Ground-Source Heat Pump Examples Warmtepompen

Ground-Source Heat Pump Examples Warmtepompen

Studiedag Warmtepompen
Technologisch Instituut vzw / Ingenieurshuis
Antwerpen, 7.12.2005
Ground-Source Heat Pump Examples
Warmtepompen-Vorbeelden
Dr. Burkhard Sanner
European Geothermal Energy Council, Brussels
Geothermische Vereinigung e.V., Geeste, Germany
Geothermal Energy
Definition:
Geothermal Energy is energy stored in the form of
heat beneath the
surface of the
solid earth
(This definition is
official in Germany,
in guideline
VDI 4640)
Graph from Geothermal Education Office, California
1
Shallow Geothermal Energy
for Heat and Cold
The various shallow geothermal methods
• horizontal loops
• borehole heat exchangers
(vertical loops)
• energy piles
• ground water wells
• water from mines and tunnels
Rohre in Graben
1.2 - 2.0 m depth
10 - 250 m depth
8 - 45 m depth
4 - 50 m depth
Verteiler im Haus
BHE
Grundwasserspiegel
Pumpe
Groundwater wells
Serienschaltung
Shallow Geothermal Energy
for Heat and Cold
The various shallow geothermal methods
• horizontal loops
1.2 - 2.0 m depth
• borehole heat exchangers
10 - 250 m depth
(vertical loops)
about 80 % of all systems
• energy piles
8 - 45 m depth
• ground water wells
4 - 50 m depth
• water from mines and tunnels
Rohre in Graben
Verteiler im Haus
BHE
Grundwasserspiegel
Pumpe
Groundwater wells
Serienschaltung
2
Shallow Geothermal Energy
for Heat and Cold
Ground Source Heat
Pumps (GSHP)
First GSHP plant in 1945 in
Indianapolis, USA (after
Crandall, 1946)
GSHPsystems
(after
Kemler,
1947)
Shallow Geothermal Energy
for Heat and Cold
GSHPsystems
(after
Kemler,
1947)
3
Shallow Geothermal Energy
for Heat and Cold
Small factory for optical glass fibres „Verolum“ in Schwalbach
near Wetzlar, built in 1980 and heated by a GSHP
22 kW heat, 8 BHE (coaxial) each ca. 50 m deep
Shallow Geothermal Energy
for Heat and Cold
Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) for cooling
Schematic of first GSHP plant with direct cooling from borehole
heat exchangers in Wetzlar, 1987 (from Sanner, 1990)
4
Shallow Geothermal Energy
for Heat and Cold
Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) for cooling
Schematic of GSHP plant with direct cooling from borehole heat
exchangers via cooling ceiling
Example:
Commercial building “Geotherm” Linden, Germany, built 1991
Research plant SchöffengrundSchwalbach, Germany
1985-89
Similar activities in the 1980s
in Elgg ZH, Switzerland, USA
and Canada
Research plant for investigating
the heat transport in the underground and the geothermal
energy use with borehole heat
exchangers
5
Examples
•
•
•
•
•
Residential houses
Residential areas
Small commercial buildings
Large commercial buildings
Specialties, Europe
• Some info on planning tools, licensing and
quality control in Germany
Residential house in
Delbrück, Germany
- Living area 331 m2
- Floor (slab) heating,
supply temperature
max. 35 °C (ca. 60 % )
- Radiators, supply
temperature max.
