧـﻛﺔ َ َ ُﻧـﻛﺗﺔ ( tin) nukta filka theta s Voiceless ﺳﻮاﻛﻦ ﻣﮭﻤﻮﺳﺔ panka t . 4 ث ﺛوم ﺳﻣرة َ gaal v ?eevaan z .7 ھﺎ ي .8 ھـ .9 ح.10 خ11 q S T qanaat ( canal) ق ﻗﻧﺎة.12 * Sadr (breast) ص ﺻدر.13 Taar ( flew) طﺎر ط.14 Daleit ( I remained) ظﻠﯾت ظ.15 dhaleit ( I got lost) ض ﺿﻠﯾت. 16 (jug) (said) (Ivan) theeb zuur ب.1 ِدﺑﯾﺔ د.2 3 ﺑﺎب (door) dibiya g س.6 ش ﺷﻣرة baab d th haay (this) Haleeb ( milk) ﺣﻠﯾب khraab (destruction) ﺧراب dh b .5 h H kh D (ﺳﻮاﻛﻦ ) اﺻﻮات ﺻﺤﯿﺤﺔ (wolf) ذ.5 زور ز.6 .7* zh (zhiyaanr) girl’s name ﺟﻧﺔ (heaven) *L ( I went) ِﺣـت ِ ِر laazim (must) ﻻزم ِ riHit m maaku ( there is not) n niTaani y .8 w ysaw wi (he gave me) ( he does) (with) wiya ر ل .12 .13 م.14 ن إﻧطﺎﻧﻲ.15 ﯾﺳوي ي َّ َ .16 و َ وﯾﺎ.17 *4 /v/ is a borrowed sound is a borrowed sound *12 /q / قMoslawi Dialect keeps /q/ قvelar voiceless as in ﻗﺎلqaala (he said) . 1 ج أ ء ? ?awil (1st) أ ول .9 ‘a ‘arifit ( I knew) ﻋرﻓـت ع.10 ِ G Garaam ( romance love) غ ﻏرام.11 r 7* /zh/ 4* ذﯾب (fraud witness) j janna ﻣﺎﻛو 2 The same sound is changed into /g/ in other parts of the country such as Baghdad and other parts in the South. This change does not include all words of the language. Therefore, we need to deal with the changed ones for the sake of usage. * 15 and 16 D & ظdh ﺿـare pronounced the same in Iraqi dialect. They are kept different in written shapes to indicate the difference in meaning.. Consonants as Diaphones: Iraqis use alternative consonants as diaphones that do not change the meaning of the words. Here are these diaphones: 1. Moslawi use (G) for /r/ as French speakers in Paris articulate / r raH nruuH = GaaH nGuuH = we are going to go ﻏﺎح ﻧﻐوح راح ﻧرووح 2. Baghdadi dialect and Southern speakers use /g/ for /q/ : qaal hiya qaalat = gaal hiya gaalat = He said that she said so. ھﯾﯾﮫ ﻛﺎﻟت. ھو ھﻲ ﻗﺎﻟت. ھو ﻗﺎل (Standard Arabic and Moslawi ) 3. Southern speakers use (ch) for (k) in conjugation of (kaan) ً ﺑدا ﻛﺄﻧﮫ ﻧﺎﺋﻣﺎ ( )ﺑدا اﻟرﺟل ﻛﺄﻧﮫ ﻧﺎﺋم ( Standard Arabic) chaan channa naayim = ka?anahu kaana naa?im an = He seemed to be sleepy He was as if he were sleepy 4. Southerners and Baghdadi dialect speakers use (ch) as a feminine indicator for (ki): ﺷﻠوﻧﻛﻲ ﺷﻠوﻧـِﺞHow are you? ِ ( ﻛﯾفStandard Arabic) اﻧت ؟ shlonki ( Moslawi) = shlonich ( Baghdadi dialect and Southern Dialect) 5. Southern speakers change the sound /q/ ق to (ch) or sometimes ( j ) جin certain words such as : Standard ?inqatal إﻧﻘــﺗـل Iraqi ?inchital Is killed qiddaaHa qarya ﻗداﺣﺔ jidaaHa ﺟداﺣﺔ lighter ﻗرﯾﺔ َﻗـﺗﺎﻟﺔ jarya chattala ﺟرﯾﺔ village 2 qattala qidaam ﻗدام jidaam killing/ killer ahead/ in front 3 for 6. Iraqis use /g/ /q/ ق in certain words Here are some common words رﻗﺑﺔ Rugba Neck ﻗرص ﻗﻣر ﻗﺑل ﯾدق ﯾﻘدر ﻧﻠﺗﻘﻲ ﺳوق ﻣﻘص ﺹ ﺹ guraS gumar gabil ydig yigdar niltigi suug migaS bread moon before knock can we meet market scissors Loaves or/ ring be able to or/ drive Note: not all words of the /q/ standard are changed into a dialectal consonant /g/ Examples to practice: gabil before gubal ahead Shifta qabil hasa. I have seen him before ھﺳﮫ ﺷﻔﺗﮫ ﻗﺑل ruuH gubal raaH tshuufa. Go ahead, you’ll see him. Sometimes words are close to each other in pronunciation but not necessarily the same: Quwaad (qaada) ( ﻗواد )ﻗﺎدةcommanders Gaw waad( gawaaweed) cuckold ( cuckolds) َ ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ل ﻗواد طﻠﻌت Shughlat il quuwaad Til’at gwaada (The work of the commanders revealed their disloyalties ) It seemed that the commanders were disloyal. MINIMAL PAIRS OF CERTAIN CONSONANTS 1. /H/ versus / h/ Had dada had dada ّ ﺣدد ھـدد ّ HOsh hOsh ھؤش miHna mihna ﻣﺣﻧﺔ ﻣﮭﻧﺔ defined, limited threatened house, courtyard cattle / cows ordeal , catastrophe profession, job 2. /kh/ versus /gh/ kheir gheir ﺧﯾر ﻏﯾر da ykharkhir da y gharghir ﻏﯾر prosperity another, unlike ده ﯾﺷوﺧرis snoring ده ﯾﻐرﻏرis gargling ﺧﯾر 3 4 Gheir Another kheir good ﺧﯾرھﺎ ﺑﻐﯾرھﺎ kheirha bgherha It is good that you did not have “her” ﻏﺎ ب ﺧﺎب Ghaab khaab Did not come disappointed, failed khaab amala lim-man maa jaa –wabta He was disappointed when you did not answer him. ﻏﯾرة ﺧﯾرة Gheera (envy) kheera (the elite) He felt envious Saabita il ghira He is among the best ( the elite) huwa min khiiratil naas 3. /?/ versus /’a/ ?alam أﻟم ‘alam ﻋﻠم ﺻﺎﺑﺗﮫ ال ﻏﯾرة ھو ﻣن ﺧﯾرة اﻟﻧﺎس pain flag ﺳؤال ﺳﻌﺎل su?aal su’aaal ﺧﺎب اﻣﻠﮫ ﻟﻣن ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎوﺑﺗﮫ question coughing 4. /s/ versus /S/ seif Seif ﺳﯾف ﺻﯾف sword Summer sad ﺳد Sad ﺻد dam deter/repel 5. /sh / versus /ch/ yiH-shii yiH-chii ﯾﺣﺷﻲ stuff speaks 6. /t/ versus /T/ taab Taab ﺗﺎب طﺎب regretted recovered rattaba رﺗـب ّ raTTaba رطـب ّ arranged moisturized 7. /q/ versus /k/ kalib qalib Galib ﻛﻠب ﻗﻠب nuqTa nukta /nuqTa/ ﻧﻘطﺔ /nikta/ ﻧﻛﺗﺔ dog heart (standard) heart (dialect) ; waja’aaan ga-lib =heartache = difficult to handle point (standard) joke nugta /nugta/ (طﮫ ) ﻧﻘطﺔ point (dialect) nukta /nukta/ joke (dialect) 4 5 8. /p/ versus/ b/ papa Pope (dialect only) baba father (standard and dialect) Or a conversational conjunction to mean (man- to draw his attention to a statement) e.g. ﻣﺛﺎل اﻋرف ﺷده ﯾﺳوون ذوﻟﮫ ھﻧﺎ - Are you able to tell me what these men are doing? . ھذا ﻣو ﺷﻐﻠك... ﺑﺎﺑﺎ دروح - Man, get out of here, this is not your business. gulli ?agdar ?a’arif shda ysawuun thola hna? baba… druuH hatha muu shughlak. 9. /th / versus /dh / ﯾﺣذر ﯾﺣﺿر yuHathir yuHadhir warn prepare Iraqis geminate (put shadda on th or dh on) both yudhithir yuhadhir RaaH tHa-dhir nafis-ha lil shughul . راح ﺗﺣﺿر ﻧﻔﺳﮭﺎ ﻟﻠﺷﻐل il shurTa tHadhir il naas mnil Haraamiya . ال ﺷرطﺔ ﺗﺣذر ال ﻧﺎس ﻣﻧل ﺣراﻣﯾﺔ 10. /ch / versus ( j ) inchap inchab stop talking Go away from here spilt inchabil Subugh hnaa w twas-sakhat. The paint spilt and made it dirty ال ﺻﺑﻎ ھﻧﺎ وﺗوﺳﺧت Please, stop.. ’ammi maa tinchap tiskut. ﯾﺟذب Yij-thib Attract ﺗﺳﻛتﻋﻣﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺫﺏ yich-thib lie il lo:n haatha yij-thibich. This color attracts you. ال ﻟون ھذا ﯾﺟذﺑك وﯾﻘﺷﻣرذب ﻋﻠﯾــال وﻟد ھذا ﯾــ il walad haatha yich-thib ‘ale:ch w qash miraich .This guy lies to you and laughs at you. ( fools you) Vowels اﺻوات ﻋﻠﺔ We can recognize the following pure vowels in the Iraqi conversational language. These vowels are long and short. There are also diphthongs that consist of two short vowels the first one is an 5 6 on-glide vowel to the next, the space time of producing a diphthong is the same as when producing a long one. Short and long vowels: Short vowels are squeezed between two consonants. So, short vowels are the nucleus of closed syllables. Long vowels are almost nucleus of the open syllables. /i/ as in /riHit/ ( I went) = رﺣت /ii/ as in / b’aiid/ b’aeed ( far) = ﺑﻌﯾد the closing consonant /d/ is very weak and pronounced lightly . ﺑس ھو ﻣﺎ ﻗﺑل إﻋﺗذاري. رﺣت ﻟﮭﻧﺎك ﺑﻧﻔﺳﻲ وطﻠﺑت ﻣﻧﮫ )ﻣﻧو( ل ﻋﻔو . ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻛل ﯾوم ﻣﻧﻧﺎك ﻟل ﺷﻐل وﺑل ﻋﻛس اﺳوو ھﺎي ﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺑﻌﯾدة ﻣﻧل ﺷﻐل وﻣﺎ riHit lihnaak bnafsi wiTlibit mina (minu) l ‘afuu. bas huwa maqibil ?i’atithaarii haaylmanTaqa b’aeeda mnil shugul wmaa ?agdar ?asuug saaa’aa kul yuum minnaak lil shughul wbil ‘aks I went there by myself and asked for forgiveness, but he did not accept my apology. This area is far from my work and I cannot drive one hour everyday back and forth. ‘aid = count, be ready ‘aid nafsak lil shughul. Be ready to go to work. ﻋد ﻧﻔﺳك ﻟﻠﺷﻐل ‘aiid= feast ‘aid ruuHak baachir ‘aiid. Be ready tomorrow is the Feast (EED). ﻋﯾد ﻋد رووﺣك /e/ as in / metit/ ( I died) = ﻣـﺗـت ِ ِ /e:/ as in / Te:r/ (bird) = طـﯾـر َ We use the Arabic Kasra (short i) as a dash under letters We use fatHa (short a) as dash over letters . ﻋﻠﻣود أﺗﻐـدا ﯾﻣﻛم ، ﺑرﯾﺎﻧﻲ، ﻋدﻛم دووﻟﻣﺔ.ﻣﺗت ﺟوع وﻣﺎ ﻛو ﻛﻠﺷﻲ ھﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻣود داﻛل إﺣﻧﺎ ھﻧﺎ ﺑل ﺟرﯾﺔ ﻋﻧدﻧﺎ ﺑس ﺧﺑز ﺗﻧور. ﺧوﻣو إﺣﻧﺎ ﺑﺑﻐداد. ﻣﻧﯾن اﺟﯾﺑﻠك ﺑرﯾﺎﻧﻲ ودووﻟﻣﺔ. درووح طﯾر . واذا ﻣﺎﺗرﯾد. اذا ﺗرﯾد اﺟﯾﺑﻠك. ﺣﺎر وﻟﺑن Mitit juu’a wmaaku kulshii hnaa ‘almuud daakul. ‘aidkim duulma, biryaani, paacha ‘almuud ?atghadda yamkim diruuH Teer. Mnein ?ajeeblak biryaani w duulma. Khomo ?iHna baghdaad ?iHna hNaa bil jarya ‘aidna bas khibiz tanuur Haar w laban ?itha treed ?ajeeblak w?ith mat reed heech. I am starving and there is nothing to eat. Do you have Dulma (gape leaves rolls dish), biryaaani ( rice mixed with chicken pieces, potatoes, boiled eggs, almonds, other spices), Pacha( head, legs, and stuffed intestines and stomach pieces + spices) to have my lunch here at your house. This cannot be. Where can I bring you biryaani and duulma from. In fact, we are not in Baghdad. We are in a village. We have only a hot clay oven bread and pasteurized milk. If you want, I can serve you it. If not, I can’t. 5. /a/ as in /Hidharit / ( I attended) = ( ﺣﺿرت ) ﺣﺿﮫ رت 6 7 We can sometimes use the Kurdish short /a/ as a written letter Arabic fatHa ( Htharit ) (ﺣﺿــر ِت ) ﺣﺿرت َ ه ـﮫor write nothing as 6. /aa/ or /a:/ as in / bamya/ (bamya) = okra ﺑﺎﻣﯾﺎ ﺑﺗت ﯾم اﺣد. ﺑﻘﯾت ﻟﯾﻠﺔ وﺣدة. ﺣﺿــر ِت ل ﺗﻌزﯾﺔ اﺣد اﻗرﺑﺎﺋﻲ ھﻧﺎك ﯾﻣﻛم ﺑل ﻣوﺻل ﺑس ﻣﮫ ﺑﻘﯾت ھواﯾﺎ َِ . (اﺻدﻗﺎﺋﻲ وﻣﺎ ﺧﻼﻧﻲ ارووح اﻧﺎم ﺑﻐﯾر ﺑﻛﺎن )ﻣﻛﺎن Hdharit lta’aziyat /aHad /aqribaa?ii hnaak yamkum bil Mussul bas ma bqeit hwaaya bqeit leila wiHda bitit yam ?ahad ?aZdiqaa?ii wmaa khalaanii ?anaam bgheir makaan. I attended a funeral of one of my relatives there in Mosul but I did not stay long. I slept at a friend’s house and he insisted on not letting me go to sleep somewhere else. 7. /u/ as in /mukhtaar/ neighborhood mayor = ﻣﺧﺗﺎر 8./uu/ as in /muu/ (not) = ﻣوو وﻛﺛﯾر ﻣﻧل ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﯾﻧراد ﯾﻛون. إل ﻣﺧﺗﺎر ھو إﺷـ ﺷﺧص اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﻣﺛل إﻧـ ﻧﺎس ﯾﻣل ﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ول. واظن ﯾطﻠب إل ﻣﺧﺗﺎر ﺷوﯾت ﻓﻠوس ﻋﻠﻣود ﯾﺧﺗم إل ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت.ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ ﺧﺗم إل ﻣﺧﺗﺎر ول ﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﺗﺻد.ﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﻋﺎدة َ ﺗرووح ﯾﻣل ﻣﺧﺗﺎر ﻋﻠﻣود ﯾﺟﻣﻌون ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻋﻧﺷـ ﺷﺧص .إل ﻣﺧﺗﺎرﯾﺔ Lmukhtaar huwa lshakhiSil lii ymathil lnaas yammil Hikuuma wktheer mnil mu”aamalaat yinraad ykuun ‘aleiha khatmil mukhtaar. W?adhin yiTlib il mukhtaar shwayit filuus ‘almuud yikhtim il mu’aamalaat wilHikuuma ‘aadatan truuH yammil mukhtaar ‘aalmuud yikhtimil lmu’aamalaat. wilHikuuma ‘aadatan truuH yammil mukhtaar ‘almuud yijma’auun ma’aluumaat ‘aanil shakhS. wilHikuuma tSaddigil mukhtaariya. The neighborhood selected chief (mayor) is mukhtaar who represents people in the government. All documents as official sheets need to have the mukhtaa’s stamp on it. I think the Mukhtaar asks for a little money to put his stamp on it. The government always refers to the mukhtaars to get information about individuals. The government trusts the mukhtaars. 9. /O/ as in /shorba / soup ﺷؤرﺑﺔ اطﯾب اﻛﻠﺔ ) ت( ﻣطﺎﻋم ﺑﺻـ ﺻﺑﺢ ھﻲ ﺷورﺑﺔ ) ت ( ﻋدس واﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﯾﮭﺎ ﺷوﯾﺔ ) ت( ﺷﻌرﯾﺔ ﻣطﻌﻣﺔ إﺑـ . اﻣوت ﻋﻠﯾﮭﺎ.ﺑﺻل ﻣﻘﻠﻲ ?aTyab ?akLat maTaa’aim bil SabaaH hiya shorbat ‘addas willii beeha shuayat shi’ariya mTa’amma bil baSalil maqlii> ?amuut ‘aleiha. The most delicious dish in the restaurants is the lentils’ soup with noodles and fried onion. I love (die for) it. 10. /O:/ as in / khO:r/ or / ho:r/ ال ﻣﻌـﯾدان ﻣﻌروﻓﯾن ﺑل ﻋراق واﻛﺛرﯾﺗﮭم ﯾﻌﯾﺷون ب ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ال أھوار وﻣﻌروﻓﯾن ب ﺷﺟﺎﻋﺗﮭم وﻣﻌﺗﻣدﯾن (the name of the ) ﺣﻤـﺎر واﻛﺑر ھور ﺑل ﻋراق ھو.وﯾﺗﺣدون اطـ طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﺻـ ﺻﻌﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﻔﺳﮭم ّ َ ّ ھـﻮر ال . marsh 7 8 ?al m’aeidaan ma’aruufeen bil’araag w?akthariyithum y’aeeshuun bmanTaqatil ?ahwaar w a’aruufeen bshajaa’athum w mu’atimdeen ‘ala ?anfushum w yitHaduun il Tabee’a al S’aba w/akbar hor bil ‘airaaq huwa hor il Hammar. M’aeidan are known in Iraq and most of them live in marshes and swamps. They are known for their bravery. They depend on themselves while facing the challenges of the difficult nature. The biggest marsh in Iraq is “hor El Hammar.” A simple graph for Iraqi and English vowels i u i: u: e O e: a O: aa a: Iraqi Vowels approximate to English vowels: i = as in (is) ii = as in (meet) e = as in (set) e: = as in (her) a = as in (apple) aa = as in (hand) = as in (cut) = allophone a: = as in (part) = allophone u= as in (book) u: = (uu) as in (moon) O = as in (pot) O: = (OO)as in ( all ) 1. /i/ : ?ana gitla yijini lbarHa. (ﯾﺟﯾﻧﻲ ل ﺑﺎرﺣﺔ ) ﻣﺑﺎرﺣﺔ آﻧﻲ I told him to come to me yesterday. ﯾﺟﯾﻠﻲ 2. /ii/ mabiiha faayda. ﻓﺎﯾدة It is useless ﻣﮫ ﺑﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺑﯾﮭﺎ 3. /e/ speakers tend to use it for /i/ bitit or betit ِﺑــﺗـت I slept 4./e:/ beitna gbiir (chbeer) Our house is large Zein Good /e:/ or /ei/ can be represented by 8 9 5. /a/ sh’aindak hna What do you have here.? There is an elision of (n) ﺷﻌﻧده ك ھﻧﺎ ﺷﻌددك 6. /aa/ haatha l ktaab maalii. ھذا ل ﻛﺗﺎب ﻣﺎﻟﻲ This book is mine. /maTbuukh ﻣـﻄﺒﻮخ َ it is cooked \ uncooked Baghdadi ?aani آﻧـﻲ formal speech = ana I Menein inta ? اﻧت ؟ Aani min Baghdad…… talking to a driver. Ana min Baghdad …… talking to a judge. أﻧﺎ آﻧﻲ ﻣن ﺑﻐداد أﻧﺎ ﻣن ﺑﻐداد 7. /u/ usually is centralized to /e/ or /i/ murtaaH (Standard Arabic) : mirtaaH ( Iraqi dialect ) ﻣـرﺗﺎح ُ Comfortable : ﻣـرﺗﺎح ِ It is worth mentioning that the short vowel in the first syllable of a word sounds different in the north in comparison to the south. In the north it is often /i/ in the south it is often/u/. You cannot distinguish this in writing but in speaking. North /i/ Sidig mirtaaH mintihii mibtisim ?istaath South /u/ sudug murtaaH muntahii mubtisim ?ustaath ﻟﮭﺟﺔ ل ﺷﻣﺎل /i/ ﻟﮭﺟﺔ ل ﺟﻧوب /u/ ﺻـد ُُ sudug right, true ﻣـرﺗﺎح ُ murtaaH comfortable ِ ِ ﺻدق Sidig ﻣـرﺗﺎح ِ mirtaaH true comfortable finished / done smiling professor ﻣِـﻧﺗﮭﻲ Mintihi ﻣـﻧﺗﮭﻲ ُ muntihi finished ِ ِ ِ ﻣـﺑﺗﺳم Miptiim ُﻣﺑﺗﺳم muptisim smiling إﺳﺗﺎذ Istaath أ ُﺳﺗﺎذ ustaath teacher 8. /uu/ muu zein ﻣوو زﯾن not good ruuH رووح 9 10 ﺷووف Shuuf 9. /OO/ hO:r marsh /O: / can be represented by Bo:sh empty Kho:sh good Bo:g theft Diphthongs: 1. /ei/ as in / beit/ bayt ( house) = 2. /aj/ as in / majit/ mayyit ( dead) = ﻣﮫ ِﯾـتor ﻣــﯾﯾت َ geminating = (shadda) the split of /j/ into /aj/ and then /ji/ 3. /ai/ as in / baisikl/ cognate (bicycle) = MINIMAL PAIRS OF VOWELS 1. Short /a/ versus long /aa/ Tird Taarad طـرد َِ طﺎرد َ he expelled he chased qital qaatal ﻗـﺗــل َ ِ ﻗﺎﺗــل َ he killed he fought 2. /i/ versus /ii/ alif ?aleef ?aliif أﻟف أﻟﯾف thousand tamed kharif khariif ﺧرف ﺧرﯾف gets oblivious fall (season) ‘aid ‘aiid ﻋـد ﻋﯾد Tib Tiib طﺐ طﯿﺐ count, prepare feast medicine college, enter goodness, being nice Iraqi Language Features 10 11 Assimilation: One voiceless sound affects the other because the adjacent one is voiced. There are many examples in the Standard Arabic and in the Iraqi dialect that show this phenomenon: e.g., إﺟﺘﺚ The sound ( j ) ج = to uproot changes into (ch) when we pronounce the word together quickly. .ﺗث ﺟذور ل ﻣﺧرﺑﯾن اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺳﻠﻠو ﻣﻧل ﺑﻠدان ل أﺧرى ﻟل ﻋراق ﺑدت ﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ل ﺟدﯾدة Badit il Hukuuma al jideeda tichtath jithuur l mukharibeen illee tsallaluu mnil buldaan il ?ukhra lil ‘airaaq. The new government started uprooting the insurgents who infiltrated from other countries into Iraq. e.g., ?ichtahada he worked hard j changes to ch . ل ﻧﮭﺎﺋﻲ وﻋﺑرت ﺑل إﻣﺗﺣﺎن ﺑس ﺑﻌدﯾناولرﺳﺑت ﺑل إﻣﺗﺣﺎن ال Risibit bil ?imtihaanil ?aw wal bas ?ichtahadit w ‘aibirit bil ?imtiHaanil nihaa?ee I failed the first test but I worked hard and passed the final one. e.g., wichii (my face) . وﯾﺎي . ( وراح ) ﻟﻣن ﺷﺎﻓﻧﻲ دار و liman shafni daar wichha w raaH maHicha wiyaai When he saw me, he turned his face and left. He never talked to me. tichtar (ruminate) . ﻟﻲ اﻓﻛﺎر ل ﻏﯾر رﺟﺎءا ً ﻻ Rijaa?an laa tichtar lii ?afkaar l gheir. Please, do not repeat blindly others’ ideas to me. ?ichtimaa’a meeting رح ﺗﺟﻲ ﻟل raaH tijii lil ?ichtimaa’a hal masa lo la? Are you coming for the meeting today or not? Historical Assimilation: 11 12 Measure 8 verbs have historically changed the soft /t/ تto the root into /T/ (hard) sounds and here are examples: ط emphatic Root = S d m ص د م t sound is added after S دم+ ت+ ص إ ﺻﺗدم The voiceless/S/ emphatic changes /t/ into emphatic /T/ and is fixed as: ISTadama = إﺻطدم ﺑـcollided with Standard Arabic إﺻطدﻣت ﺳﯾﺎرﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﺎﺋط ?iSTadamat Sayaarati bil Haa?iT My car hit the wall. Iraqi Dialect ﺻطدﻣت ال ﺳﯾﺎرة وآﻧﻲ اﻧﺻدﻣت STidmatil sayaara w ?aani nSidamit My car collided and I was shocked ﺳﯾﺎرﺗﻲ اﺻطدﻣت ﺑل ﺣﺎﺋط .وﻣﻧل ﺟدام ل ﻣﻛﯾﻧﺔ راﺣت وﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﻔﻠﺷت .ﺑس ﻣﻧل ورا ﺟﻧﻧﮫ ﺟدﯾدة و ﻣﺻﺎر ﻟﮭﺎ ﺷﻲ Sayaarti sTidmat bil HayiT w mnil jidaam l makeena raHat w kulha tfalashat. Bas mnil waraa channa jideeda w maSaril ha shee. My car hit the wall. The front is all damaged. But the rear looks like new and it is not damaged. Assimilation of voiceless soft /s/ سinto /voiceless emphatic /S/ ص Words with emphatic /T/ طmay affect progressively or regressively the soft /s/ and change it into emphatic hard /S/ ﺻـwithout changing the meaning: Progressive assimilation: The effect is on the following sound ﻓطس ﻓطص طﻣس طﻣص طﺳﺔ طﺻﺔ fiTas TamaSa is suffocated sink Regressive Assimilation: The effect is on the precedent sound Verbs TaSSa bumps ﯾﺑﺳط ﯾﺳﺗﻧﺑط ﯾﺑﺻط ﯾﺻﺗﻧﺑط yaStanbiT extract طﺎﺳﺔ طﺎﺻﺔ ﯾﺳطر ﯾﺻطر yubaSIT simplify TaaSa pot to drink water ﯾﺳطل ﯾﺻطل ﯾﺳﯾطر ﯾﺻﯾطر yuSaTir YaSTil create stun ﯾﺳﺗطﻠﻊ ﯾﺻﺗطﻠﻊ ySayTir yaStaTli’a control reconnoiter Nouns إﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ إﺻﻄﻮاﻧﺔ ﺳﺮطﺎن ﺳﻄﺮ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﺻﺮطﺎن ﺻﻄﺮ ﺻﺮﻣﺎﯾﺔ 12 ﺳﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ ﺻﺒﻄﺎﻧﺔ إﺳﻄﻮرة إﺻﻄﻮرة 13 ?iSTiwaana Sarmaaya SaTir CD Deposit(rent) line SaraTaan cancer SabaTaana barrel ?iSTuura myth Exercise: ﺻــﺎت ﻧﺸﺮب ل ﻣﺎي ﺑﻂ طﺎﺳﺎت ﺑﺲ ھﺴﮫ ﺻﺮﻧﺎ ﻧﺸﺮب ﺑﻞ ) ﻛﻨﺎ.1 ﻛل ﺳﯾﺎراﺗﻧﺎ ھﻞ ﺳﯿﻄﺮة ﯾﻢ ل ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ طﺴﺎت ﻗﻮﯾﺔ ﺧﺮﺑﺖ.2 ﺑﯾﮭﺎ ﺗططﻣس ل ﻣﺎي ﻛﻠﺶ ﺑﺎرد ﺑﺸﺮط ﻣﺎ طﻠﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻞ ظﻠﻤﺔ ﻣﻨﻞ ﻏﺒﺸﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻠﻊ ﻋﻞ ﻣﻜﺎن ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺤﺮك ل رﺗﻞ ﻻزم ل ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺗﺴﯿﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮارد ل ﻧﻔﻂ ل ﻋﺮاﻗﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﺪون اي ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ وﻣﺎ ردتإﻧﺳطﻠت ﻟﻣن ﺷﻔت ﺷﺻﺎﯾر ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻣن ﺟروح ﺑل ﺷظﺎﯾﺎ أﺑﺎوع ب ﻻزم ﺗﺑﺳطﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﯾﮭم ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ، ﻋﻠﻣود طﻼﺑك ﯾﻔﺗﮭﻣون ﺷﻲ ﯾﺳوون ﺗﺣﻠﻠﮭﺎ وﺑﻌدﯾن ﺗﺳﺗﻧﺑط ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ل ﺣﻘﺎﯾق ّ ﺗﺻﻧﻔﮭﺎ وﺑﻌدﯾن ّ ﺗﺟﻣﻊ ل ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت وﺑﻌدﯾن ّ ً اوﻻ ھﻲ إﺳطورة ﻋراﻗﯾﺔ ﻗدﯾﻣﺔ إﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻐزى إﻧﺳﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﻣﯾق ﻻ ﺗﻧﺳﻰ ﻛوﻧﮭﺎ اول ﻣﻠﺣﻣﺔ .ﻣﻠﺣﻣﺔ إﻧﻛﺗﺑت ﺑل ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ ﻋﺎدة ل ﺟﻧود ﯾﻧظﻔون ﺳﺑطﺎﻧﺔ ل ﺑﻧدﻗﯾﺔ ﺑل زﯾت وﺣﺑل ﻛل ﯾوم ﺧﻣﯾس وﯾﺳﻣون ل ﺧﻣﯾس ﯾوم .ل إداﻣﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑلإذا ﻣوو ھﺳﮫ ﺑل ل ﺳرطﺎن ﺑﻠوه ﺑس ل ﻋﻠﻣﺎء راح ﯾﺷوﻓوﻟﮫ ﻓد .ﯾﻣﻌود ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﺣﺎول ﺗﻛﺗب ﻟك ﺳطر ﺳطرﯾن إﻧﺷﺎء وﺧﻠص ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﮭﺎ ﺷﻲ دوﻻر ﻋﻠﻣود100 ل إﯾﺟﺎرات ﺻﺎرت ﻏﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻧﺎر اﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ ﻻزم ﺗﻌطﯾﻠﮭم ل ﺳرﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻋل اﻗل ﺗﺄﺟرﻟك دﻛﺎن ﻋل ﺟﺎدة ﯾﻧراد ﻧﺷﺗرﯾﻧﻧﺎ ﺷوﯾت إﺳطواﻧﺎت ) اﻗراص( ﻟﯾزرﯾﺔ ﺑﯾﮭﺎ اﻏﺎﻧﻲ ﻋراﻗﯾﺔ ﻓﻠﻛﻠورﯾﺔ وﯾﺎ ﺻورھﺎ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .10 .11 .12 .13 .14 kina nishrab maay bil TaaSat bas hassa Sirna nishrab bil glaaSaat. hal sayTara yammil mustashfa beeha TaSSaat qawiyya kharrabit ringaat kul sayaaraatna lmaay kulish baarid bsharT matigdar tiTmis ?eede:k beeha Tila’ana bil dhalma mnil ghubsha ‘almuud nistatli’a ‘al makaan qabil maa yitHarrak il ritil laazimil Hikuuma tSayTir “ala mawaaridil nafT il ‘airaaqiya minduun ?ay munaaqasha. liman shifit shSaayir ‘ale: min juruuH bil shadhaaya ?instalit wma ridit ?abbawi’a b wich cha ‘almuud Tullabak yiftihmuun shii ysawuun lazim tbaSiTha lshaghla ‘ale:hum. ?awalan tjammi’ail ma’alummat w ba’ade:n tSannifha wba’ade:n tHallilha wba’ade:n tistanbiT minha l Haqaayiq. malHamat Galgaamish hiya ?iSTuura ‘airaaqiya qadeema ?ilha maghza ?insaani ‘ameeq la tinsa kawnha ?awal malHama ?inkitbat bil taareekh ‘aadatan il junuud ynadhifuun sabaTaanatil bunduqiya bil ze:t w habil kul yom khamees wysammun l khamees yom ?il ?idama lSaraTaan balwa bas ‘aulamaa? raaH yshuufula fad chaara ?itha muu hassa bil mustaqbal ym’awwad ?il shaghla baseeta Haawil tiktib lak saTir saTre:n ?inshha? wkhilaS maa beeha shii. l?eejaarat Saarat ghaaliya naaar lii daraja laazim ti’aTeelhum l sarmaaya (sarqufliya) ‘al ?aqal meet dolaar ‘almuud t?ajirlak dukkaan ‘al jaada yinraad nishtireena shwayit ?isTiwaanaat (?aqraaS) le;zariya beeha ?aghaani ‘airaaqiya wiyaa Suwar 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. We used to drink water with Taasa (an aluminum pot, small not too deep) but now we drink it with glasses. The check point at the hospital has many big bumps which damaged our cars’ springs. Water is too cold; to a degree I bet you cannot put your hands in it. We went out in the dark at the early morning to reconnoiter the site before the convoy moves. The Iraqi Government must control all oil revenues without any discussion. When I saw what had happened to him of shrapnel injuries, I was shocked and I did not want to look at his face. 13 14 7. 8. 9. To make your students understand what to do, you need to simplify the subject. First you collect information, sort, analyze, and then elicit facts from. Galgameesh Epic is an ancient Iraqi myth with a deep human plot and do not forget it is the first epic written in history. Soldiers usually clean their rifles’ barrels with oil and rope every Thursday and they name Thursday a maintenance day. Cancer is disaster but Scientists will find a solution for it if not now in the future. Man… the whole issue is simple try to write one or two lines and you are done. It is not difficult. Rents is very high and expensive. You must give a deposit of $100 to rent a shop located on the street. We need to buy some CDs of Iraqi folkloric songs with pictures. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Voicing A voiceless sound can be affected by voiced surrounding consonants. If the effect of sounds goes backward, the assimilation is called regressive Standard ﺻﻐﯿﺮ Iraqi زﻏﯿﺮ In standard you say (S) hard but in Iraqi dialect you say/z/ soft because r, ii, and gh are all voiced and affected the (s) to change into voiced /z/. The movement of the effect is going backward, therefore, the assimilation is regressive. . اﺧﻲ ل ﺻﻐﯿﺮ ) زﻏﯿﺮ( دﻋﻮه ﻟﻞ ﻋﺴﻜﺮﯾﺔ ﻻﻧﮫ ) ﻻﻧﻮ( ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮاﻟﯿﺪ ﺧﻤﺴﮫ وﺳﺒﻌﯿﻦ .ﺧﻄﯿﮫ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺧﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ل ﺗﺪرﯾﺐ اﺧﺬوه ل وﺣﺪه ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ وورا ﺛﻤﻨﺖ اﯾﺎم ﺻﺎر ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ھﺠﻮم وﺻﺎر ﻣﻔﻘﻮد ﺑﻘﻮاﺋﻢ ل اﺳﺮ ل ﺗﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻞ ﺻﻠﯿﺐ ل (اﺻﺪﻗﺎء ه )ازدﻗﺎءة( اﻟﻠﻲ رﺟﻌﻮ ﻣﻨﻞ اﺳﺮ اﻧﻮ اﺳﻤﮫ )اﺳﻤﻮ .اﺣﻤﺮ . وﯾﺮﺟﻊ اﻟﻨﺎ ) ﯾﺮﺟﻌﻨﻨﺎ( ﺑﻞ ﺳﻼﻣﮫان ﺷﺎء ﷲ ھﺎي ﺗﻜﻮن ﺻﺪ Akhi l zagheer da’auu lil ‘askariya l?anu min mawaaleed khamsa w sab’aeen. khaTiya ba’aid maa khilaS min markazil tadreeb, ?ikhthuu l wiHda fa’aala. wara thmint ?ayaam Saar ‘aleihim hijuum w Saar mafquud. Wguuluun ?azdiqaa?a ilee rij’aau mnil ?asir ?anuu ?ismu chaan bqawaa?im l ?asir l taabi’a lil Saleebil ?aHmar . ?inshalla hay tkuun Sidik w yirja’a lina bil salaama. My youngest brother was called to go for military service because he was born in 1975. When he finished his basic training, he was taken to an active unit. After 8 days , they were attacked and he was missing. His friends who came back as prisoners said that his name was on the Red Cross list of prisoners. We hope this is true and he will come back safely ﻗﻮس Qaus qo:z w qazaH ﺳﻠﻄﺔ /SalaTa/ qo:z rainbow ﻗﺆز وﻗﺰح زﻟﻄﺔ /zalaTa/ (salad) /s/ changes into /z/ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ طﻤﺎطﺎ وﺧﯿﺎر وﺧﺲ وﻛﺮاﻓﺲ وﻣﺮات ﯾﺨﻠﻮن. ل زﻻطﺔ ل ﻋﺮاﻗﯿﺔ ﻣﺸﮭﻮرة ﻻن ﺗﺤﺘﻮي ﻋﻞ اﺷﯿﺎ ﻛﺜﯿﺮة . وﻟﻤﻦ ﺗﺮﯾﺪ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﻠﻚ ﻧﻮﻣﻲ ﺣﺎﻣﺾ. ﺑﯿﮭﺎ ﻧﻌﻨﺎح وﯾﻀﯿﻔﻮﻟﮭﺎ زﯾﺖ اﻟﺰﯾﺘﻮن وﺧﻞ 14 15 . وب ﺑﻌﺾ ل ﺑﺎرات ل ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﺔ ﯾﺨﻠﻮن ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻟﺒﻠﺒﻲ lzalaTa l ‘airaaqiya mashhuura lian taHtawee ‘al ashya katheera. Beeha TamaTa w khyaar w khas w karaafis w maraat ykhaluun beeha ni’anaa’aw dheefulha zaytil zaytuun w khal. W limman treed, khaleelak nuumi Haamidh. W ba’aidh il baaraat l muHtarama , ykhaluun ‘aleiha lablabee. The Iraqi salad is famous because it has many ingredients such as tomato, cucumber, lettuce, and celery. Sometimes there is mint, olive oil, and vinegar. If you want, add lemon to it. In some of the remarkable cafes, they add garbanzo to the mixture. إﺻﺒﻊ اﻟﺼﻐﯿﺮة إزﺑﻊ ل زﻏﯿﺮة iSbi9il Sagheera izbi9il zagheera /s/ changes into /z/ the small finger وﻟﻤﻦ اﺷﺘﻜﯿﺖ ﻋﻞ. اﺷﺘﻐﻞ ﺑﻞ ﻣﻌﻤﻞ وﻣﺤﺪ دﻓﻌﻠﻲ ﺷﻲ ﻛﺘﻌﻮﯾﻀﺎت إزﺑﻌﻲ ل زﻏﯿﺮة راﺣﺖ ﺑﻞ ﻣﻜﯿﻨﺔ ﻟﻤﻦ . ﺑﯿﮭﺎ راح اﺧﻠﯿﻚ ﺗﺸﻮف اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﮫ ﯾﻨﺸﺎف ﺑﻌﯿﻨﻚ و إﺷﺤﺪك ﺗﻔﺘﺢ ، ﻣﺪﯾﺮﻧﺎ ?izbi’aee l zagheera raaHat bil makeena liman chinit ?ashtighil bil ma’amal w maHad dafa’alee shei kata’aweedhaat. W liman shtakeit ‘al mudeerna, gallee ?ashHadak tiftaH Halgag w tiHchee beeha, raaH ?akhaleek tshuuf ?illee ma yinshaaf b’aeinak. My small finger was cut by a machine when I was working in a factory and none gave me any compensation. When I complained to the boss, he told me to shut up and not speak about it. “If you do,” he said, “I will let you suffer a lot”, “I will show you what your eyes have never seen”. وھﺲ desire /wahis / وھﺰ /wahz/ ازﻧﯾف ﯾﺎ طﺎوﻟﻲ ؟ وﻧﻠﻌﺑﻧﺎ ﻋﻧدك وھز ﻧرووح ﻟل. ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺗم ل دﻧﯾﺎ ﺧﻠﯾﻧﺎ ھﺳﮫ ﻧرووح. ﻟﯾش ﻣﺎ ﻋﻧدي وھز- Gullee ‘aindak wahiz nruuH lil chaykhaana w nil’abinna geim ?azneef ya tawlee. Leish ma ‘aindee wahiz. kHaleena hasa nruuH gabil maa t’attimil dinya. - tell me if you’d like to go to the coffee house and play some dominos (?azneef) or play backgammon - why not. Let us go right now before it gets dark. إﺻﺪار إزدار ?isdaar issuing ?izdaar ل ﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ل ﺟدﯾدة ب إزادر ) اﺻدار( ﻗرارات ب ﻣﻧﻊ ل ﺗﺟول و ﻣﻧﻊ ﺣﻣل ل ﺳﻼح ﻋﻠﻣود ﯾﺳﯾطرون . ھم دا ﯾﺟوون دا ﯾﺟوون ودا ﯾﺧرﺑوون. ﻋل وﺿﻊ ﺑس ) ھل إﺟراء ( ﻣﺎ دا ﯾﻔﯾﯾد وﯾﺎ ل ﻣﺧرﺑﯾن Gaamatil Hikuuma al jideeda b?izdaar qaraaraat bman’ail tajawul w man’a Haml il silaaH ‘almuud ysayTiruun ‘al wadhi’a bas ma da tfeed wiyal mukharibeen > hum da yijuun daa yijuun w daa ykharbuun. The new government issued decrees to impose curfew and ban carrying weapons to control the situation, but this (procedure) has no effect on the insurgents. They come and sabotage anyways. ًﻏﺼﺒﺎ ghaS-ban ﻏﺰﺑﺎ ghaz-ban 15 16 coercively, willy nilly . ( ﺗﺮﯾﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮﯾﺪ راح ﺗﺴﻮﯾﮭﺎ ﻏﺰﺑﺎ ً ﻋﻨﻚ ) ﻋﻠﯿﻚ.1 . ھﺎي ﺗﻌﻤﻠﮭﺎ ﻏﺰﺑﺎ ً ﻋﻨﻚ.... ھﺎي ﻣﻮ ﺑﯿﺪك ﺗﺴﻮﯾﮭﺎ ﻟﻮ ﻻ.2 1. triid ma triid raaH tsaw-wiiha ghazban ‘an-nak You like it or not, you will do it coercively. 2. haay muu biidak tsw-wiiha lo la ….. haay ti’amalha ghazban ‘annak It is not in your hand to do it or not……this is …. You do it coercively (willy nilly) ﺴﻘﻁﺕ ﻁﺕ Siq-Tat zgi-Tat Handicapped = cannot use it (hand) any more .ﺩﺭ ﺍﺸﻴل ﺒﻴﻬﺎ ﺸﻲﺍﺤﺭﻜﻬﺎ ﻭﻻ ﺍ ﻫﺴﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺍ. ﻁﺕ ﺇﻴﺩﻱ إﻧﺼﺎﺑﯿﺖ ﺑﺸﻈﯿﺔ وإز.1 ﻁﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺧﻠﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ز.2 1. I was hit with a shrapnel and my hand is handicapped. I cannot now move it or take anything with it. 2. Leave it the way it is.( though something wrong with it) Elision: One sound or more is deleted in pronunciation due to the voiced or voiceless sound quality. (1) In Arabic ( al ) ال before the definite nouns is deleted as a whole or as a part when pronounced in phrases. The place of articulation plays a role in this phenomenon but Arab Grammarians attribute elision to the fact that Solar Alphabets versus Lunar Alphabets. The Solar Sounds VS the Lunar Sounds When I tried to find out what makes solar sounds ecourage the elision of (L), I found out that they ( solar ones) include the alveolar ( laterals + sibilants), the alveolar –dentals and inter – dentals, and the Arabic emphatics ( pharyngealized – Almufakhamat) consonants. Laterals + sibilant alveolar-dentals 16 inter-dentals 17 ‘Emphatics” r L n sh ر ل ش ن z s ز س t d th ت د ذ th (theta) ث Dh ظ D ض T S ط ص When (al ) precedes these consonants because of the place of articulation, the sound (L) is deleted. Dropping a sound is named ‘elision’ . In this case, the speaker splits the next consonants into two segment. The first segment closes the syllable with. The second segment is the start of the new syllable. This action by itself is geminating i.e., shadda in Arabic. Examples Tila’a min al Went-he from the He went out of the class. Suf. class طﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ ال ﺻﻒ طﻠﻊ ﻣﻨﺺ ﺻﻒ This is how the Iraqi native speakers do with solar consonants in the normal speech. Practice writing . ﺗﺸﻮﻓﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺎرع.1 speaking dialect( ) ﺗﺸﻮﻓﮫ ﺑﺶ ﺷﺎرع writing . ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن وﯾﺎ اﻟﺰﺑﻮن ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺸﻦ speaking dialect () ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن وّﯾﺎ ز زﺑﻮن ﺑﻞ ﺧﺸﻦ .2 This elision (2) is very clear after prepositions because they are not stressed in a sentence but followed by (al) then a noun as an object. Preposition + al + noun Ba-‘ada + al + naum After + the + sleep (n.) After sleeping ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻨﻮم ba’ada n naum ba’ada al naum (fast pronunciation) ( careful reading) and therefore preposition before nouns take (L) and then we drop the (alif): after sleeping – ba’adin nom from the morning -mniS SibiH on the surface – ‘alS SaTiH in the house – bil beit from here- min na (na) to here – lih naa 17 ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧـ ﻧﻮم ﻣﻦ ﺻـ ﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﺲ ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﻞ ﺑﯿﺖ (ﻣﻨﻨﺎ )ﻧﺎ (ﻟﮭﻨﺎ )ﻧﺎ 18 A.M. –qablal dhuhir at late night taaleel leil ظـﮭﺮ ُ ﻗﺒﻞ ظـ ﺗﺎﻟﻲ ال ﻟﯿﻞ Iraqi dialect transcribers prefer to put لat the end of the preposition rather than before the noun that follows. Some others put لseparately. I find out the “duration” between the first word and “lam” is shorter if compared to the time in between “lam” and the last word, as in, “ba’adil” + “nom” . I prefer to put lam with the preposition otherwise can be put before the nouns or verbs. We need also to make students aware not to read it the same way they do when they read Standard Arabic. Standard Arabic Separate ﺑﻌﺪ اﻟﻨﻮم ﻣﻦ اﻟﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻗﺒﻞ اﻟﻈﮭﺮ ﺗﺎﻟﻲ with the prepositions ﺑﻌﺪ ل ﻧﻮم ﻣﻦ ل ﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ل ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﺒﻞ ل ظﮭﺮ ﺗﺎﻟﻲ ل ﺑﻌﺪن ﻧﻮم ﻣﻨﺼـ ﺻﺒﺢ ﻋﺴـ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻗﺒﻠﻞ ظﮭﺮ ﺗﺎﻟﯿﻞ There are cases /?/ Hamza is kept (1)when we keep a space between the preposition and a noun or (2) “?al” is a start: ( ) ﻛﻼم ﻣﺘﺄﻧﻲ. ي... ﺑﯿﺖ.. ال... ﻓﻲ...و...( ﻛﻨﺖ1) ﺑﻞ ﺑﯿﺖ (2) (1) Kinit-u fii ?al be:t i (2) chinit bil beit (3) Elision is also clear by not pronouncing (n) in the verb to have (‘ainda) and it comes out in speech as (‘aid da). The sound/n/ is completely dropped in a speedy conversation. she has You plural have They have ‘aidha ﻋﻨﺪھﺎ ﻋﺪھﺎ ‘aidkum ﻋﻨﺪﻛﻢ ﻋﺪﻛﻢ ‘aid-hum ( ‘aindim Moslawi ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻋﺪھﻢ ) ﻋﻨﺪم (3) Moslawi dialect speakers drop completely (hu from hum ) whether possessive after nouns, or object after verbs: Possessive (Noun+hum) = their + noun Standard Moslawi ﺑﯿﻮﺗﮭﻢ ﺑﻨﺎدﻗﮭﻢ ﺳﻼﺣﮭﻢ ﻋﺘﺎدھﻢ ﺑﯿﻮﺗﻢ ﺑﻨﺎدﻗﻢ ﺳﻼﺣﻢ ﻋﺘﺎدم Byuuthum Banaadighum silaaHum ‘aitaadhum byuuutim (byuuthum) banaadiqim (banaadigum) silaahim (silaaHum) ‘aitaadhim ( ‘aitaadhum) their houses their rifles their weapons their ammunitions Object Verb + hum Standard راﯾﺘﮭُﻢ ra?ayt-u-hum = I saw them 18 19 Southern ﺷﻔﺘﮭـﻢ shifit-hum ُ Moslawi ﺷـﻔﺘـﻢ ِ ِ Northern = I saw them (u –nominative case is deleted) shift-im = I saw them (u- nominative case is deleted ( hum – changes into –im) Practice : .(ھﻢ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺸﺒﻌﻮ)ن ّ ﺑﺲ. ﻓﻠﻮس ﻗﺒﻞ.1 Qabil yumein, dazeitlimfluus. Bas hum ma maa yishba’auu(n). Moslawi Two days ago, I sent them money. But they are not satisfied. .ﻟﮫ ﻣﮫ ﯾﺸﺒﻌﻮون ﺑﺲ ذ. ﻓﻠﻮس .2 Gabil youmein dazeitilhum fluus. bas thola ma yshib’auu Two days ago, I sent them money. But these guys are not satisfied. Lunar Consonants. If we exclude the solar sounds, all other sounds are Lunar. In their case, the (a) is dropped and the (L) consonant is fully pronounced and it is attached to the end of the previous word. Beit + al + mu-‘al-lim ﺑﯿﺖ ال ﻣﻌﻠﻢ Beitilim + m’al-lim ﺑﯿﺘﻠﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ Practice . وﻣﺎ إﺟﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب اﻟﻮرا طﺐ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ال.1 .( وﻣﺎ إﺟﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ال ورا ) طﺐ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺑﺎب إل . ﺷﻔﺘﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺪﯾﻘﺔ ﯾﺘﺨﻄﻰ.2 ( ) ﺷﻔﺘﮫ ﺑﻞ ﺣﺪﯾﻘﺔ ﯾﺘﺨﻄﻰ .اﻓﻀﻞ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﺮﯾﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﯿﺎة ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺪﯾﻨﺔ .3 ّ () اﻓﻀﻠﻞ ﺣﯿﺎة ﺑﺮ رﯾﻒ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺣﯿﺎة ﺑﻞ ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ ّ .ﺧﻠﺖ اﻟﻘﻮات اﻻﻣﻨﯿﺔ اﻟﻨﺎس ﯾﺘﺮﻛﻮا اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ .4 ّ ) ( ﺧﻠﺘﻞ ﻗﻮات إل أﻣﻨﯿﺔ إن ﻧﺎس ﯾﺘﺮﻛﻮل ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ . ﻟﻤﻦ اﻟﻄﻔﻞ ﺷﺮب اﻟﺤﻠﯿﺐ ﺧﻠﻠﻰ راﺳﮫ وﻧﺎم ﻟﻠﺼﺒﺢ.5 () ﻟﻤﻦ إط طﻔﻞ ﺷﺮب ال ﺣﻠﯿﺐ ﺧﻠﻠﻰ راﺳﮫ وﻧﺎم ﻟﻞ ﺻﺒﺢ . إﺧﺬ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب وﻓﺘﺤﮫ.6 .( ) إﺧﺬل ﻛﺘﺎب وﻓﺘﺤﮫ.7 ( ﺻﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺎﺋﻂ وﺷﻤﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻟﻲ ﺟﻮه.8 () ﺻﻌﺪ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺣﺎﺋﻂ وﺷﻤﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻟﯿﺠﻮه 19 20 Consonant Clusters : Consonants may follow each other in utterances. The cluster can be at the beginning or within a phrase or a sentence. Iraqis tend to form a 2-consonant cluster at the beginning of words (except Shiites. They use /?/ at the beginning of words and that changes the syllables) Within a word: Ktibit Wrote-I I wrote ﻛﺘﺒﺖ ِِ Shiites : ?iktibit إﻛﺘﺒﺖ Within a sentence: اﻟــﺸــﻮارع ﺗـــﺪﻣــــﺮت ِ َ َ ﱠ ِ َ /ta dam ma rat il sha waa ria’/ ﺗـــﺪﻣـــــﺮت ل دراﺑــــﯿـــﻦ /td m rat l dra: bi:n / 20 21 destroyed the streets streets are destroyed destroyed the drive-ways streets are destroyed Shiites: ?itdamaraat ?id daraabeen More Examples: (ﯾﺨـﺒﻮن اﻧﻔﺴﻢ ﺑﻞ ﺑﯿﺖ ) ﯾﺘﺨﺒﻮون ِ ِ ْ .1 َ ﻣـﺨـﺮﺑﯿﻦ َ ْ ﻟــﻤـﺤﺖ I noticed insurgents hiding in the house. Shiites: ?ilmiHit ?ilmkharibeen ?ii khabuun ?anfushum bil ?ibyuut We do not ﻟﻠﻌــﺘﺎد ﺑﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ِ .2 ْ ﻣـﺨـﻔﯿﺔ ْ َ ﻋﺮﻓـ ِ ت ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ اﻧﻮ ﻋﻨﺪھﻢ ﻣﺨﺎزن I knew later that they had caches of ammunition in the area. lmiHIt : 2 consonants (Lm ) and then a vowel /i/ ‘arifit : 2 consonants (‘ar) and then a vowel/i/ This phenomenon is also found in Nouns, usually in the plural form (at least 2 syllables) : ﻋــﻼﻟﯿﻚ ‘alaa leek bags ْ ﺑــﻄﺎطﯿﻦ bTaa Teen blankets ْ ﺧـﺮاﺑﯿﻂ khraabeeT mess up طـﺮاطـﯿﺮ TraaTeer idiots ْ Or the first syllable with /a/ or /i/ ﺷﺨﺎﺑﯿﻂ sha-khaa-biiT scribbles ﻛﺘﺎﻛﯿﺖ ka-taa-kiit young teens ﺑﺰازﯾﻦ bazaa –ziin cats زرازﯾﺮ zaraa-ziir Sterlings (bird) ﻓﺸﺎﻓﯿﺶ fashaa-fiish ( black liver grilled on a charcoal fire) ﻋﻨﺎﻗﯿﺪ ‘anaa-qiid bunch ( cluster) usually of grape ﺛﻌﺎﺑﯿﻦ tha- ‘aa-biin Vipers The Iraqi Dialect (ID) Versus The Modern Standard Arabic(MSA) Introduction The Iraqi dialect(ID) includes three distinguished sub dialects within the country. These sub dialects are: (1) Baghdadi dialect(BD), (2) the Southern dialect (SD), and (3) the Northern dialect(ND)(Abu-Haidar, 1989)or Moslawi Dialect The Baghdadi dialect is spoken by the majority in the capital of Iraq, Baghdad (Abd-elJawad, 1987). 21 22 The Southern dialect is spoken by people in the districts south of Baghdad such as Hilla, A’maara, Nasiriya, and Basrah (Altoma, 1969). The Northern dialect is spoken by the minority in Baghdad and in all districts in the North part of Iraq such as Mosul, Sharqaat, Kirkuk and the suburbs of Tikrit and Samarra. I’ll use the general term Iraqi dialect (ID) to refer to the common features that these sub-dialects share as one system, explaining the differences if they are significant. The Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) that I discuss here is different from the Iraqi sub-dialects, a school language that has its own phonology, grammar, syntax system, and rich lexicon of classical literature with its own social discourse. The Iraqi dialect in this study, then, includes in its analysis all the three sub-dialects, manifesting here and there certain differences in pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. I also limit myself to a few examples to make and defend my points at the three linguistic levels of this dialect: phonology, grammar, and vocabulary. The goal of this study then, is to raise the awareness of Learners as natives or an L2 on the issues of sounds, grammar, and vocabulary since Arabic language lacks such dialectal research. For the subtleties of morph-o-phonological issues, I’ll try my best to represent Arabic ‘marked’ (difficult) sounds by symbols such as /dh /for ﺿـand ظ, /q/ for ﻗــ, /S/ for ﺻــ, / T / for ط, /H/ for ﺣــ, /G/ for ﻏــ, /a’/ for ﻋـ, /x/ for ﺧــ. The rest are common transcription symbols used in English dictionaries. Phonology ﻋﻠﻢ اﻟﺼﻮت The Iraqi dialect(ID) has 3 consonants more than the Modified Standard Arabic(MSA), and 3 additional long vowels compared to the standard ones. Consonants ID has these additional consonants voiced /g/, voiceless ch , and voiceless /p/ (Altoma, 1969). /g/ , /k/ , j , /b/ ch , /p/ ج ب voiced voiceless ﻣﺟﮭورة ﻻھﺗزاز اﻻوﺗﺎر اﻟﺻوﺗﯾﺔ ﻣﮭﻣوﺳﺔ ﻟﻌدم ﺗدﺧل اﻻوﺗﺎر اﻟﺻوﺗﯾﺔ 1. /g/ 22 23 It is necessary to know that there is an MSA sound /q/ قwhich is different from /k / ك. This /q/ قis a post-velar voiceless stop represented by an Arabic letter ﻗــ، ــﻘـ، قdifferent from the sound /g/ , a velar voiced stop represented by this dialectal ‘gaaf’ letter But Baghdadi dialect uses a diaphone /g/ to articulate /q/ قin most of the words of the language without changing the meaning. Therefore, it is an allophone or diaphone for the same sound . Here are a few examples. MSA ﻓـﻮق َ /fauq/ (over, on) Baghdadi dialect /fo:g/ (over, on) How are you. Excellent ؟ - . ل ﻧﺨﻞ - (In MSA Foq il nakhil ) ﻓﻮق اﻟﻨﺨﻞmeans literally (on the top of the date palm), a phrase that has no meaning in Standard Arabic). ؟ وﻧﺖ- winta shlonak ? ﺑﯿﺪي ؟ وﷲ- walla mchayasa beedi ? shda dguul… maani sim’aan ﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺳﻤﻌﺎن ؟... ﺷﺪا- . ﻣﯿﺖ وﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻮ وﺗﺄﻓﻠﺴﻨﺎ ﺧﻮ ﺗﻌﺮف ل ﺳﻮو. ﻣﻌﺮف ﺷﺴﻮي، ﻣﻠﯿﻮﺻﺔ ﺑﯿﺪي داdaguulmalyuuSa beedi ma’arif shaasawwi . kho ti’arif l suug mayit w shugul maaku w t?aflasnaa. . إﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺪﺑﺮ.