(Univ. Leida): Overview of materials to be used as

Overview of materials to be used as TES materials:
development and characterization at UdL (GREA)
EUROSUNMED SYMPOSIUM
GG: Advanced materials and technologies for renewable energies
Thursday 5 May 2016, Lille, France
Prof. Dr. Luisa F. Cabeza
Dr. Camila Barreneche
Dr. Alvaro de Gracia
Dr. Aran Solé
Laia Miró
Contents
•
•
•
•
Introduction
Research at lab scale
Research for high temperature applications
Materials development and characterization
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GREA research group at UdL
Introduction to GREA
Who are we?
What do we do?
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GREA research group at UdL
Vision
A group of reference in concurrent engineering at an international level,
but related to the environment of the University of Lleida
Mission statement
Our mission is to propose concurrent solutions to the industry in the
fields of Energy Engineering, Design and Optimization of Machinery,
and Automation and Control through research, technology transfer,
and training
Objectives
Improve existing knowledge in our fields of work by means of research
and innovation
Help increase the competitiveness of enterprises through the
collaborative development of new products and technological
advisory services
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GREA’s Technological Capabilities
• Thermal Engineering
– Assessment in thermal energy storage
– Energetic optimization of buildings and industrial
processes
– Applications of solar energy and other renewable
energies
• Sustainable Built Environment
– Green Infrastructure
– Structures
– Sustainable materials
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GREA Staff
The GREA team:
4 Professors / Assist. Prof.
2 Staff
5 Postdoctoral Researcher
11 Graduate Students
3 Undergraduate Students
1 Laboratory Technicians
3 visiting Ph.D.
1 External collaborator
TOTAL: 30 people
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Networks where GREA belongs
Catalonia Government
consolidated Research Group
TECNIO network of Generalitat de Catalunya
Reference network of advanced
materials for energy (XaRMAE)
European Technology Platform on
Renewable Heating & Cooling
Spanish Thematic Network of
Thermal Energy Storage
International Energy
Agency
Energy Conservation through
Energy Storage (ECES-IEA)
Research Centre for Sustainable
Technologies (INSPIRES)
Lleida Biotech, local bioproducts
industries cluster
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Description of the technology
Energy consumption is increasing every day
The energy model used by our society is not sustainable
It is based on polluting energies and limited resources
Thermal Energy Storage
Rational use of thermal energy
The increase in solar systems and the growing interest in cogeneration
of electricity and heat systems require better energy storage
Temperature Range:
Cooling < 20 ° C
Heating / DHW 20-100 º C
High temperature > 100 º C
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GREA covers the entire
range of application of the
technology in pilot plant
facilities
8
Industry cooperation
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Contents
• Introduction
• Research at lab scale
• Research for high temperature applications
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Research at lab scale
Encapsulated
PCM
Bulk PCM
- Development of new materials: Phase Change Materials
PCM dopped
with graphite
Micro-encapsulated
PCM
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PCM dopped with
fire retardants
PCM dopped nanoparticles
Nano-encapsulated
PCM
Shape Stabilized
PCM
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Research at lab scale
- Development of new materials: Thermochemical Materials
Prepared by
Direct impregnation
TCM dopped with TCM dopped with
lminated graphite expanded graphite
Prepared by
Vacuum impregnation
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Research at lab scale
- Development of new materials: - Ionic liquids
- Nano-composites
- by-products
Ionic Liquids
by-products (i.e.
bischofite and fatty acids
derivatives)
Nano-composites
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Research at lab scale
- Characterization of TES materials: Thermophysical properties
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Research at lab scale
- Characterization of TES materials: Thermophysical properties
Comaprison of measurement modes: Dynamic and Step modes
0.6
40
50
0.4
0
20
20
0
DSC signal [W/g]
30
Temperature [ºC]
0.2
DSC signal [W/g]
Temperature [ºC]
40
-0.2
10
-0.4
0
0
50
100
Time [min]
150
200
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0
0
200
400
Time [min]
600
800
15
Research at lab scale
- Characterization of TES materials: Thermophysical properties
New measurement methodologies:
^exo
Wg^-1
Run 1
Run 2
0,000
-0,005
-0,010
-0,015
-0,020
-0,025
1010
-0,030
10
U dL: Grea
12
15
14
16
20
18
25
20
30
22
35
24
26
40
28
45
°C
min
S TAR e SW 8. 01
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Research at lab scale
- Characterization of TES materials: Corrosion
Ambient pressure corrosion
Different temperature levels
Vacuum corrosion
Different temperature levels
RH, P, T ambient sensors
Evaporator
H2O vapour
TTCM sensor
TCM + metal
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Research at lab scale
- Characterization of TES materials: Thermal cycling stability
Temperature (ºC)
Tm + 10 ºC
Tm - 10 ºC
Time (min)
1.5 min
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1.5 min
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Research at lab scale
- Characterization of TES materials: Chemical stability
Infrared-FT (FT-IR)
0,6
0,5
0,3
0,2
Absorbancia
0,4
0,1
0
-0,1
4000 3800 3600 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000
800
600
Número de onda (cm-1)
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Research at lab scale
- Characterization of TES materials: TCM Kinetics
