In-Mold Labeling (IML)

In-Mold Labeling (IML)
for HP Indigo Labels and Packaging Digital Presses
How-to Guide
November 2015
© 2015 Copyright HP Development Company,
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Part Number: CA494-18500
Edition: November 2015
Table of contents
1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................... 1
Who can benefit from reading this document? ..................................................................................................... 1
2 Introduction to in-mold labeling (IML) ............................................................................................................ 2
What is in-mold labeling (IML)? ............................................................................................................................. 2
Market and applications ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) ................................................................................................ 5
Durable goods ..................................................................................................................................... 5
3 Production process ........................................................................................................................................ 6
General ................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Design and Pre-press ............................................................................................................................................ 6
Substrates .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
Priming ................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Printing ................................................................................................................................................................ 13
Finishing (varnish) ............................................................................................................................................... 14
Converting (die-cutting and stacking) ................................................................................................................ 17
Molding ................................................................................................................................................................ 19
Injection Molding ............................................................................................................................... 20
Blow Molding ..................................................................................................................................... 21
Thermoforming ................................................................................................................................. 22
Examples of E2E (end-to-end) process .............................................................................................................. 23
Injection molding ............................................................................................................................... 23
Blow molding ..................................................................................................................................... 24
4 Quality assurance and best practice .............................................................................................................. 25
Issues affecting IML end product quality and production process ..................................................................... 25
Standard quality tests for labels and end product ............................................................................................. 27
Regulatory aspects .............................................................................................................................................. 29
Appendix A Obtaining customer support .......................................................................................................... 30
Materials Application Team (MAT) ...................................................................................................................... 30
My HP Indigo ........................................................................................................................................................ 30
RIT’s HP Indigo Over-Print Varnish (OPV) performance program ...................................................................... 30
Suppliers and vendors list ................................................................................................................................... 31
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iii
Appendix B Related documentation ................................................................................................................. 33
Appendix C Glossary ....................................................................................................................................... 34
Terms and acronyms ........................................................................................................................................... 34
Appendix D Recycling codes ............................................................................................................................ 37
Recycling codes ................................................................................................................................................... 37
Appendix E Service and support ....................................................................................................................... 39
Printing instructions ............................................................................................................................................ 40
iv
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1
Overview
Who can benefit from reading this document?
This document is intended for:
●
Owners and operators of HP Indigo Labels and Packaging Digital Presses, with special focus on
HP Indigo 20000 Digital Press and HP Indigo WS6000 Series Digital Presses.
●
Converters and manufacturers of in-mold labeling products.
●
HP Indigo customer support, marketing and sales organizations.
This document provides information about the in-mold labeling (IML) process with a special focus on digital
printing technology by HP Indigo.
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●
If you are currently producing in-mold labels using conventional methods (offset, flexo, gravure), this
document will inform you about the short-to-medium run, high quality alternative that HP Indigo digital
printing is introducing to the IML market.
●
If you already own an HP Indigo press and you use it for printing other labels (pressure-sensitive labels,
wine labels), you may be interested in learning more about the IML opportunity.
●
If you already use your HP Indigo press for printing in-mold labels, this “cookbook” will expand your
knowledge and guide you through our recommended materials and processes, throughout IML
production. This document will also help you understand and overcome the technical challenges which
arise during the very demanding production stages of in-mold labeling.
Who can benefit from reading this document?
1
2
Introduction to in-mold labeling (IML)
What is in-mold labeling (IML)?
In-mold labeling (IML) is the simultaneous, one-shot molding of a plastic container/part together with an
attached label. The label is fused with the plastic container/part to achieve a “no-label” look.
In-mold labels can be found on cans, cups and lids available on all supermarket shelves, where they attract
consumers to food and non-food products.
Why choose in-mold labels (IML) over pressure-sensitive labels (PSL)?
The in-mold labels are part of the label-family, next to shrink sleeves, wraparound labels and pressuresensitive labels. The in-mold labels advantages over other labels are that they do not require additional glue
during application and have great resistance to moisture, chemicals and scratching. To achieve this high
performance, IML production usually requires materials (substrate, ink, protective varnish) that can
withstand high temperatures during the molding process.
The main difference between an in-mold label and a pressure-sensitive label is that the pressure-sensitive
label is affixed to the surface of the plastic container, while the in-mold label actually becomes part of the
finished product.
There are three types of in-mold labeling:
●
Injection Molding — Typically used for small containers (up to 1 kg) with lids, in the food and
perishables industry, for products such as ice cream, cheese, butter and sour cream.
●
Blow Molding — Typically used for bottles and large containers (up to 5 kg), for health and beauty
products (e.g. shampoo, lotions), and other products such as motor oils and housecleaning products.
●
Thermoforming — Typically used for small containers (like with injection molding), for products in the
food and perishables industry.
Figure 2-1 Examples of in-mold labeling types
1
Blow molding labeling
2
Injection molding labeling
3
Thermoforming labeling
Each type of in–mold labeling and the corresponding process parameters will be discussed more in details in
the “Production process” chapter (see Molding on page 19).
2
Chapter 2 Introduction to in-mold labeling (IML)
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Market and applications
The label market is characterized by a variety of target markets and applications. In-mold labeling (IML) is
one of the smallest sub-markets, with roughly 2% share of global labels volume.
Figure 2-2 Global market share by labeling technology
While there are many advantages to in-mold labeling, such as aesthetics and high durability, there are two
main barriers to the overall market growth: the typical IML supply chain is long and complicated, and many of
the materials used (such as substrates, varnishes, etc.) are more costly in comparison to pressure-sensitive
(PS) labels or sleeve applications.
Nevertheless, in-mold labeling is a dynamic industry showing stable growth rate in recent years, with a
promising 5% annual growth in some areas.
Currently, Europe is the dominant global leader of the IML market, with 54% market share in 2014. Next are
North America with 25% share, APJ with 13%, Africa and ME with 4% and Latin America (mostly Brazil) with
4%.
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Market and applications
3
Figure 2-3 Global market share for IML by region
There are three main technologies for molding: injection mold, blow mold and thermoforming. Injection
molding is the most common one with roughly 68% share, blow molding comes second with 31% share, and
thermoforming is the least common of all.
Figure 2-4 Global market share by molding technology
IML is used for two main end-use markets: the fast moving consumer goods (FMCG) market and the durable
goods market. The molding method is not set based on the end-use segment, and both injection and blow
molding are used for durable containers as well as for FMCG.
4
Chapter 2 Introduction to in-mold labeling (IML)
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Fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG)
The fast-moving consumer goods is a very critical market when it comes to legislation and regulation for
food and (to some extent) pharmaceuticals; it is however less demanding in regards to the product’s ability
to serve for a long time, as many of the packages will only be used once (i.e., the containers will be thrown
away once empty).
IML serves in two main product categories within the FMCG world:
●
Food — Mainly tubes (butter, ice cream, etc.) and bucket-like containers (e.g. dried soup powder).
●
Home and personal care — IML is mostly used in the home detergent segment (laundry, general
cleaning), and for some personal care products (such as shampoos).
In both product categories, the labels are usually printed on the outside (surface printing) and protected with
an overprint varnish. The containers are typically made from polyolefins (PP and PE), as well as the labels
(mainly PP).
Figure 2-5 Examples of in-mold labeling for fast-moving consumer goods
Durable goods
The durable goods market is a very demanding market because products are used for 1–10 years. They need
to be resistant to the dishwasher, to weather and scratching, etc.
Labels are typically protected with a thick layer of UV varnish, or are reverse printed and laminated with a
second layer to ensure ink protection.
In this market, besides PP more types of plastic (ABS, PC, PS) are used because their specific properties are
more fitting for the applications.
Examples of durable goods using in-mold labels are: suitcases, lunch boxes, beer crates, toys and sporting
goods. In these cases the in-mold labels are often called In-Mold Decoration (IMD).
Figure 2-6 Examples of in-mold labeling for durable goods
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Market and applications
5
3
Production process
General
The IML manufacturing process is usually performed by several parties, starting with the printing converter.
Here the labels are printed on special substrate, the ink is protected by either varnish or over-lamination, and
the printed labels are die-cut and stacked (⇒ “cut and stack” labels). These pre-cut labels are then
transferred to the container manufacturer for the molding process. After the container/part is molded with
the label, it is shipped to the brand for the filling process. There are also many printing converters who install
molding machinery at their facility to speed up the lead time, and provide “end-to-end” (E2E) service to the
brands by controlling all stages of the IML production process.
The IML production flow is shown below. The steps are described in the next sections.
Figure 3-1 IML process flow
The figure below illustrates the basic structure of an in-mold label.
Figure 3-2 Basic structure of in-mold label
Design and Pre-press
Usually the end product will dictate both the molding technology and the label design. If there is some
freedom in label design/shape, the molding equipment and the automation readiness can provide additional
focus into something specific.
In-mold labels can be of many different sizes and shapes. Compared to self-adhesive labels (SALs), the IMLs
are usually equal or larger in size. In general, we can divide the labels into four major groups/shapes:
6
Chapter 3 Production process
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Lid label
Side + back label
Straight label
Conic label
Since printed materials are usually bi-oriented, and orientation (and also shrink) is mostly in the machine
(length) direction (MD), labels are usually positioned following the length direction. Depending on the
finishing equipment, labels can be combined (nesting) to save material (as shown in the figure below).