ّϠ μΘ Η Ρ έ Ϳ˯ Ύ η ϥ έϮϣ ϝ . ﻻ ﺗﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎلLader baal . L?imuur ?in shalla raaH titSallaH. ?ilha mudabbir. How are you? In fact it is not good. What are you saying.. I can not hear you? I say it is not good, and I do not know what to do? You know that the market is slow and there is no work. I am bankrupt. It does not matter. Things will get better ?inshalla (if God wills). It has a creator (God). ﻗــــﻼدة /qila:da/ necklace /gla:da/ necklace رﻗﺒﺔ Raqaba rugba Neck neck )ﺑﺮﻗﺒﺘﮭﺎ( ؟ ھﺎي ﺷﻤﺨﻠﻠﯿﮫ .دة ﻣﻨﻞ ذھﺐ ل ﺧﺎﻟﺺ Haay shimkhalliya brugbatha? What has she put around her neck? Glaada amnil thahab il khaaliS. A necklace of pure gold. Pronouncing /q/as /g/ shows no effect on the meaning of the words. Therefore, we consider /g/ an allophone of /q/ and not a different phoneme of the language. ﻗﻢ ﻗﻮوم 23 24 /quum/ stand up / guum / stand up . إﻧﺖ ﺗﻠﻐﻲ ھﻮاﯾﮫ. ( ﺗﺮووح ﻣﻨﺎﻧﺎ ) ﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ Ma dguum truuH minaana. ?inta tilghii hwaaya . Go away from here. You talk too much. Its is remarkable to say that the Iraqi dialect imperative verbs, unlike the Standard Arab, does not drop the long vowels in orders, such as (guum…. Stand up, get up, ?o:gaf …..stand up, stop….. guul lii me ). ) tell ﯾرﻗـﻊ ّ Yraqi’a Patch it up yragi’a patch it up ﯾرﻗﻊ Yirqa’a hit yirga’a hit (obscene - fornicate) . ب راﺟﺪي)راﺷﺪي( وطﺮده ﻣﻨﻞ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ Raga’aa b raajdi wtarada mnil ghurfa. He spanked him and kicked him out of the room. ( )ﺗرﻗﻌﮭﺎ ( )ﺗﻘوم ﺷووف ل ﺷﻐﻠﮫ ﻏﻠط وﻻ Shuuf l shaghla ghalaT w la tguum tragi’aha Let me tell you. What you’ve done is wrong. Don’t try to patch it up. Other Examples: ﺷﻘﺪ ﺣﻖ ﺛﻘﯿﻞ ﻣﻨﻘﻮع ﻗﺎع ﻋﻘﺐ ﺑﺎﺟﺮ ﺛـ Haq Hag Shgad How much thigeel heavy manguu’a drenched gaa’a floor ﻧﺎﻗﺺ ص ‘augib baachir after tomorrow naagiS incomplete In Southern dialect change /q/ into /j/ in certain words: ﻗﺪر ﺟﺪر Qidir Jidir اﺑﺮﯾﻖ ﻗﺮﯾﺐ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ ﺟﺮﯾﺐ ﺷﺮﺟﻲ * اﺑﺮﯾﺞ Ibriiq Ibriij sharqii eastern Jreeb near ﻗﺪاﺣﺔ ﺟﺪاﺣﺔ ﺛﻘﯿﻞ ﺛﺠﯿﻞ ﻗﺪاﻣﻲ ﺟﺪاﻣﻲ jiddaaHa lighter thijeel heavy jiddaamii in front Sharjii = is limited to (babil sharji -neighborhood in Baghdad) or (hawa sharji – a breeze coming from the east. Sharj in MSA means “Anus” In the south, speakers may change k to ch or j as in these words: 24 25 ﻛﻢ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﯾﻨﻜﺒﺢ ﯾﺒﻜﻲ ﯾﻨﻜﻮي ﻛﻼوي ﻛﻒ ﻛﺘﻒ Kam Cham kbiir chbiir How many big kthiir chthiir much yinkibiH yibkii yinkiwii yinkibiH yipchii yinchiwii stumble cry be scorched kalaawii cha-laawii kidneys kaf chaf kitif chitif hand palm shoulder 2. ch This sound restricts itself to the southern and Baghdadi dialects. It is similar to the English voiceless affricate sound (a combination of the stop/t/ and fricative sh ) This sound ch can be found (A) in loan words, chaakuuch = chamcha hammer trowel (malinj) ﻣﺎﻟﻨﺞ . )ﻣﺎﻟﻨﺞ( ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﺟﯿﺒﻠﻲ Jeeblii chakuuch chbeer w chamcha (malinj) jideeda. Bring me a big hammer and a new trowel. (B) an allophone for the /k/ sound in certain words as chaan for ﻛﺎن . ﻧﻧطر اﺑوﻧﺎ ﯾﺟﻲ ل ﻋﺻر ﻣﻧل ﺷوﻏل ( زﻏﺎر ) ﺻﻐﺎر ﻟﻣن Liman china zghaar. China ninTir abuuna yiji l ‘aSir mnil shughil When we were children, we waited for our father to come in the evening from his work. and (C)as an indicator for the possessive pronoun (your) a female singular second person. shlonich ﯾﺎ ﺧﺎﻟﺔ ) ﺣﺠﯿﺔ( ؟ Shlonich yaa khaala or (Hajiiya) ? How are you aunt? A. In borrowed words: This sound /ch/ is found at the beginning, middle, and end of words. These words are loan words taken from other languages. /chamilugh/ fenders /sanda weech/ sandwich /chamcha/ trowel / char pa: j a/ frame of the bed .ض ﺳﻔﺮي ﻟﻞ ﻏﺪوﯾﺔ اﺷﺘﺮﯾﺖ . وﺷﻐﻠﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺑﯿﺪك ل 25 26 ﻣن ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ل ﯾﺳﺎر ﺿﺮﺑﺘﻨﻲ ﺳﯿﺎرة وراح ﻛﻞ ل ﻣﻠﻮوغ ھﺬا ﺟﺎي ﻋﻞ..... ﯾﻤﻌﻮد ھﺬا ﻣﻮ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ Shtireit sandweech safari lil ghadwiya w gadheitha. I bought a sandwich to go for lunch and that was it. L chamcha li beedak ‘ateega w shughilna ma ySeer beeha. The trowel in your hand is old and we cannot do our work with. Dharabitni sayaara wraaH kulil chamilugh min safHatil yasaar. A car hit me and the left fender is all gone. Yam ‘aw-wad haatha muu maHsuub ‘aleina… haatha jaay ‘al chaamiluugh “They do not count him on us …… he has come to us on fenders” They do not count him against us…..he is a stand -by guy ( hanging by) Standard Arabic (MSA) has its own words as equivalents to these words, in which this / / sound is not found. Iraqi Words with consonant ch Laakin ( ﻟﻛنlaachin) Chaa shlon ? chanTa ChinaT Chahra Chahraat Pircheem طـﮫ طـ so how ? or janTa = ﺟﻨﻄﺔ briefcases jinaT= ﺟﻨﻂ (unliked) face (disliked) faces marpeech (Sonda) kleicha briefcase a patch for welding Paraacheem hich so how ? (south only) ﻟﻌﺪ La’aid shlon ? but patches ( ) ﺻﻮﻧﺪه hose do not worry about it / forget about it Chavjeer Iraqi cookies a very big spoon (for a caldron size) ( chavjeer il balad) ال ﺑﻠد (someone you can see everywhere) Peicha = a scarf around woman’s head to cover her neck also Lachak = hijaab , burgu’a, niqaab = veil Zimiich = the fertile soil ﻟﻞ ﺣﺪﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻮطﺔ، ﻧﻘﺎب، B. ch as diaphone for /k/ : 26 27 In the Iraqi dialect, people tend to pronounce /k/ ك، ــﻜـ، ﻛـas ch an allophone in most words of the language. The most common one is the /kana/ verb and its conjugations. It is necessary to say that /jakunu/ ﯾــﻜـــﻮنin the present tense can’t be changed. The change of k to ch happens only in the past tense. MSA ID* (it does not apply to Northern Dialect ) /ka:na/ /ch a:n/ He was He was .( ھﻮاﯾﺎ ) ﯾﻠﻐﻲ ل أﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﮭﻞ Bhal ?ichtimaa’a il ?akheer chaan yilghii (yiHchii) hwaaya In the last meeting, he was talking too much. /cha:nat/ She was ﺎﻧـﺖ َ ﻛـ /ka:nat/ She was . ﺗﻠﻐﻲ )ﺗﺪوي( ھﻮاﯾﺎ ل أﺧﯿﺮ ﺑﮭﻞ Bhal ?ichtimaa’ail ?akheer chaanat tilghii (tidwii) hwaaya In the last meeting, she was talking too much. /chinit/ I was ﻛــﻨــﺖ ُ ُ /kuntu/ or /kinit/ I was . ﺗﻠﻐﻲ ھﻮاﯾﺎ اﻧﺖ َ ل أﺧﯿﺮﺑﮭﻞ Bhal ?ichtimaa’a il ?akheer ?inta chinit tilghi(tidwii) hwaaya. In the last meeting, you were talking too much. ﻛﻧﺎ /kinna/ we were /chinna/ we were ﻣﺎﺷﯾن وﺷﻔﻧﺎه Chinna maasheen w shifnaa While we were walking, we saw him. Kaanuu chaanu ﻣﺎﺷﯾﯾن وﺷﻔﻧﺎھم Chaanuu maasheen, shifnaahum (shifnaahim) We saw them while they were walking. *The Northern dialect uses the MSA sound /k/ as /k/, /q/ as /q/ without any change. The Iraqi dialect in general weakens the /u/ sound in the first syllable of any word in /i/ or centralized schwa. Conjugation of channa Channi, channana ( as if) as I, we wereﻱ 27 28 Channak, channich, chankum as if you were Channa, channha, chanhum as if , he/ she/ they were . (ﻤﺎ ﺸﺎﻴﻑ ﺩﻨﻲ ) ﺩﻨﻴﺎ ﺷﺒﯿﻚ Shbiik chan-nak ma shaa-yif dinii ( id- dun-ya) What is up … as if you are not civilized (i.e., you have not seen such a thing before) . You behave strange . ﺼﻌﻠﻭﻙ Channa Sa’aluuk = he is ugly ( skinny …. does not care about his appearance and outlook) ﻣﺎ اﻋﺮف ﺷﺼﺎر ﺑﯿﮫ ؟..... ﻣﺜﻞ ال ورد Chaan mith lil warid….. ma a’arif shSaar bii? He was OKAY …….I do not know what happened to him? ( as health or as behavior) C. The dialectal / -ich / is used instead of MSA / -aki/ The pronoun /-ich / as one form can be linked to the end of a noun as a possessive pronoun for female singular 2nd person only. MSA ID* /___uki/ /- ich/ /beitki/ /be:tich / your(f. singl.) house your(f.singl.) house * (it does not apply to ND) .وﻣﮭـﻨـﯿﮫ ﻣﺮﺗﺎﺣﺔ ﻣﺎ ّ Ma tgu’adeen bbeitich mirtaaHa w mhanniya Why don’t you stay in your house and get comfortable and relaxed. ﻓــﻠــﻮﺳـــﻚ ِ ُ ُ /fluuski/ your(f.singl) money /flu:sich/ your(f. singl.) money . وﯾﻦ راﺣﺖ Moslawi ﻓﻠوﺳك ﻣﺣد ﯾﺎﺧذھﺎ ﻣﻧك.ﺷﺑﯾﻛﻲ ﻣﯾﺗﮫ ﻋل ﻓﻠوس Baghdadi or Southern Fluusich wein raaHat? Shbeeki mayta ‘al fluus. Fluusich maHad yakhithha minnich. Where has all you money gone? Why are you so worried about money, No one will take your money from you. NOTE: The Northern dialect (ND) uses /-ik/ as one singular feminine form of grammar instead of the three MSA grammar alternatives /-uki/ as a nominative case, /-aki/ as accusative case, and /iki/ as a genitive case. 28 29 Three Samples: (1) MSA: your (singular feminine) house Baytuki ( nominative) = subject baytaki ( accusative) = object to a verb baytiki (genitive)=object to a preposition in that order ﺑﯿﺘـﻚ ِ ِ ، ﺑﯿﺘـﻚ ِ َ ، ﺑﯿﺘﻚ ِ ُ (2) The Iraqi Northern Dialect (Moslawi) drops the vowel of the grammar case before (-ki) : Beitki, fluuski, ‘amalki ِك+ ﻋﻤﻞ، ِك+ ﻓﻠﻮس، ِك+ ﺑﯿﺖ (3) Iraqi Southern Dialect : The speakers in the south keep the same vowel /i/ before (ch) Beitich, fluusich, ‘amalich in that order ِ ـــ+ ﻋﻤﻞ، + ِ ــ+ ﻓﻠﻮس ، + ِ ــــ+ ﺑﯿﺖ Again, Speakers of the Northern Dialect do not show the grammar case of the noun and they add (ki) instead of /ich/. This pronoun can link itself to the end of a preposition as an object of that preposition, as well.(still feminine singular) MSA ﻣــﻌـﻚ ِ َ َ /maa’aki/ with you ID (southern and Baghdadi) وﯾﺎ /wiyaach/ with you (feminine singular) . ل ﺑﺎرﺣﺔ وﯾﺎك رﺣﺖ ﻟﻞ ﺷﻐﻞ riHit lil shughil wiyaach- lbaarHa riHit lil shughil wiyaak- lbaarHa I went to work with you yesterday. ِ ِﺑــﺪوﻧــﻚ /bi du:naki/ without you /blayaach without you . ل أي ﻣﻜﺎن ﻣﺎ اروح ﺑﻠﯿﺎك maa ruuH blayaach l?ay makaan maa ruuH blayaak l?ay makkan I don’t go without you anywhere. 29 30 /a’le:ch / on you ﻋـﻠـﯿـِﻚ /a’aleiki/ on you .ً اﺑﺪا ﻣﺎ اﻋﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ Ma’atimid ‘aleich ?abadan Ma”atimid ‘aleik ?abadan I don’t depend on you at all. This pronoun /-ich/ can also attach itself to the end of a verb as an object as a singular feminine second person pronoun (you). MSA ID (southern and Baghdadi) ﺷــــﻔـــﺘـــــ ِ ِ /sh iftich / I saw you (f.singl.). رأﯾـــﺘــــﻚ ِ ُ / ra ?eituki/ I saw you (f.singl.). . ﺑﻞ ﺷﺎرع اﻟﻠﻲ اﻣﺎم ل ﺳﻮوك ﻣﺒﺎرح ﺗﺘﻤﺸﻰ ﺷﻔﺘﻚ shiftich mbaariH titmashein bil shaari’a illi ?amaam l suuk shiftak mbaariH titmashaa bil shaari’a illi ?amaam l suuk. I saw you walking down the street that is next to the market. /sa:a’ad titS / I helped you (f.singl.). ﺳـﺎﻋــﺪﺗـــﻚ ِ ُ /sa:a’ad tu:ki/ I helped you(f.singl.) . ﺑﺲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﯿﺪ وﯾﺎك ﺳﺎﻋﺘﻚ . ﻣﺎ دا ﯾﻔﯿﺪ Shgad saa’ait tich bas maa yfeed wiyaach Shgad saa’at tak bas maa yfeed wiyaak Shgad saweit wiyaach ma-da yfeed I helped you a lot but you don’t see it. The Iraqi dialect ‘attached- Possessives’ Table fluus-ii fluus-na my money our money fluus-ak your money M. fluus-ich (kii- Jordanian/ Moslawi) fluus-kum fluus-a Your money Pl. (-u Jordanian / Moslawi) fluus-ha their money D: Some Arabic words with sh change into Iraqi ch : إﻧﻔﺸﺦ his money her money fluus-hum e.g. your money F.(ﻜﻲ إﻧﻔطر\ 30 ي ﻧـﺎ ﻓﻠﻮس َك ) ِ ﻙ ِ 31 ?infishakh break of the skull ?infiTar / ?infichakh ( راﺳﮫ)راﺳﻮ( وﺑﺪا ل دم ﯾﻨﺰف ﻣﻨﮫ )ﻣﻨﻮ ، (ﻟﻤﻦ ﺿﺮﺑﮫ ) ﺿﺮﺑﻮ( ب ﺣﺼﻮة طﺨﺖ راﺳﮫ ) راﺳﻮ Limman dharaba b HaSwa Takhat raasa w fachakhitta wbida l dam yinzaf minna When he threw a gravel at him, it hit his head and broke his skull which started bleeding. ﺷﺎي ﺷﺎوﯾﺶ ﻛﻠﺒﺸﺔ ﺷﻨﻄﺔ ﺷﻨﻜﺎل ﺷﺮﺷﻒ إﻧﺶ ﺷﯿﻚ ﻓﺮﺷﺔ طﺔ chai chaweesh kalabcha chanta chingaal ?inch charshaf fircha che:k Tea sergeant P handcuffs bag hook inch sheet(bed) brush check E: some words with /k/ change into /ch/ ّ اﻧﻜﺒﺢ ﻛﺮش ﺳﻜﯿﻦ ﻛﻼب ﻛﯿﺲ اﺳﺘﻜﺎن ﻛﺬاب ﺗﻜﺬب ﺫ ﺫﺏﺗـ Inchi-baH chirish Sicheen chillab chees isti-chaan chaithaab tichthib Stumbled belly Knife hook bag became quiet liar Compare: jath-thaab (attractive) chath-thaab ( liar) ﺠﺫﺍﺏ (ﺫﺍﺏ ) ﻜﺫﺍﺏ juub ( dry skin of an animal for skimming milk) ﺠﻭﻭﺏ Chuup ( tire) Jaay ( is coming) chaay ( tea) ﺠﺎﻱ yiHshii ( stuff things in ) yiH-chii ( speak) We may notice three readings (northern, middle , and southern ) for the same words: Ibriiq khifaq DaH-Haq Daq Ibriig khifag DaH-Hag Dag Ibriij khifaj DaH-Haj Daj 3. /p/ the Persian letter 31 lie (v.) 32 Unlike the Modified Standard Arabic, the Iraqi dialect has the voiceless and aspirated stop labial /p/ at the beginning, middle and end of words. These words are borrowed words taken from other languages. /para u:t/ / si:pa:ja/ /parda/ parachute luggage rack curtain . ﺣﻠﻮة ل ﺑﺎرﺣﺔ ل ﻋﺼﺮ ﻣﻦ ل ﺑﺎب ل ﺷﺮﺟﻲ ﺷﺘﺮﯾﻨﺎ ھﺎي. ﻣﺘﺘﺤﻤﻞ ل ﻏﺮاض اﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ راح ھﺎي ل. لﻧطﻧﺎ زﻏﯿﺮة وﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻊ ل ھﺎي ل ّ . ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎﺛـ ﻣﺎ، دوورﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﮫاﻧﻔﻠﺖ ل ﺑﺴﻤﺎر ﻣﻨﻞ طﺎرﻣﺔ ﺑﻞ طﺎﺑﻖ ل ﺛﺎﻧﻲ وﻧﺰل ﺑﺮﺷﻮت ﻋﻞ ﺷﺎرع اﻟﻠﻲ وراﻧﺎ و Shtireina parda shgad Hilwa l barHaa l ‘aSir mnil baabil sharji haayil seepaaya zgheera w maa tisa’a l chanTatna l gbeera. haayil seepaaya raaH matitHammal gharaadh ilee ‘aleiha. Haay thigeela ‘aleiha. ?infilatil bismaar mnil Taarma bil Taabiqil thaani w nizal parashuut ‘al shaari’a ?ili waraana wshgad dawarna ‘alei w maa ligeinaa. We bought a nice curtain yesterday evening from Al baab il sharji This luggage rack is small and it does not accommodate our big bags. This rack cannot hold all things on. This is too heavy for it. A nail released from this verandah on the 2nd floor and it went down straight to the street behind our house. We tried to find it but we couldn’t. 4. / dh / ﺿــ، ظـ In the Iraqi dialect, there is no difference between ظـ & ﺿــin pronunciation. The Iraqi people keep the spelling of the words with two different figures ﺿـ, ظ, but they pronounce them the same. Standard Arabic: ﺿـــﻞ ّ اﻟﻄـﺮﯾـﻖ / dhal l treig/ He got lost ظـــﻞ ﺑﺎﻟـﺒــﯿــﺖ ﱠ / Dal bilbeit/ He remained In Standard Arabic the two sounds, however, are different: / dh / ضis an emphatic pharyngealized voiced alveolar sound. ﺿــﻠﮫ /dal la/ got lost-he = He got lost /D / ظis an emphatic pharyngealized voiceless inter-dental sound. ظــﻠﮫ / D al la/ stayed-he = He stayed In the Iraqi dialect, the Iraqis keep the classical writing to differentiate the meaning but the sound is the same. 32 33 Exercise: . ( ﯾﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ال ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ) ﻟﻘﻰ ( ﯾﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺐ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻦ )ﺷﻘﻰ.1 . ﺍل ﺤﺏ ﻁ ( دا ﯾﻨﻄﻮﻧﺎ اﻟﺘﻤﻮﯾﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ )ﻧﺎﻗﻮط.2 ﺴﺭﻭﺝ( ﻜﻼﺏ )ﻗﻠﺔ( ﺍل ﺨﻴل ﺸﺩﻭ ﻋل ﺍل ﻤﻥ.3 ( ) ﻨﻘﻠﺏ ﺨل ..... ﻟﻤﻥ ﺸﺎﻑ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻁﺔ ﺠﺘﻲ.4 .ﺹ ﻟﻤﻥ ﻨﺭﻭﻭﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﻁﺎﻋﻡ ﺒﺱ ﻨﺤﺏ ﻨﺎﻜل ﺍﺤﻨﺎ ﻨﺤﺏ ﺍل ﺘﻤﻥ ﻭ)ﻤﺭﻗﺔ ﺍل ﺍﻜﻭ ﻭل ﻤﺎﻜﻭ ( ﻟﻤﻥ ﺍﻜﻭ ﻨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍﺡ ) ﻴﺤﺘﺭﻕ .5 .6 ال ( ﻓﻠﻮﺳﮭﻢ )ﻗﺪام ( ال ﻧﺎس ) ﯾﻤﺰﻗﻮن ال ﻓﻠﻮس ﺻﺎر ﻣﺎ اﻟﮭﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ و) ﻗﺎﻣﻮ.7 .ﺷﺮطﺔ وﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺻﻮرة ال رﯾﺲ )ﯾﻘﻮم وﯾﻘﻌﺪ( وھﻮ طﻮﯾﻞ وﻛﻞ ﺷﻮﯾﺔ.... () ﻗﻌﺪ ﻗﺪاﻣﻲ راح... ﺑﻠـ ﺳﯿﻨﻤﺎ.8 . ) ﯾﻘﻌﺪ( ﺑﻐﯿﺮ ﻣﻜﺎن … ﻟﻮ.. ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﯾﺘﺪﻧﻰ راﺳﮫ ﺣﺘﻰ اﺷﻮف )ﻓﻘﻠﺖ ﻟﮫ.... ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪه.9 ﻁ 10 1. ya min ti’ab , ya min shiga yamin ‘ala l Hadhir liga. Some people sow , other sow. Some people ork hard, others make the benefit out of it. 2. Da yinTuuuna il tamwiin mithil naguuT il Hib They give us very little rations like drops of water oozing from the water jar. 3. min gil-latil kheil shaduu a’la il chlaab sruuch. There are no qualified people, so they accept anybody to do the job. 4. liman shaaf il shurta jat-tii galilhum khal nuglub When he saw the police arrive, he said : “let us jump over the fence and escape .” 5. iHna nHib timman u murga lim-man naakil bil beit bas naakil gaS lim-man naakil bil maTaa’aim We like rice and tomato stew when we eat at home but we eat shaawirma ( grilled around Fire) when we eat at restaurants. 6. lim-man aku naar, raaH yiHtirig il aku wil maaku When fire breaks out, it burns everything. 7. lim-man il fluus maSaar ilha qiima, sari l naas ymazquun fluushum gid-damil shurTa w ‘aleiha Suuratil rayis. The money has become of no value and people started tearing them in front of the police in spite of the President’s picture on them. 8. bil siinama raaH gi’aid gid-daamii..... wkul shwaya yguum u yug’aud w hu-wa Twiil. Faa.. gitla shway-a yit-danna rasa lo: yig’aid bgheir bukaan. In the cinema ... he sat in front of me.. and started every now and then standing and sitting down..... so, I told him to bend his head a bit so that I can see or he can change his place and sit somewhere else. 9. maa a’inda khulig He does not feel good. 10. itha maa niHchii raaH ninTag . If we do not express ourselves, we will burst. If we hide it, we will psychology hurt ourselves. 33 34 Vowels : There are two additional vowels in the Iraqi dialect compared with those of classical Arabic: /e:/ ( َ ) ـــﯿـــ, and /o:/ ( ) َو. They are longer than the classical sounds, though they have the same written forms. 1. Long /e:/ Iraqi speakers use the diphthong /e:/ to replace the Standard Arabic diphthong /aj/ to show certain feminine gender, such as /a’te:ni/(give me) أﻋـﻄــــﯿــﻨـﻲwhen the addresser is a female. إﻧـﻄﯿﻨﻲis ID. Imperative verbs Imperative Differences between Moslawi and Others: Sample ( khith = to take) Moslawi Khitho Kitheenu Baghdadi and South ?ikh-tha ?ikh-thee-h Khitha Khitheeha ?ikhith-ha ?ikh-thee-ha ( You–masculine take it-masculine) (You-feminine take it-masculine) (You-masculine take it-feminine) (you-feminine take it- feminine ( or plural inanimate) Practice: Sheela, sheelu, sheelha, sheelhum 34 35 ﺷﯿﻠﮭﻢ، ﺷﯿﻠﮭﺎ، ﺷﯿﻠﻮ،ﺷﯿﻠﮫ Take it-feminine(Moslawi) Take it-masculine Vowels Versus Semi-vowels It is essential to mention that /aj/ diphthong in MSA indicates dual number (which refers to two people or things as number)in the accusative or genitive case as in the word /mua’alim aj n/ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ َﯾـﻦ , a diphthong which is different from the long plural vowel /i:/ which refers to an accusative and genitive case of masculine plural such as /mua’alim i: n/ ﻣـﻌـﻠـ ِـﻤــﯿـﻦ. Standard dual number (object ) standard plural number ﻣـﻌـﻠـﻤـ َـﯿـــــﻦ / mua'alim ajn / two teachers ﻣـﻌـﻠـﻤـﯿــﻦ / mua’alimi:n/ teachers ﻣـﻮظـﻔـَــﯿـــﻦ /mu wa dhifajn / two employees ﻣـﻮظــﻔـــــﯿـــﻦ /mu wadhifi:n/ employees The common dual in Iraqi is pronounced as /e:/ or /ei/ and can be represented as Mu’alime:n ID uses /e:/ instead of /aj/ . ؟ /we:n/ ؟ ﻟﻲ /lii wein/ ؟ /mne:n/ (where ?) وﯾﻦ راﯾﺢ؟ we:n raayiH ? Where are you going ? (to where? ) ﻟﻲ وﯾﻦ ﺗﻮﺻﻞ ؟ Lii we:n to:Sal ? Where do you reach? (from Where? ) ﺠﺎﻱ ؟ mne:n jaay ? Where do you come from? Shame ! / ‘aeib / ‘ae:b ‘aale:k . It is shame on you Keif ( desire) (gladness & happiness) keifii ija. I am glad. bkeifak ( up to you , the way you wish) 35 36 le:l Leil ( night) ﻁﻭﻴل ﺒﺸـ ﺸﺘﻲ il le:l bish shitii Taw-wiil . The night in winter is long. . ﺭﺍﺡ ﻨﺸﻭﻭﻓﻜﻡ Zein ( good,well) ze:n raaH nshuufkum. Well we will see you. ze:n The Iraqi dialect dual case /e:n/ : (two girls) /bin te:n/ (two boys) /walade:n/ Shifit binte:n w wala-de:n. Practice 1. juu-‘aaa-neen. Khal-le nruuH naa-kil-linna lugma luumtein wnirja’a lil shughul. We are hungry. Let us go and eat a bit and come back to work ( ﺨﻠﻠﻲ ﻨﺭﻭﻭﺡ ﻨﺎﻜﻠﻠﻨﺎ )ﻟﻘﻤﺔ... ﺠﻭﻋﺎﻨﻴﻥ 2. Lbaarha Ha Hajaa-zit bi-Taaqtein thintein mnil internet. ﻣﻨﻞ اﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖﺒﻁﺎﻗﺘﻴﻥ ﺜــ ل ﺑﺎرﺣﺔ ﺣﺠﺰت 3. aku bas maq-‘aa-dein thnein bil-wara . itha triid raaH iHjizlak iyaahum. . ھﻢ اﻛﻮ ﺑﺲ ﻣﻘﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺛﻨﯿﻦ ﺑﻞ ورا اذا ﺗﺮﯾﺪ اﺣﺠﺰﻟﻜﻢ ﱠ 4. Khalee nruuH lil Gahwa nuq’aud hnaak. Yimkin nil-‘abin naa daas daasein azniif wnirja’a lil beit . la’aid shluun yingadhii il wagit? ( ﻨﻘﻌﺩ (ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﻧﺮووح ) ﻟﻠﻘﮭﻮة (ﻀــﻲ ﺍل ) ﻭﻗﺕ () ﻴﻨﻘﻀﻲ 5.RaaH aruuH lil suug a’inda shaghla ahaghiltein asawiihum w raaji’a lihnaa maratlukh. I’ll go to the market. I have a couple of errands to do and I’ll be back here again. (راح ارووح ﻟﻞ )ﺳﻮق 6. RaaH ashtirii-lii ktaabe:n tlaatha mnil mak-taba w ajiik. I will buy 2 or 3 books and come back to you. .راح اﺷﺘﺮي ﻟﻲ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﯿﻦ ﺗﻼﺛﺔ واﺟﯿﻚ 2. Long /o:/ 36 37 This dialectal vowel /o:/ is longer and more open than the ordinary /o/ that Standard Arabic language uses. To show its length, the Iraqi educators tend to use the Persian letter وas an indicator of this vowel. shlo:n ( How ?) lo:n ﻟﻮن ( color) ّ (ho:sh) (cow) Bo:sh ( empty, in vain, bullying somebody to obey you ) Il mudiir gaam ‘ale: w akhath bo:sha. The Manager shouted at him and took over.(the other became submissive). ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﺨﺫ Mo:z (banana) Bo: g (theft, stealing) Tho:g ( ) ذوق ( ذtaste) SaaHib tho:g = ( ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ذhe has taste) Ho: sa ( anarchy/ chaos) Bo:sa (a kiss) Lo: ( or) (if) Lo: muu if were not for, had not been for Lo: muu l khaaT-rak maa chinit asaw-wii-ha Had not been for you, I would have not done it. ( I did this because of you) . ﺍﺴﻭﻴﻬﺎ 4. Long /u:/ ﻤﻭﻭ ﻟﺨﺎﻁﺭﻙ وو We also recognize another long vowel /u:/ in the sounds of the Iraqi dialect . Here are a few examples ﻣــــﻮو /mu:/ (isn’t, aren’t, don’t, doesn’t ) to make a negative question? ؟ﻣــﻮو إﻧـﺖ اﻟﻠﻲ رﺣـﺖ / mu: ?intal li: riHit u j e:t / Aren’t you the one who left and came back? ( ﺑـــﻮوﯾـــﮫ ) ا /bu:ja/ my dad ( a friendly way to address somebody) . راح ﺗـﺬب ال ﻣﻜـﺘﻮب ھﻨﺎك وﺗـــﺠـﻲ. ﺑــﻮوﯾـﺎ إﻧـﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴـﻮي ﺷــﻲ /bu:ja, ?inta ma: tsau wi: i: sh i: . RaaH t th ib el maktu:b hnaak w tiji Friend, you are not doing anything. You’ll Put the the letter over there and come. ( ﺧﻮوﯾﮫ ) ا / khuuya/ 37 38 My brother ( a friendly way to address somebody of your age) . َ ﺼــﺩﺕ ( اﻧﺖ ) ﺗﺮى آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻗﺼﺪت...... ﺧﻮوﯾﮫ Bother ….I did not mean you My brother …Never meant you ﻋﯿﻮوﻧﻲ / my eyes/ ‘ayuuni ma inta ma da trak-kiz My eyes, you are not focusing. ّ ﻣﻮو اﻧﺖ ﻣﺎ دا.... ﻋﯿﻮوﻧﻲ . ﺗﺮﻛﺰ Consonant clusters: Unlike MSA, the Iraqi dialect has consonant clusters at the beginning of a word. MSA ID (in general) اﻟــﺸــﻮارع ﺗـــﺪﻣــــﺮت ِ َ َ ﱠ ِ َ ﺗـــﺪﻣـــــﺮت ل دراﺑــــﯿـــﻦ /ta dam ma rat il a waa ria’/ The streets are destroyed /td m rat l dra: bi:n / The streets are destroyed In the careful speech of the Iraqi dialect, a two-consonant cluster is observed at the beginning of the words. CC + V /td/, /mr/, /dr/ \ در \ مر تد If we analyze clusters in the above sentence, we can find a four-consonant cluster across the boundaries of words. In the Iraqi dialect, you may have the last consonant /t/ at the end of the verb /tdam rat/ added to the three consonants at the beginning of /ldraabiin/. Casual and fast speech usually forms these types of clusters in social conversations. /t d a m r a t l d r a: b i: n/ cc vccv cccc v cv c Arabic speakers who are MSA-oriented have problems in producing clusters that are dialect-oriented, not being able to avoid schwa / / in between consonants. MSA-oriented speaker Dialect-oriented speaker ﺗـــــﺪﻣـــﺮت ََ َ ﱠ ta dam marat was destroyed ﺗـﺪرﺑﺖ ُ ّ ََ ﺗــــﺪ ﻣـــﺮت tdam mrat ﺗﺪرﺑﺖ ِ ّ 38 39 ta-dar-rab-tu I received training tdar-ra-bit ﻟﻤﺎذا ﺗﻠﻌﺜﻤﺖ ؟ li-maatha ta-la’a-tham-ta I stammered ﺷﻮف ﺗﻠﻌﺜﻤﺖ shuuf tla’a-tha-mit Glottal consonant/?/: In the Iraqi dialect (ID), the glottal/?/ is retained at the beginning of a word, but it is not pronounced in the middle or at the end of a word. When it is not pronounced in the middle or end, the duration of this sound is added to the length of the adjacent short vowel which becomes longer in the dialect. MSA ٍﺠِــﺌـــﺕ /j i?ti/ [you-f. Singl.] came ID / j e:ti/ [ you-f.singl.] came ﺻـــﺤــﺮاء ﺻــﺤــﺮا /saH ra:?/ desert /saH ra:/ desert Practice some nouns or (present participle ) active adjectives: gaayim = awake ﻗﺎﯾﻢ raayiH = going, leaving راﯾﺢ naayim = sleepy, sleeping ﻧﺎﯾﻢ shaayif = seeing, is educated and rich , experienced ﺷﺎﯾﻒ zaayif = forged, not real زاﯾﻒ khaayif = afraid ﺧﺎﯾﻒ saayiq = driver ﺳﺎﯾﻖ naayib = vice , by proxy ﻧﺎﯾﺐ jaayif = self-conceited, dry ﺟﺎﯾﻒ HaayiT = wall ﺣﺎﯾﻂ Haaayir = confused , does not know what to do ﺣﺎﯾﺮ Taayir = speedy, flying طﺎﯾﺮ Tayaara = plane طﯿﺎرة Baayi’a = seller, sailsman ﺑﺎﯾﻊ Shaarii = purchaser, buyer ﺷﺎري Shii = thing ﺷﻲ Saayib = correct ﺻﺎﯾﺐ Shaayib = old man with a grey hair ﺷﺎﯾﺐ Ghaayib = absent ﻏﺎﯾﺐ Saayir = walking ( driving) on his way, (not interfering ) ﺳﺎﯾﺮ ﺑﺪرﺑﮫ Baayid = old , ex ﺑﺎﯾﺪ Baayit = staled , kept over night ﺑﺎﯾﺖ ‘aaayif = has left ﻋﺎﯾﻒ Taayif = floating, not needed, extra طﺎﯾﻒ Maayi’a = does not follow the social rules and behavior ﻣﺎﯾﻊ Shaayi’a = in vogue, common ﺷﺎﯾﻊ 39 ﺳﺎﯾﺮ 40 Faayit = already gone, passed, past ﻓﺎﯾﺖ ‘aaayid = returnee, going back to ﻋﺎﯾﺪ There are cases, Iraqi speakers keep (hamza ? َﻓﺠﺄة ﻋﺒﺄ ?ib-? burden ) in words such as ﺳﺆال Fuj-?a-tan suddenly su-?aal question ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ mas-?alla issue Note: Shiites in the South of Iraq put a glottal /?/ before almost every verb especially in the past. You hear it / ?ije:t / /?intadharit/ إﻧﺘﻈﺮت / ?ilbasit/ إﻟﺒﺴﺖ / ?itrikit/ إﺗﺮﻛﺖ I came I waited I wore I left Other Iraqis drop /?/ from the beginning of each word even when it is part of it in origin, such as /?intadharit) to make a cluster of 2 consonants at the beginning of each word: je:t Ntidharit ﻧﺘﻈﺮت lbisit ﻟﺒﺴﺖ trikit ﺗﺮﻛﺖ In case of the definite the ( al), Iraqis pronounce it ( ?il) whenever it makes the beginning of an utterance, or if there is a time space in between the words when Iraqis talk slowly to each other. Sometimes it conveys the meaning as emphasis on the word if you want to do it for that reason. Beginning of an utterance: ال ﻋﺮاق ﺑﻠﺪ ﻏﻨﻲ ب ﻧﻔﻄﮫ ?il ‘airaaq balad ghanii bnafTa Iraq is a country rich of oil. /?il ‘airaaq/ is at the beginning of the speech. Time space in between: ﺑﯿﮫ اﻟﻠﻲ.. إل ﺟﺒﺎر... ھﺬا ل ﻋﻤﻞ Haatha l’amal..?il jabbar….?illi gaam bii This work…the remarkable one…that he did The word /?il jabbar/…and /?illi/ receive stress to convey emphasis. Changing /u/ and /a/ into /i/ in the first syllable. In the Iraqi dialect, the first syllable vowels /u/ or /a/ changes into /i/*. In MSA, the vowel in the first syllable can be /a/ or /u/as shown in the following examples. MSA ID ﺗـــﻜــﺘـــﺒــــﯿـﻦ ُ َ /tak tu: bi:n/ you (f. singular) are writing. ﯾـﺰﻋـﺠـﻨــﻲ ُ ﺗـــﻜــﺘـــﺒـﯿـﻦ ِ /tkitbiin/ ﯾــﺰﻋــﺠــﻨـﻲ ِ 40 41 /juz a’idj ni/ /yiza’ij ni/ (masculine singular thing /person) bothers me ّ ﺗـــــﺘـــﺤـــﻄـــﻢ ﺗــﺘــﺤﻄﻢ ِ ُ َ َ َ َ ﱠ will /ta ta Hat ta mu:/ /tit HaT Tam/ (feminine singular / things ) be destroyed It is worth mentioning that/i/ is centralized to shwa. Grammar and Syntax 1. Iraqi dialect has no case ending. Unlike MSA, the Iraqi dialect does not add a vowel to the end of words, and it does not show the grammar cases. Words, therefore, end with consonants rather than vowels (Heywood& Nahmad, 1982). There is a tendency that the past tense verb in the Iraqi Arabic dialect starts with a 2- consonant cluster, affected by the ancient Mesopotamian languages in the area and similar to the Assyrian dialects of the indigenous people of Iraq. MSA ﺮﺑﺖ ُ ﺷ /sha rab tu / I drank. MSA اﻟــﻜـﺘـﺎب إﺷـﺘـﺮﯾــﺖ ُ َ ِ /?ish ta rei tu al ki taaba/ I bought the book. MSA ِ ذھﺒﺖ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺒﯿﺖ /thahab tu ?ila l beiti/ I went home. ID ﺷﺮﺑﺖ /shribit/ I drank. ID اﺷــــﺘـــﺮﯾــــﺖ ل ﻛــﺘــﺎب / sh tre:t l kta:b/ I bought the book. ID رﺣـــﺖ ﻟﻞ ﺑـــﯿـــﺖ /riHt lil be:t/ I went home. Shiites, usually, put /?/ glottal before the verbs specially in the past tense and they keep /?/ if MSA has it at the beginning of the verbs such as /?intadhart/ إﻧﺘﻈﺮت 2. Dual number and the plural number cases are always in the accusative case. 41 42 There is a tendency in all dialects to use the accusative dual case /e:/ for all grammar cases. MSA /a:n/ ﻋـﻨـﺪي ﻛــﺘـﺎﺑـﺎن /a’indi kita:ba:n/ I have two books. ID /e:n/ ﻋــﻨـﺪي /a’indi kta:be:n/ I have two books. When the Iraqi people read numbers especially the tens, hundreds, and thousands, they use the accusative /-i:n/ instead of the nominative / -u:n/ : MSA ID /-u:n/ /-i:n/ ًﻋـﻨـﺪي ﻋﺸـﺮون دﻓــﺘـﺮا ﻋـﻨـﺪي ﻋـﺸﺮﯾـﻦ دﻓـﺘـﺮ /a’indi a’i ru:na daftaran/ /a’indi a’i ri:n daftar/ The same thing is true about the regular masculine plural. They use /-i:n/ as accusative instead of the nominative /-u:n/. You rarely hear /u:n/ as an indicator of plural. MSA /u:n/ ﯾﺄﻛــﻞ اﻟـﻤﻌﻠـﻤﻮن اﻟـﻔـﻄـﻮر اﻻن /Ja?kulu ?almua’limuna ?alfitu:ra ?al ?a:n/ The teachers are eating breakfast now. ID /i:n/ ال ﻣﻌﻠﻤﯿﻦ دا /lma’almi:n da: yit-raya-guun/ The teachers are eating breakfast. The Iraqi dialect uses masculine plural verb form for both masculine and feminine plural but some tribes use (na) such as rihna to mean (they feminine plural went). I really neglect that usage in here for simplification. MSA اﻻوﻻد ﯾـﺬھـﺒـﻮن /?al ?au la:d jath habu:na/ The boys go /ja________u:n/* 1 ID ال ﻟﻮﻻد ﯾــﺮوﺣـﻮن ﯾــﺮﺣﻮن ِ وﻟــﺪ ِ ِ إل /?illuulaad jirHu:n/ / iL- wilid yir-Huun / The boys go /ji_______u:n/* In the Iraqi dialect, the vowel /a/ in the first syllable of the verb changes into /i/ in the masculine plural. In the Standard Arabic,/-u:na/at the end of the verbs refers to the plural masculine. MSA اﻟـﺒـﻨـﺎت ﯾـﺬھـﺒـﻦ /?al ba na:t jath hab na / /ja__________na /* ID ﯾــﺮﺣـﻮن ِ ال ﺑــﻨﺎت /lbana:t ji rHu: n/ /ji_____ u:n/ 2* tribal: /yriHna/ ھﻦ ﯾﺮﺣﻦ إﻧـﺘﻦ ﺗﺮﺣﻦ Henna yirhan they(girls) go ?intin triHna You (girls) go 42 43 Again for the feminine plural in the Iraqi dialect, /a/ changes into /i/ similar to that of masculine. *1. In Standard Arabic,/ -na/ at the end refers to the plural feminine. *2. In southern dialect and nomadic dialect /yirHan/ [they( girls) go] is heard as another pattern for feminine 3rd person plural.. But for the 2nd person feminine plural, you may hear [(intin) (you girls)] /triHna/ (go).In fact, we avoid this feminine plural structure and stick to the masculine plural for both genders. In brief, / ji _______ u:n) / is the only discontinuous morpheme of the plural form of verbs for both genders in the Iraqi general dialect. ون _ _ _ ﯾــ 3. The future tense : The Iraqi dialect indicator for future is “raaH”, which means “went”. This ‘went’-future particle is inserted before the present tense form of the verb to indicate far future (will). In MSA, we insert " “ ﺳــas a prefix before the present verb for, or we use a word " “ ﺳـﻮفas a free morpheme before the verb in the present form. A: Far future: raaH + present tense verb (conjugated according to the person) Will + (verb base) - English language MSA ﺳﺎراك َ / sa ?araaka / I will see you. ID أﺷــﻮﻓـــﻚ راح َ /ra:H ?ash u:fak/ I will see you. B: Near Future In the Iraqi dialect, the syntax is : (is, are + going to + verb base ) (1) raaH + (2) (y)ruuH - present tense conjugation + (3) verb in present = yshu:f The three parts go in that order. The first part /ra:H/ راحis always the same. The second part /jru:H/ changes according to its personal pronoun. The third part changes according to its personal pronouns similar to the second part. Here is a complete present form table of the word /jru:H/ with various personal pronouns in the Iraqi dialect. MSA ﺳـﺄدرس ﺳـﻮف أدرس /sa ?adrusu/ or/sawfa ?adrusu/ ID راح ارووح ادرس راﯾﺢ ادرس ra:H ?aru:H ?adrus I am going to study . MSA ID 43 44 ﺳـﻨـﺪرس sanadrusu ُ ُ ﺳﻮف ﻧـﺪرسsawfa nadrusu /sa nad russu/ or/sawfa nad rusu/ راح ﻧﺮووح ﻧﺪرس /ra:H nru:H nidris / We are going to study . MSA ID ﺳﺘﺪرﺳﯿﻦ Satadrusi:na ﺳـﻮف ﺗـﺪرﺳـﯿﻦsawfa tadrisi:na /sa tad ru si:na/ /sawfa tadrussi:na/ راح ﺗﺮﺣﯿﻦ ﺗﺪرﺳﯿﻦ /ra:H tirHi:n You (F.singl.)are going to study MSA ُ ﺳـﺘــﺪرس ُ ُ ﺳـﻮف ﺗـﺪرس satadrusu sawfa tadrusu tdir si:n/ ID ﺗــﺪرس ِ ِ راح ﺗــﺮوح / ra:H tru:H tid ris /sa tadrusu/ sawafa tadrusu/ You (M.singl.) are going to study. MSA ﺳـﺘﺪرﺳـﻮنsatatrisu:n ﺳﻮف ﺗﺪرﺳﻮنsawfa tadrisu:n ID ﺗـــﺪرﺳـﻮن ِ ﺗــﺮﺣــﻮن ِ راح /ra:H tirHU:n tdir su:n You (plural both genders) are going to study. /sa tadrisu:n /sawfa/ /tadrisu:n/ 4. Continuous tense: MSA does not have any verb form or structure to refer to continuous tense by the absence of the adverbs of time. In MSA, we get the aspect of the present tense from the adverb “now” /?al ?a:n/ اﻵن in the sentence when the verb is in the present tense. Here is an example. MSA اﻧــــﺎ آﻛــﻞ اﻻن /?ana: ?a:kilu ?al ?a:n/ I am eating now In the Iraqi dialect, however, the particle /da/ refers to the continuous tense: * ده \ دا \ د/da:/ + (verb in present) I only use the /da:/ particle since /qa (d)/ - Christians / kei / - usage is another option limited to the northern part of the country whereas /da/ is used all over the country. MSA آﻛــــﻞ اﻻن ُ ُ اﻧـﺎ /?ana: ?a:kil ?ag ?a:n/ I eat (now) آﻛـﻞ اﻧـﺎ ُ ُ ﻛـﻨـﺖ /?ana: kuntu ?a:kulu/ I was eating ID آﻛــﻞ اﻧـﻲ د ِ /?anii da: ?a:kil/ I am eating د آﻛـــﻞ اﻧـﻲ / ?anii ch init da: a:akul/ 44 45 In MSA, the indicator to the past continuous tense is the verb 'to be' “kana" ﻛــﺎنconjugated according ُ ُ “I was”. to the personal pronoun such as /kuntu/ ﻛـــﻨـﺖ * the Northern dialect uses ﻗــﺪ د/qa da / + (verb in present). آﻛـــﻞ ِ اﻧـﺎ ﻗــﺪ د /?ana: qa da:kil/ I am eating. You may hear it from Christian Moslawi as ( kei daakil) versus to ( qei daakil) ﻛﻲ دا آﻛﻞ Southern speakers use /jaa/ ﺟﺎ or /jaay/ ﺟﺎي ﺟﺎي آﻛــﻞ ﺟﺎ ﯾﺎﻛﻞ Jaa yaakul He is eating instead of /da/ د، دا، َ دof continuing tense: ﺟﺎ Jaa yiHchii He is talking ﺟﺎ ﯾﺤﻤﻞ Ja yiHmil He is carrying ﺟﺎ ﯾﺣﻣﻠﻧﺎ ﻣﻧﯾﺔ Ja yHamillin-na minniya He is doing us a favor. Exercise Compare: Yitray-yag yitGhad-da yit-‘ash-sha Da RaaH (‘aa-da-tan) (daa-yiman) (mar-raat) (hassa) (baachir) ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﯾﺗرﯾــ ﻴﺘﻐﺩﻯ ﻴﺘﻌﺸﻰ ()ﻫﺴﻪ ) ﺒﺎ ﺩﺍ ﺭﺍﺡ 45 46 He takes his breakfast (usually) (always) (sometimes) He takes his lunch He takes his supper Da== is / are taking RaaH== will + take his breakfast his lunch (now) (tomorrow) his supper 5. The Iraqi dialect relative pronoun /elli/ اﻟـﻠـــﻲ The only relative pronoun in the Iraqi dialect is (elli) ( ) اﻟﻠـﻲregardless of gender, number, animacy or inanimacy. (elli) can also be any relative pronoun: whom, who, which, that. This dialect pronoun /elli/ is contracted from the MSA pronoun / a l la i / which is used in singular masculine. MSA ID ُ ﻗــﺮأﺗــــﮫ اﻟﻜـﺘﺎب اﻟﺬي َ َ إل ﻛــﺘــﺎب اﻟﻠـﻲ ﻗـﺮﯾـﺖ /kitaab ela i qara?tahu/ The book that I’ve read. /kitaab elli qre:t (a) / The book that I’ve read. /qre:t/ is among the few verbs that keeps the sound/q/ as/q/. MSA ID ﺑـﮫ اﻟﺸﺨﺺ اﻟﺬي َ ِ ِ اﻟــﺘــﻘــﯿـﺖ َ ﺷــﻔــــﺖ ِ ِ ﺷﺨـﺺ اﻟﻠــﻲ ْ َ إل ﺷﻔﺘﮫ /?ilsh axs el li sh ifit/ The person whom I met. /?al axs ?al la i ?iltaqeitu bihi/ The person whom I met. MSA إﻟـﺘـﻘـﯿﺖ ﺑـﮭـﻢ َ َ اﻟـﺒﻨﺎت اﻟﻠﻮاﺗـﻲ ID ﺷــﻔــﺘـﮭـ ُﻢ ِ ل ﺑﻨــﺎت اﻟﻠـﻲ ﺷﻔﺘــﮭـﻦ ( southern tribal) ِ ( ﺷﻔﺘﻢMoslawi) /?al /bana:t ?al lawa:ti ?iltaqe:tu: bihim/ The girls whom I met. /lbana:t el li iftim/ The girls whom I saw. MSA إﺷـﺘــﺮﯾــﺘــﮫ اﻟــﺒــﯿــﺖ اﻟﺬي َ َ /?al bajt ?al la I ?I tarajtuhu/ ID ل ﺑــﯿــﺖ اﻟﻠــﻲ اﺷــﺘـﺮﯾـــﺖ إﺷﺘﺮﯾﺘﮫ / lbe:t el li tare:t/ 46 47 The house that I bought. The house that I bought. Notes: Here are three different ways that different dialects treat the singular masculine as an object to the verb: ﺷﻔﺖ..... beit …..shifit Baghdadi:il- beit lii shifta (Moslawi:il- beit il-lii shiftu) اﻟﻠﻲ ﺷﻔﺘﮫ إل ( اﻟﻠﻲ ﺷﻔﺘﻮو) إل Here are three different ways that different dialects treat the singular feminine as an object to the verb: Drop the pronoun:il- binit illii shift ( إل ﺑﻨﺖ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺷﻔﺖlooks incomplete but still it works out ) Baghdadi: il-binit illi shifitha إل ﺑﻨﺖ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺷﻔﺘﮭﺎ Moslawi:il- binit illi shifta ( إل ﺑﻨﺖ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺷﻔﺘﺎdrop h ھـ sound ) 6. Measure VII (seven) verb in the Iraqi dialect replaces the passive voice pattern. The pattern of the MSA passive voice is /u/ in the first syllable and /a/ in the second one in the present tense form such as /juktab/ “it will be written”. The Iraqi dialect speakers usually use measure VII(seven) verb to express passivity /jinkitib/ rather than /u/ and/a/ pattern of two syllables. Measure VII (seven) verb is a transitive verb with the bound morpheme /in / or / n/ added to its beginning. MSA ID ﯾـــﻘـــﺘـــﻞ ﯾــﻨــﻜــﺘـــﻞ ِ ِ ِ ُ َ /juqtalu/ /jinkitil/ * He will be killed He will be killed. ﺗــﻘــﺘــــﻞ َ ُ /tuqtal/ you/she will be killed. ﺗــﻨـــﻜـﺘــــﻞ ِ ِ ِ /tinkitil/ You/she will be killed. ﯾــﻘــﺘـﻠـﻮا َ ُ /juqtaluu/ They will be killed. ﯾــﻨــﻜــــﺘـــﻠــﻮن ِ ِ /jinkitlu:n/ They will be killed. *(In the southern dialect /g/or ch is used instead of /k/). /jinchitil/, tinchitil/, /jinchitlu:n/ in that order. For the MSA passive voice in the past, the vowels /u/ in the first syllable, /i/ in the second syllable and /a/ in the third syllable are found in that order. In the Iraqi dialect, the past tense of the measure VII (seven) is used: In the southern part of Iraq, the first syllable usually starts with /?in/ whereas in the north they start with the consonant/n/: MSA ID. ﻗـــــــﺘـــﻞ َ ِ ُ /qu ti la/ إﻧﻜـــﺘــــﻞ َ ِ /?in ki tal/ ﺿــﺮب َ ِ ُ / dhu ri ba/ إﻧـﻀــــﺮب َ ِ /?inthirab/ be killed be hit be killed be hit The three readings of (q) : 47 48 Mosul, Inqital, إﻧﻘﺗـل َ ِ Baghdad, * inkital, َِ إﻧﻛﺗل South inchital َ إﻧﺟﺗل * Usually /g/ changes to /k/ when it neighbors /t/ as an allophone. Active versus Passive Active: nihab Passive :innihab ﻧﮭب إﻧﻧﮭب (he) looted to be looted . ﻧﮭﺑو ﻛل اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺛﯾل ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺗﺣف اﻟﻌراﻗﻲ . ﻛل ل ﺗﻣﺎﺛﯾل إﻧﻧﮭﺑت ﻣن ل ﻣﺗﺣف ل ﻋراﻗﻲ Nihbau kul il tamaatheel bil matHafil ‘airaaqi Kul il tamaatheel ?innihbit mnil matHafil ‘araaqi They looted all the statutes in the Iraqi museum. All the statues were looted from the Iraqi museum. Active: qital Passive: innqital ﻗـﺗـل َ ِ إﻧﻘﺗـل (he) killed is killed .ل ﻣﺟرم ﻗﺗل ﻋﺷر اﺷﺧﺎص ( )إﻧﻛﺗﻠو ( ) إﻧﺟﺗﻠو. ﻋﺷر اﺷﺧﺎص ﻧﻘﺗﻠو Lmujrim qital ‘ashir ?ashkhaS ‘ashir ?ashkhaaS ?inqitlau (?ingitlau) (inchitlau) Active: farragh Passive: infiragh ﻓرغ ّ إﻧﻔرغ (he) evacuated is evacuated .ﻓرﻏو ل ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ وﻧﮭزﻣو .إﻧﻔرﻏت ل ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن ل ﻧﺎس Firghau lmadeena w ?inhIzmau ?infirgHatil madeena mnil naas. They evacuated the city and fled. The city is evacuated from people. Active: fataH Passive: infitaH ﻓﺗﺢ إﻧﻔﺗﺢ (he) opened (was) open (ed) , get delighted and happy .إﻓﺗﺗﺢ ل ﻣﺳؤول ل ﻣﮭرﺟﺎن ﺑﺑﻐداد . إﻧﻔﺘﺢ ل ﻣﮭﺮﺟﺎن ب ﺑﻐﺪاد ل ﺑﺎرﺣﺔ . وﺗﻨﻔﮭﺖ اﻧﻔﺘﺢ، ﻟﻤﻦ وﺻﻠﺖ ﯾﻤﮭﻢ ?iftataHil mas?uul l mahrajaan ?infataHil mahrajaanb baghdaad l baarHa Lim-man wiSilit yam-hum, tnaf-fa-hit. (yit-naf-fah = to relax, rejoice) The official in charge inaugurated the festival in Baghdad. The festival was inaugurated in Baghdad yesterday When I get there, I felt happy and relaxed. 48 49 The southern dialect (especially Shiites) put glottal /?/ at the beginning of the passive voice verb in the past (?infilat = he escaped )إﻧـﻔـﻠﺖ. Extra Exercises: . إﻧﻔﻠﺖ اﻟﻮﺿﻊ وﺻﺎر ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺮﯾﺪه.1 . إﻧﻔﺠﺮ اﻟﻠﻐﻢ ﻟﻤﻦ داﺳﺘﮫ ل ﺳﯿﺎرة.2 . إﻧﻜﺴﺮت ل ﺟﺎﻣﺎت ﻟﻤﻦ إﻧﻘﺼﻒ ل ﺑﯿﺖ. .3 ّ . (ﻣﺤﻠﺔ ) إﻧﺘﻘﻞ ل ﻣﺮض ل ﻛﻞ ل ﺣﺎرة.4 . إﻧﺼﺎب ﺑﯿﺪة ب ﺷﻈﯿﺔ.5 . إﻧﺠﺮح ﺑﺮﺟﻠﮫ.6 . إﻧﻘﻄﻊ ال ﻣﺎي وإل ﻛﮭﺮب.7 . وﻣﺤﺪ ﻛﺪر ﯾﺪاوﯾﮭﻢ ل ﻧﺎس اﻟﻠﻲ إﻧﺼﺎﺑﻮ إﻧﺠﻄﻠﻮ ﻋﻞ.8 ﺻﺎر ﻋل ل ﺳوداول ﺑﯾﻊ و ﺷرا ﺑﺳوووﻣﻣﻧوﻋﺔ إﻧﺘﺮس ل ﺷﺎرع ال ﻋﺮاﻗﻲ ﺑﻞ ﻣﻮاد اﻟﻠﻲ ھﻲ.9 ﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺎتل ﻋﯾون ب ﺑﻐداد وﻏﯾر ﺑﻐداد ﺑلﻣﻛﺷوف أرواح ل ﻧﺎس ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﯾﺴﺘﺘﺐ ل اﻣﻦ وﺗﺴﺘﻘﺮ إﻧﺼﺮﻓﺖ ل ﻓﻠﻮس ﺑﻞ ﻣﻼﯾﯿﻦ وإﻧﮭﺪرت اﻣﻮال ل ﻧﺎس.10 .ل اوﺿﺎع وﻣﺎ طﻠﻌﻨﺎ ﺑﻨﺘﯿﺠﺔ ﻟﯿﮭﺴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺇﻨﻔﺘﺤﺕ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ، ﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﻡ ﻤﺎ ﺠﻴﻨﺎ ﻟﻬﻨﺎ.11 1. Infalatil wadhi’a wSaar kul waaHid yi’amal illii yreeda. 2. ?infajaril lughum liman dasitail sayaara. 3.?inkisrtail jaamaat liman ?inqaSafil be:t. 4. ?intiqal il maradh lkulil Haara 5. ?iSab beeda bil shadhiya 6. ?injaraH brijla 7. ?ingiTa’a lmay wil Kahraba. 8. Lnaas lii ?inSaabau ?inchatlo ‘aal gaaa’a wmaHad gidar ydaaweehum 9. ?intirasil shaari’a il ‘airaaqi bil mawaadil lii hiya qachaagh w mamnuu’aa wil be:’a wil shiraa bsuug il soda kho Saar ‘aal makshuuf w gidaamil ‘ayuun b baghdaad wghe:r baghdaad bil muHaafadhaat. 