study of noise pollution during deepawali festival

Transcription

International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE)
Volume 1 Issue 6 (July 2014)
ISSN: 2349-2163
http://ijirae.com
STUDY OF NOISE POLLUTION DURING DEEPAWALI
FESTIVAL
Prashant P. Bhave
Associate Professor
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
Mumbai, India
Nitinkumar L. Patel*
M-Tech scholar
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
Mumbai, India
ABSTRACT- Noise pollution has been well recognized as one of the pollutions that affect the quality of life in urban areas across the
globe. In a city like Mumbai, apart from traffic noise and noise generated due to construction activity, major contributing source is
noise produced during festivals. Present study analyses the trend and status of noise generated during an important festival Deepawali
festival at different location in Mumbai city for last four years. As per data obtained from Maharashtra Pollution Control Board
(MPCB), it is observed that there is no significant decrease in noise level at most of the places in year 2012 as compere to earlier years.
At half of the places L(A)eq was well above 75 dB during day time.
Keywords- Noise Pollution, Festival, Deepawali, Mumbai, Environmental Engineering
I. INTRODUCTION
Noise pollution is a significant environmental problem in many urban areas that has not been properly recognised, despite
the fact that it is steadily growing in developing countries [1]. Noise produces damaging effects among exposed person. It is
said, "You may forgive noise but your body will never" [2]. At present, noise pollution is considered as one of the key
problems of urban communities that has numerous hazardous effects on the urban environment and may result in a great deal
of costs on the society [3]. There is no question that noise is both a public health hazard and an environmental pollutant as
well. It is present in every human activity and is classified as either occupational noise i.e. noise in workplace, or as
environmental noise, which includes noise in all other settings, whether at community, residential or domestic level when
assessing its impact on human well-being [4].
The sources of noise pollution are extremely diverse and they are mainly classified as community noise and industrial
noise. During festivals and functions loudspeakers produce a lot of annoying noise. Indian festivals are traditionally
celebrated with song and dance in large groups, using musical instruments, drums etc. Bursting of fire crackers during
celebrations produce intermittent and high frequency ‘impulse noise’ [5].
Deepawali festival showed an average noise level of 74.24 dB (A), 62.52 dB (A), 58.88 dB (A), and 50.02 dB (A) at
industrial, commercial, residential and silent zones respectively. The result showed that there was an enhanced pressure of
noise at all sites due to increase in number of vehicles and facilities of transportation. All the sites under study showed higher
sound level than the prescribed limits of the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) [6].
Noise levels of ten sites were found to be above permissible limit during Deepawali festival weeks in Sangamner city in
Maharashtra. The noise level was higher in the morning and evening but lower at noon. Pre-deepawali showed 0.1% to
20.6%, deepawali revealed 2.7% and post-deepawali showed 0.4% to20.3% higher sound level limit. The combination of
various types of vehicular noise was found to be minimum 70.2 (0.3% higher) and maximum 90.0 (29% higher). The
contributions of individual levels were found to be more than the traffic noise limit of 70dB (A) and varied from vehicle to
vehicle [7].
A. About the Study Area
There were a total of 45 locations covered during Deepawali festival in Mumbai by MPCB. The detailed list of location is as
follows:Table 1: List of Monitoring Location (Source: Ref. [8], [9], [10], [11])
Monitoring Location
Mumbai South
Colaba
Mantralaya
Mazgaon
Girgaon
Worli
Mumbai Eastern Suburbs
Chembur (E)
Trombay
Kurla
Ghatkopar East
Ghatkopar West
Mumbai Western Suburbs
Sahar
Santacruz (E)
Vile Parle
Bandra
Goregaon
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© 2014, IJIRAE- All Rights Reserved
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Monitoring Location
Mumbai South
Mulund East
Mulund West
Sakinaka
Powai
Wadala
Dharavi
Sewree
Kalina
Vikhroli (W)
Bhandup (W)
Mumbai South
Prabhadevi
Mahim
Parel
Byculla
Dadar
Sion
Hindu Colony
Matunga
Kamathipura
Malabar Hills
ISSN: 2349-2163
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Mumbai South
Jogeshwari
Versova
Marve
Borivali East
Borivali West
Dindoshi
Kandivali (E)
Dahisar (E)
Juhu
Malad (W)
B. About the Deepawali Festival
Deepawali is an important Festival of India known as festival of lights. It falls in the month of October or early
November. It marks the victory of Lord Rama over Ravana and celebrated in the honour of Lord Rama’s return to
Ayodhya after Fourteen Years of exile. Deepawali when translated means "rows of lighted lamps" and the occasion is
also referred to as the Festival of Lights. Lakshmi Puja is performed in the evening to seek divine blessings of Goddess of
Wealth. It gives a message of love, brotherhood and friendship. The heart of everyone should be illuminated with light [8].