Depending on the design, if the unprinted area between the labels is large, then it is highly recommended to
cover it with an ink background layer (for example 50-100% Yellow) to avoid a difference in thickness of the
printed film which could cause damage to it. In this application it is extremely important that the film lay flat,
without curling.
Figure 3-3 Label image positioning and background layer design
1
Background ink layer
2
Labels
Gate area
When designing the label image it is important to consider the gate area. In injection molding, the gate area is
where the high-pressure and high-temperature molten plastic enters the mold and meets the label; this is
often the case with a lid IML application, or when a label covers the bottom of a container.
The gate area (usually round shaped, with a diameter of up to 10mm), might cause defects to the printed inks
due to its higher temperature and pressure compared to the rest of the mold. HP ElectroInk is a thin (up to ~5
microns) thermoplastic layer that softens at temperatures above 100 °C. As a consequence, if you are not
working with optimum materials and parameters, some ink flowing and color change (= ink washout) can be
seen in the gate area. To avoid or minimize defects occurring at the gate area, follow these tips:
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Design and Pre-press
7
●
Reduce the temperature and increase the dwell time of the injection. This has been proven the most
effective way, providing the highest improvement.
●
Lower ink coverage. When designing an image above the gate area, it is highly recommended to lower
the ink coverage down to not more than 200%. This provides higher thermal/pressure durability.
●
Use solid printed areas above the gate, and not fine lines and text. If any ink flow happens, it will be less
visible on the solid areas.
●
For “label above gate area” applications, use suitable materials (primer and varnish) with higher
thermal resistance.
Substrates
Substrates are selected according to the requirements of the application, the machine/process used, the
desired finish/appearance, and the cost. These parameters are usually dictated by the molder to the printer/
converter. The molder provides the end-product (container with fused label) to the brand, per its
specification.
The label material is usually of the same or similar chemistry as the container material, because of the
following aspects:
●
Chemical compatibility — When heat-fusing two plastics, to achieve a good bond the materials must
be chemically similar. For example, most containers for consumer goods IML applications are
polyolefins such as PP or PE. Therefore most of the label materials for this market are of PP type (PE is
less suitable for IML applications due to its low mechanical properties).
●
Recycling — Having the container and the label made of the same material makes their recycling much
easier and productive, since no separation processes are needed. The IML package is fully recyclable.
(For additional info on recycling and its codes refer to Recycling codes on page 37).
Main container substrate types:
●
PP (Polypropylene) — The most used type in the IML industry. Mainly used for FMCG (fast-moving
consumer goods), which are the focus of this How-to Guide, and the best fit HP Indigo technology. In
recent years PP is also being successfully tested and used in more durable applications.
●
PE (Polyethylene) — Used mainly in blow molding market for bottles.
●
PS (Polystyrene) — Used in fast food and sweets markets, such as noodle cups and chocolate boxes.
●
ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) — Used for long-life products such as lunch boxes.
●
PC (Polycarbonate) — Used for transparent products, such as beer glasses and automotive parts.
●
PET (Polyester) — Used for high temperature and high barrier applications.
Sometimes a blend of resin types is used to achieve multiple characteristics for the desired part, like the ABSPC blend used in the automotive industry for dashboard decorations.
Main IML film substrate types:
●
Cavitated BOPP (biaxially-oriented polypropylene)
●
Solid-core BOPP (biaxially-oriented polypropylene)
●
CPP (cast polypropylene)
Although there are some PET/PE/PS films used in this market, the very vast majority of IML films for FMCG
are PP films (and this is our focus in this How-to Guide).
8
Chapter 3 Production process
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Main film properties vs. application:
●
Thickness — Most of the IML film grades are from 40 to 120 microns. For injection and thermoforming
the thickness is usually on the lower end, up to 90 microns, while most of the applications are about
40-70 microns. For blow molding, the thickness is usually higher – about 80-120 microns. Since IMLs
are not supported with any liner (unlike the self-adhesive labels), they need to demonstrate some
mechanical strength and stability during the die-cutting and molding process. The thicker the label, the
more stable it will be during the production. This is the reason that for larger size labels it is
recommended to choose thicker materials.
●
Density — With the introduction of voided/cavitated film extrusion technique (which means the film
contains tiny air bubbles), film manufacturers learned how to produce thicker and mechanical stable
films while using less material. The density of these cavitated BOPPs ranges between 0.55 and 0.80 gr/
cm3. There are some micro-cavitated materials which can get as high as 0.80-0.88 gr/cm3 in density.
Solid-core BOPPs and CPPs have the highest density of 0.88-0.96 gr/cm3. When looking at the IML
market, we can clearly see that the majority of the BOPP films are indeed cavitated.
●
Visual and texture — Usually the cavitated films have an “orange peel” look after molding. The degree
of “orange peel” is defined by the size of the air bubbles and the density of the film. The lowest density
films (~0.55 gr/cm3) provide the highest effect. At upper levels of density, the label surface becomes
smooth (~0.75 gr/cm3) and even glossy (above 0.85 gr/cm3). If this finished look is not desired, a solidcore BOPP or CPP will be used – white or clear, depending on the color of the container. Another widely
used finish look is the satin-like soft touch surface. All of the above are usually dictated to the printer/
converter by the brand design and the molder.
●
Converting and molding — BOPPs are stretched during their production to achieve the desired
mechanical properties, while CPP is not. Thus, BOPPs are much easier to die-cut since they do not have
much elasticity left in them. CPP is very difficult to work with during printing and die-cutting due to
being very elastic and easily breakable.
For the molding process, it happens in the exact contrary. BOPPs, thanks to being stretched during
extrusion, tend to shrink back to their natural state inside the mold. On the other hand, CPP is very
molding-stable and does not shrink at all. Introducing tiny air bubbles inside the film reduces drastically
the shrinkage, thus cavitated BOPP is less shrinkable than the solid-core BOPP, making it more molderfriendly.
●
Film cost — Cavitated BOPP costs less than solid-core BOPP, which costs less than CPP.
Table 3-1 Popular substrates
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Manufacturer
Name
Film
Cavitated
Clear
Injection
Blow
Thermoforming
Thickness
[mic]
Density
[gr/cm3]
Treofan
EUH
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
—
—
40–75
0.55
EUP
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
—
—
50–60
0.55
ELR
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
—
—
70
0.88
ELW
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
—
—
50
0.88
EWR
BOPP
—
—
Yes
—
—
57
0.96
ETR
BOPP
—
Yes
Yes
—
—
57
0.91
CWD
CPP
—
—
Yes
—
—
80–100
0.93
CTD
CPP
—
Yes
Yes
—
—
82
0.88
EPT
BOPP
Yes
—
—
—
Yes
60
0.55
EUT
BOPP
Yes
—
—
—
Yes
40
0.55
Substrates
9
Table 3-1 Popular substrates (continued)
Manufacturer
Name
Film
Cavitated
Clear
Injection
Blow
Thermoforming
Thickness
[mic]
Density
[gr/cm3]
Yupo
LJR
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
—
—
80
0.77
ITE
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
Yes
—
105
0.76
AISE
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
Yes
—
105
0.78
AIUE
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
Yes
—
80–105
0.80
UAIB
BOPP
—
Yes
Yes
Yes
—
80–120
0.86
IZE
BOPP
Yes
—
—
Yes
—
105
0.77
ISF
BOPP
Yes
—
—
Yes
—
105
0.77
IDF
BOPP
—
—
—
Yes
—
80
0.93
IHC
BOPP
—
Yes
—
Yes
—
75
0.90
LIM
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
—
—
45–65
0.62
LIX
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
—
—
70
0.55
LIV
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
—
—
76–90
0.64
LIG
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
—
—
70
0.75
LIH
BOPP
Yes
—
Yes
—
—
70
0.82
Taghleef
Industries
For specific features, and best suitable film for your application, it is recommended to contact the film
manufacturer representative in your area.
Priming
Printing on synthetic substrates using an HP Indigo digital press requires a primer layer to achieve a good
bond between the ink and the film. The only films which do not require a primer are special pre-optimized
substrates that are not used at all in the IML market.
The primer layer plays a very crucial role in achieving good label performance during production and for end
product durability. Thus, it is very important to select a suitable primer and pay special attention to its
application on film. Parameters like primer chemistry, corona on film, primer coat weight (layer thickness),
drying conditions and tensions – all may affect your production and end product.
Table 3-2 HP Indigo recommended primers for IML
10
Primer
Manufacturer
Inline/Offline
Available for
inline on
Solvent system
Water resistance
Thermal
resistance
DP050
Michelman
Inline
HP Indigo
20000
Water based
Low
High
DP680
Michelman
Inline
HP Indigo
WS6000 Series
Water based
Low
High
ILP030
Michelman
Inline
HP Indigo
WS6000 Series
Water based
Moderate
Moderate
DP4453
Michelman
Offline
N/A
Water based
Moderate-high
Moderate
Chapter 3 Production process
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The following are important primer application parameters:
●
Corona on film
Less is more! Since all the films are already provided with corona treated surface from the extruder, the
main goal here is just “refreshing” the film surface (⇒ “bump” treatment). Time, humidity, storage
conditions and contaminations affect the film surface treatment level and decrease the dyne levels,
therefore it is very important to refresh the film with corona to allow for good priming and printing.
However, over-treating and over-burning the film may introduce an unwanted effect. This will not be
visible during the priming and printing, but it will decrease dramatically the durability of the end
product, and especially the water/humidity resistance. For all applications, but especially for the ones
requiring water/humidity resistance of the end product, it is highly recommended to use the lowest
possible corona power. The best power level is “just enough” to allow good primer wetting of the
substrate and good ink fixing, not more. HP Indigo's trials have showed that the best corona watt
density level for refresh is about 10-30 W*min/m2.
