Kivi Niria 2013

Transcription

Kivi Niria 2013

Sustainability:
Environment – Shipping
Pieter Huyskens
Programme Manager
Sustainability
@ DAMEN Research
Mobile: +31(0)610 33 33 82
Phone: +31(0)183 63 90 13
E-mail: [email protected]
HISTORY
In 1927, the brothers Jan and Rien Damen started building boats in
an old construction shed in a small village about ten kilometers
from the current Damen headquarters.
Understanding that meeting a customer’s needs with an affordable
product is crucial . They expanded their customer base steadily
and guaranteed their company’s growth and success .
The defining moment came in 1969 however, when Kommer Damen,
the son of founder Jan, took over the company.
Kommer Damen had something in mind that was new to the world
of shipbuilding: the standardization and series-production of
workboats.
He listened closely to his customers and noted their requirements
and demands.
•….
•……..
•…..
Sustainability:
FACTS AND FIGURES 2012
Annual Turnover :
1,7 billion Euro
Damen Shipyard Group:
38 yards worldwide
The Netherlands:
Abroad:
Employees:
The Netherlands:
International:
Annual deliveries 2012:
Tugs / Workboats:
Offshore Vessels:
High Speed Craft & Ferries:
Pontoons & Barges:
Dredging & Specials:
Cargo Vessels/Inland & Coastal:
Naval & Yachts:
16
22
7,700 worldwide
2,700
5,000
157
80
6
42
7
7
8
7
Sustainability:
Environment
• CO2 – Greenhouse Effect
• Finiteness of Fossile Energy
• Air Pollution & Healt Risks
Sustainability:
Greenhouse effect
Sustainability:
Carbon cycle
Uptake
Production
C + O2 → CO2
Sustainability:
Consumer society
Sustainability:
Consumer society
Sustainability:
Consumer society
2011: More than 25 cities with more
than 10 million inhabitants
Number of megacities increased
with 25% over the past 5 years
Sustainability:
Consumer society
Worldpopulation
7
6
Billion
5
4
3
Oil
2
Coal
1
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200
Year
Sustainability:
Energy cirsis
Sustainability:
Proved oil reserves at end 2009
Thousand million barrels
Sustainability:
Energy crisis
The world simply cannot sustain our current
energy consumption and production.
“Oil is too valuable to burn”
[Former Shah of Iran]
“The Stone Age didn’t end for
lack of stone, and the oil age
will end long before the world
runs out of oil.”
[Sheik Ahmed Zaki Yamani, Saudi oil
minister during the 1970's]
Sustainability:
Volumetric energy density [MJ/L]
Alternative energy sources
Coal
Diesel
Biodiesel
“Diesel”
Gasoline
“Gasoline”
Ethanol
LPG
“LH2”
“LNG”
“PH2”
Methanol“Ethanol”
“Methanol”
LNG
LH2
Methane
CNG
Li-ion
“CNG”
NG
PH2
Lead -acid
H2
Gravimetric energy density [MJ/kg]
Sustainability:
Alternative energy sources
1MJ =
278 Wh
Sustainability:
Exhaust gas components
CO2
NH3
CH4
CO
NOX
SOX
VOC’s
Sustainability:
Particulates
If a nanoparticle was the size of a tennis ball
PM0,1
PM2,5 PM10
A virus would be as big as a soccer ball
A PM2,5 particle would be te size of a person
A red blood cell would be te size of a big car
A PM10 particle would be the size of a small truck
And a tennis ball would range from Gorinchem to Delft
Sustainability:
Harmful emissions related to transport
Diesel
Impact
Local (health and welfare)
PM Lead SOx NOx VOC CO
X
Acidification
Regional
Global
Photochemical
Oxidants
Indirect greenhouse
effect
Direct Greenhouse
effect
Stratospheric Ozone
depletion
LNG
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CH4 CO2 N2O CFC
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
[Fiaz A., World Bank (1991)]
Sustainability:
Shipping
• Image
• In comparison …
• Regulations
• Room for improvement
Sustainability:
Shipping
Sustainability:
Global CO2 emission by industry
= 3,3%
Sustainability:
Global CO2 emission by country
986,308
3,3%
Sustainability:
Transport fuel consumption
80% of world trade by
volume is carried by sea
Fuel
[UNCTAD, 2007]
Road traffic
Aviation
11%
15%
Shipping
73%
Data from Eyring et al. J Geophys Res 110 (2005)
Sustainability:
Transport CO2 emission
280
Sustainability:
Transport emissions
SOx
27%
1%
73%
NOx
42%
54%
5%
Data from Eyring et al. J Geophys Res 110 (2005)
Sustainability:
Environmental regulations
Marpol 73/78
Sulfur Limit in Fuel
5
4
Sulfur [%]
Annex I - Oil
Annex II - Noxious Liquid Substances carried in Bulk
Annex III - Harmful Substances carried in Packaged Form
Annex IV - Sewage
Annex V - Garbage
Annex VI - Air Pollution
SOx ECA
3
Global
2
1
0
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
2025
2030
Year
NOx Limit
18
tier I
Tier II
Tier III
16
NOX limit [g/kWh]
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Rated engine speed [rpm]
neff
nPTI
 M
 M
 nME


