vinidex pvc pipe manual

Transcription

VINIDEX
PVC PIPE MANUAL
01 Introduction...................................................... page 2
02 Materials ........................................................... page 9
Different Types of PVC.............................. page 10
04 Design.............................................................. page 48
Standards (AS 1477)................................... page 50
Flow Charts.............................. starting at page 62
Flow Chart for PN12 .................................. page 67
About PVC Fittings .................................... page 78
Temperature Rating Tables..............pages 79& 80
Celerity (Velocity of Shock Waves) ........... page 89
05 Installation...................................................... page 97
06 Product Data ................................................ page 120
Pipe Dimensions........................................ page 123
NB. Ctrl-Shift-N to move to a page number in Acrobat.
introduction
Contents
Introduction
3
Manufacture
4
Quality Assurance
6
Research and Development
6
PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe Systems PVC Pressure Pipe
introduction.1
introduction
Limitation of Liability
This manual has been compiled by Vinidex Pty
Limited (“the Company”) to promote better
understanding of the technical aspects of the
Company’s products to assist users in obtaining
from them the best possible performance.
The manual is supplied subject to
acknowledgement of the following conditions:
• The manual is protected by copyright and may
not be copied or reproduced in any form or by
any means in whole or in part without prior
consent in writing by the Company.
• Product specifications, usage data and advisory
information may change from time to time with
advances in research and field experience. The
Company reserves the right to make such
changes at any time without further notice.
• Correct usage of the Company’s products
involves engineering judgements which can not
be properly made without full knowledge of all
the conditioned pertaining to each specific
installation. The Company expressly disclaims
all and any liability to any person whether
supplied with this publication or not in respect of
anything and of the consequences of anything
done or omitted to be done by any such person
in reliance whether whole or partial upon the
whole or any part of the contents of this
publication.
• No offer to trade, nor any conditions of trading,
are expressed or implied by the issue of content
of this manual. Nothing herein shall override the
Company’s Condition of Sale, which may be
obtained from the Registered Office or any Sales
Office of the Company.
• This manual is and shall remain the property of
the Company, and shall be surrendered on
demand to the Company.
• Information supplied in this manual does not
override a job specification, where such conflict
arises, consult the authority supervising the job.
© Copyright Vinidex Pty Limited
ABN 42 000 664 942
introduction.2
introduction
From Modest Beginnings to
Australia’s Leader
Vinidex Pty Limited is Australia’s
largest manufacturer of PVC pipes.
From its modest beginnings in
Sydney in 1960, the company has
grown dynamically with factories
now located in Sydney, Melbourne,
Launceston, Perth, Brisbane and
Townsville. Supply depots are
maintained in Adelaide, Darwin and
Mildura.
Vinidex pipe and fitting systems are
used in a broad cross-section of
markets including:
• Water, wastewater and drainage
• Irrigation
• Mining, and industrial
• Plumbing
• Gas
• Communications
• Electrical
• Power
Vinidex is the most experienced
company in Australia in the supply
of PVC pipes for mains water
reticulation and was the first to
produce a rubber ring jointed
pressure pipe. Early Vinidex rubber
ring joint installations include:
1966, with the Victorian Rural Water
Commission (previously State Rivers
and Water Supply Commission)
1967, with the New South Wales
Department of Public Works for
water supply projects.
Vinidex pressure pipe and fittings
are manufactured from high quality
PVC polymer.
Vinidex specifications exceed the
requirements of the various national
and state specifying authorities and
Standards Australia.
Vinidex pressure pipe and fittings
combine the unique physical
properties of PVC polymer with the
most advanced manufacturing
techniques and will continue to meet
the exacting demands of the water
supply industry in Australia and a
growing number of overseas
countries, well into the 21st century.
PVC Pipe - World Leader
PVC pipe is the world’s most widely
used medium for conveyance of
fluids.
After centuries of use of ancient
materials such as clay, lead, iron
and more recently steel and
asbestos cement, PVC has, in a
comparatively short 50 years,
invaded all of the traditional
applications of these materials to
become the premier pipe material,
measured by length or value, in the
world today.
The product has well recognised
advantages of immunity to
corrosion, chemical and micro/macro-biological resistance,
hydraulic superiority, ease of
handling and installation together
with toughness and flexibility to
withstand abuse. Its widespread
applications are largely attributable
to these features.
Pipe applications fall into two broad
categories primarily determined by
the dominance of either internal
pressure or external loading over
design. They are referred to as
‘pressure’ or ‘non-pressure’
applications.
This manual covers pressure
applications with particular
emphasis on general water supply.
Other applications include irrigation,
industrial and pumped sewerage
mains. It provides state-of-the-art
information on material
characteristics and performance,
pipe selection and system design
procedures, installation
recommendations and detailed
product specification data for both
pipe and fittings. To date this is the
most comprehensive technical
manual published in Australia on
PVC pressure pipe systems.
introduction.3
introduction
Raw Material
Weighing
Mixing
Batching
Extruder
Head & Die
Sizing
Bath
Figure 1.1 Typical Pipe Extrusion Line
MANUFACTURE
Extrusion (Figure 1.1)
Basically, PVC products are formed
from raw PVC powder by a process
of heat and pressure. The two major
processes used in manufacture are
extrusion for continuous objects
such as pipe and moulding for
discrete articles such as fittings.
Polymer and additives (1) are
accurately weighed and (2) either
automatically dispensed into the
mixing plant or stored for later use.
High speed mixing (3) is used to
blend the raw materials into a
uniformly distributed dry blend
mixture. A mixing temperature of
around 120°C is achieved by
frictional heat. At various stages of
the mixing process, the additives
melt and progressively coat the PVC
polymer granules. After reaching
the required temperature, the blend
is automatically discharged into a
cooling chamber which rapidly
reduces the temperature to around
50°C, thereby allowing the blend to
be pneumatically or mechanically
conveyed to intermediate storage (4)
where even temperature and density
consistency are achieved.
Modern PVC processing involves
highly developed scientific methods
requiring precise control over
process variables. The polymer
material is a free flowing powder
which requires the addition of
stabilisers and processing aids.
Formulation and blending are critical
stages of the process and tight
specifications are maintained for
incoming raw materials, batching
and mixing. Feed to the extrusion or
moulding machines may be direct, in
the form of “dry blend”, or preprocessed into a granular
“compound”.
introduction.4
The heart of the process, the
extruder (5), has a temperaturecontrolled, zoned barrel in which
rotate precision “screws”. Modern
extruder screws are complex
devices, carefully designed with
varying flights to control the
compression and shear, developed
in the material, during all stages of
the process. The twin counterrotating screw configuration used by
all major manufacturers offers
improved processing.
Feedstock is metered into the barrel
and screws which then convert the
dry blend into the required “melt”
state by heat, pressure and shear.
During its passage along the screws,
the PVC passes through a number of
zones which compress, homogenise
and vent the melt stream. The final
zone increases the pressure to
extrude the melt through the head
and die set (6) which is shaped
according to the size of the pipe
required and flow characteristics of
the melt stream. The design of the
head and die assembly is important
as uniform flow is necessary in
order to avoid decomposition of the
PVC material.
Once the pipe leaves the extrusion
die, it is sized by external vacuum or
internal air pressure. The length of
the sizing sleeve (7) is
approximately three times the pipe
diameter. This is sufficient to
harden the exterior layer of PVC and
hold the pipe diameter during final
cooling in a controlled water bath
(8).
introduction
Haul Off
Print Station
Saw
The pipe is pulled through the sizing
and cooling operations by the puller
or haul-off (9) at a constant speed.
Speed control is very important
when this equipment is used
because the speed at which the pipe
is pulled will affect the wall
thickness of the finished product. In
the case of rubber ring jointed pipe
the haul-off is slowed down at
appropriate intervals to thicken the
pipe in the area of the socket.
An in-line printer (10) marks the
pipes at regular intervals, with
identification according to size,
class, type, date and extruder
number.
An automatic cut-off saw (11) cuts
the pipe to the required length.
A belling machine forms a socket on
the end of each length of pipe (12).
There are two general forms of
socket. For rubber-ring jointed pipe,
a collapsible mandrel is used,
whereas a plain mandrel is used for
solvent jointed sockets. Rubber ring
pipe requires a chamfer on the
spigot which is executed either at
the saw station or belting unit.
The finished product is stored in
holding areas for inspection and
final laboratory testing and quality
Automatic Belling Unit
acceptance (13). All production is
tested and inspected in accordance
with the appropriate Australian
Standard or to specifications
required by the purchasing authority.
After inspection and acceptance, the
pipe is stored to await final dispatch
(14).
For oriented PVC (OPVC) pipes, the
extrusion process is followed by an
additional expansion process which
takes place under well defined and
carefully controlled conditions of
temperature and pressure. It is
during the expansion that the
molecular orientation, which imparts
the high strength typical of OPVC,
occurs.
Injection Moulding
PVC fittings are manufactured by
high pressure injection moulding.
In contrast to continuous extrusion,
moulding is a repetitive cyclic
process, where a “shot” of material
is delivered to a mould in each cycle.
Crating
Dispatch
The barrel is charged with the
required amount of plastic by the
screw rotating and conveying the
material to the front of the barrel.
The position of the screw is set to a
predetermined “shot size”. During
this action, pressure and heat
“plasticise” the material which, now
in its melted state, awaits injection
into the mould.
All this takes place during the
cooling cycle of the previous shot.
After a preset time the mould will
open and the finished moulded
fitting will be ejected from the
mould.
The mould then closes and the
melted plastic in the front of the
barrel is injected under high
pressure by the screw now acting as
a plunger. The plastic enters the
mould to form the next fitting.
After injection, recharge commences
while the moulded fitting goes
through its cooling cycle.
PVC material, either in dry blend
powder form or granular compound
form, is gravity fed from a hopper
situated above the injection unit, into
the barrel housing a reciprocating
screw.
introduction.5
introduction
QUALITY ASSURANCE
Product Testing
Vinidex is committed to the
philosophy of Total Quality
Management. All Vinidex
manufacturing sites are certified to
AS/NZS ISO 9002, “ Quality
systems- Model for quality
assurance in production, installation
and servicing.”
Products are examined and tested to
ensure compliance with the relevant
Australian Standard. Pipe production
is fully traceable and test results are
recorded for all extrusion and
moulded products.
Vinidex was the first PVC pipe
manufacturer in Australia to be
awarded the prestigious
StandardsMark product certification.
Since that time, StandardsMark
certification has been achieved by all
Vinidex locations in Australia for
products to various Australian
Standards, including AS/NZS
1477:1999, PVC pipes and fittings
for pressure applications.
From the raw materials entering the
factory to the delivery of the finished
product, the Vinidex emphasis on
quality and customer service
ensures performance that exceeds
the requirements of industry and
standards.
Raw Material
All raw materials for Vinidex
products must meet detailed
specifications and suppliers are
required to conform to strict quality
assurance standards.
Production Process Control
Production processes are
enumerated, closely specified and
continuously monitored and
recorded. Inspection and control are
exercised by properly trained
personnel using calibrated
equipment.
introduction.6
The tests specified in Australian
Standards can be divided into two
main categories, type tests and
quality control tests. Type tests are
tests which are carried out to verify
the acceptability of a formulation,
process or product design. They are
repeated whenever any of these
factors changes. Dimensional checks
and quality control tests are
routinely conducted at regular
intervals during production. The
following is a brief summary of the
tests required by AS/NZS 1477:1999
and their significance to PVC
pressure pipe and fittings. Except
where indicated, the tests required
by AS/NZS 4441 (Int) for OPVC are
identical:
• Effect on water - This is a series
of type tests carried out in order
to demonstrate that the pipe or
fitting does not have a detrimental
effect on the quality of drinking
water. It assesses the effect of the
pipe or fittings on the taste, odour
and appearance of water as well
as the health aspects due to
growth of micro-organisms and
leaching of toxic substances.
• Vinyl chloride monomer test This test is conducted to ensure
that the residual VCM in PVC
material does not exceed safe
limits.
• Light transmission test - This test
is conducted to ensure that PVC
pipes have sufficient opacity to
prevent growth of algae in the
water conveyed. It is a type test
for a given formulation and pipe
wall thickness.
• Joint pressure and infiltration
tests - Elastomeric ring joints are
subjected to both an internal
hydrostatic pressure test and an
external pressure or internal
vacuum test in order to ensure a
satisfactory joint design.
• Processing tests - A number of
tests are conducted in accordance
with AS/NZS 1477 to ensure the
manufacturing process is
consistent and repeated.
RESEARCH AND
DEVELOPMENT
Vinidex’s Central Development
Laboratories have gained
international recognition as leaders
in PVC processing technology and
product performance evaluation.
New and existing materials and
products undergo continuous
examination. Advancements in
polymer and processing technology
are closely monitored.
Vinidex regards its commitment to
research and development as part of
its investment in the future of the
company, its customers and
Australia.
material
Contents
Polyvinyl Chloride
3
Different Types of Polyvinyl Chloride
3
Comparison Between OPVC, MPVC and Standard PVC
4
Properties of PVC
4
Typical Properties
5
Mechanical Properties
7
Elevated Temperatures
8
The Chemical Performance of PVC
9
Other Material Performance Aspects
10
Chemical Resistance of PVC - Performance Chart
12
Chemical Resistance of Elastomers - Performance Chart
35
material.1
material
publication.
ABN 42 000 664 942
material.2
material
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
(PVC)
Polyvinyl chloride is a thermoplastic
material which consists of PVC resin
compounded with varying
proportions of stabilisers, lubricants,
fillers, pigments, plasticisers and
processing aids. Different
compounds of these ingredients
have been developed to obtain
specific groups of properties for
different applications. However, the
major part of each compound is PVC
resin.
The technical terminology for PVC in
organic chemistry is poly (vinyl
chloride): a polymer, i.e. chained
molecules, of vinyl chloride. The
brackets are not used in common
literature and unplasticised and
plasticised PVC are both usually
referred to as PVC. The common
terminology is used throughout this
publication.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
The PVC compounds with the
greatest short-term and long-term
strengths are those that contain no
plasticisers and the minimum of
compounding ingredients. This type
of PVC is known as UPVC. Other
resins or modifiers (such as ABS,
CPE or acrylics) may be added to
UPVC to produce compounds with
improved impact resistance. These
compounds are known as modified
PVC (MPVC). Flexible or plasticised
PVC compounds, with a wide range
of properties, can also be produced
by the addition of plasticisers. Other
types of PVC are called CPVC
(chlorinated PVC), which has a
higher chlorine content and OPVC
(oriented PVC) which is UPVC
where the molecules are
preferentially aligned in a particular
direction.