Use your equipment specifications to calculate the watt power if your system is working on predefined
power and not density. For example, if you are using BOPP film on HP Indigo WS6000 Series Digital
Presses, use 100-200W power in the ILP for corona “bump” treatment. For best results it is
recommended to run a short trial to find the best corona levels on your equipment and materials.
●
Coat weight
Less is more! To achieve better drying, adhesion and durability, it is recommended to apply the lowest
coat weight possible, “just enough” to allow for a good primer cover of the substrate, and good ink
fixing. Also, most of the IML films are treated on both sides (print side and back side) to allow for better
fixing during the molding.
In case of offline priming, it is recommended to use a low coat weight also to avoid blocking. With high
dyne levels on the back side, and a high primer coat weight, you may end up with a blocked roll after
rewinding.
The following are the coating parameters for HP Indigo recommended primers (listed in the table
above):
●
◦
For offline standard flexo coating it is recommended to choose low volume anilox, such as
400-700 lpi (3.5-6.0 cm3/m2 volume).
◦
For inline on HP Indigo WS6000 Series Digital Presses, use standard coating settings (low or
medium coat level).
◦
For inline on HP Indigo 20000 Digital Press, use low volume anilox (2.5 bcm).
Drying conditions and tension
Dimensional stability of the label for IML is highly important since after die-cutting, and until molding,
the label has no backing liner and has to perform by itself, staying flat without any deformations or
curling. BOPP film is quite sensitive and unstable under increased heat and tensions, thus it is highly
recommended to use the lowest possible values.
Since we use water based primers, hot air is needed to dry the primer. Using higher airflow may allow
you to use lower temperatures. Depending on the primer chemistry, film and process parameters, the
drying temperatures may range between 50 °C and 90 °C.
For best results, it is recommended to run a short trial to find the best drying temperature and tension,
according to your equipment and materials.
●
Static
To achieve a good IML production it is highly recommended to avoid static electricity, otherwise the
labels will stick together and double-picking will be a major problem. Every process step must have
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Priming
11
either a passive or an active static discharge station at the end. For priming, it is very important in case
of offline coating. High static may introduce pin holes in the primer layer, causing print quality issues.
●
Primer ageing
There is a determined period of time during which you can still effectively print on primed film, before it
becomes useless. It is irrelevant in case of inline coating, and very important for offline. Environment
conditions (like humidity and temperature) and the primer chemistry will define how long a primed roll
can wait before printing.
To achieve better results, it is usually recommended to print as soon as possible (even on the same
day), but some chemistries are more stable than others and remain reactive for days and even months.
For more updated data on ageing of HP Indigo recommended primers (listed in the table above), contact
Michelman's representative.
12
Chapter 3 Production process
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Printing
Printing can be done on HP Indigo digital presses in either surface or reverse (mirror) modes.
Most of the IML substrates are surface printed and later coated with a protective varnish. In case a very
durable label is needed, you might choose to use overlay film for protection, or reverse printing on clear
substrate (solid-core clear BOPP), and later laminating it to another BOPP. This method is rarely used since it
adds additional materials and costs to production, and choosing the right varnish should provide you with the
necessary protection and durability. Also, high injection temperatures might compromise the lamination
interface and introduce bubbles or small delamination areas.
Recommended printing parameters for HP Indigo WS6000 Series Digital Presses:
●
ILP (inline priming unit) — When using inline priming, use the parameters mentioned previously in
Priming on page 10. When printing on offline pre-primed film, deactivate the ILP. No additional corona
treatment is needed between the primer and the ink.
●
Blanket = 105 °C; T2 = 200 kg; Fan = 8 V.
●
Tensions (depending on the film thickness and properties): UW = 3-6 kg, ILP = 3-4 kg, Press = 5-10 kg,
RW = 0.5-1 kg.
Recommended printing parameters for HP Indigo 20000 Digital Press:
●
PUW (priming unwinder) — same as for ILP above.
●
Blanket = 105–110 °C; T2 = 400–600 kg; Fan = 10 V.
●
Tensions (depending on the film thickness and properties): UW = 6–8 kg, PUW = 6–8 kg, Press = 6–16
kg, RW = 3-4 kg.
Due to the many variations in film thicknesses, densities and other properties, the above values should be
seen only as a recommended starting point. Before starting production with a new material, it is
recommended conducting a short test to find the best working parameters.
Important printing parameters:
NOTE: The following important parameters are recommended for all HP Indigo digital presses, although in
this How-to Guide we focus on HP Indigo 20000 Digital Press and HP Indigo WS6000 Series Digital Presses.
●
Scaling control
Repeat Length (RL) is very important for every label printer, and IMLs are not any different. The RL is the
length between the leading edge of one image/frame and the leading edge of the following image/
frame, usually defined by the die-cut plate size and marked by eye-marks. To allow precise and
accurate die cutting, the RL must be controlled on the press during the printing. Pay special attention to
this matter when printing on Cavitated BOPP since, due to its lower density, it is more sensitive to
elongation and thus the RL is harder to control. The following are tips for an easier scaling control:
ENWW
◦
When printing on a new substrate, always start with Scaling calibration wizard and substrate
profiling on the HP Indigo digital press. This will automatically define the optimum press
parameters for this film. Next time you print on this type of film, this step can be bypassed by
choosing the film’s scaling profile that was previously saved.
◦
Depending on the press parameters you define, printing speed (number of separations) and film
sensitiveness to elongation, you may still see some difference in RL from what you defined in prepress. In this case, use the Manual Repeat Length Correction wizard on the HP Indigo digital press.
Printing
13
TIP: Design and add a special mark (for example a cross/star) to assist you with the RL correction,
when 50% of it is on the trailing edge of frame#1 and 50% is on the leading edge of frame #2 (and so
on…). This way you will clearly see if you have a problem with RL, allowing for a quick correction.
●
Tension
Tension control is very important during the printing, to allow good scaling and also avoid unwanted
film deformations and curling. Usually, when having a scaling issue, a higher press engine tension might
help. To avoid curling and film deformations it is highly recommended to set a lower rewinder tension.
Figure 3-4 Printing on HP Indigo WS6800 Digital Press — Die-cut lines
TIP: Add those die-cut lines (indicated by the arrow in the figure above) only for about 20-30 meters at the
beginning of a roll, so that the converter will be able to complete a quick and effective setup before the diecutting.
Finishing (varnish)
Protective varnish coating is the most common finishing process for printed in-mold labels. In addition to
protecting the ink on the end product, varnish coating has the following other roles:
●
Ink protection against scuffing and scratching on the final container. Varnish also provides protection
against water and chemicals (e.g., cosmetic products, dishwasher detergent).
●
Ink protection against scuffing and scratching during IML production (die-cutting, stacking,
transportation, molding).
●
Chargeability – for injection molding process. Before labels are picked up they need to be totally
discharged in order for the vacuum fingers to pick them up one at a time. The label is then charged with
static electricity in order to be inserted into the mold and stay put until the injection. The varnish layer
must provide that chargeability to the label.
●
Varnish coating provides the low COF (coefficient of friction) which is very necessary during the diecutting, so that the labels can be easily collected in a stack. A low COF is also important for the feed
robot before the molding, to avoid double-picking.
Due to the high performance and special requirements mentioned above, most varnishes for standard
pressure-sensitive labels will not be suitable for IML. Most varnish manufacturers have special grades for the
IMLs.
14
Chapter 3 Production process
ENWW
UV and water based are the varnishes most used for IML. Aqueous products are mostly food grade and
typically used for perishables, but their performance and durability are limited. UV curable products are much
more durable and provide better thermal and water resistance, but only some are food grade. In recent
years, more and more manufacturers introduce low migration UV varnishes that are approved for food
packaging. In addition to better performance, UV varnishes also allow faster converting. Most UV varnished
labels can be die-cut, stacked and shipped after 12-24 hours, while aqueous solutions require a few days for
curing.
The following are important varnish application parameters:
●
Corona on film
HP Indigo inks require corona treatment in order to achieve good bond with the varnish coating. Watt
density should not be lower than 50 W*min/m2, but HP Indigo's testing showed best results with watt
density of 60-80 W*min/m2.
●
Coat weight
A very important issue, coat weight not only affects the end product durability but also the performance
throughout the production process: die-cutting and molding.
On one hand, a higher varnish layer will provide better durability and protection, lower COF, better
chargeability and better release from the mold – all the qualities you look for in IML. But on the other
hand a thicker varnish layer will introduce unwanted mechanical forces and tensions, which the thin and
unsupported label cannot withstand, and will result in tubing or curling after the die-cutting and during
the molding. This is one of the most common failures in IML production and must be avoided.
HP Indigo's testing showed that the target should be 2-5 dry gr/m2, however the optimum coat weight
should be found for each product.
●
◦
For UV varnishes using flexo coating system, choose 150-300 lpi (8-20 cm3/m2 volume) anilox.
◦
For aqueous varnishes the coat weight would be usually lower, and anilox should be chosen
according to the solids content.
Curing/drying conditions and tensions
To avoid set-off or blocking, the varnish must be completely cured/dry before the rewinding. To
determine if your coating is dry enough you can use the simple test called “thumb twist”: press your
thumb onto the coating and twist it while applying mild pressure. If you leave no markings or smears
the coating is cured.