10. ?inSirfatil lfluus bil malaayeen w?inhadrat?amwaal il naas winzihgat ?arwaaH il naas ‘almuud yistatib al ?amin wtaistaqir al ?awdhaa’a. wmaa Tala’ana bnateeja leehasa. 11. min yuum ma jiina lih-na, maa infitHat ‘ale:na 1. The situation is chaotic and people are chaotically doing what they want to do. 2. The mine exploded when the car ran over it. 3. Window glass shattered when the house was bombed. 4. The disease spread everywhere in the neighborhood. 5. He is injured in his hand by shrapnel. 6 He is wounded in his leg. 7. Water and electricity were cut off. 8. People who were wounded fell on the ground and no one was able to treat them. 9.The Iraqi street is full of illegal contrabands and now selling and buying in the black market is done in public and at the sight of people whether in Baghdad or in districts. 10. Millions are spent , the people’s money dwindled, people are killed to prevail security and stabilize the situation but till now we have seen no results. 11. Since we came here, we have undergone bad circumstances. Note: The sound /n/ is assimilated to /m/ in a speedy speech when it neighbors /b/: Inbihar = imbihar = get delighted , glowed اﻣﺒﮭﺮ، إﻧﺒﮭﺮ Inbi’aaj = imbi’aj = get punctured, burst, blew up اﻣﺒﻌﺞ، اﻧﺒﻌﺞ Or Anbaar = ambaar اﻣﺒﺎر اﻧﺒﺎر 49 50 Anbaa?= ambaa? اﻣﺒﺎء اﻧﺒﺎء 7. The Iraqi dialect keeps the (tamma) ( ya-tim-mu) + verbal noun structure as another formal passive voice in their high level speech: The formal passive form with tam-ma /ya-tim-mu+ Verbal noun اﺳﻢ ﻓﻌﻞ+ ﺗﻢ \ ﯾﺘﻢ (1) RaaH ytim inshaa? mu-as-sasat naqil il ruk-kaab bil wi-laaya. An establishment for the public transportation will be established راح ﯾﺘﻢ إﻧﺸﺎء ﻣﺆﺳﺴﺔ ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟﺮﻛﺎب ﺑﻞ وﻻﯾﺔ (2) Tam naqil khamsiin mudarris barra il mudun Fifty teacher are transferred (to work) outside cities. . ﺑﺮا ال ﻣﺪن ّ ﻣﺪرس ﺗﻢ ﻧﻘﻠﮭﻢ ّ ﺧﻤﺴﯿﻦ 8.A Measure II (two) verb in the Iraqi dialect replaces a measure I or IV . are some examples. ( GEMINATION) Here Measure 2 is the verb in which one of the consonants is split into two The root : h z m in conjugation is / hazzam/ the z is split into 2 /Yuhazzim/ present /hazzam/ past defeat defeated Measure 4 is the verb in which the first syllable has /u/, the 2nd syllable has /i/ in the present tense and /a/ with /i/ in the past in the same order. /yuhzim/ present /hazima/ past defeat defeated Iraqis use measure 2 instead of measure 4 in the dialect: MSA ﯾــــﮭـﺰم ِ ُ /juhzim/ He defeats ID * َ ﱢ ﯾــﮭـــﺰم /jhaz zim/ He defeats . اﻟـﻌـﺪو اﻟـﺠﯿـﺶ ﯾــــﮭـﺰم ُ َ ِ ُ /juhzim ald e: u: ?al a’adu wa/ He defeats the enemy’s army. ﯾــﮭــﺰم ل ﻋﺪو ل ﺟﯿﺶ ِ ﱠ / ?l d e: jhaz zim el a’adu / The army defeats the enemy. ّ راح ﻧﮭﺰم ل ﻣﺘﻤﺮدﯾﻦ ان ﺷﺎء ﷲ raaH nhazzim l mutamarideen ?in shaaala. We will defeat the insurgents God willing. ﯾــــﺒـــﻌـــﺪ ِ ُ ﯾـــﺒــﻌـــﺪ َ ﱢ 50 51 /jub a’id/ He makes him stay away /jbaa’ a’id/ He makes him stay away .ﻧﺒﻌـﺪ ل ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻠﺪﻧﺎ ّ راح raaH nba’a ‘aid l mashaakil min baladna. We will make our country not fall into troubles. ﯾـــﻜــﻤــﻞ ِ ُ /jukmil/ He completes ﯾــﻜــﻤـــﻞ َ ﱢ /jkam mil/ He completes .راح ﻧﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﺴﯿﺮﺗﻨﺎ ﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﺮﯾﺮ وﺑﻨﺎء ل دﯾﻤﻮﻗﺮاطﯿﺔ raaH nkammil maseeratna bil taHreer wbinaa? Il demoqraaTiya we will continue our march to liberty and establishing democracy. ــﻀــﺤـــﻚ ِ ُ ﯾـ /ju Hik/ He makes others laugh ﯾـــﻀــــﺤـــﻚ َ ﱢ /j aH Hik/ He makes others laugh ّ ﯾﻀﺤﻜﻮن ل ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺑﮭﻞ ﺗﺼﺮﻓﺎت وﺑﮭﻞ ﻣﮭﺎزل راح raaH ydhiHkuun ‘aleina bhal taSarufaat w bhal mahazil They will make the world laugh at us because of our behavior and silly deeds In MSA, the first noun is the subject (it ends with -u). The second noun is the object( it ends with -a). In ID sentence, we usually put the subject before the verb to avoid ambiguity. ﯾﻮﻗﻒ Yuu-qif ywag-gif Stop, park, detain, arrest stop, park, detain, arrest ﻟﯿﮭﺴﮫ ﺑﻌﺪه. ﺑﻞ ﺳﺠﻦ واﺧﺬوه وﯾﺎھﻢ ﺧﺸﻦ ﻓـ ﺟﺘﻲ ال ﺷﺮطﺔ وﻣﺎ ادري، ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﮫ ﯾﻢ ﻣﺨﻔﺮ ال ﺷﺮطﺔ . ﻣﺴﺠﻮن Wag-gaf say-yar-ta yam-mil makhfar il shur-Ta . fa-jat-ti il shurta wmaa adri shlo:m Hicha wiyaahum khshin ….wag-gafo:h w-ikhtho:h w chifto: bil sijin. Lii-hassa ba’ada masjuun. . He parked his car near the Police Station. The police came and I did not know how he spoke harsh with them, they detained him and put him in jail. He is still in jail. ﻌـﻢ ِ ﯾـﻄ ُ yuT’aim ّ ﯾﻮﻛﻞ ywak-kil ّ .وﯾﺮﻓﮫ ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻨﺎ ھﻞ ﻣﺸﺮوع ﺑﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ راح ﯾﻮﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﺧﺒﺰ hal mashruu’a bil manta-qa raaH ywak-kilna kulna khubiz w yraf-fih Hayaat-na. This project in the area will feed us all and prosper our standard of living. In MSA , the verb that equals is in measure 4 ( yuT-‘aim). In the dialect some intransitive verbs are changed to measure 2 as transitive and take objects. Intransitive اﺗﻐﺪى At-ghad-da I take lunch transitive ﯾﻐﺪﯾﻨﻲ y-ghad-dii-ni He gives me lunch ( at his expense, or serves me lunch) 51 52 It-ray-yag I take breakfast yray-tig-ni He gives me breakfast (at his expense, or serves me breakfast) ﺗﺘﻌﺸﻰ Tit-‘ash-sha You take supper ﯾﻌﺸﯿﻚ y’ash-shiik He gives you supper ( at his expense, or serves you supper) 9. Transitive verbs and contraction of the pronouns. One of the most confusing phenomenon is that the Iraqi dialect has contractions like English, some letters are lightly pronounced, and the outcome looks different. Here are examples: 1. asawee il shaghla ilak asaweeha ilak asweelak iyaha . اﺳﻮي ال ﺷﻐﻠﺔ إﻟﻚI do the work for you. اﺳﻮﯾﮭﺎ إﻟﻚI do it (f.) for you اﺳﻮﯾﻠﻚ إﯾﺎھﺎI do it for you (I do for you it) lbaarHa ijaani Sadeeq lil beit. wTilab minee shaghla asaw-weeha ila. Faasaweitla-yaaha..saweit-ha chifyaan shar. . ﻓﯿﺎن ﺷﺮ ﺳﻮﯾﺘﮭﺎ. ﻓــ ﺳﻮﯾﺘﻠﻠﮫ ) إ( ﯾﺎھﺎ. وطﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻲ ﺷﻐﻠﺔ اﺳﻮﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﮫ.اﻟﺒﺎرﺣﺔ ﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﺻﺪﯾﻖ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺖ Yesterday a friend came to me to do him a favor. I then did it for him. I did it to avoid his anger.. “idiomatic…. not to attack me in case I do not do it.” 2. nguula ill ii Saar ilhum اﻟﻠﻲ ﺻﺎر اﻟﮭﻢ “We tell what happened to them” nguul il-hum iyaa(h). ﻧﻜﻮﻟﻠﮭﻢ إﯾﺎه we tell them “it” raaH ngullilhum iya راح ﻧﻜﻮﻟﻠﮭﻢ) ا( ﯾﺎهwe will tell them about it. ”we tell it to them” 3. asheel jinaT-tak ( chan-Ti-tak) wiyaay asheelha ilak اﺷﯿﻠﮭﺎ إﻟﻚ asheelaki-iyaha اﺷﯿﻠﻚ )ا( ﯾﺎھﺎ 4. anTee liktaab ilak اﻧﻄﻲ اﻟﻜﺘﺎب إﻟﻚ anT-Tee ilak lik-ktaab anTeelak iya أﻧﻄﯿﻠﻚ ) ا ( ﯾﺎه ﻟـ ِ ﻛﺘﺎب اﺷﯿﻞ ﺟﻨﻄﺘﻚ وﯾﺎي اﻧﻄﯿﻠﻚ 5. aktib ilak risaala. I write (to you) a letter اﻛﺘﺐ إﻟﻚ رﺳﺎﻟﺔ Aktibha ilak I write (it) to you . اﻛﺘﺒﮭﺎ إﻟﻚ Aktiblak-iyaaha I write – to you – it ( I write it to you) اﻛﺘﺒﻠﻚ )ا( ﯾﺎھﺎ Practice 1. Aani hwaaya juu-‘aaan ? آﻧﻲ ھﻮاﯾﮫ ﺟﻮﻋﺎن ؟ Ma truuH taakul-lak fad lugma w tijii. ﻣـ َ ﺗﺮووح ﺗﺎﻛﻞ ﻟﻚ ﻓﺪ ﻟﻘﻤﺔ I am very hungry? 52 53 Why don’t you go and have a bite? 2. areed ashrab li fad pipsii. I ‘d like to drink ( me) a pepsi. ارﯾﺪ اﺷﺮﺑﻠﻲ ﻓﺪ ﺑﯿﺒﺴﻲ 3. yreed yshuufla fad shaghla He needs to find ( himself) a job. ارﯾﺪ اﺷﻮوﻓﻠﻲ ﻓﺪ ﺷﻐﻞ 4. aftaHlee fad bizniz I open ( me) a business. اﻓﺘﺢ ﻟﻲ ﻓﺪ ﺑﺰﻧﺰ 5. adruslii shway-ya w ajeek. I study ( me) a bit and I ‘ll come to you. ادرس ﻟﻲ ﺷﻮﯾﮫ وآﻧﻲ ﺟﺎﯾﯿﻚ 11. The speakers of the Iraqi dialect usually keep the long vowels when they give orders and commands. The language looks more polite with keeping the long vowels as a social discourse in the imperative. root imperative 1. N O m ن وم 2. q O m قو م 3. O q f وقف MSA IRAQI nam/ num naam ﻧــﻢ ُ \ ﻧــﻢ َ ﻧﺎم gum guum ﻗﻢ qif Ogaf ﻗﻒ ()ﻗﻮم ()اوﻗﻒ It is necessary to say that orders in the conversations usually come as a suggestion or an advice, or an instruction to show politeness. aani tag-baan . آﻧﻲ ﺗﻌﺒﺎن- .1 why don’t you go and sleep. م َ ﺗﺮووح ﺗﻨﺎم ؟ﺗﺻﯾر ال ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ؟ -. 2 دﯾور ﻋل ﯾﺳرى واﺳﺗﻣر راح ﺗوﺻل ال ﺗراﻓك ﻻﯾت. ﺗﺎﺧذ ﯾﻣﯾن وﺗﺳﺗﻣر ﻟﻣن ﻣﺎ ﺗوﺻل ال ﻓﻠﻛﺔ، ﻣن ﺗطﻠﻊ ﻣن ھل ﺷﺎرع دﻗﺎﺋق ورا ﻣﺎ ﺗﺎﺧذ ﻣدﺧل ﻣوﻧﺗري5 ﺗﺳوق ﻓد. 1 وﻣﻧﮫ راح ﺗدﺧل ال ﺷﺎرع ال ﻋﺎم اﻟﻠﻲ راح ﯾطﺑﺑك ﺑل ال ﺧط ال ﺳرﯾﻊ رﻗم . ﻣﺎ ﻛو ﻏﯾرھﺎ واﺿﺣﺔ... ﻭﺍل ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﺻﺎﯾرة ﺑﺎل ﺿﺑط ﺑراس ال ﺷﺎرع ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺳﺎركوﺑﻌدﯾن ﺗﺎﺧذ ﯾﺳرى وﺗﺻﻌد ﺷوﯾﺔ ﻟﻲ 53 54 Vocabulary The Iraqi dialect uses words that do not exist in Standard Arabic. These words are either borrowed from other languages, or they are the adapted forms of the classical Arabic ones (Altoma,1969). These words are of high frequency and are used often in the daily life language of the society. It is peculiar that you can not find any of these words in any Standard Arabic books (Holes,1983), on the theory that the speech of the dialect is not considered a language to be written in notebooks or books. It is only oral speech. This dialectal notion (boycotts measures) taken by the Arab linguists results in a new language that stands by itself in its lexicon, sound system, and grammar. These dialectal words can be content words such as full verbs, adjectives, and adverbs; or functional words such as Wh-question words, prepositions, demonstratives, relative pronouns, and vocative particles. Conjugations One of the problems that faces the MSA learners is not understanding the speech of the Iraqi people, since the Iraqis use dialect verbs when speaking with each other. These verbs are adapted from the classical words or borrowed from other languages. Learners have no access whatsoever to these verbs when learning MSA in courses or schools. These Iraqi dialect verbs are conjugated in the similar way that we conjugate MSA verbs. Here is a list of some verbs that are often used in conversations. It is also remarkable to say that we have four patters of verbs in Iraqi dialect to think of as morphs (the structure changes) . The first is the three consonants which is saleem (intact) such as zihaq ( زھﻖgot bored) , zi’aal ( زﻋلgot mad), rikadh ( رﻛﺾran) The second pattern consists of two consonants such as daz ( دزsend) , HaT ( ﺣﻂput) , thab ذب (throw), chaT ط , fak ( ﻓكuntie, loosen, release, open) The third pattern has a vowel in the middle such as ruuH (( روح )رووحgo), ynaam ( ﯾـﻧﺎمhe-sleeps), ybee’a ( ﯾﺑﯾﻊhe-sells) , yOSal ( ﯾوﺻلhe-arrives) The fourth pattern has a vowel at the end such as yimshee ( ﯾﻣﺷﻲhe –goes) , yid-‘auu ﯾدﻋوusually is changed to (ee) yid’aeek yid’aeek ( ﯾدﻋﯾكhe-invites you) or yid’aee + lak ( ﯾدﻋﯾﻠكprays for you ). Because verbs cannot stand on their own without having personal pronouns built-in, we need to know the personal pronouns as both free morphemes (those who are written on their own) or the bound morphemes ( those are attached)to other words) 54 55 The Present Tense Conjugation Chart 1. 2. You need to know the three letters as a root You add prefixes and sometimes suffixes to build up your verb. You (single) Masculine You (singl. Feminine) t I t ……….iin a You (plural) t …………..oon Root riid We ريد n They He y y ………oon She t Personal Pronouns Subject personal pronouns First person I aani, ana We iHna أﻧﺎ \ آﻧﻲ اﺣﻧﺎ Second Person you inta M. you intii F. you intu pl. اﻧت اﻧﺗﻲ (اﻧﺗو ) اﻧﺗم Third Person he she they 55 hu-wa hi- ya hum-ma ھو ھﻲ ھم 56 The subject verb agreement I want . aani ariid . We want . iHna nriid. آﻧﻲ ارﯾد إﺣﻧﺎ ﻧرﯾد You want. Inta t-riid. ( you masculine singular) اﻧت ﺗرﯾد You want. Intii t-riid-iin. ( you feminine masculine) اﻧﺗﻲ ﺗرﯾدﯾن You want . intuu t-riid-uun ( you Plural) اﻧﺗو ﺗرﯾدوون He wants . hu-wa y-riid ھو ﯾرﯾد She wants . hi-ya t-riid ھﻲ ﺗرﯾد They want. Hum-ma y-riid-uun ھم ﯾرﯾدوون ّ Conjugate the following roots: These verbs are transitive i.e., you need an object or more. شيل () ﺷﯿﻞ carry ___________________ آﻧﻲ __________________ إﺣﻧﺎ ش وف () ﺷﻮف See ____________________ اﻧت _____________________ اﻧﺗﻲ ___________________ اﻧﺗوو زيد () زﯾﺪ increase _____________________ ھو ____________________ ھﻲ _____________________ ھم ّ زود زود ( ﺑـ ّ ) Supply ف يد ) ﻓﯿﺪ( ﺑـــ Benefit you 56 57 The Past Tense Chart The good thing about the past tense , the personal additions to the root are all suffixes i.e., they are added to the end of the verb. The root with a vowel is usually treated differently and that is I put different patterns to follow for conjugation. Root FtH open + t na it tii tuu I WE ﻓﺗﺣت ﻓﺗﺣﻧﺎ * ftaH-it ftaH-na you (singular Masculine) you ( singular Feminine) you ( plural ) ftaH-it ftaH-tii ftaH-tuu ﻓﺗﺣت ﻓﺗﺣﺗﻲ ﻓﺗﺣﺗو fi-taH ﻓﺗﺢ fit-Hat ﻓﺗﺣت fit-Huu ( au) ﻓﺗﺣو zero He at she uu They * /a/ is shortened to appear like schwa or /i/ . 1st person & 2nd person has a consonant cluster at the beginning (ft). You may also hear / ? / at the beginning of the verb إﻓﺗﺣت Lim-man ftaH-til baab, gab b il hawa b-wichii. When I opened the door, the air (breeze) hit me in the face. . ال ھوا ،ﻟﻣن إﻓﺗﺣت ال ﺑﺎب There are Transitive verbs that take Indirect object and in this case , we have the attached personal pronoun to the end of the verb as an object. Objective pronouns After transitive verbs Present he takes me ywad-dii-nii he takes us ywad-dii-na he takes you ywaad-diik he takes you he takes you ywadii-kum he takes him ywad-dii-h he takes her ywad-dii-ha he takes them 57 ywad-dii-ch ywad-dii-hum ﻴﻭﺩﻴﻨﻲ ﻴﻭﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﻴﻭﺩﻴﻙ ﻴﻭﺩ ﻴﻭﺩﻴﻜﻡ ﻴﻭﺩﻴﻪ ﻴﻭﺩﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﻭﺩﻴﻬﻡ 58 Past he took me he took us وداﻧﻲ وداﻧﺎ wad-daa-nii wad-daa-na he took you he took you he took you wad-da-k wad-daa-ch wad-daa-kum he took him wad-daa-h he took her wad –daa-ha وداك ودا (ﻭﺩﺍﻜﻡ ) ﻭﺩﺍﻜﻭ he took them wad-daa-hum Training on the Attached Pronouns This attached pronoun is a subject. Shlo:n -ak? Shlo:nak How are you? -ich? Shlon-ich (shlo:nkii Moslawi) How are you ? F. -kum? Shlo:nkum How are you ? pl. -a shlo:na -ha shlo:n-ha -hum shlo:nhum How is he? How is she? How are they? -ii? Shlo:n da dshuufnii ? How do you see me(doing?) -na? Shlo:n da dshuufna? How do you see us (doing?) 58 ﻭﺩﺍﻩ ﻭﺩﺍﻫﺎ ﻭﺩﺍﻫﻡ 59 Samples of Conjugations 1. A sample of 3 consonants MSA ﻏﺿب ID زﻋل got mad The sign over the consonants daz-za) ◌ّ ّ means germination to indicate the consonant splits into two دز Present tense Past tense 1st person ?az’al ( I get mad ) ازﻋﻞ z’aa-lit Niz-‘aal (we get mad ) ﻧﺰﻋﻞ zi’alna (we got mad ) ( I got mad ) 2nd person tiz-‘aal (you M singular) ﺗﺰﻋﻞ z-‘ailit ( you M.) got mad tzi’a-leen (you F singular) ﺗﺰﻋﻠﯿﻦ z ‘ail-tii (you f.) sgot mad tzi’a-luun (plural ) z-‘ail-tu (you plural) got ﺗﺰﻋﻠﻮن 3rd person Yiz-‘aal (he) gets mad ﯾﺰﻋﻞ Tiz-‘aal (she) gets mad ﺗﺰﻋﻞ Yzi’a-luun ( they) get mad ﯾﺰﻋﻠﻮن zi-‘aal (he got mad zi’a-lat (she got mad ) زﻋﻠﺖ zi’a-lu ( they got mad ) زﻋﻠﻮ 59 60 2. The root of the verb of 2 consonants ( d z ) The sign over the consonants ( daz-za) ◌ّ ( = د زsend) ّ or with sahd-da دز ّ means germination to indicate the consonant splits into two دز Present tense Past tense 1st person ?adiz ( I send ) أدز dazze:t ndiz (we send) ﻧﺪز dazze:na (we sent) ( I sent) 2nd person tdiz (you M singular) ﺗﺪز tdizeen (you F singular) tdizuun (plural ) ﺗﺪززﯾﻦ ﺗﺪززوون dazze:t ( you M.) sent dazze:tii (you f.) sent dazze:tu u (you plural) sent 3rd person ydiz (he sends ) tdiz (she sends) ydizuun ( they send) ﯾﺪز daz (daaz) (he sent) ﺗﺪز dazzat (she sent) dazzuu ( they sent) ﯾﺪززوون دززت دززوو :ﻣﺜﺎل وﻗﺎذﻓﺘﯿﻦ ار ﺑﻲ ﺟﻲ. وﺧﻤﺴﯿﻦ رﻣﺎﻧﺔ. ﻋﺸﺮﯾﻦ ﺻﻨﺪوق ﻓﺸﻚ ﻛﻼﺷﯿﻨﻜﻮف. إﺣﻨﺎ دزﯾﻨﺎﻟﻜﻢ ﻋﺘﺎد وذﺧﯿﺮة ل ﺑﺎرﺣﺔ . ﺑﺲ ﺑﻠﻐﻮوﻧﺎ.وراح ﻧﺬزﻟﻜﻢ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻟﻮ ﺗﺮدوون ?iHna dazeinalkum ‘aitad w thakheera l baarHa. ‘aishreen sandoq fishak klashinkof w khamseen rummaana w qaathiftein R.P.G. wraaH ndizilkum ba’aid lo tirduun. Bas balighona. . ِزﻟـــﻛم ﻣﺎي ﺑطﺎﻟﮫ ﻧظﯾف ﻟل ﺷرب ِ راح ﻧــد raaH ndizilkum maay btaala naDiif lil shurib اﻏﻠﻮ إل ﻣﻲ وﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺷﺮﺑﻮه. ﻣﻠﻮث ّ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺮﺑﻮن إل ﻣﻲ ﻻﻧﻮ la tshirbu:n l may l?anu: mlawath. ?ighlu: l may w ba’adein shirbu: 60 61 3. A sample of a hollow verb (with a vowel in the middle) conjugated to persons: (vowels are : a e o i ) The root of the verb is : (F u t) ( ف و تenter / pass) Present tense Past tense 1st person fuut I enter nfuut we enter fitit I entered ﻓﺗت ِِ fitna we enteredِﻓﺗﻧﺎ ﻓﻮوت ﻧﻔووت 2nd person tfuut you M singular enter ﺗﻔﻮوت tfuuteen (you F singular) ﺗﻔﻮوﺗﯿﻦ tfuutuun (plural ) ﺗﻔﻮوﺗﻮون fitit ( you M.) entered fittii (you f.) entered fituu (you plural) entered ﻓـﺘـﺖ ِ ِ ﻓﺗﺗﻲ ﻓـﺘﻮو ِ 3rd person yfuut (he enters ) tfuut (she enters) yfutuun ( they enter) ﯾﻔﻮوت ﺗﻔﻮوت ﯾﻔﻮوﺗﻮون ﻓﺎت faat (he entered) faatat (she entered) faatuu ( they entered) ﻓﺎﺗﺖ ﻓﺎﺗﻮو : أﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻤﺎ ﺷﻔﺘﻲ ى. وھﻮ طﻠﻊ، إﻧﺖ ﻓﺘﺘﻲ ﺑﻞ ﺑﯿﺖ ِ ?inti fittii bil beit, w huwa Tila’a. fa maa shiftii You entered, he went out. So you did not see him. 61 62 A sample of a defect verb (with a vowel at the end ) conjugation according to persons: (vowels are : a e o i ) The root of the verb is: b d a - ( ب د اstart) Present tense Past tense 1st person ?abdi ( I start ) أﺑﺪي bide:t nibdi (we start) ﻧﺒﺪي bide:na (we started) ( I started) آﻧﻲ إﺣﻧﺎ 2nd person tibdii (you M singular) ﺗﺒﺪي bide:t ( you M.) started tibde:n (you F singular) bide:tii (you f.) started tibduun (plural ) ﺗﺒﺪوون bide:tuu (you plural) started َ إﻧﺖ إﻧت ِ \ 3rd person yibdii (he starts ) tibdii (she starts) tibduun ( they start) ﯾﺒﺪي ﺗﺒﺪي ﯾﺒﺪوون bida (he started) bidat (she started) biduu ( they started) ﺑﺪت ھﻲ ﯾﮫ ھﻢ \ ھﻮم ﻣﮫ ﺑﺪو ﱠ اﻛﻮ واﺣﺪ او اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﺘﺨﺘﻠﯿﻦ ھﻨﺎك ل ﺳﻄﺢﻧﻄﺐ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺖ ﺳﻤﻌﺖ اﺻﻮات اﻗﺪام ﺗﺒﺪي ﺗﻤﺸﻲ ﻓﻮ ﻟﻤﻦ . وإﺣﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺪري ﺑﯿﮭﻢ Limman bade:na niTib lil be:t simi’ait ?aSwaat ?aqdaam tibdee timshii fogil SaTiH fashake:t ?aku waaHid ?au ?akthar daa yibduun yitkattaluun hinaak w?iHnaa maa nidrii beehum. When we entered (started entering) the house, we heard ( started hearing) steps of people walking on the roof. I suspected that someone is hiding there and we did not know about them. وﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ طﻠﻊ ﯾﻜﺬب ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ. ﻻ ... إﺳﺄل ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ل ﻟﺒﯿﺖ ﻟﻮ اﻛﻮ ﻋﺪھﻢ اﺣﺪ ﺑﺴـ ﺳﻄﺢ او ﺑﻞ ﺳﺮداب ﻣﺨﺒﻲ وﯾﺎه ل ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺘﺘﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻞ ﻣﺎي ﻋﺪھﻢ واﺣﺪ ﯾﺨﺘﻞ ھﻨﺎك ﺑﺲ ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺘﻨﺎ ﺳﺒﺎع ﺷﺎﻓﻮه . ﺑﻞ ﺗﺎﻧﻜﻲ ﺑﮭﻞ ﺻﯿﻒ ل ﺣﺎر ﻛﻼﺷﯿﻨﻜﻮف وﺷﻮاﺟﯿﺮ ﻛﻮﻣﺔ ﻣﺨﻠﻠﯿﮭﺎ ب ﺻﻔﺔ وھﻮ Fabade:t ?as?al Saahibil be:t lo ?aku ‘aidhum ?aHad bil SaTiH ?au bil sirdaab….gallii laa. Wba’ade:n Tila’a yikthib ‘ale:na chaan ‘aidhum waaHid yikhtil hnaak bas jamaa’aitna zbaa’a shafuu gaa’aid 62 63 btaankii il may fog il SaTiH w chaan mkhabii wiyaa klashinkof w shawajeer koma mkhalleeha b Saffa whuua gaa’aid bil taankii bhal Har. I started asking the owner of the house if he has someone hiding on the roof or in the basement…he said, “No.” Later we discovered that he seemed to be lying to us. The family had one hiding on the roof of the house; nevertheless, our men are brave and found him sitting inside the water tank on the roof hiding himself with an Ak 47 and a pile of magazines put aside him while sitting there in this hot summer. ﻟﻠﻘﺎﻋﺪة ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﯾﺴﻮون ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ وﯾﺎھﻢ ﻻن ل رﺟﺠﺎل اﻟﻠﻲﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻟﺰﻣﻨﺎه واﺧﺬﻧﺎ وﯾﺎه ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ل ﯾﻨﻜﺮ اﻧﻮ ﯾﻌﺮف إل رﺟﺠﺎل وﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف اﻧﻮ اﻛﻮ رﺟﻞ وﺻﺎﺣﺐ ل. ﺷﻜﻠﮫ ﻣﻮو ﻋﺮاﻗﻲﻣﺧﺑﻲ ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﺑل ﺗﺎﻧﻛﻲ . ﻣﻨﺪون ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺘﮫ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺳﻄﻮح ﻋﻠﻰ وﯾﻌﺘﻘﺪ اﻧﻮ ھﻞ رﺟﺠﺎل ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺘﺴﻠﻞ ﺑﻞ. ﻣﺨﺒﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﺑﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ‘ala kullin lizimna w ?akhathna wiyaa saaHibil be:t lil qaa’aida ‘almuud ysauwuun taHqeeq wiyaahumlian il rajul illi chaan mkhabii nafsa bil taankii shikla muu ‘airaaqi wSahibil be:t yinkir ?anuu maa yi’arif il rajul walaa yi’arif ?anuu mkhabii nafsa bil SaTif yguul ?annu il rajul yimkin mitsalil bile:l minl StuuH ‘aala be:ta biduun ma’arifta. However, we caught the man and took him with the house head to our base for investigation because the man hiding in the tank was not Iraqi. The owner of the house denied that he knew the man nor that he was hiding there. The house owner believes that the man has infiltrated at night from other roofs to the roof of his house without the farmer’s knowledge. 63 64 Iraqi Common Verbs (1) ﯾـــﺘــﺤــﺪث ّ َ ِ /jataHada u/ speak ﯾـﺴـﻮﻟــﻒ ِ /jso:lif/ .ﺗﻐﯿﺮ ﺷﻮﯾﺎ ّ ﻣﺎ. اﻧﺖ ﺗﺴﻮﻟﻔﻨﻨﺎ ﺳﻮاﻟﻒ .راح ﺗﺼﯿﺮ ﺳﻮاﻟﻒ ?inta tsolfinna swaalif ‘atiiga. Maa tghayir shwayya. You tell us old stories. Change a bit. (2) ﯾـــﻌــﻤــﻞ َ ِ /jia’mal/ do or work ﯾــﺴــﻮي َ /jsaw wi:/ .ﻧﺴﻮي اﻟﻠﻲ ﻧﺮﯾﺪا وﺷﻲ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ Nsaw wii lii nreeda wil lii ySeer khalli ySeer. We do what we need to do; and whatever happens, let it happen. cause a problem ﯾﺴﻮي ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ make tea ﯾﺴﻮي ﺟﺎي work ﯾﺴﻮي ﺷﻐﻞ making problem ﯾﺴﻮي ﺑﻠﺒﻠﺔ follow the rules . ﻻ ﺗﺴﻮي زاﯾﺪ ﻧﺎﻗﺺ He can do a lot for you ( positive / negative) ﯾﺴﻮﯾﻠﻚ ) ﯾﺴﻮي ھﻮ اﻟﻚ ( ﺑﻼوي Beware not to do something wrong. Do not misbehave. ﻻ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﻠﻚ ) اﻟﻚ ( ﻣﻜﺴﻮرة (3) ﺳــﻤـﺎح َ ﯾـﺄﺧـﺬ /ja?xu sa ma:H/ ask for permission ﯾﺘﺮﺧﺺ /jitarkhas / . َﺑﻼ رﺧﺼﺔ ﻻزم ﺗﺘﺮﺧﺺ ﻣﻨﮭﻢ وﺗﺠﯿﻨﺎ وإﻻّ ﻣﺎﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﺗﺠﻲ Lazim titarkhaS minhum w ticheena w?illa maySeer tijii bala rukhSa You must get their permission and then come to us, you cannot come without a permit from them. (4) ﯾــﻌــﻄــﻲ /jua’ti:/ (assimilation) give ﯾﻨﻄــﻲ /jinTi/ .راح ﻧﻨﻄﯿﻜﻢ ﺳﻼح وﻋﺘﺎد وﺳﺘﺮة وﻗﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻨﻞ رﺻﺎص ﺑﺲ ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻮن اوﻓﯿﺎء إﻟﻨﺎ RaaH ninTeekum slaah w “aitaad w sitrat wiqaaya mnil riSaaS bas tkuunuun ?awfiya ?ilna. We will give you weapons, ammunition, and the bullet proof jacket provided that you must be loyal to us. (5) ﯾـﺨـﺮج /jax rud / go out (ﯾﻄـﻠﻊ )ﯾﺮوح /jiTla’a/ . ﻣﺎ إل ﻣﻔﺮوض ﻣﺎ ﻧﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮﯾﻦ وﻧﻜﻮن ھﻨﺎك. راح ﻧﻄﻠﻊ )ﻧﺮوح( ﻣﻨﻞ ﻏﺒﺸﺔ وﻧﺎﺧﺬھﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻔﻠﺔ raaHniTla’a mnil ghusbsha w naakhuthhum ‘alaa ghafla. Almafruudh ma niTla’a mita?akhreen winkuun hnaak gabil maa yitrayaguun We will go out early at dawn and take them by surprise. In fact, we should not be late and be there before they are having their breakfast. The verb has a number of uses and meanings, so we have a few extra examples: go out of the house . ﯾﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻨﻞ ال ﺑﯿﺖ The sun shines and the moon shines . ﺗﻄﻠﻊ اﻟﺸﻤﺲ وﯾﻄﻠﻊ ال .1 .2 had a dirty trick against me .3 64 ( idiom) . طﻠﻊ طﻠﻌﺔ وﯾﺎي ﻣﺎ 65 came out chick and tidy responded well against him as retaliation came out innocent is released from prison all garbage is revealed nice to see you ( idiom) . طﻠﻊ ﻛﺸﺨﺔ ﻣﺎل ﷲ.4 . طﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ.5 طﻠﻊ ﺑﺮي ء.6 طﻠﻊ ﻣﻨﻞ ال ﺳﺠﻦ.7 طﻠﻌﺖ ال ﺧﯿﺴﺔ.8 ھﺎي ﻣﻦ وﯾﻦ طﻠﻊ ال9 he does no more live with us and rented another house ﺭ ﻟﻪ ﺒﻴﺕ ﻁﻠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺩﻨﺎ ﻭﺍﺠ10 ﻁﻠﻊ ﻟﻪ ) ﻁﻠﹼﻌﻠﻪ( ﻫﻭﻴﺔ11 ﻁﻠﻊ ﻟﻪ ) ﻁﻠﹼﻌﻠﻪ( ﺍﻋﺫﺍﺭ12 he got an ID card. (measure 2) he found excuses ( made up) ( measure 2) he gave us hard time ﻁﻠﹼﻊ ﺭﻭﻭﺤﻨﺎ13 ﻁﻠﻌﺕ ﺭﻭﻭﺤﻨﺎ14 ( measure2) we had hard time and underwent hardships he got fortunate, accidentally he got it, he got the lottery ﻁــِﻠـَﻊ ﻟﻪ ) ﻁﻠﻌﻠﻪ( ﺤﻅ ﺒل ﻴﺎ ﻨﺼﻴﺏ15 he accidentally had a thief who robbed him ﻁﻠﻊ ﻟﻪ ) ﻁﻠﻌﻠﻪ( ﺤﺭﺍﻤﻲ16 unexpectedly someone started giving him a hard time (6) ﯾـﺘـــﺮك /jatruk/ let /make ﺓ ﺭﺠﻠﻪﻤﻥ ﺠﻭ ﻁﻠﻊ ﻟﻪ17 ﯾﺨﻠﻠـﻲ ّ /jkhalli/ This verb has several meanings so we have a few more examples to tackle this verb. ﺗﺤﻮطﻮوھﻢ وﯾﺼﯿﺮوون ﺟﻮا اﻧﺘﻮ ﻻزم ﺗﺨﻠﻠﻮن ﺟﻨﻮد اﻟﻌﺪو ﯾﻘﺘﺮﺑﻮ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ ﻋﻠﻤﻮد. ﺧﻠﻠﻮﻧﺎ .ﻧﯿﺮان اﺳﻠﺤﺘﻜﻢ Khaluuna niHchii . ?intuu laazim tkhalluun jinuud il ‘aaduu yiqtirbuu minkum ‘almuud tgidruun tHawTuuhum w ySeeruun jawwa neeraan ?asliHatkum Let us talk. You need to allow the enemy soldiers approach closer so that you can surround them and have them under your weapons’ fire (range). . ل ﻣﺮراح اﺧﻠﻠﯿﻚ ﺗﺬوو raaH ?akhalleek tdhuug l mur I will let you suffer. . ﺧﻠﻠﯿﻚ ﺳﺎﻛﺖ. ﻻﺗﺴﻮوي ﻗﺎرش وارش . ﺧﻠﻠﯿﻚ ﺳﺎﻛﺖ، ﻻ ﺗﺘﻘﺎرش وﯾﺎه La tsawwii qaarish waarish. Khalleek saakit. Do not make any problems. Keep quiet. Do not annoy or challenge him. Keep silent. ّ ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﺳﻼﺣﻚ ﻋﻞ ارض وإرﻓﻊ اﯾﺪﯾﻚ ﻟﻲ ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﺳﻼﺣك ھﻧﺎك وﺗﻌﺎل ﻟﻲ ﺟﺎي ﯾﻣﻲ.وﺳﻠم ﻧﻔﺳك Khallii slaaHak ‘aal ?aridh w ?irfa’a ?eede:k lii fog w sallim nafsak. Put your weapon on the ground and raise your hands up and surrender. Leave your weapon where it is and come forward. . ﺗﺮى ﺻﻌﺪت ﯾﻤﻲ. ﻻ ﺗﻄﻮﻟﮭﺎ؟ ھﺬا واﺟﺒﻲ. ﺧﻠﻠﯿﻚ ﻧﺎزل ﻣﻨﻞ ﺳﯿﺎرة.. ﺧﻮﯾﺎ My friend…Do step down. Do not delay. This is my job. In fact, I lost my patience. اﻛﻮ. رﺟﺎﻟﮫ ﯾﻄﻠﻌﻮون ﻣﻨﻞ ﺣﻮش ﻟﻲ ﺑﺮاﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﻧﺮﯾﺪ ﻧﻔﺘﺶ ل ّ ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ل ﺣﺮﯾﻢ ﯾﺮﺣﻮن ) ﯾﺮﺣﻦ( ب ﻓﺪ ﻏﺮﻓﺔ ول ﻓﺎذا اﻛﻮ ﻧﺎس ﻣﺨﺒﺎﯾﯿﻦ ﻧﺮﯾﺪھﻢ ب ﺗﺤﺮي ل ﻋﺪﻛﻢ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺨﺒﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻋﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻟﻮ ﺑﻞ ﺳﺮداب ﺗﺮى راح ﻟﻮ ﯾﻄﻠﻌﻮن ﺑﺮا وﻣﺎ ﯾﺮاوون ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ راح.وﻟﻮن ھﻢ ( ﺷﺎﯾﻠﯿﯿﻦ ﺳﻼح ّ ) اﻧﮭـﻢ ُ ﯾﻄﻠﻌﻮن وﻣﺎ ﻧﺴﻮﯾﻠﮭﻢ ﺷﻲ وﻟﻮ . ﻣﺎ ﻧﻄﺐ ل ﺑﯿﺖ راح ﻧﻌﻮﻓﮫ وﻣﺎ ﻧﺎﺧﺬه وﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﻻي ﺑﻜﺎن ﻓﻠﻲ ﯾﺴﻠﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ھﺴﮫ. ﻧﻌﻔﯿﮭﻢ 65 66 Khallii l Hareem yirHan l fad ghurfa wil rjaal yTil’auun mnil Hosh lii barra ‘almuud nfatishil beit. ?ako ‘aidkum waaHid mkhabii nafsa ‘al SaTiH lo bil sardaab taraa raaH nguum b taHaree l beit fa?itha ?aku naas mkhabaayeen nreedhum yTil’auun wmaansaweelhum shee walawin shaayleen slaaH. Lo yTil’auun barra wmaa yraawuun muqaawama, raaH ni’afeehum. falii ysallim nafsa hassa gabil maa nTibil beit raaH n’auufa wma naakhtha wiyaana l?ay bukaan. Let women go to one room. Men come out of the house because we want to search the house. Do you have anyone hiding on the roof of the house or in the basement. We intend to raid the house so if there are people hiding we need them to come out and we will not hurt them though having weapons. If they come out and show that they will not resist we have nothing against them. Any one who surrenders willingly right now before we enter the house, we will let them free and we do not take them with us to anywhere. وﯾﻦ ﺗﺼﯿﺮ ل ﻣﺤﻜﻤﺔ ؟، ﷲ ﯾﺨﻠﻠﯿﻚ ?alla ykhaleek wein tSeer il maHkama? Please, where is the court? ( Please, help me ______) Literally: ?alla ykhaleek = God saves you This is a way to talk with some you do not know to ask for help. ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ل ﺷﺎﺟﻮر ﺑﻞ ﺑﻨﺪﻗﯿﺔ Khallii l shaajuur bil bundaqiya Put the magazine in the rifle. (feed your rifle ) ﻋﻠﻲ ﺧﻠﻠﯿﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ راﺣﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺗﻠﺢ ّ Khaleeni ‘ala raaHtii la tliH ‘alay-ya Leave me alone do not make me waste time . ﺧﻠﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﻧﺮوح ﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ Khaleena nruuH min naa Let’s get out of here. He respected us and did everything for us. Il rij-jaal maa khal-la qSuur. Gaam bil waajib. . ﺑﻞ واﺟﺐ . ال رﺟﺎل ﻣﺎ ﺧﻠﻠﮫ ﻗﺼﻮر (7) ﯾــﺒــﺼـــﻖ ِ /jubsiq/ ﯾﺘﻔـﻞ /jitfil/ spit . ﯾﺎ أﺧﻲ ھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﺤﻲ. وﺗﻔﻠﺖ ب رزﻟﺘﮫ Razzalta ze:n wtifalit bwicha. Yaa?akhii haatha maa yistiHii. I berated him and spat on his face. Man, he has no shame. (8) ﯾـــﺘــــﻜـﻠـﻢ ّ /jatakal la mu/ speak /jiHchi/ .ذذ وﻛﻠﮭﺎ.ﺑﺮاﺳﻚ ﻟﻤﻦ ﺗﺴﻤﻌﮫ . ﻛﻠﮫ ﻣﺮﺗﺐ ھﺬا Haatha yiHcheelak Hachii kulla mrattab.tguumil gruun braasak liman tsim’aa. w kullha chithib b chithib. This man speaks to you with well arranged speech, you are amazed when you hear him. But all is lie. (9) ﯾـﺮﻣـﻲ /jirmi:/ throw ﯾﺬب / jthib/ ورﻓﻌﻮ. ذﺑﻮ ﺳﻼﺣﮭﻢ ﻋﻞ. ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﯾﺎ. ورﻣﯿﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ﻣﺪاﻓﻊ ھﺎون.ﻟﻤﻦ ﺻﺎر ال ﻟﯿﻞ ﺣﺎﺻﺮﻧﺎھﻢ ﺑﻞ ﻣﻘﺮ ِّ ﻛــﺮﺗﮫ َ َ ھﺴﮫ ﺻﺎﯾﺮﯾﻦ. اﯾﺪﯾﮭﻢ وﺳﻠﻤﻮ اﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ ﻣﺜﻞ ل 66 67 Liman Saar il le:l HaSarnaahum bil maqar. Wrame:na ‘ale:hum madaafi’a haawan. Ba’aid shwaya. Thabau slaaHhum ‘aal gaa’a wrif’au ?eede;hum w sallimau ?anfushum mithil l chlaab hassa Saayreen karata ( shoehorn) . When it got dark, we cordoned them in their HQs. We fired mortars at them. After a while, they threw their weapons on the ground and raised their hands up to surrender like dogs. Now they are very submissive (like a shoehorn). َ َ (10) ﯾــﻤـﺰح /jamzaHu/ is joking / is kidding ﯾﺘﺸﺎﻗﺎ /jitshaqa/ . ﻋﺒﺎﻟﻚ إﺣﻨﺎ ﻧﺘﺸﺎﻗﺎ وﯾﺎﻛﻢ. ﯾﺎ اﺧﻲ اﻟﺤﺮب ﻣﻮ ﺷﻘﺎ Yaa .akhii al Harb muuu shaqa. ‘abalak ?iHnaa nitshaaqa waiyaakum. Man, war is not easy. Do you think we are kidding with you? (11) ﯾـﺴــﺘــﮭـﺰء ِ /jastahzi?/ deride , mock make a fool out of ﯾﻘﺸﻤﺮ /jqashmir / . ل ﻓﺮﺻﺔ ﻓﻠﺲ وﺿﯿﻌﻮ ھﺬوﻟﮫ ﺷﯿﺎطﯿﻦ ﻗﺸﻤﺮوﻛﻢ ب hthola shayaaTeen qashmarokum bcham filis w dhaya’auu ‘ale:kum il furSa These are devils. They were able to convince you with a little bit of money (make a fool out of you) , and made you lose the opportunity \ ﯾﻨﻄﺰ (12) ﯾــــﻘــﻔـﺰ ُ َ /jaqfizu/ jump/ bounce /jigmiz/ ، /jinTiz/ .ﻣﻦ ﻋﺼﺒﯿﺘﮫﺻﺎر ﻋﺼﺒﻲ و Saar ‘aaSabee wgaam yigmiz min ‘asabiyitta He got mad and started jumping when he lost his temper ﻣﻨﻞ ﺳﯿﺎرة ﻋﺪﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﯿﺮ ل رﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ واﻧـﺖ ﺑﻞ ﺳﯿﺎرة ﻣﺎﺷﯿﺔ ﺑﻞ رﺗﻞﻁ ﻣﻮ ﺳﮭﻠﺔ اﻧﺖ Muu sahla ?inta tugmuz ( tchiT) mnil sayyara ‘aidma yseerl ramii ‘ale:k winta bil sayaara maashiya bil ratil It is not easy to jump from the car when an attack is launched and you are in a car on convoy. Muu sahla (13) ﯾــﺤـﻤـــﻞ ُ َ /jaHmilu/ carry ﯾﺸﯿﻞ /jshiil/ . ﯾﺸﯿﻞ ﺗﻠﺚ اطﻨﺎن ﺣﺪﯾﺪ ﻣﺜﻞ ل ورد ھﻞ Hal peekap ysheel tlath ?aTnaan mithlil ward. This Pickup(truck) carries 3 tons easily. (14) ﯾﺴﺘـﻌـﻤﻞ ﻛﻠـﻤـﺎت ﺑـﺬﯾـﺌـــﺔ (ﯾﻔﺸﺮ )ﯾﺴﺐ /jastaa’milu kalimatan ba i:?a/ ysib, yfash-shir use bad word (F. words) . وﺷﻜﺪ أرزﻟﮫ ﻣﺎ دا ﺗﻔﯿﺪ.ϪϤϬϳ Ύ ϣ ͿϮϛ Ύ ϣ ΪϜη . ھﺬا ﻓﺪ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﯾﻔﺸﺮ ھﻮاﯾﮫ.ﯾﺎ اﺧﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻛﻼﻣﮫ ﻓﺸﺎر Yaa ?akhii kulla kalama fshaar. Haatha fad waaHid mayistaHii yfashir hwaaya. Shgad ?agulla maa yhimma. Wshgad /arazla ma daa tfeed. Man, all his words are to curse words he has no shame using F words a lot. Time and time I have told him but in vain. I even berate him but he makes no change. 67 68 (15) ﯾـﻠـــﺤــﻖ /julHiqu/ join He joins /jilhag / . ﯾﺎ اﺧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺸﺒﻌﻮن. ﻧﺠﯿﺒﻠﮭﻢ إل ارزاق ﺗﻤﻦ وﺷﻜﺮ وﻓﺎﺻﻮﻟﯿﺎ وطﺤﯿﻦ وﻣﺎ دا ﺗﻔﯿﺪ وﯾﺎھﻢ ﻣﺎ د madanlaHig njeebilhumil ?arzaaq timan w shaker w faSuulya wTaheen wma da tfeed wiyaahum. Yaaa ?akhii maa yishba’auun. Non-stop we bring them rations such as rice, sugar, beans, and flour and it makes no change. Man, they never stop eating. (16) ﯾرى /jara/ He sees ﯾﺷووف /jshu:f/ واﺣد ﻣﺎﯾﺷوف زﯾن وﻟﮭﺬا ﯾﻨﺮاد ﺗﻜﻮﻧﻮن ﺣﺬرﯾﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻀﯿﺔ اﻧﻮ ل ﻣﺘﻤﺮدﯾﻦ ﯾﺘﺴﻠﻠﻮن ﻋﻠﯿﻜﻢ ﺑﻞ ﺑل .(وﯾﺎﺧﺬوﻛﻢ ) ﯾﺎﺧﺬوﻛﻮ( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻔﻠﺔ وﯾﺮﻣﻮن ﻋﻠﯿﻜﻢ )ﻋﻠﯿﻜﻮ Bile:l waaHid ma yshuuf ze:n walihaatha yinraad tkuunuun Hathreen min qadhiyat ?annu l mutamarideen yitsallaluun ‘ale;kum bil le:l w yaakhthuku ‘alla ghafla w yirmuun ‘ale:ku. At night one cannot see well. Therefore, you need to be aware that insurgents may sneak behind you and take you by surprise (and shoot at you). measure 2 is yshaw-wif / ywar-rii = to show ﯾﻮري ّ \ ﯾﺸﻮف ّ ّ ّ ) ورﯾﻨﻲ ﺍﺼل ﻟﻠﻤﻁﺎﺭ؟ (ﺷﻮﻓﻨﻲ War-riini shlo:n aSal il maTaar. Show me how to get to the airport. (17) ﯾﻘﻮل /jaqu:l/ say /jgu:l / اﻧﮫ ) اﻧﻮ( اھﻞ ل ﻣﻮﺻﻞ ) ﻣﻮاﺻﻠﺔ( إﻟﮭﻢ ﻋﻘﻠﯿﺔ ﺗﺠﺎرﯾﺔ وﻋﺼﯿﯿﻦ وﯾﺘﻌﺎﻣﻠﻮن وﯾﺎك ﻟﺤﺪ اﻟﻔﻠﺲ Yguuluun ?annu ?ahlil Mosul ( al mawasla) ?ilhum ‘aqliya tijaariya w ‘aiSiyeen w yit’amaluun wiyaak lHadil fils. It is said that Moslawis have a business brain. They are stingy , and they bargain to a penny. (18) ﯾﻨﻈﺮ اﻟﻰ Yandhur ila look at ﯾﺒﺎوع ﻋﻠﻰ ybaawi’a ‘aala ﺗﺸﻮوﻓﮫ ﺑﯿﮫ ﺗﺤﯿﺰ، ﻋﻞ ﻗﺮار اﻟﻠﻲ اﺻﺪرﺗﮫ ل ﻟﺠﻨﺔ إذا ﺗﺒﺎوع ?itha tbaawi’a ze:n ‘al qaraar ?il le ?izdarituu il lijna , tshuuf bee taHayuz If you look carefully into the decree issued by the committee, you will find it is bias. ﻧﺮوح ﻧﺒﺎوع ﻋﻞ ﺷﻂ nruuH nbaawi’a ‘aal shaT ( or nahir) We will go to see the river . (19) ﯾﺴﺮق Yisriq steal ybuug 68 69 ﻣﻮ ﺑﺲ ھﺎي طﻠﻊ. ﻧﺴﻒ ل اﻛﻮ ول ﻣﺎﻛﻮ وﺷﻠﻌﮭﺎ. درﺟﺔ اوﻟﻰﻋﺒﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﺧﻮش وﻟﺪ وﻧﺰﯾﮫ ﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺷﻔﻨﺎ اﻧﻮ ﺑﻮا . اﻧﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﻞ ﻛﻮﻣﺖ ﻓﻠﻮس ﻣﺎ ﻟﺘﻠـ ﻧﺎس وﻣﺎﻛﻞ رﺷﺎوي ھﻮاﯾﺔ ﻣﻨﻞ دﯾﺮة ‘aabaalna khosh walad w nazeeh ba’ade:n shifna ?annu bawaag daraja ?uula. nasaf ?il ?akuu wil maaku wshala’ha. Muu bas haay Til’a ?annu maakil komat fluus maltil naas w maakil rashaawi hwaa-ya mnil deera. We thought he is a good man and honest, but later we found out that he is a big thief. He stole everything and fled. It is not only this, he has taken people’s money and took bribes from the town. (20) ﯾﻌﻠﻢ Yi’alam know ﯾﺪري yidrii ﻋدسﺿﺒﺖ ل ﯾﺪري ﯾﺪري وﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﺪري Lyidrii yidrii wil ma yidrii chaffat ‘aadas If you do not know, why then talk about it! راﯾﺢ ؟ ﻣﺎ ادري Maa ?adrii we:n raayiH ? I do not know where are you going? (21) ﯾﻠﺗﻘط yiltiqiT pick up (understand) Yilgif ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ وھﻲ طﺎﯾرة ھذا ﺷووف ھذا ﻻ ﺗﺷووﻓﮫ وإﻧت ﻣﺎ درﯾﺎن ﻣن ل . ال اﺳﺗﺧﺑﺎرات ﻓد ﯾومراح Shuuf haatha la tshuufa heechi. Haatha yilgaf l shaghla whiya Tayra Yligfuun l lugma min halgag winta ma diryaan raaH tligfa il istikhbaaraat fad yo:m. Do not see him like that. He is very smart. He understands it like that. They snatch the bite from your mouth ( sneakily) without your knowledge. One day the intelligence ( usually the military one) will catch him one day. (22) ﯾﺿﻊ yidha’a ﯾﺣط put yHiT ﻋل ِﺣﻂ ھﺎي ﻋﻠﻰ راﺳك ﻟﻣن ﺗطﻠﻊ ﻣﻧل ﺑﻧﺎﯾﺔ) إﻧت ﻋﺳﻛري ﻻزم ﺗﺣط ل ﺳﯾدارة HiTjaayil lampa ‘al .e:z Put this lamp on the table ?inta ‘askarii laazim tHiTil seedaara ‘aal raasak liman tiTla’a mnil SaTiH You are military. You must put your cover on when you go out of the building (23) ﯾﺘﺠﻮل Yitjaw wal Walk wander ﯾﻔﺮ yfir spin/ walk around/ flee ﻧﻔﺮ ﺑﻞ ﻣﺪﯾﻨﺔ ب ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﻨﺎ ،ﻣﻦ وﺻﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﺮه ﻟﻠﺴﻮك ل ﺷﻌﺒﻲ ّ ﻋﻤﻠﻠﻨﺎﻧﺎ،وﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻐﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﺗﺮﻛﻮ ل ﺳﻄﺢ وﻧﺰﻟﻮ وﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺻﺎرو ﯾﻔﺮروون ﻣﻨﻞ، ﻟﻤﻦ ﺑﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﻧﺮﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ Min wiSalna, bide:na nfir bil madeena bsayaaratna When we arrived, we started cruising around the city in our car. 69 70 W ba’aid ma tghade:na, ‘aimilnaana farra lilsuug il sha’abii After we took our lunch, we walked to the local popular market Limman bide:na nirmii ‘ale:hum, tirkauil SaTiH wnizlau w ba’ade:n Saarau yfiruun mnil be:t When we started shooting at them, they left the roof of the house and went down. From there they started fleeing from the house. ّ (24) ﯾﺗﻣﻠق Yitmallaq kiss somebody’s ass ylaw-wig ( put shadda) ﺻﺎر،ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎﻓﮫ ﯾﺎ اﺧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻮ داﻋﻲ Min shaafa, Saar ylaw -wigla Once he saw him, he started kissing his ass Yaa ?akhii maaku daa’aii tlaw-wigla Man, you don’t have to kiss his ass. Do not confuse ( yluug-la) with ( ylaw-wig- la) tluugla il . It fits him. ﻟﮫ Tlaw-wig-la . You praise him to get something from him ﻟﮫ.ﯾﻠﻮ (25) ﯾﺷطب yishTib erase / take out ychiz ﺑﺪون ارزاق إﺳﻤﻲ وھﺴﮫ ظــــ ﻣﻨﻮو راح و. ﺑﺒﻄﺎﻗﺎت ل ﺗﻤﻮﯾﻦ ﯾﺎ اﺧﻲ اﺳﻤﻲ إﺳﻤﻲ ﻣﻨﻞ ﻗﺎﯾﻤﺔﯾﺎ اﺧﻲ ﻻ Yaa ?akhii ?ismii chaan b biTaaqaatil tamween. Minuu raaH w chaz ?ismii whassa dhale:t biduun ?arzaaq. Man, my name was on the ration cards. I do not know who has erased my name. Now I remain without rations. Yaa ?akhee laa tchiz ?ismii mnil qaayima. Man, do not erase ( take out) my name from the list. (26) ﯾﺠﻠﺐ Yijlib ﯾﺠﯿﺐ bring yjeeb ﻧﺠﯿﯿﺐ وﻧﻮدي ل ﻧﺎس ﺑﻔﻠﻮﺳﻨﺎ إﺣﻨﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺠﯿﺒﻨﻨﺎ ) ﺗﺠﯿﺐ إﻟﻨﺎ( ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﮫ ﺗﺠﯿﺒﻨﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﯾﺖ ﺻﻤﻮن ﺑﯿﺪك ﻟﻤﻦ ﺗﺠﻲ (27) ﯾﺮي Yurii show ﯾﻮري \ ﯾﺮاوي ّ ywarri Do it if you can. ورﯾﻨﺎ ) راوﯾﻨﺎ( ﻋﺮوض إﺟﺘﺎﻓﻚ show us your ID with a picture. ورﯾﻨﺎ ھﻮﯾﺘﻚ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ ﺻﻮرﺗﻚ ﻻ ﺗﻮرﯾﻨﻲ اوراق ﻗﺪﯾﻤﺔ ارﯾﺪك ﺗﺮاوﯾﻨﻲ ھﻮﯾﺘﻚ ل ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺔ وﯾﺎ ﻟﺼﻮرة I will show you red eyes. I’ll give you a headache. اورﯾﻚ ﻋﯿﻦ ﺣﻤﺮة ّ راح (28) ﯾﻨﺎول Ynaawil pass on ﯾﻨﺎوش ynaawish 70 71 ﻋﻄﺸﺎن ﻧﺎوﺷﻨﻲ ﺷﻮﯾﺖ ﻣﺎي آﻧﻲ . ﻧﺎوﺷﻨﻲ ال ﺑﻨﺪﻗﯿﺔ وﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ راح اطﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ (29) ﯾﺘﻤﺘﻊ Yitmata’a ﯾﺘﻮﻧﺲ yitannas enjoy ( ) ازﺑﻮﻋـرﺣﻨﺎ ﻟﻲ ھﻨﺎك وﺗﻮﻧﺴﻨﺎ إﺳﺒﻮ (30) ﯾوﺑﺦ ّ Ywabbikh rebuke yhich ّ ﯾﺻــ (31) ﯾﻌﻠق ّ Y’alliq pick on وﯾرزﻟﮫ ﯾﺎ اﺧﻲ ﻟﻤﻦ ﺷﺎﻓﮫ When he saw him he berated and scolded him. ySachim ﻻ ﺗﺻــﺷﻮف (32)ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮ Yintidhir ﯾﺘﺎﻧﻲ ytaani wait for ﺗﺎﻧﯿﻨﻲ ھﺴﮫ ﺟﺎي راح اﺗﺎﻧﯿﻚ ھﻨﺎ ﺑﻠﻤﺤﻄﺔ (33) ﯾﻘﺒﻞ ّ ﯾﺒﻮوس Yqabbil kiss ybuus ، ﺑﺎس، ﯾﺒﻮس (34)ﯾﺘﺴﻮس Yisaw was ﯾﺨﯿﺲ decay (35) ﯾﻔﺟر Yfajir burst . ﻋﻞ آﺧﺮ وﻟﻤﻦ ﯾﺘﺸﺎوﻓﻮون ﯾﺘﺒﺎوﺳﻮون واﺣﺪ..... ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻘﯿﻦ ﻟﻮ ﺗﺴﻮﯾﯿﻠﻠﻲ ﯾﺎھﺎ راح اﺑﻮس اﯾﺪك . ( ﺼﺘﻙ اﻧﻄﯿﻨﻲ ﻓﺪ ykhees ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ل ﺧﻀﺎر ﺑﻞ ﺛﻼﺟﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﻣﺎ ﯾﺨﯿﺲ ﻧﻈﻒ اﺳﻨﺎﻧﻚ ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﯿﺲ ﯾﺎ ﺧﺎﯾﺲ ؟ ﻣﺎ ﯾط yTig . ﻣﻧل ﺣرطـطــ ِ واﺣﺪ َ ﯾﻄــ وﺷوﯾﺗﻠوخ. ﻋل ﻣﯾﯾﮫل ﺗﺎﯾر وإﻧﺎ اﺳووطــ . ﺑس ھﺳﮫ اﻟﺑﻧﺎﯾﺔ ﻻ ﺗﻧزل ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ ....... ھزت ال ﺑﻧﺎﯾﺔ ھز.... ل ﻗﻣﺑﻠﺔﻟﻤﻦ طــ waaHid yTig Tug mnil Har Tugil Tayir w?ana ?asuug ‘ala miya. Wishwayitlukh china ningilib Limman Taggit l qumbila hazzatil binaaya haz gillna bas hassa la tinzal ‘ale:na One explodes from heat The tire punctured while driving 100 miles per hour. The car was about to turn over. When the bomb exploded, the building shocked heavily to a degree we thought it is about to come down on us. (36 )ﯾﻧﻔﺟرﯾﻨــﻂ Yinfijir explode yinTag . ل ﻗﺻﺔ ﻣﻧل ﺿﺣك ﻟﻣنإﻧﻄـ ?inTge:t mnil dhiHik limman Hichal qiSSa. 71 72 I burst in laughter when he told the story. (37) ﯾﮭﯿﻦ yuheen ﯾﺘﺠﺎﺳﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ yitjaasar ‘aala step over the line ﺑﻜﯿﻔﮫ ﺑﺲ راح ﯾﺠﻲ ﯾﻮم ﻧﺤﺎﺳﺒﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺘﺠﺎﺳﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ﺑﺲ ﺧﻠﻠﯿﻨﺎه ﻟﻤﻦ ﺳﺎﻟﻨﺎه ﻣﻨﻮ أﻛﻮ ﻋﺪﻛﻢ ﺑﻞ . اﻟﻠﻲ Limman sa?alnaa minu ?aku ‘aidkum bil be”t gaam yitjaasar ‘ale:na bas khale:naa yiHchii bke:fa bas raaH yijii yom nHasba ‘al lii gala. When we asked him who was with them in the house, he stepped over the line and shouted at us. We let him say whatever he wanted to say. There will be a day when we will hold him accountable ( punish him) for what he said. (38) ﯾﺤﯿﻞ ّ yiHaayal ﯾﺴﺨــﺖ ّ ysakhit sucking off ّ ﯾﺳﺧت وﻣﺎ ﯾروح ﻟل ﺷﻐل ﻣن ﺑﮭل ﻓﺗرة ل أﺧﯾرة Gam bil fatra l ?akheera ysakh-khit wmaay yrooH lilshughul min wagit. He recently started goofing off at his job well and not going to his work not on time (39) ﯾـﻀﻤﺪ ّ ُ Yudhammid bandage/ treat ﯾﺪاوي ydaawii . اﻛﻮ اي طﺒﯿﺐ ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﯾﺪاوﯾﮫإﻧﺠﺮﺣﺖ اﯾﺪه وﻣﺎ ?injirHat ?eeda wmaa chaan ?akuu ?ay Tabeeb ‘almuud ydaawii His hand was injured and there was no doctor to treat him. ﻋﻘم ل ﻣﻛﺎن او ﻏﺳﻠﮫ وﻧظف ﻣﻛﺎن ل ﺟرح وﺑﻌدﯾن ﺧﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ل ﺷﺎش وﺑﻌدﯾن ﺷدده ﺑل ﻟﻔﺎف وﺳوي ﻋﻘدة،ﻣﺎ ﺗداوي ل ﺟرح .