ET2053 - American Mental Health Counselors Association

Transcription

AMHCA Annual Conference:
Transformation in Action (2015)
Friday, July 10, 2015
Inclusion of Technology in Supervision:
Ethical Pitfalls and Best Practices
J a r e d S . R o s e , M A , L P C ‐ C R , N C C
A l l i s o n K . A r n e k ra n s , P h D, L P C C ‐ S , N C C
R o b i n D u Fre s n e , M A , L P C ‐ C R , N C C
L e s l i e N e y l a n d , P h D, L P C ‐ C R , L S C , N C C
INTRODUCTION
Rose, Arnekrans, DuFresne, &
Neyland (2015)
1
Objectives
1. Understandthehistoryofusingtechnologyin
supervision.
2. Identifycommon technology‐basedoutletsusedin
clinical supervision.
3. Discussandeliminateethicalpitfallsinherentinusing
technologywithinsupervision.
4. Practicewaystoincludetechnologyinsupervisory
meetingsappropriatelythroughcaseconceptualization.
Supervision
o Aprimaryroleofclinicalsupervisorsistoserveasaprofessional
gatekeeper – tocontinuallymonitorandevaluatetheir
supervisees’clinicalpracticeasawaytoprotectandsafeguardthe
well‐beingofclients Bernard&Goodyear,2004 .
o Supervisorsneedaccesstotheirsuperviseesinordertoperform
thisrole.
Technologyhasassistedsupervisorsingatheringmoreinformation
fromsuperviseesandclients
thaneverbefore.
Neyland (2015)
2
Advancements: Technological
Advances have occurred in using
technology over the past 100
years, most of which have
surfaced in the last 4-5 decades.
1876Phone
was
invented
1947-Mobile
phones created
(although cell
phones were
not sold
commercially
until 1983)
1951-Video
Tape Recorder
became
popular
1962-Audio
cassette tapes
were out on
store shelves
1970-The Floppy
disk was
invented
2004-Facebook
was launched
2005-YouTube was
founded
1972-Word
processor was
established
2010-iPad was
released
1984-Apple
Macintosh was
created
2013-Smart
watches
introduced
Advancements: Mental Health Counseling
o Advanceshavealsobeenmadeincounseling.
o Supervisors useemergingtechnologytowritereports,monitor
services,stayintouchwithsupervisees,findinformation,and
disseminateinformation Stebnicki &Glover,2001 .
o Supervisees cannowdigitallyrecord,encrypt,stream,andarchive
professionalinteractionswithclients Barnes&Goeman,2007;Read,
2005 fortheirsupervisor’sreview.
o StudentscantakeadvantageofpocketsizedrecordingdevicessuchMP3
players/recorders,cameras/recorders,smartphones,tablets,etc.todigitally
recordclinicalcounselingsessions.
Neyland (2015)
3
Advancements: School Counseling
o Perera‐Diltz andMason’s 2012 nationalstudyfound:
o Thenumberofschoolcounselorsreceivingsupervisionhasincreasedinthe
past10years.Of1,557schoolcounselorssurveyed,31.7%reported
participatinginpeersupervisionwithothermentalhealthprofessionalsand
10.3%reportedreceivingsupervisionfromanotherschoolcounselor.
o Schoolcounselorsreportedhavinglimitedaccesstootherschoolcounselors
whohavehadtraininginsupervision.
o Although“technologymediatedsupervision”hasbeenofferedasasolution,
only5.1%ofparticipantsreportedusingittoobtainsupervision.
o Authorssuggestcounseloreducatorsoffersupervisiontoschoolcounselors
throughtechnology.
TECHNOLOGY IN SUPERVISION
Neyland (2015)
4
Technology-Assisted Distance Supervision
(TADS)
oTADSisnotcurrentlyapprovedbyallstatelicensure
boards.
oForexample,OhioRevisedCode4757‐17‐01 A 1 :
o “Trainingsupervisionshallincludeanaverageofonehourof
face‐to‐facecontactbetweenthesupervisorandsuperviseefor
everytwentyhoursofworkbythesupervisee.Training
supervisionshallbeface‐to‐faceindividualand/ortriadicfor
counselortrainees.Trainingsupervisionshallbeface‐to‐face
individualorgroupsupervisionforprofessionalcounselors”
emphasisaddedbypresenters;
OhioCounselor,SocialWorker,andMarriage&FamilyTherapyBoard;2012
Defining Popular Technology
o Email&TextMessaging
o Thesendingofmessages often
short electronicallyfromoneemail
accounttoanother,oronecellular
devicetoanother “texting” .
o VideoConferencing
o Tohaveaspokenconversationwith
someoneovertheinternetusinga
webcamandsoftwareapplication
“Skyping”or“internetvideo
conferencing” .
o ExamplesincludeSkype,Google ,
andFaceTime.