UPVC (unplasticised) is hard and
rigid with an ultimate tensile stress
of approximately 52 MPa at 20°C
and is resistant to most chemicals.
Generally UPVC can be used at
temperatures up to 60°C, although
the actual temperature limit is
dependent on stress and
environmental conditions.
MPVC (modified) is rigid and has
improved toughness, particularly in
impact. The elastic modulus, yield
stress and ultimate tensile strength
are generally lower than UPVC.
These properties depend on the type
and amount of modifier used.
PVC (plasticised) is less rigid; has
high impact strength; is easier to
extrude or mould; has lower
temperature resistance; is less
resistant to chemicals, and usually
has lower ultimate tensile strength.
The variability from compound to
compound in plasticised PVC is
greater than that in UPVC.
CPVC (chlorinated) is similar to
UPVC in most of its properties but it
has a higher temperature resistance,
being able to function up to 95°C. It
has a similar ultimate stress at
20°C and an ultimate tensile stress
of about 15 MPa at 80°C.
OPVC (Oriented PVC) is sometimes
called HSPVC (high strength PVC).
OPVC pipes represent a major
advancement in the technology of
the PVC pipe industry.
OPVC is manufactured by a process
which results in a preferential
orientation of the long chain PVC
molecules in the circumferential or
hoop direction. This provides a
marked enhancement of properties
in this direction. In addition to other
benefits, ultimate tensile strengths
up to double those of UPVC can be
obtained for OPVC. In applications
such as pressure pipes, where well
defined stress directionality is
present, very significant gains in
strength and/or savings in materials
can be made.
Typical properties of OPVC are:
Tensile Strength of OPVC-90 MPa
Elastic Modulus of OPVC - 4050 MPa
Property enhancement by molecular
orientation is well known and some
industrial examples have been
produced for over thirty years. In
more recent times, it has been
applied to consumer products such
as films, high strength garbage
bags, carbonated beverage bottles
and the like.
The technique for applying
molecular orientation to PVC pipes
was pioneered during the 1970’s by
Yorkshire Imperial Plastics and in
fact the earliest trial installations
were made in 1974 with 100 mm
pipe by the Yorkshire Water
Authority, United Kingdom. Vinidex
have had a pilot OPVC pipe plant in
operation since early 1982 and
OPVC pipes were first installed in
Australia in 1986. Since that time,
Vinidex have continued to develop
and expand the OPVC product range
in commercial production.
material.3
material
COMPARISON BETWEEN
OPVC, MPVC AND
STANDARD PVC
OPVC is identical in composition to
PVC and their general properties are
correspondingly similar. The major
difference lies in the mechanical
properties in the direction of
orientation. The composition of
MPVC differs by the addition of an
impact modifier and the properties
deviate from standard PVC
depending on the type and amount
of modifier used. The following
comparison is general in nature and
serves to highlight typical
differences between pipe grade
materials.
Tensile Strength. The tensile
strength of OPVC is approximately
twice that of normal PVC. The tensile
strength of MPVC is slightly lower
than standard PVC.
Toughness. Both OPVC and MPVC
behave in a consistently ductile
manner under all practical
circumstances. Under some adverse
conditions, in the presence of a
notch or flaw, standard PVC can
exhibit brittle characteristics.
Design Stress. OPVC has a design
stress approximately twice that of
normal PVC. The design stress for
MPVC is also higher than that of
PVC as a result of its lower factor of
safety.
Safety Factors. OPVC pipes have
the same safety factor as standard
PVC on circumferential stress
extrapolated 50-year values. The
safety factor used for MPVC pipes is
lower. This is based on its
predictable, ductile behaviour.
material.4
Elasticity and Creep. OPVC has a
modulus of elasticity up to 24%
higher than normal PVC in the
oriented direction and a similar
modulus to standard PVC in other
directions. The elastic modulus of
MPVC is marginally lower than
standard PVC.
Fatigue. OPVC lasts a log decade
or more longer than standard PVC.
The fatigue performance of MPVC is
dependent on the type and amount
of modifier used however, for pipe
grades, the fatigue performance of
PVC and MPVC materials is similar.
When this is translated into pipe
performance, the different operating
stresses mean that standard PVC
pipes have better fatigue
performance than MPVC pipes of the
same pressure class.
Impact Characteristics. OPVC
exceeds standard PVC by a factor of
at least 2 and up to 5. MPVC also
has greater impact resistance than
standard PVC. Impact performance
tests for MPVC pipes focus on
obtaining a ductile failure
characteristic.
PROPERTIES OF PVC
General properties of PVC
compounds used in pipe
manufacture are given in Table 2.1.
Unless otherwise noted, the values
given are for standard unmodified
formulations using K67 PVC resin.
Some comparative values are shown
for other pipe materials. Properties
of thermoplastics are subject to
significant changes with
temperature, and the applicable
range is noted where appropriate.
Mechanical properties are subject to
duration of stress application, and
are more properly defined by creep
functions. More detailed data
pertinent to pipe applications are
given in the design section of this
manual. For data outside of the
range of conditions listed, users are
advised to contact our Technical
Department.
0.02µm
CLUSTERS OF PVC MOLECULES
Weathering. There are no
significant differences in the
weathering characteristics of PVC,
MPVC and OPVC.
Jointing. PVC and MPVC pipes can
be jointed by either rubber ring or
solvent cement joints. OPVC is
available in rubber-ring jointed pipes
only. OPVC cannot be solventcement jointed.
MOLECULAR ENTANGLEMENTS OF PVC PIPE
DIRECTION OF ORIENTATION
material
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Table 2.1: Properties of PVC
Property
Value
Conditions and Remarks
Molecular weight (resin)
140,000
cf: K57 PVC 70,000
Relative density
1.42 - 1.48
cf: PE 0.92 - 0.96, GRP 1.4 - 2.1,
Physical properties
Cl 7.20, Clay 1.8 - 2.6
Water absorption
0.12%
23°C, 24 hours cf: AC 18 - 20% AS1711
Hardness
80
Shore D Durometer, Brinell 15,
Impact strength - 20°C
20 kJ/m2
Rockwell R 114, cf: HDPE 60
2
Charpy 250 µm notch tip radius
Impact strength - 0°C
8 kJ/m
Charpy 250 µm notch tip radius
Coefficient of friction
0.4
PVC to PVC cf: PE 0.25, PA 0.3
Ultimate tensile strength
52 MPa
AS 1175 Tensometer at
Elongation at break
50 - 80%
Short term creep rupture
44 MPa
Constant load 1 hour value cf: PE 10-16
Long term creep rupture
28 MPa
Constant load extrapolated 50 year value
Elastic tensile modulus
3.0 - 3.3 GPa
1% strain at 100 seconds cf: PE 0.6-0.8
Elastic flexural modulus
2.7 - 3.0 GPa
1% strain at 100 seconds cf: PE 0.5-0.7
Long term creep modulus
0.9 - 1.2 GPa
Constant load extrapolated 50 year
Mechanical properties
constant strain rate cf: PE 12-20
AS 1175 Tensometer at
constant strain rate cf: PE 500-900
cf: PE 6-12
secant value cf: PE 0.1 - 0.3
Shear modulus
1.0 GPa
1% strain at 100 seconds
G=E/2/(1+µ) cf: PE 0.2
Bulk modulus
4.7 GPa
1% strain at 100 seconds
K=E/3/(1-2µ) cf: PE 2.0
Poisson’s ratio
0.4
Increases marginally with time
under load. cf: PE 0.45
Electrical properties
Dielectric strength (breakdown)
14 - 20 kV/mm
Volume resistivity
2 x 10 Ω.m
AS 1255.1
Surface resistivity
1013 - 1014 Ω
AS 1255.1
Dielectric constant (permittivity)
3.9 (3.3)
50 Hz (106 Hz) AS 1255.4
Dissipation factor (power factor)
0.01 (0.02)
50 Hz (106 Hz) AS 1255.4
14
Short term, 3 mm specimen
material.5
material
Thermal properties
Softening point
80 - 84°C
Max. continuous service temp.
60°C
Vicat method AS 1462.5 (min.
75°C for pipes)
Coefficient of thermal expansion
cf: PE 80, PP 110
-5
7 x 10 /K
7 mm per 10 m per 10°C
cf: PE 18 - 20 x 10-5, Cl 1.2 x 10-5
Thermal conductivity
0.16 W/[m.K]
0 - 50°C
Specific heat
1,000 J/[kg.K]
0 - 50°C
Thermal diffusivity
1.1 x 10-7 m2/s
0 - 50°C
Flammability (oxygen index)
45%
ASTM D2683 Fennimore Martin
Ignitability index
10 - 12 (/20)
Fire performance
test, cf: PE 17.5, PP 17.5
cf: 9 - 10 when tested as pipe
AS 1530 Early Fire Hazard Test
Smoke produced index
6 - 8 (/l0)
cf: 4 - 6 when tested as pipe
Heat evolved index
0
Spread of flame index
0
Will not support combustion.
Abbreviations
Conversion of Units
PE
Polyethylene
1 MPa = 10 bar
PP
Polypropylene
1 Joule = 4.186 calories = 0.948 x 10-3 BTU = 0.737 ft.lbf
PA
Polyamide (nylon)
1 Kelvin = 1°C
Cl
Cast Iron
AC
Asbestos Cement
GRP
Glass Reinforced Pipe
material.6
= 9.81 kg/cm2
= 145 lbf/in2
= 1.8°F temperature differential
material
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
For PVC, like other thermoplastics
materials, the stress /strain response
is dependent on both time and
temperature. When a constant static
load is applied to a plastics material,
the resultant strain behaviour is
rather complex. There is an
immediate elastic response, which is
fully recovered as soon as the load
is removed. In addition there is a
slower deformation, which continues
indefinitely while the load is applied
until rupture occurs. This is known
as creep. If the load is removed
before failure, the recovery of the
original dimensions occurs gradually
over time. The rate of creep and
recovery is also influenced by
temperature. At higher temperatures,
creep rates tend to increase.
Because of this type of response,
plastics are known as viscoelastic
materials.
to obtain the predicted failure stress
at the design point.
A safety factor is then applied to
obtain a maximum operating stress
for the pipe material which is used
to dimension pipes for a range of
pressure ratings. In Europe and
Australasia, the ISO design point of
50 years, or 438,000 hours, is
adopted. In North America, the
design point of 100,000 hours is
used. This design point is quite
arbitrary and should not be
interpreted as an indication of the
expected service life of a PVC pipe.
The Stress Regression Line
The consequence of creep is that
pipes subjected to higher stresses
will fail in a shorter time than those
subjected to lower stresses. For
pressure pipe applications, long life
is an essential requirement.
Therefore, it is important that pipes
are designed to operate at wall
stresses which will ensure that long
service lives can be achieved. To
establish the long term properties, a
large number of test specimens, in
pipe form, are tested until rupture.
All of these separate data points are
then plotted on a graph and a
regression analysis performed to
find the line of best fit. The linear
regression analysis is extrapolated
The stress regression line is
traditionally plotted on logarithmic
axes showing the circumferential or
hoop stress versus time to rupture.
Typical Stress Regression Curves
100
90
80
70
100 years
60
Specification point
50 years
Hoop Stress (MPa)
50
40
30
OPVC design stress (AS/NZS 4441) - 23.6MPa
20
MPVC design stress (AS/NZS 4765) - 17.5MPa
PVC design stress (AS/NZS 1477 >DN150) - 12.3
PVC design stress (AS/NZS 1477 <DN175) - 11MPa
10
0.1
1
10
10 2
10 3
OPVC pressure test data
OPVC regression line
PVC/MPVC pressure test data
PVC/MPVC regression line
PVC/MPVC 97.5% lcl line
-------------------------------------------------------AS/NZS 4441 OPVC specification
MPVC specification*
AS/NZS 1477 PVC specification for >DN150
AS/NZS 1477 PVC specification for <DN175
10 4
10 5
10 6
10 7
Time (hours)
* For MPVC, the 50 year specification point is a 97.5% lowewr confidence limit point to ensure that the minimum factor of safety of 1.4 is obtained.
material.7
material
Creep in Tension at 20°C
Creep Modulus
For PVC, the modulus or
stress/strain relationship must be
considered in the context of the rate
or duration of loading and the
temperature
2.0
1.5
Strain (%)
A universal method of data
presentation is a curve of strain
versus time at constant stress. At a
given temperature, a series of curves
is required at different stress levels
to represent the complete picture. A
modulus can be computed for any
stress/strain/ time combination, and
this is normally referred to as the
creep modulus.
2.5
1.0
0.5
Such curves are useful, for example,
in designing for short and long term
transverse loadings of pipes.
Tests conducted in both England
and Australia have shown that OPVC
is stiffer, i.e. it has a higher
modulus, than standard PVC by
some 24% for equivalent conditions
in the oriented direction. From other
work, there appears to be no
significant change in the axial
direction.
0
10
102
103
104
Time seconds
ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Pressure Ratings at
Elevated Temperatures
The mechanical properties of PVC
are referenced at 20°C.
Thermoplastics generally decrease in
strength and increase in ductility as
the temperature rises and design
stresses must be adjusted
accordingly.
See Section on Design for the
design ratings for pipes at
temperatures other than 20°C.
material.8
105
106
107
108
109
Courtesy ICI
Reversion
The term “reversion” refers to
dimensional change in plastic
products as a consequence of
“material memory”. Plastic products
“memorise” their original formed
shape and if they are subsequently
distorted, they will return to their
original shape under heat.
In reality, reversion proceeds at all
temperatures, but with high quality
extrusion it is of no practical
significance in plain pipe at
temperatures below 60°C and in
OPVC pipe at temperatures below
50°C.
material
THE CHEMICAL
PERFORMANCE OF PVC
Factors Affecting
Chemical Resistance
PVC is resistant to many alcohols,
fats, oils and aromatic free petrol. It
is also resistant to most common
corroding agents including inorganic
acids, alkalis and salts. However,
PVC should not be used with esters,
ketones, ethers and aromatic or
chlorinated hydrocarbons. PVC will
absorb these substances and this
will lead to swelling and a reduction
in tensile strength.
