2016 MJH3 Bakumatsu

Transcription

2016 MJH3 Bakumatsu

Today’s Lecture
The Bakumatsu Period,
1853-68
Modern Japanese History
Week 3
•
•
The “Perry Shock”
•
The Satsuma-Britain
Relationship and its effect on
events in the 1860s.
•
Differing interpretations of the
Bakumatsu Period.
•
Taiga Dramas as a lens on the
era.
Kyoto as the site of many key
events during the Bakumatsu
Period.
Statue of Hijikata Toshizo, Hakodate
Modern Japanese History, 2016
© Philip Seaton, Hokkaido University
1
2016 MJH3 Bakumatsu - May 2, 2016
Timeline: 1853-68
2
Perry’s Voyage
•
1853: Perry’s Black Ships arrive
•
1863-4: Western bombardments of ports.
•
1854: Perry Returns. Treaty of Peace and
Amity (Kanagawa). Ports of Hakodate,
Shimoda and Nagasaki opened.
•
1864: Mito Rebellion, Hamaguri Gate
Incident leads to the first Choshu
Expedition.
•
1854-6: Ansei Reforms. Modernization
with Dutch help.
•
1866: Satsuma-Choshu alliance and the
failure of the second Choshu Expedition
•
1858: Treaties of Amity and Commerce
(US, Holland, Russia, France & UK).
•
1867: Emperor Komei dies. Succeeded by
Emperor Meiji. Taisei hokan (return of
power to the emperor)
•
1858-60: Foreigners attacked, Ansei purge,
Ii Naosuke assassinated.
•
1868-9: Boshin War
•
1863: Shogun’s visit to Kyoto (formation
of Shinsengumi). Emperor Komei’s antiforeign edit (“expel the barbarians”).
3
Perry’s Black Ships
4
Visualizing Cultures
Where Perry landed in
1853 at Kurihama
Visualizing Cultures was launched at MIT in 2002 to explore the
potential of the Web for developing innovative image-driven
scholarship and learning. The VC mission is to use new technology
and hitherto inaccessible visual materials to reconstruct the past as
people of the time visualized the world (or imagined it to be).
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/home/index.html
A diorama in the
museum there …
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/
black_ships_and_samurai/bss_essay01.html
John Dower on “the Black Ships”
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6
The “Unequal Treaties”
The Fallout
A picture of Perry’s
return in 1854 …
Let’s return to Visualizing Cultures and the 1858 Treaty of Amity
and Commerce to see why the treaties were “unequal”.
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/21f/21f.027/yokohama/yb_essay01.html
•
Hotta Masayoshi (main
negotiator) tries to get
imperial approval for the
Treaty but fails …
•
Replaced by Ii Naosuke,
who launches the “Ansei
purge” of pro-imperial
factions.
•
Ii is assassinated (1860). In
the 1860s, Japan spirals into
political violence.
7
The Key Site of the Bakumatsu Era
8
The Shogun’s Trip to Kyoto
• In 1863, Shogun Tokugawa
Iemochi visits Kyoto.
Kyoto
• The Roshigumi was established
to keep order in Kyoto.
Nijo-jo Castle
• Initially based at Mibudera
Mibudera Temple, Kyoto
Temple.
• Renamed Shinsengumi in 1864.
• Loyal to the bitter end (Hijikata
Toshizo dies in Hakodate in
May 1869).
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Ikedaya Incident
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Hamaguri Gate Incident
• 8 July 1864: The Shinsengumi
learn that pro-Imperial
samurai gather at the
Ikedaya Inn.
• They storm the inn and kill
8 (for the loss of 1).
• Creates the fearsome
reputation of the
Shinsengumi.
Today, the site of Ikedaya is a restaurant.
• 20 August 1864: Choshu and Sonno Joi forces rebel
at the Imperial Palace.
11
• Put down by Satsuma and Aizu forces.
12
Taisei Hokan
(Return of Political Power to the Emperor)
• 10 November 1867: Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu
returns political power to Emperor Meiji (at Nijojo Castle).
Assassination of Sakamoto Ryoma
• 10 December 1867 (15 November on the lunar
calendar): Sakamoto Ryoma assassinated.
13
Battle of Toba Fushimi
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From Kyoto to Tokyo
→
• 4 January 1868: Formal proclamation of Imperial Rule.
• 27-30 January 1868: First battle of the Boshin War fought
just outside Kyoto.
• Bakufu forces greatly outnumber Restoration forces.
• Imperial banners unfurled during the battle of
psychological importance. Creation of kangun vs zokugun.
• So many of the key events of the Bakumatsu period
had taken place in Kyoto.
• But, Tokyo became the new Imperial Capital in the
Meiji Period (we will return to this theme in Week 6).
15
Event: The Namamugi Incident
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Bombardment of Kagoshima