Neyland (2015)
o InstantMessaging IM
o Means,system,orsoftware
applicationusedforsendingand
receivinginstantelectronic
messages.
o Mayalsoincludetheuseofachat
room internet‐basedvirtual“room”
wheremultipleuserscanIMeach
other .
o Mostnowhavesmartphone
applicationssocanberouted
throughphoneaswell.
o ExamplesincludeYahoo!andMSN
Messenger.
5
Defining Popular Technology2
o PhoneSupervision
o Providingsupervisionviaaland‐
linephoneorcellularphone
device.
o SocialMedia
o DigitalRecordingTechnology
o AvarietyofMP3
players/recorders,
cameras/recorders,smartphones,
tablets,etc.cannowdigitally
recordsessionswithclients,as
wellassupervisor/supervisee.
o ExamplesincludeFacebook,
LinkedIn,Twitter,orASCASCENE.
Technology in Supervision: Benefits
oBernardandGoodyear 2014 identifyanumberofbenefits,
including
o Increasinglyportable i.e.decreasetimelosttotravel ;
o Convenienceinscheduling;
o Largerpoolofavailablesupervisors;
o Easyandquicklyabletoaccess/reviewrecordsandpaperwork;
o Eliminatestimeconstraintsandgeographicchallenges;
o Lowcost;
o Increasedaccesstomulticulturalsupervision;and
o Leavesanelectronictrailofcommunication e.g.emails,saved
documents,fileretrieval .
Neyland (2015)
6
Technology in Supervision: Drawbacks
oAttimes,supervisorsareunabletokeepupwith
changesintechnology,and/ortheymayfeel
uncomfortablewithchange Byrne&Hartley,2010 .
oThereareethicalconcernsrelatedtoconfidentiality,
security,andinformedconsent Herbert,2004;Kanz,
2001;Vaccaro&Lambie,2007 .
oSomesupervisorsfeelthattechnologyinhibitsthe
growthprocessinsuperviseesand/orstuntsthe
supervisoryrelationship.
Technology in Supervision: Drawbacks2
o BernardandGoodyear 2014 andKanz 2011 furthernote
o Lackofperceptualcues/noface‐to‐facecontact;
o Timelyaccesstosupervisornotguaranteed;
o Supervisionmustbeverydeliberate;
o Accesstocasenotes,treatmentplans,anddiagnosticassessmentfor
signature;
o Relianceontechnologicalskillofsupervisorandsupervisee;and
o Expenseofupdates/neweditionsoftechnology.
Neyland (2015)
7
Technology in Supervision: School Counseling
oPerera‐Diltz andMason 2012 highlighttopissueswith
using“technology‐mediatedsupervision”forschool
counselors:
o Lackofknowledgeamongstschoolcounselorsoneffectiveuseof
technologyforsupervision;
o Fearofsharinginformationviatheinternet;
o Limitedabilitytoread“relationshipcues”;and
o Ethicalconcernsofprofessionalcompetency,informedconsent
andconfidentiality.
Technology Type Strengths & Weaknesses
TypeofTechnology
Strengths
Weaknesses
Email
Continuous flowofinformation
Easeofrecordkeeping
Confidentiality
Slowresponse time
Asynchronouscommunication
Videoconferencing
Observeverbalandnon‐verbal cues Difficulttouse e.g.droppedconnections,cost
Synchronouscommunication
Toughtobuildarelationship
ChatRooms/Chats Synchronous comm.;FairlySecure;
Needaccesstointernet
Timerequirements
InstantMessaging/ One‐on‐one conversations
Instantcommunication
Texting
Difficulttokeepconversationsclear
Accessnecessary
PhoneCalls
Intended recipientisnotalwaysavailable
Privacy
Connectionissues
Lacksnon‐verbalexchange
Gainsupportfromgroup
Instantcommunication
No timerequirement
Userfriendly
Neyland (2015)
8
Effectiveness of TADS Research
oResearchontheeffectivenessofTADShasbeencompleted
withdevelopmentalsupervisiononly.Examplesinclude:
o Stebnicki andGlover 2001 :N 5,weeklyemailsregardingissues
andinsight.
o Clingerman andBernard 2004 :N 19,weeklyemailregarding
“whateverisontheirmind”betweenpracticumclasses.
o Coker,Jones,Staples,andHarbach 2002 :N 5,practicumstudents
receivedalternatingface‐to‐faceandonlinesupervisioncourse.
o Chapman,Baker,Nassar‐McMillian,andGerler,Jr 2011 :N 5,
participateincyber‐supervisionforpracticumclassforwhole
semester.