A number of factors can affect the
rate and type of chemical attack that
may occur. These are:
Chemical Attack
Chemicals that attack plastics do so
at differing rates and in differing
ways. There are two general types
of chemical attack on plastic:
1. Swelling of the plastic occurs but
the plastic returns to its original
condition if the chemical is
removed. However, if the plastic
has a compounding ingredient
that is soluble in the chemical, the
plastic may be changed because
of the removal of this ingredient
and the chemical itself will be
contaminated.
2. The base resin or polymer
molecules are changed by
crosslinking, oxidation,
substitution reactions or chain
scission. In these situations the
plastic cannot be restored by the
removal of the chemical.
Examples of this type of attack on
PVC are aqua regia at
20°C and wet chlorine gas.
Concentration. In general, the rate
of attack increases with
concentration, but in many cases
there are threshold levels below
which no significant chemical effect
will be noted.
Temperature. As with all
processes, rate of attack increases
as temperature rises. Again,
threshold temperatures may exist.
Period of Contact. In many cases
rates of attack are slow and of
significance only with sustained
contact.
Stress. Some plastics under stress
can undergo higher rates of attack.
In general PVC is considered
relatively insensitive to “stress
corrosion”.
Considerations for PVC Pipe
For normal water supply work, PVC
pipes are totally unaffected by soil
and water chemicals. The question
of chemical resistance is likely to
arise only if they are used in unusual
environments or if they are used to
convey chemical substances. The
Chemical Resistance Table 2.1 gives
guidance in this context.
For applications characterised as
food conveyance or storage, health
regulations should be observed.
Specific advice should be obtained
on the use of PVC pipes.
Although OPVC is chemically
identical to standard PVC, rates of
attack may vary and this material is
not recommended for use in
chemical environments or for
chemical conveyance.
In most environments, the chemical
performance of MPVC is expected to
be similar to standard PVC.
However, where concentrated
chemicals are to be in prolonged
contact with MPVC or elevated
temperatures are likely, it is
recommended that some preliminary
testing be carried out to determine
the suitability of the material.
Sewage Discharges
PVC will not be affected by anything
that can be normally found in
sewerage effluent. However, if some
illegal discharge is made then most
chemicals are more likely to attack
the rubber ring (common to all
modern pipe systems) than the PVC
pipe. Because of modern pollution
controls on sewage discharges PVC
can be safely used in any municipal
sewerage network including areas
accepting industrial effluent.
Gases
For town gas distribution PVC is
commonly used where the aromatic
content of the gas is low, as in the
case of natural gas or LP gas.
It should be noted that for
transportation of gases generally,
high factors of safety are essential
and PVC is recommended only for
low pressure applications.
material.9
material
Chemical Resistance of
Joints
When considering the performance
of pipe materials in contact with
chemical environments, it is
important not to overlook the effect
of the environment on the jointing
materials. In general, solvent cement
joints may be used in any
environment where PVC pipe is
acceptable. However, separate
consideration may need to be given
to the rubber ring.
Chemical attack on rubbers can
occur in two ways. Swelling can
occur as a result of absorption of a
chemical. This can make it weaker
and more susceptible to mechanical
damage. On the other hand, it may
assist in retaining the sealing force.
Alternatively, the chemical attack
may result in a degradation or
change in the chemical structure of
the rubber. Both types of attack are
affected by a number of factors such
as chemical concentration,
temperature, rubber compounding
and component dimensions. The
surface area exposed to the
environment may also influence the
severity of the attack.
As a guide, a chemical resistance
table for rubber materials commonly
used in pipe seals is given in
Table 2.2.
OTHER MATERIAL
PERFORMANCE ASPECTS
Permeation1
The effect on water quality due to
the transport of contaminants from
the surrounding soil through the
pipe wall or rubber ring must be
considered where gross pollution of
the soil has occurred in the
immediate vicinity of the pipe.
For permeation to occur through the
pipe wall, the chemical must be a
strong solvent or swelling agent for
PVC such as aromatic or chlorinated
hydrocarbons, ketones, anilines and
nitrobenzenes. Permeation through
PVC is insignificant for alcohols,
aliphatic hydrocarbons, and organic
acids.
The mechanism of permeation
depends on the effective
concentration (activity) of the
chemical contaminant. At lower
concentrations, permeation rates are
so slow that permeation may be
considered insignificant. Thus, in the
majority of cases, PVC pipe is an
effective barrier against permeation
of soil contaminants
At high chemical concentrations
(activity >0.25) a different
mechanism applies and both the
PVC pipe and water quality may be
adversely affected in a short time.
This corresponds to a gross spill or
leak of the chemical in close
proximity to the pipe.
Weathering and Solar
Degradation
The effect of “weathering” or surface
degradation by radiant energy, in
conjunction with the elements, on
plastics has been well researched
and documented.
Solar radiation causes changes in
the molecular structure of polymeric
materials, including PVC. Inhibitors
and reflectants are normally
incorporated in the material which
limit the process to a surface effect.
Loss of gloss and discolouration
under severe weathering will be
observed.
The processes require input of
energy and cannot proceed if the
material is shielded, e.g. underground pipes.
From a practical point of view, the
bulk material is unaffected and
performance under primary tests will
show no change, i.e. tensile strength
and modulus.
However, microscopic disruptions
on a weathered surface can initiate
fracture under conditions of extreme
local stress, e.g. impact on the
outside surface. Impact strength
will therefore show a decrease under
test.
It should be noted that rubber rings
are generally considered more
susceptible to permeation than PVC
and should be considered
separately.
1. Berens, Alan R., "Prediction of Organic Chemical Permeation Through PVC Pipe," Journal American Waterworks Association, Denver, CO
(Nov. 1985) pp. 57-65.
Vonk, Martin W., "Permeation of Organic Soil Contaminants Through Polyethylene, Polyvinylchloride, Asbestos Cement and Concrete Water Pipes,"
Some Phenomena Affecting Water Quality During Distribution: Permeation, Lead Release, Regrowth of Bacteria, KIWA Ltd., Neuwegen, The
Netherlands (Nov. 1985) pp. 1-14.
material.10
material
Protection Against
Solar Degradation
All PVC pipes manufactured by
Vinidex contain protective systems
that will ensure against detrimental
effects for normal periods of storage
and installation.
For periods of storage longer than
one year, and to the extent that
impact resistance is important to the
particular installation, additional
protection may be considered
advisable.
This may be provided by undercover storage, or by covering pipe
stacks with an appropriate material
such as hessian. Heat entrapment
should be avoided and ventilation
provided. Black plastic sheeting
should not be used.
Above-ground systems may be
protected by a coat of white or
pastel-shade PVA paint. Good
adhesion will be achieved with
simply a detergent wash to remove
any grease and dirt.
Material Ageing
The ultimate strength of PVC does
not alter markedly with age. Its
short-term ultimate tensile strength
generally shows a slight increase.
It is important to appreciate that the
stress regression line does not
represent a weakening of the
material with time, i.e. a pipe held
under continuous pressure for many
years will still show the same
short-term ultimate burst pressure
as a new pipe.
increasing number of cross-links
between molecules. This results in
some changes in mechanical
properties:
• A marginal increase in ultimate
tensile strength.
• A significant increase in yield
stress.
• An increase in modulus at high
strain levels.
Microbiological Effects
PVC is immune to attack by
microbiological organisms normally
encountered in under-ground water
supply and sewerage systems.
Macrobiological Attack
PVC does not constitute a food
source and is highly resistant to
damage by termites and rodents.
Effect of Soil Sulphides
In general, these changes would
appear to be beneficial. However,
the response of the material at high
stress levels is altered in that local
yielding at stress concentrators is
inhibited, and strain capability of the
article is decreased. Brittle-type
fracture is more likely to occur,
and a general reduction in impact
resistance may be observed.
Grey discolouration of under-ground
PVC pipes may be observed in the
presence of sulphides commonly
found in soils containing organic
materials. This is due to a reaction
with the stabiliser systems used in
processing. It is a surface effect,
and in no way impairs performance.
These changes occur exponentially
with time, rapidly immediately
following forming, and more and
more slowly as time proceeds.
By the time the article is put into
service, they are barely measurable,
except in the very long term.
Artificial ageing can be achieved by
heat treatment at 60°C for 18 hours.
OPVC undergoes such ageing in the
orientation process and its
characteristics are similar to a fully
aged material, but with greatly
enhanced ultimate strength.
The material does, however,
undergo a change in morphology
with time, in that the “free volume”
in the matrix reduces, with an
material.11
material
Table 2.1: Performance Chart - Chemical Resistance of PVC
Important Information
The listed data are based on results
of immersion tests on specimens, in
the absence of any applied stress. ln
certain circumstances, where the
preliminary classification indicates
high or limited resistance, it may be
necessary to conduct further tests to
assess the behaviour of pipes and
fittings under internal pressure or
other stresses.
Variations in the analysis of the
chemical compounds as well as in
the operating conditions (pressure
and temperature) can significantly
modify the actual chemical
resistance of the materials in
comparison with this chart’s
indicated value.
It should be stressed that these
ratings are intended only as a guide
to be used for initial information on
the material to be selected. They
may not cover the particular
application under consideration and
the effects of altered temperatures
or concentrations may need to be
evaluated by testing under specific
conditions. No guarantee can be
given in respect of the listed data.
Vinidex reserves the right to make
any modification whatsoever, based
upon further research and
experiences.
material.12
Sources for Chemical
Resistances of PVC
Source 1
The Water Supply Manual for PVC
Pipe Systems, First Edition, Vinidex
Tubemakers Pty Limited, 1989
Source 2
Chemical Resistance Guide For
Thermoplastic Pipe and Fitting
Systems, Vinidex Tubemakers Pty
Limited
Source 3
ISO/TR 10358 Technical Report:
Plastic Pipes and Fittings-Combined
Chemical-resistance Classification
Table, First Edition, International
Organisation for Standardisation,
1993
Source 4
Chemical Resistance, Volume 1Thermoplastics, Second Edition,
Plastics Design Library, 1994
Source 5
Chemical Resistance Data Sheets,
Volume 1-Plastics, Rapra
Technology Limited, 1993
Abbreviations
S
Satisfactory Resistance
L
Limited Resistance
U
Unsatisfactory Resistance
dil.sol. dilute aqueous solution at a
concentration equal to or
less than 10%
sol.
Aqueous solution at a
concentration greater then
10% but not saturated
sat.sol. saturated aqueous solution
prepared at 20°C
tg-g
technical grade, gas
tg-l
technical grade, liquid
tg-s
technical grade, solid
work.sol. working solution of the
concentration usually used
in the industry concerned
susp.
Suspension of solid in a
saturated solution at 20°C
material
Chemical Performance of PVC
Chemical
Formula
Acetaldehyde
CH3CHO
CH3COOH
Acetic acid
-glacial
Acetic anhydride
(CH3CO)2O
Acetone
CH3COCH3
Acetonitrile
CH3COC6H5
Acetophenone
Acetyl nitrile
C 2H 2
Acetylene
Acrylic acid ethyl ester
CH2CHCN
Acrylonitrile
(CH2CH2CO2H)2
Adipic acid
Air
CH2CHCH2OH
Allyl alcohol
Allyl chloride
Alum
Al2(SO4)3.K2SO4.nH2O
(Aluminium potassium sulphate)
Aluminium
AlCl3
-chloride
-fluoride
AlF3
-hydroxide
Al(OH)3
-nitrate
Al(NO3)3
Temp.
(oC)
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
(%)
40
100
up to 10
10 to 50
>96
100
10
100
tg-s
tg-g
technically pure
sat. sol.
tg-g
tg-l
sat. sol
sat. sol
sat. sol.
susp.
susp.
sat. sol.
Resist.
U
U
U
U
S
S
S
L
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
S
S
U
U
U
S
L
S
S
L
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Resistance: S = Satisfactory L = Limited U = Unsatisfactory
material.13
material
Chemical
Formula
-oxychloride
Al2(SO4)3
-sulphate
NH3
Ammonia
-aqueous
-dry gas
-liquid
CH3COONH4
Ammonium
-acetate
-alum
-benzoate
-bifluoride
-bisulphate
(NH4)2CO3
-carbonate
NH4Cl
-chloride
-dichromate
NH4F
-fluoride
-hydrogen carbonate
NH4HCO3
-hydroxide
NH4(OH)
-nitrate
NH4NO3
-persulphate
(NH4)2S2O8
-phosphate dibasic
NH4(HPO4)2
-phosphate meta
(NH4)4P4O12
-phosphate tri
(NH4)2HPO4
-sulphate
(NH4)2SO4
-sulphide
(NH4)2S
-thiocyanate
-zinc chloride
Temp.
Conc.
Resist.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
susp.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
U
S
S
S
S
S
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
tg-g
tg-l
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
25
sat. sol.
35 m/v
sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
material.14
material
Chemical
Formula
Temp.
Conc.
Resist.
Amyl acetate
CH3CO2CH2(CH2)3CH3
tg-l
Amyl alcohol
CH3(CH2)3CH2OH
Amyl chloride
CH3(CH2)3CH2Cl
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
U
U
S
L
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
S
U
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
L
S
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
U
U
L
U
U
U
U
Aniline
-chlorohydrate
C6H5NH2
C6H5NH2HCl
-hydrochloride
-sulphate
Anthraquinone
Anthraquinone
sulphonic acid
Antimony chloride
Aqua regia
Arsenic acid
SbCl3
HCl + HNO3
H3AsO4
Aryl sulphonic acids
Barium
BaBr2
-bromide
-carbonate
BaCO3
-chloride
BaCl2
-hydroxide
Ba(OH)2
-nitrate
-sulphate
Ba(NO3)2
BaSO4
-sulphide
BaS
Beer
Benzaldehyde
Benzalkonium chloride
Benzene
Benzoic acid
Benzoyl chloride
Benzyl acetate
C6H5CHO
C6H6
C6H5COOH
tg-l
tg-l
sat. sol.
or tg-l
sat. sol.
susp.
sat. sol.
sat. sol. or
weak conc.
sat. sol
susp.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
susp.
sat. sol.
work
tg-l
sat. sol.
tg-l
material.15
material
Chemical
Formula
Bismuth carbonate
C3HBO 3
Boric acid
BF 3
Boron trifluoride
Brine
HBrO3
Bromic acid
Bromine
Br 3
Bromobenzene
Bromoethane
Bromotoluene
Butadiene
C 4 H6
Butane
C 4 H 10
CH 3CH 2 CHOHCH2OH
Butanediols
C4 H9OH
Butanols
(butyl alcohols)
CH 3CO2 CH 2CH 2CH 2CH 3
Butyl acetate
C 4H 4 (OH)2
Butylene glycol
Butyl mercaptan
Butylphenols
C 4H 9C 6H4 OH
Butyl phthalate
Butylstearate
Butynediol
C 2H 5CH2COOH
Butyric acid
Cadmium cyanide
Calcium
-carbonate
CaCO3
Temp.
