- Triumph Learning

Transcription

- Triumph Learning

Buckle Down California
English Language Arts, Level 8
Understanding the Words
Lesson 1: Vocabulary Clues
Lesson 2: The Secret History of Words
California
Unit 2
Reading for Information
2ND EDITION
Lesson 3: Anatomy of a Text
Lesson 4: Author’s Purpose
Lesson 5: Analyzing Text
Lesson 6: Consumer Materials
Lesson 7: Technical Directions
Unit 3
Literature
Lesson 8: Narrative Elements
Lesson 9: Literary Styles
Lesson 10: Literature, History, and Culture
Lesson 11: Poetry
Unit 4
Language Skills
Lesson 12: Punctuation and Capitalization
Lesson 13: Spelling
Lesson 14: Grammar
Unit 5
Writing Strategies
Lesson 15: Prewriting
Lesson 16: Drafting
Lesson 17: Revising, Editing, and Proofreading
California Standards Review
Go to www.BuckleDown.com to review our complete line of California Standards Review for Grades 2–12
ELA • MATHEMATICS • SCIENCE • ALGEBRA I • HISTORY-SOCIAL SCIENCE
P.O. Box 2180
Iowa City, Iowa 52244-2180
PHONE: 800-776-3454
FAX: 877-365-0111
www.BuckleDown.com
EMAIL: [email protected]
Student Set CA02052S2
ISBN 0-7836-5229-1
5 1 2 9 5
Includes: Student Workbook, Form A
Practice Test, Form B Practice Test
Individual Products:
Student Workbook CA02052W2
Form A Practice Test CA02052A2
Form B Practice Test CA02052B2
9
780783 652290
8 ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS
California is recognized as one of the
world’s three surfing centers. The
surfer’s culture has developed its own
distinct vocabulary. “Hanging ten”
involves curling your toes over the
front edge of a longboard. A surfer
rides “goofy foot” when the left foot
back on the board and “regular
is
foot” when the right foot is back.
Unit 1
8
English
Language
Arts
Standards
Review
Table of Contents
Introduction................................................................................................................ 1
Test-Taking Tips............................................................................................ 2
Unit 1 – Understanding the Words............................................................................ 3
Lesson 1: Vocabulary Clues........................................................................... 4
Content Standards: RW1.1, RW1.3
Lesson 2: The Secret History of Words....................................................... 17
Unit 2 – Reading for Information............................................................................ 31
Lesson 3: Anatomy of a Text....................................................................... 32
Content Standards: RC2.0, RC2.2, RC2.7
Lesson 4: Author’s Purpose......................................................................... 44
Content Standards: RC2.2, RL3.7
Lesson 5: Analyzing Text............................................................................ 60
Content Standards: RC2.3, RC2.4, RC2.7
Lesson 6: Consumer Materials.................................................................... 69
Content Standards: RC2.1, RC2.6
Lesson 7: Technical Directions.................................................................... 85
Content Standards: RC2.1, RC2.5
Unit 3 – Literature.................................................................................................... 93
Lesson 8: Narrative Elements...................................................................... 94
Content Standards: RL3.2, RL3.3, RL3.4
Lesson 9: Literary Styles........................................................................... 112
© 2007 Buckle Down Publishing. COPYING IS FORBIDDEN BY LAW.
Content Standards: RL3.4, RL3.6
Lesson 10: Literature, History, and Culture.............................................. 123
Content Standards: RL3.3, RL3.5, RL3.7
Lesson 11: Poetry...................................................................................... 140
Content Standards: RL3.0, RL3.1
Unit 4 – Language Skills........................................................................................ 159
Lesson 12: Punctuation and Capitalization............................................... 160
Content Standards: WC1.0, WC1.5
Lesson 13: Spelling................................................................................... 170
Lesson 14: Grammar................................................................................. 176
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Table of Contents
Unit 5 – Writing Strategies.................................................................................... 189
Lesson 15: Prewriting................................................................................ 190
Content Standards: WS1.1, WS1.2, WS1.3
Lesson 16: Drafting................................................................................... 198
Content Standards: WS1.1, WS1.2, WS1.3
Lesson 17: Revising, Editing, and Proofreading....................................... 206
To the Teacher:
Content Standards codes are listed for each lesson in
the table of contents and for each page in the shaded
gray bars that run across the tops of the pages in the
workbook (see the example at right). These codes
identify the Content Standards covered on a given
page.