THE “WHAT-NOT” OF
TECHNOLOGY IN
SUPERVISION
Neyland (2015)
9
Potential Ethical Dilemmas
1. Dualrelationships
2. ClientPrivacy
3. ClientConfidentiality
4. Professional
Responsibility
o Self
o Representationofthe
profession
5. Distance/Technology‐
AssistedCounseling,and
SocialMedia
1. Dual Relationships
oSupervisorsdonotwanttocrossrelationshipboundaries
withsupervisees.
Neyland (2015)
10
1. Dual Relationships2
AMHCA
CODEOFETHICS 2010
ACA
CODEOFETHICS 2014
o “3.Dual/Multiple
Relationships
o Mentalhealthcounselors…avoid
exploitingthetrustandfostering
dependencyoftheclient…
o a Mentalhealthcounselorsmake
everyefforttoavoiddual/multiple
relationships.”
o “A.5ProhibitedNoncounseling Rolesand
Relationships…
o A.5.aSexualand/orRomanticRelationshipsProhibited
o Sexualand/orromanticcounselor‐clientinteractionsor
relationshipswithcurrentclients,theirromantic
partners,ortheirmembersareprohibited.
o Thisprohibitionappliestobothin‐personandelectronic
interactionsorrelationships...
o A.5.cSexualand/orRomanticRelationshipswithFormer
Clients
o Sexualand/orromanticcounselor‐clientinteractionsor
relationshipswithformercurrentclients,theirromantic
partners,ortheirmembersareprohibitedforaperiodof
5yearsfollowingthelastprofessionalcontact.
o Thisprohibitionappliestobothin‐personandelectronic
interactionsorrelationships.”
1. Dual Relationships3
o BrandnewadditiontotheACACodeofEthics 2014
o A.5.ePersonalVirtualRelationships
o “Counselorsareprohibitedfromengaginginapersonalvirtual
relationshipwith“individualswithwhomtheyhaveacurrent
counselingrelationship e.g.,throughsocialandothermedia ”.
Neyland (2015)
11
2. Client Privacy
3. Client Confidentiality
o Informedconsent,privacy,andconfidentialityforclientsarefoundational
elementsofthecounselingrelationship.
o Supervisorsarechargedwithensuringtheseareexplainedandunderstoodby
clients,andmaintainedbythesupervisee.
o Thisincludestheclientbeingmadeawarethatthesuperviseeisunder
supervisionandmethodsofinstructionandcommunicationwhichwillbe
utilizedinthesupervisoryrelationship.
o I.e.Whatevertechnologyisbeingusedwhichcouldimpacttheclient videorecording,
livestreamingofsessions,etc. areclearfortheclientandtheyhaveagreed.
2. Client Privacy2
AMHCA
CODEOFETHICS 2010
ACA
CODEOFETHICS 2014
o Doesnotaddressprivacy
separatefromconfidentiality,
withoneexception:
o A.Introduction
oD.AssessmentandDiagnosis
o B.1.bRespectforPrivacy
o “1.SelectionandAdministration
o f Mentalhealthcounselorsprovide
anappropriateassessment
environmentwithregardto
temperature,privacy,comfort,and
freedomfromdistractions.”
Neyland (2015)
o Trustinrelationshipiskey,and
counselorshaveadutytorespect
clientprivacy.
o Respectallclient/prospective
clientrightsofprivacy,solicit
privateinformationonlywhenitis
beneficialfortheclient,
therapeuticrelationship,andthe
counselingprocess.