Conc.
Resist.
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
sat. sol.
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
U
U
L
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
U
L
U
S
L
U
U
L
U
U
U
U
U
U
S
S
U
S
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
work
10
tg-g
tg-l
trace
tg-l
tg-g
tg-g
10
conc.
tg-l
tg-l
100
sat. sol.
tg-l
20
tg-l
susp.
material.16
material
Chemical
-chlorate
Formula
CaCHCI
-chloride
CaCI 2
- hydrogen sulphide
(calcium bisulphide)
- hydrogen sulphite
(calcium bisulphite)
-hydroxide
Ca(HS) 2
Ca(HSO3)2
-hypochlorite
Ca(OCI)2
-nitrate
Ca(NO3)2
Ca(HO) 2
-sulphate
CaSO4
-sulphide
CaS
Carbitol
Carbon dioxide
CO2
(gas)
(aqueous)
Carbon disulphide
CS2
Carbon monoxide
CO
Carbon tetrachloride
CCl4
Carbonic acid
H2CO3
(aqueous)
(dry)
(wet)
Castor oil
Caustic potash
Cellosolve
(2-ethoxyethanol)
Cellosolve acetate
Chloral hydrate
Chloramine
Chloric acid
HClO3
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
20
60
Conc.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
susp.
sat. sol.
tg-g
sat. sol.
tg-l
tg-g
tg-l
sat. sol.
100
dil. sol.
20
Resist.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
S
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
U
S
S
S
S
S
L
material.17
material
Chemical
Chlorine
Formula
Cl2
-dry gas
Chloroacetic acid
ClCH2COH
Chloroacetyl chloride
Chlorobenzene
CHCl3
Chloroform
Chloropicrin
Chloropropanes
Chlorosulphonic acid
ClHSO3
Chrome alum
KCr(SO4)2
Chromic acid
CrO3 + H20
(plating soln)
Chromic solution
Citric acid
CrO3 + H20 +H2SO4
C3H4(OH)(CO2H)3
Copper
CuCO3
-carbonate
-chloride
CuCl2
-cyanide
CuCN2
-fluoride
CuF2
-hypochlorite
Cu(OCl)2
-nitrate
Cu(NO3)2
-sulphate
Cottonseed oil
Creosote
CuSO4
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
10
10
Resist.
S
L
L
U
S
L
S
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
L
U
S
S
S
30
S
50
S
L
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
100
sol.
tg-l
tg-l
tg-l
tg-s
sol.
sat. sol.
50/35/15
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
work
sol.
material.18
material
Chemical
Cresol
Cresylic acid
Formula
CH3C6H4OH
CH3C6H4COOH
Crotonaldehyde
Crude oil
Cyclanone
Cyclohexane
C6H12
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
C6H10O
Cyclohexyl alcohol
DDT
Detergents
(synthetic)
Developers
(photographic)
Dextrin
C6H12OCH2O
Dextrose
Diacetone alcohol
Diazo salts
Dibutoxyethyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate
C6H4(CO2C4H9)2
Dibutyl sebacate
Dichloroacetic acid
Cl2CHCOOH
Dichlorobenzene
Dichloroethane
CH2ClCH2Cl
(ethylene dichloride)
Dichloroethylene
ClCH2Cl
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
<90
>90
50
sat. sol. or
tg-l
tg-l
sat. sol. or
tg-s
tg-l
dil
work
sol.
sol.
sol.
tg-l
tg-l
tg-l
tg-l
Resist.
L
U
U
U
L
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
U
U
S
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
material.19
material
Chemical
Diesel fuels
Formula
Diethyl ether
C2H5OC2H5
Diethyl sulphate
(C2H5)2SO4
(ethyl sulphate)
Diglycolic acid
(CH2)2O(CO2H)2
Dimethylamine
(CH3)2NH
Dimethyl formamide
Dimethylhydrazine
Dimethyl sulphate
(CH3)2SO4
(methyl sulphate)
Dioctyl phthalate
Dioxane
Diphenyl ether
Dodecanoic acid
(lauric acid)
Emulsions
(photographic)
Ethanol
CH3CH2OH
(ethyl alcohol)
Ethers
Ethyl
CH3CO2C2H5
-acetate
-acrylate
-chloride
CH3CH2Cl
-chloroacetate
-ether
Ethylene
CH3CH2OCH2CH3
ClCH2CH2OH
-chlorohydrin
-dibromide
-glycol
(ethanediol)
-oxide
(oxiran)
Fatty acids
HOCH2CH2OH
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
100
tg-l
tg-l
work
sol.
tg-l
tg-l
tg-l
tg-g
tg-l
tg-l
tg-l
Resist.
S
S
U
U
U
U
S
L
L
U
U
U
U
U
S
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
L
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
S
S
U
U
S
S
material.20
material
Chemical
Ferric
Formula
Fe(CH3COO)3
-acetate
-chloride
FeCl3
-hydroxide
Fe(OH)3
-nitrate
Fe(NO3)3
-sulphate
Fe(SO4)3
Ferrous
FeCl2
-chloride
-hydroxide
-nitrate
-sulphate
Fe(OH)2
FeNO3
FeSO4
Fixing soln.
(photographic)
Fluoboric acid
F2
Fluorine
Fluosilic acid
HSiF6
Formaldehyde
HCOH
Formic acid
HCOOH
Fructose
Fuel oil
Furfuraldehyde
(furfural)
C5H3OCH2OH
Furfuryl alcohol
Gas
(manufactured)
(natural,wet/dry)
Gasoline
(fuel)
Gelatine
Glucose
C6H12O6
Glycerine
HOCH2CHOHCH2OH
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
tg-g
wet or dry
sat. sol.
30-40%
10
25
50
100
tg-l
tg-g
tg-g
work
sol.
sol.
sol.
tg-l
Resist.
S
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
L
S
U
S
S
S
S
U
U
U
U
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
material.21
material
Chemical
Glycolic acid
Formula
HOCH2COOH
C7H16
Heptane
Hexadecanol
(cetyl alcohol)
C6H14
Hexane
Hexanol
(hexyl alcohol)
Hydrazine
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrochloric acid
HBr
HCl
Hydrocyanic acid
HCN
Hydrofluoric acid
HF
Hydrogen
H2
-peroxide
H2O2
H2 S
-sulphide
Hydroquinone
(quinol)
Hydrosulphite
Hydroxylamine sulphate
Hydrochlorous acid
Hypochlorite
Hypochlorous acid
(H2NOH)2H2SO4
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
20
60
Conc.
30
tg-l
work
sol.
tg-l
97
up to 20
50
<25
<37
10
up to 10
40
60
12
30
50
90
tg-g
sat. sol.
<10
12
Resist.
S
S
S
U
S
S
S
L
S
S
U
U
S
L
S
L
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
U
L
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
L
S
S
S
material.22
material
Chemical
Iodine
Formula
I2
(soln in potassium iodide)
(soln in alcohol)
Isobutyl alcohol
C8H18
Iso-octane
(2,2,4-trimethylbentane)
Isophorone
(CH3)2CHOH
Isopropyl
-alcohol
-ether
(CH3)2CHOCH(CH3)2
Kerosene
Lactic acid
CH3CHOHCOOH
Latex
Lauryl chloride
Lead
Pb(CH3COO)2
-acetate
-arsenate
-chloride
PbCl2
-nitrate
PbNO3
-sulphate
PbSO4
Linoleic acid
Linoleic oil
Linseed oil
Lithium bromide
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
sat. sol.
tg-l
tg-l
tg-l
10
10 to 90
dil. or sat.
sol.
work
sol.
Resist.
U
U
U
U
S
S
S
U
U
U
S
S
L
U
S
S
S
L
L
U
S
S
S
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
material.23
material
Chemical
Magnesium
Formula
MgCO3
-carbonate
-chloride
MgCl2
-citrate
Mg(OH)2
-hydroxide
-nitrate
MgNO3
-sulphate
MgSO4
Maleic acid
COOHCHCHOOH
CH2CHOH(COOH)2
Malic acid
Manganese
-chloride
-sulphate
Mercuric
HgCl2
-chloride
-cyanide
HgCN2
Mercurous nitrate
HgNO3
Mercury
Hg
Mesityl oxide
Methoxyethyl oleate
Methyl
-acetate
-alcohol
(methanol)
-bromide
(bromomethane)
-cellosolve
CH3COOCH3
CH3OH
CH3Br
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
susp.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
25
50
sat. sol.
sol. or
sat. sol.
10/20 or
sat.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
tg-l
tg-l
5
tg-l
Resist.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
S
U
U
S
S
S
L
U
U
U
material.24
material
Chemical
-chloride
(chloromethane)
-ethyl ketone
Formula
CH3Cl
CH3COCH2CH3
-glycol
-isobutyl ketone
-methacrylate
-salicylate
Methylamine
CH3NH2
Methylated spirits
Methylcyclohexanone
Methylene
CH2Br2
-bromide
-chloride
CH2Cl2
-chlorobromide
-iodine
Methylsulphoric acid
CH3COOSO4
Mineral oils
Molasses
Motor oils
Muriatic acid
Naphtha
Naphthalene
C10H8
Natural gas
Nickel -acetate
-chloride
-nitrate
-sulphate
Nicotonic acid
Ni(CH3COO)2
NiCl2
Ni(NO3)2
NiSO4
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
tg-l
tg-l
tg-l
32
tg-l
50/100
work
sol.
work
sol.
work. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
susp.
Resist.
U
U
U
U
S
S
U
U
U
U
S
L
U
S
L
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
S
L
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
U
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
material.25
material
Chemical
Nitric acid
Nitrobenzene
Formula
HNO3
C6H5NO2
Nitroglycerin
Nitroglycol
Nitromethane
Nitropropane
Nitrous fumes
(moist)
Nitrous oxide
N2 O
Oils and fats
Oleic acid
C8H17CHCH(CH2)7CO2H
Oleum
Oxalic acid
HO2CCO2H
Oxygen
O2
Ozone
O3
Palmitic acid
CH3(CH2)14COOH
Paraffin
-emulsion/oil
Peracetic acid
Perchloric acid
Perphosphate
Petrol
-refined
-unrefined
HClO4
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
25
60
Conc.
up to 45%
>50%
tg-l
tg-l
tg-l
sat. sol.
dil. sol.
tg-g
sat. sol.
10
70
10
70
Resist.
S
L
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
L
U
U
L
U
S
U
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
U
S
L
L
U
S
S
U
S
S
material.26
material
Chemical
Petrol/benzene
Formula
(mixture)
Petroleum spirit
(petroleum ether)
Petroleum liquifier
Petroleum oils
Phenol
C6H5OH
Phenylhydrazine
C6H5NHNH2
Phenylhydrazine
hydrochloride
Phosgene
C6H5NHNH3Cl
(gas)
(liquid)
Phosphine
Phosphoric
H3PO4
-acid
-anhydride
Phosphorous
P2O5
P4
-pentoxide
P2O5
-trichloride
PCl3
Phosphoryl chloride
(phosphorus oxychloride)
Phthalic acid
C6H4(CO2H)2
Picric acid:
HO6H2(NO2)3
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
Conc.
80:20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
dil. sol.
1
90
tg-l
tg-g
10
25
50
95
tg-l
tg-l
Resist.
U
U
U
U
S
S
S
U
S
U
U
U
U
U
U
S
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
U
S
U
U
U
U
U
50
1
>1
U
S
S
U
U
material.27
material
Chemical
Plating solutions:
Formula
-brass
-cadmium
-chromium
-copper
-gold
-indium
-lead
-nickel
-rhodium
-silver
-tin
-zinc
-Polyglycol ethers
-Potash
Potassium
-alum
-borate
K3BO3
-bromate
KBrO3
-bromide
KBr
K2CO3
-carbonate
-chlorate
KCl
-chloride
K2CrO4
-chromate
-cuprocyanide
KCN
-cyanide
-dichromate
(potassium bichromate)
K2Cr2O7
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
Conc.
sat. sol.
up to 10
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
40
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
40
sat. sol.
Resist.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
material.28
material
Chemical
Formula
-ferricyanide
-ferrocyanide
(potassium hexacyanoferrate (II))
-fluoride
-hydrogen carbonate
(potassium bicarbonate)
-hydrogen sulphate
(potassium bisulphate)
-hydrogen sulphite
(potassium bisulphite)
-hydroxide
K4Fe(CN)6.3H2O
KF
KOH
-nitrate
KNO3
-perborate
KBO3
-perchlorate
-permanganate
KMnO4
-persulphate
K2S2O8
-sulphate
K2SO4
-sulphide
-sulphite
-thiosulphate
Propane
C3H8
Propylene
-dichloride
-oxide
Pyridine
Salicylic acid
Sea Water
Sewage
CH(CHCH)2N
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sol.
10
50
conc.
sat. sol.
10
10
20
30
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
Resist.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
U
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
material.29
material
Chemical
Silicic acid
Formula
H2SiO3
AgCH 3 COO
Silver
-acetate
-cyanide
AgCN
-nitrate
AgNO3
Soap solutions
(aqueous soln.)
CH 3COONa3
Sodium
-acetate
-alum
-antimonate
-arsenite
-benzoate
-bicarbonate
(hydrogen carbonate)
-bichromate
(hydrogen chromate)
-bisulphate
(hydrogen sulphate)
-bisulphite
(hydrogen sulphite)
-bromide
NaHCO3
-carbonate
Na2CO3
-chlorate
NaClO3
-chloride
NaCl
-cyanide
NaCN
NaHSO4
NaHSO3
NaBr
-dichromate
-ferricyanide
-ferrocyanide
-fluoride
Na4Fe(CN)6
NaF
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
Resist.
