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Infectious_diseases
2013 Infectious diseases Infectious diseases Ectoparazitic diseases Endoparazitic diseases Mycotic diseases Viral diseases Bacterial diseases VLADIMIR JEKL, DVM, PH.D., DIP. ECZM (SMALL MAMMAL) KAREL HAUPTMAN, DVM, PH.D Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Czech Republic Infectious diseases in ferrets Influenza Distemper Aleutian disease Gastritis – Helicobacter mustelae Epizootic coronaviral enteritis Mastitis Ectoparazitic diseases Influenza Antropozoonosis High morbidity 7-14 days Low mortality Transmission Aerosol Direct contact Incubation period 2-4 days 1 2013 Influenza Clinical signs Influenza Sneezing Epifora Nasal and ocular discharge Therapy Diagnostics Contact with influenza within family Clinical signs RIA, PCR,ELISA (Amantadin) (Zanamivir) (Oseltamir) Supportive care Force-feeding Secondary bacterial infection Fluid therpay ATB – amoxicilin-clavulanate Distemper CDV – Morbillivirus Transmission Aerosol Direct contact Ocualr discharge Urine, faeces Indirect contact Incubation period 7-60 days Distemper Clinical signs Dermatitis – chin, perianal region Cheylitis Orange colour Anorexia, Apathy Dyspnoe Pruritus, Blefarospasmus Mucopurulent ocular nad nasal discharge Hard pad 2 2013 Distemper Distemper Clinical signs Incooordination Torticolis Nystagmus Seisures + immunosuppression Distemper Diagnostics IFA (first days of the disease) Nested PCR Postmortal Immunofluorescence Lymphonodes, cerebellum Mucosa Brain demyelinization, Encefalitis Inclusion bodies – IC, IN Distemper Therapy Prevention (anti-dog hyperimmune serum) vaccination (PureVAx Distemper vaccine) 6.-8. week 10.-12. week 14.-16. week Revaccination once a year 3 2013 Epizootic coronaviral enteritis FECV, RNA virus Highly contagious High morbidity Low mortality (older ferrets more sensitive) Transmission Orofaecal route Indirect - clothes Termostable Common disinfectant effective Enterocyte destruction Up to 6 months malabsorption Epizootic coronaviral enteritis Clincial signs Young ferrets Virus present in faeces 2-3 days Epizootic coronaviral enteritis Incubation period Epizootic coronaviral enteritis Acute gastroenteritis Asymptomatic Ferrets older than 3 years Acute/Chronic gastroenteritis Vomitus, diarrhoea Soft yellow to green faeces, „birdseed“ General weakness Dehydration 4 2013 Epizootic coronaviral enteritis Diagnostics Epizootic coronaviral enteritis Electron mikroscopy PCR Histology Therapy Systemic coronaviral infection FSCV High mortality Similar to FIP Rehydration Easy digestible diet ATB H2-blocators, Antiemetics (prednison – 0,5-1 mg/kg q12h) Mastitis Laktující fretky 5 2013 Mastitis Lactation Staphyloccocus, E. coli Clinical signs Ectoparazitic diseases Skin discoloration Oedema, pain Youngs – stunted growth/death Therapy ATB Surgical excision Youngs – force-feeding Ectoparazitic diseases Ctenocephalides felis Ticks Otodectes cynotis Demodicosis Ectoparazitic diseases Therapy Ivermectin Selamectin Fipronil Advantage (imidacloprid) 6 2013 Infectious diseases in rabbits VHD Myxomatosis Treponematosis Pasteurellosis Facial abscessed Coccidiosis Ectoparazitic diseases Dermatophytosis Encephalitozoonosis Viral haemorrhagical disease Patogenesis Calicivirus Highly contagious High morbidity High mortality Transmission Viral haemorrhagical disease Diagnostics epistaxis, haemorrhages on and in organs Incubation period 24-48 hod. Direct contact Indirect – air Virus perzistence in urine Age resistance to the diseases Liver, lungs, intestines, lymphatic organs DIC Viral haemorrhagical disease Typical course of the disease Histopathology – liver, spleen PCR ELISA, HIT Clinical signs Apathy, immobility, tachypnoe, fever