Treat the Water - Shale Play Water Management

Transcription

Water Management for Sustainable
Development of Unconventionals
GEORGI Watson
Water Management Solutions
© 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. EAR 99
Solving challenges.TM
The oldest challenge in the oilfield
Produced water
 >111 billion bbl produced annually worldwide
 3-5 bbl of water produced per bbl of hydrocarbon
 $51 billion+ annually in
water management costs
© 2014 HALLIBURTON. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
EAR 99
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The newest problem in the oilfield
 100,000 bbl ( 15,900 m3) of water
for one well on average.
 Flow back volumes up to 30,000
bbl (4542 m3)
 Water supply and disposal
 Trucking concerns
 Regulations
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Current Process is a Once Through Use of Fresh Water
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Large Amounts of Water…being moved by Truck
55%
28%
Wood, Ruth et al. Shale Gas: A Provisional Assessment of Climate Change and Environmental Impacts.
January 2011. New York State (2009) Supplemental generic environmental impact statement on the oil,
gas and solution mining regulatory program’ by the New York State Department of Environmental
Conservation Division of Mineral Resources.
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Headlines
circa April 2011
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Justification for Industry Wide Sustainable
Development
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State of Water in the World
Community Water:
The high quality water cycle is threatened,
consumptive use of water is a concern.
Competition for Available Supplies:
a) Municipal
b) Agricultural
c) Industrial
d) Other
 Listed in descending order of use priority
 Unconventional Oil Production is generally in the
“Other” category…but gets a lot of press because the industry “LOSES” – not “USES”
 Reality is we USE very little water.
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CERES - http://www.ceres.org/resources/reports/hydraulicfracturing-water-stress-water-demand-by-the-numbers
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Water use in the Marcellus shale has grown
dramatically in the last few years
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Water management will become increasingly important
as well count continues to climb
CERES - Hydraulic Fracturing & Water Stress: Water Demand by the numbers—
Shareholder, Lender & Operator Guide to Water Sourcing
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“Gone for Good”-Western Organization of Resource
Councils
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Biggest myths about water use in completions
 Drinking H20 Quality is needed
 Water Treatment is the answer
 That the industry can continue to use fresh water as a
once through commodity
 Recycle and using new technologies is too expensive
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Water varies over different wells in the same field
Sample
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
Specific gravity
1.026
1.036
1.019
1.012
1.070
1.100
1.170
1.105
1.066
pH
7.92
7.51
7.91
6.61
6.72
6.68
6.05
7.11
7.04
Ionic Strength
0.59
0.881
0.319
0.199
1.919
2.794
4.96
2.874
1.754
Hydroxide (mpL)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Carbonate (mpL)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Bicarbonate (mpL)
1,010
717
1190
259
183
183
76
366
366
Chloride (mpL)
19,400
29,400
10,000
6,290
59,700
87,700
153,000
96,400
58,300
Sulfate (mpL)
34
0
88
67
0
0
0
670
749
Calcium (mpL)
630
1,058
294
476
7,283
10,210
20,100
4,131
2,573
Magnesium (mpL)
199
265
145
49.6
599
840
1,690
544
344.0
Barium (mpL)
49.4
94.8
6.42
6.24
278
213
657
1.06
5.1
Strontium (mpL)
107
179
44.7
74.3
2,087
2,353
5,049
178
112
Total Iron (mpL)
4.73
25.7
8.03
14
27.4
2.89
67.6
26.4
33.8
Aluminum (mpL)
0.17
0.21
0.91
0.38
0.18
0
0.1
0.17
0.78
Boron (mpL)
28.2
27.1
26.7
8.82
45.1
73.1
80.4
94.5
65.7
Potassium (mpL)
192
273
78.7
85.8
977
1,559
2,273
2,232
1,439
Sodium (mpL)
10,960
16,450
5,985
3,261
26,780
39,990
61,400
54,690
32,600
TDS (mpL)
33,300
49,300
18,200
10,800
98,600
144,000
252,000
160,000
97,700
TSS (mpL)
57
246
50
30
10
12
32
120
13,762
TOC (mpL)
89
64
133
180
218
70
143
266
235
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And changes over time
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Water quality variability by major basin
Average Total dissolved solids found in flow back and
produced water:





Marcellus- 20,000-100,000
Bakken- 150,000- 300,000
Eagleford -15,000- 55,000
Permian- 20,000-300,000
DJ Basin- 20,000- 65,000
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3 recycle approaches to handle variability
 Option 1: Treat the Water to a high quality to take
out “boron, or other”… results in increased costs, increased
waste creation and the perception that “recycle is too
expensive”
 Option 2: Dilute with fresh water, dilutes ROI or misapply
Marcellus- 20,000-100,000
treatment technologies that result in well production or fluid
integrity concerns furthering the perception that “ recycle is
not worth it”
 Option 3: Treat the water “ just enough” and adjust
fluids. Treat enough to insure production and fluid integrity
creates less waste. “Results in a net savings of 70-400K
per well.”
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Water production variability in major basins
 Marcellus- 10-40% flowback, moderate produced volume
 Bakken- 15-40% flowback, high volumes of produced &
flowback water
 Eagleford –”Thirsty” < 15% flowback, low produced volume
 Permian- 20-40% flowback, high produced volumes
 DJ Basin- 15-30% flowback, low produced volumes
Number of wells+
life of the well
Field level water production
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Economic variability for Total Water Cost
Total Cost of Water = Acquisition + Transfer to well +
Transfer from well to disposal+ Disposal