Content Standard: WS1.6
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Unit 1 – Understanding the Words
Content Standards: RW1.3
Numismatist? Indefatigable? Quisling? Traduce?
Caveat? How are you supposed to know the
meaning of every word that might show up on a
test?
Actually, you’re not. While you might encounter
a difficult word here and there, you’ll have
plenty of help in dealing with it. Where will this
help come from? From other words.
It’s All About Context
Figuring out the meanings of difficult words in a reading passage is a lot like learning
unfamiliar slang. You can learn the meaning of the latest slang by carefully watching and
listening in a conversation. In the same way, you can learn the meaning of a written word
by paying attention to the surrounding words and sentences. This is called using context.
To see how this works, read the following sentence, then answer Number 1.
Never one to give up, Margo worked tenaciously to land an audition for a part on
Duffy the Dragon Slayer, and her tireless efforts finally paid off.
1. What is the meaning of the word tenaciously as it is used in the sentence?
hesitantly
curiously
lazily
persistently
Tenaciously is about as difficult a word as you are likely to see on a reading test. But even
if you’ve never seen the word before, you can figure out what it means. The other words
in the sentence give it away.
Which choice would most likely describe the way Margo works? We are told that Margo
is “never one to give up” and that her efforts are “tireless.” These details allow you to
eliminate choices A (hesitantly) and C (lazily). Of the two choices that are left, which one
would most likely lead Margo to success?
As you can see, you don’t have to know the meaning of every word in the dictionary to
answer a vocabulary question. However, you do need to know how to use context to
figure out the meanings of unfamiliar words.
Here are a few tips to help you figure out the meanings of unknown words in a reading
passage.
A.
B.
C.
D.
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TIP 1: Look for synonyms to the unknown word.
The passage often will give plenty of clues about
the meaning of an unknown word. For example,
read the following sentence.
Preparations for the star-studded wedding were
covert, and organizers kept the details hidden
from the press until the last minute.
Word Alert
Synonyms are words with
similar meanings (syn = same;
onym = word, name). Jump
and leap are synonyms.
2. Circle any words in the sentence that have a
meaning similar to that of the underlined word.
Now read the following question. Choose the answer that is closest in meaning to any
words you circled in Number 2.
3. In the example sentence above, what is the meaning of the word covert?
A.
B.
C.
D.
secret
flashy
gossipy
detailed
TIP 2: Look for causes and effects related to the unknown
word.
Cause-and-effect relationships can give hints to the meaning of an unknown word. For
example, use the following sentence to answer Numbers 4 and 5.
No one ever thought that East High would beat West, so when it finally happened,
the East fans were euphoric.
4. How do fans usually feel when their team defeats a tough opponent?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Which word is closest in meaning to euphoric as it is used in the example sentence?
A.
B.
C.
D.
satisfied
overjoyed
challenged
embarrassed
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TIP 3: Look for clues showing that the unknown word fits into a
category.
If a word appears in a list of things or in a description of a scene, you can guess its
meaning by the way it fits into the “world” that contains the other items.
Look at the following example:
Though not as well-known as diamonds, rubies, sapphires, or emeralds, agate has
become increasingly popular in the fashion jewelry market.
6. The items listed (diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, agate) all fit into what
category?
_____________________________________________________________________
7. What is agate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a type of store
a style of design
a kind of gemstone
a shade of green
TIP 4: Look for clues that point to the opposite meaning of the
unknown word.