To avoid over-burning the varnish and causing it to become brittle (common case with over-curing UV
varnishes), it is recommended to control the UV lamp power and speed. To determine if the varnish is
over-cured, perform this simple test: fold the label sample in two and run your fingernail on the fold
line, then inspect the fold and look for varnish flakes and cracks. A good varnish should maintain its
flexibility and not crack.
Another important matter is maintaining mechanical stability and tensions between the film and the
varnish layer, to avoid curling and tubing during the die-cutting and the molding. It is recommended to
test and find the best tensions per specific materials (film and varnish) and per finishing equipment, but
comparing to self-adhesive labels you should use lower-end tensions.
Regarding the temperature, it is highly recommended to have a chiller roller after the UV lamp to cool
down the film. For drying aqueous varnishes, it is recommended not to exceed the 90 °C limit.
●
Static
As mentioned for priming, it is highly recommended to avoid static electricity to achieve a good IML
production, otherwise the labels will stick together and double-picking will be a major problem. Every
process step must have either a passive or an active static discharge station at the end.
ENWW
Finishing (varnish)
15
Table 3-3 Recommended varnishes for IML from popular suppliers
Varnish
Manufacturer
Chemistry
Finish
Food safe / low
migration
IV044
Pulse Roll Label
Products
UV
Gloss
No
IV047
Pulse Roll Label
Products
UV
Matt
No
EL856
Pulse Roll Label
Products
UV
Gloss
No
EL207
Pulse Roll Label
Products
UV
Matt
No
L576
Paragon Inks
UV
Gloss
N/A
62-785
Zeller & Gmelin
UV
Matt
Yes
85-601781-9
Siegwerk
UV
Matt
No
81-601575-4
Siegwerk
UV
Matt
No
85-600391-8
Siegwerk
UV
Semi-Matt
Yes
15-600611-6
Siegwerk
WB
Gloss
Yes
EXC-90092
Toyo Ink Arets
UV
Gloss
No
AQ42002
Actega
WB
Matt
No
AQ42702
Actega
WB
Gloss
Yes
AQ42706
Actega
WB
Gloss
Yes
RGV001270
Actega
UV
Gloss
No
RGV001364
Actega
UV
Gloss
No
RGV001432
Actega
UV
Gloss
No
RAVM00188
Actega
UV
Matt
No
53770
Ashland
UV
Gloss
No
52684
Ashland
UV
Gloss
No
53006E
Ashland
UV
Gloss
No
NOTE: This list of varnishes was compiled from recommendations by our global finishing partners. Not all
varnishes were tested and validated by HP Indigo. Please check for latest revisions of this document for the
most updated list of products and validated materials by HP Indigo.
NOTE: For regulatory aspects and more detailed information about the Food Indirect Compliance and Low
Migration status of each material, HP Indigo recommends to contact the material supplier. For HP Indigo
regulatory statement, please refer to Regulatory aspects on page 29.
16
Chapter 3 Production process
ENWW
Converting (die-cutting and stacking)
After printing and finishing (mainly varnishing, but sometimes laminating), the next step is to convert the
web to labels by die-cutting and stacking. Since the varnish (and the lamination adhesive) needs to cure
before converting, the die-cutting machine is usually offline. The time required for curing depends on the
chemistry, however with UV varnishes you may convert after as soon as 24 hours, while with WB varnishes it
may take up to 1 week. (For more specific details, contact your varnish supplier).
A standard die-cutting machine contains a rotary or semi-rotary magnetic die-cut unit, a shingle conveyer
and a stacking module (see figure below). Optional add-ons may comprise a flexo coating station, an
embossing unit, and a vacuum conveyer for faster production. Recent developments introduce the laser
cutting option instead of the standard die-cut plates, although it is not very common in this somewhat
conventional industry. The digital solution that HP Indigo provides can be a perfect case for laser cutting,
cancelling the need to replace the die-cut plate per every different job.
Since converting is the last station before the labels are shipped on to the molder site, it is highly important
that the end stack of labels be totally free of static charge. Standard machines have anti-static bars before
the die-cut unit and before the stacking module. Although it is recommended to apply static discharge at all
IML production stations (priming, printing, finishing), usually this is the station where the most powerful
discharge is applied, mostly by active discharge devices.
The following figures show a manual stacking module for in-mold labels, and die-cut labels stacked and
ready for shipment to the molder site.
Figure 3-5 In–mold labels manual stacking module
ENWW
Converting (die-cutting and stacking)
17
Figure 3-6 In–mold labels stacked and ready for shipment to the molder
NOTE: This method —called Cut-and-Stack— is the most used converting method. An additional method
—called Cut-in-Place— was introduced following recent years developments and automation. With this
method the labels are die-cut inline at the molding machine, and automatically placed inside the mold, thus
allowing for a faster turnaround.
HP Indigo is partnering with 3 major die-cutting machinery manufacturers: Schober, Prati and Brotech.
Following are the main products from each company that may suit to convert HP Indigo-printed IMLs:
Schober
●
RSM IML Entry level solution, web width up to 410 mm, die-cut up to 24".
●
RSM IML Classic edition, web width up to 550 mm, die-cut up to 42".
●
RSM IML Large format design, web width up to 850 mm, die-cut up to 48".
Prati
●
SATURN Omnia, web width up to 400 mm, die-cut up to 24".
●
ALHENA, web width up to 530 mm, die-cut up to 28".
Brotech
●
CDF, web width up to 420 mm, die-cut up to 24".
●
SDF, web width up to 520 mm, die-cut up to 24".
When choosing die-cutting equipment, the following parameters should be taken in consideration for best fit:
18
●
web width
●
die-cut length
●
label size (min - max)
●
varnish and other finishing capabilities (such as perforation)
●
productivity and automation (speed, nesting, magnetic drum replacement, format combination)
●
collection and stacking modules (TD vs MD ability, automatic vs manual)
Chapter 3 Production process
ENWW
Molding
The finished labels usually reach the molding site in “cut & stack” state. Picking the label and placing it inside
the mold is mostly done automatically, by robot. At this stage the labels must be totally discharged and have
the desired COF, this way they will not get stuck to each other and pick & place can be performed easily. For
Injection Molding, usually the robot picks the label and charge it up to ~15 kV, so that it becomes statically
charged. This allows the label to be placed inside the mold and stay there. For Blow Molding, the mold
designers usually place vacuum suction tunnels inside the mold, where the label sits, to allow better hold
during the molding.
The ink side of the label always faces the cold mold part. When molten plastic is introduced inside the mold
at high temperature (for all techniques — injection / blow / thermoforming — the temperature is process
and material dependent), only the back side of the label (few microns) melts and when quickly cooling down,
it fuses together with the plastic container/cup. After the cycle is complete, the mold opens and the ready
product is either placed on the conveyor (usually at blow molding), or picked up again by the robot and
stacked on top of the container/cup created before it. Once the mold is open and the product is out, the robot
quickly places a new label for the next cycle.
ENWW
Molding
19
Injection Molding
The injection molding process consists in injecting a heated and molten plastic polymer into a steel mold. The
printed label is placed beforehand inside the same mold. When the label meets the molten polymer inside
the mold, they fuse together. The mass then cools off and solidifies into the shape of the mold with the label
fused to the container/part wall.
Melting and injection temperatures of the plastic are in the range of 200 – 250 °C (depending on the type of
plastic). For fast cooling of the material, the steel mold is usually chilled, and thus, the real temperature
encountered by the label inside the mold is somewhat lower. The whole process is usually automated and
lasts up to 5 seconds per injection.
The injection molding process comprises the following steps (also indicated by the red balloons in the
diagram below):
1.
The charged die-cut label is placed in the mold.
2.
The mold closes; molten polymer is injected from the extruder into the mold; the label fuses with the
plastic.
3.
The plastic cools down; the mold opens and the container/cup is ready together with the fused label.
Figure 3-7 Injection molding process
20
1
Die-cut label
3
Extruder
2
Label placed in the mold
4
Molten polymer injected into mold
Chapter 3 Production process
5
Label fused to container
ENWW
Blow Molding
Blow molding is a technique used for the production of hollow plastic parts such as bottles. The label is
placed inside the steel mold beforehand. Then the pre-extruded hot plastic material (called “parison”) is
introduced, and the two-parts mold closes on it. With heated and high pressurized air (“blowing”) the plastic
is stretched into the shape of the mold, and is fused together with the label placed at the mold’s walls.
The process temperature of the molten plastic is a bit lower than in the injection molding process, being in
the range of 180 – 200 °C (depending on the type of plastic; there are some special grade films that can be
blow-molded at very low temperatures of 120-130 °C). For fast cooling of the material, the steel mold is
usually chilled, and thus, the real temperature encountered by the label inside the mold is somewhat lower.
The whole process is usually automated and lasts up to 10 seconds per part (depending on the size).
The blow molding process comprises the following steps (also indicated by the red balloons in the diagram
below):
1.
The die-cut label is placed in the two-parts mold, on both walls.
2.
Vacuum suction holds the label in place; the parison is introduced between the two open mold parts.
3.
The mold closes; heated high pressurized air is blown inside the parison, expanding it towards the mold
walls until it acquires the shape of the mold; the label fuses with the plastic.
4.
The plastic cools down; the mold opens and the bottle is ready together with the fused label.
