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O NOBELU I NOBELOVCIMA
nobelove zvezde U susret novoj rubrici u Bankarstvu koju smo nazvali Nobelove zvezde i koja će biti posvećena samo dobitnicima Nobelove nagrade za ekonomiju u ovom broju dajemo kratak osvrt o industrijalcu koji je osnovao fond za nagrađivanje “onih koji su u pretekloj godini iskazali najveću uslugu čovečanstvu”, načinu dodeljivanja nagrada i njegovom istorijatu. Alfred Bernard Nobel (1833-1896) bio je potomak naučnika iz 17 veka Olausa Rudbecka i treći sin Imanuela (Immanuela) Nobela. Rođen je u Štokholmu ali se sa porodicom rano preselio u Sankt Peterburg, Rusija. Otac Imanuel, pronalazač moderne šperploče, u ovom gradu je započeo rad na “morskim bel Alfred No minama”. Nakon bankrotstva, porodica se vraća u Švedsku gde se već odrasli Nobel, zajedno sa ocem, posvetio proučavanju eksploziva i sigurnoj proizvodnji i upotrebi nitroglicerina. U njihovoj porodičnoj fabrici u Heleneborgu dogodilo se nekoliko eksplozija a 1864. godine u jednoj od njih stradao je Alfredov mlađi brat Emil i nekoliko radnika. Radeći sa nitroglicerinom 1867. godine slučajno dolazi do otkrića novog eksploziva - dinamita. Nakon toga, 1875. proizveo je praskav želatin a 1886. bezdimni barut belistit. Nobel je bio i vlasnik kompanije Bofors Defence AB od 1894. do 1896. godine koja se od proizvođača gvožđa i čelika preobrazila u hemijsku industriju i modernog proizvođača oružja. Bofors je tako postao snadbevač haubicama, topovima i drigim oružjima brojnih država. Osim toga, bavio se i eksploatacijom izvora na�e u Bakuu. U Francuskoj je greškom 1888. godine u novinama objavljena vest o smrti Alfreda Nobela uz osudu njegovog najpoznatijeg izuma - dinamita. To je, po svoj prilici, bio i osnovni pokretač ideje da sa delom svog imetka ustanovi fondaciju za nagrađivanje najznačajnijih naučnih i književnih dostignuća - Nobelovu nagradu. Tako je 1895. godine u Parizu, u švedsko - norveškom klubu, potpisao testament da deo svog bogatstva od 31 milion švedskih kruna ostavlja za Nobelovu nagradu. Samo godinu dana kasnije umro je od moždanog udara u San Remu, Italija a sahranjen u Stokholmu. Od 1901. godine nagrada se dodeljuje svake bankarstvo � - � ���� O NOBELU I NOBELOVCIMA ��� nobel stars ON NOBEL AND NOBEL PRIZE WINNERS T bankarstvo � - � ���� owards the introduction of the new column in Bankarstvo Magazine, which we have named Nobel Stars, and which will be dedicated to the winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics only, this issue features a brief retrospective on the industrialist who established the fund for financing the awards “to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind”, on the manner and history of the Prizes award process. Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833-1896) was the descendant of the 17th century scientist Olaus Rudbeck, and the third son of Immanuel Nobel. He was born in Stockholm, but soon moved to Sankt Petersburg, Russia, with his family. In this town, his father, Immanuel, the inventor of modern plywood lathe, started to work on “sea mines”. Upon bankruptcy, the family returned to Sweden, where already grown-up Alfred, together with his father, devoted himself to the study of explosives and the safe manufacture and use of nitroglycerin. Several explosions occurred in their family factory in Heleneborg, in one of which Alfred’s younger brother Emil and several workers were killed in 1864. ��� Detalj sa svečane dodele Nobelovih nagrada za 2009. godinu, u Koncertnoj dvorani, 10. decembra 2009. godine u Stokholmu A general view during the Nobel Foundation Prize Awards Ceremony 2009 at the Concert Hall on December 10, 2009 in Stockholm In 1867, working on nitroglycerin, he incidentally invented the new explosive – dynamite. A�er that, in 1875 he produced