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
material.30
material
Chemical
-hydrogen orthophosphate
(di Sodium -)
-hydroxide
-hypochlorite
Formula
NaOH
NaOCl
-metaphosphate
-nitrate
NaNO3
-nitrite
NaNO2
-perborate
NaBO3.H2O
-perchlorate
-peroxide
-phosphate di
NaHPO4
-phosphate tri
Na3PO4
-silicate
-sulphate
Na2SO4
-sulphide
Na2S
-sulphite
NaSO3
-tetraborate
(di Sodium-), 'Borax'
-thiosulphate
(sodium hyposulphite)
Stannic chloride
Na2S3O3
SnCl4
(Tin (IV) chloride)
Stannous chloride
SnCl2
(Tin (II) chloride)
Starch
Stearic acid
Stoddard solvents
CH3(CH2)16CO2H
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
1 w/v
10 w/v
40 w/v
conc.
13% Cl
sat. sol.
sat. sol.
sol.
dil. or sat.
sol.
dil.
sat. sol.
sol.
sat. sol.
Resist.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
material.31
material
Chemical
Succinic acid
Formula
Sucrose
(sugar)
Sulphamic acid
Sulphite liquors
Sulphur
SO2
Sulphur dioxide
(dry)
(moist)
(liquid)
SO3
Sulphur trioxide
H2SO4
Sulphuric acid
-nitric aqueous soln.
H2SO4 + HNO3 + H2O
Sulphurous acid
Tallow
C14H10O9
Tannic acid
Tanning extracts
HOOC(CHOH)2COOH
Tartaric acid
Tetrachloroethane
CHCl2CHCl2
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
aq. sol.
sol.
up to 10
15
10 to 50
50 to 90
95
98
fuming
48/49/3
50/50/0
20/10/70
10
30
sol.
sol. or
sat. sol.
Resist.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
L
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
L
U
U
U
U
U
S
L
L
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
material.32
material
Chemical
Tetrachloroethylene
Formula
CCl2CCl2
(Perchloroethylene)
Tetraethyl lead
Pb(C2H5)4
(lead tetraethyl)
Tetrahydrofuran
C 4H 8O
Tetrahydronapthalene
(tetralin)
Tetrasodium pyrophosphate
Thionyl chloride
SOCl3
Thiophene
C4H4S
Tirpineol
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
C6H5CH3
Tributyl citrate
Tributyl phosphate
Trichloroacetic acid
CCl3COOH
Trichlorobenzene
Trichloroethylene
Triethanolamine
Cl2CCHCl
N(CH2CH2OH)2
Triethylamine
Trigol
(triethylene glycol)
3,4,5,-Trihydroxybenzoic acid
(gallic acid)
Trilon
Trimethylamine
Trimethylol propane
(2-ethyl-2-hydroxymethylpropanediol)
Trimethyl propane
Trisodium phosphate
Turpentine
Urea
CO(NH2)2
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
Conc.
100
tg-l
tg-l
tg-l
<50
work. sol.
tg-l
100
up to 10%
<10
33
Resist.
U
U
S
L
U
U
U
U
S
S
U
U
U
U
S
U
U
U
U
S
U
U
S
U
U
U
U
U
L
U
S
L
S
S
S
U
U
S
U
S
L
S
L
S
S
S
L
S
L
S
L
material.33
material
Chemical
Uric acid
Formula
C5H4N4O3
Urine
Vegetable oils
Vinegar
CH3CO2CHCH2
Vinyl acetate
H2O
Water
Whiskey
White liquor
Wines and spirits
Xylene
C8H10
Yeast
Zinc
ZnCO3
-carbonate
-chloride
ZnCl2
-chromate
ZnCrO4
-cyanide
Zn(CN)2
-nitrate
Zn(NO3)2
-oxide
ZnO
-sulphate
ZnSO4
Temp.
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
20
60
60
60
20
60
Conc.
10
tg-l
work sol.
work sol.
tg-l
susp.
susp.
dil. or sat.
sol.
sat. sol.
susp.
dil. or sat.
sol.
Resist.
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
U
U
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
material.34
material
Table 2.2: General Guide for Chemical Resistance of
Various Elastomers (Rubber Rings)
Important Information
The listed data are based on results
of immersion tests on specimens, in
the absence of any applied stress. ln
certain circumstances, where the
preliminary classification indicates
high or limited resistance, it may be
necessary to conduct further tests to
assess the behaviour of pipes and
fittings under internal pressure or
other stresses.
Sources for Chemical
Resistances of Rubbers
Source 1
Chemical Resistance Data Sheets,
Volume 2-Rubbers, Rapra
Technology Limited, 1993
Source 2
Handbook of PVC Pipe Design and
Construction, Third Edition, Uni-Bell
PVC Pipe Association, 1993
Variations in the analysis of the
chemical compounds as well as in
the operating conditions (pressure
and temperature) can significantly
modify the actual chemical
resistance of the materials in
comparison with this chart’s
indicated value.
Abbreviations
It should be stressed that these
ratings are intended only as a guide
to be used for initial information on
the material to be selected. They
may not cover the particular
application under consideration and
the effects of altered temperatures
or concentrations may need to be
evaluated by testing under specific
conditions. No guarantee can be
given in respect of the listed data.
Vinidex reserves the right to make
any modification whatsoever, based
upon further research and
experiences.
Material and Designation
NR
Natural Rubber
NBR
Nitrile Rubber
CR
Polychloropene (Neoprene)
SBR
Styrene Butadiene Rubber
EPDM
Ethylene Propylene Diene
Monomer
S
Satisfactory Resistance
L
Limited Resistance
U
Unsatisfactory Resistance
material.35
material
Chemical Performance of Elastomers
Chemical
Formula
Temp.
(oC)
Acetaldehyde
CH3CHO
20
CH3COOH
20
Acetic acid
-glacial
Conc.
(%)
NR
NBR
CR
SBR
EPDM
L
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
20
L
L
U
L
L
10
Acetic anhydride
(CH3CO)2O
20
L
U
S
L
L
Acetone
CH3COCH3
20
S
U
U
L
S
20
S
U
S
S
S
20
U
U
U
U
S
Acetyl Chloride
20
U
U
U
U
U
Acrylic acid
20
L
U
L
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
Aluminium
CH3COC6H5
AlCl3
20
Al2(SO4)3
20
NH4(OH)
20
35
S
S
S
S
S
(NH4)2SO4
20
50
S
S
S
S
S
Amyl acetate
CH3CO2CH2(CH2)3CH3
20
U
U
U
U
U
Amyl alcohol
CH3(CH2)3CH2OH
20
L
L
S
L
L
C6H5NH2
20
L
U
L
S
S
SbCl3
20
S
S
S
S
S
HCl + HNO3
20
U
U
U
U
U
H3AsO4
20
S
S
S
S
S
BaCl2
20
S
S
S
S
S
-hydroxide
BaOH2
20
S
S
S
S
-sulphate
BaSO4
20
S
S
S
S
C6H5CHO
20
U
U
U
U
S
C6H6
20
U
U
U
U
U
Benzyl chloride
20
U
U
U
U
U
Benzyl alcohol
20
L
U
L
L
S
H3BO3
20
S
S
S
S
S
Br2
20
U
U
U
U
U
C4H9OH
20
S
S
S
S
S
CH3CO2CH2CH2CH2CH3
20
U
U
U
U
L
20
U
U
U
U
U
-chloride
-sulphate
Ammonium
-hydroxide
-sulphate
Aniline
Antimony trichloride
Aqua regia
Arsenic acid
Barium
-chloride
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Boric acid
Bromine
Butanols
(butyl alcohols)
Butyl acetate
Butyl chloride
Butyric acid
Calcium
-chloride
-hydroxide
10
10
C2H5CH2COOH
20
U
U
L
U
U
CaCl2
20
S
S
S
S
S
CaOH2
20
S
S
S
S
S
material.36
material
Chemical
Formula
-hypochlorite
Temp.
(oC)
Conc.
(%)
NR
20
NBR
CR
SBR
EPDM
U
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
Carbon disulphide
CS2
20
U
U
U
U
U
Carbon tetrachloride
CCl4
20
U
U
U
U
U
20
S
S
S
S
L
20
L
L
L
U
L
20
U
U
U
U
S
20
U
U
U
U
U
Chlorine dioxide
20
U
U
U
U
U
Chlorine water
20
U
U
U
U
L
Chlorobenzene
20
U
U
U
U
U
CHCl3
20
U
U
U
U
U
ClHSO3
20
U
U
U
U
U
CrO3 + H20
20
U
U
L
U
U
C3H4(OH)(CO2H)3
20
S
S
S
S
S
20
L
L
L
S
20
S
S
S
S
20
S
S
S
S
20
-nitrate
Castor oil
Cellosolve
(2-ethoxyethanol)
Cellosolve acetate
Chlorine
-dry gas
Chloroform
Chlorosulphonic acid
Chromic acid
(plating soln)
Citric acid
CI2
Copper
-acetate
-chloride
CuCl2
-cyanide
CuSO4
10
20
S
S
S
L
S
Cottonseed oil
20
S
S
S
U
S
Creosote
20
L
U
U
U
-sulphate
Cresol
Cyclohexanone
Cyclohexane
CH3C6H4OH
20
U
U
L
U
U
C6H10O
20
U
U
U
U
L
C6H12
20
U
L
L
U
U
Cyclohexanol
20
U
L
L
U
L
Diesel oil
20
U
S
L
U
U
20
U
U
L
U
U
20
S
S
S
S
S
20
L
S
L
U
U
Dimethylhydrazine
20
U
U
U
U
S
Dioctyl phthalate
20
U
L
U
U
S
Dioxane
20
U
U
U
U
L
Ethane
20
S
L
U
U
S
S
S
S
Diethyl ether
C2H5OC2H5
Diethylene glycol
Dimethylamine
Ethanol
(ethyl alcohol)
(CH3)2NH
CH3CH2OH
20
S
material.37
material
Chemical
Formula
Ethyl
Conc.
(%)
20
-benzene
NR
NBR
CR
SBR
EPDM
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
U
L
U
U
U
L
U
U
20
-acetate
-chloride
Temp.
(oC)
CH3CH2Cl
U
20
20
-ether
Ethylene
U
-bromide
20
U
U
U
U
U
-dichloride
20
U
U
U
U
L
HOCH2CH2OH
20
S
S
S
S
S
FeCl3
20
S
S
S
S
S
-glycol
(ethanediol)
Ferric
-chloride
-nitrate
20
S
S
S
S
S
-sulphate
20
S
S
S
S
S
20
S
S
S
S
S
F2
20
U
U
U
U
U
Fluosilic acid
HSiF6
20
S
S
S
L
S
Formaldehyde
HCOH
20
40
S
U
L
L
S
HCOOH
20
90
L
L
L
S
S
20
U
U
U
U
S
20
U
S
L
L
U
20
S
L
L
S
S
Fluoboric acid
Fluorine
Formic acid
Furfuraldehyde
(furfural)
Hexane
C6H14
Hydrazine
Hydrobromic acid
HBr
20
50
S
U
L
U
S
Hydrochloric acid
HCl
20
10
L
S
S
S
S
20
36
L
S
S
L
L
HF
20
40
L
U
S
S
S
H2O2
20
35
S
S
S
S
S
20
87
U
U
U
U
S
Hydrofluoric acid
Hydrogen
-peroxide
-sulphide
Iso-octane
(2,2,4-trimethylbentane)
Isopropyl
-alcohol
H2S
20
U
U
S
U
S
C8H18
20
U
S
L
U
U
(CH3)2CHOH
20
S
S
S
S
S
-chloride
20
U
U
-ether
20
L
L
Kerosine
20
Lactic acid
U
U
U
S
U
U
U
CH3CHOHCOOH
20
90
S
L
S
S
S
Pb(CH3COO)2
20
10
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
L
S
S
L
U
S
S
L
U
U
Lead
-acetate
-nitrate
20
-sulphamate
20
Linseed oil
20
Liquified Petroleum Gas
20
Lubricating oil
Magnesium
-carbonate
-chloride
U
20
U
S
S
U
U
MgCO3
20
S
S
S
S
S
MgCL2
20
S
S
S
S
material.38
material
Chemical
Formula
Temp.
( oC)
-hydroxide
MgOH2
-sulphate
MgSO4
Manganese
Conc.
(%)
NR
NBR
CR
SBR
EPDM
20
L
S
L
S
20
S
S
L
S
20
S
S
S
S
S
HgCl2
20
S
S
S
S
S
-alcohol (methanol)
CH3OH
20
S
S
S
S
S
-bromide
(bromomethane)
CH3Br
20
U
U
U
U
U
CH3COCH2CH3
20
U
U
U
U
S
CH2Cl2
20
U
U
U
U
U
Molasses
20
S
S
S
S
S
Napthalene
20
U
U
U
U
U
Natural Gas
20
S
S
U
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
-sulphate
Mercuric
-chloride
Methyl
-ethyl ketone
Methylene
-chloride
Nickel
NiCl2
20
-sulphate
NiSO4
20
Nitric acid
HNO3
20
10
L
L
L
L
S
20
70
U
U
U
U
U
20
U
U
U
U
S
Nitromethane
20
L
L
S
L
L
Nitropropane
20
L
U
L
L
S
-chloride
Nitrobenzene
C6H5NO2
S
Oleic acid
C8H17CHCH(CH2)7CO2H
20
U
S
L
U
L
Oxalic acid
HO2CCO2H
20
S
L
S
L
S
O3
20
U
U
L
U
S
-emulsion/oil
20
U
S
L
U
U
Petrol
20
U
S
U
L
U
Perchloroethylene
20
U
U
U
U
U
C6H5OH
20
L
U
L
L
S
H3PO4
20
S
U
S
S
S
HO6H2(NO2)3
20
L
L
L
L
S
KCN
20
S
S
S
S
S
KF
20
S
S
S
S
S
KOH
20
50
S
S
S
L
S
KMnO4
20
25
L
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
20
S
S
S
S
S
20
L
U
L
U
L
20
U
U
U
U
L
Sea Water
20
S
S
S
S
S
Sewage
20
S
S
S
S
S
Ozone
Paraffin
Phenol
Phosphoric
-acid
Picric acid:
Potassium
-cyanide
-fluoride
-hydroxide
-permanganate
-nitrate
KNO3
-sulphate
K2SO4
Propylene oxide
Pyridine
CH(CHCH)2N
85
material.39
material
Chemical
Formula
Temp.