Figure 3-8 Blow molding process
ENWW
1
Die-cut label
3
Parison
2
Label placed in the mold (on both
walls)
4
High pressurized air
5
Label fused to container
Molding
21
Thermoforming
During thermoforming, unlike the injection and blow techniques, the thermoplastic molding material (in web
or sheet state) is fed into the molding press. The process uses heat and pressure to shape the material. As for
the other molding processes, the label is placed inside the mold beforehand, and when it meets the heated
polymer inside the mold, they fuse together. The mass then cools off and solidifies into the shape of the
mold, with the label fused to the container/part wall.
The process temperatures of the plastic here are the lowest of all molding processes, being in the range of
130 – 150 °C (depending on the type of plastic). For fast cooling of the material, the steel mold is usually
chilled, and thus, the real temperature encountered by the label inside the mold is somewhat lower. The
whole process is usually automated and lasts up to 5 seconds per part.
Due to the lower process temperatures and pressure, compared to the other techniques, it is highly
recommended to NOT use standard IML substrates used for injection or blowing, to avoid the resulting poor
adhesion. This was the major obstacle for the thermoforming process in the past. In recent years many label
films were developed specifically for thermoforming labeling (for example, coex PP, which solved the
adhesion issue by including a special low-melting PP layer), but at a somewhat higher cost. This may be the
reason why this technique still has the lowest market share among the in-mold labeling production
processes.
The thermoforming process comprises the following steps (also indicated by the red balloons in the diagram
below):
1.
The die-cut label is placed in the mold.
2.
The thermoplastic web/sheet is preheated before entering the mold; the softened plastic enters the
mold; the mold closes, shaping the plastic to it; the label fuses with the plastic.
3.
The plastic cools down; the mold opens and the container/cup is ready together with the fused label.
Figure 3-9 Thermoforming process
22
1
Die-cut label
3
Heat
5
Closed mold
2
Label placed in the mold
4
Thermoplastic web
6
Label fused to container
Chapter 3 Production process
ENWW
Examples of E2E (end-to-end) process
Injection molding
Table 3-4 Product description and required properties and finishing
Product
White PP container for food, 500cc
Two labels: body (conic) + lid (round)
Properties
Resistance to scuff/rub and humidity
Thermal resistance at the gate area (lid label)
Finishing
White “orange peel” label
Table 3-5 Example of recommended materials and process parameters
ENWW
Film
EUP from Treofan, white cavitated BOPP, 60 microns
Primer
DP050 from Michelman
Priming
Inline on HP Indigo 20000 Digital Press:
Anilox:
2.5 BCM
Corona:
400 Watt
Dryer:
70 °C
Printing on HP
Indigo 20000
Digital Press
UW tension:
9 kg
ILP tension:
9k
Print tension:
10 kg
RW tension:
6 kg
Blanket:
110 °C
T2:
600 kg
Varnish
IVO44 from Pulse (UV based)
Varnishing
Corona on ink:
60 W*min/m2
Anilox:
12 cm3/m2 volume (200 LPI)
Injection
Resin temp:
220 °C
Cycle time:
3–5 seconds
Examples of E2E (end-to-end) process
23
Blow molding
Table 3-6 Product description and required properties and finishing
Product
Opaque HDPE bottle, 1000cc
One label: body (rectangular)
Properties
Water, chemical and scuff/rub resistance
Finishing
White glossy label
Table 3-7 Example of recommended materials and process parameters
24
Film
IDF from Yupo, white solid core BOPP, 80 microns
Primer
DP4453 from Michelman
Priming
Offline on the ABG Digicon series II:
Anilox:
5 cm3/m2 volume (400 LPI)
Corona:
26 W*min/m2
Dryer:
70 °C
Speed:
30 m/min
Printing on HP
Indigo WS6800
Digital Press
UW tension:
4 kg
ILP tension:
4k
Print tension:
8 kg
RW tension:
1 kg
Blanket:
105 °C
T2:
200 kg
Varnish
Toyo Ink Arets 90092 (UV based)
Varnishing
Corona on ink:
80 W*min/m2
Anilox:
12 cm3/m2 volume (200 LPI)
Blowing
Process temp:
120 °C
Cycle time:
20 seconds
Chapter 3 Production process
ENWW
4
Quality assurance and best practice
Issues affecting IML end product quality and production process
The following are the main issues that can affect the quality of IML end product and the production process.
●
Blocking
IML substrates usually come with corona treatment on the back side to allow good bonding during
injection or blowing. This may attract also the primer or the varnish layer to the back side. Make sure
your coating is completely dried or cured. Also low rewinding tensions are recommended.
●
Static charge inside the final stack
Static charge could lead to double-picking during the feeding process from the labels magazine. Also
poor label placement inside the mold can occur. Most IML varnishes are optimized to be chargeable or
dissipative for static electricity. Check your varnish data sheet for those properties or contact your
supplier. Too low coat weight of the varnish may also affect the chargeability efficiency.
●
COF not in required range
COF (coefficient of friction) in the wrong range could introduce problems during stacking, and later
during the picking & feeding into the mold. Just like with antistatic properties, most IML varnishes are
optimized to provide suitable COF values, usually in the range of 0.15-0.20. Working with not suitable
varnish, or applying too low coat weight, may affect the COF negatively.
●
Double-picking from the stack
Blocking, high static or wrong COF can cause double-picking during the feeding from the labels
magazine to the mold. This is a big issue production-wise since it will require to stop the machine and
clean the feeder or the mold.
●
Curling or tubing after die-cut
Also this issue will cause problems during picking labels from the magazine, since a curled label will be
hard to pick by the vacuum fingers. The following can be reasons for curling:
ENWW
◦
Film structure — The multi-layer structure of IML film introduces different mechanical properties
per each layer. Heat and tensions applied on the film during production affect those layer
differently. As a result, the equilibrium between the layers might be distorted and the label will
curl. Some films are more resistant to curling than others. Usually, the voided low density films
are more mechanically stable and tend to curl less than the solid-core high-density films. This is
the reason voided films are used more for injection applications with smaller label size, because
there the curl can be more “hurtful”. For large size containers/labels and blowing technology, the
films are mainly solid-core.
◦
Tensions and temperatures — As stated above, these two external parameters can affect
dramatically the film’s behavior. It is highly recommended to work at the lowest possible tensions
to drive and wind the film, and also at the lowest possible temperatures to just enough dry/cure
the coatings. In case of UV varnish curing, it is very important to place a chilling roller right after
the UV lamp to cool down the film.
◦
Varnish — This coating layer is quite thick and may introduce unwanted tensions to the upper
layer of the film, and eventually cause curling. Mostly it can happen with UV varnishes (very rare
with WB chemistry), since they tend to shrink after curing. The keys to avoiding the curling from
Issues affecting IML end product quality and production process
25
the varnish layer are controlling the coat weight (not too high), and not over-curing the varnish (so
to maintain its flexibility).
◦
Graphics — Designing your graphic job correctly also may help with avoiding the curling. Having
very high ink coverage at certain areas (for example on the edges), and no ink at all nearby (for
example in the center), may introduce some different tension zones in the label which may cause
curling after die-cut (see example in the figure below). It is always recommended to have your
graphic job without any drastic changes/steps in coverage.
Figure 4-1 Die-cut labels, curling due to high roll tension
●
Inability to hold (for injection) / dissipate (for blowing) static charge
Most IML varnishes are optimized to be chargeable or dissipative for static electricity. Check your
varnish data sheet for those properties, or contact your supplier. A too low coat weight of the varnish
may also affect the efficiency of chargeability.
●
Sticking to the mold walls – bad release
This is a very common problem with the high temperatures of the injection process, when the varnish/
ink sticks to the mold walls and cannot be released correctly. Check the following to avoid this issue:
●
◦
Mold temperature — The mold must be cooled during the process.
◦
Varnish curing level — Uncured varnish will be tacky and sticky at the “thumb twist” test (see
“Curing/drying conditions and tensions” under Finishing (varnish) on page 14).
◦
Varnish grade — Most IML varnishes are optimized with high release additives. Verify that you are
using the right grade.
◦
The mold is not clean
◦
Injection temperature is too high
◦
Dwell time is too long
Color change or ink washout near the gate after injection
The gate area is one of the most failure-prone areas in injection in-mold labels production. The gate
area is where the pressure and the temperature are the highest. The printed image has the film backing
for protection and the mold cooling for relative thermal insulation, but sometimes those are not
sufficient. Check or test the following to avoid this issue:
26
◦
Mold temperature — The mold must be cooled during the process.
◦
Injection parameters — Try lowering the injection temperatures and increasing dwell times.
◦
Film construction — Cavitated films have much better thermal insulation than solid-core films. If
possible, try a highly voided film (lower density).
◦
Film thickness — If possible, try a higher thickness film (do not increase density).
Chapter 4 Quality assurance and best practice
ENWW
●
◦
Graphics — If possible, design your image so that no ink will be above the gate area. If not
possible, try at least lowering the ink coverage.
◦
Gate design — Optimize your gate geometry. Proper lens around the gate area have proved to be
less aggressive.
Poor bonding between label and plastic container / delamination
The IML films are specifically designed to bond well with the molten injected plastic, or the parison,
during blowing. These films have a special outer layer to be easily melted and joined with the container.
Sometimes we see imperfect adhesion, either locally or along the whole label. Check or test the
following to avoid this issue:
●
◦
Films may not melt and bond with the plastic as required, if their grade was selected improperly,
or if they are old or were not stored properly. Consult your film supplier for grade and storage
recommendations.