• British trader Charles Richardson is cut down by
retainers of Shimazu Hisamitsu (Satsuma) in
September 1862.
• The British demand an indemnity from the Bakufu
• See, Hillsborough, Samurai Tales, Chapter 1.
17
and Satsuma. The Bakufu pays but Satsuma refuses.
Kagoshima is bombarded in August 1863.
18
Satsuma-British Relations
• Satsuma appreciates British firepower, pays an
indemnity and forges a strong relationship with
Britain.
19
Thomas Glover
Satsuma Students in Britain
• Following the “Choshu Five” (1863), Satsuma sends
15 students in 1865. They study at UCL and later
become leaders in Meiji Japan.
20
From Assassins to Allies
• Thomas Blake Glover: a Scottish
merchant in Nagasaki.
• Helped get the Choshu Five and
Satsuma 15 to the UK.
• Organizes the 1865 Choshu-SatsumaBritain summit. Gun running (with
Sakamoto Ryoma) arms for the antiBakufu alliance.
• From Richardson’s death in 1862 to the overthrow of
21
Modern Japan: Discussion Points
the Tokugawa Bakufu in 1867-8, the British played a
significant role in the Restoration.
22
Historians and their Writings
• Discuss the following three questions in
your group with reference to Chapter 2 of
Modern Japan.
1. Were the causes of the Meiji Restoration
largely internal or external?
2. What were some of the effects of opening
up the country?
• Romulus Hillsborough, Samurai Tales: Courage Fidelity
and Revenge in the Final Years of the Shogun (Tuttle,
2010).
• Marius B. Jansen, “The Meiji Restoration” in Jansen
(ed) The Emergence of Meiji Japan (Cambridge
University Press, 1995).
3. Who were the shishi and what role did they
play in the Restoration?
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Marius B. Jansen
Marius B. Jansen
“If the definition of the Meiji Restoration is limited to the events of 1867 and 1868, it
constituted little more than a coup that shifted rule from one sector of the ruling class
to another. But when it is considered as a larger process, one that began before midcentury and that culminated in the modern state at the century’s end, it can be seen to
have brought revolutionary changes in Japanese Society. Studies of these events during
the century that followed them have inevitably been intertwined with the climate of
opinion within which they were carried on. ...
The orthodox view of Japanese history before 1945, and one that is by no means dead,
was based on interpretations that emphasized the maturization of currents of imperial
loyalism through the Tokugawa period. ...
By the 1880s, historians had begun to fit Japan’s experience into international models
of liberal and capitalist societies, and were becoming troubled by the disparities they
sensed between the “deliberative councils” that had been promised and the reality of
the Imperial Diet they saw approaching. ...
By the 1890s, however, the flush of victory over China, soon to be followed by the
conquest of Russia, the maturation of the ideology of the imperial state, and the
completion of the network of national schools all combined to reinforce the official
orthodoxy with its sanctification of the modern state. ...
After World War I, Marxist analysis provided a new and powerful teleological
expectation of what the Restoration should or could have produced.”
“The Meiji Restoration”, in The Emergence of Meiji Japan (Cambridge University Press
1995), pp. 196-7.
25
Historians and their Writings
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Popular Culture: Taiga Dramas
• Interpretations of history are a product of the age
in which they are written.
•
Taiga “Grand River” Dramas:
Broadcast on NHK, Sunday
evenings 8pm. A series lasts a
whole year.
•
An epic biopic of a hero/heroine.
First series in 1963.
•
Five series in recent years have
been set in the Bakumatsu period:
Shinsengumi! (2004), Atsuhime
(2008), Ryoma-den (2010), Yae no
Sakura (2013) and Hana Moyu
(2015).
• Are interpretations of Bakumatsu history these
days driven more by popular culture and tourism
industries than academia?
27
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Sakamoto Ryoma
• Two major museums: one in Kochi,
one in Hakodate. Other sites in
Nagasaki where Kaientai was based.
assassinating Katsu Kaishu but is persuaded
to help in setting up the Japanese navy.
• Ryoma had visions for Ezo’s inclusion
• Among his many achievements: brokering
in Japan.
• Rumours that his wife Oryo was even
studying the Ainu language.