On this occasion, a lot of fire crackers are used almost in every part of the country as a part of celebration. This causes
not only air pollution but noise pollution also. The crackers contain dangerous chemicals that are harmful and cause
bronchitis, asthma, etc. while noise from fire crackers can cause headache and nervous system problems in human beings
while birds and animals have to cope with the blasts and toxic smoke [8].
II. MATERIAL
Data used in this paper is taken from MPCB Deepawali report. This report get published each year after Deepawali
festival and contain record of noise level of each monitoring location.
III. METHODOLOGY USED BY MPCB
Noise pollution monitoring during Deepawali Festival has been carried out on the day of Laxmipujan and Bhaubeej for
year 2009, 2010, 2011, and 2012 continuously for 24 hours. Continuous noise monitoring was done to find out maximum and
minimum noise level during day time as well as night time. Noise standards for ambient noise level during day and night are
different (Table 2); hence noise levels were measured accordingly as follows:
 Day shift from 06:00 Hrs. to 22:00 Hrs: 0600 to 14:00 Hrs. & 14:00 to 22:00 Hrs.
 Night shift from 22:00 Hrs. to 06:00 Hrs.
Pre-calibrated Sound Level Meters (Type II) were used for the monitoring. All the measurements were made at fast
response mode using ‘A’ filter, keeping in view the quickly changing nature of noise levels.
The main purpose of noise monitoring was to find out the impact of noise generated during Deepawali by various
activities like bursting fire crackers, Sound systems, Music Systems etc. on human being and disturbance made in
environment.
Table 2: Ambient noise standards
(Standards of noise levels under EPA (1986): Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 2000)
Limits in dB(A) Leq
Day time Night time
75
70
Area Code
Category of Area
A
Industrial area
B
Commercial area
65
55
C
Residential Area
55
45
D
Silence Zone
50
40
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
After the analysis of data following trend are obtained for day time and night time noise pollution for the study period.
Noise levels recorded on the days of Laxmi Pujan are as follows:
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Table 3: Day time noise levels on the days of Laxmi Pujan (Source: Ref. [8], [9], [10], [11])
L(A)eq (Day Time), dB(A)
Mumbai South
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Colaba
69.6
75.1
71.9
78.4
Chembur (E)
73.1
73.1
73.6
73.8
Sahar
71.6
87.4
71.2
75.4
Mantralaya
68
73.6
71.9
75.4
Trombay
76.1
63.1
68.2
74.4
Santacruz (E)
66.7
77.7
69.3
78.2
Mazgaon
73.4
79.2
65.5
82.8
Kurla
77.4
79.3
75.1
73.8
Vile Parle
76.5
73.3
76.6
74.3
Girgaon
69.6
70.7
67.9
79.8
Ghatkopar (E)
62.8
70
75.1
74.5
Bandra
68.4
79.6
75.1
79
Worli
73.8
74.2
74.7
81.9
Ghatkopar (W)
69.3
76
73.4
86.5
Goregaon
70.3
71.5
71.1
81.4
Prabhadevi
66.2
77
75.8
70.6
Mulund (E)
72.8
74.2
76.7
72.6
Jogeshwari
76.3
73.5
71.5
74.4
Mahim
74.6
73.1
75.2
73.8
Mulund (W)
74.7
78.4
74.6
76.7
Versova
63.1
67.7
69.4
71.8
Parel
64.4
66.9
72.6
68.5
Sakinaka
74.6
77.9
69.2
73.6
Marve
74.7
73.7
75
74.1
Byculla
77.9
67.9
77.7
85.8
Powai
74.8
66
74.5
68.3
Borivali (E)
76.8
83.2
75.4
67.1
Dadar
71.7
72.7
76.5
72.1
Wadala
88.6
80.7
75.5
66
Borivali (W)
68.5
78.9
77
83.8
Sion
81.2
70.2
78.1
85.4
Dharavi
81.6
81.2
71.8
81.8
Dindoshi
74.2
75.1
76.9
67.1
Hindu Colony
75.3
75.6
82
63
Sewree
68.5
80
67.6
71.2
Kandivali (E)
62.2
67.1
77.7
70.4
Matunga
72.8
72.8
76.9
70.2
Kalina
75.4
76.6
71.4
75.5
Dahisar (E)