(oC)
AgNO3
20
Na2CO3
20
-chloride
NaCl
20
-cyanide
NaCN
20
-hydroxide
NaOH
20
Silver nitrate
Sodium
-carbonate
Conc.
(%)
NR
NBR
CR
SBR
S
S
S
S
S
10
S
S
S
S
S
25
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
10
20
20
EPDM
-hypochlorite
NaOCl
20
-nitrate
NaNO3
20
S
L
S
L
S
-nitrite
NaNO2
20
S
S
S
S
S
L
L
L
S
S
S
S
S
-perborate
20
-peroxide
20
-phosphate
20
-silicate
20
S
S
S
S
20
S
S
L
S
20
L
S
L
S
-sulphate
Na2SO4
-thiosulphate
Stannic chloride
(Tin (IV) chloride)
20
S
S
S
S
S
20
S
S
S
S
S
SO2
20
U
L
L
U
S
H2SO4
20
10
S
S
S
S
S
20
70
U
U
L
U
S
20
96
U
U
U
U
U
20
FUMING
U
U
U
U
U
SnCl4
Sulphamic acid
Sulphur dioxide
(gas)
Sulphuric acid
S
CHCl2CHCl2
20
U
U
U
U
U
Tetrahydrofuran
C 4 H 8O
20
U
U
U
U
U
Thionyl chloride
SOCl3
20
U
U
U
U
L
U
U
U
Tetrachloroethane
Titanium tetrachloride
Toluene
Trichloroacetic acid
20
U
L
C6H5CH3
20
U
U
U
U
U
CCl3COOH
20
L
L
U
L
L
20
U
U
U
U
U
20
U
U
U
U
U
Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Cl2CCHCl
N(CH2CH2OH)2
20
L
S
S
L
S
Triethylamine
20
U
L
U
U
U
Turpentine
20
U
S
U
U
U
Triethanolamine
Vegetable oils
20
U
S
S
U
L
CH3CO2CHCH2
20
U
L
S
U
U
Water
H 2O
20
S
S
S
S
S
Xylene
Zinc
C8H10
20
U
U
U
U
U
L
L
U
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
L
S
Vinyl acetate
20
-acetate
-chloride
ZnCl2
20
-sulphate
ZnSO4
20
S
material.40
design
Contents
Australian Standards
3
Selection of Pipe Diameter and Class
3
Flow Considerations
5
Basis of Design Flow Charts
5
Other Pipe Flow Formulas
6
Relating Roughness Coefficients
7
Effect of Varying Parameters
8
Roughness Considerations
9
Form Resistance to Flow
10
Worked Example
11
Flow Charts
15
Pressure Considerations
24
Static Stresses
24
Dynamic Stresses
25
Temperature Considerations
32
Maximum Service Temperature
32
Pressure Rating
32
Expansion and Contraction
34
Abrasion Resistance
35
Mine Subsidence
35
Transverse Buckling
37
Unsupported Collapse Pressure
37
Supported Collapse Pressure
40
Factors of Safety
40
Examples of Class Selection for Buckling
40
Water Hammer
41
Celerity
42
Pipe Response
43
Thrust Support
44
Pressure Thrust
44
Velocity Thrust
45
Thrust Blocks
45
Vertical Thrusts
46
Valves
47
Air Valves
47
Scour Valves
47
Soil and Traffic Loads
47
Bending Loads
47
Installing Pipes on a curve
47
design.1
design
publication.
ABN 42 000 664 942
design.2
design
This section covers specification,
selection and design considerations
for PVC, OPVC and MPVC pressure
pipe systems.
AUSTRALIAN
STANDARDS
AS/NZS 1477 - PVC pipes and
fittings for pressure applications
This standard covers Series 1 pipes
in sizes from DN10 upwards with
solvent cement joints or rubber ring
joints (Polydex®) and Series 2
(Vinyl Iron®) pipes from DN100
with rubber ring joints.
Australian Standards for PVC pipes
contain two ranges of pipe sizes,
Series 1 and Series 2. Series 1 pipes
are a metric size range and Series 2
pipes have outside diameters which
are compatible with cast and ductile
iron and AC pipes. The Series are
identified by standard colours with
Series 1 pipes generally coloured
white (and/or light green in the case
of MPVC) and Series 2 pipes
generally coloured light blue. Other
colours, such as lilac for recycled
water, are also used.
AS/NZS 4441 - Oriented PVC
(OPVC) pipes for pressure
applications
Pipes are designated by their
nominal size (DN) and their nominal
pressure rating or class at 20°C
(PN). For a given Series and
nominal size, the mean outside
diameter is specified and the wall
thickness increases with increasing
pressure rating.
AS/NZS 4765 (Int.) is initially
published as an interim standard.
Series 1 (Vinidex-Hydro® Series 1)
and Series 2 (Vinidex-Hydro® Series
2) MPVC pressure pipes are
covered. Series 1 pipes have either
solvent cement joints or rubber ring
joints. Series 2 pipes have rubber
ring joints only. Sizes start from
DN100 for both series.
The standard effective length of PVC
pipes is 6m although other lengths,
up to 12m, may also be available.
AS/NZS 4441 is initially published as
an interim standard. Series 1
(Supermain® Series 1) and Series 2
(Supermain® Series 2) OPVC
pressure pipes are covered. Both
series are available in rubber ring
joints only.
AS/NZS 4765 (Int.) - Modified PVC
(PVC-M) pipes for pressure
applications
SELECTION OF PIPE
DIAMETER AND
CLASS
The pipe diameter and class of
PVC pipes is selected by
consideration of the required
hydraulic capacity and the
expected operating conditions. For
determination of the flow capacity,
it is the mean internal diameter or
bore which is the significant
dimension. The mean bore for
pipes to Australian Standards is
calculated as mean OD minus
twice the mean wall thickness.
Along with other relevant
dimensions, the mean bore of PVC,
OPVC and MPVC pipes is tabulated
in the product data section of this
manual.
Pipes are supplied with an integral
socket for either solvent cement or
rubber ring jointing1 or as plainended pipes for jointing with
couplings.
The following Australian Standards
specify requirements for PVC
pressure pipes
1. Current Australian Standard terminology is "elastomeric ring joint", however the simpler term "rubber ring joint is used throughout this manual
design.3
design
Australian Standards classify PVC
pipe into 8 classes shown in Table
3.1. This is intended to provide a
first order guide to the duty for
which the pipes are intended. These
working pressures incorporate a
suitable factor of safety to ensure
trouble free operation under average
service conditions.
There are, however, many factors
which must be considered when
determining the severity of service
and the appropriate class of pipe. In
some instances, standard factors of
safety may be too conservative, in
others too risky. The final choice is
up to the designer in the light of his
knowledge of his particular situation.
Table 3.1 Maximum Working Pressure
PN
metres head
MPa
4.5
46
0.45
6
61
0.6
9
91
0.9
12
122
1.2
15
153
1.5
16
163
1.6
18
20
184
204
1.8
2.0
Amongst the factors to be
considered are:
1. Operating pressure
characteristics:
a) Maximum steady state or static
pressures.
b) Dynamic conditions, frequency
and magnitude of pressure
variations due to system
operation or demand variation.
2. Temperature:
The stress capability of PVC is
temperature dependent.
3. Other load conditions:
Earth loads, traffic loads, bending
stresses, installation loads,
expansion and contraction
stresses and other mechanical
loads.
4. Service life required:
For short-term projects, e.g.
mining, a life of 5 to 15 years
could be appropriate; for
irrigation, possibly 15 to 30 years;
for municipal water supplies, 30
to 100 years.
5. Factor of safety:
Dependent largely on the
likelihood and consequences of
failure, and the number of
unknowns. Basic factors of safety
built into Australian Standards for
PVC pipes are applied at the
design point of 50 years. 2For
PVC to AS/NZS 1477 the standard
safety factor is 2.145, for OPVC,
it is 2 and for MPVC it is 1.5.
2. For PVC and OPVC, the safety factor is applied to the mean extrapolated stress whereas for MPVC it is applied to the 97.5% lower confidence limit.
design.4
design
For situations involving high costs of
down-time and repair, a higher
factor should be used. For less
critical situations, lower factors
would be quite in order. Where
factors such as transient pressures
(e.g. water hammer) and other loads
are predicted and allowed for, lower
factors of safety are appropriate.
The Colebrook-White transitional
flow function is used to evaluate the
friction factor, i.e.
These considerations are discussed
in detail later in this section.
where:
Relates to
surface roughness
Relates to
Viscous effects
Re = Reynolds Number =
k
= Colebrook-White roughness coeff.(m)
= Kinematic viscosity of water
(m2 /s)
FLOW
CONSIDERATIONS
BASIS OF DESIGN FLOW
CHARTS
Vinidex flow charts, as detailed in
the following pages, relate the
percentage hydraulic gradient to the
diameter, discharge and flow
velocity of PVC, OPVC and MPVC
pressure pipelines.
OPVC and MPVC pipes have a larger
internal bore than standard PVC for
a given size and pressure class, thus
providing increased flow capacity.
This may allow a smaller size to be
chosen for a given application or, for
reduced pumping costs to be
realised in a size for size installation.
These charts are based on Darcy’s
expression for energy loss in pipes,
i.e.
Hydraulic Gradient
where:
H
= uniform frictional head loss
(m)
L
= pipe length
(m)
f
= Darcy friction factor
V
= velocity of flow
D
= pipe internal diameter
g
= gravitational acceleration
(m/s)
(m)
(9.8m/s2)
design.5
design
Depending on the nature of the
surface of a pipe and the velocity of
fluid that it is carrying, the flow in a
pipe will either be rough turbulent,
smooth turbulent or most probably
somewhere in between.
The Colebrook-White transition
equation incorporates the smooth
turbulent and rough turbulent
conditions. For a smooth pipe the
first term in the brackets tends to
zero and the second term
predominates. For a rough pipe the
first term in the brackets
predominates, particularly at flows
with a high Reynolds Number. This
equation is therefore of almost
universal application to virtually any
surface roughness, pipe size, fluid or
velocity of flow in the turbulent
range.
Substituting for f in the Darcy
equation note that:
Examples
1. What is the hydraulic gradient
(H/L) and Velocity (V) in DN100,
PN12 Series 1 PVC pipe flowing
at 10 L/s?
DN100 line (East /West) and
Trace back along hydraulic
gradient line (NW/SE) to find
H/L = 1.3m/100m.
From Diameter/Discharge
intercept, trace (South) to find
V = 1.25m/s.
2. What hydraulic gradient is
required to achieve a flow velocity
of 1 m/s in a DN300 PN9 Series 1
PVC pipe?
From the Series 1 PN9 flow chart,
locate intercept of:
where:
velocity V = 1m/s (North/South).
(m3/s)
This leads to the following
expression upon which the flow
charts are based.
a) The Manning formula:
b) The Hazen-Williams formula
Discharge (Q) for 10 L/s (SW/NE).
DN300 line (East/West)with
= discharge
Other pipe flow formulas include:
From the Series 1 PN12 flow
chart, locate intercept of:
Q = flow velocity x pipe internal area
Q
OTHER PIPE FLOW
FORMULAS
where:
n
= Manning roughness coefficient
C
= Hazen-Williams roughness
coefficient
R
= hydraulic radius
(m)
(R = D/4 for a pipe flowing full)
= hydraulic gradient
(m/m)
Though both formulas do not give
the same accuracy as the ColebrookWhite equation over a wide range of
flows they are often used in
hydraulics because of their
comparative simplicity.
Trace back along hydraulic
gradient line (NW/SE) to find
H/L = 0.25m/100m.
This Colebrook-White based formula
is now recognised by engineers
throughout the world as the most
accurate basis for hydraulic design,
having had ample experimental
confirmation over a wide range of
flow conditions.
design.6
design
RELATING ROUGHNESS COEFFICIENTS
Knowing k the equivalent roughness coefficients n and C for the other two
formulas can be compared as follows:
Table 3.2 Equivalent Roughness Coefficients
ID
(m)
k
(m)
v
(m2/s)
H/L
(m/m)
n
C
0.20
0.003 x 10-3
1 x 10-6
0.01
0.0082
154
10-3
10-6
0.01
0.0084
151
0.030 x 10-3
1 x 10-6
0.01
0.0086
147
10-3
10-6
0.01
0.0096
132
0.300 x 10-3
1 x 10-6
0.01
0.0100
123
0.600 x
10-3
1x
10-6
0.01
0.0110
113
0.003 x
10-3
1x
10-6
0.01
0.0084
156
0.015 x 10-3
1 x 10-6
0.01
0.0086
152
10-3
10-6
0.01
0.0088
148
0.150 x 10-3
1 x 10-6
0.01
0.0099
132
0.300 x
10-3
1x
10-6
0.01
0.0110
123
0.600 x
10-3
1x
10-6
0.01
0.0110
114
0.015 x
0.150 x
0.45
0.030 x
1x
1x
1x
design.7
design
EFFECT OF VARYING
PARAMETERS
Manufacturing Diameter
Tolerance
For a given discharge Q, the friction
head loss H developed in a pipeline
will vary with the following
parameters:
Vinidex pressure pipe is
manufactured in accordance with
Australian Standards which permit
specific manufacturing tolerance on
both its mean outside diameter and
wall thickness. Hence the mean
bore of a pipe is given by:
Parameter
Set Value
Water temperature
20°C
Small changes in pipe
diameter
mean diameter
(AS/NZS 1477)
Roughness coefficient
k = 0.003mm
Designers should use their own
discretion as to whether or not it is
appropriate to vary these
parameters.
Water Temperature
The viscosity of water decreases
with increasing temperature. As the
temperature increases the friction
head will decrease.
An approximate allowance for the
effect of the variation in water
temperature is as follows:
1. Pipe diameter < 150mm
Increase the chart value of the
hydraulic gradient by 1% for each
2°C below 20°C.
Decrease the chart value of the
2°C above 20°C.
Mean bore = Dm - 2 • T
mean OD
mean wall
thickness
The “Size DN” lines on the flow
chart correspond to the mean bore
of that size and class of pipe.
(see product data section)
However, it is conceivable that a
pipe could be manufactured with a
maximum OD and a minimum wall
thickness within approved
tolerances. In this case the
discharge will be more than that
indicated by the charts. Similarly a
pipe with a minimum OD and a
maximum wall thickness will have a
lower discharge than indicated.