the blasting gelatin (gelignite), and in 1886 the smokeless powder ballistite. From 1894 till 1896 Nobel was also the owner of the Bofors Defence AB company, which, from iron and steal manufacturer, turned into a chemical company and a modern weapon manufacturer. Thus Bofors became the supplier of howitzers, cannons, and other weapons to numerous countries. The company also exploited the oil wells in Baku. In 1888 in France the newspapers mistakenly published the news on the death of Alfred Nobel, condemning his most famous invention – dynamite. This was, in all likelihood, the main trigger of the idea to use a part of his property to establish a fund for financing awards for the most significant scientific and literary achievements – the Nobel Prize. Thus, in 1895 in Paris, in a Swedish-Norwegian club, he dodeliti barem jednom u pet godina. Nagrade se dobijaju iz kamate na glavnicu sredstava koju je Nobel zaveštao. Visina nagrade je jednaka za svih 6 kategorija ali iznos nagrade nije svake godine isti jer zavisi od veličine fondova i njihove rentabilnosti. Oko 100 osoba ili institucija svake godine nominuju kvalifikovani predlagači koji svoje odluke prosleđuju nadležnim odborima ili komisijama za svih šest Nobelovih nagrada. Odbori se sastoje od 5 do 8 članova. Odbor za Nobelovu nagradu za ekonomiju podnosi svoj izbor Švedskoj akademiji na finalno odobrenje. Interesantno je istaći da je najveći broj dobitnika Nobelove nagrade, čak njih 83, sa Kembridž univerziteta iz Velike Britanije. Još jedan podatak je veoma zanimljiv: od svih Nobelovih nagrada ona za mir najteže je pronalazila zaslužne pojedince i organizacije i od 1901. najviše je godina u kojima nije dodeljena. Nobelova nagrada je verovatno jedna od najvrednijih i najcenjenijih priznanja koje se u svetu dodeljuju pojedincima ili organizacijama, doprinoseći unapređenju najvažnijih naučnih i umetničkih disciplina i donoseći veliki uticaj onima koji su je dobili. Do sada su jedino Marija Kiri i Linus Poling dobili dva puta Nobelovu nagradu iz različitih područja i dve nagrade iz istog područja, odnosno nagrade za mir, Međunarodni odbor Crvenog krsta iz Ženeve. Mnoga slavna imena poput Ajnštajna, Marije i Pjera Kiri, Bernarda Šoa, Pasternaka, Anatola Fransa, Žida, Tagore, Miltona Fridmana, Ivana Petrovića Pavlova, Roberta Koha, Martina Lutera Kinga, UNICEF-a, Eli Vizela, Nelsona Mendele....., ove nagrade su svakako zaslužili ali je i mnogima sud javnosti osporavao vrednosti i ispravnost izbora. To ipak nije nikada umanjio značaj i ugled ove nagrade i ugasio sjaj Nobelovih zvezda. Svetlana Pantelić Specijalista za marketing i informisanje UBS Konserthuset (Koncertna dvorana) Stokholm Konserthuset (Concert Hall) Stockholm bankarstvo � - � ���� godine na dan Nobelove smrti - 10. decembra, pojedincima ili organizacijama, bez obzira na narodnost, koji su stekli najviše zasluge za čovečanstvo, kako stoji u oporuci. Za ovih sto osam godina, jedino ratnih godina 1941. i 1942. nisu deljene Nobelove nagrade. Na početku nagrađivani su kandidati iz oblasti fizike, hemije, medicine, književnosti ali i oni koji su dali veliki doprinos miru u svetu. Nobelova nagrada za ekonomiju dodeljuje se tek od 1968. godine. Ona nije utemeljena testamentom Alfreda Nobela već ju je ustanovila Švedska banka, najstarija centralna banka na svetu, na 300-tu godišnjicu svog osnivanja. Laureati iz ekonomije primaju diplomu i zlatnu medalju od švedskog kralja na istoj ceremoniji na kojoj i ostali dobitnici Nobelove nagrade. Obično se naziva Nobelova nagrada za ekonomiju ili Nobelova memorijalna nagrada za ekonomiju. U 1995. godini odlučeno je da nagrada za ekonomiju bude definisana kao nagrada za društvene nauke u koje spadaju i političke nauke, psihologija i sociologija. Nagradu od 10 miliona kruna mogu podeliti najviše troje dobitnika. Isto