Word Alert
Antonyms are words
with opposite meanings
(ant = opposite, against;
onym = word, name). Fast
and slow are antonyms.
When Mr. Carrier first arrived in Picketsville,
the townspeople thought he was a fine, upstanding, honest gentleman, but time soon
showed him to be an absolute rogue.
8. Circle any words that describe the opposite of rogue.
9. What is the meaning of the word rogue as it is used in the passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
wise elder
popular leader
untrustworthy person
mysterious newcomer
Words such as but, despite, although, surprisingly,
not, and so on, signal a shift in the logic of a
passage. Such words can hint at what a vocabulary
word doesn’t mean. This can help you make a good
guess about what the word does mean. For example,
read the following sentence and use it to answer
Numbers 8 and 9.
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TIP 5: Don’t be fooled by a multiple-meaning word. Go back to
the passage to see how it is used.
Some vocabulary questions will test your knowledge of multiple-meaning words. One
such word is grate, which can mean “to grind into small pieces,” “to be hard on the
nerves,” or “the iron bars used to hold fire.”
A multiple-choice question may list four accurate meanings for the vocabulary word.
Your job will be to pick the meaning that best fits the way the word is used in the passage.
For these questions, it is very important to go back to the passage and check the context
of the word before choosing your answer.
To see how this works, read the following sentence, then answer Number 10.
The audience of scientists was curious about how the guest lecturer would treat the
highly charged topic of the possibility of alien life.
10. What is the meaning of the word treat as it is used in the sentence?
A.
B.
C.
D.
to pay another’s expenses at a restaurant
to care for or deal with medically
a gift that offers delight or amusement
to deal with a subject in speech or writing
Homonyms, Homophones, and Homographs
Homonyms are words that are pronounced and spelled alike, but have different meanings.
For example, bank can mean “a place to keep your money” or “the side of a road. Hold, as
a verb means, “to keep in one’s grasp” or, as a noun, means “the lower part of a ship where
cargo is stored.”
Homophones are words that are pronounced alike but have different spellings and
meanings. Some examples:
to/too/two
bear/bare
clause/claws
feat/feet
there/their/they’re
groan/grown
miner/minor
plain/plane
principal/principle
wait/weight
weather/whether
which/witch
Homographs are words that are spelled alike but have different meanings or pronunciations,
such as lead, which is part of a pencil, and lead, which means “to show the way.”
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TIP 6: Pay attention to tone.
Every word has a basic, agreed-upon definition. Many words also have an extra meaning
or sense it has when used in certain ways.
For example, the word cheap means “inexpensive,” but it can also suggest that something
is of low quality. If someone says, “That’s a cheap CD player,” does that mean it doesn’t
cost much or that it isn’t very well made? You’ll need to look at the context to know for
sure.
One clue is tone, the overall emotional content of the words. A positive or negative tone
can help you to understand which meaning of a word the writer intends. Read the
following sentences to see how this works.
Mom sighed as Rita brought another box to her. They had been shopping for hours,
and Mom was tired, but when she saw the sticker on the box, her face lit up.
“Finally!” she said. “A cheap CD player!”
In this context, Mom is using a positive tone: She is celebrating the CD player’s low cost.
The “plug-in” technique is a great way to check your work. After you have selected an
answer choice using any of the methods in this lesson, try plugging it into the original
sentence to make sure it works in the context.
TIP 7: Plug in the answer choices to see which one makes the
most sense in the sentence.
If all else fails, try plugging the answer choices into the sentence in place of the unknown
word. The choice that fits best is likely to be the correct answer.
Louisa’s scathing comments about her opponent during the debate did not win her
any votes. Most of the audience was turned off by her bitter attacks even though the
points she made were correct.
11. In this paragraph, what does the word scathing mean?
A.
B.
C.
D.
firmly neutral
harshly critical
mildly supportive
deliberately vague
Use this technique on the following vocabulary question.