◦
Primer / ink / varnish that are not dried/cured properly and rewinded with a too high pressure may
set-off to the back side during one of the production stages. This contamination may affect the
label-container interface adhesion.
◦
Process parameters – try increasing the temperature and the dwell time.
◦
Migration of filled goods/product through the container walls after filling.
Container deformation
Usually happens when injecting thin-wall containers while using solid-core thick labels. As stated
above, solid-core materials have a higher tendency to curling and uneven tensions/shrinkage. These
tensions may overpower the container wall mechanical stability (especially with thin and large area
walls or lids) and introduce deformations. It is highly recommended to use cavitated thin films for such
applications.
Standard quality tests for labels and end product
●
Tape test / Peeling
For ink adhesion testing use 810 3M scotch tape. For varnish adhesion use 610 3M scotch tape. Apply
the tape on the label and run 2-10 strokes with a 2 kg weight roller. Remove the tape in one continuous
motion. Check for ink/varnish removal. This test can be done after the printing, varnishing, or on the
end product. It may also be performed in conjunction with freezing or water immersion tests.
NOTE: Varnishes used for IML applications are usually High Slip and Low COF, which can very much
mask the tape peeling results because the tape will not bond well to the surface and you will receive a
false positive result. In this case, it is recommended to perform the other tests listed below.
●
Lay Flatness / Curling
This test will allow you to measure the tendency of the corners or edges of a label to curl. Cut a 10 x 10
cm cross on the web, and measure the elevation of the corners. Usually the requirement is to have a
curl of below 3-5mm . Perform this test on fully cured varnish (at least 24 hour after the coating), since
UV varnishes tend to shrink after curing and contribute to the curling.
●
Scratch resistance
This test measures the resistance of the varnished label against scratches from sharp objects. The test
can be done either on automatic equipment or with a manual tester. The pressing force should not
exceed 3N. This test must be performed on fully cured varnish. It can also be performed in conjunction
with freezing or water immersion tests.
ENWW
Standard quality tests for labels and end product
27
●
Abrasion / Rub / Scuff resistance
This test measures the resistance of the varnished label against scuffing. Use a standard rub tester with
lapping film and 2 kg weight. Can be performed in conjunction with freezing or water immersion tests.
●
Crinkle / Crease
Useful test especially when the label on the end product is not flat but needs to cover some edges or
corners. Typically performed in conjunction with the following: scratch, scuff, freezing and water
immersion. Check for ink/varnish removal in the folds areas.
●
Freeze
Great simulation test for dairy products application. Place your label, or end product container, inside
the freezer at -4 °C for up to 24 hours. Take it out and allow 10 minutes for humidity to condense on the
label surface. Check for ink/varnish removal with peeling, scratch and rub tests.
●
Water immersion
Useful test for applications requiring direct water resistance. Immerse the label, or the end product
container, in water for up to 1 hour. Take it out and dry the surface with paper or cloth. Immediately
check for ink/varnish removal with peeling, scratch and rub tests. This test can be performed in
conjunction with the crinkle test prior to water immersion.
●
Chemical / Product resistance
Useful test for personal hygiene products and household detergents. Apply your chemical (solvent, oil,
shampoo, cream, etc.) on the label surface. In case of fast evaporating solvent, cover with glass plate.
Wait for 5-15 minutes and then remove the cover and clean/absorb the chemical. Check for ink/varnish
removal.
●
Dishwasher
Many high-end products like lunch boxes or multiple-use storage containers will be placed and washed
inside a dishwasher. In addition to standard water immersion, chemical resistance and freeze testing,
many companies require real-life dishwasher testing. Usually 50-150 washing cycles will be followed
with standard scratch and peeling.
●
Microwave
Many food containers for "ready food" —that only require heating before the consumption— will be
microwaved. It is recommended to test your materials and final IML container for microwave resistance.
●
Blocking
Tested by placing a weight (up to 4 kg/cm2) on top of a stack of labels for 24 hours. Check for blocking –
the labels should not show any tendency to stick to each other in the stack.
●
Chargeability
Useful test to measure the time the label can withhold the required static charge and stay in the mold
without moving. It is useful for maximum cycle time measurement. Charge your label up to 15 kV with a
charging bar, and measure the time the label stays vertically attached to a metal plate or the mold.
28
Chapter 4 Quality assurance and best practice
ENWW
Regulatory aspects
The status of HP Indigo ElectroInk for printing food packaging applications can be found in the white paper
HP Indigo for Food Packaging Printing Regulatory Overview (4AA4-8153ENW, February 2015). (Contact
customer care for this document).
This document provides details on the status of HP Indigo ElectroInk under key worldwide regulations for
food contact materials, and well-defined conditions of use. In-mold labels (IML) are not specifically referred
to in this White Paper and, notwithstanding the fact that HP Indigo ElectroInk is not intended for direct food
contact, it can be used in IML applications under well-defined conditions of use, provided that the proper risk
assessment is performed. In general, IMLs will be surface-printed and then overcoated with an overprint
varnish to provide protection and aesthetic appeal to the printed label. In case of food containers, this
varnish would need to be approved for direct or indirect food contact and low migration. Customers can
perform their own risk assessment of IML applications by considering the possibility of the following risks:
1.
Migration from the printed surface through the label and container.
2.
Set-off inside the winded roll from the printed surface to the back side of the film, and then migration
through the container after molding.
3.
Set-off inside the stacked labels after die-cutting, from the printed surface to the back side of the label,
and then migration through the container after molding.
4.
Set-off inside the stacked cups/containers from the printed surface to the inside food contact surface of
the neighboring cup/container. Please consider this risk with highest priority since the molded cups/
containers are often stacked with high rub and friction which can increase the risk of set-off.
HP Indigo will provide information on HP Indigo ElectroInk to the customer and customer's laboratory to
allow a proper risk assessment to be performed. All regulatory information about other materials, such as
the primer, varnish, label film and molded plastic resin should be provided by each manufacturer/supplier.
HP Indigo is not responsible for materials and processes that are beyond its control. HP Indigo recommends
that its customers perform their own risk assessment and regulatory compliance determination of their
product.
ENWW
Regulatory aspects
29
A
Obtaining customer support
Materials Application Team (MAT)
The Materials Application Team (MAT) provides customer support in matters related to flexible packaging
materials, application development and troubleshooting.
The MAT is always available to address your questions via e-mail..
The following table lists the contact details for the Materials Application Team.
Region
First name
Last name
E-mail address
WW
Carmit
Havkin-Reem
[email protected]
WW
Pasha
Solel
[email protected]
EMEA
Patrick
Eagle
[email protected]
APJ
Patrick
NG
[email protected]
NA
Keith
King
[email protected]
My HP Indigo
Information about supplies and media for HP Indigo Labels and Packaging presses is available to HP
customers on My HP Indigo portal.
●
Go to: https://myhpindigo-int-pro.houston.hp.com/SuppliesBusinessManagement/Pages/default.aspx.
●
Select the relevant topic to display the available information, including technical documentation, media
partners, finishing solutions and more.
RIT’s HP Indigo Over-Print Varnish (OPV) performance program
The HP Indigo Over-Print Varnish Performance (OPV) program is a UV and WB (water base) varnishes
evaluation and validation program, performed by the Printing Applications Laboratory of the RIT (Rochester
Institute of Technology).
Multiple varnishes from different suppliers are tested for their performance with HP Indigo ink. The varnishes
go through the following tests: peeling, mechanical wear, optical test, heat resistance and UV ageing.
For more information on the HP Indigo OPV performance program:
30
●
Go to: http://printlab.rit.edu/services/opv-new/
●
Select a manufacturer/supplier to display the list of tested varnishes and the related technical
documentation.
Appendix A Obtaining customer support
ENWW
Suppliers and vendors list
The following tables list the contact details for our suppliers of films, primers and varnishes, and die-cutting
equipment vendors.
Table A-1 Films suppliers
Supplier
Address
Country
Tel.
Website
Treofan
6001 Gun Club Rd. Winston-Salem,
NC 27103
USA
+1 336 776 9448
www.treofanamerica.com
Av. Colorines No. 255 Zacapu,
Michoacan, C.P. 58600
Mexico
+52 436 363 9165
www.treofanamerica.com
Am Prime Parc 17 66479 Raunheim
Germany
+49 6142 200 2000
www.treofan.com
Shinochanomizu Bldg., 15F 4-3
Kanda-surugadai Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
101-0062
Japan
+81-(0)3-5281-0811
japan.yupo.com
800 Yupo Court, Chesapeake, VA
23320
USA
+1-757-312-9876
www.yupousa.com
Willstätter Strasse 30 D-40549
Düsseldorf, Germany
Germany
+49 (0)211 520 54 30
www.superyupo.com
2751 Centerville Road - Suite 400,
Wilmington (DE) 19808
USA
+1 302 326 5500
www.ti-films.com
Lou Shan Guan Road 83, 2608, Fl 26
New Town Center Building, Shanghai
China
+ 86 21 3133 2608
www.ti-films.com
11 Moloney Drive - Wodonga Victoria
3690
Australia
+61 2 60 220 220
www.ti-films.com
Reutig 2, D-56357 Holzhausen an der
Haide
Germany
+49 6772 9676 011
www.ti-films.com
Via E. Fermi, 46 - 33058 San Giorgio
di Nogaro (Udine)
Italy
+39 0431 627 111
www.ti-films.com
Avenida de Iberoamérica, 56 - 23680
Alcalá la Real, Jaén
Spain
+34 953 59 81 00
www.ti-films.com
Yupo
Taghleef
Industries
Table A-2 Primers suppliers
Supplier
Address
Country
Tel.