ً ﺑس اذا ﻛﺎن إل ﺟرح ﻻ زال ﺑﯾﮫ ﻧزف ﺷد ل ﻋﻘدة ﻋﻠﻰ ل ﺟرح راﺳﺎ. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺣﺔ ل ﺟرح Gabil ma daawii il jariH, ‘aqim il makaan ?au ghisla w nadhif makaanil jariH w ba’ade:n khallii ‘aale: il shaash w ba’ade:n shidda bil lifaaf w sauwii ‘aiqda ‘ala SafHatil jariH. Bas itha kaanil jariH la zaal bii nazif shid il ‘auqda ‘alal jariH raasan Before bandaging the wound, use antiseptics or clean the wound, put gauze, and then tie it with bandage and make a knot to the side of the wound. If the wound is still bleeding, tie the knot directly on the wound. (40) ﯾﺘﻤﻠﻌﺐ Yatamal’ab Play around ﯾﺘﻤﻠﻌﺐ yitmal’ab . راﯾﺤﯿﻦ ھﻨﺎك دا ﯾﺘﻤﻠﻌﺒﻮون،ھﻤﺎ دا ﯾﺴﻮون ﺧﻮش ﺷﻐﻞ ّ ﻣﺎ اظﻦ Maa ?adhin humma daa ysauwuun khosh shugul, raayHeen hnaak daa yitmashghaluun I do not think that they are doing a good job, they are there playing around. (41ﯾﺘﻤﺸﻐﻞ Yatamashghal get make (oneself) busy ﯾﺘﻤﺸﻐﻞ yitmashghal .راﯾﺤﯿﻦ ھﻨﺎك ﯾﺘﻤﺸﻐﻠﻮن وﻣﺎ دا ﯾﻘﺪﻣﻮون اي ﺧﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﻞ ﻣﻮاطﻨﯿﻦ raayHeen hnaak yitmashghaluun wma daa yqadimmuun ?ay khidma lil muwaaTineen They have gone their making themselves busy, and they are not providing any service to citizens (42)ﯾﺘﻤﺎرض Yatamaaradh fake being sick ﯾﺘﻤﺎرض yitmaarath 72 73 وﯾﺘﻤﻠـﺺ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺷﻐﻞ ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮﻣﯿﻦ ﺗﻼﺛﺔ ﯾﺘﻤﺎرض ّ Kul yome:n tlatha yitmaaradh w yitmallaS mnil shugul. Every 2 or 3 days he fakes being sick and avoids going to work. (43) ﯾﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ Yataqaabal see each other ﯾﺘﺸﺎوف yataahaawaf .ھﺴﮫ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﺠﻞ راح ارووح ﺑﺲ ان ﺷﺎء ﷲ راح ﻧﺘﺸﺎوف ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﯾﺐ Hassa ?aanii mista’ajil raaH ?aruuH bas ?inshaalla raaH nitshaawaf ‘an qareeb I am in a hurry and must leave, but -God willing- we will see each other soon. (44) ﯾﺘﺂﻛﻞ Yit?aakal ﯾﺴﻮوف ysuuf erode , wear out ﺗﻌﺮف ھﺎي ﱢ. وھﺴﮫ ﯾﻨﺮادﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺮﺗﻠﻮخ ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ ﺷﺘﺮﯾﺖ ﺗﺎﯾﺮات ﻣﻨﻞ ﺷﺮﻛﺔ ﺑﺲ ﺳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻦ .ﺗﻜﻠﻒ Shtire:t tayiraat mnil sharika bas saaafat min wagit w hassa yinradilha maritlukh tabdeel. Ti’arif haay tkalif. I bought tires from the company but they wore out fast. They must be replaced again. Do you know the cost. (45) ﯾﻤﻸ Yamla? ﯾﺘﺮس Yitris Fill up / fill out ﻟﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ طﺎف ﻋﻞ ﺗﺮس ل ﺳﯿﺎرة ﻟﻲ دﯾﻨﮭﺎ . ﻟﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺮس ﺑﻄﻨﻨﺎ ﺗﻌﻮدﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﻛﻞ ھﻮاﯾﺔ وﻣﺎ Tirasil sayyaara lii deenha gaaz limman Taaf ‘aal gaa’a. T’aawadna naakul ktheer w ma nogaf limman maa tintiris baTinna He filled the car too much with gas to a point it overflowed on the ground. We got used to eating too much . we do not stop until our bellies are full. (46) ﯾﺘﻮﺿﺄ Yatawadh-dha? have ablution ﯾﺘﻮﺿﻰ yitwadh-dha ل ﺻﻼة وﺗﺤﻀﺮ ﻟﻞ ﺻﻼة واﻧﺖ طﺎھﺮ ﻻزم ﺗـﺘﻮﺿﻰ Laazim titwadha gablil Salaa wtiHdhar lil Salaat winta Taahir You need to have ablution (body cleaning) to attend your prayer while cleansed (purgated). (47) ﯾﺮاﻋﻲ Yraa’aii ﯾﻤﺸﻲ وﯾﺎ observe /abide by yimshii wiyya .ﻟﻤﻦ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻂ وﯾﺎ ل ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﻻزم ﺗﻤﺸﻲ وﯾﺎ ﺗﻘﺎﻟﯿﺪھﻢ وﺗﺮاﻋﯿﮭﺎ Limman tikhtiliT wiyaal muchtama;aat, laazim timshii wiyya taqaaleedhum wit traa’aeeha When you mix up with the societies you need to abide by their traditions and observe them. . ﻋﻤﻲ ﺷﻐﻠﻚ ﻣﺎﺷﻲ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻜﻮ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ‘ammii, shughlak mash ba’aid shaku ‘ale:k Man, you are okay. You fear nothing. (48)ﯾﺘﻀﺎرب Yatadhaarab fight ﯾﺘﻤﺎﻟﺦ وﯾﺎ yitmaalakh wiya ﻛﻞ ﺷﻮﯾﺔ وﺗﺸﻮوﻓﮫ ﯾﺘﻤﺎﻟﺦ وﯾﺎ ﺻﺤﺒﮫ Kul shawayya wtshuufa mitmaalikh wiyya saHba. Every now and then, you see him have a fight with his friends. (49)ﯾﺘﻌﺎرك quarel ﯾﺘﻨﺎطﺢ وﯾﺎ 73 74 Yata’aarak yiTnaaTaH . ﺗﺸﻮوﻓﮭﻢ ﯾﺘﻨﺎطﺤﻮون واﺣﺪ وﯾﺎ اﻟﻠﺦ ﻋﻠﻤﻮد أﺷﯿﺎء ﺳﺨﯿﻔﺔ Tshuufhum yiTnaaTaHuun wahid wiyya laakh ‘almuud ?ashyaa? sakheefa You see them quarrelling over silly things. ﯾﻠﻌﺐ ﻋﻞ (50) ﯾﺴﺘﻐﻞ اﻟﻔﺮﺻﺔ Yistaghil il furSa play doubled standards be opportunist yil’ab ‘aal Hable:n ﯾﻮم وﯾﺎ ھﺬا وﯾﻮم وﯾﺎ ذاك. ﺗﺸﻮوﻓﮭﻢ ﻛﻞ ﯾﻮم ﺷﻜﻞ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﻞ ﻧﺎس ﯾﻠﻌﺒﻮون ﻋﻞ Qisim mnil naas yil’abuun ‘aal Hable:n . tshuufhum kul yom shikil. Yom wiyya haatha wyom wiyya thaak. Some people are opportunists. You see them changing. One day they go with someone, the other day with someone else. (51) ﯾﺘﺠﻮل \ ﯾﺘﺤﺎﯾﻞ YataHaayal/ yatajawal go here and there Play games ﯾﺮووح ﻣﻨﺎ وﻣﻨﺎ yruuH minna w minna ّ ﻣﻨﺎ ّ راح ﻧﺘﺎﻧﯿﻚ ﻻ ﺗﺮووح وﻣﻨﺎ ّﻣﻨﺎ او ﻣﻨﺎ ّ ﺗﺮووحﻋﺪﻧﺎ ﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﯿﻚ ﻻ raaH ntaneek. La truuH minna w minna ‘aidna thiqa beek la tguum truuH minna ?au minna We will wait for you. Don’t go here and there We trust you so do not play around with us. (52) اي ﻣﻨﻔﺬ ?ay manfath exit / solution ﻣﺎ ﻛﻮ ﻣﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﺎ maakuu minna minna ّ ﻣﻨﺎ ّ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻮ ب ورطﺔ إﺣﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﺎ… ﺑﻠﻛت ﺗﺸﻮوﻓﻮﻧﻨﺎ ﻓﺪ ?iHna waag’aeen b warTa chibeera ya’anii maaku minna minna .balkit tshuufuunna fad chaara We are in a big predicament ( quagmire /unpleasant situation). Is there a way you can find a solution for us? (53) ﯾﺼﺨﻤﻦ ﯾﺘﻄﻔﻞ yitTaffal intrude ySakhmin wich . و ﻣﻨﻮ ﺻﺨﻤﻦ Minnu Sakhman wichchak wgallak tiHchii. Who told you to interfere and speak? 53) ﯾؤﻣن ّ Yu?am-min guarantee / insure ysogir ﻟﻣن ﻣﺎ ھو ﻣﺎ Huwa maa yogif lim-man maa ysogirha He never stops doing it until he follows through with what he guaranteed. 54 ﯾﺆذي Yu?thii cause you problem ﯾﻮدي ب داھﯿﺔ ywad-dii bdaahiya (55) 74 ﺗﺮى راح ﯾﻮدﯾﻚ ب داھﯿﺔ، ﻻ 75 ﯾﻜﺮ وﯾﻔﺮ Ykir u fir ﯾﻀﺮب وﯾﺸﻠﻊ yidhrib wyIshla’a hit and run ﯾﻀﺮب وﯾﺸﻠﻊ ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﻠﺰم. ھﺬا زﯾﻦ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺷﻐﻠﮫ (56) ﯾﺘﺪﺣﺮج ) ﯾﻨﻘﻠﺐ( ﻋﻞ ارض ( )ﻋﻞ ارض Yinqilib al ?aridh roll on the ground yitgarfaz Scratch the back on the ground ﺧﻠﻼ ه ﻋﻞ 57 ﯾﻌرف \ ﯾﻣﺳك Yimsak, yi’arif get or understand yilgif Catch / bust وھﻲ طﺎﯾﺮه . ﺍل ﺸﺭﻁﺔ (58) (ﯾﺴﺘﺤﻀﺮ )ﯾﻤﻮت yistaHdhir is about to die أﻧﻔﺎﺳﮫ yilgif ?anfaasa اﻧﻔﺎﺳﮫ إل اﺧﯿﺮة دا (59) ﯾﺨﻄﺄ yikhTa? ( (ﻓﺼﻬﺎ ) ﻛﺎم ﯾﺤﺠﻲ ھﻮاﯾﺎ وﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺟﻄﮭﺎ \ ﺟﻔﺺ ﯾﺠﻂ make a mistake yChiT ﻋﻞ رﻧﻜﺎت ﺗﺄﻓﻠﺲ )ﻗﻌﺪ( ﻋﻞ رﻧﻜﺎت (60) T?aflas went bankrupt gi’ad ‘aal ringaat إﻧﺠﻠﺦ إل ﺻﺒﻎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب إل ﺳﯿﺎرة (61) ﯾﻨﺨﺪش إﻧﺠﻠﺦ inqashaT (zaala minhu) scratched, chipped injilakh (62) ﯾﻔﺼﻞ ﻣﻦ ﯾﻄﺮ ﻟﻮ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﻮﺑﯿﺎ راح ﯾﻄﺮووك طﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﺪرﺳﺔ Yufsal min disenroll, kick out yTir If you cheat, they will dispense you from school. (63) ﻳﺘﺤﺎﺭﺵ ﯾﻀﺎﯾﻖ yDaayiq ﻣﺎ ﻟﻲ.. ﻋﻤﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺤﺎرش وﯾﺎي harass, bother, nag yitHaarash (64) إﻗﻨﻌﮫ ﯾﺘﺮك ﺷﯿﺶ ﺷﯿﺸﻮ وﺧﻠﻲ ﯾﺮوح ?iqna’ahu yatruk convince him to go shayishu (65) ﯾﺆﺧﺮ Yu?akhir ﯾﻌﺼﻤﺺ delay, does not do it y’aSmiS 75 ﯾﻌﺼﻤﺺ إل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ 76 66 Yihra’a ilayhi jump/ dash to it yichfit ‘alei (67 ) ﻫﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﯾﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻔﻄﻮر Yatanaawal il fiTuur take breakfast yiray-yag (68) ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻌﺸﻰ ﺑﯿﻚ اﺗﻐﺪى ﺑﯿﮫ ﯾﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻐﺬاء Yatanaa-wal il ghathaa? ﯾﺘﻐﺪى Take lunch yitghad-da You need to do something to him before he does something wrong to you. Beat him before he does. (69) ﯾﺘﻨﺎول اﻟﻌﺸﺎء Yata-naa-wal al ‘ashaa? ﯾﺘﻌﺸﻰ Take supper yi’ash-sha (70) yimsaH erase , take out ychiz ﻗﺎﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﺴﻤﻲ ﺒل My name was on the list. They took it out. (71) ﯾﻨﺰع ﯾﺸﻠﺢ Yinza’a take ….off ﯾﺸﻠﺢ yishlaH ال ﻧﺎس ﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﺗﺸﻠﺢ ﻣﻼﺑﺴﻚ You cannot take off your clothes( in public) in front of the people. (72) ﺗﺘﻀﺎءل اﻟﻘﻮة Tata-Dhaa-?al reduce da ychas-sii ﻗﻮة ال ﺑﺎﺗﺮي ﻋﻨﺪي د The power of the battery is getting weaker. (73) ﺳﺪد ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ Sud-did Hisaabuka واﺻﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻚ your bill is paid . ﻻ ﺗﺪﻓﻌﻮن ال ﺣﺴﺎب. ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻜﻢ اﺻﻞ..... ال ﺷﺒﺎب Young men your bill is paid . Do not pay the bill. (74) ّ اﻧﺤﻠﺖ اﻧﻔﻀﺖ 76 77 inHallat is solved infadh-dhat ﻻ ﺗﮭﺘﻢ ﻓﻀﯿﻨﺎﻟﻚ اﯾﺎه Do not worry. We solved it for you. (75) ﺗﺼﺮ ﺗﻠﺢ ySir insist , nag yliH ﺷﻮوف ﻻ ﺗﻠﺢ ھﻮاﯾﺎ ﺗﺮى ﻣﻮو زﯾﻦ Do not over nag .It is not good. (76) ﯾﻨﺰع ﯾﺸﻠﺢ Yinza’a Take off ( clothes, shoes) ﺟﻮه ّ طﺐ. ﯾﻤﻌﻮد ﻻ ﺗﺸﻠﺢ ﻗﻨﺎدرك Do not take off you shoes. Come in. (77) (ًﯾﺘﺮك ﺻﺎﺣﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﺎن ) ﻣﺘﻌﻤﺪا ﯾﺰرع Yitrik SaH-ba leave his friend on purpose somewhere yizra’a زرﻋﺘﮫ ؟ ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻚ ؟ Where is your friend ? Where did you leave him? (78) ﯾﺠﻌﻞ ﯾﻨﺘﻈﺮ ﯾﺸﺘﻞ Yij-‘aal yintidhir make wait for a long time yishtil وﻣﺎ إﺟﺎﺷﺘﻠﻨﻲ ھﻨﺎ ﺳﺎ He made me wait 2 hours here. (79) ﯾﻀﺎﯾﻖ ﯾﺘﻘﺎرش Ydhaa-yiq annoy, challenge yit-qaarash .ﻋﻤﻲ ﻻ ﺗﺘﻘﺎرش وﯾﺎه ﺗﺮى ھﺬا ﻣﺎ إﻟﮫ ﻻ ﺻﺎﺣﺐ وﻻ ﺻﺪﯾﻖ Man, do not annoy him …he retaliates severely. ( he does not have a friend or a pal) (80) ﻓﺺﯾـ ﯾﻠﺰم ﺑﻐﺘﺔ Yilzam bust yigfiS ( caged him) . ــــﻔﺼﺘﮫ ال ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺔ The government busted him in his house. (82) ﯾﮭﻔﻮ Yih-fu make mistakes ﺹ yichfiS ﻓﺼﻬﺎ ﺒل ﺍﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﺒﻌﺩﺒل ﺍﻭل ﺯ He started well, but at the end he meddle it up. (83) ﯾﺴﺒﺮ Yis-bir ﯾﺠﺲ ال ﻧﺒﺾ probe, see the reaction yjis il nabadh اﻟﻤﻨﺎوﺷﺎت اﻻﺧﯿﺮة ﺑﻞ ﺣﺪوود ھﻲ ﻣﺠﺮد ﺟﺲ ﻧﺒﺾ The last skirmishes on the border is but to check the reaction. (84) ﯾﺤﺸﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﯾﺘﺨﺸﺨﺶ 77 78 yiH-shir nafsa put himself in, interfere yitkhash-khash ﯾﺘﺨﺸﺨﺶ ﺑﺎﻣﻮر ﻣﺎ اﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﻌﻨﻰ He interferes into things that they are meaningless. (85) ﯾﺘﻨﺼﺖ ﻻﺟﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﺮف ﯾﺘﺸﻤﺸﻢ .ﯾﺮووح ﺑﻜﻞ ﺑﻜﺎن ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﯾﺘﺸﻤﺸﻢ ال اﺧﺒﺎر He goes everywhere to get information. (86) ﯾﺘﮭﺪم ﯾﺘﻔﻠﺶ Yit-had-dam collapse, crumbled down yitfal-lash . ﻀﺭﺒﺕ ﺍل ﻋﺎﺼﻔﺔ ﺍل ﺒﻴﺕ ﻭﻅﻊ ﺍل ﺒﻴﺕ ﻭﺘﻔﻠﺵ The storm hit the house and it collapsed ( crumbled down). (87) ﯾﺒﻜﻲ وﯾﺼﺮخ ﯾﻠﻄﻢ Yibkii wa yaS-rukh cry and beat their faces yil-Tim ﯾﻠﻄﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ رووﺣﮫ ﻟﻤﻦ ﺳﻤﻊ ال ﺧﺒﺮ When he heard the news, he started beating himself. (88) ( ﯾﺴﺪد )اﻟﺪﯾﻦ () اﻟﺪﯾﻦ Ysad-did il de:n pay off the debts ypaw-wik il de:n دﯾﻮﻧﮫ ، ورا َم ﺻﺎر ﻋﻨﺪه ﻓﻠﻮوس After he got the money, he started paying off his debts (89) ﯾﺘﻐﻠﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ ﯾﺒﻮﺷﮭﻢ yit-ghl-lab ‘ale:-hum he defeat them (out win) ybaw-wish hum . ﺑﻞ اﺧﯿﺮ راح ﯾﺒﻮﺷﮭﻢ ﻛﻠﮭﻢ At the end he will defeat them all (out will). He will take the lead. (90) ﯾﺘﺠﻮل ﻓﯿﮭﺎ ﯾﻔﺘﺮ Ya-ta-jaw-wal walk around yiftar . ﺍﻱ ﺸﻲ ﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺴﻤﻪ ﻨﺩﻭﺭ ﻋل ﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﺇﻟﻪ ﻭﻤﺎ ﻜل ﺍل We walked around to see clothes for him, but we did not find anything to fit him. Nouns: In Iraqi dialect, there are hundreds of nouns which are not Arabic. These nouns sometimes are the only words that people use to refer to the things in their houses. Some other words are authentic Iraqi ones not used by Arabs in other Arab countries. Here are a number of Iraqi words as nouns: MSA ID ﻣــﻨـﻀـــﺪة /min ada/ table /me:z/ . ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ھﻨﺎك ﻟﻞ ﻏﺪا وﻟﻤﻦ ﯾﺠﻮن ل ﻣﻌﺰوﻣﯿﻦ راح.ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ل ﺻﺤﻮﻧﮫ ﻋﻞ ﻣﯿﻮزة ورﺗﺒﮭﺎ 78 79 ﻗــﺮﯾـﻮﻟـﺔ َ /q arjo:la ﺳـﺮﯾﺮ /sari:r/ bed frame ﺷﺘﺮﯾﻨﺄ ﻗﺮﯾﻮﻟﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﺑﺲ ﻣﻮو ﻣﺮﯾﺤﺔ ﻻﻧﻮ ل ﺳﺒﺮﯾﻨﻜﺎت ﺑﯿﮭﺎ راﺧﯿﮫ ﻓﻠﻤﻦ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﻐﻄﺰ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ ﻗـﻨـﺎدر /qana:dir/ أﺣـﺬﯾــﺔ /?aH ija/ shoes ﻣﻘﻮا وﺻﻤﻎ وﺗﻨﻤﺤﻲ ﺑﺴﻊ ل ﻋﺮاق ﺟﺎن ﯾﻨﺘﺞ ﻗﻨﺎدر ﻣﻨﻞ ﺟﻠﺪ ال أﺻﻠﻲ ،ﺻﺎر ھﺴﮫ ﯾﺴﺘﻮرد ﻗﻨﺎدر ﻣﻨﻞ ﺻﯿﻦ ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ّ /tS ara:tS if/ sheets ﺷـﺮاﺷـﻒ /sh ara:sh if/ أﻣﻲ ﺷﺘﺮت ﻗﻤﺎش ﻣﻨﮭﻞ زﯾﻦ وﺳﻮت ﺟﺮاﺟﻒ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ل واﻧﻄﺘﻨﻲ اﯾﺎھﺎ ھﺪﯾﺔ ﻟﻞ زواج. /darnafi:s/ ﻣـﻔــﻚ ِ َّ screwdriver /mi fak/ اﻟﻤﺎطﻮر ﺑﻤﺒﺮدﺗﻨﺎ وﺷﺘﺮﯾﺖ ﻣﺎطﻮر ﺟﺪﯾﺪ وھﺴﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪي درﻧﻔﯿﺲ ﺣﺘﻰ اﻓﻚ ل ﺑﺮاﻏﻲ .ﻻزم اروح اﺷﺘﺮي ﻓﺪ درﻧﻔﯿﺲ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ وﺟﺪﯾﺪ. ﻏﻨﻢ أﻏﻨﺎم طﻠﯿﺎن \ طﻠﻲ Tilee / Tilyaan )one sheep/ sheep (plural ل ﺣﻼل Haalal Ghanam/ ?aghnaam Sheep cattle / properties ﻣﻮاﺷﻲ mawaashi إﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﺪو ﺣﻼﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﻞ طﻠﯿﺎن ﻣﻮرد رزﻗﻨﺎ . ھﺬا ﻣﺎﻟﻨﺎ وﺣﻼﻟﻨﺎ وﻣﺎ راح ﻧﺨﻠﻠﯿﻜﻢ ﺗﻤﺴﻮه \ chadir canvas / tent Mshamma’a khae:ma ﻋﻨﺪي ﺳﯿﺎرة ﺑس ﻣﺎ ﻋﻧده ﻟﻣن ﻣطرت ل دﻧﯾﺎ رﺣﻧﺎ ﺟوا ل وﺑﻘﯾﻧﺎ ﺣواﻟﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﺗﯾن ﺟواھﺎ ل أﻣم ل ﻣﺗﺣدة ﻧﺻﺑت ﻟل ﻣﮭﺎﺟرﯾن وﺧﻠﻠﺗﮭم ﺟوا ھل وﺟﺎﺑﺗﻠﮭم ل ﻣﺎي ول اﻛل ول ادوﯾﺔ ﻋن طرﯾق ﻣﻧظﻣﺎت إﻧﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر ﺣﻛوﻣﯾﺔ ﺟﺗﻲ ﻟل ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﻗﺪم اﻟﺒﻨﺪﻗﯿﺔ إﺧﻤﺺ ?ukhmiS butt stock Qadamil bunduqiya ﻟﻤﻦ ﺷﻔﺘﮫ ﺟﺎي ﻋﻠﻲ وﯾﺮﯾﺪ ﯾﻀﺮﺑﻨﻲ ﺑﻞ ﺣﺮﺑﺔ ،ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻣن ﺻﻔﺣﺔ وﺿﺮﺑﺘﮫ ﺑﻞ إﺧﻤﺺ ﻣﺎل ﺑﻨﺪﻗﯿﺘﻲ وﺧﻠﻠﯿﺘﮫـــطل ﻋﻞ ﻓﺷﻠت ﺳﻼﺣﮫ ﻣﻧﮫ وﺧﻠﻠﯾﺗﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻔﺣﺔﺑس ﺧﻔت ﻋﻠﯾﮫ ﻻ ﯾﺻﯾرﻟﮫ ﺷﻲ رﺣت ﻋﻠﯾﮫ واﺳﻌﻔت وﻟﻣن ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧذﺗﮫ ﻟﻠﺿﺎﺑط وﺷرﺣﺗﻠﮫ ل ﻣوﺿوع اﻟﻠﻲ ﺻﺎر ﻋﻠﻣود ﯾﻧﺟﺎز وﯾﺎه ھﻮوه إطﺎر )Charchuupa (charchuba frame ?iTaar ﻏﯾرو إل ﺟرﺟوﺑﺔ . ھو ﻧﻔس إل ﻛﻼم ﺑس ّ ھﺎي ﻟﺼﻮرة ﯾﻨﺮادﻟﮭﺎ ﺣﻠﻮة Haayil Suura yinraadilha charchuufa Hilwa 79 80 This picture needs a nice frame. ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﻋﻀﻼت ﺷﻨﺎو Tamreen ‘adhalaat push ups shnaw ﻣﻨﻞ ﺻﺒﺢ ﯾﺴﻮوﻧﺎ ﺗﻤﺮﯾﻦ ﺷﻨﺎو ورا ل ﻋﺮض ل ﺻﺒﺎﺣﻲ Mnil SibiH ysawwuuna tamreen shnaau waral ‘airdhil SabaaHi In the early morning we do push ups after the morning formation. ﻗﯾود Qiyuud handcuffs kalapcha . ﺑﯾده وودووهل ﺷرطﺔ ﻟزﻣﺗﮫ وﺧﻠﻠو ل ﺑﯾدة و ﺧﻠﻠو ال lshorTa lizmita wkhallul kalapcha beeda w waduu khallo: il kalapcha biida w chatifo: the police caught him, handcuffed him, and took him. They put handcuffs around his wrists and tied him. اﻛو ﻗﯾوود ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣرﻛﺔ ال ﻗﻴﺩﻭﻩ ﻭﺍﺨﺫﻭﻩ ﻭﺸﺩﻭﻭ ﻋﻴﻭﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﺨﺫﻭﻩ Akuu qiyuud ‘ala Harakatil sayr. Qay-yado: wikh-tho: Chat-tafo: w-ikh-tho: There are restrictions on the traffic. The handcuffed (tied) and took him. They tied his hands, blindfolded him, and took him. ـطﻼت ﺷــوك \ ﺷوﻛﺎت َِ Shiwak forks chaTa-laat ﻁﻼﺕ وﻟﻤﻄﺒﺦ ﺑﯿﮫ ﻛﻠﺸﻲ ﺻﺤﻮﻧﺔ وﻣﻮاﻋﯿﻦ ﻓﺮﻓﻮري ودﺳﻮوﺗﮫ وطﺨﻮﻣﺔ وﺳﻜﺎﻛﯿﻦ و lmaTbakh bii kulshii SHuuna w mawaa’aeen widsuuta wiTkhuumat sakakeen w shikaakhaat. The kitchen has everything plates, porcelain plates, pots, and sets of knives, forks, and spoons. ص ﻗدح qadaH a glass glass ص ﻣﺎي ﺑﻼ زﺣﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﯿﺒﻠﻲ ﻓﺪ. ﻋﻄﺸﺎن ‘aiTshaan. Bala zaHma ma tjeebli fad glaS maay Thirsty. Can you please, bring me a glass of water? ص ﺷﺎورﻣﺔ Shawirma lamb meat grilled around fire gaS .ـص اﺑوھم ﻛﻠش طﯾب ل ﻣطﺎﻋم ﻣﺗروﺳﺔ ﻣﺎﻛوﻻت ﺑس ل L maTaa’aim matruusa ma?kuulaat bas l gaS ?abuuhum kulish Tayib Restaurants are full of dishes but the best is GaS ( grilled lamb meat around fire). It is delicious. ﺷﯿﺶ ﻟﺤﻢ Sheesh laHim ﺗﻜﺔ charcoal barbecued lamb meat tikka 80 81 ﻓﺷﺎﻓﯾش Mi’alaag mishwii lamb Lungs barbecuedon charcoal fashafeesh ﻛﺒﺎب Kabbab ﻛﺒﺎب minced meat on skews kabbab .ل ﻧﻮاﺷﻒ ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺗﻜﺔ وﻓﺸﺎﻓﯿﺶ وﻛﺒﺎب وﯾﺎ ل ﺧﻀﺮاوات Lnawaashif tishmil tikka wfashaafeesh wkabaab wiyyaa l khadhraawaat. The non-rice dishes are barbecued tikka, lungs, and minced meat on skews with vegetables. ﻟﺒﻦ ﺷﻨﯿﻨﺔ \ ﻟﺒﻦ ارﺑﯿﻞ Labban yogurt with cold water labban Arbil / shineena ﻛﺒﺎب وﯾﺎ ﺳﻤﺎق وﯾﺎ ﺑﺼﻞ وﺧﺒﺰ وﯾﺎ ﻟﺒﻦ ارﺑﯿﻞ اﻛﻠﺔ ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﺔ Kabaab wiya simaaq wiya basal wiya khubz wiya laban Arbeel akla muHtaramma Kabbab with simag, onion, bread and Arbil yogurt is a delicious dish. ﺳﻣك ﻣﺷوي Samak mishwii fish grilled around fire mazguuf ﻋل ﻧﮭر ب ﺷﺎرع اﺑو ﻧواسھو لأﺣﺳن ?aHsan simach huwa l mazguuf ‘al nahr b shaari’a ?abuu Nuas The best fish is the mazguuf at the river of Tigris in Abu nuwaas street. ﻣﻄﺎط maTTaaT ﻻﺳﺘﯿﻚ rubber lasteek إل ﻻﺳﺘﯿﻚ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ إل ﺑﺘﺮول إل ﺧﺎم ?il laasteek maada mushtaqa min ?al petrol ?il khaam The elastic material is a crude oil bi- product. إﺳﻄﻮاﻧﺔ \ ﺣﺎوﯾﺔ دﺑﺔ \ دﺑﯿﺔ ?iSTiwaana / haawiya canister, container dabbiya/ Dabba . ﻏﺎز وﺗﺨﻠﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﻞ ﺷﺘﺴﻮي ل ﻧﺎس ﺗﺸﺘﺮﯾﻠﮭﺎ دﺑﺔ Shitsauwii l naas tishtireelha dabba dabte:n ghaaz witkhaleeha bil be:t People have to buy a canister or two of liquid gas and keep them in their houses. إﻧﺒﻮب ?inbuub ﺑﻮري pipe buurii ﺟﺪﯾﺪة ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﻧﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻨﻞ زﻧﺠﺎر ول رﺻﺎص ول اﻣﻼح ﯾﻨﺮاد ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻠﮭﺎ ب ﺑﻮاري ﺑﻮاري ل ﻣﺎي اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺘﺮاﻛﻢ ﺟﻮاھﺎ Bawaariil maay ‘aateeka yinraad tabdeelha bbwaarii plasteekiya jideeda ‘almuud nitkhalaS mnil zinjaar. The water pipes are old and we need to replace them with new plastic pipes to get rid of rust, lead, and salts which accumulate in them. ﻗﻨﻮات ﺻﺮف ﻣﯿﺎه ال ﻗﺎذورات ﺑﻮاري ل ﻣﺠﺎري Qanawaat Sarf miyaahil qaathuuraat sewage network bawaarii l majaarii ﯾﺼﻠﺤﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﺗﻜﻠﻒ ﺗﻨﺴﺪ وﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ وﻣﺎﯾﮭﺎ ﯾﺨﺘﻠﻂ وﯾﺎ ﻣﺎي ﻟﺸﺮب وﻣﺤﺪ ﺑﻮاري ل ﻣﺠﺎري ﺻﺎرت .ﯾﻜـﻠـﻒ ل دوﻟﺔ ھﻮاﯾﺎ ھﻮاﯾﺎ وﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﻣﻮاد ﻣﺎﻛﻮ وﻏﺎﻟﯿﺔ راح ﺗﺼﻠﯿﺤﮭﺎ ّ 81 82 Bawaarii l majaarii Sarat ‘ateega tinsad w tinkisir wmayhaa yikhtilit wiya maayil shirib w maHad yigdar ySaliH-ha ‘almuud tkallif hwaaya wba’ade:n maaku mawaad w ghaaliya raaH taSleeh-ha ykallif il dawla hwaaya Sewage network pipes are becoming old. They block off and break and its water mixes with the drinking water and no one can repair them because they cost a lot. In addition, the materials are not available and are expensive. Repairing them will cost the government a lot. ﺑﺮد \ زﻛﺎم \ رﺷﺢ ﻧﺸﻠﺔ rashaH/ zukaam/ bard cold nashla ﺑﺎردة ف إﻧﺼﺎﺑﯿﺖ ب ﻧﺸﻠﺔ ل ﺟﻮ ﺑﻞ ﺑﻨﺎﯾﺔ ﺣﺎر وﻟﻤﻦ طﻠﻌﺖ Chaanil jaw bil binaaya Haar w limman Tila’ait barra chaanit baarda f ?inSaabe:t b nashla The weather was hot inside and cold outside. when I went out I caught a cold. Su’aal cough gaH Ha .أﺧذت ﺑرد وزاد إل إﻟﺗﮭﺎب وﺗﺣول اﻟﻰ ذات ل رﺋﺔ ?akhathit bard wzaadil ?iltihaab w tHawal ?ila thaatil ri?a I caught a cold and then it progressed into pneumonia. ﻣﻼﺑﺲ Malaabis ھﺪووم clothes hduum ﺗﻮﺳﺨﺖ ھﺪووﻣﻲ وراح اﺧﺬھﻢ ﻟﻠﻐﺴﻞ وﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﻮى Twasakhat hduumi wraaH ?akhuthhum lilghasil wba’ade:m lil makwa My clothes got dirty. I will take them to a washing machine and then laundry. ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ mirwaHa fan panka ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ﺣﺎرة ﺟﻮا ھﺎي ل أودة ﻋﻞ ﯾﻨﺮاد ﺗﺨﻠﻠﻲ Yinraad tkhalii panka ‘aal sagif ‘almuud ktheer Haara haayil ?oda You need to put a fan on the ceiling because inside this room is too hot. ﺣﺰام Hzaam ﻗﺎﺋﯿﯿﺶ \ ﻗﺎﯾﺶ belt qaayiish ل ﻣﺎطﻮر وﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺸﺘﻐﻞإﻧﻘﻄﻊ ل ﻗﺎﯾﯿﺶ و ?inqiTa’ail qaayeesh w wigaf il maTor wba’aig maa yishtighil. The belt broke and the motor is no longer running. ﺷﻔﺮات ل ﻣﺮوﺣﺔ Shafraatil mirwaha propellers/ blades parwaanaat ً ﺗﺪﻓﻌﮭﺎ ﺗﻄﯿﺮل وﺣﺪھﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ إطﻼﻗﺎت ل ھﺎون ﻣﺜﻼ ﻗﺴﻢ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺻﻮارﯾﺦ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ Qisim mnil Sawaareekh ‘aidha parwaanaat tidfa’aha tTeer lwaHidhamithil ?iTlaaqaatil haawan mathalan Some rockets have propellers to push them automatically such as a mortar rocket. ﺣﺎوﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺼﺪﯾﺮ Haawiya min qaSdeer ﺗﻨﻜﺔ a box made of tin tanak . ﯾﻨﺒﺎع ﺑﻞ ﺗﻨﻜﺎت ﺑﺲ ھﺴﮫ ﺻﺎر ﺑﻞ ﺑﺮاﻣﯿﻞل Chaan gabil l gaaz yinbaa’a bil tanakaat bas hassa Saar bil baraameel. In the old days propane was sold in tin containers but now is sold in barrels. 82 83 رطﻞ ﺣﻘﺔ riTil pound (weight) Huqqa اﻟﻠﻲ ھﻲ اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻞ ﻋﺮاق ل أﺷﯿﺎء ﺗﻨﺒﺎع ﺑﻞ Bil ‘araaq ?il ?ashyaa tinbaa’a bil Hugga ?illii hiya ?akthar min ke:lowe:n. In Iraq things are sold in pounds (hugga) which is more than 2 kilos. ﻏﺶ Ghish ﻗﻮﺑﯿﺎ cheating in school qopya راح ﯾﺴﻠﺨﻮن ﺟﻠﺪك وﯾﻄﻠﻌﻮك ﻣﻨﻞ ﻣﺪرﺳﺔ ﻟﻮ ﺷﺎﻓﻮوك. إل ﻗﻮﺑﯿﺎ ﻣﻤﻨﻮع ﺑﻞ إﻣﺘﺤﺎن Cheating is forbidden while you are taking your test. They will punish you and kick you out of school if they catch you . أﻻﻋﯿﺐ ﺟﻠﺠﻠﻮﺗﯿﺎت ?alaa’aeeb play games jaljaluutiyaat . آدﻣﻲ وﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﻦ ھﻞ ﺟﻠﺠﻠﻮﺗﯿﺎﺗﻚ وﺗﺴﯿﺮ ﻣﺎ Ma togaf min hal jaljaluutiyaatak wtseer khosh ?aadmi wiyaana Why don’t you stop playing games with us and be good to us. ﺧﺪع Khida’a ﻛﻼوات Tricksters klaawaat .ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ھﻞ ﻛﻼوات Maa ti’abir ‘ale:nah al klawaat. You cannot play these games with us. ﻣﺸﺎﻏﺒﺎت ﻗﺎرش وارش Mushaaghabaat troubles qaarish waarish .راح ﺗﻜﻮن ﺑﺄﻣﺎن ﻟﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻮي اي ﻗﺎرش وارش raaH tkuun b?amaan lo ma tsawwii qaarish waarish. You will be safe if you do not make troubles. طﺮﯾﻘﺔ \ طﺒﯿﻌﺔ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺷﻤﺮه Tareeqa / Tabee’at shakhS his/her own way shamra .ھﻮ ھﺎي ﺷﻤﺮﺗﮫ ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺷﻨﺴﻮي ﻟﮫ Huwa haay shamirta ya’ani shin saweela. This is him. You cannot do anything about it. ‘aamuud pillar dinga . ﻟﻞ ﺟﺴﻮر ﻣﻌﺮﺿﺔ ﻋﺎدة ﻟﻠﻨﺴﻒ وﻟﮭﺬا ﯾﻨﺮاد ﻣﺮاﻗﺒﺘﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺗﺨﺮﯾﺐ Dinag il jisuur mu’aradha lil nasif walihaatha yinraad muraaqabitha mnil takhreeb The bridges’ pillars are vulnerable to be demolished. So, they need to be watched not to be demolished. ﻗﻨﺒﻠﺔ ﯾﺪوﯾﺔ رﻣﺎﻧﺔ Qumbula yadawiya hand grenade rummaana إل رﻣﺎﻧﺎت ﺻﺎرت ﺿﺮورﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﯿﺎم ﺑﺎي ﻋﻤﻠﯿﺔ ھﺠﻮم او ﻣﺪاھﻤﺔ ﻟﻞ ﺑﯿﻮت وإل ﻣﻘﺮات ?il rummanat Sarat dhiruuriya lilqiyaam b?ay hijuum ?au mudaahama lilbiyuut wa ?il maqarraat Grenades became necessary to use in an attack operation on a house or on headquarter raids. ﻋﺒﻮة ﻧﺎﺳﻔﺔ ‘abwa naasifa ﻧﺎﺳﻔﺔ explosive device naasifa ل ﻧﺎﺳﻔﺔ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ان ﺗﻜﻮن إطﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﺪﻓﻊ او ﺻﺎروخ ﻣﻨﺮﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﻼك داﺋﺮة ﻛﮭﺮﺑﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﺗﺮﯾﺎت ﯾﻔﺠﺮووھﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻌﯿﺪ .ب ﺗﻠﻔﻮن ﻣﺘﻨﻘﻞ او رادﯾﻮ وﯾﻀﻤﻮھﺎ ﺟﻮا ل ﺗﺮاب ﻋﻞ ﺣﺎﻓﺔ ل طﺮﯾﻖ 83 84 Lnaasifa yumkin ?an tkuun ?iTlaaqatmadfa’a ?au Saaruukh minribTa bi?aslaak da?ira kahrubaa?iya bil baatriyaat yfajiruuha min b’aeed btilafuun mutanaqil ?au radio wikhalluha ‘ala Haaafatil Tareeq. An IED can be any round of artillery or rocket connected with wires to a circuit to detonate from far by a cellular phone or a radio and they bury them on the roadside. ﺻﺎروخ ذاﺗﻲ اﻟﺪﻓﻊ آر ﺑﻲ ﺟﻲ Qaathifa thaatiyatil Haraka rocket propeller grenade R.P.G وﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻤﻦ ﯾﺼﯿﺐ ل ھﺪف ل آر ﺑﻲ ﺟﻲ ﺳﻼح ﺧﻔﯿﻒ ﯾﻨﺤﻤﻞ ﻋﻞ l ?aar pee jee silah khafeef yinHimil “aal chatif w fa’aal limman ykuun ‘ala mdda qareeb mnil hadaf R.P.G. is a light weapon you can carry it on shoulder and is effective when it hits the target. ﻣﺪرﻋﺔ Mudarra’a ﻣﺼﻔﺤﺔ armored carrier vehicles musaffaHa ّ ) ل ﻣﺼﻔﺤﺎت ھﻲ ﻧﺎﻗﻼت ﺟﻨﻮد ﻣﺪرﻋﺔ وﺗﻜﻮن ﻣﺪوﻟﺒﺔ وﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺠﻨﺰرة (ﻣﺴﺮﻓﺔ L msafaHaat hiya naaqilaat jinuud mudarra’a watkuun mudawlabba w ghe:r mujanzara (musarrafa). Armored vehicles are personnel carriers with wheels and not tracks. ﺳﺘﺮة واﻗﯿﺔ ﺿﺪ اﻟﺮﺻﺎص درع Sitra waaqiya dhidil riSaaS anti bullet jacket / armor diri’a درع واﻗﻲ او ﺳﺘﺮة واﻗﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﻞ رﺻﺎص ﻣﻨﻞ ﻟﻮازم ل ﻣﮭﻤﺔ ﻟﻞ ﺟﻨﺪي ﯾﻠﺒﺴﮭﺎ Diri/a waaqi ?au sitra waaqiya lil riSaS mnil lawaazimil muhimma lil jundii yilbasha. Body armor or anti bullet vest is a necessity that soldier should wear. ﺷﻈﯿﺔ \ ﺻــ ﻗﻄﻌﺔ ﺣﺪﯾﺪ qiT’at Hadeed shrapnel/ fragment Sachma/ ﻟﻤﻦ إﻧﻘﺼﻒ ﺑﯿﺘﻨﺎ زرﻓﺖ ل ﻣﺪﻓﻌﯿﺔ ﺣﯿﻄﺎن طﺎﺑﻖ ل ﺛﺎﻧﻲ ول ﺷﻈﺎﯾﺎ ﻛﺴﺮت إل ﺑﯿﺒﺎن وﺷﻠﻌﺖ ل ﺷﺒﺎﺑﯿﻚ ﻣﻦ طﯿﺮه ب ﻛﻞ ﺑﻜﺎن ﺑﻞ طﺎﺑﻖﻣﻼﺑﻨﮭﺎ وﺗﻄﺎﯾﺮ ل ﺟﺎم ﺑﻞ ھﻮا اﻣﺎ ل ﻣﻮزاﯾﯿﻚ ف ﺗﻔﻠﺶ ول ﺿﻐﻂ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺻﺎر ﺑﻞ .ϦϴϤϟΎ γ Ύ ϨόϠ ρϭ Ύ ϨϴΑ έϮόΗ ΪΤϣϭ Ώ Ωήγ ϞΑ Ύ Ϩϛ ͿΪϤΤϟ β Α.ال اول Limman ?inqaSaf be:tna zirfatil madfa’aiya HeeTan Taabiqil thaani wil shadhaaya kassaratil beebaan w shil’at il shabaabeek min mallabinha wtTaayaril jam bil hawa ?amma l mozaayeek fa tfalash wil dhagiT ?illee Saar bil be:t Tayyara bkul bukaan bil Taabiqil ?awwal. bas ?al Hamdulla chinna bil sirdaab w maHad t’awwar beena w Tili’ana saalmeen. When our house was bombed, the artillery rounds penetrated the 2nd floor walls, the shrapnel smashed the doors, dislocated windows from their frames, and let the broken glass flew in the air. The tiles fell down, and the high pressure in the house blew their pieces everywhere in the first floor. Thanks God we were in the cellar (basement) and no one was hurt. So, we left the house safe. ﺧﺸﺒﺔ ﺗﺠﺒﯿﺮ اﻟﻜﺴﺮ Khasabat tajbeer il kasir ﺟﺒﯿﺮة \ ﺟﺒﺎﯾﺮ plint jabaayir/ jabeera ﻟﻤﻦ اﻛﻮ ﻋﻨﺪه ﻛﺴﺮ ب رﺟﻠﮫ ﯾﻨﺮاد ﺗﺮﻛﺰ ﻋﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺔ ل ﺟﺮح ﻋﻠﻤﻮد اذا اﻛﻮ ﻋﻈﻢ ﻣﺪﺑﺐ طﺎﻟﻊ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺟﻠﺪ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ .ص رﺟﻠﮫ ﺷﻨﻮ ل ﻓﺎﯾﺪة إذا ﯾﺘﻠﻮث وﯾﻨﺼﺎب ﺑﻜﺮﻛﺮﯾﻦ Limman ?aku ‘ainda kasir brijla yinraad trakkiz ‘al nadhaafatil jariH ‘almuud ?itha ?aku ‘adhim mudabab Taali’a mnil jilid yumkin yitlawwath wyinSaab b Gargareen ba’ade:n shinu l faayida ?tha tingaS rijla. When there is a fracture in the leg, you need to pay attention to keep the wound clean because if there is a bone poking out of the skin, it may get contaminated and be infected with Gargarin. What is the benefit if later his leg is amputated. 84 85 رﻛﺎب ﻧﻔﺮات Rukkaab passenger nafaraat ﺳﯿﺎرات ل ﻛﺮوة ﯾﺸﯿﻠﻮن ﻧﻔﺮات ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎب ل ﺷﺮﺟﻲ ﻟﻲ ﺑﻐﺪاد ل ﺟﺪﯾﺪة وﻛﻞ ﺷﻮﯾﺔ واﺣﺪ ﺻﺎﻋﺪ و واﺣﺪ ﻧﺎزل ﺑﺲ .رﺧﯿﺼﺔ وﺗﺨﺪم ل ﻣﻮاطﻨﯿﻦ Sayaaraatil karwa ysheelon nafaraat min baabil sharji lii baghdadil jideeeda wkul shwayya waaHid Saa”aid waaHid naazil bas rakheeSa w tikhdim il mauaaTineen. Taxis take passengers from babil sharji (center of Baghdad) to Baghdad il jadeeda and every now and then one goes down and one comes in; nevertheless, it is cheap and serves citizens. إﻧﻔﺟﺎر اﻻطﺎر ?infijaar il ?iTaar puncture panchar ﺑﻜﻞ ﺑﻜﺎن ﯾﺼﻠﺤﻮون ل ﺗﺎﯾﺮات ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺳﺮﯾﻊ ورﺧﯿﺺ ﺑﺲ أﻛﻮ ل ﺳﯿﺎرات L sayyaraat titpanchar as /aku pancharchiya bkul bukaan ySalHuun l taayiraat bshakil saree’a w rakheeS. Cars experience deflated tires, but there are tire repair shops everywhere. They fix tires very inexpensively and fast ﺗﻔﻜﯿﺮ ﻋﻤﯿﻖ داﻟﻐﺔ \ﺻﻔﻨﺔ Tafkeer ‘ameeq sigh Safna/ daalgha ﯾﻤﻌﻮد ل دﻧﯿﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻮى. ﺷﺒﯿﻚ ﺿﺎرب داﻟﻐﺔ . ﯾﻤﻌﻮد ﻻ دﯾﺮ ﺑﺎل إﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺪﺑﺮ.ﺷﺒﯿﻚ ﺻﺎﻓﻦ Shbeek dhaarib daalgha. Yam’awad g dinya ma tiswa Shbeek Saafin. Yam’awad la deer baal. ?ilha mudabbir. Why are you sighing. Take it easy. اﻟﻰ اﻟﺠﺤﯿﻢ ?ilal jaHeem طﺰ Tiz go to hell ﯾﺘﻌﺎﻧﻮن وﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻌﺎوﻧﻮن وﯾﺎﻧﺎ طﺰ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﻢ If They cooperate, that is fine. If not , let them go to hell. ﻋﺠﺰ ّ \ ﻋﺠﻮز ﺧﺘﯿﺎر \ ﺧﺘﯿﺎرﯾﺔ ‘aajuuz / ‘auj-jaz old man khityariya \ khityaar . ﺧﻠﻠﻮﻟﻜﻢ ﺷﻮﯾﺖ إﺣﺘﺮام ﻟﻞ ﻧﺎس إل ﻛﺒﺎر ﺑﻞ ﻋﻤﺮ وﺧﺘﯿﺎرﯾﺔ. رﺟﻞ ﺧﺘﯿﺎر ﻻزم ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺰﻟﮫ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺳﯿﺎرة ﺑﮭﻞ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﺧﺮه khara ﻗﺰرﻗﻮرت shit / shut up/ do not talk shit qizirqurt ﺗﺎﻛﻞ ﻗﺰرﻗﻮرت Do not talk shit. ﻗﺰر ﻗﻮرت ﻓﻘﻂ ﻓﻲ Faqat fi only in /with طﺮك Tirig . طﻠﻊ ﺑﻄﺮك ﻟﺒﺎﺳﮫ وﻣﺎ اﺧﺬ ﺷﻲ وﯾﺎه، طﻠﻊ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺑﯿﺖ ِ ِ ﻟﻤﻦ ِّ Killabil ?amaan safety pin firkeita ﺛﺒﺘﮫ ﺑﻞ 85 86 Kllab il malabis clothes pin shik-kaakha ﻻ ﺘﻨﺴﻰ ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻴﻨﻨﺎ ) ﺘﺸﺘﺭﻱ ﺇﻟﻨﺎ( ﺍل ﺸﻜﺎﺨﺎﺕ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻨﺸﺭ ﺍل ﻤﻼﺒﺱ ﻋل ﺤﺒل. ط إﺿطراﺑﺎت ?idhTiraabaat troubles Tarbaga ﻻوﺗﺳوﯾﻧﺎ طرﺑﻛﮫ ھﻧﺎ ﻣطﺎره MaTaara water bottle زﻣزﻣﯾﮫ Zamzamiya ﻻ ﺗﻨﺴﻰ ل ﻣﻄﺎره إﺗﺮﺳﮭﺎ ﻣﺎي ﺿﻮﺿﺎء Dhawdhaa? Noise ﺧﺒﺼﺔ KhabSa ﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻮﯾﺶ ﻛﻞ ھﻞ ﺧﺒﺼﮫ اﻟﻠﻲ اﻧﺖ دا دﺳﻮﯾﮭﺎ .دي ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺒﺼﻨﺎ ﺧﺸﻢ Khashim nose أﻧﻒ ?anif داواﺻﻠﮫ ﻟﻲ ھﻨﺎ ...ﻟﻲ ﺧﺸﻤﻲ دوو ﺷﺶ duu shaha طﺎﻟﻊ ﺟﯿﺪ Talli’a jayid to have good luck ﻋﻮاﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺠﯿﺐ دوو ﺷﺶ طﯿﺮ Teer إذھﺐ ?ithhab go ﻣﺎ ﺗﻄﯿﺮ ﻣﻨﻨﺎ ﯾﺎ ﺟﺎﯾﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﮭﻠﻚ ‘ala mahlak slowly ﯾﻮاش yawaash ﻋﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﮭﻠﻚ ﯾﻮاش ﯾﻮاش وج wich وﺟﮫ Wajih face إﻛﺗب ﻋل ھذا ﻻ ﺗﻧطﻲ طﺎﻟﻊ ﻗﺎورﻣﺔ meat stew qaawirma ﻣرق ﻟﺣم وطﻣﺎطﺔ Mirag laHim u Tamaata دا ﺗﺎﻛل ﻗﺎورﻣﺔ ھﻲ ﺗﺷرﯾب ﺧﺑز )ﺛرﯾد( اﻋﻣﺎل ﺷرﯾرة ﻣﻧﺟﺳﺔ \ ﻣﻧﺎﺟس ?a’amaal shireera bad deeds manjasa / manaajis ھﺎي ﻣﻧﺟﺳﺔ ﻣن ﻣﻧﺎﺟس إل ﺣﻛم إل دﯾﻛﺗﺎﺗوري إل ﺳﺎﺑق ﺑل ﻋراق ﺻﺧوﻧﺔ Sikhuuna ﺣرارة fever Harara ﻋﻧدي ﺻﺧوﻧﺔ ھﺎي ﺻﺎرﻟﻲ ﯾوﻣﯾن ﻧﺷﻠﺔ cold nashla gaH-Ha رﺷﺢ rashaH ﺳﻌﺎل cough Su’aal إﻧﺻﺎﺑﯾت ﺑﻧﺷﻠﺔ و وﺻﺎرت ﻣﮫ ﺗﻔك ﯾﺎﺧﺔ ﻣﻧﻲ ﺣﺟﺎﻣﺔ scratch the skin ﺟﺎﻧو ﯾﺿرﺑون إل ﺟﻠد ﺑل ﻣوس ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﻧزل إل دم وﯾرﺗﺎح إل ﺷﺧص .ھﺎي ﺟﺎﻧو ﯾﺳﻣوھﺎ "ﺣﺟﺎﻣﺔ" ﻋطﺎﺑﺔ 86 ﺧدش ﺟﻠد Khadish jilid ﻋﻼج ﺗﯾﻔوﺋﯾد 87 ‘alaaj lil tiifu typhoid treatment " ھﺎي ﺟﺎﻧو ﯾﺳﻣوھﺎ " ﻋطﺎﺑﺔ. داﻧو ﯾﺣرﻛون إل ﻛطن ﺑل ﻓﻧﺟﺎن وﯾﺧﻠو ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﻠد اﻟﻣرﯾض Waqf وﻗف ﻋرﺻﺔ Government land for religious charity ‘aaraSa ﺳﻣﺳﺎر دﻻل إل دﻻل ﺑﯾوت ودﻻل ب ﻣﻌرض إل ﺳﯾﺎرات Simsaar broker, real estate agent, car dealer broker dal-lal (ﻣﺷﺗل ﻣزرﻋﺔ )اﺣواض mashtal ﻣﺷﺗل nursery ﻧﺷﺗري ال ﺷﺗﻼت ﻣﻧل ﻣﺷﺎﺗل ﻟﻠﺷﺗﻼت . ﺷﺗﻠﻧﻲ ھﻧﺎ وراح mashtal اخ ﻏﯾر إل ﺷﻘﯾق ?akh gheir il shaqeeq half brother Buqcha Any piece of cloth to wrap things in, a package Dafra chailaaq raj-dee saTra Box rakla muraa-waHa balwa soda ()رﻓﺳﺔ kick while step leg on دﻓرة ق a kick راﺟدي a spank ﺳطرة ﺑــؤﻛس a heavy spank a fist رﻛﻠﺔ kick with the front of the shoes stay where you are “but move your legs up and down” terrific ( well known for being a -----person) could mean very good or very bad outrageous, brings problems, very active ﻣراوﺣﺔ ﺑﻠوة ﺳودة اﺑو اﻟﺑﻼوي ﺻﻣوﻟﺔ Samuula = washer ﺑرﻏﻲ burghii = screw ّ ﻛﻠﮫ ( ) ﯾﺿرب ﻛﻠﻼت kal-la = to hit with the head ﻗﻼﻓﺔ ﺻﻼﻓﺔ ﻟﺑﻠﺑﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوى طﺎري .ال رﺟﺎل ﻣوو ھﻧﮫ ﻻ ﺗﺟﯾﺑوون طﺎرﯾﮫ He is not here . Do not talk about him. Qalaafa = huge body Salaafa = stiffness, being rude Lab-labii = spicy Gorbanzo soup Mus-tawa = turnips and reeds soup, level Taarii = mentioning your name Zgordii= single , living by himself but married 87 88 راﯾﺣﺔ ال ﻣدام ؟ .... ﻋﺎﯾش .اﻋزب ﻣﺎ ﻣﺗزوج ﻣﻧﯾﺔ ﻟو ﺗﺳوﯾﮭﺎ ﺗﺳوﯾﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﻧﻧﯾﺔ If you do it for me, I’ll be thankful to you. Min-niya = do favor for someone طﻠﻌﺔ . ﻋﻠﻰ ھل طﻠﻌﺔ ﯾﺧرب Tal’a = the wrong doing That was a big mistake! Wagfa = stance . ( وﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﺑﮭل ﻣوﻗف )ﺑﺎﯾﺎم ال ﻣﺣﻧﺔﻧﺷﻛرﻛم ﻋﻠﻰ We thank you for your stance with us in this situation during the ordeal. ﻋﻔطﺔ، Zeeg / ‘afTa = to “pooh” somebody They poohed him ﯾﻌﻔطوون ﻋﻠﯾﮫ They started making funny noises to mock at him. ﻀﺭﺒﻭﻩ طﺧﺔ your car has a dent اﻛو اﺛر طﺧﺔ ﺑل ﺳﯾﺎرة I did not get it ( idiom) ﻣﺎ طﺧت ﯾﻣﻲ Do not touch. ﻻ ﺗطﺦ When you meant( attacked) him in your speech, he retaliated ﯾرد ، ﻟﻣن طﺧﯾﺗﮫ ﺑل Takh-kha (damage) (hit) Functional words: Functional words have been adapted a lot because they are repeated in sentences with less stress. Wh-question words, prepositions, demonstratives, conjunctions, relative pronouns are words that you can not avoid in any sentence. They are usually said lightly and fast in the Iraqi dialect. As a result, you can hear them in various forms. Functional words include wh-question words, Connectors, negative particles, prepositions, demonstratives, adjectives, quantifiers and qualifiers, reflexives, adverbs, vocatives, and possessive pronouns (objective case): Wh-question words ادوات ) اﺳﻤﺎء ( اﻻﺳﺘﻔﮭﺎم 1. The wh-question word (what) has gone under many changes. The Iraqi dialect uses / / ِ ﺷــbefore any noun to be asked about, as in the following example: MSA ID ﻣـﺎ /ma/ ِ ﺷـــ /shi/ اﺳـﻤــﻚ ﻣـﺎ ِ ُ /mas smuki/ What is your name? (Talking to female)) what ? ﺷــﺴــﻤـــــﺞ ؟ ِ ِ /shismich/ 88 89 ﻣﺎ اﺳﻤﻚ ؟ /mas smuka / ﺷﺴﻤﻚ shismak What is your name ? ( talking to male) Present tense ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺸﺮب ؟ /maatha tashrab/ ﺗﺸﺮب ؟+ ﺷـ what do you drink ? sh-tishrab ? When this wh-question word(sh_ ) is used before a verb to indicate progressive aspect, it takes another different shape /shda/ or /shit/ . (Ma:tha) is its equivalent in MSA language. MSA Continuous tense ID ﻣـﺎذا /maa tha / ﺷـﺪه / shid da/* ﻣﺎذا ﺗﺸﺮب اﻵن؟ ﺗﺸﺮب+ ده+ ﺷـ /maatha tashrab al-aan/ what are you drinking now? /sh-da tishrab (hassa) * If the verb that follows starts with a voiceless consonant, the form changes into / t/ ﺷــﺖ ِ because the voiceless consonant has a regressive assimilation to change /d/,a voiced alveolar into /t/, a voiceless alveolar. Compare: ــﻮي ؟ ّ ده ﯾـﺴ+ ﺷـ.1 Shada-ysauwii What is he doing? ﻣﻧﯾن ﻋﻧده ھل ﻓﻠوس وﻛﻠﯾوم ﺑﻠﺑﺎرات وھو ﺑطﺎل وﻣﮫ ده ﯾﺷﺗﻐل.ﻣﻌرف ھل وﻟد ﺷدة ﯾﺳوي ﺷـــﺘـــﺴـﮫ ّوي ؟ ِ /shit- (t)sauwii/ .2 What are you doing? . ﺗﻌﯿـﺶ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ ﺟﮭﺎﻟﻚ وﻣﺮﺗﻚ ّ راح ﺗﺸﻮﻓﻠﻚ درب. ﺷﺮاح ﺗﺴﻮي. اذا ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪك ﺷﻐﻞ وﺑﻄﺎل 1. ﺷﺪه ﺗﺴﻮوي؟ /Shdatsauwii/ What are you doing? 2. Where? MSA أﯾــــﻦ /?ajna/ . ﷲ رﺑﻚ. ﻻ ﺷﻐﻞ وﻻ ﻋﻤﻞ.. . ﻣﺎ دﻛﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﺷﺪه ﺗﺴﻮوي ؟ ﺑﻄﺎل ﻋﻄﺎل راح ﺗﺴﻮي ال ﯾﻮم ؟ ﺷـــ ID /we:n/ Where? راﯾﺢ ؟ . ل ﺑﻐﺪاد 89 90 3. When ﯾــــﻤــﺘــﻰ ِ /j imta/ or /shwagit/ ?when ﻣـــﺘــﻰ /ma ta/ ﯾﻤﺘﻰ ﺗﺮﺟﻊ ؟ ال ﺳﺒﺖ ال ﺟﺎي راح ﻧﺘﺸﺎوف ؟ 4. Who ) ﻣﻨﮭﻮ ( ?)who (masculine ھــﻮ ّ ِ ﻣــﻨـــﻮ ُ /minu hua/ ﻣــﻦ ھـــﻮ َ /man huwa/ ﻣﻨﻮ )ﻣﻨﮭﻮ( وﯾﺎك ؟ إﺑﻦ ﻋﻤﻲ. )ﻣﻨﮭﻲ( ?)who (feminine ھــﻲ ﻣـﻨـﻲ ِ ّ /mini hija/ ﻣــﻦ ھــﻲ َ /man hija/ ﻣﻨﻲ ) ﻣﻨﮭﻲ( وﯾﺎك؟ ﻣﺮﺗﻲ ) .إﻣﺮاﺗﻲ( ) إم ل ﺟﮭﺎل( ﺷـﻠـ ن ?/ sh lo:n/ How 5. How ﻛــﯿــﻒ /kajfa/ ﺗﺮووح ﺑﻞ ﺳﯿﺎرة ﻟﻮ ﺑﻞ طﯿﺎرة ؟ ﻻ وﷲ راح آﺧﺬ ل ﻗﻄﺎر 6.Why ﻟــﯿــــﺶ /le:sh / ?why ﻟــﻤـﺎذا ِ / lima:tha/ ﻟﯿﺶ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺮووح ﺑﻞ طﯿﺎرة أﺳﺮع؟ ?what for ﻋﻠﻮﯾﺶ /’alweish/ ﻟﻤﺎذا /limaatha/ ﻋﻠﻮﯾﺶ .ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪي ﺷﻲ ﺿﺮوري. ﺷـﺎﻛـــﻮ ﻣﺎﻛــﻮ / sh a:ku: ma:ku/ ?What is up ﻛـﯿﻒ ﺗﺴﯿﺮ اﻻﻣـﻮر /kajfa tasi:r ?al?imu:r/ ﺷﺎﻛﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﻮ ؟ وﷲ ﻛﻠﺸﻲ ﻣﺎﻛﻮ .ل وﺿﻊ ھﻮ ......ھﻮ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ. )7. How (much ﺑﻛم /bikam/ / be:sh/ ھل ﻛوﻣﺑﯾوﺗر ؟ )8.What is ( the time ﻛﻢ ?Kam hiya s saa’aa ?is sa’aa beish ?What is the time إس ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ؟ وﺣﺪة وﻋﺸﺮة وﺣﺪة وﺛﻠﺚ وﺣﺪة وﻧﺺ 1:10 1:20 1:30 90 91 1:40 1:50 ﺛﻠﺚﺛـ ﻋﺸﺮةﺛـ ﺑﻜﻢ ﺗﺒﯿﻊ ھﺬه اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ؟ ﺗﺒﯿﻊ ھﻞ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ؟ ب Bikam tabee’a haathihi il saa’aa? b-be:sh tbee’a hal saa’aa? How much do you sell this watch for? إس ﺳﺎﻋﺔ be;sh ?is saa’aa? ﻛﻢ ھﻲ اﻟﺴﺎﻋﺔ ؟ Kam hiya s saa’aa? What time is it? 9. What is wrong with ____? ﻣﺎ ﺑﻚ ؟ ﺷﺒﯿﻚ Maa bika? shbeek? What is wrong with you? 10. How many + ﻛﻢ cham + kitaab … yom (ﻛﺘﺎب... )ﯾﻮم Kam + cham saa-‘aa il Tareeq ? How many hours is the road? ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ال طﺮﯾﻖ ؟ 11. What do you think? ( as an exclamation) ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻟﻚ Shifit shsawa beena ? Do you see what he has done to us? La’aid sh’aa-balak? (what have you expected then!) Isn’t it ﻣﻮو \ ﻣﺎ ؟ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺗﺴﻮي (ﻣﺎ ) ﻣﻮو Don’t you feel shame to do so? Isn’t shame on you that you do so? In which ﺑﯿﺎ In which town did this happen? In which law is this accepted? I which mission were you? Which ﺑﯿﺎ دﯾﺮة ھﺎي ﺻﺎرت ؟ ﺑﯿﺎ دﯾﻦ ھﺎي ﺗﻨﻘﺒﻞ؟ ﺑﯿﺎ ﻣﮭﻤﺔ اي \ ﯾﺎ (ﯾﺎ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻨﮭﻢ ) ﺑﯿﮭﻢ Which one of them? Why do you mind? What is it yours? . ( ﻣﻨﮭﻢ ) ﺑﯿﮭﻢ ... ﺧﻠﻠﯿﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ راﺣﺘﮭﻢ Leave them alone….. Why do you bother? How do you know ? ﺷﻤﺪرﯾﻚ ؟ ﺷﻤﺪرﯾﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎي؟ ﺷﻤﺪرﯾﻚ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺠﻲ ؟ 91 92 How do you know he is not here? How do you know he is not coming? Why are you afraid? (؟idiom) ﺷﺎﻛﻮ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ You are protected by somebody. اﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﺪوﻧﮭﻢ ؟ Why then you ? اﻧﺖ ﻣﻨﺪون ﻛﻠﮭﻢ ﺗﺮووح؟ Why are you selected from among them all to go ? Where from ? Where are you coming from? Where are you from? Where are you heading? Where are you heading ? Where do you arrive ? ﺼل؟ Connectors The connectors between phrases and sentences in the Iraqi dialect are different from those of the Standard language. They are words adapted, contracted, and combined from the classical Arabic or from other languages. They have different shapes from what their original words were. Here are some. Time connectors Gabil ma = before + a sentence ﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﯿﺖ ﺷﻔﺘﮫ Shifta gabil maa mishe:t I met him before I left. Ba’aid ma ( wara ma) ( ﺑﻌﺪ ﻣﺎ ) ورا ﻣﺎafter + a sentence وﯾﺎك ﻋﺮﻓﺘﮫ ورا ﻣﺎ ‘arifta wara maa Hicha wiyaak. I recognized him after he spoke with you. Limman ﻟﻤﻦwhen + a sentence ‘aidma ﻋﺪﻣﺎwhen + a sentence ھﻢ إﻧﮭﺰﻣﻮ ّ ،ﻟﻤﻦ دﺧﻠﻨﺎ ل Limman dkhilna il be:t, humma ?inhizmau 92 93 When we entered the house, they fled. Wba’ade:n = وﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦthen later رﺣﻨﺎ ﻟﮭﻢ اول ﻣﺮة ﺗﻐﺪﯾﻨﺎ ﺑﺮا ﺑﻞ ﻣﻄﻌﻢ ?awal marra tghade:nabarra bil maT’aam w ba’ade:n riHnalhum lilbe:t. First we had lunch in a restaurant, and then we went to them in their house. Min ﻣﻦat the time ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﺗﻨﺮﻓﺰ، ﻣﻦ دﺧﻠﻨﺎ ال ﺑﯿﺖ Min dakhalna il be:t, he got mad. When we entered the house, he was a bit tensed (unhappy). ( he disliked it.) Reason connectors L?an ﻷن Li?an (u) . ) ﻛﺎن( ﻣﻮو زﯾﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻨﺎ ال ﻣﻜﺎن ﻷن ) ﻷﻧﻮ( ال Trakna il akaan li-anu il jaw chaan muu ze:n. We left the place because the weather was not good. A’almuud ﻋﻠﻤﻮد A’almuud maa (laa) إﺣﻨﺎ ﻧﺤﺘﺮم ﺗﻘﺎﻟﯿﺪﻛﻢ وﻋﻠﻤﻮد ھﺎي ﺧﻠﻠﯿﮭﻢ ﯾﺴﻮوﻧﺎ ﻣﺠﺎل. ﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﯾﺪ ﻧﻄﺐ ﺟﻮا ﻋﻠﻤﻮد اﻛﻮ ﻧﺴﻮان وﺑﻨﺎت ﺑﻞ ﺑﺼﺖ .ﺣﺘﻰ ﻧﻄﺐ وﻣﺎ ﻧﺸﻮﻓﮭﻢ Ma nreed nTib jauwa ‘almuud ?aku niswaan w banaat bil be;t . ?iHna niHtirim taqaaleedkum w’almuud haay khaleehum ysawwona majaal Hatta nTib wmaa nshuufhum. We do not want to enter because there are women and girls inside the house. We respect your traditions and that is why we ask them to give us way to enter without seeing them. Che:f ke:f because . ﻤﺭﻴﺽ ﻤﺎ ﺭﺍﺡ ﻟﻠﺸﻐل He did not go to work because he was sick. Athaarii ﺍﺜﺎﺭﻱ in fact .. because / I find out that…. / it turns out that … .