12
3. Client Confidentiality2
AMHCA
CODEOFETHICS 2010
ACA
CODEOFETHICS 2014
o2.Confidentiality
o B.1.cRespectforConfidentiality
o Anentiresectionspanning
twopagesonresponsibilityto
maintainclient
confidentiality,includingnot
discussingpersonal
informationwithanyone
withoutwrittenconsentand
whenabsolutelynecessary.
o Donotbreakconfidentialitywithout
client/prospectiveconsentorlegalor
ethicaljustification.
o B.3.cConfidentialSettings
o Onlydiscussconfidentiality
informationinplaceswhereprivacy
canbereasonablyensured.
1 - 3. Supervisor Responsibilities
o AMHCACodeofEthics 2010
o“III.CommitmenttoStudents,Supervisees,andEmployee
Relationships
o 2.Allformsofsexualbehaviorwithsupervisees,students,and
employeesareunethical…
o 5.Withsupervisees…mentalhealthcounselorsmakeeveryeffort
toavoiddual/multiplerelationships…
o 9.Theprimaryobligationofsupervisorsistomonitorservices
providedbysuperviseestoensureclientwelfare.”
Neyland (2015)
13
1 - 3. Supervisor Responsibilities2
o ACACodeofEthics 2014 makeclearthatallelementsofsupervisory
relationship,andhowitimpactstheclient,mustbeclearlyoutlined,explained,
andagreedtobysuperviseeandsupervisoralike.
o F.4SupervisorResponsibilities
o Shouldallincludethetechnologicalelementsthatwillbeused.
o F.4.aInformedConsentforSupervision
o F.4.cStandardsforSupervision
o F.6CounselingSupervisionEvaluation,Remediation,andEndorsement
o Alsoshouldincludealltechnologicalelementsthatwillbeused.
o F.6.aEvaluation
o F.6.bGatekeepingandRemediation
4. Professional Responsibility
oNotonlyarecounselorsresponsiblefortheirown
professionalimage,but
otheyhavearesponsibilitytoguidetheirsuperviseeon
theirs,aswellas
otoensurebothrepresenttheprofessionproperly.
Neyland (2015)
14
4. Professional Responsibility2
AMHCA
CODEOFETHICS 2010
ACA
CODEOFETHICS 2014
o “IV.CommitmenttotheProfession
o C.6PublicResponsibility
o Mentalhealthcounselorspromotethe
mission,goals,values,andknowledgeof
theprofession.Theyengageinactivities
thatmaintainandincreasetherespect,
integrity,andknowledgebaseofthe
counselingprofessionandhuman
welfare.Suchactivitiesincludebutare
notlimitedtoteaching,research,serving
onprofessionalboardsandmembership
inprofessionalassociations.”
o Anumberofstandardswhichentailcounselors
representingtheprofessionwellintheeyesof
thepublic.
o C.6.cMediaPresentations
o C.6.dExploitationofOthers
o C.8.aPersonalPublicStatements
o I.e.Whenusingtechnologyforsupervision,are
youdoingsoinpublicandifsoarethe
supervisee’s,andtheclient’s,privacyand
confidentialityprotected?Areyoubeing
overheardbyothersthatmaymisinterpretwhat
professionalcounselorsdo?
5. Distance/Technology-Assisted
Counseling & Social Media
AMHCA
ACA
CODEOFETHICS 2014
o6.Technology‐Assisted
Counseling
oH.DistanceCounseling,
Technology,andSocial
Media
CODEOFETHICS 2010
o Anentiresectiondevotedto
ethicalpracticeofthis
method.
Neyland (2015)
o First5sectionsdealwith
distancecounselinganduse
oftechnologyforcounseling
relationships.
15
5. Distance/Technology-Assisted
Counseling & Social Media2
o ACACodeofEthics 2014 newsection H.6 dealsspecificallywith
socialmedia
o “H.6.aVirtual/ProfessionalPresence
o Counselorswhousesocialmediamaintainaprofessionalpresencethatisseparatefromtheir
personalpresence…
o “H.6.bSocialMediaasPartofInformedConsent
o Counselorsclearlyexplainthebenefits,limitations,andboundariesoftheuseofsocialmediaas
partoftheinformedconsentprocedurewiththeirclients…
o “H.6.cClientVirtualPresence
o Counselorsrespecttheprivacyoftheirclients’presentonsocialmediaunlessgivenconsentto
viewsuchinformation…
o “H.6.dUseofPublicSocialMedia
o Counselorstakeprecautionstoavoiddivulgingconfidentialinformationbypublicsocialmedia.”