66
77.7
78.4
76
Kamathipura
72.8
74.3
79.6
74.2
Vikhroli (W)
82.4
78.2
68.5
79.4
Juhu
75
79.7
81.9
70.6
Malabar Hills
73.8
79.7
75.8
81.5
Bhandup (W)
68.7
63.1
69.8
80.1
Malad (W)
74.7
89.4
76.7
75.7
Fig. 1. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai South (Day)
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ISSN: 2349-2163
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Fig. 2. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai Eastern Suburb (Day)
Fig. 3. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai Western Suburb (Day)
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Table 4: Night time noise levels on
ISSN: 2349-2163
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the days of Laxmi Pujan (Source: Ref. [8], [9], [10], [11])
L(A)eq (Night Time), dB(A)
Mumbai South
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
72
73.5
65.4
73.1
Chembur (E)
63.7
72.4
63.8
74.1
Sahar
70.6
69.7
56.3
62.2
Mantralaya
67.4
70.7
54.5
61.4
Trombay
66.4
68.2
65.1
76.5
Santacruz (E)
63.7
64.3
66
57.6
Mazgaon
59.9
74.5
64.3
73.9
Kurla
71.4
69.9
57.1
63
Vile Parle
71.3
70.2
64.8
72.9
Girgaon
71.8
75.7
66.9
70.3
Ghatkopar (E)
63.2
62.1
65.5
60.7
Bandra
68.4
70.7
70.6
79.1
Worli
67.7
64.1
68.5
67.3
Ghatkopar (W)
59.9
61.8
60.2
80.8
Goregaon
57.3
67.4
68.9
79
Prabhadevi
57.1
85.2
68.6
73.2
Mulund (E)
71
70.9
65.3
75.1
Jogeshwari
63.9
68.2
54.9
73.3
Mahim
66.3
68.3
70.8
75.3
Mulund (W)
62.4
68.2
65.8
72.3
Versova
56
49
61.2
72.5
61
56
70.7
57.4
Sakinaka
64.6
70.3
65.7
58.8
Marve
63.7
70.2
65.2
73.5
Byculla
79.6
49.6
72
78.2
Powai
74.5
63.9
64.7
70.2
Borivali (E)
67.2
73.9
57
62.1
Dadar
71.8
74.7
70.4
56
Wadala
80.9
68.4
53.9
73
Borivali (W)
57.7
69.7
67.8
63.5
Sion
73.9
66.5
71.2
81.1
Dharavi
82.8
76.4
63.9
78.7
Dindoshi
72.8
76.5
63.4
66.1
Hindu Colony
66.1
71.8
74.5
70.6
Sewree
61
58.8
65.7
60.6
Kandivali (E)
55
66.9
63.5
62
71
68.7
63.4
63.2
Kalina
73.5
70.1
63.6
74.4
Dahisar (E)
68.7
80
72
56.5
Kamathipura
71.3
68.4
69.1
62.5
Vikhroli (W)
80.7
81.3
55.4
80
Juhu
77.5
66.4
62.3
60.7
Malabar Hills
65.3
76
71.9
74.7
Bhandup (W)
65.6
64.7
62.3
72.3
Malad (W)
70.5
70.5
63.2
74.2
Colaba
Parel
Matunga
Fig. 4. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai South (Night)
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Fig. 5. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai Eastern Suburb (Night)
Fig. 6. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Laxmi Pujan in Mumbai Western Suburb (Night)
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Table 5: Day time noise levels on
ISSN: 2349-2163
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the days of Bhaubeej (Source: Ref. [8], [9], [10], [11])
L(A)eq (Day Time), dB(A)
Mumbai South
Year
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
2009
2010
2011
2012
2009
2010
2011
2012
Colaba
67.1
78.6
73.7
72.6
Chembur (E)
71.8
73.6
68.3
83.4
Sahar
Year
73.9
71.6
75.9
80.2
Mantralaya
68.6
74.3
70.9
78
Trombay
83.4
66.9
73.1
76.7
Santacruz (E)
68.1
75.8
66.6
72.2
Mazgaon
68.5
75.5
73.3
72
Kurla
75.1
67
66.8
75.8
Vile Parle
70.1
74.6
66.7
71.2
Girgaon
67.1
71.1
74.1
82.1
Ghatkopar (E)
63.8
70
69.7
70.4
Bandra
66.9
75
71
71.8
Worli
71.7
72
64.6
77.9
Ghatkopar (W)
67.5
77
69.6
73.4
Goregaon
64.6
70.3
73.9
75.5
Prabhadevi
63.1
78.1
67.4
79.4
Mulund (E)
68.6
72.6
69.4
72.7
Jogeshwari
73.4
72.5
69.9
72.3
Mahim
72.7
74.5
73.9
72.1
Mulund (W)
76.3
79.4
64.5
80.1
Versova
61.1
56.9
80.9
71.3
Parel
63.8
65.2
70.3
75.7
Sakinaka
88
78.5
71.9
75.5
Marve
69.3
73.6
71.8
73.3
Byculla
76.4
65.7
62.3