ﺍﺨﺫﻭﻨﻲ ﻭﻴﺎﻫﻡ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﻓﺔ ﺍﺜﺎﺭﻱ ﻴﺭﻴﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﺩﻓﻌﻠﻬﻡ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺒﻲ They took me as a roommate because they wanted the rent to be paid by me. Or they took me as a roommate to make me pay the rent for them. (They pay nothing). Purpose Connectors ‘almuud = ﻋﻠﻤﻮدto / so that Hatta ﺣﺘﻰ Mbor (Moslawi) ﻣﺒﻮر Mishghan (Moslawi) ﻣﺸﻐﺎن Min shaan ( borrowed) ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎن 93 94 . ﻷﻧﻮ ) ﻻن( ﺟﺘﻨﺎ إﺧﺒﺎرﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﯿﻜﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮارﯾﻨﻜﻢ ھﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ﻧﻔﺘﺶ ل Je:na hna ‘almuud nfattish il be:t l?anuu jitna ?ikhbaariya ‘ale:kum min jawaareenkum. We are here to search the house because we got a call from your neighborhood. All other connectors can be used the same way to replace ‘almuud ﻋﻠﻤﻮد Contrast Connectors Bas = ﺑﺲbut , however, nevertheless Walaakin = وﻟﻜﻦbut Walawin = وﻟﻮ و ِنthough Ma’ale:k = regardless ‘aaad Kho Raghim MSA Wiya Walau ….bas Fo:g maa = ﻋﺎدbut, therefore, as a result = ﺧﻮso, therefore = رﻏﻢdespite = وﯾﺎin spite of ﺑﺲ.... = وﻟﻮthough ﻣﺎ = ﻓﻮthough, in spite of the fact that ﻓﺘﺸﻨﺎ ل ﻣﻜﺎن ﺑﺲ ﻣﺎ ﺷﻔﻨﺎ ﺷﻲ Fttashna lmakaan bas maa shifna shii We searched the place, but we did not see anything. ‘aad haatha khosh walid. Maa ysawee heechi ﺷﻲ ﻋﺎد ھﻮ ﺧﻮش وﻟﺪ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﻮي But he is a good guy. He does not do such a thing. Kho ma biqa ‘aleik dyuun! !ﺧﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﻘﻰ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ دﯾﻮن I hope ( so) no debts are left on you? ّ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ زﻋﻼن، وﯾﺎ ﻛﻞ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺻﺎر Wiya kul lii Saar, ana maa zi’alaan minnak ﻣﻨﻚ Despite all that, I am not angry with you. Walau huwa zi’alaan, bas aan aruuH yamhum. Though he is angry, I still visit them. وﻟﻮ ھﻮ زﻋﻼن ﺑﺲ آﻧﻲ ارووح ﯾﻤﮭﻢ Fo:g maa saa’adna, gaam y’aaadiina. ﯾﻌﺎدﯾﻨﺎ، ﻣﺎ ﺳﺎﻋﺪﻧﺎ Though we helped him, he started attacking ( being hostile to) us. Consequence Connectors Wilhassabab وﻟﮭﻞ ﺳﺒﺐfor this reason, so, therefore 94 95 Walihaatha وﻟﮭﺬاfor this, so, therefore اﺳﺘﺮﯾﺢ ﺷﻮﯾﺔﺗﻌﺒﺖ ھﻮاﯾﺎ وﻟﮭﺬا ارﯾﺪ Ti’aibit hwaaya walihaatha ?areed ?ag’aid ?astireeH shwaya I got tired. So, I want to sit and relax a bit. Practice: ID /tmara it wlhal sabab ma d e:t jam mak/ . ﯾــﻤـﮫ ك ِ ّ َ ﺗـﻤـــﺮﺿـــﺖ وﻟـﮭـﻞ ﺳﺒﺐ ﻣـﺎ ﺟـﯿـﺖ I got sick and that is why I did not visit you. MSA . ﺗـﻤـﺮﺿـﺖ و ﻟـﮭـﺬا اﻟﺴﺒﺐ ﻟـﻢ ازرك ﻟـﻘـﺪ ُ ّ /laqad tamar ra tu wa liha: a sabab lam ?azu:raka/ I became sick and for this reason I did not visit you. ID . ﺳﺄﻟت ﻋﻧﻧك وﺑﻌدﯾن ﺟﯾت ﻟك I asked about you. Then I came to see you. ID . ھﻮ زﯾﻦ ﺑﺲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﻤﻊ ل ﺣﺠﯿﻨﺎ He is good but he never listens to us. Conditional Connectors Itha إذا Itha yisaal ‘anee. Aanii maa maw-juud آﻧﻲ ) ﻋﺎد( ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد، إذا ﯾﺴﺄل ﻋﻨﻲ The structure is likely to happen and the verb is in the present tense. In case he asks about me, I am not here. Itha tidris, tinjaH ( raaH tinjaH) ( ﺗﻨﺠﺢ ) راح ﺗﻨﺠﺢ، إذا ﺗﺪرس If you study, you pass (will pass) . Advice rather than conditional. Lo + past ( hypothetical) Lo chan ‘aindee flos , chan streit il beit. ﺟﺎن ﺷﺘﺮﯾﺖ ال ﺑﯿﺖ، ﻋﻨﺪي ﻓﻠﻮس ﻟﻮ Had I had money, I would have bought the house. If I had had money, I would have bought the house. Lo + vb ___( polite imperative as suggestion) Lo tismaH, ghyir il skamlee . haatha maHjuuz. “If you allow me” If you do not mind _________________. . ھﺬا ﻣﺤﺠﻮز... . ﻏﯿﺮ ال ﺳﻜﻤﻠﻲ.... ﻟﻮ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ If you do not mind, change your place (sit on a different chair). This chair is reserved. Suggestion . ﻟﻮ ﺗﺠﻲ وﺗﺸﻮوف ال وﺿﻊ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻚ Lo: tijii wit-shuuf il wadhi’a bnaf-sak 95 96 I suggest you come and see the situation by yourself. Blame, advice, hypothetical ﺻﺎﯾﺮ ﻣﺪرس ﺑﻞ ﻣﻌﮭﺪ ھﺴﮫ، وﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﻟﻮ Lo: chan je:t wiyaana, hassa chinit Saayir mudar-ris bil ma’a-had Had you come with us ( but you refused), you would have been now ( a teacher) teaching in the institute. Idiomatic ( hypothetic) _____________________past ﷲ ﻻ ﯾﻘﺪر Allah laa yqadir lo + past verb, ______________. ! ﻤﻨﻭﻭ ﻴﺨﻠﺼﻙ، ﺼﺎﺭﻟﻙ ﻓﺩ ﺸﻲ ﺍﷲ ﻻ ﻴﻘﺩﺭ Allah la yqad-dir lo: Sarl lak fad shii, minuu ykhalSak! God forbid, if something wrong happened to you, who would save you? Addition-connectors 1. U = and و Yakul wyishrab . ﯾﺎﻛﻞ وﯾﺸﺮب He eats and drinks. 2. ham-meina = also Yakhith akhuu hameina wiya. ﯾﺎﺧﺬ اﺧﻮه ھﻤﯿﻨﺔ وﯾﺎه He took his brother also with him. 3. muu bas ……….hameina ﻋﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ ده .......... ﻣﻮ ﺑﺲ ھﻮ، ھﻮ ﻣﻮ ﺑﺲ ﻧﺰل Huwa muu bas nizil , huwa hameina ydabich ‘al SaTiH. “He is not only a guest, he is also walking on the roof.” He is a guest but he is doing wrong things. 3. Chmaala = take/ give /have/ get /lose + extra Mu bas huwa raaH akhath akhu chmala wiya. وﯾﺎه اﺧﺬ اﺧﻮه... ﻣﻮ ﺑﺲ ھﻮ راح 96 97 4. ‘aalaa-watan ‘ala = what is worse ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ, in addition to all that . ﺑﻄﻞ ﯾﺸﺘﻐﻞ، ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ال ظﺮوف ال ﺻﻌﺒﺔ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﺮ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ In addition to all the bad circumstances that he went through, he refused to work. Negation in Iraqi Dialect اﺳﻠﻮب اﻟﻨﻔﻲ To negate verbs , use / ma:/ ﻣــﺎ such as ﻣــﺎ أ رﯾــﺪ ﻣـﺎ رﯾﺪ / ma: ri:d/ / ma: ?ari:d/ I do not need this headache I do not work with you. . . وراح ﻣﺎ أﺷﺘﻐﻞ وﯾﺎك. ﻣﺎ رﯾﺪ ھﻞ دوﺧﺔ He did not let me sleep all night. He was snoring. ﺟﺎن ﯾﺸﻮﺧﺮ. ﺧﻼﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺎم ﻛﻞ اﻟﻠﯿﻞ MSA ID ﻟﯿﺲ ﻋﻨﺪي ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪي / laysa ‘aindi:/ maa ‘aindi: . آﻧﻲ ﺑﺮي ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ھﻞ ﺷﻐﻼت. ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪي ﺷﻲ I do not have anything. I am innocent of all these things. To negate nouns and adjectives, use /mu:/ such as ﻣــﻮ ﺑﺎﻟـﺒـﺒﯿـﺖ /mu: bil be:t/ ﻣــﻮ ﻣـــﻮ ﻧـﺎﯾـﻢ /mu: najim/ . ( ﺑﺲ ﻧﺎدﯾﮫ )ﻧﺎدي ي.ﻣﻮ ﻧﺎﯾﻢ. ھﻮ ﺻﺎﺣﻲ Huwa SaaHii . Muu nayim. Bas naadii wiguum He is awake. He is not sleeping. Call him, and he will wake up. Haasha ﺣﺎﺷﺎ .ً ﺣﺎﺷﺎ ان اﻛﻮن ﺳﺎرﻗﺎ I absolutely deny being a thief. Laa ﻻ وﻻ ﯾﻘﻮلﻻ He never utters. He never asks permission. Bala , blay-ya ( biduun) ﺑﺪون، ﺑﻠﯿﺎ، ﺑﻼ .ھﺬا ﻓﺪ واﺣﺪ ﺑﻼ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ وﻻ وﺟﺪان Ma’aleik ﺑﮭﻞ ﺷﻐﻠﺔ . ( ﻣﻨﮫ ) ﺑﯿﮫ Do not get involved. Do not worry. Do not worry. Will take care. . ﺧﻠﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﻲ.... ﺑﯿﮭﺎ Idioms ( to deny as negation) Haasha! Not me (I deny it) Hashaak! Not you. ! ﺣﺎﺷﺎ ﺣﺎﺷﺎك 97 98 ! ﻣﻮو ﺑﻞ Muu bil Bil He:f ! No…. that is shame Muu ‘ae:b ! isn’t shame ﻣﻮو ﻋــﺼــﺐ Examples: . ھﻮ ﻻ ﺣﻲ وﻻ ﻣﯿﺖ.ً وﷲ ﺻﺤﺘﮫ )ﺻﺤﺘﻮ( ﻣﻮ زﯾﻨﺔ اﺑﺪا.1 ﯾﺎ رﺟﻞ؟ . اﻧﺖ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻮ ﺑﯿﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﻦ زﻣﺎن. وﺣﺸﻨﺎك.2 . ﻋﺼﻲ وﻗﻠﺲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﺖ اﻧﺖ.3 . راح ﻣﺎﻧﺘﻨﺎزل إﻟﻜﻢ ﻟﻮ ﺷﻤﺎ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ.4 . ﻣﺎ ﺷﻔﺖ أي ھﺎرب أو ﻣﺠﺮم ﺑﻞ ﻣﺤﻠﺔ ھﺎي.5 ّ ) ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺒﻞ( ﻋﻞ اﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ان.6 . ) ﻧﻤﻠﻖ إﻟﻜﻢ ﻣﻮو ﺟﻮﻋﺎن وﻻ ﻋﻄﺸﺎن.7 . ﺗﺠﻲ ﻟﻞ دوام ھﻲ ﻣﻮو ﻣﺮﯾﻀﺔ ﺑﺲ ﻣﺎ.8 . ﺑﺲ ﺷﺎطﺮ وﻓﺘﺤﻠﮫ ) ﻓﺘﺤﻠﻮ( ﻋﯿﺎدة ب ﺑﺎب ل ﺷﺮﺟﻲ، ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ھﻮ ﻣﻮو ھﻞ طﺒﯿﺐ اﻟﻠﻲ.9 . ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ال اﻣﻮر ده ﺗﻤﺸﻲ. ال وﺿﻊ ﻻ زﯾﻦ وﻻ ﻣﻮو زﯾﻦ.10 1. walla SiHitu muu zeina ?abadan huwa la Hay wala mayit 2. wahashnaak. ?inta maaku bayaanak min zamaan. Wein chinit yaa rajul 3. ma’arifit ?inta heechii ‘aiSi w qalis 4. raaH manitnaazal ?ilkum lo shma ySeer 5.ma shifit ?ay haarib ?au mujrim bil mHalla haay 6. maniqbal’al ?anfusna ?an nmaliq?ilkum 7. muu juu’aaan wala ‘aiTshaan 8. hiya muu mareedha bas matigbal tiji lil dawaam 9. huwa muu hal tayib lii tguul ‘alei . bas shaaTir w fataHluu ‘aiyaada b aab il sharjii 10. lwadhi’a laa zein wala muu zein ya’anii l ?imuur da timshii 1. In fact his health is not good. He is half alive. 2. We missed you. We have not seen you for a long time. Where were you man? 3. I didn’t know that you were a miser and stingy. 4. We never conceded what it cost us. 5. I did not see any fugitive or criminal in this neighborhood 6. We will not kiss your ass. 7. I am not thirsty nor hungry 8. She is not sick but she does not come to work. 9. He is not the Dr. you think he is. But he is clever and opened a clinic for himself. 10. The situation is not bad nor good. It is Okay. Prepositions: ﺣﺮوف اﻟﺠﺮ There are also some Iraqi prepositions that their MSA equivalents are completely different: MSA ID 98 99 ﺟــﻮه َ * /j au wa/ ﺗــﺤــﺖ /taHta/ ﻣـــﻊ /maa’a/ under or inside وﯾـــﺎ ّ /wij ja/ with ﺑـــﺪون\ ﺑﻠﯾﺎ /bidu:n/ /bla j ja/ داﺧـﻞ /da:xil/ \ ﺟوه /j au wa/ ﺧـﺎرج \ ﺑرا /ba r ra:/ /xa:rid3 / /a’inda/ \ ﯾﻢ /yam/ ﺑــﺠــﻮار ِ ﺑـــﺼــﻒ َ ﻋــﻨــﺪ /bid iwa:r/ ﺣﻮل without inside outside at /bSaf/ next to دورﻣﺪاﯾﺮ Hawl ( ) ﺑﻮﺳﻂ dor madaayir ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺘﺼﻒ ﺑﻨﺺ Fii muntasaf ( bi-wasaT) bniS ﺑﺪون in the middle of ( ) ﺑﻼ Bi-doon blay-ya ﻣﻦ ﺟﺎﻧﺐ Min jaanib around ﺑﻠﯿﺎ ( without) ﻣﻦ طﺮف min Traf (from the side of ) fo:g (on , over ) ﻓﻮق Fauq ﺟﺎﻧﺐ Jaanib ﺻﻔﺤﺔ Saf-Ha ( side) ﺣﻮل طﺎري Haul Taari ( around, about) ID use ﺑـــــto replace (in), (on), (at) of MSA ﻓــﻲ MSA ﻓﻲ اﻟـﻤـﻜـﺘﺐ /fi maktab/ ID ﺑــﻞ داﯾﺮة /bil dajra/ (in the office) . Γήϳ Ω ϞΑ ϰϛϼΘ ϧ ͿΎ η ϥ Ρ έ ﻓﻲ اﻟـﺒﯿﺖ ﺑـﻞ ﺑﯿﺖ 99 100 /fil be:t /bil be:t/ ( in the house) . ﺑﺎﺟرͿΎ ηϥ ΕϳΑϝΑϑ ϭΎ ηΗϧΡ έ You can use /faj/ ﻓـﮫ ْيto mean (shade) in English. ي ْ واﻛــﻒ ﺑــﺎﻟـﻔﮫ/wagif bil faj/ . ﺑل ﻓﮫ ي وإﺣﻧﺎ، ﺑل ﺷﻣس ل ﻧﺎس ﺑﺎﻟﺳﯾﺎرة ﺑل ﺳﯾﺎرة Bil say-yaara bilsay-yaara by the car رﺣﻧﺎ ﺑل ﺳﯾﺎرة ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻛﯾﻧﺔ Bil-sikeena ﺑل bil sicheena with a knife ﺿرﺑﮫ ﺑل The preposition b بin idioms RaaH biiha = got in trouble راح ﺑﯾﮭﺎ RaaH biiha maat = he got death / died راح ﺑﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺎت Shbiik? = What is wrong with you? ﺷﺑﯾك Ma’ale:k bii. = You have nothing to do with him ﻣﻌﻠﯾك ﺑﯾﮫ Sh-shaayif bii. = what is wrong about him? ﺷﺷﺎﯾف ﺑﯾﮫ Sh-shaayif bii ze:n = What is it god about him? ؟ ﺷﺷﺎﯾف ﺑﯾﮫ Laa minha wala biiha = we have nothing to do with ﻻ ﻣﻧﮭﺎ وﻻ ﺑﯾﮭﺎ ‘aindak ( ilak) shii biiha = Do you have anything to do with that ﻋﻧدك ) إﻟك( ﺷﻲ ﺑﯾﮭﺎ Maa biiha shii = it does not matter, it is not a big deal ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﮭﺎ ﺷﻲ Billah ‘ale:k = is that right ؟ ﺑﻠﻠﮫ Learners of Iraqi dialect face one more problem of prepositions, especially when some pronouns are attached to them in a phrase or a sentence. It is essential to see and recognize the shape of the preposition in a sentence. Here are some examples. Female (you) as an object (-ch) versus male(you) as an object (-k) Female possessive (your) is (-ich) versus male possessive (your)(-ik)is another issue not to confuse in while talking. وﯾـــﺎ ج د.1 /da ?aHchi wiyaach/ I am talking to you (f. Singl.). Wiya:k = masculine دا أﺣﺠﻲ وﯾﺎك ﺑـﻠـﯿـــﺎ ج ّ ﻣـﺎ راح أ روح / ma raaH ?a ru:H blaja: / I won’t go without you out. blay ya:k = masculine ﻣﺎ روح ﺑﻠﯿﺎك 100 .2 101 ﺟـــﻮا ﺧــﻠـﻰ اﻟﻜــﻮﺷـﺔ .3 /xale: el ko:sha d3 au wa: / Put the small pillow beneath you. Jaw wa:k = masculine ﺧﻠﻲ اﻟﻜﻮﺷﺔ ﺟﻮاك ﯾــــﻤــــــج َ ﱠ /ra:H tid jam mi / She will come to you Yam mak = masculine راح ﺗــﺠــﻲ .4 راح ﺗﺠﻲ ﯾﻤﻚ َﯾــﻤــﻌـﻮد ﯾـــﻜــﺬب ﻋــﻠـﯿــــﺞ .5 /jam a’u wad jik ib a’ale: / He’s lying to you (feminine you) a’aleik = masculine ﯾﻤﻌﻮد ﯾﻜﺬب ﻋﻠﯿﻚ Demonstratives: Demonstratives are very close to the standard words. But they are still confusing to learners because of their pronunciation. We have two types of demonstratives. Demonstratives that indicate near objects, and those that indicate far objects. The singular demonstratives are different from the plural ones too. Singular Demonstratives MSA far ذاك / a:ka/ that (m.) ﺗــﻠـــﻚ /tilka/ that (f.) ID near far near ھـﺬا /ha: a/ this (m.) ذاك / a:k/ that (m.) ھـﺎ ل /ha/ this (m.) ھـﺬه /ha: ihi/ this (f.) ذﯾــــــﺞ / i:t / that (f.) ھـﺎي ل /ha:j/ that (f.) This boy (near) – that boy (far) ذاك ال وﻟﺪ- ھـﮫ ل وﻟﺪ This girl (near) - that girl (far) إل ﺑﻨﺖھﺎي ال ﺑﻨﺖ – ذ Examples: ھﮫ ل وﻟﺪ ﺷﺎطﺮ – ذاك ال وﻟﺪ ﻛﺴﻼن ذﯾﺞ ﻛﺴﻼﻧﺔ- ھﺎي ل ﺑﻨﯿﺔ ﺷﺎطﺮة 101 102 Plural Demonstratives ID near ھـﺬوﻻ /ha th o:la/ )these (m. ھﺬ ﻧـﻲ \ ذﻧـﻲ / th ani:/ )these (f. MSA near far ھـﺆﻻء /ha:?ula:?/ )these(m. ذوﻻك )ذوك( /th o:la:k / )those (m. ھــﺆﻻء /ha?ula:?/ )these (f. ذ ﻧـــﯿـــــــﺞ / thani:tS ◌ٍ / far اوﻟــﺌـﻚ /?ula:?ika/ )those (m. اوﻟـﺌــــﻚ /?ula:?ika/ )those (f. )those (f. these boys- these soldiers ذوﻟﮫ إل اوﻻد ذوﻟﮫ إل ﺟﻨﻮد ذﻻك ذك ذك إل اوﻻد ذك ال ﺟﻨﻮد those boys- those soldiers ھـﺬﻧﻲ ذﻧﻲ ل ﺑﻨﺎت -ذﻧﯿـ ل ﺑﻨﺎت those girls these girl- ذﻧﻲ ل ﺑﻨﺎت ﺷﺎطﺮات .ذﻧﯿـ ﻛﺴﻼﻧﺎت These girls are smart. Those are lazy. ھﺬوﻻ ل ﺟﻨﻮد – ذوﻻك ال ﺟﻨﻮد These soldiers- those soldiers These girls – Those ذﻧﻲ )ھﺬﻧﻲ( إل ﺑﻨﺎت – ذﻧﯿــﺞ ھﻞ ﺟﻨﺪي This soldier ھﺬوﻟﺔ ل ﺟﻨﻮد These soldiers ھﻞ ﺑﻨﺖ This girl ھﺬوﻟﮫ ل ﺑﻨﺎت These girls ذاك ل ﺟﻨﺪي That soldier ذوك ) ذوﻻك ( ل ﺟﻨﻮد Those soldiers Practice: .1ﯾﺘﻤﺸﻮن ﺑﺬﯾـ ل ﺷﻮارع وﻣﺎ ﻣﮭﺘﻤﯿﻦ وﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﯾﻠﯿﻦ ﺳﻼح وﯾﺎھﻢ. .2ﺗﻌﺠﺒﻨﺎ ھﺎي ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺧﻄﺮة وﻻزم ﺗﺸﯿﻠﻮن ل ﺳﻼح وﯾﺎﻛﻢ ﻟﻤﻦ ﺗﻄﻠﻌﻮن ﺑﺪ دراﺑﯿﻦ .3وﺷﻔﻨﺎ ھﻞ دﺑﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﺬﺑﻮﺑﺎت ﺑﻞ ﺷﻮارع وﻣﺤﺪ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ. .4وذﯾـ ل ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺎت ال ارﺿﯿﺔ ﻣﺘﺮوﻛﺔ ل ﻣﻘﺮات وﻣﺎ ﻛﻮ ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻓﺪ ﺟﻨﺪي ﺣﺘﻰ ﯾﺸﻐﻠﮭﺎ. .5اﺧﺬﻧﺎ ل ﺑﻐﺪاد ذوك ل اﺳﺮى اﻟﻠﻲ اﻧﻠﺰﻣﻮا ﻋﻞ ل ﺣﺪوود. 102 103 Adjectives The Iraqi dialect speakers use their own adjectives which are adapted from the Standard Arabic words or are borrowed from other languages. Some linguists do not consider these words as good Arabic words; therefore, they do not allow students to use them in the school class discussions since they are not “Arabic”. Many of them are taken from the local languages such as Persian, Turkish, Aramaic, Hebrew, and others. Nevertheless, now they are considered among high frequency vocabulary in the Iraqi Arabic dialect. ◌ِa: Adjectives after nouns: MSA ID ﻣـﺠـﺎﻧـــﻲ /mad a:ni/ ﺑـــﻼش َ /bala / . ( ﻏـﯿﺮ ﺟـﯿـﺪ /Gajr d ajid/ for free ال ﻗﺠﻎ دوﻻر ﺑﺴﻮو50 ﻛﻞ ﺑﻨﺪﻗﯿﺔ ب. ھﻞ ﺳﻼح دا ﯾﻨﺒﺎع ب ﺑﻼش ﺟـــﺮك ِ ِ /tS irik/ of a bad quality . ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺎﺧﺬ رطﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺧﺰن ﺟﻮا اﻟﻜﺎع. ھﻞ ﻧﻮع ﻣﻨﻞ ﻋﺘﺎد ﺟﺮك و ﯾﻄﻠﻊ ﻓﺸﻮش وﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﺗﺎﻟﻒ taalif ﺧﺮﺑﺎن khirbaan damaged ﻛﻞ إل ﺟﺒﻦ ﺑﺰ زﺑﻞ ﻋﻠﻤﻮد ھﻮ ﺧﺮﺑﺎنذ ﻋﺎطﻞ ‘aaTil out of order / faulty ﺧﺮﺑﺎن khirbaan ھﻞ ﻣﻜﯿﻨﺔ ﺧﺮﺑﺎﻧﺔ وﻣﺎ دا ﺗﺸﺘﻐﻞ (ﺟـــﯿـــﺪ )ة (زﯾــــﻦ )ة 103 104 /d ajid/ /ze:n/ well . وﯾﻦ ﺷﺎﯾﻒ ﻛﻼﺷﯿﻨﻜﻮف ھﺴﮫ ﺑﮭﻞ ﺳﻌﺮ.وﷲ ﻋﻤﻲ زﯾﻦ طــﺎزج /ta:zid / ﺗـﺎزة /ta:za/ زھــﯿـــﺪ /zahi:d/ أﺧـﻮ اﻟـﺒـﻼش / ?axu el bala / very cheap fresh, delicate . ﺗﻮا ﺧﻠﺼﻮ ﺗﻘﻄﯿﻌﮫ. ھﻞ ﻟﺤﻢ ﺑﻌﺪه ﺗﺎزة وطﺮي . ھﺬا اﺧﻮ ل ﺑﻼش. ﻋﻤﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺸﺘﺘﺮﯾﮫ Common Adjectives dhaayij Uncomfortable, bored, annoyed ﺿﺎﯾﺞ zih-gaan Restless, upset social = outgoing ارﯾﺤﻲ wakeeH = Harik hyper = moves a lot وﻛﺢ\ ﺣﺮك nifih nifih = Open and spacious ( place, area) khanga = stuffy, causes suffocation Kashkha = chick , tidy ﻛﺸﺨﺔ Mla’a ‘ab = playful ﻣﻠﻌﺐ ّ Falta or ‘abqari = Genius baTraan = ﻋﺒﻘﺮي ﻓﻠﺘﺔ irresponsibly lavish, pampered Past participle adjectives mitrah-hee confident / with trust ﻣﺘﺮھﻲ Waathiq ﻧﻔﮫ confident . comfortable mitrahee 104 ﺑﻄﺮان 105 When she sings, she does confidently mashkho:t retarded ﻣﺸﺨﻮط miskiin meek ﻣﺴﻜﯿﻦ mra’abil unorganized ﻣﻌﺮﺑﻞ \ ﻣﺮﻋﺒﻞ Mqap-paT no room is left, full ﻣﻘﺒﻂ ّ Mshak-kal combination ﻣﺸﻜﻞ Matruus full, filled ﻣﺘﺮووس Mafchuukh injured in head ووخﻣﻔــ majruuH injured ﻣﺠﺮووح Mita’w –wir injured ﻣﺘﻌﻮر ّ Musta’a-mal used ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ Mazruu’a planted ﻣﺰرووع MaftuuH open ﻣﻔﺘﻮوح Maghluuq closed ﻣﻐﻠﻮوق Mas-duud shut ﻣﺴﺪوود Maf-‘auuS dented ﻣﻔﻌﻮص Adjective + simile 1. Sahil mithlil charaz ﺳﮭﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ال 2. Yirham bkul shii mithil Tamata ﯾﺮھﻢ ﺑﻜﻞ طﺒﯿﺦ ﻣﺜﻞ ال طﻤﺎطﺔ 3. Yit’alam-h mithil shurbil maay ﯾﺘﻌﻠﻤﮫ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺷﺮب ال ﻣﺎي 4. Waadh-Ha widhuuHil shams واﺿﺢ ﻣﺜﻞ ال ﺷﻤﺲ 5. Abyadh mitlil thalij اﺑﯿﺾ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺜﻠﺞ 6. Baarid ‘abaalak thalij ﺑﺎرد ﻋﺒﺎﻟﻚ ﺛﻠﺞ 7. Aswad mithlil faHim اﺳﻮد ﻣﺜﻞ ال ﻓﺤﻢ 8. Naa’ais ‘abaalak isfanja ﻧﺎﻋﺲ ﻋﺒﺎﻟﻚ اﺳﻔﻨﺠﺔ 9. qlaba qaasii mithli il sakhara ﻗﻠﺒﮫ ﻗﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ال ﺻﺨﺮة ّ 10. mshk-kal ya lo:z ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﯾﺎ 11. haay zalaTa ﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻟﻁﺔ 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. easy as eating seeds flexible as tomato juice that goes with every dish ( easy to deal with) learnable like drinking water ( he knows it well = has become an island) clear as the sun white as the fluffy snow cold as ice black as charcoal soft as a sponge as hard as a rock ( tough) mixed like almonds with other seeds this Is Salad = very easy to do Adjectives implied in the phrase( more than one word) warda maal allah = he is good ‘aqla muu braasa = he is busy, he does not focus rabba Taayir = he is angry and mad وردة ﻣﺎ ﷲ ﻋﻘﻠﮫ ﻣﻮ ﺑﺮاﺳﮫ ّ رﺑﮫ طﺎﯾﺮ 105 106 ’ainda shikhTa = something wrong in his brain ﻋﻨﺪه ﺷﺨﻄﮫ ’ainda coils = he is retarded ﻋﻨﺪه ﻛﻮﯾﻼت mdhay-yi’a ‘aqla = he has lost his mind ﻣﻀﯿﻊ ﻋﻘﻠﮫ falla maal allah = he is very good ّﻓﻠﮫ ﻣﺎل ﷲ mishti’ail rab-ba = he is tired ﻣﺸﺘﻌﻞ رﺑﮫ tutna khilSaan= he is very old ﺗﺘﻨﮫ ﺧﻠﺼﺎن galba Tayib = he is a good hearted man طﯿﺐ nafsiita Tayba = he has a good character ﻧﻔﺴﯿﺘﮫ طﯿﺒﺔ iida Tweela = he steals اﯾﺪه طﻮﯾﻠﺔ lisaana Tweel = he has a log tongue (speaks a lot) ﻟﺴﺎﻧﮫ طﻮﯾﻞ muu tamaam = he is not okay ﻣﻮ ﺗﻤﺎم maay mijawa il ti-bin = water under hay = he is sneaky ﻣﺎي ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮه اﻟﺘﺒﻦ min jawa jawa = he does things secretly ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮه ﺟﻮه muu raaHa = he moves a lot = makes problems ﻣﻮ راﺣﺔ Taal’a ruuHa = his soul is out = he is unhappy and annoyed طﺎﻟﻌﺔ رووﺣﮫ SiiTa Taali’a = has reputation ﺻﯿﺘﺔ طﺎﻟﻊ Syi?il SiiT = infamous ﺳﻲء ال ﺻﯿﺖ La yHil wala yirbiT = cannot do anything, ineffective ﻻ ﯾﺤﻞ وﻻ ﯾﺮﺑﻂ ّ ﻻ Laa yzay-yid wala ynaq-qiS = it makes no change ﯾﻨـﻘــﺺ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ وﻻ ّ La yziid wal yinqaS = stagnant, no improvement ﻻ ﯾﺰﯾﺪوﻻ ﯾﻨﻘﺺ Adjectives implied in a verb and other words insisting = teasing, surprising = disgusting = Hard to deal with= shwaya yliH ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﯾﻠﺢ yTay-yir il ‘aqil ﯾﻄﯿﺮ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ ّ yla’aib ilnafis ﯾﻠﻌﺐ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ yishla’il ga-lib ﯾﺸﻠﻊ breaks your heart = yish’ail il ga-lib ﯾﺸﻌﻞ a bit aggressive = shway-ya yruuH zaayid ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﯾﺮوح زاﯾﺪ careless = ma ydiir baal ﻣﺎ ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎل has diarrhea= baTna tim shii ﺑﻄﻨﺔ ﺗﻤﺸﻲ ّ tough to deal with = yTal – li’a il ruuH ﯾﻄﻠﻊ اﻟﺮوح incoherent = yisHab khaarij ﯾﺴﺤﺐ ﺧﺎرج sneaky = yish-ti-ghil dafin ﯾﺸﺘﻐﻞ دﻓﻦ steamers = ylaghligh lsaana ﯾﻠﻐﻠﻎ ﻟﺴﺎﻧﺔ not eloquent = ma yi’arif yiHchii ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف makes mistakes = ykhar-biT ﯾﺨﺮﺑﻂ sneaky= yi’amal min jaw-wa jaw-wa ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮه ﺟﻮه very beautiful = ykhab-bil ﯾﺨﺒﻞ ّ ineffective = la yhish wala ynish ﻻ ﯾﮭﺶ وﻻ ﯾﻨﺶ ineffective = la yHil wala yirbiT ﻻ ﯾﺤﻞ وﻻ ﯾﺮﺑﻂ complaining , whining = yitbak bak ﯾﺘﺒﻜﺒﻚ vulnerable, easy to remove = yruuH ‘ashra maay ﯾﺮووح ﻋﺸﺮة ﻣﺎي violates = ydabich ‘al SaTiH ﻋﻞ ﺳﻄﺢ relaxing= yiftaHil ga-lib ﯾﻔﺘﺢ difficult to deal with, gloomy , unhealthy= yig-Ta’ail nafas طﻊ اﻟﻨﻔﺲ troublesome, asking for trouble = yitHaarash ﯾﺘﺤﺎرش Opportunist, a double agent, guarantee it = ydomin ‘al raa-sein ﯾﺪوﻣﻦ ﻋﻞ راﺳﯿﻦ Dummy = mith lil aTrash bil zaffa = a deaf in a wedding ﻣﺜﻞ اﻻطﺮش ﺑﻞ زﻓﺔ B: Adjectives before nouns: 106 107 It is interesting to note that some borrowed adjectives are used before nouns, unlike the Arabic syntax in which adjectives come after nouns. One of the high frequency adjective is /xo: / ﺧـﻮش. This adjective is taken from Farsi (or Kurdish) language: This is a good Baqlawa ”sweet cookies” MSA . ھـﺬه اﻟـﺒـﻘﻼوة ﺟـﯿﺪة /ha ihi al baqla:wa d ayida/ ID . ھـﺎي ﺧـﻮش ﺑـﻘﻼوة / ha:j xo: baqla:wa/ و. ﻛﻞ ل ﻧﺎس ﺗﺮوح ﯾﻤﮫ وﺗﻄﻠﺐ ﻣﻨﻨﮫ ﻋﻮن ﻟﻤﻦ ﯾﺤﺘﺎﺟﻮﻟﮫ. ﻻ ﺗﻌﺎﺗﺒﮫ. ﻛﻞ ل ﻧﺎس ﺗﺤﺒﺒﮫ.اﺣﻤﺪ ﺧﻮش وﻟﺪ وﺣﺒﺎب ﻻزم ﻣﮫ...... ل ﺧﻮش ھﻮ ﺧﻮش...... ﯾﻌﻤﻞ اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﻜﺪر ﻋﻠﯿﮫ وﻣﺎ ﯾﺠﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻟﻤﻦ ﯾﻜﺪر ﯾﺴﻮي ﺷﻲ.ﻣﺎ ﯾﻜﻮل ﻻ . ﺗﻨﻜﺮ زﯾﻨﯿﺘﺔ إﻧـ ﻧﺎس Quantifiers & Qualifiers: Quantifiers are words that Arabic speakers usually place before the adjectives. Some are quantifiers, and some are adverbs. Most of these adjective antecedents are adapted from the standard language or borrowed from other languages. Their Standard equivalents usually come after the adjectives that they modify. MSA ID ﻟﻠﻐـﺎﯾﺔ lil Ga:ja/ ﻛــﻠـــــﺶ ِ ِ /kilish / ( a lot) ھﺬا اﻟﻤﻨﻈﺮ ﺟﻤﯿﻞ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔhatha al manDar jamiil lil Gaaya ھﻞ ﻣﻨﻈﺮ ﻛﻠﺶ ﺟﻤﯿﻞhal manDar kilish jamiil This view is extremely beautiful. MSA ًﻛــﺜـﯿـﺮا /ka th i:ran/ ID * ھــﻮاﯾــﺎ /hwa:ja/ ( a lot) . إل دﻧﯿﺎ ھﻮاﯾﺎ ﺣﺎرة . إﻧﺎ أﺣﺒﮫ ھﻮاﯾﺎ MSA ﺟﻤﯿﻌﮭﺎ Jamii’aha ID ﻛﻠﯿﺎﺗﮫ kuli-yaat(h)a . ھﻞ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻛﻠﯿﺎﺗﮭﺎ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺑﺔ ﻋﻞ رﺻﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻮ ﻛﺮخ ًﻗـﻠـﯿـﻼ /qali:lan/ ﺷـﻮﯾـــﮫ ( a little) ّ / sh waj ja min/ Examples: 107 108 ﺑﻼ زﺣﻤﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻄﯿﻨﻲ ﻣﺠﺎل ﺷﻮﯾﮫ .ھﺬا ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﺻﻌﺐ ھﻞ إﻣﺘﺤﺎﻧﺎت ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ We pronounce /t/ as /shwayit/ when it is an adjective before a noun. Otherwise, it is /shwaya/ as an adverb such as / nimshee shwaya/ ( ﻧﻤﺸﻲ ﺷﻮﯾﺔwe walk a bit). ﻗﻠﯿﻞ qaleel ﺷﻮﯾﺖ shwayat .ھﺬي ﺷﻮﯾﺖ ﻏﺮاﺿﯿﺎت إﺷﺘﺮﯾﺘﮭﺎ ل ﺑﯿﺖ . إﻧﻄﯿﻨﻲ ﺷﻮﯾﺖ ﻣﺎي ﻗﻠﯿﻞ )ﻗﻠﯿﻼً ( ﻣﻦ qaleelan min ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻦ shwaya min إﻧﻄﯿﻨﻲ ﺷﻮﯾﮫ ﻣﻦ ھﻞ ﻏﺮاﺿﯿﺎت Examples as Practice: MSA ًھـﻮ ﺗــﻌﺒـﺎن ﻗﻠـﯿـﻼ /huwa taa’ba:n qali:lan/ He is a little tired He (is)tired-he a little ID ﯾــــﮫ ﺗـﻌـﺒـﺎن ّ ھــﻮ وة ﺷـﻮ ُ /huwa waja tia’ba:n/ He is a little tired. He (is)a little tired) literal These words can replace adverbs and they are put before or after their verbs. The dialectal system prefers these words to be before the verbs. MSA prefers these words to be after the verbs. MSA درﺳﺖ ﻗﻠﯿﻼً ﺛﻢ ﻧﻤﺖ ُ ID . درﺳــــﺖ ﺷــﻮ ﯾـﮫ وﻧـﻤــﺖ ِ /drasit shwaja w nimit/ I studied a little and slept. ھﻮ ھﻮاﯾﺎ طﯿﺐ واﻧﺎ ﻛﻠﺶ اﺣﺒﻮ ﺑﺲ ﻻزم ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻮ ﻣﻨﻞ ل آﺧﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺤﺴﺪو وﯾﺴﻮوﻟﻮ . ﻻ زم ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺼﻨﻂ ل إﺷﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺠﯿﻨﻮ وﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻞ ﻋﻤﻠﻮ.ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻨﺎ وﻣﻨﻨﺎ ّ ( ﺗﺘﺴﻨﻂ = )ﺗﺘﻨﺴﻂlisten to ( ﯾﺼﻨﻂ، ﯾﺼﻄﻨﻂ، ﯾﺘﺼﻨﺖ rd For singular 3 person possessive Dialectal differences: Moslawi versus Baghdadi and Southern Comparison: His and Him pronoun is pronounced differently e.g., his work , his attention, himself. Moslawis use /uu/ for his or him Baghdad and Southerners use /a/ for his or him 108 109 shifta shiftu Baghdadi and South Moslawi وﺿﻌﻮ his condition وﺿﻌﮫ his condition ﺷﻔﺘﮫ ﺷﻔﺘﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﻮ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ I saw him himself himself moslawi Example: ھﻮ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ طﯿﺐ واﻧﺎ ﻛﻠﺶ )اﺣﺒﻮ( ﺑﺲ ﻻزم ﺷﻮﯾﮫ ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻮ( ﻋﻠﻰ ) ﻧﻔﺴﻮ( ﻣﻨﻞ آﺧﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺤﺴﺪوه و ﯾﺴﻮوﻟﻮ ( ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻨﺎ وﻣﻨﻨﺎ .ﻻزم ﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﺘﻨﻂ ل إﺷﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻠﻲ ) ﺗﺠﯿﻨﻮ( وﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻮ . ) Baghdadi and Southerners: ھﻮ ھﻮاﯾﺎ طﯿﺐ وأﻧﺎ ﻛﻠﺶ أﺣﺒﮫ ﺑﺲ ﻻزم ﺷﻮﯾﮫ ﯾﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﮫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﻣﻨﻞ آﺧﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺤﺴﺪوه وﯾﺴﻮوﻟﮫ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﻣﻨﻨﺎ وﻣﻨﻨﺎ .ﻻزم ﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﻄﻨﻂ ل إﺷﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗﺠﯿﮫ وﯾﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﮫ. Reflexives Iraqis use their own reflexive pronouns in parallel to the standard Arabic: ب رووح )Iraqi ( more Moslawi آﻧﻲ ﺑﺮووﺣﻲ رﺣﺖ إﺣﻨﺎ ﺑﺮووﺣﻨﺎ رﺣﻨﺎ ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺎ ً آﻧﻲ إﺣﻨﺎ MSA said in a dialect way bruuHi myself BruuHna ourselves ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻨﺎ Bnafsi B?anfusna bruuHak yourself إﻧﺖ ﺑﺮووﺣﻚ رﺣﺖ bruuHich yourself إﻧﺖ ﺑﺮووﺣـ رﺣﺘﻲ bruuHkum yourselves إﻧﺘﻢ ﺑﺮووﺣﻜﻢ رﺣﺘﻢ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻚ ﺑﻨﻔﺴـ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻜﻢ Bnafsak Bnafsich B?anfuskum bruuHa himself ھﻮ ﺑﺮووﺣﮫ راح bruuH-ha herself ھﻲ ﺑﺮووﺣﮭﺎ راﺣﺖ ھﻢ ﺑﺮووﺣﮭﻢ راﺣﻮ bruuH-hum themselves ّ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﮫ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﮭﺎ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﮭﻢ Bnafsa Bnafsha B?anfusihum personally ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺎ ً = ب ﻧﻔﺲ by + myself ارووح ﻟﮫ ) ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻲ ( ﻧﺮووح ﻟﮫ )ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻨﺎ ( أرووح ﻧـ إﻧﺖ إﻧﺖ إﻧﺘﻢ ﺗـ ﺗـ ﺗـ ﯾﻦ ون ھﻮ ھﻲ ھﻢ ّ ﯾـ ﺗـ ﯾـ ون ) alone by (myself ) ﻟﻲ وﺣﺪي( )ﻟﻲ وﺣﺪﻧﺎ( ﺑﻮﺣﺪي ﺑﻮﺣﺪﻧﺎ ﺗﺮووح ﻟﮫ ) ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻚ( ﺗﺮﺣﻲ ﻟﮫ ) ﺑﻨﻔﺴـ( ﺗﺮﺣﻮو ﻟﮫ ) ﺑﻨﻔﺴﻜﻢ( ) ﻟﻲ وﺣﺪك ( ) ﻟﻲ وﺣﺪ( ) ﻟﻲ وﺣﺪﻛﻢ( ﺑﻮﺣﺪك ﺑﻮﺣﺪك ِ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﻛﻢ ﯾﺮووح ﻟﮫ ) ﺑﻨﻔﺴﮫ( ﺗﺮووح ﻟﮫ ) ﺑﻨﻔﺴﮭﺎ ( ﯾﺮﺣﻮو ﻟﮫ ) ﺑﻨﻔﺴﮭﻢ ( ) ﻟﻲ وﺣﺪه( ) ﻟﻲ وﺣﺪھﺎ( ) ﻟﻲ وﺣﺪھﻢ ( ﺑﻮﺣﺪه ﺑﻮﺣﺪھﺎ ﺑﻮﺣﺪم Practice: .1ھﻮ ﺑﺮووﺣﮫ ﻻزم ﯾﺮووح ﻟﻠﺪاﯾﺮة. .2ھﻮ ﻟﻮﺣﺪه راح ﯾﺮووح ﻟﻞ ﺷﺮطﺔ .وﻣﺎ ﻧﺮووح وﯾﺎه. .4ھﻮ ﺑﻮﺣﺪه ﻻزم ﯾﺮووح ﯾﺘﻄﻮع. 109 110 إﻧﺘﻢ ﺑﺮووﺣﻜﻢ ﻻزم ﺗﺮﺣﻮون ﻟﻠﺪاﯾﺮة وﯾﻮﻗﻌﻮن ﻋﻠﯿﮭﺎ.5 . ﻧﻔﺴﮫ ﺑﻨﻔﺴﮫ ﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﻜﻠﺔ ھﻮ ﺻﻮ.6 . ھﺬوﻟﮫ ﯾﺪﺧﻠﻮن ﻧﻔﺴﮭﻢ ﺑﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﻛﻞ.7 . ﻻ ﺗﺤﺸﺮ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﺑﮭﻞ ﻣﺴﺄﻟﺔ.8 ﺷﺎﯾﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ.9 Note: Do not confuse (nafas) with ( nafs) ﻧﻔــﺲ ْ َ \ ﻧﻔـــﺲ 1. la tkhash-khish nafsak bil maw-dhuu’a ﻻ ﺗﺨﺸﺨﺶ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﺑﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع Do not interfere. 2. hal shughul yinraad la nafas Taweel ھﻞ ﺷﻐﻞ ﯾﻨﺮاد ﻟﮫ ﻧﻔﺲ طﻮﯾﻞ This work needs patience. 3. sawaaha ‘ala fad nafas. ﺳﻮاھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺪ ﻧﻔﺲ He did it all in one time (uninterruptedly). Adverbs of time Learners often can not recognize the adverbs or (adverbials) of time in the Iraqi dialect since they are not the ones that they learn in Standard Arabic. Adverbs of time are important in that they help the speaker to conjugate the verb accordingly. MSA ID ًﻏـﺪا /Gadan/ /ba:t ir/ tomorrow \ ﺑـﻌـﺪ ﻏــﺪ /baa’id ba:t ir/ /a’ugba/ أﻣـﺲ ﻣـﺒﺎرح /?ams/ /mba:riH/ اﻟـﻘـﺎدم ل ﺟــــﺎي /?alqa:dim/ /?ald aj/ اﻟـﻤـﺎﺿــﻲ /?alma: I/ اﻻن /?al ?a:n/ ًﺗﻮا /tau wan ﻟﺤﺪ اﻵن / LiHad dil ?a:n / ﻻ زال after tomorrow yesterday the next ل راﯾـﺢ، ل ﻓﺎﯾﺖ /?alra:jiH/ , / lfaayit/ last, ago / ? lfa:t/ or /lfa:yit / ago , Last /has sa ﺗﻮي \ ﺗﻮه\ اﺳﺘﻮة taw wa/ tawi/ istaw-wa just ﻟﯿﮭﺴﮫ /lihas sa/ so far, not yet ﺑﻌﺪه 110 111 / la zaal / la jazaal / maa zaal ﻻ ﯾﺰال ba’ada is still ھﺴﮫ وﺑﻌﺪ Laa ya-zaal has-sa w ba-‘aid Adverbs in sentences: MSA ID Maa zaal ba’ad + possessives ﺑﻌﺪﻧﻲ still , not ….yet ﻻ زﻟﺖ .ﺑﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ راﯾﺢ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺖ Ba’aidnii ma raayiH lil beit. I haven’t gone home yet. ًﺳﺄراك ﻏـﺪا / sa?ara:ka Gadan/ I ‘ll see you tomorrow. رأﯾـﺘـﮭـﺎ أﻣـﺲ /ra?ajtuha ?ams/ I saw her yesterday. اﻧـﺎ اﺷﺎھـﺪ اﻟﺘﻠـﻔـﺰﯾـﻮن /?ana: ?u a:hid ?al tilivizjo:n/ I watch television راح أﺷـﻮﻓـﻚ ﺑﺎﺟـﺮ /ra:H ?a u:fak ba:tS ir/ I’ll see you tomorrow. ﻣـﺒــﺎرح ﺷــﻔــﺘــﮭـﺎ ِ ِ ِ / ifitha mba:riH/ I saw her yesterday. د أ ﺑــﺎوع اﻟـﺘـﻠـﻔـﺰﯾـﻮن /da: ba:wia’ a’al tilivizjo:n/ I am watching television Practice . اﺟﯿﻚ ھﺴﮫ اﻧﺎ ﻣﺸﻐﻮل ﻣﺎ.1 . اﻧﺖ ﻻزم إﻟﯿﻮم ﺗﺠﯿﻨﺎ. ﯾﻤﻚ ﻣﺒﺎرح.2 .وول ﻟﻚﻧﺠﺎوﺑﻚ وﻧـ ، ﺗﺴﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ. ﻛﻮﻟﻲ اﻧـﺖ ﻟﯿﮭﺴﮫ ﻣﺎ إﻓﺘﮭﻤﺖ ﺷﻨﮭﻲ ال ﺳﺎﻟﻔﮫ.3 . ﺟﺎﯾﯿﻚ.4 . اﻧﺎ ﯾﻤﻚ . ﻣﻮو.5 .ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ ﺷﻲ.. ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ھﻲ ھﻲ ﻧﺖ ﺑﺼﻒ ل ﺟﺎدة اﻟﻠﻲ.6 . دا أﻧﺘﻈﺮه ﻟﻲ ھﺴﮫ وﻣﺎ إﺟﺎﻧﺎ.7 . ﻓﺸﻮﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﮭﻠﻜﻢ وﯾﺎﻧﺎ... اﺳﺘﻮة اﺳﺘﻮى ال طﺒﯿﺦ.8 Adverbials of Manner He will do it for you__________________ . secretly ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮه ﺟﻮه silently ﺑـ ﺳﻜﻮوﺗﻲ forcefully ﺑـ ﺣﯿﻞ ﺻﺪر coercively ﻏﺰﺑﺎ ً ﻋﻨﻚ in a sneaky way ﻛﻠﮭﺎ دﻓﻦ 111 ﯾﺴﻮﯾﮭﺎ اﻟﻚ 112 too much hassle ﺑـ ﺷﻠﻌﺎن easily ﻤﺜل ﺸﺭﺏ ﺍل ﻤﺎﻱ right and clean ﻤﺜل ﺍل ﻭﺭﺩ nothing spent on ﻤﺎل ﻋﺸﺕ silently not seriously all at once directly little by little ﺴﻨﻁﺎﻭﻱ ﺒﻬﻭﻨﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭل ﻴﻭﺍﺵ ﻴﻭﺍﺵ continuously without any stop ﺟﺮة ّ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺪ too many times (he goes back and forth) ﺧﺮي ﻣﺮي راﯾﺢ ﺟﺎي Vocative Particles In the Iraqi dialect speech people usually address each other by using the first name of the addressee. In Standard Arabic, the vocative particle (Yaa)/ja:/ is used before any name or names to be addressed, without any consideration to number or gender. The Iraqi dialect uses (Yaa) /ja:/ for other purposes, however,(1)showing the inferiority of the addressee, or (2) advising or blaming somebody for something s/he has done. Here are examples. Addressing each other The Iraqi dialect has a different system of addressing people. If the name of the addressee is known, you call him or her by his or her name when the person is your age. If you know the profession or call him or her as you someone(man), (woman). MSA ﯾـﺎ أﺣـﻤــﺪ ID اﺣـــﻤـﺪ /ja: ?aHmad/ / ?aHmad/ ﯾﺎ أﺳﺘﺎذ ؟، ﯾﺎ رﺟﻞ You ?ahmad, You someone(man), You teacher. If the addressee is older, the speaker can use the neutral words (paternal- uncle), (maternal-aunt) to call anybody in the street. Also for endearment, old people address children by “ ‘ammo” to talk to. This can be used by people of the opposite gender too. . ﻋـﻤـﻲ /a’ammi:/ Paternal uncle. ﺧﺎﻟﻲ /xa:li:/ maternal aunt . ﻋـــﻤـﻮ /a’am/ Paternal uncle ﺧﺎﻟﻮ /xalo/ maternal uncle 112 113 Somebody of your age: If you know the name, use the name. أﺣﻤﺪ راﯾﺢ إل ﯾﻮم؟ .. أﺣﻤﺪ If you know the son’s name then use Abu + son’s name. Ahmed’s dad (father) أﺑﻮ أﺣﻤﺪ راﯾﺢ إل ﯾﻮم ؟ ..أﺑﻮ أﺣﻤﺪ If the name is not known, the speaker can use the neutral words (brother), or (sister) to call anybody of his /her age. Us the word brother or sister: ﯾـﺎ أﺧـﻲ ، أخ /ja: ?axi/ , / ?ax/ Oh, brother. Brother. ﯾـﺎ أﺧـﺘـﻲ، أﺧـﺖ Oh, sister. Sister. ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﺎب إل طﻮب ؟ ﺗﻌﺮف.. ﺧﻮﯾﺎ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﺎب إل طﻮب ؟ ُأﺧﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﯿﻦ Blaming somebody: . وﻻ ﺗﺒﺎزرﯾﻦ وﯾﺎي.. ف ﻻ ﺗﺠﺎدﻟﯿﻦ... ھﺎي إل ﺑﻀﺎﻋﺔ ﻣﻤﺘﺎزة وﺳﻌﺮھﺎ رﺧﯿﺺ ﯾﺎ اﺧﻲ ﯾﺎ أﺧﺘﻲ ﻣﻮ دا People younger than you: Younger : abu il shabaab أﺑﻮ إل ﺷﺒﺎب ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﺎب إل ﺷﺮﺟﻲ ؟ اﺑﻮ ل ﺷﺒﺎب Teens and younger: Hab-baab ﺣﺒﺎب Hab-baaba ﺣﺒﺎﺑﺔ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ﺑﺎب إل ﺷﺮﺟﻲ؟ ﺣﺒﺎﺑﺔ In the southern part of Iraq and Baghdad province, a religious masculine word ”Haaji”as masculine or feminine “Hajiiya” are used for unknown people over your age. . وﯾﻦ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ ل ﺑﺎب ل ﺷﺮﺟﻲ، ﺣﺠﻲ ﺷﺘﺮدﯾﻦ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﯾﻦ؟، ﺣﺠﯿﮫ Haaji, Where is "Bab al Sharji" located? 113 114 ( How can I get to "Bab al Sharji")? Haajiya, what do you need to buy? ( How can I help you?) “What do you want to buy?” Other Practices: The MSA use of /ja:/ has some social implications in the Iraqi dialect to : (1) address an inferior: . ﺗـــﻌـﺎل ھـﻨـﺎ ﯾـﺎ وﻟـــﺪ /ta’a:la lihna ja: walad/ Some use ( wilak) for male and ( wilich) for female to mean (Hay) .وﻟﻚ ﯾﺎ وﻟﺪ ﺗﻌﺎل ھﻨﺎ . وﻟﺞ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻲ ھﻨﺎ wilak(m.) versus wilich(f.) وﻟﻚ \ وﻟﺞ ّ . ﺗﻤﺮ ﻣﻨﻨﺎ وﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻢ. ﻛﻮﻟﻲ إﻧﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ.... ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﻠﻢ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ.. وﻟﻚ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﻲ Wilak ma tijii… ma tsallim ‘aleina .. gullii inta ma tistiHii ‘ala nafsak. Tmir minna wma tsallim Man…why didn’t you show up and say hi to us… aren’t you ashamed of what you do…you pass by and do not say Hi to us. . ﻛﻮﻟﻠﯿﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﯿﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﺞ.. ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺠﯿـﻦ... وﻟﺞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﯿﻦ Wilich ma tijein.. matiHchein.. gulliili ma tistaHein ‘ala nafsich You lady.. why didn’t you show up and say hi to us… aren’t you ashamed of what you do…you pass by and do not say hi to us. (2) baaba : Baaba shda dguul ?inta.. madaaftihim ‘aleik . ﻣﺎ دأﻓﺘﮭﻢ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ.. إﻧﺖﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﺷﺪه Man.. what are you saying.. I do not understand you. yam’awwad.. ta’aal li hna wla tdiir baal . وﻻ ﺗﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎل. ﺗﻌﺎل ﻟﻲ ھﻨﺎ.. ﯾﻤﻌﻮد Man, come here and do not pay any attention (do not worry) Possessive Pronouns (objective case): The noun masculine (possessed) The noun feminine (possessed) 1st person : ( possessor) Maalee ( Baghdadi- ma:lee) Maalna ( Baghdadi-ma:lna) maalti/ maalaati (Baghdadi- ma:lti) maalitna/ maalaatna ( Baghdadi-ma:latna) ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ \ ﻣﺎﻻﺗﻲ َ -ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ )ﺑﻐﺪادي ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻨﺎ ( \ ﻣﺎﻻﺗﻨﺎ ِ 114 115 2nd person. ( possessor) Maal-ak Maal-ich Mal-kum ﻣﺎﻟﻚ ﻣﺎﻟـﺞ ِ ﻣﺎﻟـﻜـﻢ maaltak/ maalaatak maaltich/ maalaatich maalaatkum َ َ ﻣﺎﻻﺗـﻚ \ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻚ ﻣﺎﻻﺗـﺞ \ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﺞ ِ ﻣﺎﻟـﺘﻜﻢ \ ﻣﺎﻻﺗﻜـﻢ َ 3rd person: (possessor) Maa-la (Moslawi-maaltu) mal-ha maal-hum maalaata (Moslawi- maaltu/ maalaatu) maalaatha maalaathum( Southern- maalaathin) ﻣﺎﻟﮫ ﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺎﻟﮭﻢ ﻣﺎﻟـﺘﮫ ﻣﺎﻻﺗﮫ ِ ﻣﺎﻟـﺘﮭﺎ( \ ﻣﺎﻻﺗﮭﺎ ِ َ ) ﻣﺎﻟـﺘﮭﺎ َ ﻣﺎﻟـﺘﮭﻢ \ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﮭﻢ \ ﻣﺎﻻﺗﮭﻢ ِ Practice: hay il sayarta maltii . thiich maltak ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻚ ذ.ھﺎي ل ﺳﯿﺎرة ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ This car is mine. That is yours. thola malaati. Thaniich malaatku (m)(m.) . ﻣﺎﻻﺗﻜﻢ ذﻧﯿـ. ذوﻟﮫ ﻣﺎﻻﺗﻲ These (m.) are mine. Those(m.) are yours(plural) hay muu maaltii, maltak ھﺎي ﻣﻮ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻚ This or these (f.) are not mine. They are yours(singular. M.) lbunduqiya haay malti jidiida w nathiifa hassa .ل ﺑﻨﺪﻗﯿﺔ ھﺎي ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻲ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة وﻧﻈﯿﻔﺔ ھﺴﮫ ﺟﺎﯾﺒﮭﺎ jaayibha This is my rifle –it- is new . I have just bought it. . ﺗﻌﺮف إل ﺳﯿﺎرة ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻚ راﯾﺤﺔ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ ل ﻣﻜﯿﻨﺔ. ﻣﺎ اﻗﺒﻞ أﺷﺘﺮي ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﻚ Ma ?aqbal ashtarii sayaartak. Ti’arif l sayaara maltak rayHa biiha l makiina. I do not agree to buy your car . The engine in it is too old to work. haay lgharadh muu maalaatna, haay maalatkum . ھﺎي ل ﻏﺮاض ﻣﻮ ﻣﺎﻻﺗﻨﺎ ھﺎي ﻣﺎﻻﺗﻜﻢ These things are not ours(plural. Plural). These are yours(plural.plural) High Frequency Colloquial Iraqi There are words and expressions which are very conversational, and learners of the Iraqi dialect should learn them to establish social ties with the Iraqi members of the society: MSA ID أﺳــﺮع ِ ﯾــﻠـــﮫ ّ /?asria’/ /jal la:/ 115 116 hurry up hurry up yallah .. ya ikhwaan ma tijon . ﯾﻠﻠﮫ ﯾﺎ اﺧﻮان ﻣﮫ ﺗﺠﻮون You guys.. why don’t you come? ﯾــﻤـﻜــﻦ ُ ﺑــﻠــﻜــﺖ َ َ /jumkin/ might be /balka t/ might be balkit allah .. ninjaH . ﻧﻨﺠﺢ. ﺑﻠﻜﺖ ﷲ Might be .. we succeed MSA ID وﻟـــــﺞ ِ أﻧــﺖ ، أﻧـﺖ َ ِ /?inti/ , /?inta/ You F. You M. ، وﻟـﻚ َ ِ * / ?wilitS/ , wilak/ You F. You M. * do not use these with somebody you do not know. ﻟﯿﺶ ﺗﺤﺠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻦ ورا ظﮭﺮي؟. .. ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﺠﻞ...وﻟﻚ اﻧﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻲ Wilak inta ma tistaHii.. ma tikhjal.. leish tiHchi ‘alaya min wara Dhahrii Aren’t you ashamed. Don’t be shy. Why would you back stab me? MSA ﻛــﺄﻧــﻚ ، ﻛـﺄﻧــﻚ َ ِ َ /ka?anaki/, /ka?anaki/ as if you were ID ﺟـــﻨـــــ ، ﺟـــﻨـــﻚ ِ ََ /ch an ich /, /ch an nik/ as if you were . إﻧـﺖ ﻧﺎﯾﻢ ورﺟﻠﯿﻚ ﺑﻞ ﺷﻤﺲ.ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪري ﺷﺪا ﯾﺼﯿﺮ Channak ma tidrii shdaa ySiir . inta naayim wrijleik bish shamis As if you did not know what is going on . “You are sleeping and your legs are in the sun.” ﺗـــﻮﺟـــﺪ، ﯾــــﻮﺟــﺪ /tu:d ad/, /ju:d ad/ there is (are) أﻛـــﻮ /?aku:/ there is (are) gulli aku findaq aw maT’aam bhal diira . اﻛو ﻓﻧدق أوﻣطﻌم ﺑﮭل دﯾرة Can you tell me if there is any hotel or restaurant in this area? ﻻ ﺗــــﻮﺟـــﺪ، ﻻ ﯾـﻮﺟــﺪ /la tu:d ad /, /la ju:d ad/ there is (are)not ﻣـﺎﻛـــﻮ /ma:ku/ there is (are)not Gulli maaku chaara lhal maraDh . ﻟﮭﻞ ﻣﺮض ﻣﺎﻛﻮ Is there any treatment (cure) for this disease? ﻣﺎذا ﯾﺠﺮي ﺷﺎﻛﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﻮ 116 117 /ma:th a jad3 ri/ What is going on? /sh a:ku: w ma:ku:/ What is up ? maa ni’arif shaaku maaku bhal balad. ل ﻧﺎس ﺳﺎﻛﮫ ﻣﺎ. ﻣﺎ ﻧﻌﺮف ﺷﺎﻛﻮ ﻣﺎﻛﻮ ﺑﮭﻞ ﺑﻠﺪ Lnaas saakta ma tiHchii We do not know what is going on in this town. People are silent (not talking). ﻟـﻢ ھـﺬا ؟ َ /lim ma ha: a/ why are you doing this? ﺷــﺪﻋــﻮه / daa’wa/ What for? . ﺷﻮف ﻋﺰﻣﺘﻮ ﻛﻞ ل ﻧﺎس وﻣﺎ دﻋﯿﺘﻮﻧﺎ ﻟﻞ ﻋﺰﯾﻤﺔ. ﺷﺪﻋﻮة ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﺎﺑﺮﻧﺎ ﻟﻤﻦ إﺟﺎ ﻋﻤﻚ..ﯾﺎﺑﺎ Yaaba .. shada’awa ma tkhaabirna liman ija ‘ammak. Shuuf ‘azamtuu kulil naas wma da’aeituuna lil ‘aziima Man .. why didn’t you call us when your uncle (from father’s side) . You have invited every body for the meal but not us. ﻣـﺎذا ﺣـﺪث ﻟﻚ ھﺎي ﺷـﺒـﯿﻚ ؟ /ma: a Hada a laka/ Are you O.K.! /ha:j bi:k/ What is wrong with you? Haay shbiik.. janeit.. shSaarlak . ﺷﺼﺎر ﻟﻚ. ﺟﻨﯿﺖ.. ھﺎي ﺷﺒﯿﻚ What is wrong with you… are you crazy.. what happens to you? ﺻـﻮاﺑـــــﻚ ؟ ھـﻞ ﻓـﻘــﺪ ت َ َ /hal faqad ta sawa:baka/ Are you crazy ? ﺗـﺨـﺒــﻠــﺖ ِ َ ﱠ /txab ba:lit/ Are you crazy? Gulli tkhabbalit . ﺗﺨﺒﻠﺖ To express surprise ﻋﻠﻮﯾﺶ ’alweish ma jeit ! ﻋﻠﻮﯾﺶ ﻣﺎ ﺟﯿﺖ ؟ Why don’t you come! ( a friendly blame) ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪ ﻛﻠﻤﻦ Each / everybody (ﺼﺘﻪ ) ﻗﺭﺼﺘﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﻦ ﯾﺤﻮد ال ﻧﺎر ل Kulman (kilman) yHuud il naar l gurSta Everybody directs fire to his loave to bake. People are selfish. Everybody want things for himself/ herself sh’abaalak . iHna filis filsein.. . إﺣﻨﺎ ﻓﻠﺲ ﻓﻠﺴﯿﻦ. ﺷﻌﺒﺎﻟﻚ What do you think? Are we cheap (one penny or two pennies) ? To express underestimation shSaayir ‘aleikum shuuf matbaynuun . ﺷﻮف ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﯿﻨﻮن. ﺷﺼﺎﯾﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﻜﻢ What has become of you. We do not see you? (blame) Billa ‘aleik .haay mamaqbuula minkum. . ﺗﻤﺮون وﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﻮن ﯾﻤﻨﺎ. ھﺎي ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ. ﺑﻠﻠﮫ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ 117 118 Tmiruun wma tijon yamna. ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺳﻤﻠﻠﮫ Smallah ‘aleik .Kaaf ma shaayifni gabil . . ﺧﺎف ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎﯾﻔﻨﻲ.إﺳﻤﻠﻠﮫ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ Why are you staring at me . Haven’t you seen me before! Express change of attitude ﻣﻮو ﺻﻮﺻﻮ akhii Suuchi muu Suuchak . ﻣﻮ ﺻﻮاﺧﻲ ﺻـ It is my fault not yours Blame oneself ﺻﺎﯾﺮة ﻣﺘﻨﺠﺮع lshaghla Saayra matinjiri’a . ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ﺻﺎﯾﺮة ﻣﮫ ﺗﻨﺠﺮع It is becoming too hard / it sucks Inconvenient ﻣﺎﺧﺬھﺎ ﺟﺘﺔ inta maakhithha chata . إﻧﺖ ﻣﺎﺧﺬھﺎ ﺟﺘﺔ َ You are just not doing it as it should be Not following the rules ھﻮﺳﺔ ﺑﮭﻮﺳﺔ hosa b hosa ﺻﺎﯾﺮة ھﻮﺳﺔ ب ھﻮﺳﺔ It is a commotion Chaotic ط mnein jatiina hat Tirgaa’a ﻣﻨﯿﻦ ﺟﺘﯿﻨﺎ ھﻞ ط Where did this crisis come from? Crisis ﻓﺎﺷﻮوﺷﻲ Tila’a fashuushi طﻠﻊ ﻓﺎﺷﻮﺷﻲ It (m.) comes out ineffective/ weak Ineffective/ weak ﻣﺎ ﺑﻲ ﺧﯿﺮ ma bii kheir ﻣﺎ ﺑﻲ ﺧﯿﺮ Nothing comes out of it. It is fruitless Useless ﺑﻮا Tila’a bawaag طﻠﻊ ﺑﻮا He was a thief Embezzler, stealer 118 119 ﺗﺰوﯾﺮ haatha tazwiir ھﺬا ﺗﺰوﯾﺮ This is fake, counterfeit, forgery Forgery shaghlat qachaghchiya ﺷﻐﻠﺔ This is a work of smugglers Illegality ﻛﻼوات maa tia’bir a’leina l lklaawaat We are aware of your tricks ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ ھﻞ ﻛﻼوات khaliiha ‘alaHsaabii ﺧﻠﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﻲ I will pay , leave it at my expensive zihgaan ruuHi Taal’a hal yom. رووﺣﻲ طﺎﻟﻌﮫ ھﻞ ﯾﻮم too upset today khaliiha ‘ala laah God will solve it ba’aid wagit ﺧﻠﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﻋﻞ ﷲ ﺑﻌﺪ It is early maalha lizuum ﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﺰوم You needn’t do that ‘aaash min shaafak ﻋﺎش ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎﻓﻚ The one who sees you lives we missed you waHHa-shitna وﺣﺸﺘﻨﺎ We did not see for so long Nice to see you back aieib ‘aleik ﻋﯿﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ Shame on you qaabil ghishma Are we naive? ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻏﺸﻤﮫ minuu abul baachir ﻣﻨﻮ اﺑﻮل 119 120 Future is unpredictable. ( idiom) laa tfakkir ilha mudabir Don’t worry ﻻ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﻋﺪھﺎ ﻣﺪﺑﺮ thaabha ‘aal SaTuur ذاﺑﮭﺎ ﻋﻞ ﺳﺎطﻮر He does not care, you are risky min hassa w raayiH From now on ﻣﻦ ھﺴﮫ وراﯾﺢ ‘ala fikra ﻋﻠﮫ ﻓﻜﺮة By the way maashil Haal ﻣﺎﺷﻲ ل ﺣﺎل Everything is fine daa tingadhi ﺿﻲ دا Not too bad qaabil farhuud ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻓﺮھﻮد You need to be serious, you are responsible. shighlak SigaT Sloppy not right طﺷﻐﻠﻚ ﺳـ ’aindii Hasaasiya mnil beiDh I am allergic to eggs ?aani Haas I feel ?aani Hasaas I am sensitive ﻋﻨﺪي ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺔ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺑﯿﺾ آﻧﻲ ﺣﺎس آﻧﻲ ﺣﺴﺎس raaH “asisakil SubiH راح أﺣﺴﺴﻚ إل ﺻﺒﺢ I will wake you up in the morning laa tHasisni l SubiH maa raayiH lil shughul ﻻ ﺗﺤﺴﺴﻨﻲ إل ﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﺎ راﯾﺢ ﻟﻞ ﺷﻐﻞ Do not wake me up , I am not going to work tomorrow. hal ‘aifTi laa dTSadga ﺗﺻدھل ﻋﻔطﻲ ﻻ Do not trust this jerk 120 121 kul maani’a kheir ﻛل ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺧﯾر Whatever happens is to your good. kheirha bgheirha ﺧﯾرھﺎ ب ﻏﯾرھﺎ Do not get upset, you’ll find a better one (chance). Be hopeful. latraawisha (ﻻ ﺗﺮاوﺳﮭﺎ ) ﻻ ﺗﻌﺪﻟﮭﺎ Do not justify that/ Do not straighten it up When you greet somebody working allah ysaa’adak ﷲ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪك Reply allah ysa’adak.. shluunkum ﺷﻠﻮﻧﻜﻢ ؟. ﷲ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪك To inform that somebody passed away allah nTaak ‘aumra . ﷲ إﻧﻄﺎك ﻋﻤﺮه (something) Unexpected to happen la ‘al baal wala ‘aal khaal .ﻻ ﻋﻞ ﺑﺎل وﻻ ﺑﻞ ﺧﺎل It just happened. Cannot be compared/ mismatching inta wein w huwa wein ! وھﻮ إﻧﺖ incomparable. Somebody completely off track l’arab wein wil Tanbuura wein ول طﻤﺒﻮرةال ﻋﺮب When the boss is disloyal to his job and he embezzles Hameeha Harameeha .ﺣﺎﻣﯿﮭﺎ ﺣﺮاﻣﯿﮭﺎ Compromise / no extremes laa hiich wlaa hiich وﻻ ھﻲﻻ ھﻲ no other choice min laa chaara ﻣﻦ ﻻ Don’t mess up (with the computer) (Do not finger it) laa tba’abiSil Kumpyuuter (ﻻ ﺗﺒﻌﺒﺺ )إل ﻛﻮﻣﺒﻮﺗﺮ He is elusive( He does and runs) ysaw wi wyishlaa’ha ﯾﺴﻮي وﯾﺸﻠﻌﮭﺎ He is mute but dangerous 121 122 ﺳﺎﻛﺖ وﺻﻨﻄﺔ ﻣﺎ saakit wSanTa ma yiHchii As it is (with its defects) ’ala zgaaTha طﮭﺎﻋﻠﻰ ز Run, the police are here إﺷﻠﻊ، إل ﺷﺮطﺔ jattiil shurTa …?ishla’a Things are deteriorating ﻣـﺮه ّ َ ب ﻓﺪ ل إﻣﻮر alimuur daach –cha I’ll put you in trouble tara awad-diik bdaahiya ﺗﺮى اودﯾﻚ ب داھﯿﺔ Two sided / double standard wichu w gifa Extra/ additional ‘awaaza ﺗرﯾد ﻋوازة It has twofold benefits ham naan w ham darman Chest medicine ( a type of juice like chamomiles, or boiled turnips) darmaan il Sadir درﻣﺎن إل ﺻﺪر Do not take extremes la sheesh wla kabaab ﻻ ﺷﯿﺶ وﻻ ﻛﺒﺎب I lost my patience waaSla lii khashmi واﺻﻠﺔ ﻟﻲ ﺧﺸﻤﻲ It has reached the tip of my nose Good for him \ he is fortunate ’aawaafi li yjiib duu shaha ﻋﻮاﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺠﯿﺐ دوو ﺷﺶ Go slowly and do it step by step yawaash yawaash ‘ala mahlak wiyaana ﯾﻮاش ﯾﻮاش ﻋﻤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﮭﻠﻚ وﯾﺎﻧﺎ Go to hell diruuH shamrat mardi درووح ﺷﻤﺮة ﻣﺮدي It cannot be diruuH muut درووح ﻣﻮوت Lives luxuriously/ not tight haatha baTraan ھﺬا ﺑﻄﺮان He thinks he is too much, self- conceited shaayif nafsa ﺷﺎﯾﻒ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ 122 123 Generous mardaana ﻣﺮداﻧﮫ Childish/ work of kids shighil maz’aTa( za’aaTiiT) (ﺷﻐﻞ ﻣﺰﻋﻄﺔ )زﻋﺎطﯿﻂ Too hungry hilkaan ju’aan ھﻠﻜﺎن ﺟﻮع Too tired / exhausted ta’abaanii halkaaniin ﺗﻌﺒﺎﻧﯿﻦ ھﻠﻜﺎﻧﯿﻦ Too much hungry ju’aaniin rabna Taayir ﺟﻮﻋﺎﻧﯿﻦ رﺑﻨﺎ طﺎﯾﺮ God never forgives them ( they did not do anything good for us yet) minallah yTiiH Hadh-aa (ﻣﻦ ﷲ ﯾﻄﯿﺢ ﺣﻈﮭﻢ ) ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮو إﻟﻨﺎ ﺷﻲ ﯾﺴﻮه ﻟﯿﮭﺴﮫ Yet, until now liiHassa ﻟﯿﮭﺴﮫ ﻣﻨﮭﻢ إﻟﻨﺎ ﻟﯿﮭﺴﮫ ﻣﺎ طﻠﻊ ﺷﻲ liihassa ma Tila’a shii zein minhum ilna Coming back to where (they, he , she) used to do / people hardly change Haliima rij’aat l’aadatiha al qadiima ﺣﻠﯿﻤﮫ رﺟﻌﺖ اﻟﻰ ﻋﺎدﺗﮭﺎ إل ﻗﺪﯾﻤﺔ You were doing good why do you now mess up muu chinit zein ‘alweish hassa gimmit tkharbiT دﺧﺮﺑﻂ ﻋﻠﻮﯾﺶ ھﺴﮫﻣﻮو This is missing up haay kharaabiiT ھﺎي ﺧﺮاﺑﯿﻂ idiots mashkhuuT/ mashaakhiiT ﻣﺸﺨﻮط \ ﻣﺸﺎﺧﯿﻂ It was good to deal with smart people, how will it be with the crazies? yallah yallah wiyal ‘aiqaal, hassa wiyal makhaabiil ھﺴﮫ وﯾﺎ ل ﻣﺨﺎﺑﯿﻞ ، ﯾﻠﻠﮫ ﯾﻠﻠﮫ وﯾﺎ ل ﻋﻘﺎل They are relaxed and talk with confidence mitrahaayiin ﻣﺘﺮھﺎﯾﻦ the one who never follows rules and obey the law mistah-tir ﻣﺴﺘﮭﺘﺮ Not because they like us / it is for their interests muu ‘ala sawwad ‘ayuunna ﻣﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻮاد ﻋﯿﻮﻧﻨﺎ You are selling very expensively ... a double price intuu dbii’auun ghaali…ilqaaT qaaTein إﻟﻘﺎط ﻗﺎطﯿﻦ. إﻧﺘﻮ دا دﺑﯿﻌﻮن ﻏﺎﻟﻲ 123 124 You look neat in your suit Taali’a Hulu bil qaaT (طﺎﻟﻊ ﺣﻠﻮ ﺑﻞ ﻗﺎط ) ﺑﺪﻟﺔ Tabuur طﺎﺑﻮر column, line, convoy fad waaHid ybiyidhil wajih ﻓﺪ واﺣﺪ ﯾﺒﯿﺾ إل وﺟﮫ “someone that whitens faces” He is a good man and talented Min allah ySakh-khim wicha ﻣﻦ ﷲ ﯾﺼﺨﻤﻦ “God blacken his face” He does wrong things Da yil’ab shaaTi baaTi He is doing what he wants ده ﯾﻠﻌﺐ ﺷﺎطﻲ ﺑﺎطﻲ raaH tiqbal ghazban ‘an khashmak ( ﺧﺰﺑﺎ ً ﻋﻦ ﺧﺸﻤﻚ) راح ﺗﻘﺒﻞ You will, willy nilly, accept it Ti’arif ?iHna Ma msayabiin ﻣﺴﯿﺒﯿﻦ You know, we are not left alone We have people supporting us ﺗﻌﺮف إﺣﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ Yistikhdim wdhiifta lmaSaaliH-ha il shakhSiya ﯾﺴﺘﺨﺪم وظﯿﻔﺘﮫ ل ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﮫ إل ﺷﺨﺼﯿﺔ He is using his position for his personal interests ﺷﻤﺮة ﻣﺮدي Shamrat mardi Go to hell ﺷﻤﺮة ﻋﺼﺎ Shamrat ‘aSa Not far _____________ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﻮازي ______( ) ﻋﻠﻰ اﺣﺮ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺠﻤﺮ ?aani mitwaazi __________ ‘ala ?ahar mnil jamir ___ I am excited to_____ ﻋﻘﻞ ﻋﻘﻞ إل ﺻﺨﻠﺔ، طﻮل طﻮل إل ﻧﺨﻠﺔ Tuul Tuul il nakhla, “aqil “aqilil Sakhla (Sakhra) “Tall as a palm tree, mind as a goat” tall, but dum ﺻﺎﻓﯿﺔ داﻓﯿﺔ Saafya Daafya “It is clear and cozy” It makes no money ﻣﺒﯿﺘﺔ ّ إل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ Il shaghla mbayita It is deliberate (already schemed) ﻛﻞ واﺣﺪ ﺑﻜﯿﻔﮫ. ﺻﺎﯾﺮه ﻓﺮھﻮد Saayra farhuud. Kul waaHid bkeifa. 124 125 It is anarchy (chaos) No law. Everybody is doing what he likes. ﻣﺤﺼﻮر دا رﯾﺪ ارووح ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﻓﻖ maH-Suur da riid aruuH lil maraafiq. I am very uncomfortable ( squeezed). I need to go to the restroom (to piss). Ariid agdhi Hajtii w ajii. I need to finish my need and come to you. I want to go to the restroom and come back. ( this is a big one) . ﻀﻲ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻲ واﺟﯿﻚ ارﯾﺪ ﻤﻨﻙ Waagfa minnak tguul hiichi. ( idiom) It is inappropriate that you said so. . ال ﺳﯿﺎرة.1 The car is parked The ship is anchored . ال ﺳﻔﯿﻨﺔ.2 . اﻧﺎ.3 I am standing . . ال ﺷﻐﻞ.4 it is slow the engine does not work ال ﻣﺤﺮك.5 Expressing Sorrow Yaa Husaafa Haraam ‘ale:k = Alas = You need not (do that) Haraamaat He:f (in) ‘ale: = It is a waste = You feel sorry for (to) losing RaaH hadir = not used wisely, is wasted, went unused wisely IDIOMS Idiomatic expression Jild = skin Jilida yruuH lil dab-baagh “His skin will be taken to a tannery” He will be severely punished (will be tortured as a punishment). They will give him hard time. ‘arabaana = cart, carriage ﻋﺮﺑﺎﻧﺔ Jir ‘arabantak minna w ruuH ﺟﺮ ﻋﺮﺑﺎﻧﺘﻚ ﻣﻨﮭﻨﺎ ) ﻣﻨﺎﻧﺎ( ورووح 125 ﯾﺎ ﺣﺴﺎﻓﻰ ﺣﺮام ﺣﺮاﻣﺎت ﻋﻞ راح ھﺪر 126 “take your carriage from here and go” Please, leave me alone ( usually you say it in a sarcastic way.) ‘aeib = shame ﻋﯿﺐ Haatha ‘aeib ھﺬا ﻋﯿﺐ Do not do that. Rijileih = his legs رﺟﻠﯿﮫ iideih = his hands اﯾﺪﯾﮫ Ija iideih aTwal min rijleih إﺟﺎ رﺟﻠﯿﮫ اطﻮل ﻣﻦ اﯾﺪﯾﮫ He visits us and with nothing in his hands. When you visit with empty hands ( you take nothing to the host’s family) Kubuz = bread ﺧﺒﺰ ّ ﻣﺎ Ma ywakil khubuz ﯾﻮﻛﻞ ﺧﺒﺰ It does not feed bread It is not worth it. Timshii = it walks ﺗﻤﺸﻲ ma da timsheii il shaghla. ﻣﺎ َد ﺗﻤﺸﻲ ال ﺷﻐﻠﺔ It does not work. Bismaar = nail ﺑﺴﻤﺎر Daa ydig basaamiir ) ﯾدق ( ﺑﺴﻤﺎر د ا He is hammering nails He is ironic Yithrim = cut into small pieces / mince ﯾﺜﺮم Da yithrim thuum ( buSal ) braasna دا ﯾﺜﺮم ) ﺑﺼﻞ ( ﺛﻮم ﺑﺮاﺳﻨﺎ He is mincing garlic ( onion) on our head. He is saying nothing new. Diin = religion دﯾﻦ Biya deen haay tSiir. ﺑﯿﺎ دﯾﻦ ھﺎي ﺗﺼﯿﺮ Which law justifies that (it)? Yinjiri’a = dose it ﯾﻨﺠﺮع Ma yinjiri’a ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺠﺮع You cannot dose it. I cannot accept ( him). I cannot deal with him. Nabadh = pulse/ beatings of the heart ﻧﺒﺾ Da yjis sil nabadh دا ﯾﺠﺲ ﻧﺒﺾ 126 127 He is measuring the pulse He wants to see the reaction. Watar = string وﺗﺮ Da ydig ‘aal watar il hassaas. ( ﻋﻞ ال وﺗﺮ ال ﺣﺴﺎس) دا ﯾﺪق He is touching hot issues. Yaa leil = oh night ﯾﺎ ﻟﯿﻞ Raah tSiiH ya leil راح ﺗﺼﯿﺢ ﯾﺎ ﻟﯿﻞ You will shout “ ya leil” You will suffer ‘ayaaT = cry, scream ﻋﯿﺎط raaH tisma’ il ‘ayaaT taalii bil leil راح ﺗﺴﻤﻊ ال ﻋﯿﺎط ﺑﻞ ﻟﯿﻞ At the end they will mess up with each other. Dag-ga = knock ( ) دﻗﺔ Haay muu khosh dagga minak ﻣﻨﻚشھﺎي ﻣﻮو ﺧـ This is a dirty trick from you. Raas = head راس HaayiT = wall ﺣﺎﯾﻂ RuuH idhrib raasak bil HaayiT راﺳﻚ ﺑﻞ ﺣﺎﯾﻂ رووح You go and hit ( hammer) your head with the wall Dag Rijl رﺟﻞ Gaa’a Dag rijla bilgaa’a wgaal il-la ________ إﻻ و رﺟﻞ ﺑﻞ He insists (ed) that he ___________________ Dabash = ( sticky molasses) دﺑﺶ raaH agbidh dabash ض ) اﻗﺑض ( دﺑﺶراح ا I will get back nothing . Yinsilig (k) = be boiled ( ) ﯾﻨﺴﻠﻖﯾﻧﺳﻠـ raaH yinsilig abu abuuna اﺑﻮ اﺑﻮﻧﺎ Our father will be boiled. راح ﯾﻨﺴﻠـ 127 128 We will have hard time. Warid = flower ورد raaH asawii-ha mithlil warid. راح اﺳﻮﯾﮭﺎ ﻣﺜﻞ ال ورد I can do it very professionally and clean. Shakuu ﺷﻜﻮ ‘aleik ﻋﻠﯿﻚ Shaku ‘ale:k ‘am-mii ﺷﻜﻮ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﻋﻤﻲ Note : You can find other idioms under various headings as messages rather than words and expressions in the next sections of the book. Khalig ( khalag) = mere , only , lowly ﻨﺼﺭﺍﻨﻲ Hu-wa khalig niSraanii He is only (mere) a Christian. ( He is not that important guy that you think .) Kulug : Maa ilii khulgak . ﻤﺎ ﺇﻟﻲ I do not have the patience to bear you. I do not want to dialogue with you. Fugur = poverty, jinx ﻓﻘﺮ Inta kullak fugur. إﻧﺘﮫ ﻛﻠﻠﻚ ﻓﻘﺮ You are a jinx . You bring the bad luck. giS-Sa = forehead ــﺼﺔ giS-Sitak kheir ــﺼﺔ GiSitak kheir . ــﺼﺘﻚ You bring the good luck Rijil = leg رﺟﻞ Rijlak khe:r رﺟﻠﻚ Your leg is ‘grace’. You bring a good luck. ‘ayuun = eyes Min ‘ayuun ____Matti _________. ... ﻣﺘﻲ.... ﻣﻦ ﻋﯿﻮﻧﻚ From the eyes of __Matti ___________. I promise a good luck by mentioning you. 128 129 Khayaal = shadow ﺧﯿﺎل minkhayaala ﯾﺨﺎف ﻣﻦ ﺧﯿﺎﻟﮫ He is afraid of his shadow He lacks courage to do things. He does not try to innovate on his own maHbas = ring ﻣﺤﺒﺲ Mithil il maHbas beidha = he is like a ring in her hand ﻣﺜﻞ ال ﻣﺤﺒﺲ ﺑﯿﺪھﺎ He has no character ( personality) Po:T = dignity, pride ﻁ Yiksir po:Ta = to break his pride ( morale) ﻁﻪ ﯾﻜﺴﺮ Maal ‘aisht = does not want to spend a penny, he only thanks you Haatha maalil ‘aisht = you’ll spend on him ھﺬا ﻣﺎل ال ﻋﺸﺖ ﻣﺎل ال ﻋﺸﺖ HaaSil FaaSil = all in all ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ Yakhuthha HaaSil FaaSil = he monopolizes the situation ﯾﺎﺧﺬھﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ Tawakhit-ha طﻮﺧﺘﮭﺎ You over do it . It is too much . I lost the patience. Nizal = went down ﻧﺰل Hadir = steep ﺣﺪر Nizal biihum Hadir ze:n = he criticized them severely . ﻧﺰل ﺑﯿﮭﻢ ﺣﺪر Tal’a = uphill طﻠﻌﺔ Tila’a Tal-‘a kullish qa-wiya = He said something that no body dares to say. طﻠﻊ طﻠﻌﺔ ﻗﻮﯾﺔ Saarat = became ﺻﺎرت hariisa = too much boiled ھﺮﯾﺴﺔ Saarat hariisa = it is over rehearsed and repeated ﺻﺎرت ھﺮﯾﺴﺔ 129 130 Social Discourse Notional & Functional Expressions mixed with Discourse: People can communicate through language forms to express certain concepts , thoughts, and notions. Some linguists think that learning those forms, enables learners to use them for a range of social purposes such as how to welcome people, to apologize, to ask for permission, to agree, to refuse, to promise….etc. They need only to discover when to use them and for what. I tried my best in here to put them together for that purpose. In culture, the tone, intonation, body language, language portions, and turns of language exchanges go under sociolinguistic studies, a study that one day will make them easier to learn through contexts captured in videos. 1. Greeting Somebody Religious expressions assalaamu ‘aleikum . اﻟﺳﻼم ﻋﻠﯾﻛم Reply: () ورﺣﻣﺔ ﷲ وﺑرﻛﺎﺗﮫ. ﻋﻠﯾﻛم اﻟﺳﻼم ‘aleikumul salaam. waraHmatul laahi wabarakaatuhu More Neutral marHaba (n) ﻣرﺣﺑﺎ Reply: ahlan wasahlan . ًاھﻼ ً وﺳﮭﻼ 130 131 Greeting Acccording to time Sabahul khaeir ﺻﺑﺎح اﻟﺧﯾر Reply ً اھﻼً وﺳﮭﻼ. ﺻﺑﺎح اﻟﻧور sabaHul nuur. Ahlan wasahlan (from early morning – 1 p.m.) ﻣﺳﺎء اﻟﺧﯾر Masaa?il kheir Reply ً اھﻼً وﺳﮭﻼ. ﻣﺳﺎء اﻟﻧور Masaa?il nuur . ahlan wasahlan (from 1-p.m. to time you sleep) When somebody goes to sit . people will wait for him to sit. Then everybody will say: ﷲ ﺑل ﺧﯾر Allah bil kheir Literal : God in Grace = You are welcome He answers the same. This is found only among men. Reply ً آﻏﺎﺗﻲ.... ﺷﻛرا.... ﷲ ﺑل ﺧﯾر Allh bilk heir …..Aghaati …. shukran 2. Greet people as visitors .. ھﻼ ﺑﯾﻛم.1 . Halabiikum 1.Welcome ... و ﻣﯾت ﻣرﺣﺑﺎ ﺑﯾﻛم.. ) ﯾﺎ ( ﻣﯾت ھﻼ.2 Yaa miit hala wmiit marHaba biikum 2. “hundred times greetings… and hundred times welcome” Glad to see you ... ( ﺷرﻓـﺗوﻧﺎ ) ﺷرﻓﺗﻣوﻧﺎ.... ھﻼ ﻋﯾوﻧﻲ.. ھﻼ.3 .... ﺗﺷرﻓﻧﺎ 131 132 Hala ‘ayuuni .. sharaftuuna tshar-rafna 3. Welcome .. my eyes…our honor to have you It is honor to have you ...... إﻟﻧﺎ اﻟﺷرف اﻧﺗو وﯾﺎﯾﺎﻧﺎ.4 Ilna sh sharaf intuu wiyaana 4. We have the honor of you being with us ھﻠﮫ ﺑـ ﺟﯾﺗﻛم... ھﻠﮫ ﺑﺟﯾﺗك.5 Hala bijaytak….hala bjay yatkum 5.“Welcome to your visit” It is nice of you to drop by ..... إﻟﻧﺎ ل ﺷرف ﺑـ ﺷوﻓﺗﻛم.6 Ilna sh sharaf bshofatkum 6. It is our honor seeing you ..... ﺗﺷرﻓﻧﺎ ﺑـ ﻣﻌرﻓﺗﻛم.7 Ilna sh sharaf bma’arifatkum 7. “We have the honor to know you” .... ( ﻓرﺻﺔ ﺳﻌﯾدة ﺑـ ﺷوﻓﺗﻛم ) ﺑـ ﻣﻌرﻓﺗﻛم ( ) ﺑـ زﯾﺎرﺗﻛم إﻟﻧﺎ.8 firSa sa’aiida bshofatkum (bma’arifatkum) (bziyaaratkum) 8. It is a good opportunity to see you(know you)(drop by) It is nice to see you. 3. Leave taking Expressions A Good bye expressions 1. femanilla or themanilla ﻓﯿﻤﺎﻧﻠﻠﮫ \ ﺛﯿﻤﺎﻧﻠﻠﮫ.1 Good by “ in safety of God” 2. allah wiyaak(um) ma’asalaama . ﷲ وﯾﺎﻛﻢ ﻣﻌﻞ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ.2 Good by “ God be with you” 3. lo Taabak ‘aawid” if you like, come back ﻋﺎود، ﻟﻮ طﺎﺑﻠﻚ. 3 إن ﺷﺎء ﷲ راح ﻧﺘﺸﺎوف.4 4. ?insha?allah raaH natashaawaf “ If God wish we will meet” I’ll see you later راح أﺟﯿﻚ ﻋﻦ ﻗﺮﯾﺐ.5 5. RaaH ?ajiik ‘an qariib 132 133 “I’ll drop by soon” I’ll see you soon 4. “Thank you” expressions (Gratitude) (ﺗﻘﺪﯾﻢ اﻟﺸﻜﺮ ) اﻟﻤﻤﻨﻮﻧﯿﺔ mamnuun minnak I am grateful to you ﻣﻤﻨﻮن ﻣﻨﻚ ashkurak yaa ?akhee Thank you اﺷﻜﺮك أﺧﻲ maaku beinaatna shakliyaat No formalities between us ﻣﺎ ﻛﻮ ﺑﯿﻨﺎﺗﻨﺎ ﺷﻜﻠﯿﺎت iHna ‘aa?ila wiHda We are one family إﺣﻨﺎ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ واﺣﺪة maaku ay fariq beinaatna We are one. “no difference between us” You are at home ﻣﺎﻛﻮ أي ﻓﺮق ﺑﯿﻨﺎﺗﻨﺎ ________________ ﻋﺎﺷﺖ إل أﯾﺎدي ‘aashatil ?ayaadi__________ “long live the hands” Thank you for what you did 5. “Congratulation” Expression ﺗﮭﺎﻧﻲ mabruuk (‘aleik) (ﻣﺒﺮووك )ﻋﻠﯿﻚ mabruuk zawaajak(wedding) (ﻣﺒﺮووك زواﺟﻚ )ﻋﺮﺳﻚ mabruuk sayaartak (car) ﻣﺒﺮووك ﺳﯿﺎرﺗﻚ mabruuk takharujak( graduation) ﻣﺒﺮووك ﺗﺨﺮﺟﻚ mabruuk beitak il jaded (new house) ﻣﺒﺮووك ﺑﯿﺘﻚ ل ﺟﺪﯾﺪ Tahaaniina ‘ala ______ najaaHak (success) (ﺗﮭﺎﻧﯿﻨﺎ ﻋﻞ )ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻚ l fawz (win) ( ) ﻓﻮز l nataa?ij illi jibitha (results achieved) ()ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺟﺒﺘﮫ we congratulate you of your success. salamtak ___________ Tili’ait mnil mustashfa coming out of hospital salaamaat __________ rijuu’aak mnil jaysh 133 . ﻧﮭﻨﯿﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺠﺎﺣﻚ ﺳﻼﻣﺘﻚ طﻠﻌﺖ ﻣﻨﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ ﺳﻼﻣﺎت رﺟﻮﻋﻚ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺟﯿﺶ Coming back from military duty 134 (shifnaak) ( jeit) --------bil salaaama Coming back safely . )ﺷﻔﻨﺎك( )ﺟﯿﺖ( ﺑﻞ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ FiriHna kthiir _________________ (b shoftak) . ﻓﺮﺣﻨﺎ ﻛﺜﯿﺮ ب ﺷﻮﻓﺘﻚ glad to see you 6. Titles to show respect اﺳﺗﺎذ، دﻛﺗور.... ﺣﺿرة اﻟـ.1 1. Hdhrat til (daktuur…, ?ustaath) Mr. ( doctor , teacher) ﺳﻌﺎدة ال ﻗﺎﺋﻣﻘﺎم \ ﻣدﯾر ﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ.2 2. sa’aadatil qaa?immaqaam His Excellency (man d’Estate - City ’s mayor/ Director of the town – town’s mayor) ﺳﯾﺎدة \ ال ﻗﺎﺿﻲ \ ال وزﯾر\ ال رﺋﯾس.3 3. siyaadatil qaadhi / ?alwaziir/ ?al ra?iis Mr. (Judge, Minister, President) ال اب \ ال اﺳﺗﺎذ \ ال ﻓﺎﺿل.4 4. ?al ?ab / ?al ?ustaath/ ?al faadhil Father, Rabbi, teacher, reverened ﻓﺧﺎﻣﺔ ال ﻣﻠك \ ﺟﻼﻟﺔ ال ﻣﻠك \ وﻟﻲ ال ﻋﮭد.5 5. fakhaamat ik malik / jalaalat il malik/ wali- yil ‘aahd His Majesty King __/ His Majesty King ___ The Crowned Prince ( ﺳﻣﺎﺣﺔ اﻻﻣﺎم )اﻟﺷﯾﺦ.6 6. samaaHat il im-maam ( alshe:kh) _________ The reverent Imam or she:kh ________________ 7. Introducing people _______ أﻗﺪم ﻟﻚ ﺣﻀﺮة ال.1 1. ?aqad-dimlak Hadhrat il __________ May I introduce Mr. ___________ ___________ أﻗﺪم ﻟﻚ ﻧﻔﺴﻲ.2 2. ?aqadim-lak nafsi____________ May I introduce myself __________ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺟﻨﺎﺑﻚ ﺗﻘﺪم إﻟﻨﺎ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ؟.3 3. yumkin janaabak tqad-dim ilna nafsak? Can you, sir, introduce yourself? . اﻻﺳﺘﺎذ ___________ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻋﻦ اﻟﺘﻌﺮﯾﻒ.4 4. ?al-?ustath ___________ghani ‘anil ta’ariif 134 135 Mr. ______________ is well known . راح إل اﺳﺘﺎذ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﻮﯾﮫ ﯾﻘﺪم إﻟﻜﻢ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ.5 5. raaHil ?ustaath ba’ad shway-ya yqadim ilkum nafsa Dr. will, after a while, introduce himself to you ﻣﻨﻮ ﺣﻀﺮﺗﻚ ؟.6 6. minu Hadhritak ? Can you introduce yourself, please? 8.Permission: ﺳﻤﺎح You can ask for permission by using these forms: 1. bala zahma ?agdar_______________ Would you please, _______________ . ______________ ﺑﻠﯿﮫ )ﺑﻼ( زﺣﻤﮫ Blaya zaHma ?agdar ______________ ﺑﻼ زﺣﻤﺔ إﻧﻄﯿﻨﻲ ذاك ل ﻛﻮرﺳﻲ ؟ inTiina thaaka l kursii طﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﻨﺶ ﺷﺒﺎك ؟ ﺑﻼ زﺣﻤﺔ ﻧﺎوﺷﻨﻲ naawishnii cham Taabi’a mnish-shubaach ﺑﻼ زﺣﻤﮫ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﯾﻨﺎ ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﻏﺮاﺿﯿﺎت ب طﺮﯾﻘﻚ وإﻧﺖ راﺟﻊ ﻣﻨﺶ ﺷﻮﻏﻞ؟. ﻣﺎ ﻋﻨﺪﻧﺎ ﻣﻠﺢ Ishtariina shwayat ghradhiyaat bTariiqak winta raaji’a mnil shughil Gulee agdar ____________________ .15 Can I _______ ? .__________________ اطﻠﻊ ﻟﻲ ﺑﺮا ﻣﻨﻞ ل درس ﻋﻨﺪي ﺷﻐﻠﺔ وﯾﺎ ل ﻣﺪﯾﺮ ؟ وﻟﻠﻲ aTla’a lii barra mnil dars ‘aindii shaghla wiyal mudiir آﺧﺬﻟﻲ ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﻏﺮاض واﺧﻠﻠﯿﮭﻢ ﺑﺴﯿﺎرﺗﻚ؟ ?aakhithlii shwayat gharaadh w?akhaliihum bsayaartak ﻣﻨﻞ درس؟ اطﻠﻊ ﺷﻮﯾﮫ ﻣﻦ ?aTla’a shwaya min wagit mnil dars ismaHlee___________________________ .16 Allow me _________. _______________ (إﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻲ ) إﺳﻤﺤﻨﻲ إﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻲ أﺣﺠﻲ وﯾﺎك ﺷﻮﯾﮫ ﺑﮭﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮع ؟ ?a’chii wiyaak shwayya bhal mawdhuu’a 135 136 إﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻲ آﺧﺬ ﻟﻲ ﻓﺪ دﻓﺘﺮ ﻣﻨﻨﺎك؟ ?aakhithlii fad daftar min-naak . إﺳﻤﺢ ﻟﻲ اﻧﺎ راﯾﺢ ﻓﺪ ﺧﻤﺲ دﻗﺎﯾﻖ وﺟﺎي ?ana raayiH fad khamis daqaayiq w jay Gulleemumkin .17 May_______ ? Is it possible _____? __________________ ﻛﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻨﻄﯿﻨﻲ \ آﺧﺬ \ أطﻠﺐ ﻛﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﻧﺰور ل ﻣﺴﺠﻮن ﻛﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ اﺷﻮف ھﻞ ﻛﺘﺎب ﻛﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ آﺧﺬ ھﺬا ل ﻛﻮرﺳﻲ ﻛﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ tinTeeni/ ?aakhith / ?aTlib kitaabak nzuuril sajiin ?ashuuf haliktaab ?aakhith hal kursii 9. Apology إﻋﺘﺬار There are certain ways in which you can apologize: 1.?aani mitassif ‘aal _______ I am sorry ____ . ____________________ آﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻒ ﻋﻞ.1 ھﯿﮫ ﺻﺎرت ؟. ﻣﺎ ﺟـﻨـﺖ ﻣﺘﻘﺼﺪ. آﻧﻲ ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻒ ﻋﻞ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺻﺎر ل ﺑﺎرﺣﺔ lii Saaril baariH . machinist mitqaSSid.. hiya Saarat 2. Ana zia’laan ‘aal I regret _______ . ___________________ أﻧﺎ زﻋﻼن ﻋﻞ . أﻧﺎ زﻋﻼن ﻋﻞ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﺘﮫ اﻧﺎ اﻟﻚ ﻣﺒﺎرح وارﺟﻮ ل ﻣﻌﺬرة Il-lii gilta ilak mbaariH w?arjuu l ma’athira Arju l ma’athira ____________ .18 I apologize for ____ . _______________أرﺟﻮ ل ﻣﻌﺬرة ﻋﻦ .أرﺟﻮ ل ﻣﻌﺬرة ﻋﻦ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﺘﮫ اﻧﺎ ل ﺑﺎرﺣﺔ وﻻزم ﻣﺎ ﺟﻨﺖ اﻛﻮﻟﮫ Li gilta ?ana l baarHa wlaazimma chinit ?aguulha La Ydil bKhaTrak .19 Do not worry. Please. . …ﻻ ﯾﻈﻞ ﺧﺎطﺮك ﻟﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯿﻨﺖ ﻋﻨﺪﻛﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﯿﺪ. ارﺟﻮك Lo maa bayanit ‘aidkum lil ‘aiid 136 137 . ﻻ ﯾﻈﻞ ﺑﺨﺎطﺮك ﻟﻮ ﻣﺎ ﺧﺎﺑﺮﺗﻚ Lo maa khaabartak Do not feel offended if I do not call you. iHna mistaHeen ‘aan (‘aal) ____________ .20 We feel guilty ______ . ______________ (إﺣﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﯿﻦ ﻋﻦ ) ﻣﻦ ھﻮ ﺟﺎن ھﻮاﯾﮫ ﺳﻜﺮان ﻣﺎ. ﺗﻌﺮف اﺧﻮي ﻣﺨﺮﺑﻂ وﻻزم ﻣﮫ ﺗﺎﺧﺬوھﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ. إﺣﻨﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﯿﻦ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺻﺎر ل ﺑﺎرﺣﺔ .ﯾﻌﺮف ﺷﻲ ﯾﻜﻮل Illii saar l barHa. Ta’arif “akhoy mkharbaT wlaazim la twaakhthu .huwa chaan hwaaya sikraan maa yi’arif shii yguul Ma chaan QaSdi hatha .21 . ﻗﺼﺪي ھﺬا ﻣﺎ Maa chinit ?a’anii haatha bkalaami . أﻋﻨﻲ ھﺬا ب ﻛﻼﻣﻲ ﻣﺎ ?ana maa mitqaSid biiha .اﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻘﺼﺪ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ jat-tii ‘afawiya wmaa qiSadit biiha shii .ﺟﺘﻲ ﻋﻔﻮﯾﺔ وﻣﺎ ﻗﺼﺪت ﺑﯿﮭﺎ ﺷﻲ 7. wallahee ma mit’amid beeha walla-hii maa mi’amid biiha . jat-tii hiichi . ﺟﺘﻲ ھﯿﺠﻲ. وﷲ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺘﻌﻤﺪ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ 8. haay jat-ti qadha w qadar qadha w qadar. Ya’ani shitsaw-wi lim-man ySiir. Consoling people ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺷﺘﺴﻮي ﻟﻤﻦ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ...ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﻗﻀﺎء وﻗﺪر .22 ?inTaak ‘aumra إﻧﻄﺎك ﻋﻤﺮه He died (passed away) wallah inqaharit hwaaya limman simi’ait il khabar وﷲ اﻧﻘﮭﺮت ھﻮاﯾﺎ ﻟﻤﻦ ﺳﻤﻌﺖ ل ﺧﺒﺮ I became sad when I heard the news ta’aaziina ﺗﻌﺎزﯾﻨﺎ Our sympathize the death of your beloved lbaqiya b Hayaatkum ل ﺑﻘﯿﺔ ب ﺣﯿﺎﺗﻜﻢ Rest in peace nqadim ilkum ta’aaziina lil marHuum ﻧﻘﺪم ﻟﻜﻢ ﺗﻌﺎزﯾﻨﺎ ﻟﻞ ﻣﺮﺣﻮم We send you our condolence for the deceased wallah gluubna wiyaakum وﯾﺎﻛﻢ وﷲ 137 138 Our heart goes with you wallah Saar baalna yamkum وﷲ ﺻﺎر ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ We think about you baalna yamkum ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻢ We think about you buqa baalna yamkum ﺑﻘﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎ ﯾﻤﻜﻢ We think about you zi’ailna chthir ‘al lii Sar زﻋﻠﻨﺎ ھﻮاﯾﺎ ﻋﻞ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺻﺎر We felt sad to what happened gluubna wiyaakum وﯾﺎﻛﻢ Our hearts go with you gluubna ma’akum ﻣﻌﻜﻢ Our hearts go with you ﻻزم ﻧﺤﻤﺪ وﻧﺸﻜﺮه. أﻋﻤﺎرﻧﺎ ﺑﯿﺪ ﷲ Our lives are in the hands of God. We praise and thank Him إل إﻧﺴﺎن ﺟﺎى ﻣﻨﻞ ﺗﺮاب وﯾﺮوح ﻟﻞ ﺗﺮاب L ?insaan jay mnil trab w yruuH lil trab Man comes from dirt and goes to it ﻣﺒﮭﺪﻟﯿﻦ.. راح وﺧﻼﻧﺎ... ﺧﺴﺮﻧﺎه.. ﺣﺴﺎﻓﺔ Hassafa ….khisirnaah…raaH wkhallan Hiich mbahdiliin Alas….we lost him….he left us ….unorganized (leaving the community to somewhere else and not being dead) ﻛﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﻞ طﺮﯾﻖ Kulna ‘aala hal Tareeq We all are on our way to it إن ﺷﺎء ﷲ ھﺬا ھﻮ آﺧﺮ إل اﺣﺰان ?iNshaa ?alla haatha huwa ?aakhir il Ahzaan We hope this is the last sadness. 11. Questioning a point: 1. billah ‘aleik _______ (safar..) Ti’arif leish________? _____ )ھﻮ ﺳﺎﻓﺮ ! ( ﺗﻌﺮف ﻟﯿﺶ ؟Ϛϴ Ϡ ϋ ͿΎ Α.1 2. billah ‘aleich_____? ( ___ ) ﺧﻼج ﻟﻲ وﺣﺪج وراح ؟ Ξϴ Ϡ ϋ ͿΎ Α.2 3. shmadriik______________? ( ﺷﻤﺪرﯾﻚ ____ ) ﻣﺎ راح وﺳﺎب ل ﺟﺮﯾﺔ ؟.3 4. Muu balla haatha zein_______? ﻣﻮ ﺑﻠﻠﮫ ھﺬا زﯾﻦ ؟.4 ؟ ھﺎ أﺑﻮ _______ وﻧﺖ.5 5. haa Abu ______________ winta shid-guul? 138 139 What do you think Mr. ______? _____________ ﺷﻤﻌﺮﻓﻨﻲ.6 6. Shim-‘arif-nii _______________ How do I know ____________________. 12. Polite Requests 1. Rijaa?an _______________? wein il maktaba ?agdar ?adkhul __________________ ؟، رﺟﺎء .1 ً وﯾﻦ ل ﻣﻜﺘﺒﺔ ؟ أﻛﺪر أدﺧﻞ ل ﺑﯿﺖ ؟ Directions to a place 2. min fadhlak____________ daliini ‘ala ?aqrab baanziinkhaana ‘aTiini shwayat maay Please, _________ . 3. tfadh-dhal _________ . __________________ ، ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﻠﻚ.2 دﻟﯿﻨﻲ ﻋﻞ اﻗﺮب ﺑﺎﻧﺰﯾﻨﺨﺎﻧﺔ إﻋﻄﯿﻨﻲ ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﺎي . ______________________ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ.23 kithil kura ﺧﺬ ل ﻛﺮوة (ikhithil) ktaab (shiite glottals) إﺧﺬ إل ﻟﻜﺘﺎب Would you please, __________. 4. gulli ‘aindak ________________. _________________ ﻛﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﻋﻨﺪك.24 Taabi’a ziyaada طﺎﺑﻊ زﯾﺎدة shwayat miliH ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﻣﻠﺢ Do you have _________? 5. Tigdar ____________ . _____________________ ﺗﻜﺪر.25 tdaliini shlon ?aSal lil jaami’a ﺗﺪﻟﯿﻨﻲ ﺷﻠﻮن اﺻﻞ ﻟﻞ ﺟﺎﻣﻊ tshawifni shlon ?arat-tib ?awraaqi ﺗﺸﻮﻓﻨﻲ ﺷﻠﻮن ارﺗﺐ اوراﻗﻲ Can you show me _______ ? 6. Maa a’arif _____ tigdar traawiini shlon ____ ﺗﻜﺪر ﺗﺮاوﯾﻨﻲ ﺷﻠﻮن _________ ؟،______________ ﻣﺎ اﻋﺮف ﺷﻠﻮن.6 I do not know how ________ . Can you show me how _____? أﺷﻐـــﻠﮭﺎ ( ؟ ) ( أﺷﻐــﻞ ھﺎي ل ﻣﺎﻛﻨﺔ ) ّ ّ ?asha-ghil ha ?ashagh-il haayil maakna(makiina) 13. Obligation 139 140 ________ 1. Laazim .1ﻻزم ______________. tijii, truuH, tit’aawan ﺗﺠﻲ ،ﺗﺮووح ،ﺗﺘﻌﺎون 1. You need to ________________________________ ____________‘aleik .2ﻋﻠﯿﻚ __________________ ﻏـﺒﺸﺔ( وﻣﮫ ّ ﺗﺘﺄﺧﺮ . ﺗﺠﻲ ﻣﻨﻞ ُ ُ ﺻﺒﺢ ) ُ tijii mnil ghubsha wmaa tit?akh-khar ___________________________________ 2. You must .26ل ﻣﻔﺮوض __________________. ﺻﺒـﺢ .ﺑﺲ ﺷﻨﺴﻮﯾﻠﻚ ﺟﻨﺖ ھﻨﺎ ﻣﻨﺺ ُ ____________3.lmafruudh Chinit hnaa mniS SibiH . bas shinsawiilak _______________ )3. You were supposed to (be here )implied = (but you did not 14. Necessity .1ﻣﻨﺾ ﺿﺮوري ____________ ﺗﺠﯿﻚ ﻏﺮاﺿﻚ وﺑﻌﺪﯾﻦ ﺗﺮووح ّ _________________________ 1. It is necessary to check your stuff and then go إﻧﺖ ﺑﺤﺎﺟﺔ ________________ إﻟﮭﻢ . إﻟﻨﺎ . إﻟﮭﺎ . إﻟﻲ . _________________________________ 28. You need them us her me 27. إﻧﺖ ﻣﺤﺘﺎج إﻟﻨـﺎ ) ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﻨﺎ( contraction إﺣﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﯿﻦ إﻟﻚ ) ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﯿﻚ( ........راﯾﺪﯾﻚ ھﻲ ﯾﮫ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻚ ) ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﺘﻚ( ..........راﯾﺪﺗﻚ إﺣﻨﺎ ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﯿﻦ إﻟﮭﻢ ) .ﻣﺤﺘﺎﺟﯿﮭﻢ( .........راﯾﺪﯾﮭﻢ .3ﯾﻨﺮاد ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻧﺎ ________________ ﻧﺤﻀﺮ درووﺳﻨﺎ ﻧﺮووح ل وﻗﺖ ﻧﮭﯿﺊ أﻧﻔﺴﻨﺎ ﻣﻦ ھﺴﮫ ______________________ 3.We need to 140 141 Prepare our lessons well Go early Make ourselves ready from now 15. Unnecessary, no need to do something: . ﻣﺎ إﻟﮭﺎ ﻟﺰوم.1 Maa ilha lzuum 1.You do not need to __________________ maaku daa’ee 2.You needn’t _________________ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻮ داﻋﻲ.2 Maa majbuur .______________ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺠﺒﻮور .ﺗﺮووح ﻟﮭﻨﺎك Go there 30. It is not a must ___________________ 29. You mustn’t ________________________________ Ma tiHtaaj ._________________ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﺎج . ﺗﺮووح ﻟﮭﻨﺎك 4. You do not need to ___________________________ go there 31. winta shillak .________________ وإﻧﺖ ﺷﻠﻚ.5 ﺑﻞ ﺷﻐﻠﺔ . ﺑﯿﮭﺎ 5. It is not yours to (interfere)___________ It is not your business 16. Promise . وﷲ وﷲ وﺛﻢ وﷲ.1 By God , by God, and by God . اﺣﻠﻒ ) ﻟﻚ( ﺑﻞ ﯾﻤﯿﻦ.2 I swear by God . ___________ ͿΎ Α Ϣ δϗ.3 آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺟﻨﺖ ھﻨﺎك I swear by God that I was not there . اﻗﺴﻢ ﺑﺚ ﺛﻼث.4 141 142 I swear by God three times . ﺑﻂ طﻼق.5 I swear three times “Divorce” Culturally, if somebody shouted three times divorce. Then Divorce is legally forced on the sayer. (ﺧﺬھﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺷﺎرﺑﻲ ) ﻣﻦ ھﺬا ل ﺷﺎرب Take it granted. It is done. “Take it from my moustaches” 32. . ﻣﺘﺄﻣﻨﺔ ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ. ﺧﺬھﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪي.7 I give you my word. It is guaranteed Take it from me. It is secure. . دا اﻛﻮﻟﻚ رووح وﻻ دﯾﺮ ﺑﺎل.8 Do not worry. It is done. I tell you go .Do not worry. . رووح ﻻ ﺗﺨﺎف. آﻧﻲ آﺧﻮك.9 I am your brother. Do not be afraid. . رووح ﻻ ﺗﺪﯾﺮ ﺑﺎل. اﻋﺘﺒﺮ ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﮭﯿﺔ.10 Take it finished. Do not worry. . ﻣﻦ ﻋﯿﻮﻧﻲ. إطﻤﺌﻦ.11 Feel secure…you are welcome . ﺑﺮاﺳﻲ وراﺳﻚ ﺻﺎﯾﺮة ﻛﺒﻞ ﻣﮫ ﺗﻜﻮول.12 Believe me it is already done for you ________________ ﷲ وﺑﻠﻠﮫ وﺗﻠﻠﮫ.13 God and God and God ___________ 17. Wish and Hope: __________________ ﯾﺘﺎﻣﻞ.1 ﯾﺸﻮوﻓﻚ، ﯾﻨﺠﺢ 33. He hopes to ___________ pass (succeed), see you __________ أﻛو أﻣل ______________ ﺑس راح ﻧرﺟﻊ (Wish which is no longer to happen ) 34. 35. There was hope that we ______________ but _________ return never happens __________________ ﻋﻠﻮا _________ ﺑﺲ.3 ﻧﺮﺟﻊ 142 143 3. We wish that we ____________ but __________ were back it is impossible ( never happens) .________ ﯾﺗﻣﻧﻰ __________ ﺑس.4 ھذا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﯾر ﯾﺟﻲ 36. He wishes to ____________ but _________ come never happens .ﻓد ﯾوم ____________ ﺑﻠﻛت ﷲ.5 ﯾﺳﺗﻘر إل وﺿﻊ \ ﻧرﺟﻊ 5. balkit allah______________________ fad yom. Yistaqiril wadhi’a \ nirja’a 18. Possibility ___________ ﯾﺟوز.1 yjuuz____ .37 Probably ________ _________ ﻣﺎ ﯾﺟوز.2 maa Yjiiz__________ .38 It cannot be ______________ ____________ رﺑﻣﺎ.3 rub-bamma_________ .39 perhaps_______________ _________ ﻟرﺑﻣﺎ.4 larub-bamma_______ .40 might be _________ ھﻧﺎك إﺣﺗﻣﺎل.5 hnaak ?iHtimaal________ .41 There is a possibility____________ ____________ ھﻧﺎك إﺣﺗﻣﺎل ﺿﺋﯾل.6 hnaak ?iHtimaal dha?iil_________ .42 There is a little hope_________ __________ ﻣﻣﻛن.7 mumkin_____________ .43 Probably _______ ___________ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻣﻛن.8 maa mumkin __________ .44 It is impossible ___________ ___________ ﻋﻠوا.9 9. ‘aalwaa____________ I wish __________ _______________ ﻋﺳﻰ وﻟﻌﻠﮫ.10 10. ‘aasa wala’allahum___________ 143 144 It might be _________ ________(ﻣﮫ ﯾﺻﯾر ) ﯾﺳﯾر.11 11. may ySiir__________ It cannot be ____________ _____________ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ.12 12. ya’anii_____________ To an extent ___________ ____________ ﺑﻠﻛت.13 13. balkit_______________ might be ____________ 19. Broach/ Tackle a subject __________ ﺑﺧﺻوص ھل ﻣوﺿوع.1 1. bikh SuuS hal mawdhuu’a_________ Regarding this subject_____________ ______________ ھﺎل ﻗﺿﯾﺔ ﺻﺎرﻟﮭﺎ زﻣﺎن ﻣطروﺣﺔ.2 2. hal qadhiya Saarilha zamaan maTruuHa______________ This issue has been raised long ago __________________ _____________________ ھل ﻣوﺿوع إﻟﮫ ﺟذوره.3 3. hal maw-dhuu’a ?ila jithuura__________ This subject has its roots (reasons) __________________ __________________ ھل ﻣوﺿوع ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛدر ﺗﺗﺟﺎوزه.4 4. hal maw-dhuu’a ma tigdar titjaawaza__________________ You cannot avoid this subject ________________ _____________ ﺗﻛدر ﺗﺗطرق ﻟﮭل ﻣوﺿوع ﻣن زواﯾﺎ ) ﺟواﻧب( ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻧﮭﺎ.5 5. tigdar tiT-Taraq lhal mawdhuu’a min zawaaya( jawaanib) mukhtilfa __________ You can talk about this subject from different angles__________________ ___ ال ﺷق إل اول _____________وإل ﺷق إل ﺛﺎﻧﻲ. ھل ﻣوﺿوع إﻟﮫ اﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺷق.6 6. hal mawdhuu’a ?ila ?akthar min shaq. ?ish-shaqil ?aw-wal _____ wil shaqil thaani ________________ ____________________ إل ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ ھل ﻣوﺿوع ﻣﮭم ﺟداً وﻣﺎ ﻣﻣﻛن ﺗﺗﻔﺎداه.7 7. ilHaqiiqa hal mawdhuu’a muhim jiddan wmaa mumkin tafaadiih___________ This subject is indeed very important and inevitable ________________ _____________________ ھل ﻣوﺿوع ﺟدﯾر ﺑﺎﻻھﺗﻣﺎم.8 8. hal maw-dhuu’a jadiir bil-?ihtimam__________________________ This subject is needs to be considered___________________________ ________ھل ﻣوﺿوع ھﻣﯾن ﺣﺳﺎس.... ھل ﻣوﺿوع ﻣو ﺑس ﻣﮭم ﺑﻧـ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ إﻟﻧﺎ.9 9.hal mawdhuu’a muu bas muhim bin-nisba ilna….hal mawdhuu’a hamein hassas___ This subject is not only important but also sensitive ________________ 144 145 20.Twist, add, or contradict to argue a topic ......... وﻣن ﺟﮭﺗﻠوخ..... ھﺎي ﻣن ﺟﮭﮫ.1 Haay min jiha_____wmi jihat lukh ____________________ .45 on one hand _____________on the other hand ___________________ ......... ﻻزم ھﻣﯾن........ ﻣو ﺑس ھﺎي.2 muu bas haay _____ laazim hamein_________ .46 not only _________ but also ____________ ........... ﺑل ﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ.3 bil munaasaba __________________________ .47 by the way ____________________ .... ﺷوف اﻛو ھﻣﯾن أﺷﯾﺎء ﻣﺎ ﺗطرﻗﺗﻣوھﺎ.4 shuuf ?aku hamein ?ashyaa ma tTariqtimuuha___________________ .48 There are things you did not discuss ___________________________ ........... ﺑس ﻻ ﺗﻧﺳﻰ اﻧو.5 bas la tinsa ?annu___________________________ .49 You should not forget that___________________ ......... ً ﺑس اﻛو اﺷﯾﺎء ﻣﺣد ﺗطرﻗﻠﮫ اﺑدا.6 bas ?aku ?ashyaa? maH-Had tTaraqla ?abadan ________________ .50 But there are things no body talked about ________________ ....... ﺑس اﻛو رأي آﺧر ﯾﻛول، ﻣﻣﺗﺎز اﻟﻠﻲ.7 Ili gilta mumtaaz, bas /aku ra?ii ?aakhar .51 yguul___________________________ What you said is excellent, but there are other opinions which say that __________ ........... ل ﺧﻼف ھو ﺑس ﺑـ. أظن إﺣﻧﺎ ﻣﺗﻔﻘﯾن.8 ?adhin ?iHna mit-tifqiin, lkhlaaf huwa bas b__________________ .52 We are in agreement, the only difference is in ___________________ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺇﻝ ﺷﻲ ﺑﺲ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﻐﺎﻳﺮﺓ أظن إﺣﻧﺎ دا.9 9.?adhin iHna da nguul nafsil sahay bas bi Tariiqa mughaayra I think we are saying the same but in a different way . ﺑس دا ﯾﻧﻛﺎل ﺑﺻﯾﻐﺔ ﻟوخ. ل ﻣوﺿوع ھو ھو.10 l mawdhuu’a huwa huwa bas daa yingaal bSiigha tlukh .53 The subject is the same but said differently ............. ل ﺣﻘﯾﻘﺔ ھﻲ اﻧو. ﻻ وﷲ ﻣو ھﯾﺟﻲ.11 Wallah muu hiichi. lHaqiiqa hiya ?anuu______ .54 In fact the case is not so. It is that_________________ 145 146 ﻫﻞ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺑﺸـ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻠﻲ ﺗرﯾد ل ﺻﺪ.12 triidil Sudug , hal maudhuu’a muu SaHiiH bish-shakl il lii ngaal .55 To say the fact, this subject is not right in the way it is presented(said)_______ _________________ϳΣλ ϭϣϼλ ͿϭϛΩ ΩϲϠ ϟ .13 illi da dguula ?aSlan muu SaHiiH________________ .56 What you are saying is not right from its start________________ _______________ΔΣλ ϝϧϣα Ύ γ ϱ ϩΩϧϋΎ ϣͿϭϛΩ ΩϲϠ ϟ .14 illi da dguula maa ‘ainda asaas mnil SiH-Ha_________________ .57 What you are telling us is totally not right ___________ ____________________ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻛﻠﺗﮫ ﻣﺎ ﻋﻧده اي واﻗﻊ.15 15.illi gilta maa ‘ainda ?ay waaqi’a__________________ What you said has no basis (reality)______________ ____________________________ ﻏرﯾﺑﺔ.16 ghariiba__________________________ .58 It is strange_________________ _______________ (ﺍﻟﻠﻲ ﲰﻌﺘﻪ ﻻﻧﻮ ) ﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﺎ اﺻد.17 17. maa ?aSad-dig illi samia’ta_____________________________ I do not believe what I hear because _____________________________ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻛو ﻣﺟﺎل ل وﺟﮭﺎت ﻧظر اﺧرى ﻏﯾر ل ھﺎي إل ﻣطروﺣﺔ.18 ya’ani ?aku majaal wijhaat nadhar ?ukhra gheir haay ili maT-ruuHa .59 Is there any chance of discussing views other than the ones raised here. وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظري ﻏﯾر ﺷﻲ ﺗﺧﺗﻠف ﻣن وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظرك.19 wijhat nadhari gheir shii tikhtilif min wijhat nadharak. My point of view is different from yours in that__________ 60. 21. Ask politely to interrupt somebody __________________ ، دون ﻣﻘﺎطﻌﺔ.1 1. duun muqaaTa’a, ?agdar ______________________ I do not mean to interrupt you, can I ________________? ___________________ ، ﻟﺣظﺔ ﻣن ﻓﺿﻠك.2 2. laHdha min fadhlak, ?agdar___________________ Please, one minute, can I _________________________? ____________________________ ( ﻟو ﺗﺳﻣﺢ ) ﺳﻣﺣت.3 3. lo tismaH ( samaHit) ________________________ If you allow me _________________. Would you please_____________? . _______________________ إﺳﻣﺣﻠﻲ وﻟو ﻟﻠﺣظﺔ.4 4. ?ismaHli walaw lilaHdha ___________________ 146 147 Can I have a minute _______________________? ____________________________ ﻣن ﻓﺿﻠك.5 5.min fadhlak __________________________________________ Would you please, _____________________? 