For a given discharge the variation in
friction head loss or hydraulic
gradient due to this effect can be of
the order of 2% to 10% depending
on the pipe size and class. For pipe
sizes greater than DN100 this
variation is usually limited to 6% for
a PN18 pipe.
2. Pipe diameter > 150mm
Increase the chart value of the
3°C below 20°C.
Decrease the chart value of the
3°C above 20°C.
design.8
design
ROUGHNESS
CONSIDERATIONS
The value of k, the roughness
coefficient, has been chosen as
0.003mm for new, clean,
concentrically jointed Vinidex
pressure pipe. This figure for k
agrees with recommended values
given in Australian Standard AS
2200 (Design Charts for Water
Supply and Sewerage). It also is in
line with work by Housen at the
University of Texas3 which confirms
that results for PVC pipe compare
favourably with accepted values for
smooth pipes for flows with
Reynolds’ Number exceeding 104.
this may lead to errors of judgement
concerning the true hydraulic
gradient.
Engineers who wish to adopt higher
values of k should take into account
some of the above effects in relation
to their particular circumstances.
The maximum suggested value is
0.015mm. Table 3.3 lists the
percentage increase in the hydraulic
gradient for typical k values above
0.003mm for various flow velocities.
Size
DN
Factors which may result in a higher
k value include:
100
50
200
• Growth of slime or other
incrustations on the inside.
• Joint irregularities and deflections
in line and grade.
Note: Significant additional losses
can be caused by design or
operational faults such as air
entrapment, sedimentation, partly
closed valves or other artificial
restrictions. Every effort should be
made to eliminate such problems.
It is not recommended that k values
be adjusted to compensate, since
What is the corrected Hydraulic
Gradient for roughness coefficient of
0.015 if the H/L read from the charts
was 0.25m/100m for a DN300 pipe
and a velocity of 1m/s?
(see example 2, design.6)
From Table 3.3 correction factor is
2.8%.
Corrected H/L = 1.028 x 0.25
= 0.257m.
Table 3.3 Percentage lncrease in Hydraulic Gradient for Values of k
higher than 0.003mm
Roughness may vary within a
pipeline for a variety of reasons.
However, in water supply pipelines
using clean Vinidex PVC pressure
pipe these effects are minimised if
not eliminated and k can be reliably
taken as being equal to 0.003mm.
• Wear or roughening due to
conveyed solids.
Example
300
450
Flow velocity
(m/s)
k=0.006
(mm)
k=0.015
(mm)
0.5
0.6%
2.3%
1.0
1.0%
3.8%
2.0
1.6%
6.2%
4.0
2.7%
9.8%
0.5
0.5%
2.0%
1.0
0.9%
3.3%
2.0
1.5%
5.5%
4.0
2.4%
8.8%
0.5
0.4%
1.8%
1.0
0.8%
2.9%
2.0
1.3%
4.9%
4.0
2.2%
7.9%
0.5
0.4%
1.6%
1.0
0.7%
2.8%
2.0
1.2%
4.6%
4.0
2.0%
7.4%
0.5
0.4%
1.5%
1.0
0.6%
2.5%
2.0
1.1%
4.3%
4.0
1.9%
6.9%
3. HOUSEN, "Tests find friction Factors in PVC pipe". Oil & Gas Journal Vol. 75, 1977
design.9
design
FORM RESISTANCE TO FLOW
Example
In a pipeline, energy is lost wherever
there is a change in cross section or
flow direction. These energy losses
which occur as a result of
disturbances to the normal flow,
show up as pressure drops in the
pipeline.
What is the head loss in a DN100
short radius 90° elbow when the
flow velocity is 1m/s?
These “form losses” which occur at
sudden changes in section, at valves
and at fittings are usually small
compared with the friction losses in
long pipelines. However, they may
contribute a significant part to the
total losses in short pipeline systems
with several fittings.
Head loss HL =
It can be shown that form losses in
pipes may be expressed as a
constant multiplied by the velocity
head:
i.e. loss in pressure head
where:
V
= velocity (m/s) from the flow chart
K
= resistance coefficient
(from Table 3.5)
Table 3.4 Value of Darcy Friction Factor f
at Flow Velocity of 1m/s and Roughness
Coefficient 0.003mm.
(Table 3.5)
K
= 1.1 for a short radius elbow.
Hence for any pipeline system the
total form resistance to flow can be
determined by adding together the
individual head losses at each valve,
fitting or change in cross section.
ID (m)
Friction factor f
0.05
0.0210
0.10
0.0180
0.15
0.0165
0.20
0.0158
0.30
0.0146
0.45
0.0135
With increasing flow velocity, f will
decrease.
At V = 4m/s, f is approximately 75%
of the above values, i.e. the values in
the table above are conservative.
Example
Equivalent Length (Le)
Form losses in fittings, valves, etc.,
are sometimes expressed in terms
of an ‘equivalent length’ of straight
pipe which has the same resistance
to flow as the valve or fitting. By
equating the form loss expression to
the Darcy formula for energy loss in
pipelines
i.e.
What is the equivalent straight pipe
length of a DN100 short radius 90°
elbow?
K
= 1.1
(Table 3.5)
D
= 0.096
(product data section)
f
= 0.018
(Table 3.4)
the ‘equivalent length’ Le is given by
Le =
As a general rule the ‘equivalent
length’ method is not preferred as
the value of the friction factor f
depends not only on the ColebrookWhite roughness coefficient chosen
but also on the particular pipe size
and velocity of flow (see Table 3.4).
design.10
design
WORKED EXAMPLE
Example 2: Gravity Main
Example 1: Gravity Main
A pipeline 6.5km long is required to
deliver a flow of at least 25L/s. The
storage tank at the pipeline inlet has
a minimum water level 45m higher
than the outlet. Pipe is required to
be selected from the Series 2
diameter range. What size and class
of Vinidex pipe should be selected?
(Refer Figure 3.1)
Water is required to flow at a discharge of 36,000 litres per hour from a
storage tank on a hill to an outlet 3km away. The difference in water level
between the tank and the discharge end is 48m.
Try both Vinyl Iron and Supermain
Series 2.
Discharge = 25L/s
Hydraulic Gradient:
45
H
=
x 100
L
6500
= 0.7m /100m
From the Vinyl Iron flow chart, find
the intersection of Q=25 L/s and
H/L=0.7. Read off the nearest larger
pipe size which gives DN200
Figure 3.1 Gravity Flow Example
1. What size and class of Vinidex
PVC pipe is required?
2. What is the flow velocity and
actual discharge?
Discharge Q = 36,000L/h = 10L/s
Hydraulic Gradient =
48m
H
=
x 100 = 1.6m/100m
L
3,000m
1. Minimum Class required is PN6.
From flow chart: find intersection
of
Q = 10L/s (Left hand scale)
and H/L = 1.6 (Top scale)
2. Now that the pipe has been
selected, check actual flow.
Using PN 6 flow chart find the
intersection of DN 100 line and
Hydraulic Gradient = 1.6m/100m.
Velocity
V = 1.41m/s
(Bottom scale)
discharge Q = 12.8L/s
(Left hand scale)
= 46,080L/h
Repeat the above using the
Supermain Series 2 flow chart. In
this case, a DN150 pipe can be
used. Since this is a more
economical choice, select a DN150
Supermain Series 2 pipe. The
maximum pressure is 45m,
therefore, a PN12 pipe would be
suitable.
Using the Supermain Series 2 flow
chart, find the intersection of the
DN150, PN12 with H/L = 0.7. Read
off the flow velocity from the bottom
scale and the actual flow rate from
the left hand scale. This gives
V = 1.2m/s and Q =25L/s.
Read off nearest larger pipe
DN100 (Right hand scale).
Therefore DN100, PN6 pipe is
required.
design.11
design
Example 3: Pumping Main
and Form Losses
(Refer Figure 3.2)
A pumping line is required to deliver
35L/s from a low level dam to a high
level holding tank. The length of the
line is 5km. The maximum level of
the holding tank is 100m and the
minimum level of the dam is 60m.
To avoid the need for sophisticated
water hammer control gear, the
engineer wishes to restrict flow
velocity to a maximum 1m/s.
Calculate:
1. The pipe friction head
Try PN6 PVC pipe.
Discharge Q = 35L/s (Left hand scale).
This intersects the 1m/sec velocity
line (Bottom scale) at approximately
DN200 pipe. Try DN200 and DN225:
Size DN
200
225
Flow velocity
(Bottom scale)
Hydraulic gradient
(Top scale)
0.99m/s
0.81m/s
0.36m/l00m
0.22m/l00m
Calculate friction head in pipelines:
1. The size and class of Vinidex PVC
pipe required.
2. The form head losses due to
valves and fittings.
Size DN
Pipe friction head
200
0.36 x 5000m/100m = 18m
225
0.22 x 5000m/100m = 11m
3. The head required at the pump.
Figure 3.2 Pumped Flow Example
design.12
design
2. Form head losses
a) DN200 pipe.
First calculate velocity head
Valve or fitting
K value
(Table 3.5)
Head loss
(m)
Hinged disc foot
valve (with strainer)
15.00
15.00 x 0.05 = 0. 75
2 Gate valves
(fully open)
0. 20
2 x 0. 2 x 0.05 = 0.02
1 Reflux valve
2.50
2.50 x 0.05 = 0.125
4 x 90° elbows
1.10
4 x l.l0 x 0.05 = 0.220
2 x 45° elbows
0.35
2 x 0.35 x 0.05 = 0.035
1 square outlet
1.00
1.00 x 0.05 = 0.050
Total form head losses
= 1.2m
b) DN 225 pipe. Form head losses = 0.72m
3. Total pumping head = pipe friction
head
+
form
losses
+
static
head
Static head = difference in level storage tank to dam
= l00m - 60m = 40m
Size
DN
friction +
head
form
static
+
losses
head
+
Total
head
200
18m
+
1.2m
+
40m
+
59.2m
225
11m
+
0.7m
+
40m
+
51.7m
Conclusion:
It can be seen that PN6 PVC pipe is required. The effect
of valves and fittings in a system such as this is far
outweighed by the pipe flow friction and static head
losses. The most efficient and economic choice would
be the DN200 pipeline, giving a pumping head of 59.2m
and a flow velocity of 0.99m/s.
design.13
design
Table 3.5 Resistance Coefficients - Valves, Fittings and Changes in Pipe Cross-Section
design.14
design
FLOW CHARTS
Flow Chart for PVC Pressure Pipe - PN6 to PN20 AS1477 Series 2 - Vinyl Iron
6
9
12
16
375
12
16
300
12
16
18
20
12
16
18
250
225
12
16
18
20
200
12
16
18
20
150
0.20
100
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
12
16
18
20
VELOCITY V, m/s
HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF PIPES k=0.003mm BASED ON COLEBROOK-WHITE FORMULA FOR PIPES FLOWING FULL WITH WATER AT 20˚C
design.15
design
Flow Chart for OPVC Pressure Pipe - PN12 & PN16 AS4441 OPVC Series 2 - Supermain
design.16
design
Flow Chart for PVC Pressure Pipe - PN4.5 AS1477 Series 1
design.17
design
Flow Chart for PVC Pressure Pipe - PN6 AS1477 Series 1
design.18
design
design.19
design
design.20
design
design.21
design
design.22
design
Flow Chart for MPVC Pressure Pipe - PN6, PN9 and PN12 AS4765 (Int)
MPVC Series 1 - Vinidex Hydro
6
9
12
450
6
9
12
375
6
9
12
300
6
9
12
250
225
200
125
6
9
12
100
0.20
150
6
9
12
0.25
6
9
12
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
6.0
6
9
12
6
9
12
VELOCITY V, m/s
design.23
design
PRESSURE
CONSIDERATIONS
STATIC STRESSES
The hydrostatic pressure capacity of
PVC pipe is related to the following
variables:
1.The ratio between the outer
diameter and the wall thickness
(dimension ratio).
2.The hydrostatic design stress for
the PVC material.
3.The operating temperature.
4.The duration of the stress applied
by the internal hydrostatic
pressure.
The pressure rating of PVC pipe can
be ascertained by dividing the longterm pressure capacity of the pipe
by the desired factor of safety.
Although PVC pipe can withstand
short-term hydrostatic pressure
applications at levels substantially
higher than pressure rating or class,
the performance of PVC pipe in
response to applied internal
hydrostatic pressure should be
based on the pipe’s longterm
strength.
design.24
By international convention, the
relationship between the internal
pressure in the pipe, the diameter
and wall thickness and the
circumferential hoop stress
developed in the wall, is given by the
Barlow Formula, which can be
expressed in the following forms:
P=
2TS
Dmean
=
2TminS
(Dmmin - tmin)
and alternatively, for pipe design,
Tmin =
PDmmin
2S + P
where:
T
= wall thickness
(mm)
Dm = mean outside diameter
(mm)
P
= internal pressure
(MPa)
S
= circumferential hoop stress
(MPa)
These formulas have been
standardised for use in design,
routine testing and research work
and are thus applicable at all levels
of pressure and stress. They form
the basis for establishment of
ultimate material limitations for
plastic pipes by pressure testing
(see material section).
For design purposes, P is taken as
the maximum allowable working
pressure with s being the maximum
allowable hoop stress (at 20°C)
given below:
PVC pipes up to DN150
- 11.0MPa
DN175 PVC pipes and larger
- 12.3MPa
Oriented PVC pipes (OPVC)
- 23.6MPa
Modified PVC pipes (MPVC)
- 17.5MPa
design
DYNAMIC STRESSES
Nominal Working pressures
assigned to the various classes of
PVC pressure pipes in AS/NZS 1477
are based on the burst regression
line for pipes subjected to constant
internal pressure. Whilst most
gravity pressure lines operate
substantially under constant
pressure, pumped lines frequently
do not. It is well known that a form
of failure due to material fatigue can
arise if stress fluctuations of
sufficient magnitude and frequency
occur, in any material and PVC is no
exception.
PVC pipes, in fact, are very
competent in handling accidental
events, such as pressure
fluctuations due to a power-out. A
single pressure surge at twice
working pressure for one minute is
handled with the same factor of
safety as the constant working
pressure for fifty years. This is
because the short term tensile
strength of PVC is much higher then
the long term rupture load. It is of
course not recommended that this
allowance be used in design - peak
design pressures should not exceed
the nominal working pressure - but
it is nice to know the margin of
safety exists.