Sakamoto Ryoma, 1836-67
• Some of Ryoma’s relatives moved to
Hokkaido in the 1890s.
• Assassinated in December 1867 just before
his vision is realized.
http://www.ryoma-kinenkan.jp
http://www.ryoma1115.com
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Sakamoto Ryoma
• Low ranking samurai from Kochi, Shikoku.
• Leaves Kochi to head for Edo. Plans on
the Satsuma-Choshu Alliance, setting up
Japan’s first trading company (Kaientai),
writing the blueprints for the Meiji state
(Senchu Hassaku), having the first
honeymoon in Japan!
Sakamoto Ryoma
statue in Nagasaki
30
Hijikata Toshizo
Hijikata Toshizo
• Expert swordsman from Hino City,
• Died during the Battle of Hakodate
Tokyo.
in May 1869.
• Rose up within Shinsengumi to
• Famous for his unswerving loyalty to
• His nickname is “oni no fukucho”,
• There is a competition to reenact
become second in command.
his cause and lord: the samurai ideal.
demon vice-commander. A
notorious torturer, womanizer and
enforcer of Shinsengumi rules.
• But a poster boy image and a local
his death at the Goryokaku festival
each year. Museums in Hino and
Hakodate.
Hijikata Toshizo, 1835-69
hero in Hakodate as well as Hino.
http://www.romankan.com/hizikata/00index.html
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Niijima Yae
• Her other two nicknames:
- “Handsome Woman” (for
famous for fighting during the
Battle of Aizu during the Boshin
War.
her stylish Christian/
Western lifestyle in Kyoto),
• Married Joseph Hardy
-
Neeshima, the first Japanese to
receive a Bachelor’s Degree
(Amherst, 1870).
• Contributed to the
Niijima Yae, 1835-1942
33
Niijima Yae
• The “Bakumatsu Joan of Arc”:
establishment of Doshisha
University (Kyoto).
Hijikata Toshizo statue,
Takahata Fudo, Hino.
http://www.hijikata-toshizo.jp
Theory
The “Japanese
Nightingale” (for her work
as a nurse during the SinoJapanese and Russo-Japanese
Wars).
• Died in 1932 at the age of 86.
The Yae Character for the Taiga Drama
in Aizu-Wakamatsu, 2013.
http://www.yae-mottoshiritai.jp
34
Theory
• The six conventions of mainstream historical film, from Robert A. Rosenstone, “Oliver
Stone as Historian” in Robert Brent Toplin (ed) Oliver Stone’s USA: Film, History, and
Controversy (University Press of Kansas, 2000)
1. The dramatic film tells history as a story - a tale with a beginning, a middle and an end.
A tale that leaves you with a moral message and (usually) a feeling of uplift.
4. Film brings us history as experience. It emotionalizes and dramatizes the past, gives us
history as triumph, anguish, joy, despair, adventure, suffering, and heroism. Doing so, it
collapses the measured distance of the traditional historian’s stance ...
5. Film shows history as process. The world on the screen brings together things that, for
analytic or structural purposes, written history often has to split apart.
2. Film insists on history as the story of individuals - either men or women (but usually
men) who are already renowned, or men or women who are made to seem important
because they have been singled out by the camera.
6. Film so obviously gives us the “look” of the past - of buildings, landscapes, and artifacts that we may not see what this does to our sense of history.
3. Film offers us history as the story of a closed, completed and simple past. It provides no
alternative possibilities to what we see happening on the screen, admits of no doubts,
and promotes each historical assertion with the same degree of confidence.
Film presents history in a particular way ...
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Summary
The Dramatization of Bakumatsu History
• Is history being warped into an
action adventure or morality tale?
• Are the lives of these historical
figures being revised and sanitized
to make good entertainment?
• In dramas about the Bakumatsu
period, the heroes alternate from
pro-Restoration and antiRestoration. Both have their sets
of fans.
Photo corner, Ryozen
Museum of History,
Kyoto.
T
Timeline
Historians
H
E
Events
Japan 1853-68
Dower, Jansen, Hillsborough
The Namamugi Incident
Popular
P
Culture
Taiga Dramas
Actors
A
S
Sites
T
Theory
Sakamoto, Hijikata, Niijima
Kurihama, Kyoto
Dramatizing the Past
37
Course Text: Modern Japan
• For next time please read
Chapter 3: “The early Meiji
Revolution”.
39
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2016 MJH3 Bakumatsu

Transcription

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