Website
Michelman
89d Rue Pafebruch 8303 Capellen
Luxemburg
+35 226 394433
www.michelman.com
9080 Shell Road Cincinnati, OH
45236-1299
USA
+1 513 686 2702
www.michelman.com
1 Tuas Avenue16 Singapore 638924
Singapore
+65 6861 2822
www.michelman.com
Table A-3 Varnishes suppliers
ENWW
Supplier
Address
Country
Tel.
Website
Actega Terra
(Altana Group)
Industriestraße 12 31275 Lehrte
Germany
+49 5132 5009-0
www.actega.com
Suppliers and vendors list
31
Table A-3 Varnishes suppliers (continued)
Supplier
Address
Country
Tel.
Website
Actega Kelstar
(Altana Group)
950 S. Chester Avenue, Suite B2
Delran, NJ 08075
USA
+1 856 829-6300
www.actega.com
Toyo Ink Arets
IND PARK KREKELENBERG
TUNNELWEG 3 2845 NIEL
Belgium
+32 (0)3 880 67 67
www.toyoinkarets.com
PASEO DE LOS ADOBES 1081,
BODEGA 4 COL. GUADALAJARA
TECHNOLOGY PARK CP 45019
ZAPOPAN JALISCO
Mexico
+52 33 3627 11 45
www.toyoinkarets.com
3 ANSON ROAD #27-01 SPRINGLEAF
TOWER 079909 SINGAPORE
Singapore
+65 94 57 55 49
www.toyoinkarets.com
5200 Blazer Parkway Dublin, OH
43017
USA
+1 614 790 3361
www.ashland.com
Vale Industrial State Kidderminster
DY11 7QU
UK
+44 1562 821 300
www.ashland.com
18TH Floor, 1089 Zhongshan No. 2
Rd. (S), Xuhuiyuan Bldg. Shanghai
China
+862124024888
www.ashland.com
Brocks Way East Mains Ind. Estate
Broxburn EH52 5NB
UK
+44 1506 853 535
www.paragoninks.co.uk
6 Little Brook Road West Wareham
MA 02576
USA
+1 508 322 7988
www.paragoninks.co.uk
Pulse Roll Label
Products
Unit 1, Nibley Business Park Nibley
Lane, Yate Bristol BS37 5HL
UK
+44 1454 272 433
www.pulserl.com
Squid Inks
Welschloh 299 CH-8965 Berikon
Switzerland
+41 566 488 535
www.squidinks.ch
Sun Chemical /
DIC Corporation
WATERRAS TOWER, 101, Kanda
Awajicho 2- chome, Chiyoda-ku,
Tokyo 101-0063
Japan
+81 3 6733 3000
www.dic-global.com
35 Waterview Boulevard, Parsippany,
NJ 07054-1285
USA
+1708 236 3798
www.sunchemical.com
Framewood Road, Slough, SL3 6PJ
UK
+44 203 139 000
www.sunchemical.com
Ashland
Paragon Inks
Table A-4 Die-cutting equipment vendors
32
Supplier
Address
Country
Tel.
Website
Schober
Technologies
GmbH
Industriestraße 2, 71735 Eberdingen
Germany
+49 7042 7900
www.schobertechnologies.de
Prati
Via Deruta 2, 48018 Faenza
Italy
+39 0546 46889
www.praticompany.com
Brotech
Graphics
1st Floor, 8th Building, TongFuYu
Industrial Park, YongHe Road,
Fuyong town, Baoan District,
Shenzhen 518103
China
+86 755- 83733867
www.bro-tech.net
Appendix A Obtaining customer support
ENWW
B
Related documentation
The following documents provide additional information about primers and overprint varnishes (OPV) for HP
Indigo Labels and Packaging Digital Presses. They are available from My HP Indigo portal at:
https://myhpindigo-int-pro.houston.hp.com/Pages/default.aspx
You can also follow the direct links below:
ENWW
●
Substrate optimization and priming guidelines for HP Indigo Labels and Packaging Digital Presses Howto Guide (CA394-05492): https://myhpindigo-int-pro.houston.hp.com/Technical/TechnicalDocuments/
CA394-05492.pdf
●
Selecting Varnishes and Over-Lamination for HP Indigo Labels & Packaging Digital Presses How-to
Guide (CA394-07950): https://myhpindigo-int-pro.houston.hp.com/Technical/TechnicalDocuments/
CA394-07950.pdf
●
Operating the Inline Primer for HP Indigo WS6000 Series Digital Presses User Guide (CA394-11323):
https://myhpindigo-int-pro.houston.hp.com/Technical/TechnicalDocuments/CA394-11323.pdf
33
C
Glossary
Terms and acronyms
NOTE: Terms are ordered alphabetically. Text in italics points to another term in this glossary.
34
Term
Description
ABS
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene – used for long-life products such as lunch boxes (see IMD).
Activation temperature
Temperature at which the back side of the label becomes tacky and ready to adhere to the
molded part.
Anilox roller
Engraved primer/varnish metering roll used in flexo coaters to provide a controlled amount of
coating to the rubber/transfer roller which applies the coating onto the substrate.
Basis weight
The weight of a known area of substrate, usually in gr/m2 or pounds/ream.
Bleeding
Printing defect on the label, where edges are not uniform and the ink appears to bleed into an
adjacent area (i.e. extends beyond the label edge).
Biaxial orientation
Orientation of plastic films in both machine and cross machine (transverse) directions by
stretching. Biaxially stretched films are generally well balanced in both directions and much
stronger in terms of tear strength.
Blistering
A form of delamination that is a void or pocket which appears as bulge on the surface of the
label after injection molding. It is often caused by the pressure of gasses created in the
injection molding process.
Blocking
The tendency of two plies of substrate to stick together in a stack or roll, especially under heat
and/or pressure.
Blow molding
Manufacturing process by which hollow plastic parts are formed. The process begins with
melting down the plastic and forming it into a parison (or preform) which is then clamped into
a mold and air is blown into it to push the plastic out to match the mold. It is one of the main
types of In-Mold Labeling.
BOPP
Bi-axially oriented polypropylene (also PP).
Caliper
Substrate thickness expressed in mils or microns (1 mil = 25.4 microns).
Cast film
Polyolefin film, usually polypropylene, which is not oriented after it is extruded.
Cavitated film
A co-extruded film consisting of a partially foamed or "cavitated" inner core layer, and thin
solid outer layers. This “sandwich” is much stronger, has better stiffness and has a higher yield
than a solid mono-layer film of the same caliper.
Cling
A very mild form of blocking where the plies can be easily separated without visible damage to
either surface.
Co-extrusion (COEX)
Simultaneous extrusion of two or more different thermoplastic resins into a sandwich-like film
with clearly distinguishable individual layers.
COF (Coefficient of Friction)
A measurement of “slipperiness” of plastic films and laminates (i.e., the force required to slide
a film surface over another film surface).
Corona treatment
A treatment used to alter the surface of plastics and other materials to improve bonding with
printing inks, coatings, and adhesives.
CPP
Cast polypropylene.
Appendix C Glossary
ENWW
ENWW
Term
Description
Curing
Process that transforms a pre-polymer (resin) into a thermoplastic polymer via cross-linking.
Curl
Label defect where a label edge or corner does not lay flat on a plane surface.
Cut in Place (CIP)
A device at the molding site that cuts labels from a web and place them directly in a mold.
Delamination
When the appliqué or label does not adhere to the plastic substrate to any degree.
Die-cutting
Using a sharp device (e.g., die) to cut labels from printed sheets or web.
Double picking
Two or more labels which are stuck together when fed from a magazine stack.
Extrusion
The process of forming a thermoplastic film, container, or profile by forcing the polymer melt
through a shaped orifice.
Injection molding
Manufacturing process for producing parts by injecting material into a mold.
Film
One layer or more [coex] of plastic material, without lamination between them.
Flagging
Label defect where edges are lifted from a container.
FMCG
Fast-Moving Consumer Goods - Products that are sold quickly and at relatively low cost.
Examples include non-durable goods such as soft drinks, toiletries, and grocery items.
Gate
The orifice through which resin flows from the runner to the part. This orifice could take
various forms depending on the part design requirements.
Gauge
Thickness of plastic film measured in decimal inches or mils (North America), or microns
(Europe). Quick equivalency equation: 1 mil = 25.4 microns.
Hot tack
Strength of a still-molten bond immediately after pressure is released.
IMD (In-Mold Decoration)
Type of in-mold labeling (IML), but for durable goods like car dashboards and electronics.
IML (In-Mold Labeling)
The use of paper or plastic labels during the manufacturing of containers by blow molding,
injection molding, or thermoforming processes.
Ink wash
An area on a label where the ink has been moved around or destroyed by heat, friction, or
pressure from the injection molding process. Usually it can be seen at the gate area.
Machine direction (MD)
The direction in which film moves through the packaging equipment.
Mandrel
Part that transfers the label to the female side of mold.
Migration
Diffusion of molecules out of a package into the contained product (e.g., food) or vice versa.
Mold release
Additive in plastic resin (both container and varnish) which prevents molded container or part
from sticking to the mold.
OPV
Over Print Varnish - Clear coated layer used to protect the ink.
Orange peel
Textured or micro-pitted label surface appearance resembling the surface of an orange.