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Plug in the answer choices as shown below. Which makes the most sense in the context of
the sentence? Are there any choices you can eliminate?
A. Louisa’s firmly neutral comments about her opponent during the debate did not
win her any votes. Most of the audience was turned off by her bitter attacks even
though the points she made were correct.
B. Louisa’s harshly critical comments about her opponent during the debate did not
win her any votes. Most of the audience was turned off by her bitter attacks even
though the points she made were correct.
C. Louisa’s mildly supportive comments about her opponent during the debate did
not win her any votes. Most of the audience was turned off by her bitter attacks
even though the points she made were correct.
D. Louisa’s deliberately vague comments about her opponent during the debate did
not win her any votes. Most of the audience was turned off by her bitter attacks
even though the points she made were correct.
TIP 8: Look for other clues in footnotes and sidebars.
Sometimes an author will define a difficult term directly in the text or in a footnote.1
Words can also be explained by restating the idea the word represents. For example,
consider the following sentence:
“How can you be so cavalier about ruining my model trains?” Bob demanded, but
his wife remained unconcerned.
12. What does cavalier mean in this context?
A.
B.
C.
D.
angry
worried
carefree
amused
1footnote:
a short explanation, set off by a number, that appears beneath the text
TIP 9: Use vocabulary techniques to answer questions about
figurative language.
If you say that you’re so tired that your arms are limp noodles, you don’t really mean that
your arms are made of a flour-and-water substance. You are speaking figuratively rather
than literally. You are using figurative language to express how you feel.
Figurative language often compares a person, event, or idea with something so that a
vivid image will be created in the reader’s mind. Two of the most common types of
figurative language are similes and metaphors. Similes are comparisons using the word
like or as (He fell down like a ton of bricks). Metaphors don’t use like or as. They simply
say (or suggest) that one thing is another (The night sky blanketed the city). In this
example, the sky is described metaphorically as being a blanket.
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If you are having trouble understanding a figurative phrase, vocabulary strategies can
sometimes help.
It was hard work getting a part on the show True Life, where six very
different people are placed in a designer home in a dream location for six
months, all expenses paid. Soon the cameras would roll, and the world would see
how young people live and get along in “true life.”
But Candy started to wonder whether she liked the idea of life under a
microscope, with someone, somewhere, watching her every squirming
movement.
13. What does life under a microscope mean in this passage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
a life in a house with too many other people
a life with people who don’t get along well
a life in a place that is far away from home
a life that is filmed and broadcast on television
An idiom is a common expression or saying that only makes sense if you understand its
figurative meaning. You can use vocabulary strategies to answer questions about idioms.
Elwood was down in the dumps after his girlfriend broke up with him. He couldn’t
eat; he couldn’t sleep. He just moped around all day, wondering why he had been
such a jerk.
A.
B.
C.
D.
angry and scared
very unhappy
at low elevation
left all alone
You will learn more about figurative language in Unit 3.
TIP 10: Analogies show word relationships.
A word analogy is a formula that shows you the relationship between two words. For
example: apple is to oranges like soccer balls are to volleyballs is shown by writing
apple : orange, soccer ball : volleyball. The analogy is saying that, though soccer balls
and volleyballs are roughly the same shape and size, they are different like apples and
oranges are different.
14. What does down in the dumps mean in this example?
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The following are some of the most common types of analogies. For each item, fill in the
blank to make an analogy like the example.
antonyms (“is the opposite of”)
veteran : rookie
effect/cause (“is an effect of”)
devastation : hurricane
15. start : __________________
21. lightning : __________________
synonyms (“is the same as”)
function (“is used to”)
nobility : aristocracy
odometer : measure
16. professor : __________________
22. ruler : __________________
characteristic (“is a characteristic of”)
location (“is a place where” or “is
found at”)
hope : optimism
artifact : museum
17. fear : __________________
23. jailbird : __________________
classification (“is a type of”)
pastel : color
relative size (“is bigger/smaller than”)
mountain : hill
18. television : __________________
24. plant : __________________
degree (“is a greater/lesser degree of”)
elated : happy
19. painting : __________________
cause/effect (“is the cause of”)
joke : laughter
20. tiredness : __________________
whole-to-part or part-to-whole (“is a
part of”)
actor : troupe
25. grape : __________________
sequence (“comes before/after”)
planting : harvest
26. spring : __________________
11
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TIP 11: When in doubt, use a dictionary.