63.1
Powai
69.5
64.6
68.7
74.7
Borivali (E)
74.5
80.9
68.9
74.8
Dadar
72.9
71
78.4
84.1
Wadala
78.2
72.9
77.7
64.1
Borivali (W)
64.3
77
75.1
86.6
Sion
74.5
65.6
71
67.8
Dharavi
83.8
78.8
76.7
69.2
Dindoshi
70.3
76.7
76.7
68.4
Hindu Colony
71
73.5
74
78.7
Sewree
69.9
80.8
69.3
64.8
Kandivali (E)
62
69.3
74.1
73.4
Matunga
71.7
73.7
73.5
67.6
Kalina
73.8
73.7
66.9
74.9
Dahisar (E)
59.9
74.2
74.4
69.4
Kamathipura
77.6
72.6
71.6
68.3
Vikhroli (W)
82.4
78.3
69
81.4
Juhu
71.3
75.9
73.2
66.9
Malabar Hills
69.7
73.7
73.9
72.4
Bhandup (W)
67.6
64.4
65.9
77.1
Malad (W)
70.2
88.6
83.7
73.8
Fig. 7. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej in Mumbai South (Day)
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Fig. 8. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej an in Mumbai Eastern Suburb (Day)
Fig. 9. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej in Mumbai Western Suburb (Day)
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Table 6: Night time noise levels on
ISSN: 2349-2163
http://ijirae.com
the days of Bhaubeej (Source: Ref. [8], [9], [10], [11])
L(A)eq (Night Time), dB(A)
Mumbai South
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Year
2009
2010
2011
2012
Colaba
66.8
64.3
62.6
79.3
Chembur (E)
70.1
73.5
62.4
67.4
Sahar
69.1
66.6
60.5
61.4
Mantralaya
63.2
72.5
60.8
69.1
Trombay
82.4
71.7
61.5
69.7
Santacruz (E)
63.5
65.7
66.1
56
Mazgaon
62.8
72.8
59.9
71.9
Kurla
69.9
72.7
69.2
75.4
Vile Parle
64.3
70
64.9
55
Girgaon
67.2
72.9
58.6
76.6
Ghatkopar (E)
64.5
58.6
65.5
64.2
Bandra
67.3
65.6
47.7
57.1
Worli
67.8
68.8
56.7
70.4
Ghatkopar (W)
55.1
62.4
60.6
71.5
Goregaon
67
67.7
60.9
66.4
Prabhadevi
57.6
82.2
56.7
67.7
Mulund (E)
65.2
68.4
60.4
86.7
Jogeshwari
70.1
81.8
69.8
71.6
Mahim
66.3
69.6
62.4
70.3
Mulund (W)
69.5
69.6
62.9
72.9
Versova
56.6
47.7
66.5
71.3
Parel
58.6
62.2
56.2
71.9
Sakinaka
87.7
69.5
63
74.5
Marve
70.1
60.9
57.9
65
Byculla
70.8
60.9
59
77
Powai
67.1
61.3
64.9
74.3
Borivali (E)
68.3
69.8
62
69.3
Dadar
66.5
74.7
66.5
73.3
Wadala
83.7
66.5
71
67.6
Borivali (W)
57.8
66.5
66.9
60.3
Sion
76.7
70.9
65.4
79
Dharavi
76.2
75.9
64.8
66.6
Dindoshi
72.6
64.8
71.6
55.3
Hindu Colony
65.2
65.2
62.4
62.7
Sewree
67.7
70.9
60.5
73.2
Kandivali (E)
54.5
60.5
59.6
67.2
Matunga
70.6
64.2
66.5
69
Kalina
68
76.4
67.1
61.2
Dahisar (E)
52.5
74.9
64.8
57.2
Kamathipura
74.7
71.8
60.5
68.4
Vikhroli (W)
80.7
63.2
64.3
59.8
Juhu
73.2
59.8
60.5
59.9
Malabar Hills
68.1
72.6
67.3
71.9
Bhandup (W)
61.7
66
58.2
70
Malad (W)
71.5
67.9
67.6
60.3
Fig. 10. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej in Mumbai South (Night)
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Mumbai Eastern Suburbs (NightTime)
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
2012
2011
2010
2009
Fig. 11. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej in Mumbai Eastern Suburb (Night)
Fig. 12. Pattern of variation of sound intensity on Bhaubeej in Mumbai Western Suburb (Night)
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It is observed that though the permissible L(A)eq noise level set by CPCB is 55 dB(A) and 45 dB(A) for day and night
time respectively for residential zone, the levels obtained at all places are much more than permissible limit for all 4 years. It
is observed that on Laxmi Pujan L(A)eq sound levels are highest at 17 places during day time and 16 places during night time
in year 2012 compared to all previous years. Similarly for Bhaubeej also at 18 places for day time and 17 places for night
time L(A)eq are highest in the year 2012.