22. Ask somebody not to interrupt ___________________ ( ﻣﺎ ﺗﺧﻠﻠﯾﻧﺎ )ﺗﺧﻠﻠﯾﻧﻲ( ﻧﺣﻛﻲ ) أﺣﺟﻲ.1 1. maa-dkhallina niHchii (?aHchi). Let us (me)talk ____________________ ﻛوﻟﻠﻲ إﻧت ﻣﺎ ﺗﻛدر ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺎطﻊ ل واﺣد.2 2. gulli ?inta ma tigdar ma tQaaTi’ail waaHid. Hey, you cannot interrupt others. Somebody gets mad ______________________________ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺧﻠﻠﯾﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﻛل ﺗﺑن.3 3. Ma tkhallina naakil tibin. Let us speak “eat hay” _____________________ ﯾﺎ اﺧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺧﻠﻠﯾﻧﺎ ﻧﺎﻛل "ﺧرى" ﻧﺣﺟﻲ.4 4. Yaa ?akhii matkhallina naakil “khara” niHchii. Man, let us speak “ eat pooh” ________________ ﺧﻠﻠﯾﻧﻲ اﻛﻣل ﻛﻼﻣﻲ. ﻣن ﻓﺿﻠك ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﺎطﻌﻧﻲ.5 5.min fadhlak maa tqaaTi’ani. Khal-liini ?akam-mil kalaami. Please, do not interrupt me. Let me talk. ________________ ﺑس ﺧﻠﻠﯾﻧﻲ اﻛﻣل ﺟﻣﻠﺗﻲ ﻓد دﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﻣن ﻓﺿﻠك.6 6. bas-khl-liini ?akam-mil jumaltii fad daqiiqa min fadhlak. Only let me ,one moment please, finish my sentence ___________________ اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗرﯾده ﺧﻠﻠﯾﻧﻲ اﺧﻠص وﺑﻌدﯾن.7 7. khal-liini ?akhliS w ba’adein gul illi triida. Let me finish and then say what you want to say . ____________ ﯾﺎ اﺧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺧﻠﻠﯾﻧﻲ اﻟﻐﻲ وﺑﻌدﯾن ﻛوول اﻟﻠﻲ ﺗرﯾده.8 8. yaa ?akhii ma tkhl-liini ?alghi wba’adein gul illi triida. Man, let me talk and then say yours. ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪك ﺑﻨـ ﻧﺺ ﻻ.9 9. la tigmiz w tiHchi min ‘aindak do not jump in the middle and speak do not interrupt ﻻ ﺗﺎﺧﺬﻧﺎ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻓﺎﺻﻞ.10 10. la taakhithna HaaSil faaSil Give us a break 23. Show Empathy . ﺷﻌورﻧﺎ ھو ﺷﻌورﻛم.1 1. Shu’aurrna shi’aurkum 147 148 “Our feelings are yours.” We feel the same. .ͿϭϛΩ ΩϲϠ ϟ ϰϠ ϋϥϳϘϔΗϣΎ ϣϥϳϧΛ·ϭϛ Ύ ϣ.2 2. maaku ?ithnein ma mittifqiin ‘ala illi daa dguula. There are not two who disagree upon what you have said. . آﻧﻲ ﻓﺎھﻣك ﺷراﯾد. ادري ﺑل ﺿﺑط إﻧت ﺷدا.3 3. ?adrii bidh-dhabit ?inta sh-da dguul. ?ana fah-mak shraayid! I know exactly what you are saying. I understand what you want. . اﻧﺎ اﺑﺎدﻟك ھل ﺷﻌور.4 4. ?ana ?abaadilak hal shu’auur I share the same sentiment with you . ﺷوف ھﺎي ﻗﺿﯾﺔ إﻧﺳﺎﻧﯾﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻧرادﻟﮭﺎ ﺗﻔﺳﯾر.5 5. shuuf haay qadhiya ?insaaniya maa yinraaadilha tafsiir This is a humanitarian case and it does not need any other clarification . واﺿﺣﺔ ﻣﺛل ل ﺷﻣس. ھﺎي ﻣﺎ ﯾﻧراد ﻟﮭﺎ روح ل ﻗﺎﺿﻲ.6 6. haay ma yinraadilha ruuHil qaadhi. Waadh-Ha mithlil shams This does not need to go to the judge. It is very clear . اﻓﮭم وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظرك.7 7. ?afham wijhatil nadhar I understand your point of view ..... ﺑس... ادري ﻣﻧﯾن ﺟﺎي.8 8. ?adrii mnein jay….. bas …… I know from where you are coming ____________ . ھﺎي ھﻲ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﺗﻧﺎ.9 9. haay hiya ma?saatna This is our dilemma . ﻣﺎ ﻧدري ﻣﻧﯾن ﺟﺗﻧﻧﺎ ھﺎي اﻟﺗرﻛﺎﻋﺔ.10 10. maa nidrii mnein jatiina haay l tirgaa’a We do not from where this crisis befell upon us . إﻧﺷﻐل ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺎ ﺑﯾﻛم.11 11. ?inshighal baalna biikim We were thinking about you . ﺑﻘﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺎ ﯾﻣﻛم.12 12. Buqaa baalna biikum We were thinking about you . وﻋﺷﻧﺎھﺎ. ﻛﻠﻧﺎ ﻧﻌرف ﺣﺟم ھل ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎة.13 13. kulna ni’arif Hajmil mu’aanaat…. W ‘aishnaaha We all went through this ( suffering) and lived through it إﺣﻧﺎ دا ﻧﻌﯾش ﻣﺄﺳﺎﺗﻛم وﻧﺗﺣﻣل ﻣﻌﺎﻧﺎﺗﻛم ال ﯾوﻣﯾﺔ.14 14. ?iHna daa n’aiish ma?saatkum wnitHammal mu’aanaatkum il yaw miya We are living this catastrophe and endure the daily forbearance راح ﺗﺻﯾر زﯾن... اﻧﺷﻠﻠﮫ ﺧﯾر.15 15. inshalla khe:r …. raaH tSiir zein We hope it will be good ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺎ ﯾﻣﻛم... ﷲ ﺑﻌوﻧﻛم.16 16. alla b’ao:nkum … baalna yamkum 148 149 God helps you …..you are in our thoughts 24. Disappointment/ pessimism اره ﻣﺎ ﻛو ﻣﻧﮭﺎ.1 1. maaku minha chaara No other choice There is no alternative It is inevitable .___________ ﻻزم. ﻣﺎ ﻣﻧﮭﺎ.2 2. ma minha chaara. laazim _________________. There is no alternative . (we) must _____________. . اﺷﻌر ﺑﺧﯾﺑﺔ اﻣل ﻣن ھل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ.3 3. ?ash’aur bkhaybat amal min hal shaghla I am disappointed about it . ھل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ﻣﯾﺋوس ﻣﻧﮭﺎ.4 4. hal shaghla may?uus minha It is hopeless . ﻣﺎ ﯾﻐﯾر ﻣﻧﮭﺎ ﺷﻲ.5 5. maa yghayir minha shii It makes no difference . ﺗﯾﺗﻲ ﺗﯾﺗﻲ ﻣﺛل ﻣﺎ رﺣﺗﻲ ﺟﯾﺗﻲ.6 6. tiiti tiiti… mithil ma riHtii jiiti “tiiti tiiti… you come back to where we were” We are in a vicious circle You left and came back the way you were . ﻋﺎدت ﺣﻠﯾﻣﺔ ل ﻋﺎدﺗﮭﺎ ل ﻗدﯾﻣﺔ.7 7. ‘aadat Haliima ila ‘aadatiha il qadiima “Haliima ( lady’s name) goes back to where she starts from” You cannot do anything about it . ﺧﻠو ذﯾل ل ﻛﻠب ﺑل ﻗﺎﻟب ﺳﺑﻊ ﺳﻧوات وﻟﻣن طﻠﻌوه ﺟﺎن اﻋوج.8 8. khaluu theil lil kalb bil qaalib sabi’a sanaawat w liman Talla’auuh chaan ?a’awaj “Dog’s tail was put 7 years in a mold, but it never straightened” You cannot change somebody You cannot do anything about it . ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ﺗﺧر ﻣﺎي.9 9. hal shaghla tkhir may “This issue drips water” This issue is hopeless . ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﮭﺎ ﺧﯾر.10 10. hal shaghla ma biiha kheir “This issue brings no good” It is fruitless ﺣﺎوﻟﻧﺎ وﯾﺎه ﺑل ﻋﯾن ول آﻏﺎﺗﻲ وﻣﺎ دا ﯾﻔﯾد وﯾﺎه.11 11. Haawalna wiyaa bil’aeini wil ?aaghati w ma daa yfiid wiyaa “We tried with him peacefully, but it does not work” He is not cooperative and never changes 149 150 ﻛﻠب اﺳود او اﺑﯾض ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔرق ﺷﻲ.12 12. kalib ?aswad ?aw ?abyadh ma ifriq “whether a dog is black or white makes no difference” Dogs are dogs regardless of color Enemy is enemy regardless of it’s appearance. ﺷﻲ ﻻ ﺑد ﻣﻧﮫ.13 13.shii la bud-da minna it is inevitable ﻧﻔس إل طﺎس وﻧﻔس إل ﺣﻣﺎم.14 14 nafsil taS wnafsi l Hammaam “nothing is changed” “the same pan and the same tub” 25. Praise/ hail / success/ optimism زﯾﺎرﺗﻛم ال ﯾوم ﺷرف ﻛﺑﯾر إﻟﻧﺎ.1 1. ziyaaritkum ?il yom sharaf kbiir ilna We have the honor to have you here with us وﺟودﻛم ﺑﯾﻧﻧﺎ دﻟﯾل إھﺗﻣﺎﻣﻛم ﺑـ ﯾﻧﺎ.2 2. wijuudkum beinna daliil “ihtimamkum biina being with us is an indication of your concern about us دﻣﺗم ذﺧراً إﻟﻧﺎ.3 3. dimtum thukhran lana You are there for us ﺗﺷﯾد ال اﻣﺔ ﺑـ اﻧﺟﺎزاﺗﻛم ال ﻋظﯾﻣﺔ.4 4. tshiidik umma b?injaazaatkumil ‘adhiima Our nation hails your great achievements for us ﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﻌﻧﻲ إﻻ واﻗدم ﺷﻛري ل ﺳﯾﺎدﺗﻛم.5 5. la yasa’ani ?illa wa ?uqaddim shukri li siyaa-da-tikum I cannot but thank you ﯾﻌﯾش ﺷﻌﺑﻧﺎ ال اﺑﻲ ال ﻛرﯾم.6 6. ya’aiish sha’abunna l ?abiiyi il kariim long live our brave and generous people ﻣﻣﺗﺎز \ راﺋﻊ \ ﻋظﯾم.7 7. mumtaaz, raa?i’a, ‘adhiim excellent, wonderful, great ( اﺻﻼ ﻣﺎﻛو ﻣﻧﻧﮫ )ﻣﺛﻠﮫ.8 8. ?aSlan maaku minna (mithla) There is nothing like it , has no resemblance, unprecedented ( ﻓد ﺷﻲ آﯾري )ﻓرﯾد ﻣن ﻧوﻋﮫ.9 9. fad shii ?aayri (fariid min naw’aa) it is something unique ً) ﻗﺑل( ھﺳﮫ اﺑدا ﻣﺎ ﺻﺎﯾر ﻣﺛﻠﮫ.10 10. ma Saayir gabil hassa mthla ?abadan Something unprecedented Something we have never seen happen before ھﺎي ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻛو ﻣﺛﯾﻠﮭﺎ اﺑدا.11 11. haay saabiqa makuu mathiilha ?abadan 150 151 this is unprecedented ... ﻋﻔﯾﺎ ﻋﻠﯾك... وﷲ ﻋﻣﻲ.12 12. wallah ‘ammi ‘afya ‘aleik Good for you .. ﻋﺎﺷت اﯾدﯾك.13 13. ‘aashat ?iideik “long live your hands” A good job . ﺗﻔﺎءﻟوا ﺑل ﺧﯾر ﺗﺟدوه.14 14. tafaa?alu bilkhaeir tajiduuhu “be optimistic, you’ll get it” be positive / optimistic . إل ﻋﻣل ﻣﺎﺷﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗدم وﺳﺎق.15 15. il ‘amal maashii ‘ala qadamin wa saaq “ the work is going on a hand and a leg” everything is going well ͿΩϣΣϝ·ϭ .. إل دﻧﯾﺎ ﺑﺧﯾر.16 16. il dunya bkeir wil Hamdulla “The world is good. Thanks God” Everything is promising . ﺳﯾرو ﻗدﻣﺎ ً وﻧﺣن ﻣن وراﺋﻛم.17 17. siiro quduman wa naHnu min waraa?ikum “ you walk forward, we follow you” We support you ﺧﯾر ﺧﻠف ﻟﻐﯾر ﺳﻠف.18 18. khayru khalafin li khayri salafin “ a good successor for a good predecessor” ͿΩϣΣϝϭΔϳηΎ ϣέϭϣ ϝ· .19 19. ?al ?immur mashiya wil hamdu lil laah “the matters are going on thanks to God” Everything is going well . ﺷوﯾﺔ ﺻﺑر ﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﺗﮭوون.20 20.shuayat Sabir wil ?imuur maashiya “a little of patience and everything will be OK” be patient and wait إﻧت ﺗﺑﯾض إل و. ول ﻧﻌم.21 21. win ni’aim You did great. We are proud of you. 26. Condemnation ﻧﺳﺗﻧﻛر.1 1. nistankir we denounce 151 152 ﻧدﯾن.2 2. nudiin we condemn ﻧﺷﺟب.3 3. nushjib we denounce ﯾﺳﻘط ل ﻧظﺎم.4 4. YasquT il nidhaam down with the regime إﺣﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻘﺑل ﺑﮭﺎي.5 5. ?iHna ma niqbal haay we do not accept this 6. haatha ‘amal mushiin ma maqbuul bii This is heinous and not acceptable ھذا ﻋﻣل ﻣﺷﯾن ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺑول ﺑﻲ.6 ھذا ﻓد ﻋﻣل ﯾﻧدب إﻟﮫ ال ﺟﺑﯾن.7 7.hatha fad ‘aa-mal yindib ilha il ja-biin this is an atrocious action that people dislike ( the forehead frowns at) 27. Cooperation/ support ﻧﻘدم ﻣﺳﺎﻧدﺗﻧﺎ ﻟﻠـ.1 1. nuqad-dim musanadatana lil we support you in ﻧدﻋم ﻣوﻗﻔﻛم ال ﺷرﯾف ھذا.2 2. nud’aim mawqifkum il shariif haatha we support this honorable stand of yours ﻧطﻠب ا ل ﺗﻧﺳﯾق وﯾﺎﻛم.3 3. niTlib il tansiiq wiyaakum We ask for coordination with you ﻧﻘدم ﺗﺂزرﻧﺎ وﯾﺎﻛم.4 4. nqad-dim ta?azurna wiyaakum We support you ﻧﺄﻣل ﺗﻌﺎوﻧﻛم وﯾﺎﻧﺎ.5 5. ni?mal ta’aawunkum wiyaana We hope that you cooperate with us ﻧرﯾد ﻛﺳب ود وﺗﺄﯾﯾد ل ﻟﻧﺎس اﻛﺛر ﻣن اي ﺷﻲ آﺧر.6 6. nriid kasb wud w ta?yiidil naas ?akthar min ?ay shii ?aakhar We need to gain the love and support of the people ( ﺳﯾروا واﺣﻧﺎ ورا ﻛم ) وﯾﺎﻛم.7 7. siiruu w iHn a warakum You keep going and we support you 28. Expectation/ contrasts .... ( ﺑس ) ﻻﻛت..... ﺑودﻧﺎ.1 152 153 1. bwidna …… bas (laakit)...... we intend to …. But ….. ... ( ﺑس )ﻻﻛت.... ( ﺗوﻗﻌﻧﺎ ) ﺟﺎن ﻣﺗوﻗﻊ.2 2. tawaqa’ana ( chaan mitwaqi’a) …. Bas (laakit) ….. We expected ( it was expected ) …… but ….. . ﺑس ﻣﻊ ل أﺳف طﻠﻌت ﺑﻐﯾر ﺷﻛل....... ردﻧﺎھﺎ ﺑﺷﻛل.3 3. ridnaaha bshikil …… bas ma’al ?asaf Til’aat bgheir shakil We wanted something …..but unfortunately I came out something else ....... ﺟﺎن ﻣﻧل ﻣﻘرر ﯾﺟﻲ ﺑس.4 4. chaan mnil muqar-rar yijii bas …… It was scheduled that he will come but ……. ______ ﻛﺎن اﻣﻠﻧﺎ.5 5. kaan ?amalna _________ We hoped that ________ ً . ﻓﺟﺄة ﺟﺗﻲ ھﯾﺟﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻔﻠﺔ . ﻣﺎ ﻣﺗوﻗﻌﯾﮭﺎ.6 6.maa mitwaq’aiiha. Fuj?atan jatti hiichi ‘ala ghafla We did not expect that. It suddenly took place. ___________ ﻋل ﻏﻔﻠﺔ.7 7. ‘ala ghafla ____________ Unexpectedly__________ All of a sudden ______________ 29. Convincing/ Persuasion ________ ﻣﺎ ارﯾد ان أﻋﺎرض وﺟﮭﺔ ﻧظرك ﺑس ﺗرى.1 1. maa riid ?an ?u’aaaridh wijhat nadharak bas tara ______________ I do not want to contradict your point of view but you know _____________ ____________ وﻟﮭل ﺳﺑب. ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ﺗﺣﺗﺎج ﻟل ﺗروي ول ﺗﻔﻛﯾر.2 2. lshaghla tiHtaaj tihtaaj lil taraw-wi wil tafkiir. Wilhal sabab_______ This issue needs our thoughts and consideration; therefore, _________ ____________________ ﺧﻠﻠﯾﻧﻲ اﻛوﻟك ﻓد ﺷﻲ.3 3. khal-liini ?agullak fad shii ________________ let me tell you one thing __________ ______________________ ﺗرى، ﺑﯾﻧﻲ وﺑﯾﻧك.4 4. beini w beinak , tara _____________ between you and me, there is ___________ _________________ ھل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ﺗﺳﺗوﺟب ال ﺻﺑر.5 5. hal shaghla tistawjib il Sabr__________________ This issue requires patience _________________ اﻛو اﺷﯾﺎء ﻻزم ﻣﺎ ﻧﻧﺳﺎھﺎ.6 153 154 6. ?aku ?ashya laazim ma ninsaaha _______________ There are things we must not forget___________ _____________ ﻻزم ﻧﺧﻠﻠﻲ ھذا ﺑﻧظر إل إﻋﺗﺑﺎر وھواﻧو.7 7. laazim nkhal-li haatha bnadharil ?i’atibaar wahwa ?annu__________ We need to put this into consideration__________ . ﺷوف إل ﻗﻧﺎﻋﺔ ﻛﻧز.8 8. shuuf ?il qanaa’aa kanz Let me tell you that satisfaction is treasure 30. Hypothesizing __________ ﺷﺗﺗوﻗﻊ ﻟو.1 1. shtitwaq-qa’a lo _____________ What do you expect if ________________ ____________ ﻟو ﻓرﺿﻧﺎ ) إﻓﺗرﺿﻧﺎ( اﻧو.2 2. If we hypothesize that _____________ _________________ ﻟو اﺧذﻧﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل ل ﻣﺛﺎل.3 3. If we take as an example ____________ . ﻛﺎن ﻣﻧل ﻣﻔروض _______ ﺑس ______________ ﻣﺎ ﺻﺎر ھذا.4 4.We were supposedly _______________ but __________did not happen ﻋﺑﺎﻟﻲ ____________ ﺑس ﻣﺎ.5 5. I thought ___________but it weren’t . 31. Suspect somebody ﺷﻧو ﺳـ ﺳﺎﻟﻔﺔ ؟ ﻣﺎ، أﺷوف ھل أﯾﺎم ﻣو ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌﺿﮫ.1 1. ?ashuuf hal ?ayaam muu ‘ala ba’a-dha. Ma dgulli shinuu l saalfa? He does not look Okay, is there anything going on ? ﺗﺻرﻓﺎﺗﮫ ھل أﯾﺎم ﻏرﯾﺑﺔ ؟، إﺷﺑﯾﮫ ھذا ﺷوف ھو ﻣوو ﻣﺛل.2 2.?shbiih haatha shuuf huwa mithil gabil, his behavior these days is strange. What is wrong with him. He is not like before. His behavior these days is strange. أﻛو ﺷﻲ ﺻﺎﯾر ؟، ھل أﯾﺎم أﺷوﻓﮫ ﺻﺎﻓن.3 3. hal ?ayaam ?ashuufa Saafin, ?aku shii Saayir? I see him sighing these days. Is there anything wrong going on? .أﺷوﻓﮫ ﻛﻠش ﻣﻧطوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺳﮫ، ھذا ال وﻟد اﺑداً ﻣﺎ ارﺗﺎﺣﻠﮫ.4 4.haatha l walad ?abadan maa ?artaaHla, ?ashuufa kul-lish munTawi ‘ala nafsa. I do not feel comfortable about this man, He is too much of an introvert ﻋﻧده ﺷﻲ ؟، دا ﯾﺗﺣرك ھواﯾﺎ- أﺷوﻓﮫ –ﺑﮭل اﯾﺎم أل أﺧﯾرة.5 5. daa shuufa –bhal ?ayaam il ?akhiira- daa yitHar-rak hwaaya, ;ainda shii? 154 155 وﻣﺣد ﯾﻌرف ﺑﯾﮫ ﺷدا ﯾﺳوي ؟، دا ﯾﻌﻣل ﻣن ﺟوا ﻟﻲ ﺟوا.6 6. daa yi’amal min jaw-wa lii jaw-wa, wmaHad yi’arif bii shda y-saw-wi He is secretly working and no one knows what he is doing. . أﺷوف ﺗﺻرﻓﺎﺗﮫ ﻏرﯾﺑﺔ وﻣدا ﺗﻌﺟﺑﻧﻲ.7 7. ?shuuf taSaruufaata ghariiba w madaa ti’ajibni I see his behavior is strange, and I do not like it. . ھذا ﺷﺎﯾف ﻧﻔﺳﮫ ﻛﺛﯾر وﻣدا ﯾﺗﻌﺎون.8 8. haatha shaayif nafsa kthiir w madaa yit’aaawan He is conceited and never cooperates. . ھذا ﺣﯾﺔ ﯾﻠدغ ﻣن ﺟوه ﺟوه.9 9. haatha Hay ya yildigh min jaw –wa jaw-wa He is a snake that secretly bites . ﺣرك. ھذا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﺄﻣن.10 10. haatha ma yit ?amman. Hirik. He is someone you do not trust. He is active. أﺷك ب وﻻء ھل ﺷﺧص إﻟﻧﺎ.11 11. ?ashik b walla? Hal shakhiS ?ilna I suspect that he is loyal to us . ھذا واﺣد ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﯾﮫ.12 12. haatha waaHid maa yi’atimid ‘alei He is unreliable. ھل وﻟد ﻣﺷﺑوه وﻻزم ﻧﻛون ﺣذرﯾن ﻣﻧﮫ.13 13. hal walad mashbuuh w laazim nkuun Hathriin minna This man is suspicious and we must be watchful. ﻋﻧدة ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﻣﺷﺑوھﺔ واﺳﻣﮫ ﺑﻘﺎﺋﻣﺔ إل ﺳوده.14 14. ‘ainda ‘ailaaqaat mashbuuha w?isma bqaa?ima l soda He has dubious relations and his name is on the black list ھو ﻣن إل ﻣﺷﺗﺑﮫ ﺑﮭم.15 15.huwa minil mushtabah bihim He is among suspects huwa minil maghdhuub ‘aleihum He is among those not wanted ( kidding to a friend) ھو ﻣﻧل ﻣﻐﺿوب ﻋﻠﯾﮭم.16 ھذا ﻣن إل ﻣﻐﺿوب ﻋﻠﯾﮭم 16. haatha minal maghdhuubi ‘aleihim He is among the names on the black list ھذا ﻣن إل ﻣطﻠوﺑﯾن ﻟﻲ وﺟﮫ إل ﻋداﻟﺔ.17 17. haatha minil maTluubiin li wajhil ‘adaala He is wanted by the government (justice) ھﺎرب.18 18. fugitive, deserted ﻓﺎر.19 19. wanted, deserted, fugitive 155 156 32. Conclusive transitories وﺑل ﺧﺗﺎم.1 1. wabil khitaam _________ finally ______________ in conclusion___________ _______________ ب ﻓﻘرة اﺧﯾرة وھﻲ ان ﻧﻛدر ﻧﻠﺧص ﻣﺎ.2 2. nigdar nlakh-khis maa gilnaa bii faqara ?akhiira wahiya ?anna ___________ I can conclude in one last paragraph that _______________ ________________ ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﻧﺧﻠص ﻟﻠﻘول وھو ان.3 3. yumkin ?an nukhlis lil qawl wahwa ?anu _______________ We can summarize that by saying ____________ In sum, ___________________ ________________________ وﺑل ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ.4 4. wabil nihaaya________ Finally, ____________ In the end, ________________ ً أﺧﯾراً وﻟﯾس آﺧرا.5 5.?alhiiran walaysa ?aakhiran it is the last but not the least 33.Etiquettes 1. When somebody has a new hairdo, has finished shaving, has finished taking shower, you must say “ na’aiiman” ﻧﻌﯿﻤﺎ.1 ً a nice hairdo / shaving (ﻧﻌﯿﻤﺎ )ل ﺣﻼﻗﺘﻚ a nice shower ( ﻧﻌﯿﻤﺎ ً ) ل ﺳﺒﺤﻚ Reply: The answer usually is : na’a ‘am allah ‘aleik. Shukran .ً ﺷﻜﺮا.ﻧﻌﻢ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ 2. After finishing eating or drinking and say thank you. The answer is “bil’afiya” or “a’awaafi”. ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻓﯾﺔ.2 (ﻋﻮاﻓﻲ ) ﺑﻌﺪ ل أﻛﻞ ( ) ﺑﻌﺪ ﺷﺮب ل ﻣﺎي Reply: The answer usually is : allah y’aafiik . shukran . ً ﺷﻛرا. ﷲ ﯾﻌﺎﻓﯾك 156 157 ...... ﻋواﻓﻲ A challenge a compliment for doing something good 15. Good for you if you can make(do) it. jibitha ﺟﺒﺘﮭﺎ a’rifitha ﻋﺮﻓﺘﮭﺎ aSalitha ﺣﺼﻠﺘﮭﺎ _____ ﻋﻮاﻓﻲ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ اذا ‘awaafi ‘aleik ?itha Good for you if you can bring it Good for you if you know that Good for you if you obtain that ﻋﻮاﻓﻲ إل ﯾﺠﯿﺐ ﻧﻘﺶ ‘awaafi il li yjiib naqish Good for you if you make it. If somebody sneezes. You say : “bis siHa” . ﺑص ﺻﺣﺔ biS-SiHa with health Reply: . ًﺷﻛرا Shukran Thanks If somebody burps. You say: “bil ‘afiya” ﺑﺎﻟﻌﺎﻓﯾﺔ Bil’aafya With grace Reply: .ًﺷﻛرا Shukran Thanks 34. If something is fantastic or Somebody is smart. You say “ mashallah” to avoid an evil eye Keep cross fingers mashalla (ͿΎ ηΎ ϣ) .ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎء ﷲ dig ‘al khashab دك ﻋل ﺧﺷب ‘aein allah ‘aleik ﻋﯾن ﷲ ﻋﻠﯾك Reply 157 158 . ًﺷﻛرا shukran Thanks 35. Expressions to mean “start” . ﯾﻠﻠﮫ.. ﯾﻠﻠﮫ.1 1. Yalla… yallah . إﺑدي... ﯾﻠﻠﮫ.2 2. Yallah ?ibdii ّ ﻣﮫ.3 _____________ ﺗﺑﻠش ﺗرﺳم 3. ma tiblish _________ tirsim _____________ ﻣﮫ ﺗﺑدي.4 ﺗﻌﻣل 4. ma tibdii _______ ti’amal __________ إﺳرع.5 ﺳﺟل إﺳﻣك 5. ?isri’a____ sajjil ?ismak _____________ ﺑﻌدك ﻣﺎ ﺑﺎدي.6 16. ba’adak ma baadi _________ ti’amal 36. Criticism ﯾﻌﻧﻲ ھﻲ ﺷوﯾﺔ واﻗﻔﺔ.1 1. yaa’nii hiy-ya shway-ya waagfa It is a bit weird ( bazar) ؟ﺗﺼﺪ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ.2 2. ya’ani tSad-ga ? Do you believe him? Do you trust him? ____________ ﻣوو ﻣﻌﻘوﻟﮫ ھو.3 3. muu ma’aquula huwa_____________ It is irrational ھﺎي ﻣﮭزﻟﺔ واﺣد ﻣﮫ ﯾﺻد.4 4. haay mahzala waaHid maa ySad-digha This is ridiculous and incredible ﻣو ﺑل ﺣﯾف.5 5. muu bil Heif Do not believe it راح ﯾﻛون ل ﺣﺳﺎب ﻋﺳﯾر.6 158 159 6. raaH ykuun l Hisaab ‘aasiir the price will be costly ( ﻏوﻏﺎء )ﺗﺻرﯾﺣﺎت وﺷﻌﺎرات ﻏوﻏﺎﺋﯾﺔ.7 7. ghawgha?(taSriiHaat wa shi’aaraat ghawghaa?iy-ya) demagogic statements and mottos (slogans) دﻋﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﻐرﺿﺔ.8 8. Di’aaya mughridha bad rumor against إﺗﮭﺎﻣﺎت ﻣﻠﻔﻘﺔ وﻣﻔﺑرﻛﺔ.9 9.?itaahaamaat mulaf-faqa wa mufabraka falsified and fabricated accusations إﺗﮭﺎﻣﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻘﺔ.10 10. ?it-tihaamaat mukhtalaqa invented and made up accusations ﻣﺣظ ھراء.11 11. maHdh huraa? Wa kathib only idle talk ﺳﺧﯾف.12 12. sakhiif wa bala ma’ana absurd ( adj ﺗﻔﺎھﺔ )ﺗﺎﻓﮫ.13 13. tafaaha ( taafih) silliness ( silly) زاﺋﻔﺔ \ ﻣزﯾﻔﺔ.14 14. zaayfa false /counterfeit ( ﺑﺎطﻠﺔ \ ﻣﺎ إﻟﮭﺎ اﺳﺎس )ﻣﺎ إﻟﮭﺎ ﺻﺣﺔ.15 15. baaTila invalid / baseless ! ﻋزﻣﻧﺎﻛم وﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﺗو ﻋدﻧﺎ... ﺻﺎﯾر ﺣﺟﻠﻛم ﺛﻘﯾل.. ﺷو.16 16. Shuu…Saayir Hijilkum thqiil …a’zimnaakum w maabayintuu! “your anklet has become heavy…we invited you but you did not show up” You did not show up when we invited you. ﯾﺎ ﷲ وﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﻧروح .17 17. diguul ya allah w khalli nruuH Make your decision ( say yes,) and let us go. ّ َ اي واﻧﻌل ال ﺷﯾطﺎن و.... وﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﺻـــﻔﻲ .18 18. di Saf-fii galbak wi-yaana …..win’al il shayTaan wguul ?ii “Make your heart pure with us .. condemn Satan and say yes” Trust us and just say yes. Concepts, Notions, Messages Behind Vernacular Words and Phrases ﻣﻔردات وﺗﻌﺎﺑﯾر ﺟﻠﻔﯾﺔ 159 160 Colloquial and or vernacular language is live and vital in a society. The expressions are effective and have impact on the natives more than the same formulas used in the school language. As a result of that I collected these words and or phrases for the same cultural reason. 1. Shallow minded Tartuur stupid طﺮطﻮور TaraaTeer طﺮاطﯿﺮ dhaHil ﺿﺤﻞ Not educated Muu shi Nothing ﻣﻮو ﺷﻲ Muu halgad ﻣﻮو Not that one Faash shuushi ﻓﺎﺷﻮووﺷﻲ Not capable / weak saTHee (ﺻﻄﺤـﻲ )ﺳﻄﺤﻲ Superficial muu halgad yiftihim ﯾﻔﺘﮭﻢ ﻣﻮو not very knowledgeable m’aeidi ( ﻣﻌﯿﺪيamong friends) (Use it at the absence of the person) naïve, primitive, people of the south who live in marshes ‘ajamei ( ﻋﺠﻤﻲamong friends) (use it at the absence of the person) not an Arab (idiot) mTab bag ّﻣﻄـﺒــ Cannot think Maa yi’arif al kuu’a min buu’a ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف اﻟﻜﻮع ﻣﻦ ل ﺑﻮع Cannot distinguish between an elbow and his arm Not able to know a part from the hole Ghasheem ﻏﺸﯿﻢ Naïve shalau lau ﺷﻠﻮﻟﻮ not focused 160 161 Maz’aTa ﻣﺰﻋﻄﺔ Childish Qashmar ﻗﺸﻤﺮ Joker, silly, has no personality Za’aTuuT زﻋﻄﻮط Childish Ba’ada Katkuut w ma yi’arif halgad ﺑﻌﺪه ﻛﺘﻜﻮوت وﻣﮫ ﯾﻌﺮف ھﻠـﻜـﮫ د inexperienced Athwal أﺛﻮل Not smart, stupid, oblivious Mithilil ?aTrash bil zaffa ﻣﺜـﻠﻞ أطﺮش ﺑﻞ زﻓﺔ “Like a deaf in a wedding” Somebody who does not know what is going on Ablah أﺑﻠﮫ Imbecile ‘ainda koilaat ﻋﻨﺪه ﻛﻮﯾﻼت insane ( Moslawi) zmaal / zmaayil زﻣﺎل \ زﻣﺎﯾﻞ donkey =stupid Hmaar mTab-baq ( ﺣﻤﺎر ﻣﻄﺒﻖ ) ﻣﻂ Too stupid Khirfaan ﺧﺮﻓﺎن Oblivious M’arbil ﻣﻌﺮﺑﻞ Not organized Mkharbat ﻣﺨﺮﺑﻂ Not organized 2. Disliked one(s) Nijis ﻧﺠﺲNijseen ﻧﺠﺴﯿﻦ Nigis nigseen Dirty, unclean 161 162 Faasiq Lewd, depraved faasqeen Jaban / Jubanaa ﺟﺒﺎن \ ُﺟﺒﻨﺎء Coward Sarimpaara ﺻﺮﻣﺒﺎره Playboy, mobster (negative) J’ainkii ﺟﻌﻨﻜﻲ Quarrelsome, he likes to fight people Shaqii ﺷﻘﻲ Bandit, he does illegal things Safiih ﺳﻔﯿﮫ Unrestrained, silly Mla’ab (ﻣﻠﻌﺐ )ة Wanton (f.) , cunning Miftiree ﻣﻔﺘﺮي slanderer, backstabber Fat taan ﻓﺘﺎن Trouble maker Fad waaHid zinkh Rancid, indecent ﻓﺪ واﺣﺪ زﻧﺦ \ زﻧﺨﯿﻦ Ta’aal la tmaSikh nafsak bee ﺗﻌﺎل ﻻ ﺗﻤﺼﺦ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ ﺑﻲ ي Do not degrade yourself to his ( that) level Fad waaHid ma yistaHee ﻓﺪ واﺣﺪ ﻣﮫ ﯾﺴﺘﺤﻲ A shameless guy Mgaddee w ma shaayif ﻓﺪ واﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﺪي وﻣﮫ ﺷﺎﯾﻒ Behaves like a peddler with little experience Yoslak lil may wyraj’ak ‘aaTshaan ﯾﻮﺻﻠﻚ ﻋﻞ ﺷﻂ وﯾﺮﺟﻌﻚ ﻋﻄﺸﺎن He takes you to water but brings you back thirsty Maa yilchi ‘ala dhahra maay ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﺠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ظﮭﺮه ﻣﺎي Someone snakes others Dammu thaqeel (thajeel) دﻣﻮ ﺛﺠـﯿﻞ “ He has a heavy blood” not liked by people 162 163 makharbaT ﻣﺨﺮﺑﻂ not focused, disorganized 3. Liked ones ?aadami ibin ?awaadim )آدﻣﻲ( إﺑﻦ ل أوادم “son of persons” A good person shakhs muHtaram ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺤﺘﺮم respectful man/ men naas muHtarameen ﻧﺎس ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣﯿﻦ min ‘aa?ila Tayba ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ طﯿﺒﺔ He is of a good family ?aaadami ma’aruuf ? آدﻣﻲ ﻣﻌﺮوفawaadim ma’aruufeen أوادم ﻣﻌﺮوﻓﯿﻦ a known person/ well known people Khosh walad w Tayib ﺧﻮش وﻟﺪ طﯿﺐ A nice person Khosh u wlaad u Taybeen ﺧﻮش اوﻻد طﯿﺒﯿﻦ “Good folks and nice” Nice people Abul Hamuula اﺑﻮ ل ﺣﻤﻮﻟﮫ “father of goodness” A purple heart man nashmee w akhu khayta ﻧﺸﻤﻲ اﺧﻮ ﺧﯿﺘﮫ “courageous and brother of his sister” good friend and loyal ahil lil nakhwa wil shajaa’a اھﻞ ل ﻧﺨﻮة ول ﺷﺠﺎﻋﺔ “One who has dignity and courage” He is a man of ethics and bravery sakhee w ‘aeina milyaana ﺳﺨﻲ وﻋﯿﻨﮫ ﻣﻠﯿﺎﻧﮫ “He is generous and his eyes full” Generous and wealthy hathola shaayfeen ھﺬوﻟﮫ ﺷﺎﯾﻔﯿﻦ “These people have seen” They are rich and experienced walla rif’at raas وﷲ رﻓﻌﺔ راس He is someone that you are Proud of 163 164 Nashmii w akhu khayta ﻧﺸﻤﻲ واﺧﻮ “ he is brave and the bother of his sister” He is honest and brave 4. Revenge /Attack allah kareem beinee w beinak ﷲ ﻛﺮﯾﻢ ﺑﯿﻨﻲ وﺑﯿﻨﻚ “God is generous between you and me” I promise you will have it from me wallah ma nkhaleel kum iyaa وﷲ ﻣﺎ ﻧﺨﻠﻠﻲ ﻟﻜﻢ إ ﯾﺎه “By God we will not let it for you” we’ll revenge wallahi ma nkhalleeha bkeeskum “we do not leave it for you” We’ll revenge (Moslawi) ﻣﺎ ﻧﺨﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺑﻜﯿﺴﻜﻢ hay ma raah truuh (lkum) b balaash ھﺎي ﻣﮫ راح ﺗﺮووح ) ل ﻛﻢ ( ب ﺑﻼش “this will not go for free” You will be punished for that You will never get away with it Hay maraaH ?afawitlak yaaha ھﺎي ﻣﺎ راح اﻓﻮﺗﻠﻚ ﯾﺎھﺎ “I will never let it go” you will never evade my wrath I will never forgive you raaH tiTla’a min khashimkum راح ﺗﻄﻠﻊ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺸﻤﻜﻢ “it will come out of your nose” You will pay for that raaH ?aTali’a ‘aeinteinak راح أطﻠﻠﻊ ﻋﯿﻨﺘﯿﻨﻚ “we will take out your eyes” We will punish you riga’aa braajdi wkhalee yruuH “ spank him and let him go” kick him out of here ﺒﺭﺍﺸﺩﻱ)ﺭﺍﺠﺩﻱ( وﺧﻠﻠﯿﮫ ﯾﺮووح Yam ‘aw wad, ?idhriba bchillaaq “Man, kick him with your foot” kick him out of here إﺿﺮﺑﮫ ب ﺟﻼق، ﯾﻤﻌﻮد ّ nkhaleehum yakluun il mur ﻣـﺮ ُ ﻧﺨﻠﯿﮭﻢ ﯾﺎﻛﻠﻮن ل “we let them eat the bitter” 164 “Moslawi “ 165 let them suffer from us Dagga b dagga One for one wiHda b wiHda one for one وﺣﺪه ب وﺣﺪه il ‘aein bil ‘aein wil sin bil sin إل ﻋﯿﻦ ﺑﻞ ﻋﯿﻦ ول ﺳﻦ ﺑﻞ ﺳﻦ an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth equal punishment or revenge gaSa b gaSa one for one ﺻﺔ ﺻﺔ ﺏ daghdigha shwaya ( دغ دﻏﮫ ﺷﻮﯾﮫMoslawi) tickle him a bit attack skillfully, lure in al-sin-nu bis-sin wal ‘aynu bil ‘ayn ال ﺳﻦ ﺑﻞ ﺳﻦ وال ﻋﯿﻦ ﺑﻞ ﻋﯿﻦ “tooth for tooth and eye for eye” equal revenge Inbish abu abuu اﻧﺒﺶ أﺑﻮ أﺑﻮه “ exhume his grandfather” attack him ?aani ?ilak ? آﻧﻲ إﻟﻚ I am here for you raaH takilha minni راح ﺗﺎﻛﻠﮭﺎ ﻣﻨﻲ You’ ll get it from me. raaH ?akuun waraak waraak I will chase you. راح اﻛﻮن وراك وراك 5. Sneaky Guys Min jawa lee jaw wa ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮه ﻟﻲ ﺟﻮه secretly Maay min jaw wa tibin ﺟﻮه ﺗﺒﻦ ّ ﻣﺎ ي ﻣﻦ Like a water under the hay 165 166 Haya ﺣﯿﺔ Snake ‘agrab () ﻋﻘﺮب Scorpion Yildigh ﯾﻠـﺪغ He bites Theeb ذﯾﺐ Wolf ( symbol of violence) Deensiz دﯾــﻦ ﺳﺰtough , no religion He has no ethics Hitlee ھﺘﻠﻲ Cares not Hay yaal ﺣﯿــﺎل ّ Cheater/ tricky ?a’awaj w maa yit’ad dal ﯾﺘﻌﺪل ّ أﻋﻮج وﻣﺎ crooked fad nathil ﻓﺪ ﻧﺬل vile la?iim ﻟﺌﯿﻢ mean nammam ﻧﻤﺎم ّ Backbite Bil wichih mraaya wbil Gifa silaaya Hypocrite ﺳﻼﯾﮫ وﺑﻞ،ﺑﻞ وﺟﮫ ﻣﺮاﯾﺎ Mithlil Hay ya yildigh w ydhim Like a snake bites and hides ﻣﺜﻞ إل ﺣﯿﺔ ﯾﻠﺪغ وﯾﻀﻢ راﺳﮫ Maala rad-daad wala Sad-daad Mahad yrid da He is doing everything the way he likes He is over the law ﻣﺎﻻ رداد وﻻ ﺻﺪاد ﯾﺮده ّ ﻣﺤﺪ Kaawaliya ﻛﺎوﻟﯿﮫ Very primitive / gypsy style 166 167 6. Talkative Tharthaar ﺛﺮﺛﺎر Talkative Laghwachi ﻟــﻐـﻮﺟـﻲ َ َ Speaks nonsense Di w waay دو واي Talks too much leish yi’arif yogaf ( ) ﯾﺴﻜﺖ ﻟﯿﺶ ﯾﻌﺮف he does not stop talking liman yiHchi . ma yi’arif yogaf ﻟﻤﻦ ﯾﺤﺠﻲ ﻣﮫ ﯾﻌﺮف he speaks and never stops mihthaar talkative ﻣﮭﺬار makiina ﻣﻜﯿﻨﺔ a machine Talkative / eats a lot Dar-raasa دراﺳﺔ ّ A thresher Non stop talking or eating 7. Questioning a point? sh’aleik ﺷﻌــﻠﯿﻚ what is it to you? This has nothing to do with you. ‘alweish why? ﻋﻠﻮﯾﺶ Shilak ‘alei ﺷﻠﻚ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ What is that you have done for him? Shilak bii ﺷﻠﻚ ﺑﻲ ؟ What do you do with it? What for? 167 168 Winta maalak وﻧﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻚ What is it yours? Why interfere? Yaahu beek ﯾﺎھﻮ ﺑﯿﻚ Why do you get involved? Billah ‘aleik ? ﺑﻠﻠﮫ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ؟ Is that right? Are you kidding me ? 8. Rebuke ّ raz zal ta razaala min hal tiswa رزل ﺗﮫ رزاﻟﮫ ﻣﻦ ھﻞ ﺗﺴﻮى I admonished him I criticized him severely by talking to him I admonished him sabbaHta sibiH ﺳﺒﺤﺘﮫ ﺳﺒﺢ ّ “ I washed him well” I criticized him Naga’ata tnangee’aa “ I drenched him with water to a point he never forgets it in his life” I rebuked him severely hacheita criticized him severely Yit jaa waz Had da Goes beyond the limits ﯾﺘﺠﺎوز ﺣﺪه Yit’adda il marHala ﯾﺘﻌﺪى ال ﺣﺪود Stepped over the line Ma tia’mal . Min duun waaHid yrazlak ﻣﮫ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﮫ دوون واﺣﺪ ﯾﺮزﻟﻚ You do not work unless somebody criticizes you severely Wabbakha taw beekh وﺑﺨﮫ ﺗﻮﺑﯿﺦ ّ Reprimand him Yikfeek min hal jal jaluutiyaat maltak ﯾﻜﻔﯿﻚ ﻣﻦ ھﻞ ﺟﻠﺠﻠﻮﺗﯿﺎت ﻣﺎﻟﺘﻚ Enough using your own empty tricks Ma tuskut w tushkur rabbak daa tishtughul Keep silent, Praise god you are working ﻣﮫ ﺗﺴﻜﺖ وﺗﺸﻜﺮ رﺑﻚ دا ﺗﺸﺘﻐﻞ ma tuskut . Gulee shgad tilghee ﻛﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﺷﻜﮫ ت ﺗﻠﻐﻲ. ﻣﮫ ﺗﺴﻜﺖ silent. You talk too much 168 169 gullee ma tistaHee ‘ala nafasak ﻛﻮﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﮫ ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ aren’t you ashamed of yourself? mat truuH twalee ﻣﺘﺮووح ﺗﻮﻟـﻲ Leave here. This cannot be. inqili’a minna إﻧﻘﻠﻊ ﻣﻨﻨﺎ Go away from here. Khalleeni b waHdee w ruuH ﺧﻠﻠﯿﻨﻲ وﺣﺪي و رووح Leave me alone. You go. Ma tin chap tuskut. ﻣﮫ ﺗﻨﺠـﺐ ﺗﺴﻜﺖ Why don’t you shut up! inchap Shut up/ Go out of sight wala kilma وﻻ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ I do not want to hear another word ruuH min gidam ‘aeinee )ﺟﺪام( ﻋﯿﻨﻲ رووح ﻣﻦ Go out of sight abadan mareed ashufak اﺑﺪاً ﻣﺎ رﯾﺪ اﺷﻮوﻓﻚ I do not want to see you at all walee min gidaam ‘aeinee وﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻛﺪام ) ﺟﺪام( ﻋﯿﻨﻲ Disappear/ Go out of sight / vanish Kharra bhal shaarib ﺧﺮا ﺑﮭﻞ ﺷﺎرب “pooh on your moustache” shut up you coward ‘aab hal shakil ﻋﺎب ھﻞ ﺷﻜﻞ fie upon you “you’re an ugly face” yTiba Tob ﯾﻄﺒﮫ طﻮب ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﯾﻮﻟﻲ ignore him, let him go to blazes 9. Complaining Allah yiHfatha. ma yinjiri’a ﷲ ﯾﺤﻔﻈﮫ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺠﺮع You cannot get along with him Fad taafih. MaHad yitHamala ﻣﺤﺪ ﯾﺘﺤﻤﻠﻠﮫ.. ﻓﺪ ﺗﺎﻓﮫ 169 170 He is silly… no one can bear him Fad najis. Maa reed ashuufa ﻣﮫ رﯾﺪ اﺷﻮوﻓﮫ.. ﻓﺪ ﻧﺠﺲ He is rancid…. I do not want to see him. Shid gulla l haatha ˮ άϫ ϝ ͿϮϛΩ Ϊη “What can you say to him!” you cannot get along with him. I do not know how to deal with him Lii ‘atab ‘aaleik ﻟﻲ ﻋﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ I put the blame on you L’atab ‘aleik ل ﻋﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ The blame is on you ?il lom ‘aleik إل اﻟﻠﻮم ﻋﻠﯿﻚ the blame is on you Hay l kheesa raaH tiTla’a ھﺎي ل ﺧﯿﺴﺔ ﻓﺪ ﯾﻮم راح ﺗﻄﻠﻊ One day all this shit will be revealed Muu nsalag ?abuuna ﻣﻮو إﻧﺴﻠﻚ ) إﻧﺴﻠﻖ( اﺑﻮﻧﺎ We are suffering a lot Talla’au mayna طﻠﻠﻌﻮ ﻣﺎﯾﻨﺎ “they take water out of us” they gave us hard time Muu hilkona halik ﻣﻮو ھﻠﻜﻮﻧﺎ ھﻠﻚ They exhausted us Maa khallo Haal biina ﻣﺎ ﺧﻠﻠﻮ ﺑﯿﻨﺎ ﺣﺎل “never let conditions for us” they treat us badly Hirgaw abu abuuna ) ﺣﺮﻗﻮ( اﺑﻮ اﺑﻮﻧﺎ Nibshaw ?abu ?abuuna ﻧﺒﺸﻮ اﺑﻮ اﺑﻮﻧﺎ “they exhumed the father of our father” they gave us a hard time Li’abaw biina shaaTi baaTi ﻟﻌﺒﻮ ﺑﯿﻨﺎ ﺷﺎطﻲ ﺑﺎطﻲ They hassled us Mashghuliin manigdar nHuk raasna ﻧﺤﻚ رووﺳﻨﺎﻣﺸﻐﻮﻟﯿﻦ ﻣﮫ “ We are busy. We cannot itch our heads.” We are too busy Wallah maa ‘aidna wagit وﷲ ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪﻧﺎ 170 171 In fact, we do not have time. Haqiiqatan, hay muu khosh Haala ﺣﻘﯿﻘﺔ ھﺎي ﻣﻮو ﺧﻮش ﺣﺎﻟﮫ In fact, we are in a bad condition Shinii hay l bahdala ﺷﻨﮭﻲ ھﺎي ل ﺑﮭﺪﻟﺔ What is this misery? Why do you bear these inconveniences? Naas takil dijaaj w naas titlaga il ‘ajaaj وﻧﺎس ﺗﺘﻠﻜﻰ ) ﺗﺘﻠﻘﻰ( ل ﻋﺠﺎج، ﻧﺎس ﺗﺎﻛﻞ دﺟﺎج Life is not fair “Some people eat chicken, whereas others receive sand twisters” ﺧﺮي ﻣﺮي... ﺷﻌﻨﺪك ﻛﻠﺴﻊ راﯾﺢ ﺟﺎي Sh’aindak rayiH jay ….. khiree miree Why are you going (coming) back and forth? 10.Ploys and Tricks Klaawaat ھﺎي ﻛﻼوات “These are hats” These are tricks La tbee’a l klaawaat ‘aleina “ do not sell hats for us” Do not play tricks ﻻ ﺗﺒﯿﻊ ل ﻛﻼوات ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ Labasa klaawaat ﻟـــﺒــّﺴﮫ ﻛﻼوات “put hats on him” He played tricks on him Mla’a ‘ab ﻣﻠﻌــﺐ ّ “wanton” He plays games churug useless/ fruitless Haay manjasa : ھﺎي ﻣﻨﺠﺴﺔ This is bad (a dirty game) Ma tutruk hay manaajisak ﻣﮫ ﺗﺘﺮك ھﺎي ﻣﻨﺎﺟﺴﻚ You do not stop your dirty games Tirgaa’a souda ﺳﻮدهﻁ 171 172 calamity Taw wakhitha طﻮه ﺧﺘﮭـﺎ ّ You are overdoing it La tqashmirna bklaawaatak ﻻ ﺗﻘﺸﻤﺮﻧﺎ ﺑﻜﻼواﺗﻚ Do not fool us with your tricks hatha fad waaHid maaku takka He is the worst haay khuza’abulaat These are ploys. ھﺬا ﻓﺪ واﺣﺪ ﻣﺎ ﻛﻮ ﺗﻜﮫ ھﺎي ﺧﺰﻋﺒﻼت Shini haayil jaljaluutiyaat? What are these tricks? ﺷﻨﮭﻲ ھﺎي ل ﺟﻠﺠﻠﻮﻟﯿﺎت Haaykhid’a ھﺎي ﺧﺪﻋﺔ This is a trick tadhliil ﺗﻀﻠﯿﻞ Allusion, misleading 10. Warning La tzaghil ﺗﺰﻏــﻞ ﻻ ّ Do not play tricks La tsakh-khit ﺗﺴﺨــﺖ ﻻ ّ Do not play games bala fayda in vain ﺑﻼ ﻓﺎﯾﺪة ma yistaHi ﻣﺎ ﯾﺴﺘﺤﻲ shameless ma duus ‘aal takhta chirga ﻣﺎ ﺗﺪوس ﻋﻞ ﺗﺨﺘﮫ ﺟﺮﻛﮫ “ do not tread the bad rung” Don’t do something wrong to irritate others Maakhith il shaghla gotra ﻣﺎﺧﺬ ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ He does what he likes Maakhithha haya yallah ͿΎ ϴ Σ Ύ ϫάΧΎ ϣ 172 173 Not serious Makhithha chata ﺟﺘﮫ No rules La tiksir il jarra ﺟﺮة ّ ﻻ ﺗﻜﺴﺮ إل “Do not break the jar” do not violate the rules Don’t offend people la tthakhinha hwaaya ﻻ ﺗﺜﺨﻨﮭﺎ don’t over do it maakhithha shaaTi baaTi ﻣﺎ ﺧﺬھﺎ ﺷﺎطﻲ ﺑﺎطﻲ you have not taken it seriously kaafi ti’amal qaarish warish ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻗﺎرش وارش enough playing tricks hallis nafsak ﺧﻠﺺ ﻧﻔﺴﻚ save yourself kulmin yTal-li’a Hmaara mnil waHil ﻛﻠﻤﻦ ﯾﻄﻠﻊ ﺣﻤﺎره ﻣﻨﻞ وﺣﻞ “every one saves his donkey from mud.” Save your butt lamlim jaly-yilak wiTla’a min – ana “collect your clothes and leave” Please, take your ass from here and leave Heck with you … get out ﻟﻤﻠﻢ ﺟﻠﯿﻠﻚ وإطﻠﻊ ﻣﻨﺎﻧﺎ 12.Refusing matruuH mina ﻣﮫ ﺗﺮووح ﻣﻨﺎ “Go away from here” Do not suggest so. Shda tiHchi ﺷﺪه ﺗﺤﺠـﻲ What are you saying? Do not say so. I do not accept. Da yithrim thuum braasna دﯾﺜﺮم ﺛﻮم ﺑﺮاﺳﻨﺎ “ he is cutting garlic on our heads” he is only showing off Da ykhar-rif ﯾﺨﺮف ّ دا He is incoherent 173 174 Da yihthii دا ﯾﮭﺬي Hallucinated Kalaam kuluu miz’aTa ﻛﻼم ﻛﻠﻮ ﻣﺰﻋﻄﺔ Nonsense speech La tiSTiniT . Kuluu chithib ( ﻻ ﺗﺼﻄﻨﻂ ﻛﻠﻮ ﺟـﺬب ) ﻛﺬب Do not listen to it is all lie Haay sa’aba tSiir ھﺎي ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﺼﯿﺮ This can not happen La tliH haatha mustaHiil ﻻ ﺗﻠﺢ ھﺬا ﻣﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ Do not insist. This is impossible. Wda’ati wda’atak haatha ma ySiir ودﻋﺘﻲ ودﻋﺘﻚ ھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ I promise you. This will not happen. ?aani wyaak nitshaarat … haatha maa mumin ySiir. ھﺬا ﻣﺎ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ... آﻧﻲ وﯾﺎك ﻧﺘﺸﺎرط Let me tell you this won’t happen. T’aal nitshaaraT…. Haatha mustaHiil ySiir ﺗﻌﺎل ﻧﺘﺸﺎرط ھﺬا ﻣﺴﺘﺤﯿﻞ ﯾﺼﯿﺮ I tell you this won’t happen ?aani maa muaafiq (mwaafij) ‘ala illi tguula آﻧﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻠﻲ دﻛﻮوﻟﮫ I do not agree on what you just said Haay kharaabiiT laa tSadga ھﺎي ﺧﺮاﺑﯿﻂ ﻻ ﺗﺼﺪ These are ramblings that you do not trust Ya’ani sh?a -sawiilak ﯾﻌﻨﻲ ﺷﺄﺳﻮﯾﻠﻚ What can I do? 13. Ignoring shgad tilbas ﺷﻜﺪ ﺗﻠﺒﺲ “ what size of shoes do you wear” do not listen to him la tiSTiniT ‘alei ﻻ ﺗﺼﻄﻨﻂ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ Do not listen to him La tsimtimi’a ?ila ’a khalli ywalli ﻻ ﺗﺴﺘﻤﻊ إﻟﮫ ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﯾﻮﻟﻠﻲ Do not listen to him. Neglect him. Ma ‘aleik minna ﻣﻌﻠﯿﻚ ﻣﻨﻨﮫ Do not listen to him. 174 175 Leave him alone Do not do what he tells you to do ?ihmilla إھﻤﻠﮫ Neglect him. Forget about him. ?insaa إﻧﺴﺎه Forget about him. ‘auufa khal-li yawl-li ﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﯾﻮﻟﻲ.....ﻋﻮوﻓﮫ Neglect him. Let him go. 14.Advice il li faat maat اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﺎت ﻣﺎت “ what had passed is dead” forget about the past iftaH SafHa jidiida إﻓﺘﺢ ﺻﻔﺤﺔ ﺟﺪﯾﺪة open a new page Maaku daa’aee ﻣﺎﻛﻮ داﻋﻲ You do not need that ‘auudein nshuuf? ﻋﻮد )ﯾﻦ( ﻧﺸﻮف we’ll see later. I’amalha wala yhimmmak ﯾﮭﻤـﻚ إﻋﻤﻠﮭﺎ وﻻ ّ Just do it Hay naHaasa ھﺎي ﻧﺤﺎﺳﺔ evil Sawwa hal dagga wiyaana وﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﺳﻮا ھﻞ ّ He mistreated us la tluuSha ‘aleina ﻻ ﺗﻠﻮﺻﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ do not mess things up for us do not confuse us ‘ala mahlak shwaya shwaya ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﮭﻠﻚ ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﺷﻮﯾﺔ slow down a bit little by little yawash yawaash ‘ala mahlak ﯾﻮاش ﯾﻮاش ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﮭﻠﻚ do not hurry. slow down 175 176 bil ‘ajala al nadaama ﺑﻞ ﻋﺠﻠﺔ ل ﻧﺪاﻣﺔ high speed bring about regret la tliH hwaaya ﻻ ﺗﻠﺢ ھﻮاﯾﺔ do not insist too much shwaya lajuuj ﺷﻮﯾﺔ ﻟﺠﻮج You are a bit enthusiastic ?oSii b?an laa____________ أوﺻﻲ ﺑــ I recommend that _________________ naSiiHatii ?ilak _____________ ﻧﺼﯿﺤﺘﻲ إﻟﻚ my advice to you ______________ ?aqtariH _________________ أﻗﺘﺮح I suggest ____________________ minal ?afdhal _____________ ﻣﻨﻞ أﻓﻀﻞ you’d better ________________ ?aHsanlak ______________ أﺣﺴﻦ ﻟﻚ you’d rather _______________ ‘aeib ‘aleik ti’amalha shame on you to do that ﻋﯿﺐ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ﺗﻌﻤﻠﮭﺎ khalliik saakit hassa ﺧﻠﻠﯿﻚ ﺳﺎﻛﺖ ھﺴﮫ wait . be calm. Silence ?iTwi il SafHa إطﻮي ل ﺻﻔﺤﺔ Turn the page. Forget about it. latliH hwaaya ﻻ ﺗﻠﺢ ھﻮاﯾﺔ Do not insist too much ?inta muu maal waaHid yinSaHak ! إﻧﺖ ﻣﻮو ﻣﺎل واﺣﺪ ﯾﻨﺼﺤﻚ It is better not to advise you. You do not listen. Ym’aw- wad maa tbaTil min hal salfaatak You should stop playing games. ﯾﻤﻌﻮد ﻣﺎ ﺗﺒﻄﻞ ﻣﻦ ھﻞ ﺳﺎﻟﻔﺎﺗﻚ La tmid rijlak (?eedak) ?akthar min Had-dak Do not stretch your leg(hand) more than your limit ﻻ ﺗﻤﺪ رﺟﻠﻚ )اﯾﺪك( اﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪك 15. Play Truancy shila’a– ha ﺷــﻠــﻌﮭﺎ َ ِ 176 177 he ran ishlaa’ إﺷﻠﻊ Run The whole stake (gambling) idhrib w ishlaa’ إﺿﺮب وإﺷﻠﻊ hit and run sakhtachi ﺳﺨـﺘــﺠــﻲ َ َ Not dependable Yithribha chata w yruuh mnil shugil ﯾﻀﺮﺑﮭﺎ ﺟﺘﮫ وﯾﺮووح ﻣﻨﻞ ﺷﻐﻞ To play truant ّ Gaam ysakhit ﯾﺴﺨﺖ ﻛـﺎم Plays games Seibandi ﺳﯿﺒﻨﺪي Cunning ?inhizam w saabil ___________ __________ إﻧﮭﺰم و ﺳﺎب إل he ran and left _____________________ shakhS inhizaamin He is irresponsible ﺷﺨﺺ إﻧﮭﺰاﻣﻲ ّ Bal-laaf ﺑﻼف He bluffs people ?intihaaazi إﻧﺘﮭﺎزي opportunists munaafiq ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻖ Hypocrite ?a’awaj اﻋﻮج Crooked La t’awil ‘alei ﻻ ﺗﻌﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ Do not depend on him. Ya khaayis ﯾﺎ ﺧﺎﯾﺲ “ you rotten” harmful saafil ﺳﺎﻓﻞ low person, scum 177 178 16. Bravery and Courage sabi’a ﺳﺒـﻊ ِ َ A lion = brave faHil ﻓـﺤـﻞ Manly = bold ‘al makshuuf ﻋﻞ ﻣﻜﺸﻮف does not hide things = open and brave may ykhaaf ﻣﮫ ﯾﺨﺎف fearless nashmee w ?akhu khayta ﻧﺸﻤﻲ و اﺧﻮ ﺧﮫ ﯾﺘﮫ brave and loyal SaaHib nakhwa w shahaama Man of dignity ﺻﺎﺣﺐ ﻧﺨﻮه وﺷﮭﺎﻣﺔ Rijaal رﺟﺎل Brave, manly Mayinkhaaf ‘aleik ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺨﺎف ﻋﻠﯿﻚ Dependable ?inta mgad ha إﻧﺖ you deserve it (compliment) You are qualified ?inta mgadha w zaayid You are over qualified وزاﯾﺪإﻧﺖ win-ni’aim ﻧﻌﻢ ِ ِ وﻧـ you are competent waaHid yi’atimid ‘alei waaHid yi’atimid ‘alei yumkin t’aw-wil ‘alei he is dependable واﺣﺪ ﯾﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ﺗﻌﻮل ﻋﻠﯿﮫ ّ ﯾﻤﻜﻦ huwa shawka b’ayuun il Haaqidiin ﺷﻮﻛﺔ ﺑﻌﯿﻮن إل ﺣﺎﻗﺪﯾﻦ “He is a thorn in the eyes of the envious people” he is a thrust in their eyes 178 179 17. Offering Gifts Igbal ha ( ) إﻗﺒﻠﮭﺎ take (it-feminine), accept(it-feminine) Bil ‘aurtha ﺑﻞ ﻋـﺮﺿﮫ Have it Hay hadiya minee ilak ھﺎي ھﺪﯾﺔ ﻣﻨﻨﻲ إﻟﻚ This is a gift from me to you RuuH fidwa ilak ﺗﺮووح ﻓﺪوه إﻟﻚ “I sacrifice it for you” Have it / take Do not worry about losing it Yam’awad Khaleeha truuH L khaTir ‘ayuunak ﯾﻤﻌﻮد ﺧﻠﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﺮووح ل ﺧﺎطﺮ ﻋﯿﻮﻧﻚ “let it go as a sacrifice for your eyes” Do not worry about losing it Ghaali wil talab rakhiiS ﻏﺎﻟﻲ ول طﻠﺐ رﺧﯿﺺ “ expensive and the demand is cheap” Have it. Take it. I offer it to you. You are valuable and what you ask for is cheap. 