When you aren’t sure about the meaning of a word, look it up. You can’t do this when
you take a reading test, but it’s a good way to build your vocabulary as you practice. It’s
also a habit that will help you build a stronger vocabulary throughout your life.
dictionary: lists thousands of words in alphabetical order, giving definitions, word
origins, and pronunciations
glossary: gives meanings of words used in a book; often found in textbooks
thesaurus: lists words with similar meanings
spell-check program: locates spelling errors in electronic documents and makes
suggestions for correcting them; usually part of a word-processing program
TIP 12: Learn new words outside of language arts class.
You can often use vocabulary strategies to understand unfamiliar words in many subject
areas. Break down longer words into the roots and affixes you know. A word such as
photosynthesis might seem complicated, but you may understand more of the word than
you think. Photo is a prefix meaning “light.” Synthesis is a word meaning “combine” or
“make.” So you should not be surprised that photosynthesis is the process in which a
plant uses sunlight to combine certain chemicals to make its food.
You’ll read more about roots and affixes in Lesson 2.
Reading and writing aren’t the only subject areas in which you learn new words. You can
pick up new vocabulary from nearly everything you read. In science class, for example,
you might read about enzymes, complex proteins that are produced by living cells. In
social studies, you might learn about nationalism, extreme loyalty to a nation. In math
class, you might have learned the word equilateral, which describes a figure in which all
sides or faces are of equal measure. Words that are specific to a certain subject are called
jargon.
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Practice Questions
Krump: One Man’s Commitment
1
Everyone expected Thomas Johnson to end up
in jail. Or worse, dead. Thomas had moved from
Detroit to South Central Los Angeles when he
was a teenager and instantly became involved
with the wrong crowd. Thomas was selling drugs
and staying far away from school until one day
he was incarcerated. To this day, he says that
being sentenced was the best thing that could
have happened to him. In jail, Thomas realized
that he needed to change the direction that his
life was headed. Although he could be sure that
he wanted change, when he was finally released
from jail Thomas wasn’t sure where to begin.
2
The answer came in an unlikely way. One day,
Thomas’ friend asked him to entertain a group of
kids at a birthday party. Needing the money,
Thomas slathered on some clown face paint and,
Tommy the Clown
without knowing how or why, began moving his
body in a way that no one had seen. His shoulders jerked back and forth, his chest shot out and came
back in, and his arms looked like they were swinging all the way around his chest. He was dancing.
The children clapped at Thomas’ quick, unpredictable moves and parents were amazed. Word spread
fast, and soon Thomas was being asked to put on the clown paint and dance in front of larger crowds.
Thomas became known as “Tommy the Clown.” Suddenly, he realized that not only was he taking
control of his own life but he was influencing troubled youth by teaching them something positive
that actually excited them! This gave him an idea. Tommy opened a school where kids could learn
this new style of dancing. The dance was called “clowning” at first and the school was a hit. Kids
were staying off of the mean streets so that they could learn Tommy’s dance moves.
3
Former California governor Gray Davis heard about Tommy’s influence on South Central’s youth
and he asked him to help out with California’s Census Campaign. Soon, “clowning” was spreading all
over the state. It became an alternative to gang activity, drugs, and violence. Tommy the Clown made
sure that everyone knew his purpose: kids should always have an alternative to street violence. Instead
of hurting one another, kids should be able to let out their emotions in a positive way. “Clowning”
provided this outlet.