Seizures, ataxy Death 7 2013 Viral haemorrhagical disease Vaccination Leporipoxvirus Highly contagious High morbidity Mortality variable Poor epizootic situation First vaccination Booster Revaccination Myxomatosis 6 weeks 10 weeks 6-12 months Good epizootic situation First vaccination Revaccination 10 weeks 6-12 months Transmission Myxomatosis Patogenesis Replication in regional lymphonodes Viraemia Dissemiantion into predilection sites Incubation period 4-6 days Amyxomatous form Direct contac Blood sucking insect Myxomatosis Clinical signs Nodular skin changes Oedeama – eyelids, lips, ears Blepharoconjunctivitis Blepsarospasm Fever Skin haemorrhages Infertility, abort (Seizures) Immunosuppression 8 2013 Myxomatosis Myxomatosis Clinical signs Diagnostics Typical clinical signs Histopathology Myxomatosis First vaccination Booster Revaccination Poor epizootic situation 4 weeks 10 weeks 6-12 months Good epizootic situation First vaccination Revaccination Therapy (ATB) Bacterial respiratory infections Vaccination Virus isolation 10 weeks 6-12 months Pasteurella multocida Staphyloccocus aureus Bordetella bronchiseptica (Mycoplasma) (Mycobakteria) 9 2013 Pasteurella multocida 16 serotypes Pasteurella multocida Pathogenic strains - A,D Maternal antibodies till 8 weeks of age Transmission Aerosol Contact Fomites Copulation Pasteurella multocida Clinical signs Respiratory tract infection Disease Resistance Spontáneous elimination Chronic carrier Acute disease Chronic disease Pasteurella multocida Clinical signs Rhinitis Pneumonia Respiratory tract infection Rhinitis Pneumonia Conjunktivitis, dacryocystitis Otitis media/interna Pyometra/orchitis SC abscesses Septicaemia 10 2013 Pasteurella multocida Diagnostics Clinical signs Radiography Rhinoskopy Bacteriology ELISA, serotypization Pasteurella multocida Therapy Chloramphenikol Fluoroquinolones T-sulpha PNC G (parenterály) Sinusitis ATB Successfulness variable Supportive care Nebulization Surgery RHINOTOMY 11 2013 Sinusitis OTITIS MEDIA RHINOTOMY NORMAL SEBUM PUS Clinical signs Vestibular syndrome Horner syndrome Facial nerve paralysis Subclinical infection 12 2013 CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA Rabbit, 6 years, females Mass close to the ear base – 3 cm Otoscopy Radiography CT DX KRÁLÍCI – OTITIS MEDIA DX 13 2013 DX ABLACE ZVUKOVODU LATERÁLNÍ OSTEKTOMIE TYMPANICKÉ BULY Králík, 6 let, samice Útvar u báze ušního boltce – 3 cm Otoskopie – bil. zúžení ušního kanálu RTG CT Chow et al. 2011 KRÁLÍCI – OTITIS MEDIA 14 2013 OTITIS MEDIA Therapy Myringotomy Saline flushing NSAID meloxikam Buprenorfin 0,8 mg/kg 0,03 mg/kg PO/SC IM/SC q12h q6h PO IM q12h q24h ATB T-sulfa PNC G 30 mg/kg 50.000 IU/kg 15 2013 ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS Fleas ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS Ctenocephalides felis Spilopsyllus cuniculi Fleas ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS Cheylletiella parasitovorax Anaemia Apathy Pruritus ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS Cheylletiella parasitovorax Rabbits, (chinchilas) Zoonosis „walking dandruff“ Localisation Back Between shoulders 16 2013 ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS Psoroptes cuniculi ECTOPARAZITES IN RABBITS Therapy CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Highly contagious • High morbidity • Multifactorial disease – Mycoplasma pulmonis S. pneumoniae, P. pneumotropica, Pseudomonas sp., B. bronchiseptica, Corynebacterium kutscheri virus sialodacryoadeninity, Sendai virus ivermectin selamectin imidacloprid (+moxidectin, + permethrin) Advantage Advocate pro kočky Advantix lufenuron Fipronil – Contraindicated in rabbits CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Transmission – Youngs (in utero) – Adults • • • • Aerosol Direct contact Copulation Indirect – bedding material, etc. 17 2013 CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Clinical signs – Chromodacryorhea – Sneezing, „buble“ sounds CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Clinical signs – Peripheral vestibular syndrome • Circling • Desorientation • Torticolis CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Clinical signs – Dyspnoe CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Diagnostics – Clinical signs – Auscultation – Otoscopy – Bacteriology – ELISA 18 2013 CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Diagnostics – Postmortal examination – Pus in lung lumen, bronchiectasy, lung hepatization CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Differential diagnostics – Leukaemia, lymphoma CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Differential diagnostics – Anaemia CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Differential diagnostics – Kidney failure 19 2013 CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Differential diagnostics – Malocclusion and nasall abscess formation CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Differential diagnostics – Abdominal organ enlargement CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Differential diagnostics – Abdominal organ enlargement CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Differential diagnostics – Heart failure 20 2013 CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Differential diagnostics – Exposure to irritating agents – „Allergic“ rhinitis extremely rare CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Therapy Topical decongescant Oxymetazolin Xylometazolin CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Therapy Flurochinolones + doxycyclin ß-laktams + makrolids Humidification Oxygen Nebulization CHRONIC RESPIRATORY DISEASE • Therapy Supportive care Soft food Vitamin C ß- GLUKAN Topical antibiotics T-sulpha Aminoglycosides Fluorochinolones 21 2013 PNEUMONIA IN GUINEA PIGS • Bordetela bronchiseptica – Obligate pathogen in rabbits – Fatal to imunocompromised guinea pigs SKIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES PNEUMONIA IN GUINEA PIGS • Bordetela bronchiseptica – Therapy • • • • Vitamin C 50 mg/kg q24h Supportive care NSAIDS Antibiotics – T‐sulfa 30 mg/kg q 12h – Fluoroquinolones SKIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES History Clinical examination Basic derrmatological testing Scrapings Trichoscopy Cytology Ear swab DTM test Cultivation 22 2013 SKIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES Biopsy SKIN INFECTIOUS DISEASES Biopsy ECTOPARAZITES Ticks Zoonotic potential ECTOPARAZITES Ticks Zoonotic potential Viral encephalitis (Flaviviridae) Borelliosis Therapy ivermectine (KI in squirrels) 23 2013 INFEKČNÍ ONEMOCNĚNÍ KŮŽE ECTOPARAZITES Ornythonyssus bacoti ECTOPARAZITES Notoedres muris Zoonosis Moving fast ECTOPARAZITES Notoedres muris 24 2013 ECTOPARAZITES Trixacarus caviae ECTOPARAZITES ECTOPARAZITES Polyplax serrata Radfortia ensifera ECTOPARAZITES Demodex criceti Demodex aurati 25 2013 DERMATOPHYTOSIS DERMATOPHYTOSIS TRICHOPHYTON MENTAGROPHYTES Zoonosis Trichoscopy DTM test Mycology DERMATOPHYTOSIS SUMMARY Therapy Ketokonazole Antimykotics into the sand bath (chinchillas) Pythium oligandrum Vitamin C Proper diagnsotic methods Differenciál diagnostics (Surgery) Postoperative care Optimal therapeutical effect 26 2013 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION MVDr. Vladimír Jekl, Ph.D., DipECZM (Small Mammal) Avian and Exotic Animal Clinic, FVL VFU Brno [email protected] 27
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