^ exo
Wg^-1
-2
S ample: TC M enh_M g_10_1, 17,1900 mg
S ample: TC M enh_M g_5_1, 13,8300 mg
S ample: TC M enh_M g_1_1, 18,9800 mg
-4
-6
-8
%
20
50
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
°C
C onv ersion
C onv ersion
0 C onv ersion
10
kJmol^-1
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
45
50
55
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210 min
90
95
200
100
A ctiv ation E nergy
0
5
10
L a b : G re a
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20
25
30
35
40
60
65
70
75
80
85
%
S T AR e S W 1 1 .0 0
20
Contents
• Introduction
• Research at lab scale
• Research for high temperature applications
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Two-tank facility description
(1) Hot tank, (2) HTF-salts heat exchanger, (3) Cold tank, (4) Electrical boiler,
(5) HTF-air heat exchanger, and (6) acquisition and recording system
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Storage in CSP
General overview
Storage material
• 60 wt.% NaNO3 and 40 wt.% KNO3
Heat Transfer Fluid
• Therminol VP1
• Syltherm 800
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Storage in CSP
Storage tanks
• Two identical tanks (hot and cold tank)
• Cylinder-shaped vessel closed with a flat circular plate at the bottom
and a Klöpper cover on top
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Storage in CSP
Storage tanks
• Two identical tanks (hot and cold tank)
• Cylinder-shaped vessel closed with a flat circular plate at the bottom
and a Klöpper cover on top
Parameter
Material
Internal Diameter
Cylinder height
Aspect ratio
Klöpper cover height
Total height
Thickness of the walls
Pilot plant at the
University of
Lleida
Units
Value
Stainless steel 316L
[m]
1.20
[m]
0.50
[-]
0.41
[mm]
267
[mm]
767
[mm]
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Andasol-1
35.99
14.00
0.39
-
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Storage in CSP
Temperature distribution
• Measured in transient state conditions, once the electrical
resistances are switched off after a temperature stabilization
period
Prieto et al. 2016 SOLEN
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Storage in CSP
Temperature distribution
• Evaluated in three different levels
• Losses through the bottom by conduction
• Losses through the top (because of direct contact with air) are higher
than in the middle of the tank
• When the orientation of the tank is taken into consideration,
the more unprotected part has lower temperatures
• The influencing parameters in the distribution temperature in
the tank are:
• Suitable and uniform insulation
• Existence of different electrical resistances (direct contact and with
sheath)
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Storage in CSP
Heat losses
• Calculated considering conduction heat losses of the external
wall surfaces of the tank and conduction heat losses at the
bottom of the tank
QWall
TWall.ext
QWall
TBottom
TBottom.FG
TGround
QConcrete
QFG
TTWall.in
TWall.in
Wall.in
TTWall.ext
TWall.ext
Wall.ext
TTBottom
TBottom
Bottom
TTBottom.FG
TBottom.FG
Bottom.FG
TGround
TGround
Energy Profile
385
350
315
280
245
210
175
140
105
70
35
0
Ground
100
90
80
70
Steady State
60
Transient State
50
40
30
Energy profile [%]
TWall.in
Temperature [ºC]
QTop
20
10
0
100
105
110
115
120
125
Time [hour]
130
135
140
Prieto et al. 2016 Solar Energy
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Storage in CSP
Heat losses
• Experimental data
• A 1-D mathematical EES model
• Literature values
Experimental
data
EES model
W/m2
According to Herrmann et al.
2004
72.70
79.13
61.00
72.25
79.60
-
76.00
-
W/m2
Top
Walls
Bottom
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W/m2
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Storage in CSP
Charging and discharging processes
• Therminol VP-1
• Molten salts
charge
discharge
Peiró et al. 2016 Applied Energy
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Storage in CSP
Charging process
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Storage in CSP
Discharging process
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Storage in CSP
Charging and discharging processes
Process
Charge
ΔT
QHTF
Qsalts
[ºC]
[kW]
[kW]
46 ± 3
9.35
8.11
5.80
4.94
0.87
0.91
8.16
8.67
4.52
4.83
0.94
0.87
13.03 11.59
7.84
6.84
0.89
0.94
11.12 11.75
7.09
7.50
0.94
0.90
Discharge
Charge
Discharge
68 ± 1
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EHTF
Esalts
[kWh] [kWh]
33
High temperature applications
• Investigating potential use of by-products from the non-metallic
industry as TES material: example from Chile (2014-15)
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High temperature applications
• Investigating potential use of by-products from the non-metallic
industry as TES material: example with Iberpotash (ICL) (201314)
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Acknowledgements
The research leading to these results has received funding from the Spanish Government (EEA
Grants IDI-20140914, INPHASE - RTC-2015-3583-5 and ENE2015-64117-C5-1-R) the European
Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No PIRSESGA-2013-610692 (INNOSTORAGE), No ENER/FP7/295983 (MERITS), Eccoinnovation project
Rewastee ECO/13/630286 and from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and
innovation programme under grant agreement No 657466 (INPATH-TES) and No 723596
(Innova MicroSolar). The authors would like to thank the Catalan Government for the quality
accreditation given to the research group GREA (2014 SGR 123). Dr. Alvaro de Gracia and Dr.
Camila Barreneche would like to thank Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad de España for
Grant Juan de la Cierva, FJCI-2014-19940 and FJCI-2014-22886, respectively. Laia Miró would
like to thank the Spanish Government for her research fellowship (BES-2012-051861).
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Thank you for your attention
[email protected]
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