18. Promise Khithha min hal shaarbein (ﺧﺬھﺎ ﻣﻦ ھﻞ ﺷﺎرﺑﯿﻦ ) ﺷﻮارب “take it from my moustache” I promise to do it for you Khitha min hal shaarib ﺧﺬھﺎ ﻣﻦ ھﻞ ﺷﺎرب “ take it from this moustache” I will do it for you Khith ha min ‘aindee ﺧﺬھﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻨﺪي “take it from me” I promise I will do it for you bil quraan bit Talaaq ﺑﻞ ﻗﺮآن ﺑﻂ طﻼك “ By Qurran by Divorce” I swear I do it for you. bith thalaatha ﺑﺚ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ In three Religious swear 179 180 khith ha min hay l ‘aeintein ﺧﺬھﺎ ﻣﻦ ھﻞ ﻋﯿﻨﺘﯿﻦ “take it from both eyes” Okay. I do it. min ‘ayuuni ﻣﻦ ﻋﯿﻮﻧﻲ “from my eyes” Yes. I do it for you. maani abu (flaan) itha maa saweit lakiya ﻣﺂﻧﻲ اﺑﻮ ) ﻓﻼن( اذا ﻣﺎ ﺳﻮﯾﺘﻠﻚ ﯾﺎ “I am not the father of ____if I do not do it for you.” I will do my best to make it happen. maa ibin abuuy itha ma saweelak iya ﻣﺎ إﺑﻦ أﺑﻮي إذا ﻣﺎ اﺳﻮﯾﻠﻚ ﯾﺎ “ I am not the son of my father if I do not fulfill it.” I interfere to make it happen ?ana maa ismee _____ itha maa saweelak ya أﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ إﺳﻤﻲ ____ إذا ﻣﺎ أﺳﻮﯾﻠﻚ ﯾﺎ “ my name is not _____if I do not fulfill that” I personally interfere to make it happen Khuthha mi hal ‘aeintein Take it from my two eyes You are welcome ﺧﺬھﺎ ﻣﻦ ھﻞ ﻋﯿﻨﺘﯿﻦ 19. Humiliation inta wqundartee إﻧﺖ وﻗﻨﺪرﺗﻲ “ you are my shoes” raaH ?akhaliik jaw –wa qundartee “ I will put you under my shoes” راح اﺧﻠﻠﯿﻚ ﺟﻮه ﻗﻨﺪرﺗﻲ inta wil qundra . shitreed dsawee saw wee ﺳﻮي.... ﺷﺖ ﺗﺴﻮي.. إﻧﺖ ول ﻗﻨﺪره “ you are my shape… do whatever you can” inta w yamanee (إﻧﺖ وﻗﻨﺪرﺗﻲ )ﯾﻤﻨﻲ “You are my shoes-sandals” RaaH ?athribak bil ?eimani ti’arif. ﺗﻌﺮف.. راح أﺿﺮﺑﻚ ﺑﻞ إﯾﻤﻨﻲ “ I will beat you with my shoes…you know.” dhibba ﺿـﺐ ﺑﮫ ِ control (him) Lak dhibba ﻟﻚ ﺿﺐ ﺑﮫ 180 181 Man. You need to control him itfil bwicha ﺑﻮﺟـﮫ إﺗﻔﻞ ﱢ spit on his face Sach-cham (harass using words) ﺹ Make negative comments khirag ____ . not important ﺧﺮ، ﺧﺮ old cloth not important man, weak huwa khirgat ______. (he is only a ___ ) He is insignificant ....... (ـﺔ ) ﺧﺮﻗﺔھﻮ ﺧﺮ Khara bhal shaarib ﺧﺮا ﺑﮭﻞ ﺷﺎرب “pooh on your moustache” you coward Tiz ‘aleek w ‘ala li jaabak Shame on you طﺰ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ وﻋﻠﻰ إﻟﻠﻲ ﺟﺎﺑﻚ This can be found in phrases as curse: tkhasa : ﺗﺨﺴﮫ shame on you. Timaami: yTImmak = ﯾــﻄـﻤـﻚ طـﻤﺎﻣﻲ (Moslawi) ِ ِ ﱠ Shame on you 9amma: ﻋـﻤـﮫ whoops! َ َ Shame on you 9uuda: ﻋﻮوده Go from here evil ‘auuda ….hal chahratil zifr Shame on you ھﻞ ﺟﮭﺮات ل زﻓﺮه.... ﻋﻮده Skhuuna iTtimmak w Tim kul ‘aar mithlak وﺗﻄﻢ ﻛﻞ ﻋﺎر ﻣﺜﻠﻚ، إطﻤﻚ ّ ﺻﺨﻮوﻧﺔ Khazeituuna ( ﺧﺰﯾﺘﻮﻧﮫMoslawi) You shamed us Fash-shaltuuna ( ﻓﺸﻠﺘﻮﻧﮫMoslawi) You fail us Hiya dhraT biDh-raaT ھﻲ ﺿﺮاط ب ﺿﺮاط 181 182 “it is fart by fart” It is unimportant No one takes it seriously Malaa-‘aiin ﻣﻼﻋﯿﻦ Cunning people Ham ‘aajba il thibaan yfasi ھﻢ ﻋﺎﺟﺒﺔ إل ذﺑﺎن ﯾﻔﺴﻲ A fly also likes to fart Someone who shows that he is important whereas he is not. 20. Match or Mismatch tluug ﺗﻠﻮو Match mat luug ﻣﮫ ﺗﻠﻮو Mismatch Laayig Appropriate () ﻻﯾﻖ mu laayig ﻣﻮو Inappropriate tirham ﺗﺮھﻢ Match/ fit Ma tirham ﻣﮫ ﺗﺮھﻢ mismatch/ unfitting Nashaaz ﻧﺸﺎز Dissonance taSlakh ﺗﺼﻠﺦ Does not match, ugly waagfa ( ) ﻭﺍﻗﻔﺔوا “standing” inappropriate 182 183 ma timshee ﻣﮫ ﺗﻤﺸﻲ contradicts is not Okay timshee ﺗﻤﺸﻲ Is Okay Is appropriate tiSlaH ﺗﺼﻠﺢ Appropriate matiSlaH ﻣﮫ ﺗﺼﻠﺢ Inappropriate Hay-ya w ni’anaa’a ﺣﯿﺔ وﻧﻌﻨﺎع “snake and mint” two enemies bazzuuna w faar ﺑﺰووﻧﺔ وﻓﺎر “ cat and mouse” two enemies TamaaTa (طﻤﺎطﺔ ) ﯾﺮھﻢ وﯾﺎ ﻛﻞ ﺷﻲ Tomatoes He fits everywhere Adjustable Nashaaz = does not fit , dissonance ﻧﺸﺎز It does not fit. No conformity. ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ 21. Trust / Distrust ma tit ?amman shaghla ﻣﮫ ﺗﺘﺄﻣﻦ ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ insecure ?ana ma?aSaddig lee daa yguula أﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ اﺻﺪك ﻟﻲ دا ﯾﻜـﻮﻻ I do not believe what he is saying ma ?idhin hatha SaHeeH ﻣﺎ أظﻦ ھﺬا ﺻﺤﯿﺢ I do not think this true (correct) haay warTa ھﺎي ورطﺔ this is a predicament jaay yqashmiruuna ﺟﺎي ﯾﻘﺸﻤﺮوﻧﺎ they mislead us 183 184 daa ydhiHkuun ‘aleina داي ﯾﻀﺤﻜﻮن ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ they laugh at us ّ ) ل ﺷﻐﻠﺔ ﺗﺨﺮ l shaghla tkhir may ﺗﻨﺰل( ﻣﮫ ي “ this issue drips water” do not trust it Sidik chithib ﺻﺪك ﺟﺬب I cannot believe it. Ya’anee da t Sadga ﯾﻌﻨﻲ دا ﺗﺼﺪﻛـﮫ Do you believe him Haay madruusa ھﺎي ﻣﺪرووﺳﺔ This is deliberate Haay beeha ?in “this has “if” I suspect it "ان ْ " ھﺎي ﺑﯿﮭﺎ Ballah hatha SaHeeH ? ﺑﻠﻠﮫ ھﺬا ﺻﺤﯿﺢ Is that right? Min yuguul hatha SaHeeH? ﻣﻦ ﯾﻜـﻮل ھﺬا ﺻﺤﯿﺢ Who says it is right. Haay klaawaat la TSadigha ھﺎي ﻛﻼوات ﻻ ﺗﺼﺪﻛـﮭﺎ These are lies do not trust Maa miqtini’a b hal Hachi ldaa yguula ﻣﺎ ﻣﻘﺘﻨﻊ ب ھﻞ ﺣﺠﻲ ﻟﺪا I am not convinced with what he is telling us Kulla KhariT kalaam ﻛﻠﮫ ﺧﺮط ﻛﻼم It is only rhetoric La tSadughum. hthula Teezein b fad l baas ﻻ ﺗﺼﺪﻛﮭﻢ ھﺬوﻟﮫ طﯿﺰﯾﻦ ب ﻓﺪ ﻟﺒﺎس “do not believe these two . They have 2 buttocks in one pant” Do not trust both. They are close friends. Hay Hiila ھﺎي ﺣﯿﻠﺔ This is a trick Khuza’abulaat ﺧﺰﻋﺒﻼت Ploys, tricks ashik haay mu?aamara ‘alay-ya This is a conspiracy against me اﺷﻚ ھﺎي ﻣﺆاﻣﺮة ﻋﻠﻲ ﯾﮫ 184 185 22. Being Nosy Inlizig bTeeza إﻧﻠﺰك ﺑﻄﯿﺰي “he sticks to my ass” he intends not to leave me La tkhalee yiflit ﻻ ﺗﺨﻠﯿﮫ ﯾﻔﻠﺖ Do not let him escape Keep being with him Ma yfik yaakha minee ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﻚ ﯾﺎﺧﺔ ﻣﻨﻲ “he never releases my collar” He sticks to me Leish yi’arif yfik yaakha mnil naas. Lazga. ﻟﯿﺶ ﯾﻌﺮف ﯾﻔﻚ ل ﯾﺎﺧﺔ ﻣﻨﻞ ﻧﺎس “ he does not know to leave people” (negative attitude) He interferes a lot Lazgat jonson ﻟﺰﻛـﺔ ﺟﻮﻧﺴﻮن “ Jonson’s stick” he is an intruder Samigh yinlizig ( ﺻﻤﻎ ﯾﻨﻠﺰك ) ﯾﻨﻠﺼﻖ “ gum that sticks” he intrudes a lot yliH hwaaya ﯾﻠﺢ ھﻮاﯾﮫ he insists a lot mutaTafil ﻣﺘﻄﻔﻞ intruder/ parasitic maa yi’arif yogaf ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﯾﻮﻛـﻒ “he does not know how to stop” he is very hyper ( negative) very talkative active ‘alik w ma tinfak ﻋﻠﺞ )ﻋﻠﻚ ( وﻣﮫ ﺗﻨﻔﻚ “gum that is never removed” intruder Shinuu sawaad wich-chak ﺷﻨﻮ ﺳﻮاد وﺟﺠﻚ “what is it of your black face” Why do you interfere? 185 186 Matgulli shgad tid-dakh-khal! Why do you interfere? ! ﺗﺪﺧﻞ 23. Balance laa sheesh w la kabaab ﻻ ﺷﯿﺶ وﻻ ﻛﺒﺎب “ not skewer nor Kabab” Do not take extremes laa heech wa la heech ﻻ ھﯿﺞ وﻻھﯿـﺞ ـ Not this nor that raawisha راوﺳﮭﺎ balance it Hal wasat ﺣﻞ وﺳﻂ Compromise taTar-ruf ﺗﻄﺮف extremity shee mugaabil shee ﺷﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﻲ trade something for something else maaku she bbalaash ﻣﺎﻛﻮ ﺷﻲ ب ﺑﻼش there is nothing for free lbalsh ma yinHaash ل ﺑﻼش ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺤﺎش what is free is not liked mit-tizin ﻣﺘﺰن Balanced (behavior) Gheir mit-tizin ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﺰن Imbalanced Mutawaazin ﻣﺘﻮازن Balanced Gheir mutawaazin ﻏﯿﺮ ﻣﺘﻮازن imbalanced nafsil Taas w nafsil hammam ﻧﻔﺲ إل طﺎس وﻧﻔﺲ إل ﺣﻤﺎم nothing is changed bein il chakuuch wil sindaan ﺑﯿﻦ إل ﺟﻜﻮوج ول ﺳﻨﺪان no alternative, cannot do anything about it “I am between the hammer and the anvil” 186 187 24. Exaggeration Habba yi’amal minha kubbaaya ﻛــﺒـﺎﯾﺔ ُ ل ﺣﺒــﺎﯾﺔ ﯾﻌﻤﻞ ﻣﻨﮭﺎ “ changes a grain into a Kubba” Explanation: to make one Kubba you need thousands of grains He is exaggerating a lot Nafaakh Balogne ﻧﻔﺎخ ﺻﺎﺹ GaSaaS “ cutter” Balogne Ygis shalmaanat “ cuts steel beams” Balogne ص ﺷﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎت mTayirchee “makes things flying wings” bologna ﻣﻄﯿﺮﺟﻲ allah yikhrib beitak ‘ala hal kithba ﷲ ﯾﺨﺮب ﺑﯿﺘﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﻞ ﻛﺬﺑﺔ “God demolishes your house for this lie” that is a big lie haay mubaalagha ھﺎي ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ This is exaggeration Min hijam beita ‘ala hal Tal’a mubaalagha “God destroy your house for what you did” you did something unexpected what you did was exaggerated hwaaya day dhar-rit ھﻮاﯾﺔ دا ي ﯾﻀﺮط “He is farting” He is exaggerating too much Daa yizmiT دا ﯾﺰﻣﻂ He is exaggerating 25. Disgust muqrif ﻣﻘﺮف Disgusting 187 (ﻣﻦ ھﺠﻢ ﺑﯿﺘﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﻞ طﻠﻌﺔ )ﻣﺒﺎﻟﻐﺔ 188 Yqazizi Disgust ﯾﻘﺰز Najaasa ﻧﺠﺎﺳﺔ Dirty action naHaassa ﻧﺤﺎﺳﺔ Makes others unhappy Razaala رزاﻟﺔ Humiliation, suffering Nathaala ﻧﺬاﻟﺔ Meanness, nastiness Sakhaafa ﺳﺨﺎﻓﺔ silliness Tafaaha ﺗﻔﺎھﺔ Nonsense Yguum ilha il sh’air إﻟﮭﺎ ل ﺷﻌﺮ disgusting sawaad wich ﺳﻮاد intrusion ‘aar ﻋﺎر Disgrace, shame 26. Too late Faat il wagit ()ﻭﻗﺖ ﻓﺎت ل Ba’aid kharaabil basrah ﺑﻌﺪ ﺧﺮاب ل ﺑﺼﺮة ‘aiish ya jaHiish lim man yijiik il Hashiish ﻋﯿﺶ ﯾﺎ ﺟﺤﯿﺶ ﻟﻤﻦ ﯾﺠﯿﻚ ل ﺣﺸﯿﺶ Saaraw btalfaatit dunya ﺻﺎرت ﺑﺘﻠﻔﺎت ل دﻧﯿﺎ It is very far Saar bkhabar kana ﺻﺎر ﺑﺨﺒﺮ ﻛﺎن “It becomes past” no longer exists 188 189 Faat ‘aleiha l qiTaar ﻓﺎت ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ل ﻗﻄﺎر “ You missed the train” you cannot catch up haay Til’aat Hizora . it is a puzzle / riddle ھﺎي طﻠﻌﺖ ﺣﺰوورة wba’aid lhabil ‘al jarrar ﺑﻌﺪ إل ﺣﺒﻞ ﻋﻞ ﺟﺮار “ the rope is still in the tractor” This will continue You expect worse Laa zaal il qiTar ‘aal sicha () ﺳﻜﺔ ﻻ زال إل ﻗﻄﺎر ﻋﻞ “the train is still on rails” It has not been finished yet We have not yet reached the destination (goal) Ila mata yabqa l ba’aiiru ‘alalal talli اﻟﻰ ﻣﺘﻰ ﯾﺒﻘﻰ اﻟﺒﻌﯿﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺘﻞ ؟ “ til when the camel stays on the hill” How much longer are you going to wait? Haay matikhlaS . maal(h)a nihaaya ﻣﺎﻟﮫ ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ. ھﺎي ﻣﮫ ﺗﺨﻠﺺ This has no end. Muu Tageina ﻣﻮ ﻁ Muu Tageina “We are bursting” we cannot wait any longer we are suffering lii yamta ﻟﯿﻲ ﯾﻤﺘﮫ “until when?” when How long? Mit?akh-khir ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ Late, delayed faatil ?awaan ﻓﺎت إل أوان “time passed us” we are late khallan ?il qiTaar train left us we are behind ﺧﻼﻧﺎ إل ﻗﻄﺎر dan –nraawiH hna دﻧﺮاوح ھﻨﺎ 189 190 “ halting here” staying where we are (behind) not showing progress ba’aid kulshi may yfeed… il mas/ala mintahiya ل ﻣﺴﺎﻟﺔ ﻣﻨﺘﮭﯿﺔ.. ﺑﻌﺪ ﻛﻠﺸﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﯿﺪ It is too late. Nothing will come out. “Nothing is useful…the story is ended” kulshi “’ama” hal yom it is a bad day. Nothing works. ﻛﻠﺸﻲ "ﻋﻤﻰ" ھﻞ ﯾﻮم 27. Stinginess Khisses ﺧﺴﯿﺲ Mall khasees yruuH bil faTees ﻣﺎل ل ﺧﺴﯿﺲ ﯾﺮووح ﺑﻞ ﻓﻄﯿﺲ Bala wijadaan ﺑﻼ وﺟﺪان khaaf________. ﺧﺎﯾﻒ bala dhameer ﺑﻠﮫ ﺿﻤﯿﺮ he has no conscience Yi’aSi l Khirga wyishrab mayha وﯾﺸﺮب ﻣﺎﯾﮭﺎ ﯾﻌﺼﺮ ل “ squeezes a cloth, and drinks its water” very miser ma yhimma. ygiS thadi umma wyashribHaleebminna ﺹ ﺛﺪي أﻣﺔ وﯾﺸﺮب ﺣﻠﯿﺐ ﻣﻨﻨﮫ . ﯾﮭﻤﮫ ّ ﻣﺎ He does not care. He cuts his mom’s breast and drinks its milk. Nijis ﻧﺠﺲ Dirty qarach ﻗﺮج Gypsy = solicitor Magaddi Beggar, soliciter Keiwaliya ﻛﯿﻮﻟﯿﺔ Gypsies asking for money Ma ybuul ‘ala ?iid majruuH ﻣﺎ ﯾﺒﻮل ﻋﻠﻰ اﯾﺪ ﻣﺠﺮوح Stingy “He never pisses on the hand of an injured” 190 191 Kulman yHuud il naar il gurs-ta ﺭﺼﺘﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﻦ ﯾﺤﻮد ال ﻧﺎر إل “everybody directs fire to his loave” Everybody looks for his interest. 28. Threatening ichfita bSalee ﺑﺼـﻠﻲ إﺟﻔﺘﮫ َ “hit him with an automatic” shoot him Idhriba b Talqa khalee ma yishrab may Lak irmee Tali’a ruuHa أﺿﺮﺑﮫ ﺑﻄﻠﻘﺔ أﺧﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﮫ ﯾﺸﺮب ﻣﮫ ي ّ ﻟﻚ إرﻣﯿﮫ طﻠﻊ روﺣﮫ ?imhii إﻣﺤﯿﮫ khalee ynaam bil mustashfa ﺧﻠﯿﮫ ﯾﻨﺎم ﺑﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﻔﻰ idhriba liman yitzawaa’a ﯾﺘﺰوع إﺿﺮﺑﮫ ﻟﻤﻦ ّ khaleek min hal jaljalutiyaat ﺧﻠﻠﯿﻚ ﻣﻦ ھﻞ ﺟﻠﺠﻠﻮﺗﯿﺎت Salkha salikh ﺻﻠﺨﮫ ﺻﻠﺦ ?itha khallet la yak ya . ?ana maa ibin abuy أﻧﺎ ﻣﺎ إﺑﻦ أﺑﻮي... إذا ﺧﻠﻠﯿﺘﻠﻚ ﯾﺎ lo khaleina lha lhum. ?iHna ?awlaad l nghuula ﻟﻮ ﺧﻠﻠﯿﻨﺎھﺎ إﻟﮭﻢ إﺣﻨﺎ أوﻻد ل ﻧﻐﻮوﻻ raaH aksir rugubtak راح اﻛﺴﺮ رﻛﺒﺘـﻚ raaH nshawifl kum ilee ma yinshaaf راح ﻧﺸﻮﻓﻠﻜﻢ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻨﺸﺎف ﺇﻝ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﻭﺳﻜﻢ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﻭﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻠﻲ ﺧﻠﻔﻮﻛﻢ ل ﯾﻮم Lyom ?ahriq il dunya ‘ala r?uuskum w’ala r?uus il lii khallafuukum ?alla yTayiH Hadhak “God takes your luck” you’re an idiot / stupid ﷲ ﯾﻄﯿﺢ ﺣﻈﻚ ?abiSTa basta min hay ?akh l ?akhuu ﺑـﺴﻄﺔ ﻣﻦ ھﺎي ل أخ ل أﺧﻮه ِ َ أﺑـﺴﻄﺔ I will beat him severely Kulshi bas la yidhribuuna bil buuri ﻛﻠﺸﻲ ﺑﺲ ﻻ ﯾﻀﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎ ﺑﻞ ﺑﻮري Anything but not touching our ass as abuse “Everything but not hitting us with a pipe” 191 192 29. Suffix (-siz) means without Damaaghsiz Adabsiz دﻣﺎغ ﺳﺰ ادب ﺳﺰ Akhlaqsiz اﺧﻼق ﺳﺰ ‘aar siz ﻋﺎر ﺳﺰ Thauq siz ذوق ﺳﺰ Deen siz دﯾﻦ ﺳﺰ Gheerasiz ﻏﯿﺮه ﺳﺰ Bichimsiz Mifless ﻣﻔﻠﺲ Bankrupt, broke 30. Prefix (bala) = (un/ or without) Bala adab impolite ﺑﻠﮫ ادب Bala naamuus ﺑﻠﮫ ﻧﺎﻣﻮس Bala Haya ﺑﻠﮫ ﺣﮫ ﯾﺎ Bala tarbiya ﺑﻠﮫ ﺗﺮﺑﯿﺔ bala akhlaaq ﺑﻠﮫ اﺧﻼق bala fluus ﺑﻠﮫ ﻓﻠﻮس bala qiyam ﺑﻠﮫ ﻗﯿﻢ 192 193 31. Suffix (-chee) means (-er, -or as doer) Doshmachee دوﺷﻤﺠﻲ Mushkilchee ﻣﻮﺷﻜﻠﺠﻲ Sakrachi ﺳﻮﻛﺮﺟﻲ Klawchi ﻛﻼوﺟﻲ Chaychi ﺟﺎﯾﺠﻲ ‘arzuHaalchi ﻋﺮزوﺣﺎﻟﺠﻲ qmaarchi ﻗﻤﺎرﺟﻲ mTayirchi ﻣﻄﯿﺮﺟﻲ kabaabchi ﻛﺒﺎﺑﺠﻲ qundarchi ﻗﻮﻧﺪرﺟﻲ ‘arabanchi ﻋﺮﺑﻨﺠﻲ 32. suffix ------khaana = a place banziinkhaana ﺑﺎﻧﺰﯾﻨﺨﺎﻧﺔ chaykhaana ﺟﺎﯾﺨﺎﻧﺔ ?adabkhaana أدﺑﺨﺎﻧﺔ maykhaana ﻣﯿﺨﺎﻧﺔ Saraachkhaana (ﺳﺮﺟﺨﺎﻧﺔ ) ﺳﻮق ﺑﻞ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ Zorkhaana زورﺧﺎﻧﺔ hard work maykhaana night club ﻣﺎﯾﺨﺎﻧﺔ 193 194 33- Allah (SibHaanahu wa ta’aala )- SWT “’azza wajal” A: allah _______ Allah bilk heir ﷲ ﺑﻞ ﺧﯿﺮ In God’s grace You are welcome ( you say it to someone who comes in, says hi to you and you see him sit) allah ysaa’adak ﷲ ﯾﺴﺎﻋﺪك How are you? God helps you. (when you greet somebody who is doing something …working) allah yshaafeek ﷲ ﯾﺸﺎﻓﯿﻚ Wish you a recovery allah ykhaleek,__________ ﷲ ﯾﺨﻠﯿﻚ Please, ___________ (when you ask someone to do you a favor) Allah ykhaliik. ﷲ ﯾﺨﻠﯿﻚ Thank you. (When somebody did a favor to you) allah yiHmiik ﷲ ﯾﺤﻤﯿﻚ God protects you. allah ykuun b’aonak ﷲ ﯾﻜﻮن ﺑﻌﻮﻧﻚ God helps you. allah yHifdhak mnil bala ﷲ ﯾﺤﻔﻈﻚ ﻣﻨﻞ ﺑﻼء God keeps you from problems allah wiyaak (ma’ak) (ﷲ وﯾﺎك ) ﻣﻌﻚ “God be with you” Good bye B: _______allah mashaa allah ﻣﺎ ﺷﺎء ﷲ ‘aein allah ‘aleik ﻋﯿﻦ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﻚ ‘alal allah ﻋﻠﻞ ﷲ al Hamdullah Ϳ ΪϤΣ ϝ 194 195 billah ﺑﻞ ﷲ Wallah وﷲ wallah wa billah wa tilla = promise (ﻗـﺴﻢ َ َ ) وﷲ وﺑﻞ ﷲ وت ﷲ ?inshallla = if God will إن ﺷﺎء ﷲ C: Mohammed _______________ Mohammed Amin ﻣﺤﻤﺪ أﻣﯿﻦ You can put the name of the Prophet Mohammed at the beginning of any name that is among the hundred beautiful adjectives or names of “Allah” SWT (Al-Asmaa? il Husna). Proper Names: Abid = slave 1. Abid il_______________ Abdullah 2. _____________________allah Wa’adallah 3. Mohammed abdul _________________ Mohammed abdul rahim 4. Abu – as Iraqi traditional names a: Abuuna = Christian use “our father” to mean a "priest "اﺑﻮﻧﺎ b: Abu jasim = mohammed أﺑﻮ ﺟﺎﺳﻢ = ﻣﺤﻤﺪ c: Abu khalil = a soldier أﺑﻮ ﺧﻠﯿﻞ = ﺟﻨﺪي d: Abu Ismael = a policeman أﺑﻮ إﺳﻤﺎﻋﯿﻞ = ﺷﺮطﻲ e: Abul waleed = Khalid اﺑﻮ اﻟﻮﻟﯿﺪ = ﺧﺎﻟﺪ f: Abu Saabir = donkey أﺑﻮ ﺻﺎﺑﺮ = ﺣﻤﺎر g: Abu il ana = the one who claims it اﺑﻮ اﻻﻧﺎ = اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺪﻋﻲ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ the man of ego i: Abu ghayib= somebody who has no children yet أﺑﻮ ﻏﺎﺋﺐ j: Abul klaawaat = someone who makes tricks اﺑﻮ ل ﻛﻼوات 34. Pejorative adjectives 195 196 fugir (ــﺮ ) ﻓﻘﺮﻓـــــ ibnil fugir إﺑﻦ ل Palashtee ﺑـــﻠــﺸﺘﻲjerk Shalaati ﺷﻼﺗﻲ Saaqit Immoral ﺳﺎﻗﻂ Lajuuj ﻟﺠﻮوج Mbahdal Hosa ()ﺻﺎﻗﻂ ﻣﺒﮭﺪل ھﻮﺳﺔ Hosa b hosa ھﻮﺳﺔ ب ھﻮﺳﺔ Hmaar ma yiftihim ﺣﻤﺎر ﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﺘﮭﻢ Dacha dabang damaaghsis Ghasheem دﺟﮫ\ دﺑﻨﻚ\ دﻣﺎﻏﺴﺲ ﻏﺸﯿﻢ inlaaSat إﻧﻼﺻﺖ khisees َﺧﺴﯿﺲ Kheesa ﺧﯿﺴﺔ Khyaasaat ﺧﯿﺎﺳﺎت Idhriba bil eimani (ﺿﺮﺑﮫ ﺑﻞ ﻗﻮﻧﺪره )إﯾﻤﻨﻲ Saratil l lakha ﺻﺎرت اﻟﻠﺨﺔ Slikha braajdee ﺻﻠﺨﮫ ﺑﺮاﺟﺪي Mra’abil ﻣﺮﻋﺒﻞ Saqee’a ﺳﻘﯿﻊ Miftree ﻣﻔﺘﺮيslander Jaayif ﺟﺎﯾﻒ Khaayis ﺧــﯿﺲ َ \ ﺧﺎﯾﺲ 196 197 La tsharbitha ﻻ ﺗﺸﺮﺑﺘﮭﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﻨﺎ qabba ﻗــﺒﮫ َ Dacha Daacha Nashnish shwaya Oh, qurbaanak ﯾﻨﺸﻨﺶ ﺷﻮﯾﺎ revive آه ﻗﻮرﺑﺎﻧﻚ Zifit زﻓﺖ khirbanda too old ﺧﺮﺑﻨﺪه Faahee ﻓﺎھﻲ Silly / insipid / not liked ‘adhim thaqeel (ﻋﻈﻤﻮ ﺛﻜﯿﻞ )ﺛﻘﯿﻞ Hraamiya ﺣﺮاﻣﯿﺔ Nheibiya ﻧﮭﯿﺒﯿﺔ Nafash nafsa ﻧﻔﺶ ﻧﻔﺴﮫ Tarasiya ﺗرﺳﯾﺔ Bawaageen ﺑﻮا Dhoja ﺿوﺟﺔ Dokha دوﺧﺔ Dokhat raas دوﺧﺔ راس Qarabaligh ﻗره ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ‘ama ‘aleik ﻋﻣﮫ ﻋﻠﯾك ila- jahanama wa bi?sal maSiir اﻟﻰ ﺟﮭﻧم وﺑﺋس ل ﻣﺻﯾر Go to hell Miqirbaaz ﻣﻘرﺑﺎز Naive ‘amiil ﻋﻣﯾل 197 198 Agent Khaayin Traitor ﺧﺎﯾن Sayir Chafjeer il balad ﺻﺎﯾر He is everywhere You see him everywhere 35. Harassing women Umil zruur ُأم ل زرور “mother of buttocks” a woman who has big buttocks ?umil dyuus ُأم ل دﯾﻮس “ mother of breast” a woman who has big breasts Khosh gufa ‘aleiha ﺧﻮش ﻛـﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﯿﺞ “good hips on you” a woman with a big ass Fidwa l hal Sadir ﻓﺪوه ل ھﻞ ﺻﺪر “die for this chest” I like your breasts Haay shlon rashaaqa ھﺎي ﺷﻠﻮن رﺷﺎﻗﺔ “What kind of slender build is this?” You’re in shape. Fidwa l hal ‘ayuun l zurug ﻓﺪوه ل ھﻞ ﻋﯿﻮن ل زرك “die for these blue eyes” You have beautiful blue eyes amuut ‘ala hal ‘ayuun il soda أﻣﻮت ﻋﻠﻰ ھﻞ ﻋﯿﻮن ل ﺳﻮده “ I die for these black eyes” You have very beautiful black eyes Haatha shlon khiSir ھﺬا ﺷﻠﻮن ﺧﺼﺮ “What kind of waist is this?” You have a good waist Fidwa lhal Tuul ﻓﺪوه ل ھﻞ طﻮل “die for this height” you have a beautiful body 198 199 Fidwa l hal jamaal ﻓﺪوه ل ھﻞ ﺟﻤﺎل “die for this beauty” You are gorgeous Amuut ‘aleich أﻣﻮت ﻋﻠﯿﺞ “die for you” I love you Fad bosa ﻓﺪ ﺑﻮﺳﮫ “One kiss” Can I kiss you? Fedwa l hal shafaayif il raqeeqa(rageega) ( ﻓﺪوه ل ھﻞ ﺷﻔﺎﯾﻒ ل )رﻗﯿﻘﺔ “Die for these thin lips” You have charming thin lips Haay wein mkhabiya hal Jamaal ھﺎي وﯾﻦ ﻣﺨﺒﯿﮫ ھﻞ ﺟﻤﺎل “ where have you been hiding this beauty” You are very gorgeous Fedwa lhal bashara il raqiiqa il beidha ﻓﺪوه ل ھﮫ ل ﺑﺸﺮة إل رﻗﯿﻘﺔ إل ﺑﯿﻀﺔ “ die for this soft, white skin” you are white and beautiful Fedwa lhal samaar ﻓﺪوة ل ھﮫ ل ﺳﻤﺎر “ die for this bronze(tan) skin” you have tan skin and beautiful 36. Flirting Women Intee hwaaya Hilwa إﻧﺖ ھﻮاﯾﺎ ﺣﻠﻮه “You are very sweet “ you are beautiful Intee rasheeqa w habaaba إﻧﺖ رﺷﯿﻘﺔ وﺣﺒﺎﺑﺔ You are fit and cute Wajhich Hulu w bashuush وﺟﮭﺞ ﺣﻠﻮ وﺑﺸﻮش Your face is sweet and smiling Sha’arich Hulu ﺷﻌﺮج ﺣﻠﻮ Your hair is beautiful ‘ayuun il maha (ghizlaan) (ﻋﯿﻮن ل ﻣﮭﺎ ) ﻏﺰﻻن 199 200 your eyes are of the gazelle ‘aein allah ‘aleich ya Hleiwa ﻋﯿﻦ ﷲ ﻋﻠﯿﺞ ﯾﺎ ﺣﻠﯿﻮه God’s eyes on you . You the beauty ‘aein allah ‘aala hal Jamaal ﻋﯿﻦ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻰ ھﻞ ﺟﻤﺎل God’s eyes on you. You the beauty You are very beautiful ?Slan ‘ayuunich t khab bil اﺻﻠﻦ ﻋﯿﻮﻧﺞ ﺗﺨﺒﻞ in fact, your eyes make me crazy I love your eyes wajhil gumar (وﺟﮫ إل ﻗﻤﺮ )ﻛﻤﺮ moony face jamalij saaHir ﺟﻤﺎﻟﺞ ﺳﺎﺣﺮ your beauty is magic 37. Expressing “chaos” hossa ھﻮﺳﺔ Tarbaga ﻁ qarabaligh ﻗرﺑﺎﻟﻎ Saarat farhuud ﺻﺎرت ) ﺻﺎﯾرة( ﻓرھود L kalib maa yi’arif SaaHba Fawdha ل ﻛﻠب ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌرف ﺻﺎﺣﺑﮫ ﻓوﺿﻰ Maaku qaanuun ﻣﺎ ﻛو ﻗﺎﻧون Lhikuuma maaku Lnidhaam maaku ل ﺣﻛوﻣﺔ ﻣﺎﻛو ل ﻧظﺎم ﻣﺎﻛو Maaku ?istiqraar ﻣﺎﻛو إﺳﺗﻘرار L waaHid ma yidri shii ysaw wii ل واﺣد ﻣﺎ ﯾدري ﺷﻲ ﯾﺳووي L?immur mlakhbaTa ل إﻣﻮر ﻣﻠﺨﺒﻄﺔ 200 201 Haay kharabiiT ھﺎي ﺧﺮاﺑﯿﻂ Tarbaga ﻁ Falataan ﻓﻠﺘﺎن dhraT bi dhraT “Fart in fart” no one cares ﺿﺮاط ﺑﻀﺮاط Msayaaba ﻣﺴﯿﺒﺔ No control Biiha tasay-yub ﺑﯿﮭﺎ ﺗﺴﯿﺐ People do not abide by rules maHad yirham bHal ?ahad “No one is merciful” People are selfish ﻣﺤﺪ ﯾﺮﺣﻢ ب ﺣﺎل أﺣﺪ Shliila w dhaayi’a raas-ha ﺷﻠﯿﻠﺔ وﺿﺎﯾﻊ راﺳﮭﺎ “A reel of string with a lost end” It is difficult to find a solution for it Haarat kul min ?eedu ?ilu ﺣﺎرة ﻛﻠﻤﻦ إﯾﺪه إﻟﮫ “Neighborhood in which everybody can do whatever he/she likes” no rules are valid Sirna la minna wla minna وﻻ ﻣﻨﻨﺎ، ﺻﺮﻧﺎ ﻻ ﻣﻨﻨﺎ “ we became neither from here, nor from there.” We are stuck in between We got lost in between haay tirneeni . ba’aid wein l tirnaana baaqiya ﺑﻌﺪ وﯾﻦ ل ﺗﺮﻧﺎﻧﮫ ﻣﺎ ﺟﺎﯾﮫ، ھﺎي ل ﺗﺮﻧﯿﯿﻨﻲ We expect the worse kaaka wklumba wkalbil maay All three are a gang whom work together ﻛﺎﻛﺎ وﻛﻠﻮﻣﺒﺎ وﻛﻠﺐ إل ﻣﺎي tis’a may waaHid laban “nine water in one yogurt” It is adulterated ﺗﺴﻌﺔ ﻣﺎي واﺣﺪ ﻟﺒﻦ 201 202 38. Euphemism There are certain words or phrases that people do not mention in the formal occasions or in public. They tend to use different nice words to replace them. Ykharee = v. shit, defecate ﯾﺨﺮي ّ AruuH lii bar-ra w jaay . ﺑﺮا وﺟﺎي ّ أرووح ﻟﻲ I go outside and come back. Abuul = v. piss أﺑﻮول Shway-ya ashukh w ajii ﺷﻮﯾﺔ اﺷﺦ واﺟﻲ People avoid all and they say : MaHSuur (iin) = adj. (ﻣﺤﺼﻮر ) ﯾﻦ I am squeezed ( I need to go to the restroom) RaaH Agdhi Hajti w raaji’a = ـــﻀـﻲ ﺣﺎﺟﺘﻲ وراﺟﻊراح ﺍ “I do my “ need “ and come back.” I’ll go to the restroom and be back. Tikram (uun) aruuH lil maraafiq w aji ﺗﻜﺮم ارووح ﻟﻠﻤﺮاﻓﻖ واﺟﻲ Forgive me for my words, I will go to the latrine and back. Haasha il sam-’aiin ________________ (huwa Hmaar) ﺣﺎﺷﺎ ال ﺳﺎﻣﻌﯿﻦ Apology to ( excluding) the hearers ___________ ( he is a donkey) Apologize me for my words “he is stupid” Ba’aiid minkum ( mihna) “ maat” "ﺑﻌﯿﺪ ﻣﻨﻜﻢ "ﻣﺎت Far from you ‘he died’ I do not mean to make you sad ‘he died’ ( the same does not happen to you. Be safe.) B’aiid min hna inTaakum ‘aumra ﺑﻌﯿﺪ ﻣﻦ ھﻨﺎ اﻧﻄﺎﻛﻢ ﻋﻤﺮه “Far from you he gave you his life” I do not want to make you sad “he died” Wise Sayings lbaab lee yijeek mina l reeH sidu wistareeH “If the wind comes through a door, close it” stay away from the problem ﺳﺪه وإﺳﺘﺮﯾﺢ ّ ، ﺑﺎب ﻟﻲ ﯾﺠﯿﻚ ﻣﻨﻨﮫ ل رﯾﺢ 202 203 raaH truuH w intal mamnuun وإﻧﺖ ل ﻣﻤﻨﻮون، راح ﺗﺮووح ﻋﻠﻰ رﺟﻠﯿﻚ “you will walk on your feet with gratitude” you will, one day, accept what you do not accept now. liman SaHbak Hilu la takla kula ( ﻻ ﺗﺎﻛﻠﮫ )ﺗﺎﻛﻠﻮ( ﻛﻠﮫ )ﻛﻠﻮ، ﺣﻠﻮ... إذا ﺻﺎﺣﺒﻚ “If your friend is very sweet do not eat him” Do not take advantage Kalaam il leil yimHee il nahaar ﯾﻤﺤﯿﮫ إ ل ﻧﮭﺎر، ﻛﻼم إل ﻟﯿﻞ “the speech at night is removed by light of the day” I do not go by what I have already promised Akalnaaha .wi?iHna ma makleen wala shaarbeen اﻛﻠﻨﺎھﺎ وإﺣﻨﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺎﻛﻠﯿﻦ وﻻ ﺷﺎرﺑﯿﻦ “We had it and did not drink nor eat” We had nothing to do with it. But we got involved la baagi wa la mTallag وﻻ ﻣﻄﻠﻠﻚ، ( ) ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻻ “ not hanging, nor released” We do not know what to do. Ma ilna beeha . laa naaqa wala jamal ﻻ ﻧﺎﻗﺔ وﻻ ﺟﻤﻞ، ﻣﺎ إﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ “We do not have in this case a female camel, nor a male one.” It is not of our interests Hassan kocha , kocha Hassan ) ﻛﻮﺟﺔ( ﻛﺠﻞ ﺣﺴﻦ،ﺣﺴﻦ ) ﻛﻮﺟﮫ( ﻛﺠﻞ Replacement of an adjective makes no difference It does not matter how you say it. maH-Had yguul labani Haamidh ﻟﺑﻧﻲ ﺣﺎﻣض ﻣﺣد “no one says my yogurt is sour” no one criticizes himself or herself no one advertises against his or her commodities gaal abu l mathal .’eesh b bakhit wguum b bakhit magruud yaa lmaa ‘aindak HaDh w bakhit . ﯾﺎﻟﻤﺎ ﻋﻨﺪك ﺣﻆ و ﺑﺨﺖ . ب ﺑﺨﺖ ، ﻋﯿﺶ ب ﺑﺨﺖ. اﺑﻮ ل ﻣﺜﻞ “live in luck and raise in luck. Pity the one who has no luck” Some people are lucky, but others are not L y’aiish bil Hiila ymuut bil figir 203 204 ل ﯾﻌﯿﺶ ﺑﻞ ﺣﯿﻠﺔ ﯾﻤﻮت ﺑﻞ “One who lives on tricks dies poor” tricks never prevail Day Siid bil maayil ‘aakir دا ﯾﺻﯾد ﺑل ﻣﺎي ل ﻋﻛر He is fishing in murky water Make use of the environment for his own benefits He is doing something wrong ّ ﻛﻠﮫ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻧﻔﻊ Maa yinfa’a is useless ﻻ ﺑل ﻋﯾر وﻻ ﺑل ﻧﻔﯾر Laa bil ‘aiirib wala bil nafiir In all good or bad circumstances In peace or war He is nothing Kul shii yziid min Had –da , yigilib Dhid-da “whatever goes over the limit, it goes against” Plus is like minus ﯾﻘﻠﺐ ﺿﺪه، ﻛﻠﺸﻲ ﯾﺰﯾﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺪه ﻃﻨﺎﻳﺎ ﻭﻃﻠﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺫﻧﻚ giTnaaya wtalli’aha min ithnak “a piece of cotton and throw it from your ear” do not listen to….this is impossible ﺣﺎﻣض ، إل ﻣﺎ ﯾﻧوش إل ﻋﻧب il maa ynuush il ‘ainab yguul Haidh “When you cannot get grapes, you say they are unripe (bitter)” when you cannot get something, you rumor about it being bad min shaf aSHaaba, nisa aSHaba “when he sees his lovers, he forgets about friends” when he is among relatives, he forgets to call his friends ‘aiSfuurbil eed, ?aHsan min ‘ashra ‘aal shajar ﻧﺳﻰ أﺻﺣﺎﺑﮫ،ﻣن ﺷﺎف أﺣﺑﺎﺑﮫ ﻋﺻﻔور ﺑل اﯾد اﺣﺳن ﻣن ﻋﺷرة ﻋل ﺷﺟر a bird in hand is better than ten on a tree like what you get . A number of Iraqi Proverbs Proverbs are comprised of images that are produced by the mentality of the members of the society from thoughts and culture. Therefore I collected a number of these proverbs so that we can get an idea in which situation they are appropriately used to be effective in conveying the message. Here are some: . وﻣن ﺟوه ﯾﻌﻠم ﷲ، ﻣن ﺑره ھﻠﻠﮫ ھﻠﻠﮫ.1 204 205 Min barra halla halla, wmin jawwa yi’alam ?alla. 1. From outside is nice looking, but inside God knows. Message: You do not know the hidden things. . ﻧﺎﯾم ورﺟﻠﯾﮫ ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻣس.2 huwa naayim, w rijleih bil shamis. 2. Sleeping but his legs are in sun. Message: He is not aware of what is going on around him ﺳﺑﻊ ﺻﻧﺎﯾﻊ وال ﺑﺧت ﺿﺎﯾﻊ. 3 Sabi’a Sanaayi’a, wil bakhit dhaayi’a 3. Seven jobs but no fortune Message: The man is not lucky. ﯾﻘﺗل ال ﻗﺗﯾل وﯾﻣﺷﻰ ورا ﺟﻧﺎزﺗﮫ.4 yigtil il mayit , w yimshi: bjana:ztu 5. He kills the victim, and attends his funeral. Message: He is crooked. . إل ﻣﺑﻠل ﻣﺎ ﯾﺧﺎف ﻣﻧل ﻣطر.5 Lmbal lil ma ykhaaf mnil maTar 6. The soaked do not fear rain. Message: He/she is challenging. . ( ال ﻏﺎﯾب ﺣﺟﺗﮫ وﯾﺎه ) ﻣﻌﮫ.6 lGa:yib Hijitu wiiyaa (ma’auu) 6.Any absence has a reason. Message: Do not blame him/her for being late or not showing up. Ask him or her when he/she will be back ﺳﺪه و واﺳﺘﺮﯾﺢ، ل ﺑﺎب اﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺠﯿﻚ ﻣﻨﮫ ال رﯾﺢ.7 Lbaab illi yijiik mina lriiH, sida w istariiH 7. Close the window that the wind comes through Message: Do not get involved. Stay away from problems. Do not talk about sensitive issues that bring about problems. . ﺿﺒﺖ( ﻋﺪسا ﻟﻠﻲ ﯾﺪري ﯾﺪري وﻟﻤﺎ ﯾﺪري.8 Illi yidrii yidrii Wilma yidrii (chafat) gadhbat ‘aadas 8. Those who know the fact, they know it. Others think about owning a handful of lentils. Message You are not aware of what is essential. You do not understand what the circumstances are. اﻟﻠﻲ ﻓﺎت ﻣﺎت.9 Illi faat maat 9. The thing that has passed is dead. 205 206 Message Forget about it. Do not look backward. إﺟﺎ إﯾﺪﯾﮫ اطﻮل ﻣﻦ رﺟﻠﯿﮫ.10 ?ija ?iidei ?atwal min rijleih 10. “He came his hands longer than his legs” He brings nothing with him إل ﺷﻌﺮة اﻟﻠﻲ ﻗﺼﻤﺖ ظﮭﺮ إل ﺑﻌﯿﺮ.11 11. il sha’ara ?allati qasamat dhahril ba’aiir “ it is the hair that breaks the back of the camel” the real unnoticed reason of somebody’s fall ﻣﺎ إﻟﻨﺎ ﺑﯿﮭﺎ ﻻ ﻧﺎﻗﺔ وﻻ ﺟﻤﻞ.12 12. maa ?ilna biiha laa naaqa wala jamal we do not have a male or female camel It is not of our interests ﯾﺨﺎف ﻣﻨﻞ ﺣﺒﻞ، ل ﻋﻈﺘﮫ ﺣﯿﺔ.13 13. L ‘aadhi-ta Hay-ya , ykhaaf mnil Habil someone who is bitten by a snake fears a rope Someone who becomes phobic (ﺟﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﻔﺦ ﺏ ﺟﺮﺑﺔ )ﻗﺮﺑﺔ. إﻟﻤﻦ ﺟﺎ ﻣﺎ.14 14. Maadgulli ?ilman ja tiHchi….jay tunfukh b Qurba manguuba No one is listening to you You are wasting efforts آﻧﻲ وإﺑن ﻋﻣﻲ ﻋﻠل ﻏرﯾب، آﻧﻲ واﺧوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑن ﻋﻣﻲ.15 15. ?aani w ?akhoo ‘aala bni ‘aammi, waani w ?ibn ‘aammi ‘alal ghariib “ me and my brother against my cousins, me and my cousins against a foreigner” support your relatives against others ھﻮاﯾﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ إﻟﮭﺎ ﻣﺪﺑﺮ. 16 16. hwaaya laa tfag-gir ?ilha mudab-bir Do not think too much about it. It has a caretaker, God 17. Kalaam il leil yimHii il nahaar “The issue is different now” “Day erases whatever was said at night” ﻛﻼم إل ﻟﯿﻞ ﯾﻤﺤﯿﮫ إل ﻧﮭﺎر.17 إل ﻣﺎﻟﮫ اول ﻣﺎ ﻟﮫ ﺗﺎﻟﻲ.18 18. ?Il maala ?awal maala taali “the one who is not loyal from the beginning, cannot be loyal now” ﻣﻦ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ إل ﺷﻮﺷﺔ ﺑﻌﺪھﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﺠﺒﺮ.19 19. Min tinkisir il shuusha ba’aidha maa tinjibir Once the glass is broken, it cannot be repaired ﻋﻠﻢ إﺑﻨﻚ ﻛﺒﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻨﻜﺴﺮ إل ﺟﺮه.20 20. Teach your son before the jar is broken Teach your son before the damage is done. It is too late. Parables( myth) from the Iraqi History " ﺻﺎرت ﻣﺜﻞ "ﻗﻤﯿﺺ ﻋﺜﻤﺎن.21 21. Sarat mithil qamiis ‘authman 206 207 “ do not put Othoman’s shirt on me” Do not unjustly accuse me of somebody’s murder. " "ﺷﻌﺮة ﻣﻌﺎوﯾﺔ.22 22. Sha’arat mu’aaawiya “ Mu’ayia’s hair” Diplomacy to achieve victory over your enemy " ﻋﺒﺎسﺑـ "ﺷﺒﺎ أﻋﻤﻰ.23 23. ?a’ama w chal-lap b shubach ‘ab-bas “ Abbas’s window” Do not hold on me tightly to be saved ﻣﺎ.24 24. maa yipchi ‘aal Hussein , yipchi ‘aal hariisa “ he does not weep for hussin , he weeps to get hariisa (the food be served for the occasion) . His goal is personal . وﯾﺎﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻞ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﯾﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻌﺐ وﯾﺎ ﻣﻦ.25 25. ya min ti’ab wyaa min shiga, wyaa min ‘alal Haadhir liga Some people worked hard but a few others got the credit ﺑﻮﺳﮭﺎ... ﺗﻌﻀﮭﺎ اﯾﺪ اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ.26 26. ?eed il li matigdar t’aithha.... busha “The hand that you cannot bite, kiss it” If you cannot challenge someone befriend him اﻋﻮج وإﺣﺠﻲ إل ﺻﺤﯿﺢ.27 27. ?ig’aid ?’awaj w?iHchil SaHeeH “sit on your side but speak the right thing” even when you do not like it, say it right ( ﻣﺎ ﺗﻌﺮف ﺧﯿﺮه )ﺧﯿﺮو( ﻟﻤﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺠﺮب ﻏﯿﺮه ) ﻏﯿﺮو.28 28. ma ti’arif Kheira liman ma tjarrib gheira you do not know his benefit unless you try someone else ﻣﺎل إل ﺧﺴﯿﺲ ﯾﺮوح ﺑﻞ ﻓﻄﯿﺲ.29 29. malil khasees yruuH bil fates money of the miser serves no body ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮا ﺧﺎم وﻣﻦ ﺟﻮه ﺳﺨﺎم.30 30. min barra khaam wmin jawwa skhaam “from outside is ore but inside is soot” it is mere appearance ﯾﻮم إﻟﻚ وﯾﻮم ﻋﻠﯿﻚ.31 31. yom ilak wyom ‘aleik “one day is for you and another is on you” consider the ups and downs of life ﺣﻨﻄﺘﮫ ﺗﺎﻛﻞ ﺷﻌﯿﺮه، اﻟﻠﻲ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻌﺮف ﺗﺪاﺑﯿﺮه.32 32. illee ma yi’arif tadaabeera, HinTita taakil shi’aeera “the one who does not know how to organize, His wheat eats his barely” You should be smart ّ .33 ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻲ إل ﻋﯿﻦ، طﻌﻢ( إل ﻓﻢ وﻛﻞ ) ﱢ 33. wakkil il fam, tistaHee il ‘aein 207 208 “feed the mouth, the eye gets shy” If you are generous to people, people will respect you Bribe somebody, he will do it for you ( culture notion) ﷲ ﺟﺎﺑﮭﺎ.... ھﻲ ﺟﺘﻲ.34 34. hiya jattee…. Allah jabha it comes by itself….Gods brought it I was fortunate winning by fluke إل ھﺰﯾﻤﺔ ﺛﻠﺚ إل ﻣﺮﺟﻠﮫ.35 35. yl hazema thilthil marjala running is 3 quarters of valor to run is to win ( in certain occasions) إل ﻣﻔﺘﻲ ﺷﻨﻮ دﺧﻠﮫ، ﻟﻮ إل ﻗﺎﺿﻲ راﺿﻲ.36 36. lo l qaadhi raadhi, il miftee shinu dakhla “If the judge agrees, why does almiftee interfere?” why do others interfere if there is a consensual agreement between two people ﻟﺤﺎﻓﻚ ﻣﺪ رﺟﻠﯿﻚ ﻋﻞ.37 37. mid rijleik ‘ala qad lHaafak “stretch your legs to the length of your cover” Do what you can do and not more ﻋﺼﺎﺗﮫ وﻋﺒﺎﺗﮫ.... ﻣﻨﻮ ﻋﻨﺪه.38 38. minu ‘ainda…. ‘asaata w ‘abaata “who has ….. his walking stick and his cloak “ alone, single, living by himself, not responsible for dependents, easy to travel Pan Arabic Idioms/ figures of speech اﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﯿﮫ اﻟﺪھﺮ وﺷﺮب.1 1. akala ‘aleihi il dahru wa sharib “Time has eaten and drunk on it” it is too old 208 209 ﺷﺮ اﻟﺒﻠﯿﺔ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻀﺤﻚ.2 2. sharrul baliyati maa yudh-Hik “the worst of it is laughable” You do not know what to say أﻓﻞ ﻧﺠﻤﮫ.3 3. afula nijmuh his star faded away his celebrity declines اطﻠﻖ اﻟﻌﻨﺎن ﻋﻨﮫ.4 4. ?uTliqa l ‘ainaan ‘anhu uncurbed أدرﻛﺘﮫ اﻟﻤﻨﯿﺔ.5 5. ?adrakathu il maniya “ the fate befell him” died وﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯿﺺ ﺑﯿﺺ.6 6.waqa’a fii Haysa baysa “He fell in trouble” does not know what to do إﺧﺘﻠﻂ اﻟﺤﺎﺑﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺎﺑﻞ.7 7. ?ikhTalata l Haabil bil naabil “Things are mixed up” It turned chaotic ّϻ· ͿΎ Α ΓϮϗ ϻϭ ϝϮΣ ϻ .8 8. la Hawla wala quwata illa billah “You are powerless without God’s power” let me be patient and avoid using violence and evil. ﺗﺄﺗﻲ اﻟﺮﯾﺎح ﺑﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺗﺸﺘﮭﯿﮫ اﻟﺴﻔﻦ.9 9. ta?atii ir-ryaahu bima laa tashthiihi ilsufunu winds come opposite to the ship’s direction Things do not come the way you like them to be اھﻞ ﻣﻜﺔ ادرى ﺑﺸﻌﺎﺑﮭﺎ.10 10. ahil maaka ?adra bi shi’aabiha Mecca’s people know its terrain better Indigenous people are more aware of their problems than others واﻓﻖ ﺷﻦ طﺒﻘﺔ.11 11. waafaqa shannun Tabaqa Shan (boy) agrees with Tabaqa(girl) The two have many things in common. ﺣﺼﺎن طﺮوادة.12 12. HiSaan Tarwaada Toledo Horse ﻣﺨﻠﺐ اﻟﻘﻂ.13 13. mikhlabil qiT cat’s Paw ﺣﺼﺔ اﻻﺳﺪ.14 209 210 14. HiS_Satil asad the lion’s share رﺟﻊ ﺑﺨﻔﻲ ﺣﻨﯿﻦ.15 15. raja’a bikhuffay Hunayn “He came back with light sandals” he was a failure رﺟﻊ ﺻﻔﺮ اﻟﯿﺪﯾﻦ.16 16. raja’a Sifril yadein “ He came back with yellow hands” He did not get anything out of it ﺗﻘﻮم إﻟﺪﻧﯿﺎ وﻻ ﺗﻘﻌﺪ.17 17.taquum il dunya wala taq’aud “ the world stands and never sits” They made much fuss about it ﻣﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺑﯿﺪر ﺣﺒﺔ.18 18. min kuli baydarin Habba “ from each harvest ground a grain” a flower from each garden . ھﺐ ودب ّ ﺟﺎء ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ.19 19. jaa?a kulun man habba wa dab no restrictions . everybody comes in (interferes) إذا ﺣﻀﺮ اﻟﻤﺎء ﺑﻄﻞ اﻟﺘﯿﻤﻢ.20 20. ?itha hadhura l maa?u baTulla l tayam-mumu “ if water comes, the toilet paper is out” water for ablution is preferable The presence of the manager, for instance, is preferred to a substitute ﯾﻌﺮف ﻣﻦ اﯾﻦ ﺗﺆﻛﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﻒ.21 21. ya’arifu min ?ayna tu?kalil katifu “he knows from where to eat the shoulder” He goes to the right person to achieve what he wants He knows how to take the opportunity for his personal benefits He/she is experienced enough to establish relations with the effective people ھﻲ ﻣﺠﺮد ذر اﻟﺮﻣﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﯿﻮن.22 22. Hiya mujarad thir il rimaad ‘alal ‘ayuun “it is just adding ash to the eyes” only to show that they are doing it. إﺗﻖ ﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ أﺣﺴﻨﺖ إﻟﯿﮫ.23 23. Itaqi shar-ra man AHsanta Ilayhi Avoid the wickedness of the one whom you helped إل ﻋﺮب ﻣﺘﻔﻘﯿﻦ ﻋﻞ ان ﻣﺎ ﯾﺘﻔﻘﻮن.24 24. Il Arab Itafquu ?alla ?an maa yitifguun Arabs are in an agreement not to agree إن ﺻﻨﺘﮫ ﺻﺎﻧﻚ، ﻟﺴﺎﻧﻚ ﺣﺼﺎﻧﻚ.25 25. your tongue is your horse if you keep “him”, “he” keeps you 210 211 If you do not talk “shit”, no body will hurt you إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻜﻼم ﻣﻦ ﻓﻀﺔ ﻓﺎﻟﺴﻜﻮت ﻣﻦ ذھﺐ.26 26. If speech is silver, silence is gold Do not talk too much. Listen and do not talk ﺳﺒﻘﻨﻲ وإﺷﺘﻜﻰ، ﺿﺮﺑﻨﻲ وﺑﻜﻰ.27 27. Dharabni w baka wsabaqni wishtaka “He beat me but cried , he then went before me and complained” in fact, he is guilty though complaining ﻛﺎﻟﻨﻘﺶ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺠﺮ، اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺼﻐﺮ.28 28. al ‘ailm fil Sighar, kalnaqsh ‘alal Hajar learning in childhood is like engraving on a stone what you learn in your childhood, you do not forget ﯾﻜﺮم اﻟﻤﺮء او ﯾﮭﺎن، ﻋﻨﺪ اﻻﻣﺘﺤﺎن.29 29. ‘anda l ?imtiHaan, yukram ul mr?u, ?aw yuhaanu “on the test, someone is praised or humiliated” when you take a test, you either pass or fail اﻟﻌﺬر اﻗﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺬﻧﺐ.30 30. al ‘authr ?aqbaHu min al thanb the excuse was worse than the guilt you failed to find a plausible excuse ﻛﺎﻟﺸﺠﺮ ﺑﻼ ﺛﻤﺮ، ﻋﻠﻢ ﺑﻼ ﻋﻤﻞ.31 31. ‘ailim bila ‘amal, kalshajar bila thamar knowledge without work is like a tree without fruit If you know but do not apply it, it is fruitless ﺧﺬ اﻻﺻﯿﻞ وﻟﻮ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﺼﯿﺮ.32 32. khuthik l ?aSeel walau ‘alal HaSeer “take the pure blooded individuals, even though on the straw mattress” marry a lady of a good family though she is poor befriend a loyal guy though he is poor Parts of the body Raas Rijil ?iid cha’aib head راس leg رﺟﻞ hand إﯾﺪ heel, ankle ( )ﻛﻌﺐ Halig ‘aikis mouth elbow ( ) ﻓﻢ ﻋﻜﺲ ِ ِ 211 212 khashim nose ﺧﺸﻢ Sabuuna (rikba) knee رﻛﺒﺔ، ﺻﺎﺑﻮﻧﺔ Ragaba neck ( ) رﻗﺒﺔ Chaf palm ( )ﻛﻒ Wich face () وﺟﮫ gufa hip(s), back (( ) ﻗﻔﺎ ) siiqaan legs ( usually women) ﺳﯿﻘﺎن nugrati chatif the front shoulder bone ( ( ال ﻛﺘﻒ ) ﻧﻘﺮة ‘aein eye(s) ﻋﯿﻦ ﻋﯿﻮن ?ithin ear(s) آذان، إذن dili’a , ?adlaa’a rib, ribs اﺿﻠﻊ، ﺿﻠﻊ ?izbi’a, ?asaabi’a finger, fingers اﺻﺎﺑﻊ، إﺻﺒﻊ risigh wrist رﺳﻎ Months of the Year Kanuun il thaani (1) shibaaT(2) ?aathaar(3) niisaan(4) maayis, Ayaar (5) Hziiraan(6) Tamuuz(7) ?aab(8) ?ayluul (9) January ﻛﺎﻧﻮن اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ February ﺷﺒﺎط March آذار April ﻧﯿﺴﺎن May ﻣﺎﯾﺲ June ﺣﺰﯾﺮان July ﺗﻤﻮز August آب September اﯾﻠﻮل kanntishriinil awal (10) tishriin il thaani(11) kaanuunil ?awal (12) October ﺗﺸﺮﯾﻦ اﻻول November ﺗﺸﺮﯾﻦ اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ December ﻛﺎﻧﻮن اﻻول Conclusion In sum, I can say that the Iraqi dialect has phonology, grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and social discourse different from that of the MSA taught in schools. The Iraqi sound system has more consonants and vowels than are found in the classical Arabic, which lends itself to form consonant clusters in the first syllable of its words or within the boundaries or phrases. The grammar is more explicit in terms of aspects and time. It also avoids the traditional passive voice pattern of Classical Arabic and 212 213 uses Measure VII (seven) with bound morpheme before the first core consonant of the root to indicate passivity. This text gives a general view of the differences between the two languages Modern standard Arabic (MSA) and the Iraqi dialect (ID), but it still needs further investigation of the discourse at the social level by studying the exchanges taken from the daily speech of people. Matti Phillips Khoshaba Al-bazi 2008 References: 1. Abd-el-Jawad, H. (1987) Cross-dialectal variation in Arabic: Competing prestigious forms. Language in society,16, (3), pp. 359-368. 2. Abu-Haidar, F. (1989) Are Iraqi women more prestige conscious than men? Sex differentiation in Baghdadi Arabic. Language in society, 18, (4), pp. 471-481. 213 214 3. Holes, C. (1983) pattern of communal language variation in Bahrain. Language in society, 12, (4), pp. 433-457. 4. Altoma,S. (1969) The problem of diglossia in Arabic: A comparative study of classical and Iraqi Arabic. Stephen Austin and Sons, LTD., Hertford, Herts. Oxford University Press. London. 5. Haywood, J. & Nahmad, H. (1982) A new Arabic grammar of the written language. Cambridge, Massachusetts. Harvard University Press. 6. Zaydan, J. (1969) Language philosophy and its words. Alhilaal Printing shop House, Cairo University. 7. Wilkins, D. (1983) Notional Syllabuses. Oxford University press, Hong Kong 8. Krahnke, K. (1987) Approaches to Syllabus Design for foreign language Teaching. Printice-hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632 9. Wolfson, N. (1989) Perspectives Sociolinguistics and TESOL. Cambridge University Press 10. Mackay, S & Horenberger, N. (1996) Sociolinguistics and Language teaching. Cambridge University Press. 214 Iraqi Dialect versus Standard Arabic Matti Philips Khoshaba Al- Bazi 2006 (MATFL) إل عراقي مو عربـي فصيح I can say that the Iraqi dialect has phonology, grammar, syntax, vocabulary, and social discourse different from that of the Modern standard Arabic (MSA) taught in schools. The Iraqi sound system has more consonants and vowels than are found in the Classical Arabic, which lends itself to form consonant clusters in the first syllable of its words or within the boundaries or phrases. The grammar is more explicit in terms of aspects and time. It also avoids the traditional passive voice pattern of the Classical Arabic and uses the Measure VII (seven) bound morpheme as a prefix (in-) at the beginning of the transitive verbs to indicate passivity. This text gives a general view of the differences between the two languages Modern Standard Arabic(MSA) and the Iraqi dialect (ID) in English, but the Iraqi dialect still needs further investigation of the discourse at the social level by studying exchanges taken from the daily speech of people. This text book is different from all the other books on Arabic in that the last part contains all forms and formulas that you can express yourself easily in various situations, and they are designed according to the notional functional style of speech exchanges in the daily life of the Iraqi people. All Copyrights Reserved Printed by MEDIUS CORPORATION 1800 Dobbin Drive, San Jose, CA 95133, USA
