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STEALTH AIRCRAFTS
DESIGN ASPECTS AND CONSIDERATIONS
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These three factors can be combined to determine the complete
radar cross section ( ) for a target
Simplifying that expression yields the following
relationship for radar cross section.
The importance of radar cross section can best be understood by
looking at an equation relating the RCS of the target to the energy received by the radar.
where
S = signal energy received by the radar
Pavg = average power transmitted by the radar
G = gain of the radar antenna
= radar cross section of the target
Ae = effective area of the radar antenna, or "aperture efficiency"
tot = time the radar antenna is pointed at the target (time on target)
R = range to the target
Geometry
Description
Maximum RCS
Comments
Square trihedral
corner reflector
Strongest radar return
due to triple
reflection of incident
wave
Right dihedral corner
Second strongest
radar return due to
double reflection of
incident wave;
decreases from
maximum slowly
with changing q and
rapidly with changing
f
reflector
Flat plate
Third strongest radar
return due to direct
reflection of incident
wave; decreases
rapidly as incidence
angle changes from
perpendicular
Geometry
Description
Maximum RCS
Comments
Strong radar return as
aspect (q) changes,
but decreases rapidly
as azimuth (f) changes
Right circular
cylinder
Sphere
Produces the same
isotropic return in all
directions
Straight edge
Perpendicular
incidence wave
creates a strong but
where
q = aspect
qint = interior dihedral
angle between two faces
narrow RCS peak
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B2 GEOMETRY
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100 m²
15 m²
7 m²
6 m²
4 m²
3 m²
2 m²
0.75 m²
0.1 m²
0.025 m²
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DETECTION RANGE
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NON-STEALTHY AIRCRAFT PENETRATION
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STEALTHY AIRCRAFT PENETRATION
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Air to Air
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T-33 jet trainer
T-33 medianized radar cross section
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B-52
B-1
B-2
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SR-71
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F-117
The Lockheed Martin F-117 stealth fighter
is almost entirely covered in Radar-Absorbent Material
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Lockheed version of the Have Blue Demonstrator
which led to the F-117
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Canted
Verticals
No Corner
Reflectors
Metallized
Canopy
Top-Mounted
Inlet
Shielded
Nozzles
No External
Weapons
Sloped
Fuselage
Sides
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F-117 BOMB BAY
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Why Zig-Zag
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Gold plated
“Zig-Zag” Canopy
Special Rudder
Hinge Line
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Special Design Pitot Tubes
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RCS Measurements in Special Range
X-32 BOEING
RCS MODEL
47 ft LONG
36 ft WING-SPAN
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Play
The USAF's Lockheed Martin F-117A fighters are to undergo
a return-to-works programme to receive a new,
stealthier skin coating and improved cockpit instrumentation.
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B-2
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Northrop YB-49 Flying Wing
1929 Twin Boom Wing---N1M---N9M---XP56---MX324---XP79---JB10---XB35---1947 YB49
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B-2 BOMB DROP
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PROTECTED HANGER FOR
B-2 ENVIORONMENTAL CONTROL
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Radar-Absorbent Material
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Looking from the B-2 Cockpit
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PLAY
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YF-23
YF-22
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YF-22
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YF-22
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F-22
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F-22
most of the F-22's surface is covered with
a conductive metallic coating which prevents radar energy
from penetrating the composite skin.
The F-22 uses RAM around the edges of doors
and control surfaces, and radar-absorbent structure (RAS)
on the body, wing and tail edges.
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The entire airframe of the F-22 is painted with
a Boeing-developed camouflage topcoat
which suppresses the aircraft’s IR signature
Testbed Raptor 04 made its first flight
with a patchwork of
gray-painted RAS
(Radar Absorbent Structure) edges,
yellow-primered skin,
metallic coating
and sprayed-on RAM
(Radar Absorbent Material)
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“$
$
%
!
"# "
!
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F-22
Assembly Line
Serrated Skin Joints
and Access Panels
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&
''
(
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)
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F-22
Skin and Access Panels Assembly
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F-22
“Frequent-Access” Panels open and closed
without compromising the LO (Low-Observable) “Bubble”
The F-22 has almost 300 specially designed access points.
Many service points are located inside the weapon bays,
landing gear doors and other openings.
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F-22
Measurement of Steps and Gaps in Skin Panel's Joint Lines
by Optical Probes
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F-22
Gun Door Test
M 61A2 Six Barreled
20 mm Gatling Gun
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F-22
Weapons Bay Doors
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F-22
AIM-9M Missile Launched
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F-22 CUTAWAY
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*
Multilayer, Multispectral Camouflage System
play
Play 2
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Boeing X-32 JSF (Joint Strike Fighter)
Technology Demonstrator
WEAPONS BAYS
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X-32 JSF
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X-32A PROTOTYPE
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X-32
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X-32 TIP to TIP WING STRUCTURE
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X-32 Cool Exhaust Duct for very low IR Signature
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X-32B STOVL
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X-32B PROPULSION SYSTEM
P&W JSF119-SE614S
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X-32 BOEING RCS MODEL
The manufacturers and
the US government have continuously
updated their RCS test facilities.