50 °C (ca. 40 %)
New two-family-house (1998), 2 floors, high insulation standard,
the heat pump serves for heating and domestic hot water
6
Residential house in
Delbrück, Germany
Heizung (FB
+ Radiatoren)
- Brine-to-water heat
pump with 13.6 kW
heating output
- 2 Borehole heat
exchangers (doubleU), each je 99 m deep
2 EWS
- The Underground
consists of Cretaceous Marls
PS
WP
WW
WP: Wärmepumpe
PS: Pufferspeicher
WW: Warmwasser
Residential house in
Delbrück, Germany
Energy data for 1999:
Heat pump electric power
consumption
7,62 MWh/a
Heat delivered
29,48 MWh/a
Seasonal Performance Factor
β = 3,87
Energy cost for 1999:
total:
specific:
666,17 /a
2,01 /m2/a
7
Residential house in
Wermelskirchen, Germany
Historic house Kolfhausen,
from 17th century
Heat pump in old vault, with
designer and owner (photo: Lund)
Installed capacity 70 kW
10 BHE each 80-100 m deep
Residential areas
Dortmund-Mengede,
Rittershofer Straße
Werne,
Am Fürstenhof
Construction areas with heating by individual BHE
and Ground Source Heat Pumps
8
Residential areas
200
Wärmeleitfähigkeit des
Untergrunds 2 W/m/K
160
Zeithorizont 30 Jahre
120
80
40
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Abstand zwischen den Erdwärmesonden [m]
45
Required prolongation
of BHE (reduction of
geothermal yield) in
dense construction
Residential areas
Construction on the site in
Werne, and drilling for BHE
9
Geothermal hotel in the
Black Forest, Germany
New Annex to Hotel „Schlehdorn
am Feldberg“ in Altglashütten,
Geothermal HP, 3 BHE 210 m deep
Photos: systherma gmbh
Sport facility,
Hessisch-Oldendorf, Germany
Sports-hall (Gym)
Hessisch Oldendorf
• GSHP heating output 21 kW
• 3 BHE, each 90 m
• Warm water by solar
collectors
• Waste heat from solar
collectors is used to
recharge ground temperature
10
Commercial building in
Wetzlar, Germany
The two-storey building from 1992 with laboratories and offices
is heated by radiators and fan-coil-units.
•
•
•
Heating with brine-to-water heat pump, 47 kW nominal heating
output
8 vertical BHE
(double-U),
80 m deep
Geology:
Paleozoic sediments
(devonian / upper
carboniferous
greywackes)
Commercial building in
Wetzlar, Germany
The two-storey building from 1992 with laboratories and offices
is heated by radiators and fan-coil-units.
•
•
•
Heating with brine-to-water heat pump,
47 kW nominal heating output
8 vertical BHE
(double-U),
80 m deep
Geology:
Paleozoic sediments
(devonian / upper
carboniferous
greywackes)
11
Commercial building in
Wetzlar, Germany
3 heating circuits:
Radiators north and
south (supply temperature ca. 45 °C)
Ventilation (central
air handling unit,
blowing into the
central corridor,
and fan coil units
in some selected
rooms)
Direct cooling with cold water from the borehole heat ex-changers
is provided through the central air handling and fan coil units
Commercial building in
Wetzlar, Germany
(166.7 MWh)
Energy Use
100 %
Electric power
transmission losses
1%
Losses in
power plant
35 %
End
Energy
23 %
(46.1
MWh)
3%
Transport to
Primary Energy
power plant
62 %
(128.6 MWh)
oil / conv. AC
Cold from
the ground
19 %
(50,1 MWh)
GSHP
Geothermal Heat
58 %
(70.6 MWh)
Energy supplied to the
distribution system is 100 %
Energy flow diagram for
one year, between July
1995 and July 1996
Partic. SO2
NOx
CO
CxHy
CO2
Comparison of GSHP-system in
UEG laboratories, Wetzlar, to a
theoretical conventional system
for the same building
12
Commercial building in
Aachen, Germany
Office building „VIKA“, Aachen
- Floor area 2100 m2
- Heating and cooling through BHE
Heating with heat pump
Direct cooling from BHE
- 28 BHE each 43 m deep
- Annual heat and cold production
133 MWh with only 19 MWh electric
power consumption
- On top of the BHE-field today a
parking lot is located
Commercial building in
Aachen, Germany
A Thermal Response Test was done
to determine the
Thermal Properties
of the ground
View of the BHE field before
connecting the pipes
13
Commercial building in