Usually caused by partial collapse of the cavitated film core during molding.
Parison
Tube of molten plastic (extended from extruder) with a hole in one end through which
compressed air can pass. It is captured by the closing mold in the blow molding process.
Pick and place
Articulated robotic device which picks up a label from the magazine stack and positions it in
the open mold.
Polycarbonate (PC)
A particular group of thermoplastic polymers which are easily worked, molded, and
thermoformed.
Polyethylene (PE)
Made in high density, low density, linear low density and metallocene variations (LDPE, LLDPE
and HDPE). Most used material for containers in blow molding.
Terms and acronyms
35
36
Term
Description
Polyethylene Terephthalate
(Polyester) (PET)
Tough, temperature resistant polymer. Polyester film is a staple of multi-layer packaging for a
wide variety of applications.
Polyolefin
Family of polymers (plastics) derived by ethylene and propylene, such as Polyethylene (PE)
and Polypropylene (PP).
Polypropylene (PP)
Soft and clear but brittle at low temperatures. This property as well as stiffness, strength and
clarity is improved by orientation. See: BOPP.
Polystyrene (PS)
Used in Decoration Molding. See IMD.
Primer
A coating applied over a substrate for the purpose of improving an ink or an adhesive bond.
PSL
Pressure-sensitive label.
Release liner
Paper or film carrier for heat transfer or pressure-sensitive labels.
Release solvent
Solvent or water trapped in a coating, adhesive or ink.
Rotary die-cutting
Off-press process of punching out individual labels using sharpened rules mounted on a
support bed. See also: die cutting.
Runner
The channel in the mold body through which the resin flows to the part.
SAL
Self-adhesive label (see PSL).
Slip
The ability of film to move easily over hard plastic, metal, or ceramic platforms or against
another piece of film.
Thermoforming
A method of forming plastics where a plastic sheet is heated to a point where it is soft and
formable.
Transverse direction (TD)
The direction perpendicular to the machine direction.
Vacuum port
Small openings in the mold which hold labels in place during blow molding.
Appendix C Glossary
ENWW
D
Recycling codes
Recycling codes
Code
ENWW
Packaging
applications
Description
Properties
Recycled products
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET). PET is
clear, tough, and has good gas and
moisture barrier properties. Commonly
used in soft drink bottles and many
injection molded consumer product
containers. Other applications include
strapping and both food and non-food
containers. Cleaned, recycled PET flakes
and pellets are in great demand for
spinning fiber for carpet yarns, producing
fiberfill and geo-textiles. Nickname:
Polyester.
Clarity, strength,
toughness,
barrier to gas and
moisture,
resistance to
heat.
Plastic soft drink,
water, sports
drink, beer,
mouthwash,
catsup and salad
dressing bottles.
Peanut butter,
pickle, jelly and
jam jars. Ovenable film and
oven-able
prepared food
trays.
Fiber, tote bags, clothing, film
and sheet, food and beverage
containers, carpet, strapping,
fleece wear, luggage and
bottles.
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE). HDPE
is used to make bottles for milk, juice,
water and laundry products. Unpigmented
bottles are translucent, have good barrier
properties and stiffness, and are well
suited to packaging products with a short
shelf life such as milk. Because HDPE has
good chemical resistance, it is used for
packaging many household and industrial
chemicals such as detergents and bleach.
Pigmented HDPE bottles have better
stress crack resistance than unpigmented
HDPE bottles.
Stiffness,
strength,
toughness,
resistance to
chemicals and
moisture,
permeability to
gas, ease of
processing, and
ease of forming.
Milk, water, juice,
cosmetic,
shampoo, dish
and laundry
detergent bottles;
yogurt and
margarine tubs;
cereal box liners;
grocery, trash
and retail bags.
Liquid laundry detergent,
shampoo, conditioner and
motor oil bottles; pipe,
buckets, crates, flower pots,
garden edging, film and sheet,
recycling bins, benches, dog
houses, plastic lumber, floor
tiles, picnic tables, fencing.
Vinyl (Polyvinyl Chloride or PVC). In
addition to its stable physical properties,
PVC has excellent chemical resistance,
good weatherability, flow characteristics
and stable electrical properties. The
diverse slate of vinyl products can be
broadly divided into rigid and flexible
materials. Bottles and packaging sheet are
major rigid markets, but it is also widely
used in the construction market for such
applications as pipes and fittings, siding,
carpet backing and windows. Flexible vinyl
is used in wire and cable insulation, film
and sheet, floor coverings synthetic
leather products, coatings, blood bags,
medical tubing and many other
applications.
Versatility,
clarity, ease of
blending,
strength,
toughness,
resistance to
grease, oil and
chemicals.
Clear food and
non-food
packaging,
medical tubing,
wire and cable
insulation, film
and sheet,
construction
products such as
pipes, fittings,
siding, floor tiles,
carpet backing
and window
frames.
Packaging, loose-leaf binders,
decking, paneling, gutters,
mud flaps, film and sheet,
floor tiles and mats, resilient
flooring, cassette trays,
electrical boxes, cables, traffic
cones, garden hose, mobile
home skirting.
Recycling codes
37
Code
38
Packaging
applications
Description
Properties
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE). Used
predominately in film applications due to
its toughness, flexibility and relative
transparency, making it popular for use in
applications where heat sealing is
necessary. LDPE is also used to
manufacture some flexible lids and
bottles and it is used in wire and cable
applications.
Ease of
processing,
strength,
toughness,
flexibility, ease of
sealing, barrier to
moisture.
Dry cleaning,
bread and frozen
food bags,
squeezable
bottles, e.g.
honey, mustard.
Shipping envelopes, garbage
can liners, floor tile, furniture,
film and sheet, compost bins,
paneling, trash cans,
landscape timber, lumber.
Polypropylene (PP). Polypropylene has
good chemical resistance, is strong, and
has a high melting point making it good
for hot-fill liquids. PP is found in flexible
and rigid packaging to fibers and large
molded parts for automotive and
consumer products.
Strength,
toughness,
resistance to
heat, chemicals,
grease and oil,
versatile, barrier
to moisture.
Catsup bottles,
yogurt containers
and margarine
tubs, medicine
bottles.
Automobile battery cases,
signal lights, battery cables,
brooms, brushes, ice scrapers,
oil funnels, bicycle racks,
rakes, bins, pallets, sheeting,
trays. Thermometers, light
switch plates, thermal
insulation, egg cartons, vents,
desk trays, rulers, license plate
frames, foam packing, foam
plates, cups, utensils.
Polystyrene (PS). Polystyrene is a
versatile plastic that can be rigid or
foamed. General purpose polystyrene is
clear, hard and brittle. It has a relatively
low melting point. Typical applications
include protective packaging, containers,
lids, cups, bottles and trays.
Versatility,
insulation, clarity,
easily formed.
Compact disc
jackets, food
service
applications,
grocery store
meat trays, egg
cartons, aspirin
bottles, cups,
plates, cutlery.
Thermometers, light switch
plates, thermal insulation, egg
cartons, vents, desk trays,
rulers, license plate frames,
foam packing, foam plates,
cups, utensils.
Other. Use of this code indicates that the
package in question is made with a resin
other than the six listed above, or is made
of more than one resin listed above, and
used in a multi-layer combination.
Dependent on
resin or
combination of
resins.
Three and five
gallon reusable
water bottles,
some citrus juice
and catsup
bottles.
Bottles, plastic lumber
applications.
Appendix D Recycling codes
Recycled products
ENWW
E
Service and support
To obtain service, please contact the customer care center within your country/region:
Europe:
Belgium:
+32 (0)2 626 4803
France:
+33 (0)1 57 32 41 07
Germany:
+49 (0)69 38 07 89 193
Ireland:
+353 (0)1 656 9760
Italy:
+39 02 69430637
Luxembourg:
+352 (0)24 87 13 98
Netherlands:
+31 (0)20 547 6870
Spain:
+34 9 12757781
UK:
+44 (0)84 5604 7435
Japan:
+81 (0)1 2085 5536
Singapore:
+65 9891 1753
APJ:
Distribution Channels (DC):
+31 (0)20 654 5543
North America:
1-800-204-6344
Israel:
+972 (0)8 938 1818
North America and
Latin America
International
Israel
APJ
HP
HP
HP
HP
Indigo Division
Indigo Division
Indigo Division
Asia Pacific Pte Ltd
5555 Windward Parkway
Startbaan 16
Kiryat Weizmann
No.3 Tuas Link 4 #02-01
Alpharetta, GA 30004
1187XR Amstelveen
P.O. Box 150
Singapore 637016
USA
The Netherlands
Rehovot 76101
Israel
ENWW
39
Printing instructions
NOTE: To ensure a high quality print, use the "CAxxx-xxxxx_PRINT.pdf" version of this document.
COVER
Paper weight
250 g
Page size
8.27 x 11.00 in (21 x 27.94 cm)
Printing
HP Indigo digital press
Simplex/duplex
Front cover - duplex
Rear cover - simplex
Color
Full color - high resolution
Coating
Lamination - shiny front and rear covers
INSIDE PAGES
Paper weight
80 g
Page size
8.27 x 11.00 in (21 x 27.94 cm)
Printing
HP Indigo digital press
Simplex/duplex
Duplex
Color
Full color - high resolution
Coating
None
FINISHING
Stitch
40
2 saddle stitch on left side
Appendix E Service and support
ENWW
Notes
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Notes
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