Inhalants - Neuro - AGH
Transcription
Inhalants - Neuro - AGH
Neurobiological Basis of Drug Dependence and Selected Impulse-Control Disorders Jerzy Silberring Department of Biochemistry and Neurobiology AGH University of Science and Technology [email protected] INHALANTS Inhalants n drugs that are inhaled as vapors n usually legal to buy and are common household items “huffing” placing a rag soaked in a substance over the nose and mouth and then inhaling Huffing “canned air” http://forum2.aimoo.com/uproarorg/General-Discussion/Huffing-and-neardeath-1-946149.html Inhalants n n n Inhalants are breathable chemical vapors that produce psychoactive effects Many people do not think of these products, such as paint, glue and cleaning fluids as drugs because they were never meant to be used to achieve an intoxicating effect Young children and adolescents can easily obtain them and are among those most likely to abuse these substances Statistics and Trends n The 2002 study showed 15.2% of 8th graders had used inhalants n 13.5% of 10th graders and 11.7% of 12th graders stated that they had used Huffing is no longer a problem of teens http://www.examiner.com/health-news-in-national/national-health-news-photo-28 54% of treatment admissions related to inhalant abuse in 2008 involved adults ages 18 or older SAMHSA ü 52% adult admissions involved people aged 18 to 29 ü 32% involved people aged 30 to 44 ü 16% involved people aged 45 or older Effects n hyperactivity, loss of inhibition,dizziness n loss of coordination, difficulty speaking or thinking, fear, anxiety, depression, nausea, vomiting, headache, and loss of consciousness 3 dangers of inhalants damage to organs n dead brain cells n n SUDDEN SNIFFING DEATH SYNDROME Inhalants Solvents Ø Gasoline Ø Butane Ø Propane Ø Acetone Ø Ether Ø Chloroform Ø Examples of Inhalants n n n n n n n n n rubber cement household glue spray paint hairspray air freshener deodorant fabric protector nail polish remover helium n n n n n n n n paint thinner toxic markers gasoline dry cleaning fluid spot remover degreaser vegetable cooking spray propane be aware of "compressed air" contains propane/butane Signs of Usage n paint or stains on body or clothing n spots or sores around the mouth n red or runny eyes or nose n chemical breath odor n drunk, dazed or dizzy appearance n nausea, loss of appetite n anxiety, excitability, irritability Diagnostic Criteria for Inhalant Intoxication Recent intentional use or short-term, high-dose exposure to volatile inhalants (excluding anesthetic gases and short-acting vasodilators) Clinically significant maladaptive behavior or psychologic changes (e.g., belligerence, assaultiveness, apathy, impaired judgment, impaired social or occupational functioning) that developed during, or shortly after, use of or exposure to volatile inhalants Two (or more) of the following signs developing during, or shortly after, inhalant use or exposure: dizziness, nystagmus, incoordination, slurred speech, unsteady gait, lethargy, depressed reflexes, psychomotor retardation, tremor, generalized muscle weakness, blurred vision or diplopia, stupor or coma, or euphoria The symptoms are not due to a general medical condition and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder. Anderson C.E. et al. Am.Family Physician 68/5, 2003 Adapted with permission from American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Short-term Effects n n n n n rapid high – resembles alcohol intoxication slows down the body’s functions irregular and rapid heart rhythms heart failure and death within minutes “sudden sniffing death” can result from a single session of inhalant use INHALANTS Three types of chemicals are used to produce a high Solvents: liquids that vaporizer at room temperature Propellants: substances added to products such as paint, hair spray, whip cream, oven cleaner Medical: ether, chloroform, nitrous oxide, amyl nitrate SOLVENTS Solvent Products v nail polish remover v lighter fluid v paint thinner v airplane glue v dry cleaning fluids v art solvents PROPELLANTS MEDICAL Nitrous oxide Whip cream Nitrous oxide ether Sudden sniffing death syndrome n n sudden death, usually from heart failure, in a person who is startled while sniffing inhalants The fright often occurs upon discovery of the sniffer by an authority figure or when the drug produces a frightening hallucination Sudden sniffing death syndrome Solvent Products Cont. Ø Correction Fluid Ø Felt Tip Markers Ø Rubber Cement Gases Ø freon Ø helium Ø xenon Ø nitrous oxide (very common) Ø ethylene Gases aerosol products Ø computer duster Ø hair spray Ø deodorant spray Ø spray paint (most common) Ø cooking spray Ø spray cleaners Ø Gases Ø aerosol products cont. Ø spray shoe polish Ø carburator cleaners Nitrous Oxide n medical drug dating back to the 18th century n commonly known as laughing gas n colorless and sweet-smelling n medically used for oral surgery and dental work n used as recreational drug at concerts and raves Sources of Nitrous Oxide n hospitals and Dentists’ offices n whipped-cream containers n small canisters (whip-its) sold in head shops and mail-order ads Signs of Use n inhalants produce short-term effects similar to anesthetics n they slow the body down n signs close to someone very intoxicated on alcohol Health Hazards chronic abuse can cause severe, longterm damage to the brain, liver and the kidneys. n hearing loss n limb spasms n bone marrow damage n blood oxygen depletion n Further reading Anderson C.E. et al. “Recognition and prevention of inhalant abuse”. Am. Family Physician 68/5, 2003, 869
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