Marcellus-$4.00-$20.00/bbl
Bakken- $6.00- 15.00/ bbl
Eagleford -$2.00-$6.00/ bbl
Permian- $3.00-$8.00/bbl
DJ Basin- $4.00-$8.00/ bbl
The above values do not include brine added to fresh water for clay stabilization.
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Water Needed vs. Produced
per Well in Field’s Completion Program
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Alternate Source Waters
 Produced H2O
 Flowback H20
 Existing SWD
 Muni Effluent
 Industrial Effluent
 AMD
 Brackish Aquifer
 Seawater
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100% Water Recycle
Water Management: supply and demand in proximity
Role of Water in Completions
 Make a frac fluid
 Role of a frac fluid…to place
proppant allowing for quality
transfer of HC to well
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Technical concerns for Water Reuse
Formation Damage
 Improper frac propagation; suspended solids
can compromise complex fracture geometry
 Simple filtration cannot remove suspended
colloids
 Microbes cause souring of well and field
Scaling
 Higher hardness can lead to more scaling
 Theoretical calculations and experimental
verifications required
Fluid Formulation Integrity
 High salinity can cause problems in polymer
hydration
 Cross-linking of polymers is a larger issue
 Microbes cause degradation in fluid stability
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Water treatment technologies – total costs vs water
quality
6
RO
Water Value Added
High 5
Distillation
Evaporation
Ultra-filtration
4
Med
Electro
coagulation
TDS removal Not
Necessary for most water
re-use for frac fluids
3
Filtration
Hydroclone
2
Low
Chemical
Precipitation
TDS removal requires
Pretreatment
Small percentage removal of
TSS/Hydrocarbon passing
residuals to the well
1
0
0
2
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Treatment Cost, $/bbl
24
8
10
Electrocoagulation with filtration
 Electrocoagulation – using anodes for flocculation
< chemical
< solids disposal
< manpower
 Pre-treatment – not
on the fly
 Up to 20 BPM
 Treats water just
enough
 Various configurations
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Waste generation considerations - Law of conservation
of Mass
Desalination
Processes
25 – 50+%
Chemical
Treatment
10 – 20%
CleanWave®
Treatment
5
by volume of
total water
% treated
<500 lbs of anode material
added per 100,000 bbls of water
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Challenges answered using 100% recycled water
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HAL37313
 Offset fresh H2O demand
using waste streams
 Eliminate/reduce freshwater
and disposal, usage and brine
addition to fresh water
 Reduce transportation
 No production decrease vs.
fresh water
 Avg. savings $70 - 400K per
well - Economic and
environmental benefits for
sustainable development
27
UniStimSM Service – What is It?
 High performance hydraulic fracturing fluid system
enables operators to use 100% produced, flowback or
any alternate source water.

Crosslinked gelled water
system that has the ability to
tolerate salt concentrations in
excess of 300,000 ppm, as
well as other contaminants
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UniStim™ Fluid Innovations
Source
Nash In
Nash Out
Specific
Gravity
1.203
1.207
pH
6.10
6.87
Bicarbonate
43.89
160.94
0
0
Chloride
165,974
179,469
Sulfate
35
8
Aluminum
1.91
1.49
Boron
24.1
21.9
Barium
4.89
4.76
Calcium
29,975
28,877
Iron
12.2
4.2
Potassium
1,816
1,814
Magnesium
4,495
4,287
Sodium
69,411
67,596
Strontium
1,713
1,690
269,934
280,398
29.6
11.2
Carbonate
TDS
TSS (mg/L)
EAR 99
280,000 ppm TDS,
29,000 ppm Ca, 22 ppm B
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Salt tolerant friction reducers
50-100k
TDS
101-200k
TDS
>200k
TDS
FR-78
FR-88
FR-98
Wide Range in TDS
50k to 100k mg/L
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>200,000 mg/L
Friction Reducers: Salt-tolerant friction reducers for
slick water fracs
FR-98, 0.1 gpt MC B-8642, 0.2 gpt MC 5-2510T,
0.5 gpt Lo-Surf 300
FR-98
>200,000 mpl TDS water
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CleanStream ® Service
 Mobile bacteria control using ultraviolet technology
 Minimize or eliminate need for biocides
 Patented Halliburton technology in completions
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Case History Permian Basin
CHALLENGE:
 Reduce environmental footprint
 Eliminate biocide reporting on Frac Focus
 Do both without impacting fluid or reservoir integrity
 Wells may be shut in prior to going to production
SOLUTION:
 CleanStream™ water treatment service both on and off of
Hal Frac pads
RESULT:
 Successful ten month operation to date
 26 wells completed and counting
 Production chemical company reporting no souring of wells
 No fluid integrity issues with any operator
 Significant reduction in cost over conventional biocides
 Working on project with same client in another basin to
determine efficacy of biocide elimination
CASE HISTORY
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For Every BBL You Recycle





Eliminate a BBL of fresh water used
Eliminate a BBL of water trucked from fresh water source to well site
Eliminate a BBL of water disposed of in deep well
Instead of moving water to a disposal well, move it to your next well to
reduce total trucking
Reduce the volumes of KCl and brine used for clay stabilization by
using the brine found in produced waters.
In 2011, Halliburton was “ recycling” using 20% produced/flowback water
diluted with 80% fresh water due to high TDS limits. Net ROI was $6000 –
$20,000 per well.
In 2012 with 100% recycle , net savings of $70,000 – $400,000 per well
were documented using UniStim™ fluid.
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Keep fresh water
Where it belongs.
EAR 99
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Treat the Water - Shale Play Water Management

Transcription

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