Aachen, Germany
Photo: EWS
The building „VIKA“ almost
completed, the BHE field in
the foreground to the left
Medium commercial building
in Wetzlar, Germany
BHE for Thermal
Response Test,
λ = 2,7 W/m/K
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
total
Heating
[KWh]
63718
52677
36469
19276
9761
5199
3586
3619
7320
14
19560
12
36011
10
8
59665
6
4
316860
Fluid temperature [ºC]
Month
Viterra Building
for Philips in
Wetzlar;
Cooling
[KWh]
432
667
3861
14031
20777
23926
28951
21679
15338
6904
2069
292
138927
2
demand data after
simulation, EEDcalculation for BHE
design
0
-2
-4
JA N
FEB
MA R
Base load
A PR
MA Y
JUN
JUL
Y ear 25
A UG
Peak cool load
SEP
OCT
NOV
DEC
Peak heat load
14
Medium commercial building
in Wetzlar, Germany
Viterra Building for
Philips in Wetzlar;
Drilling in December
2004
32 BHE each 110 m deep
New headquarter of German
Air Traffic Control (DFS)
Headquarter of the German Air Traffic Control (DFS) in Langen
near Frankfurt, architects´s concept; completed 2002
Total area
57.800 m2
Cooling output from BHE
340 kW
Heating Output from HP
330 kW
154 Borehole Heat Exchangers (BHE), each 70 m deep
15
New headquarter of German
Air Traffic Control (DFS)
1000
800
Cooling with chillers
Cooling with Borehole HX
Heat from District Heating
Heating with Heat Pump
600
400
200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Heating and cooling demand, data from simulation
New headquarter of German
Air Traffic Control (DFS)
Design: Determination of
Ground Thermal Conductivity
using Thermal Response Test
Equipment on
site in Langen
Photo: UBeG, Wetzlar
16
New headquarter of German
Air Traffic Control (DFS)
Chinese delegation
on the construction
site
Placement of
Borehole Heat
Exchangers
New headquarter of German
Air Traffic Control (DFS)
(LEO: Low Energy Office)
900000
800000
700000
Energy cost
Maintenance cost
Investment cost
600000
500000
Large heat pump in the
DFS building
400000
300000
200000
100000
Annual total cost (after
Seidinger et al., 2001)
0
LEO DFS
LEO without
Borehole HX
Standard
WSO 95
17
Large commercial building
in Frankfurt/Main, Germany
High-rising building
„West-End Duo“ or
„Tower 24“ in Frankfurt,
with groundwater heating
and cooling system
Rücklauf
Heizung
Vorlauf
Heizung
reversible
Wärmepumpe
Wärmetauscher (Wärmepumpe)
Wärmetauscher
Verpressbrunnen
Förderbrunnen
Quartär
Tertiär
AQUIFER
Förderpumpe
Filterstrecke ca. 85 - 140m
Filterstrecke ca. 85 - 140m
UBeG GbR Dr. E. Mands & M. Sauer - Zum Boden 6 - 35580 Wetzlar - www.ubeg.de
Schema geothermische Grundwassernutzung Tower 24
Large commercial building
in Frankfurt/Main, Germany
Mining field for
„Tower 24“
Förderbrunnen
Förderbrunnen
Reserve
Schluckbrunnen
Schluckbrunnen
Reserve
Schluckbrunnen
N
0m
25 m
50 m
18
Large commercial building
in Frankfurt/Main, Germany
Well-drilling
for
„Tower 24“
Tourism in the extreme North:
Hotel Storforsen, Sweden
19
Tourism in the extreme North:
Hotel Storforsen, Sweden
Cooling
machines
refrigerators
freezers
Swimming pool
HX
Heat
pumps
(2 x 113 kW)
primary circuit
HX
Schematic of Hotel
Storforsen shallow
geothermal plant
HX:
Heat Exchanger
E-boiler: Electric heating
(peak/back-up)
TD:
Towel Drying
HW-St.: Hot Water Storage
Floor
heating
secondary circ.
HX
Recharge Cooling
(room air)
33 Borehole heat exchangers
each 160 m deep
E-boiler
warm tap
water
HX
E-boiler
cold
tap water
HWSt.
TD
DHW
GSHP in the warm South:
Supermarket in Mersin, Turkey
Well drilling for the Underground
cold storage system in Mersin
(spring 2001)
Number of wells
Depth of wells
Distance between the wells
Type of aquifer:
2
100 m
81 m
sandstone
Flowrate
4 l/s (14.4 m3/h)
Cooling load
2401.5 kWh/day
Design made within IEAco-operation, by Çukurova
University, Adana, Turkey
20
GSHP in the warm South:
Supermarket in Mersin, Turkey
Yonca Supermarket in Mersin
in October 2001
GSHP test sites
New test sites in:
•Paderborn (Germany)
•Mechelen/Mol (Belgium)
•others?