tako ona može i da se ne dodeli ako neka komisija ili odbor smatra da je niko nije zaslužio. Svaka se nagrada, međutim, mora ��� bankarstvo � - � ���� ��� signed his will assigning a part of his wealth in the amount of 31 million Swedish crowns to the Nobel Prize. He suffered a stroke and died a year later in San Remo, Italy, and was buried in Stockholm. Since 1901 the Prize has been awarded each year on the day of Nobel’s death - December 10th, to individuals or organizations, having conferred the greatest benefit on mankind, without distinction of nationality, as stipulated in the will. During these one hundred and eight years, it was only in the war years of 1941 and 1942 that the Noble Prizes were not awarded. At the beginning, it was the candidates in the fields of physics, chemistry, medicine, literature that were awarded, along with those who largely contributed to the world peace. It was not until 1968 that the Nobel Prize in Economics started to be awarded. It was not established by Alfred Nobel’s will, but by the Bank of Sweden, the oldest central bank in the world, on its 300th anniversary of establishment. Laureates in the field of economics receive a diploma and a gold medal from the King of Sweden at the same award ceremony as the other Nobel Prize winners. It is usually called the Nobel Prize in Economics, or the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. In 1995 the prize in economics was redefined as a prize in social science, including political science, psychology and sociology. The prize amounting to 10 million crowns can be divided among the maximum of three winners. Also, it may happen that the prize is not awarded to anyone, if the panel or the commi�ee believes that no one deserves it. Each of the prizes, however, must be awarded at least once every five years. The prizes are awarded from the interest on the principal of the funds bequeathed by Nobel. The amount of the prize is equal in all six categories, but the actual prize is not the same each year, since it depends on the size of funds and their profitability. Each year about 100 persons or institutions are nominated by the qualified people, who submit their decisions to the competent commi�ees or panels for each of the six Nobel Prizes. The Commi�ees consist of 5 to 8 members. The Nobel Prize in Economics Commi�ee submits its choice to the Swedish Academy for final approval. It is interesting Alfred Nobel to highlight that the largest number of Nobel Prize winners, as many as 83 of them, come from the Cambridge University in the UK. Another notable piece of information is as follows: out of all Nobel Prizes, the Commi�ee has had the hardest time finding individuals and organizations worthy of the Nobel Peace Prize, and since 1901 this Prize has recorded the largest number of years in which it was not awarded. Nobel Prize is probably one of the most valuable and reputable acknowledgements awarded to individuals and organizations in the world, contributing to the promotion of the most important scientific and artistic disciplines, and bestowing large influence to its winners. Until now, only Maria Curie and Linus Pauling received the Nobel Prize twice in different fields, and the International Red Cross Commi�ee from Geneva twice in the same field, i.e. Nobel Peace Prize. Many famous people, like Einstein, Maria and Pierre Curie, Bernard Shaw, Pasternak, Anatole France, Andre Gide, Tagore, Milton Friedman, Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Robert Koch, Martin Luther King, UNICEF, Elie Wiesel, Nelson Mandela, etc., certainly deserved their Prizes, but many times the general public disputed the worth and fairness of the selection. This, however, has never diminished the importance and reputation of the Nobel Prize nor stifled the glow of the Nobel stars.