They can now measure signatures
as low as -70dB/m2
- one ten-millionth of a square meter,
or the size of a grain of dust
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Lockheed Martin X-35A JSF
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X-35A PROTOTYPE
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X-35
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X-35B STOVL ASSEMBLY at
Lockheed Martin Skunk Works
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F-35 Weapon Bays
Fitted for 900 Kg JDAM and single AIM-120 AMRAAM
!
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X-35C US NAVY VERSION
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X-35B (STOVL) IN VERTICAL TAKE-OFF
WITH FAN DOORS OPEN
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X-35B (STOVL) IN TRANSITION MODE
WITH FAN DOORS OPEN
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Simplified cutaway of the F-35B propulsion system
ROLL NOZZLES
LIFTING FAN
VECTORED ENGINE THRUST
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Lockheed Martin JSF RCS MODEL
TESTED at RCS RANGE
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RCS Measurement
System
in Manching Germany
Handle objects up to 45 tones
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SU-27
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US Navy McDonnell Douglas/General Dynamics A-12
Cancelled in January 1991
was ahead of its time in its approach to stealth
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RAH-66 “COMANCHE”
/
/
+
,
--.
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Boeing X-45A UCAV Demonstrator
The two X-45A prototypes are 45% composite
production vehicles will be 90% composite.
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Northrop-Grumman Pegasus UCAV Demonstrator
Northrop Grumman's Pegasus test vehicle
has one of the stealthiest inlets ever designed.
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The Lampyridae Stealth Interceptor
Top Secret Development by MBB Since 1981
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In its search to replace its Tornado GR.4, the UK is
exploring manned and unmanned aircraft.
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Bae - Stealth Platform
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This stealthy derivative of the Apache/Scalp EG
was studied in the mid-1990s.
It uses a combination of shaping and radar-absorbent material
to minimise its radar cross-section.
MBDA-France Air to Surface Cruise Missile
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Dassault Aviation
A’ronef Validation Experimentale (AVE) UAV
made its first flight in July 2000
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Preliminary Configuration of Luftwaffe
(EADS) Reconnaissance UAV
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Northrop Grumman Pegasus Naval UCAV
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Pegasus Naval UCAV
Including 2 Weapon bays
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Boeing is developing DE (directed-energy)
concepts for the X-45 UCAV
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Boeing's Bird of Prey
named after a Klingon spacecraft from Star Trek
With stabilizers smoothly blended into the wing
and an inlet entirely masked from the front,
the Bird Of Prey is clearly aimed at very low RCS levels.
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SHADOW
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What Next ?
• integrating a number of new technologies.
• The new aircraft are almost certain to be tailless.
All surfaces will be canted very steeply away from the horizontal,
particularly at the vehicle edges:
such future vehicles are likely to resemble the
Northrop Grumman Pegasus demonstrator
or the Lockheed Martin-Boeing RQ-3 DarkStar reconnaissance
unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV).
• external moving components will be eliminated:
General Electric (GE), for instance,
has designed and tested 'fluidic' jet nozzles in which
internal airflows are modulated to change the effective area
and vector angle of the exhaust, while the nozzle remains mechanically fixed.
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• Use of flexible elastomer skins for weapon bay doors,
control surfaces and variable inlets.
•Discrete moving parts and doors may be replaced by flexible surfaces
•Highly integrated avionics systems will be used to reduce
the number of apertures in the aircraft surface
•IR and visual signatures may become dominant.
Under a USAF program, Northrop Grumman and GE have investigated
an active cooling system
that would deliver air at 0 to 37.5÷C to the engine nozzles.
This would require very heat-tolerant fuel,
but could virtually eliminate the heat signature from the engine nozzle.
•Adaptive terrain match skin
•Higher and Faster
• ????
!!!!!!!!!!
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The Ultimate Stealthy Aircraft
The Dawn of The Era of Powered Flight
Wright Brothers Flyer – December 17 1903 At 10:35
In Kitty-Hawk
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The MACK
Lockheed's conceptual design looks to fill the need
for a medium-lift multirole transport suited to the needs of both
conventional and special forces
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"
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"0
0 1
"
(
0
*
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7
31
4
8+
2 2
"
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5
"
6
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Lockheed's proposal for a long-range strike aircraft
features a highly swept delta and operating speeds of up to M4.0
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Artist Impression of New Generation Multi-Mission
Transport Aircraft for 2015
Back
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Northrop Grumman Pegasus Naval UCAV Demonstrator
Back
Northrop Grumman's kite-like design is very close
to an ideal stealth shape.
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Lockheed's DarkStar
Despite the official termination of the programme,
Lockheed's DarkStar long-endurance, high altitude UAV
may have become a 'black' project.
The surviving airframe was not scrapped, unconfirmed reports
persist about the testing of a larger, developed model.
Further unconfirmed reports claim that a secret Lockheed UAV
was used during Operation 'Iraqi Freedom' last year
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Boeing has patented a design for a gapless control surface
with flexible hinge and end covers,
Gaps can create radar hot-spots for a stealthy aircraft.
Back
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X-35B PROPULSION SYSTEM
P&W JSF119-SE611S
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F-35C CUTAWAY
VECTORED ENGINE THRUST
LIFTING FAN
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9
3
:"
back
“;
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X -43
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PLAY
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