THE “HOW-TO” OF
TECHNOLOGY IN
SUPERVISION
Neyland (2015)
16
Practical Recommendations:
Avoiding Pitfalls
oNotifysuperviseeand/orclientofwhat technologywillbe
used,andhow saidtechnologywillbeused.
oProtectprivateand/orconfidentialinformationabout
superviseeand/orclient.Differenttechnologyrequires
differentsafeguards.Examples:
o Ifusingweb‐basedvideoorlivestreamingtechnology e.g.Skype,
Google areyousureitisprotectedfrombeingdigitallyhijacked?;
frombeingoverheardbyothers?
o Isdetailedclientinformation e.g.clientname beingsharedviatextor
email?
o Arecomputers,emails,phones,etc.passwordprotected?
Avoiding Pitfalls2
oMakesure,inwrittenword,tocommunicatewithsupervisee
properly/professionally.Examples:
o Email“netiquette”informsusthatinterpretationofemailandtextsare
subjecttotheinterpretationofthereader,notthesender.Iswhatyour
sendinggoingtobeunderstoodasyouintendit?
o Areyoubeingclearandarticulateonwhatyouarecommunicating?
o Areyougoingtousewrittencommunicationaspartofthesupervisee’s
supervisorydocumentation?
o Ifso,isthesuperviseeawareofthat?
o Areyoumaintainprofessionalboundarieswithsupervisee?
Neyland (2015)
17
Best Practices for Supervisor
o Whatdosupervisorsneedinordertoprovideeffectivesupervisory
oversighttocounselors?
o GrafandStebnicki 2002 suggestedthattechnology‐basedclinical
supervisionrequires
a
trainingonnewsupervisiontechnology—bothongoingandfrequent;
b
extratimetoplanforsupervision;
c
increasedconsistencyandstructuredprotocolforsupervision concrete
guidelines,responsibilities,andexpectations ;
d
moreefficientcommunicationproceduresamongallinvolvedparties e.g.,
supervisee,universitysupervisor,andon‐sitesupervisor ;and
e
establishandopenrelationshipwithsuperviseebuildontrustandsolid
communication.
Best Practices for Supervisee
oDiscussyourboundariesofcomfortupfrontwithsupervisor.
oDonotrelyononemodalityallofthetime.
oKaplan,Wade,Conteh,andMartz 2011 furthersuggestto
a
bemindfulofconfidentialityatalltimes evenwhenattemptingto
diffuseasituationonline ;
b
usetheprivacysettingsonyoursocialmediaaccountstoassist
clients/studentsfromseeingyourinformation;
c
bemindfulofyouragency,school,orotherworksetting’spolicyon
useofsocialmedia/technology.
Neyland (2015)
18
PUTTING INTO PRACTICE
Vignette 1
Youandyoursuperviseehaveanappointmenttoconduct
supervisionthisweekthrough.
Fromyourofficeyoucallyoursupervisee.
Whenyoursuperviseeanswers,s/heimmediatelybegin
discussingaclientcasewithyou.
Itbecomescleartoyoufromvisualandauditorycuesthat
yoursuperviseeissittingatalocalcoffeehouse.
Neyland (2015)
19
Vignette 12
oDoesthisconcernyou?
oWhatarethepotential
issues?
oWhatcourse s of
actiondoyoutake
immediately?Later?
Vignette 2
Youandyoursuperviseehaveanarrangementwhere,for
someoftheirsessionswithclients,theylivestreamfrom
theirtabletdirectlytoyouinyouroffice,onyouroffice
computer.
Duringonesessionyounoticeyoursupervisee’svision
appearstobefixatedontheirfemaleclientschest.
Itisuncleariftheclientnoticesornot,althoughyou
suspectitwouldbedifficultforhernotto.
Neyland (2015)
20
Vignette 22
issues?
oWhatcourse s of
actiondoyoutake
immediately?Later?
Vignette 3
JaneisaninternshipstudentunderthesupervisionofMartha.
Marthahascalledofftogoonafieldtripwithherdaughter,andJane
willbecoveringalltheprogrammingfortheday.
MarthainstructedJanetocontactherifneeded,asshewouldhave
herphoneonatalltimes.
Lowandbehold,ayoungladywhoissuicidalandhasbeencutting
comesintothecounselor’soffice.
JanecallsMarthafromhercellphoneandMartharespondsinatext
message.