Permissible noise level for industrial area is 75 dB(A) and 70 dB(A) for day and night respectively. The readings
observed are even more than that at many location though most of the places are residential area. At 21 places during day
time and 27 places during night time & at 17 places during day and 20 places during night noise levels are more than the
limits set for industrial area on Laxmi Pujan & Bhaubeej respectively in the year 2012.
Maximum high levels for day time are recorded in Mumbai South and at Suburban part of Mumbai noise levels are higher
during night time one reason of this can be that this part of Mumbai is residential zone and people celebrate this festival
mostly in night.
V. CONCLUSION
During the present study the noise levels observed by MPCB were analysed for the year 2009 to 2012 during the festival
Deepawali in Mumbai. The Noise levels were found to have a range bound trend, which remained same for study period. The
noise levels observed to be much higher than the permissible standard for the noise in the residential area. There was no
reduction in the noise levels during these four years.
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
The monitoring locations consist of areas belonging to residential, commercial and sensitive zones. The noise so produced
during the festival are area source, so it is very hard to locate one particular high noise emitting source. To counter this
problem following steps can be taken,
 Proper supervision is required to make sure that cracker manufacturers/sellers following the noise standards set for
crackers.
 Making people more aware about the effects of noise pollution.
 And to make sure that all existing laws, such as the time limit on the use of firecrackers, are followed by citizens.
REFERENCES
[1] Jamrah, A., Al-omari, A. And Sharabi, R. Evaluation of traffic noise pollution in Amman, Jordan. Environmenatal
monitoring assessment 120 (1-3), 499-525, 2006.
[2] Agarwal, S., Yadav, S. Noise Pollution and Its Impact on Health. International Institute for Science, Technology and
Education (IISTE), vol 3, no 6, 2013.
[3] Martin, M. A., Tarrero, M. A., Gonzaler, A. And Machimbarrena, M. Exposure effect relationships between road traffic
noise annoyance and cost valuations in Valladolid, Spain. Journal of applied acoustics 67 (10), 945-652, 2006.
[4] Chien, M. K. And Shih, L. H. An imperical study of the implementation of green supply chain management practices in
the electrical and electronics industry and their relation to organisational performances. International journal of
environment, science and technology 4 (2) 383–394, 2007.
[5] Concha-Barrientos, M., Campbell-Lendrum, D. and Steenland, K. Occupational noise, assessing the burden of decease
from work related hearing impairment at national and local levels. Environmental burden disease series, no 9, World
Health protection of the human environment, Geneva, 2004.
[6] Saler, P., Vibhute, S. (2012). Ganeshotasv- A festival of noise. Journal of Engineering Research and Studies, vol. 3, No
1, 81-83, 2012.
[7] Mangalekar, S. B., Jadhav, A. S. And Raut P. D. Study of noise pollution in Kolhapur city, Maharashtra, India. Vol. 2
issue 1, 65-69, 2012.
[8] http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/NoiseDeepawali09-new.pdf.
[9] http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/Report_Noise_Deepawali_2010.pdf.
[10] http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/Noise_deepawaliReport2011.pdf
[11] http://mpcb.gov.in/images/pdf/MPCBDeepawaliNoise_2012.pdf.
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study of noise pollution during deepawali festival

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