German assistance during installation of the research plant, in Daejon,
South Korea, April/May 2003
Photos: hp system tech
21
Planning and design
Design software for GSHP layout
21,1 m
Simplified software now is
in use in North America and
USA; example with EED
30,4 m
Numerical simulation is
used since the mid 1980s
for design of large GSHP;
example with TRADIKON-3D
Fluid temperature [ºC]
20
0,0 m
0,0 m
15
Base load
Peak cool load
Peak heat load
10
5
0
-5
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
Year 5
Planning and design
Design guidelines for GSHP layout
VDI 4640 „Thermal Use of the Underground“, Part 1-4
Part 1 General / Licenses / Environment, status 2001, under
revision
Part 2 Ground Source Heat Pumps, status Dec., 2000, under
revision
Part 3 UTES, status 2000
Part 4 Direct uses (cooling, air-heat-exchanger), status 2004
22
Planning and design
Design guidelines for GSHP layout
VDI 4640 „Thermal Use of the Underground“, Part 1-4
Part 1 General / Licenses / Environment, status 2001, under
revision
Part 2 Ground Source Heat Pumps, status Dec., 2000, under
revision
Part 3 UTES, status 2000
Part 4 Direct uses (cooling, air-heat-exchanger), status 2004
ASHRAE GSHP Design/Data Manual
IGSHPA Design guidelines
Planning and design
Design guidelines for GSHP layout
VDI 4640 „Thermal Use of the Underground“, Part 1-4
Part 1 General / Licenses / Environment, status 2001, under
revision
Part 2 Ground Source Heat Pumps, status Dec., 2000, under
revision
Part 3 UTES, status 2000
Part 4 Direct uses (cooling, air-heat-exchanger), status 2004
ASHRAE GSHP Design/Data Manual
IGSHPA Design guidelines
…and Europe?
23
Planning and design
Design guidelines for GSHP layout
VDI 4640 „Thermal Use of the Underground“, Part 1-4
Part 1, General / Licenses / Environment, status 2001, under
revision
Part 2, Ground Source Heat Pumps, status Dec., 2000, under
revision
Part 3, UTES, status 2000
Part 4, Direct uses (cooling, air-heat-exchanger), status 2004
Planning and design
Design support from state agencies
Details from CD-ROM with geological data
(NRW state, Germany) and map with suitable
locations (Hessen state, Germany, right)
24
Quality
Quality control measures
DVGW W 120 G: Certification of drillers for closed-loop BHE
BWP (maybe together with GtV, FIGAWA and others) is
preparing a certificate for Borehole Heat Exchangers
Some statistics for the
shallow geothermal sector
(after data from IZW,
Hannover and BWP,
Munich)
10000
Number of units
Annual heat
pump sales in
Germany,
according to
heat sources
9249
9000
Water
8000
Ground
7349
7000
6653
6799
2001
2002
6000
4744
5000
3720
4000
2889
3000
2000
3945
1792
1000
0
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2003
2004
Heat pumps used for hot tap water only are not included
Data for 2004 preliminary
25
Some statistics for the
shallow geothermal sector
Heat Pump installations
in Sweden (from SVEP)
Development of GSHP
installations in
Switzerland, in MWth
(from Kohl et al., 2002)
Geothermal Energy Use
in the EU 2004 (Heat)
Annual Heat Production
10000
9000
Geothermal Heat
7000
Data from WC 2005
6000
5000
4000
doubtf
3000
2000
United Kingdom
Ireland
Spain
Portugal
Belgium
Greece
Netherlands
Slovenia
Poland
Czech Republic
Finland
Austria
Germany
Slovak Republic
France
Italy
Hungary
0
Denmark
1000
Sweden
Annual Production GWh/a
8000
26
Shallow Geothermal Energy
chauffage du
bâtiment
extraction du chaleur
de la terre
pompe à
chaleur
electrique
Solar Absorption Cooling
and Geothermal Heat
Pump for the Renewable
Energy House, Bruxelles
230 / 400 V
chaleur
solaire
système de
refroidissement
d´absorption
rejets de chaleur
dans la terre
4 sondes terrestres à 115 m
ventilation du
bâtiment
4 sondes terrestres à 115 m
Shallow Geothermal Energy
Drilling at REH on 18.11.05
Solar Absorption Cooling
and Geothermal Heat
Pump for the Renewable
Energy House, Bruxelles
27
For more information:
www.egec.org
www.geothermie.de
Thank you for your attention!
28