Hereistheconversation:
Neyland (2015)
21
Vignette 32
oM:Iseverythingokay?Withagroupofkids.
o J:No,haveasuicidalstudent.
oM:Whoisit?Haveweworkedwithherbefore?
o J:AshleyCrudz,maybeonceortwice.
oM:Hangon,Iwillexcusemyselfandgiveyouacall.She
hasdonethisbefore.Justkeepherintheoffice.
Vignette 33
issues?
oWhatcourse s of
actiondoyoutake
immediately?Later?
Neyland (2015)
22
DISCUSSION / QUESTIONS
REFERENCES & RESOURCES
Neyland (2015)
23
References
AmericanCounselingAssociation ACA . 2014 .ACAcodeofethics.Alexandria,VA:Author
AmericanMentalHealthCounselorsAssociation AMHCA . 2010 .ACMHCAcodeofethics.Alexandria,VA:Author
Barnes,P.,&Goeman,B. 2007 .TheuseofiPodtechnologyincounseloreducation.InR.Carlsen etal. Eds. ,Proceedingsoffsocietyforinformationtechnology&
teachereducationinternationalconference2007 pp.22–27 .Chesapeake,VA:AssociationforAssessmentinCounseling.
Bernard,J.M.,&Goodyear,R.K. 2014 .FundamentalsofClinicalSupervision 5thed. .Boston:PearsonEducation,Inc.
Byrne,A.,&Hartley,M. 2010 .Digitaltechnologyinthe21st century:Considerationsforclinicalsupervisioninrehabilitationeducation.RehabilitationEducation,24,
57‐68.
Chapman,R.A.,Baker,S.B.,Nassar‐McMillan,S.C.,&Gerler Jr.,E.R. 2011 .Cybersupervision:FurtherexaminationofSynchronousandasynchronousmodalitiesin
counselingpracticumsupervision.CounselorEducation&Supervision,50,298‐313.doi:10.1002/j.1556‐6978.2011.tb01917.x
Clingerman,T.L.,&Bernard,J.M. 2004 .Aninvestigationoftheuseofe‐mailasasupplementalmodalityforclinicalsupervision.CounselorEducation&Supervision, 44,
82‐95.doi:10.1002/j.1556‐6978.2004.tb01862.x
Coker,J.K.,Jones,W.P.,Staples,P.A.,&Harbach,R.L. 2002 .Cybersupervision inthefirstpracticum:Implicationsforresearchandpractice.JournalofGuidanceand
Counseling,18,33–37.
Herbert,J.T. 2004 .Clinicalsupervisioninrehabilitationsettings.InF.Chan,N.Berven,&K.Thomas Eds. ,Counselingtheoriesandtechniques for rehabilitationhealth
professionals.NewYork,NY:Springer.
References2
Kanz,J.E. 2001 .Clinical‐supervision.com:Issuesinprovisionofonlinesupervision.ProfessionalPsychology:ResearchandPractice,32 4 ,415‐420.doi:
10.1037//0735‐7028.32.4.415
Kaplan,D.M.,Wade,M.E.,Conteh,J.A.,&Martz,E.T. 2011 .Legalandethicalissuessurroundingtheuseofsocialmediaincounseling.CounselingandHuman
Development,43 8 ,1‐12.
OhioCounselor,SocialWorker,andMarriage&FamilyTherapyBoard. 2012 .Laws&Rules.Retrievedfromhttp://cswmft.ohio.gov/pdfs/4757.pdf.
Parea‐Dlitz,D.M.,&Mason,K.L. 2012 .Anationalsurveyofschoolcounselorsupervisionpractices:Administrative,clinical,peerandtechnology mediatedsupervision.
JournalofSchoolCounseling, 10 4 .
Read,B. 2005,March18 .Seriously,iPodsareeducational.ChronicleofHigherEducation,51 28 ,A30–A32.Retrievedfromhttp://chronicle.com
Stebnicki,M.A.&Glover,N.M. 2001 .E‐Supervisionasacomplementaryapproachtotraditionalface‐to‐faceclinicalsupervisioninrehabilitationcounseling:Problems
andsolutions.RehabilitationEducation,15 3 ,283‐293.
Vaccaro,N.,&W.,L.G. 2007 .Computer‐basedsupervision:Ethicalandpracticalimplicationsforcounseloreducatorsandsupervisors.CounselorEducation&
Supervision,47,46‐57.doi:10.1002/j.1556‐6978.2007.tb00037.x
Neyland (2015)
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ET2053 - American Mental Health Counselors Association

Transcription

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