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4
All over South Central, kids began crowding street corners and backyards just to show off
Tommy’s dance moves. They even painted their faces like clowns, just like Tommy. With so many
kids practicing the dance, Tommy formed The Hip-Hop Clowns, a group of dancers that attended
parties with Tommy. The Hip-Hop Clowns not only entertained others but also taught anyone who
wanted to learn this dance. One day, at Tommy the Clown’s Dance Academy, kids started using a
simple word to describe the intensity of the dance movements. The sharp word caught on almost as
fast as the dance itself, and soon people only knew Tommy’s dance by this unique word: krump.
5
These krumpers continued to look toward Tommy for inspiration, but soon they were developing
their own moves. Because of this, krumping, to this day, is constantly evolving. For example,
krumpers paint their faces in all kinds of ways, depending on their mood. Not only is krumping as
popular on the streets as the break-dance was in the 1980s, but it is considered a structured form of
dance with a variety of styles. In fact, some universities study this form of Hip-Hop dance.
6
In 2005, famous music-video director David LaChapelle decided to make a movie on the spread of
the krump dance. While researching the dance, LaChapelle made an important discovery: the
movements of krump could be traced back to African tribal rituals that also used dance to express
strong emotions. LaChapelle also discovered that, like these African rituals, krumpers were grouping
themselves into tribes, or “families.” As these “families” began spreading all over Los Angeles,
Tommy created Battle Zones where krumpers could compete with each other by dancing to prove
who was best. While the competition is always fierce, the main goal of these battles is to learn and
improve the art and technique of the krump dance.
7
Currently, Thomas Johnson’s positive influence has spread all over the world. Krumping is
featured on over twenty television shows and movies, including David LaChapelle’s finished piece,
Rize. Tommy and the Hip Hop Clowns have performed all over the world including Italy, England,
Canada, and Japan. Wherever krumping emerges, it always reflects the culture of that community. But
no matter how much the dance evolves, the mission of Thomas Johnson, or Tommy the Clown, will
always be clear: each person has the strength to positively change the world. It’s up to that person to
find it.
14
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1 How did Thomas Johnson become known
as “Tommy the Clown”?
4 Read this sentence from paragraph 2.
A Thomas started out by performing as a
clown at birthday parties.
Thomas slathered on some clown
face paint and, without knowing
how or why, began moving his body
in a way that no one had ever seen.
B Thomas had a hard time taking
anything seriously.
C Thomas had a talent for cheering up
kids by making them laugh.
D Thomas had performed in the circus
before he started dancing.
The word slathered means
F covered.
G drowned.
H drank.
Thomas was selling drugs and
staying far away from school until
one day he was incarcerated.
J
dabbed.
“Clowning” provided this outlet.
The word incarcerated means
F on fire.
The word outlet means
G locked up.
A something to plug a cord into.
H depressed.
B a release of energy or emotion.
J
C a door to somewhere new.
happy.
D a plan for change.
3 Which two words from paragraph 1 are
the most opposite?
A sentenced, released
B realized, incarcerated
C crowd, teenager
D expected, realized
6 A krump battle is
F a debate over who has the coolest dance
shoes.
G a competition over who’s the best
krumper.
H a challenge over who gets to tour with
Tommy the Clown.
J
a battle between two hairdressers
dressed like clowns.
15
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Not only is krumping as popular on
the streets as the break-dance was
in the 1980s, but it is considered
a structured form of dance with a
variety of styles.
These krumpers continued to look
toward Tommy for inspiration, but
soon they were developing their
own moves.
The root word in inspiration means
The word structured means
F depression.
A there are rules and techiques to
dancing.
G money.
B you need to be an architect to krump.
C the dance is difficult.
H ideas.
J
shelter.
D dancers need to be in good shape.
16
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- Triumph Learning

Transcription

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