 ∏ f j  ∑ PME ( i ) .C FME ( i ) .SFC ME ( i )  + ( PAE .C FAE .SFC AE *) +   ∏ f j . ∑ PPTI ( i ) − ∑ f eff ( i ) .P AEeff ( i ) C FAE .SFC AE




 j =1
i =1
i =1

 j =1  i =1


EEDI =
f i .Capacity .V ref . fW
EEDI =
  neff
 −  ∑ f eff ( i ) .Peff ( i ) .C FME .SFC ME 

  i =1


Sustainability:
Sankey diagram
Sustainability:
Trends
• Hybridisation
• Air Lubrication
• LNG
Sustainability:
Average Operational Profile
Harbour Tug
•sfc [g/kWh]
60
Time [%]
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
20
40
60
Engine Load [%]
80
100
•PM, NOx, HC [%]
Operational Profile
Sustainability:
Propulsion Train Concepts
Diesel Direct
Diesel Electric (Series Hybrid)
Parallel Hybrid
Series-Parallel Hybrid
Sustainability:
Hybrid Control Modes
•Mode 1: Low Speed Transit, Standby
•Mode 2: Standby With Low Battery
•Mode 3: Low Power Assist, Low Speed Transit
•Mode 4: High Speed Transit, High Power Assist
Sustainability:
Hybrid Strategies
•Strategy 2
•Power
•Power
•Strategy 1
•Operational profile
•Engine load
•Energy
storage/recovery
•Operational profile
•Engine load
•Energy storage/recovery
•Time
• Small engine = low weight & cost
• Big battery = high weight & cost
• No start-stop
•Time
• Big engine = high weight & cost = high efficiency
• Small battery = low weight & cost
• Start-stop, but engines off when power- demand is low
Sustainability:
One Sold, One for Stock!
Sustainability:
Trends
• Hybridisation
• Air Lubrication
• LNG
Air Lubrication
Length
: 10,0 m
Speed
: 21,0 km/u
Deadweight : 2,858 kW
Air Lubrication: concept
Air Lubrication: reduced friction
Air Lubrication: full scale
Applied to a Damen Ecoliner 110
Length o.a.
Breadth moulded
3.65 m
Draft, design
3.55 m
Typical operational speed range
2858 ton
Cargo hold capacity
3280 m³
Container capacity
120 TEU
Main engine
1307 kW
Speed
21 km/hr
Airdraft
13 – 16 km/h
11.45 m
Depth
Deadweight
11 – 19%
110.00 m
6.70 m
Ecoliner
Sustainability:
Trends
• Hybridisation
• Air Lubrication
• LNG
Sustainability:
E3 Ferry
Alt. 1:
Diesel Direct + SCR + DPF
Alt. 2:
LNG - Electric
Sustainability:
Energy Consumption Comparison
Daily Energy Consumption
140%
Relative Energy Consumption
120%
100%
80%
LNG Direct
would
increase
efficiency by
+/- 12%
Diesel Direct
Diesel Direct +SCR+DPF
60%
40%
20%
0%
LNG Electric
Sustainability:
Diesel Engine
LNG Genset
MTU 16 V2000 M61
MHI GS 12R-PTK Miller
50%
50%
40%
40%
Efficiency
Efficiency
LNG Genset vs Diesel Engine Efficiency
30%
20%
30%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Power
80%
100%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Power
80%
No LNG engines available for Gas-Direct at the time of this project (mid. 2012)
100%
Sustainability:
Emissions comparison
Emissions Comparison
20
Calculated with
data available
mid. 2012.
18
16
14
Mass
12
10
Diesel Direct
8
Diesel Direct + SCR + DPF
6
LNG Electric
4
2
0
NOX
SOX
(x10 kg) (x0.1 kg)
PM
(kg)
CO2
(ton)
CH4 CO2, eq
(x10 kg) (ton)
Exhaust Gas Component
Sustainability:
Exhaust Gas Aftertreatment
Sustainability:
Relative CAPEX comparison
Relative Costs Associated to "GREEN" systems
220%
200%
50% 0%
Calculated with
data available
mid. 2012.
5%
180%
160%
86%
140%
120%
23%
100%
40% 3% 1%
80%
60%
51%
11%
40%
20%
23%
0%
0%
LNG Electric
SCR + DPF + Exhaust
Ureum System
Fuel Systeem
Eelctr. Installation
Gensets
Engines
Sustainability:
Relative OPEX comparison
Relative Comparison of Operational Costs
105%
Calculated with
data available
mid. 2012.
3%
100%
2%
96%
Annual Ureum Cost
95%
Maintenance Costs
???
91%
90%
85%
LNG Electric
Annual Fuel Costs
Sustainability:
Cost
Life Cycle Cost
CAPEX LNG
CAPEX DD + SCR+
DPF
CAPEX DD
Time, i.e. fuel consumption
Three parameters influence the economical feasability:
(1) Add. investment cost LNG system, (2) Price difference LNG and fuel oil, (3) Operational profile of the vessel.
Sustainability:

Kivi Niria 2013

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