However, if repetitive surges are
likely to exceed about 100,000
occurrences during the life of the
pipe, then fatigue is a possibility and
a fatigue design should be carried
out.
Oriented PVC (OPVC) is also
dimensioned according to a static
pressure regression line. However,
molecular orientation results in a
significant improvement in ultimate
tensile strength in the hoop
direction. This means that pipes can
be designed to operate at hoop
stresses typically twice that of
standard PVC pipes without
reducing the safety factor. Like the
static strength, the dynamic
performance or fatigue strength of
PVC is also enhanced by orientation.
Nevertheless design for fatigue
should still be carried out where
operating conditions are relevant.
Fatigue Response of PVC
The response of PVC to cyclic
stresses has been intensively
investigated. A fatigue crack
initiates from some flaw in the
material matrix, usually towards the
inside surface of the pipe where
stress levels are highest, and
propagates or grows with each
stress cycle dependant on the
magnitude of the cycle. Ultimately
the crack will penetrate the pipe wall
and the resultant crack, from a few
millimetres to a few centimetres
long in the axial direction, will
produce a leak. On occasion,
particularly with larger diameter
pipes containing air entrained in the
line, the crack may reach a critical
length prior to penetrating the wall
and a large surge may result in the
pipe bursting.
Rates of crack growth have been
well researched under a range of
experimental conditions and readers
are referred to the literature for a
detailed coverage of the subject.
The performance of OPVC under
fatigue loading has been evaluated
mainly by comparison with standard
PVC. It is important, when
reviewing the relative performance,
to bear in mind that the operating
stress of OPVC is typically twice that
of standard PVC. Thus for a fair
comparison it is essential to
consider the performance at
equivalent stress ranges relative to
their respective maximum operating
stress rather than at the same
stress. In general, researchers4,5
have concluded that OPVC has
improved resistance to fatigue at
equivalent stress cycle amplitudes. It
is also interesting to note that unlike
standard PVC, the crack propagation
path in OPVC occurs at an angle to
an introduced notch and not directly
through the specimen. It appears
that the molecular orientation
inhibits the growth of a fatigue crack
in the radial direction thus
lengthening the crack path before
failure occurs.
The fatigue performance of MPVC
pipes has also been established by
assessing their behaviour relative to
standard PVC pipes. Fitzpatrick et
al.6 compared the performance of a
PVC formulation with varying levels
of chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)
modifier. At low levels of modifier,
the resulting fatigue curve had the
same shape as the curve for
unplasticised PVC suggesting similar
fatigue mechanisms operate. They
also found that as the level of
modifier increases, there was a
general shift to lower endurance.
However, at low stress amplitudes,
and hence high number of cycles to
failure, the fatigue curves show
signs of convergence. The authors
conclude from this that the longterm performance is similar to
unmodified PVC and the same stress
amplitude limits can be applied in
4. Dukes, B.W., "The dynamic fatigue behaviour of UPVC pressure pipe.", Plastics Pipes VI, PRI, York, UK, 1985
5. Benham, P.P., "Fatigue tests on H.S. pipe", UK,1977
6. Fitzpatrick, P., Mount, P., Smyth, G. and Stephenson, R.C., "Fracture toughness and dynamic fatigue characteristics of PVC/CPE blends", Plastics
Pipes 9 Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, 1995.
design.25
design
design. These findings are supported
by Marshall et al.7 who determined
that stress range is "the primary
controlling factor" and that in both
notched and unnotched fatigue tests,
unplasticised PVC and MPVC pipe
materials exhibited "identical fatigue
characteristics".
The thinner wall of MPVC pipes
means they will operate at higher
wall stresses than PVC pipes of the
same class under the same
operating conditions. Therefore,
equivalence in material performance
does not imply equivalence in pipe
performance and an additional factor
is required to compensate for this
when designing MPVC pipes for
fatigue.
It is important to appreciate that the
growth of a fatigue crack is largely
unrelated to the average stress level,
or the peak stress level, but
principally to the stress cycle
amplitude. Thus a pipe subjected to
a pressure cycle of zero to half
working pressure is just as much in
danger of fatigue as one subjected
to a pressure cycle from half to full
working pressure. This manifests
itself in the field as the somewhat
puzzling phenomenon that pipe
fatigue failures occur just as
frequently at high points in the
system as low points, where the
total pressure is greater.
Design Criteria for Fatigue
It can be appreciated from the above
that a design for fatigue must
involve:
A: An estimate of the size of
pressure fluctuations likely to
occur in the pipeline ie., the
difference ∅P between maximum
and minimum pressures.
B: An estimate of the frequency,
usually expressed as cycles per
day, at which such fluctuations will
occur.
C: A statement of the required
service life expected from the pipe.
Design proceeds on the basis of the
established relationship between
stress amplitude and number of
cycles to failure. Laboratory data
from many sources is collated by
S.H. Joseph,8 and a lower bound
established. This lower bound can
be expressed as the following design
relationship.
352
352
or logN
Nlog2
2
and
.....(2)
Thus for AS 1477 pipes
and
∅P
P
32
=
N
log2
=
= 11MPa
32
2logN
.....(3)
This simple relationship says that
the dynamic pressure ratio;
Allowable dynamic pressure amplitude
Allowable static pressure
should not exceed the following values.
Standard PVC Pipes
∅o =
static working stress
pressure P.
....(1)
where N is the total number of
cycles in the life of the pipe
(The two expressions are identical
and either may be used for
convenience in computation).
Number of life
cycles
Dynamic
pressure
105
1.0
106
0.5
107
0.25
108
0.125
NOTE: The dynamic pressure ratio
should not exceed 1. Therefore, the
dynamic pressure amplitude should
not exceed the maximum allowable
static working pressure of the pipe
even for lower number of life cycles
than given above.
From B and C the total life cycles N
is calculated, and hence the
allowable stress cycle amplitude.
From there, the allowable pressure
cycle amplitude is most simply
derived by ratio from the allowable
7. Marshall, G. P., Brogden, S., and Shepherd, M. A., "Evaluation of the surge and fatigue resistance of PVC and PE pipeline materials for use on the
U.K. Water Industry", Plastics Pipes X Conference, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1998
8. Joseph, S.H., (University of Sheffield) "Fatigue Failure and Service Lifetime in uPVC Pressure Pipes", Plastics and Rubber Processing and
Applications, Vol 4, No. 4, 1984, pp. 325-330, UK.
design.26
design
The specific relationships for all pipe classes are plotted in the PVC design
chart below.
Figure 3.3 Design Chart for Dynamic Stresses
10.0
5.0
3.0
STATIC LIMIT
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
PN20
PN18
PN16
PN15
0.2
PN12
PN4.5
PN 6
PN9
0.1
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
108
Example of Use:
A sewer rising main with a pumping
pressure of ninety metres, static
head at the pump thirty metres, is
designed to service a population of
400 growing to 2000 in 50 years.
Throughput is 300 litres/head/day
average, and well capacity is 20,000
litres:
Average throughput is 360,000
litres/day and assuming half the well
capacity is utilised then the average
switching rate will be 36 cycles/day.
The dynamic range is 60m.
Consulting the design chart, a PN12
pipe is required. Note that only PN9
is required to cope with the
maximum pumping head but this is
inadequate from the fatigue
standpoint.
It is noteworthy also that doubling
the well capacity would double the
life of the system, and an economic
balance here must be considered.
design.27
design
MPVC Pipes
For PVC pipe:
For a given pressure fluctuation, a
higher class of MPVC pipe will be
required to achieve the same stress
cycle amplitude as PVC pipe. The
appropriate class of MPVC can be
selected by multiplying the pressure
cycle amplitude by a factor of 1.5,
which is approximately the ratio of
the design stress of MPVC to the
design stress of PVC.
N
∅P
The procedure is as follows:
• Estimate the likely pressure cycle
amplitude, ∅P, ie., the maximum
pressure minus the minimum
pressure.
• Multiply ∅P by 1.5 to obtain ∅PM
• Estimate the frequency or the
number of cycles per day which
are expected to occur.
• Determine the required service life
and calculate the total number of
cycles which will occur in the pipe
lifetime
• Using the PVC design chart, locate
the number of life cycles on the X
axis. Follow this line vertically
until it intersects the horizontal
line for ∅PM
• Select the next highest pipe class.
= 2 x 106
= 0.3MPa
Using the PVC design chart, PN9
PVC pipe is required
For MPVC pipe:
N
= 2 x 106
∅PM = 1.5 x ∅P
= 1.5 x 0.3
= 0.45MPa
Using the PVC design chart, PN12
MPVC pipe is required.
OPVC Pipes
For simplicity, the technique used by
Joseph was duplicated in the
evaluation of OPVC. The results
presented in several sources were
collated onto one graph and a lower
bound established. Using a similar
analysis to that shown above for a
design stress of = 23.6MPa this
lower bound can be expressed by
the following relationship:
∅
.....(4)
which means that for OPVC, the
dynamic pressure ratio, ie
Example:
A pipeline will experience a pressure
fluctuation between 30m head and
60m head. A total of two million
cycles are expected in the 50 year
pipe lifetime. Determine the
minimum pressure class of both
PVC and MPVC which are acceptable
from a fatigue standpoint.
design.28
Allowable dynamic pressure amplitude
Allowable static pressure
should not exceed the following values.
design
Number of life
cycles
Dynamic pressure
ratio
105
1.0
106
0.71
107
0.5
108
0.35
109
0.25
NOTE: As for standard PVC the dynamic
pressure ratio for OPVC should not exceed 1.
The specific relationships for all pipe classes
are plotted in the OPVC design chart below.
Figure 3.4 OPVC Design Chart for Dynamic Stresses
10.0
5.0
3.0
STATIC LIMIT
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.2
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
PN20
PN18
PN16
PN15
0.5
PN12
0.4
PN9
0.3
PN20
PN18
PN16
PN15
0.2
PN12
PN4.5
0.1
10
4
10
5
10
6
10
7
PN 6
PN9
108
design.29
design
Definition of Pressure
Amplitude and Effect
of Surges
For simplicity, the pressure cycle
amplitude is defined as the
maximum pressure minus the
minimum pressure, including all
transients, experienced by the
system during normal operations.
The effect of accidental conditions
such as power failure may be
excluded. This is illustrated in
Figure.3.5 below.
This figure also illustrates the
definition of a cycle as a repetitive
event. In some cases, the cycle
pattern will be complex and it may
be necessary to also consider the
contribution of secondary cycles.
Figure 3.5 Effect of surges
Pumping systems are frequently
subject to surging following the
primary pressure transient on
switching. Such pressure surging
decays exponentially, and in effect
the system is subjected to a number
of minor pressure cycles of reducing
magnitude. In order to take this into
account, the effect of each minor
cycle is related to the primary cycle
in terms of the number of cycles
which would produce the same
crack growth as one primary cycle.
According to this technique, a typical
exponentially decaying surge regime
is equivalent to 2 primary cycles.
Thus for design purposes, the
primary cycle amplitude only is
considered, with the frequency
doubled.
design.30
Complex Cycle Patterns
In general similar technique may be
applied to any situation where
smaller cycles exist in addition to
the primary cycle. Empirically crack
growth is related to stress cycle
amplitude according to (∅ )3.2.
Thus n secondary cycles of
magnitude ∅ , may be deemed
equivalent in effect to one primary
cycle, ∅ 0
where:
∅
∅
For example a secondary cycle of
half the magnitude of the primary
cycle:
decreasing yield strength, would not
be degraded in fatigue performance
at higher temperatures.
It follows that, while normal derating
principles must be applied in class
selection for static pressures,
(ductile burst), no additional
temperature derating need be
applied for dynamic design.
ie. select the highest class arrived
via:
a) Static design including
temperature derating; or
b) Dynamic design as covered
herein.
so it would require 9 secondary
cycles to produce the same effect as
one primary cycle. If they are
occurring at the same frequency, the
effective frequency of primary
cycling is increased by 1.1 for the
purpose of design.
Effect of Temperature
Joseph notes that the available data
indicates that there is no evidence of
a change in response of PVC fatigue
crack growth rates with temperature,
at least in the lower temperature
region where results are available.
This is logically consistent with
known fatigue behaviour, since the
propensity to propagate a crack
reduces with increasing ductility
which results in yielding and
blunting of the crack tip and a
reduction in local stress intensity.
Thus one would expect that PVC,
with increasing ductility and
design
Safety Factors
Design Hints
Fittings
Equations (1) and (4) represent the
lower bound of test data generated
from a number of different sources
over the last few years on
commercially produced PVC and
OPVC pipes. The mean line for this
data is approximately half a log
decade higher than this, and the
relationship assumes no threshold
stress level at low stress amplitudes
and long times.
To reduce the effect of dynamic
fatigue in an installation, the
designer can:
PVC fittings present a problem
worthy of special consideration.
Complex stress patterns in fittings
can ‘amplify’ the apparent stress
cycle. An apparently harmless
pressure cycle can thus produce a
damaging stress cycle leading to a
relatively short fatigue life.
It is therefore considered
conservative and no additional safety
factor need be applied in general.
However, where the magnitude or
frequency of dynamic stresses
cannot be estimated in design with
any reasonable degree of accuracy,
appropriate caution should obviously
be applied. This judgement is in the
hands of the designer.
C. Using double-acting float valves
or limiting starts on the pump by
the use of a time clock when
filling a reservoir
Whilst it is always possible to predict
the steady operating conditions with
good accuracy, it will occasionally be
the case, in complex systems, that is
impossible to predict the extent of
surge pressures. In such
circumstances, relatively low cost
surge mitigation techniques, for
example the solid state soft-start
motor controllers, should be
considered. It is of course
recommended that actual operating
conditions for all systems should be
checked by measurement, as a
matter of routine, when the system
is commissioned. Should surge
pressure amplitudes in the event
exceed expected levels, it is relatively
easy matter to retrofit control
equipment to ensure that they are
kept in check.
I. Limit the number of cycles by:
A. Increasing well capacity for a
sewer pumping station;
B. Matching pump performance to
tank size to eliminate short
demand cycles for an automatic
pressure unit; or
This factor is particularly severe in
the case of branch fittings such as
tees, where amplification factors up
four times have been noted. The
condition can be aggravated further
by the existence of stress cycling
from other sources, for example
bending stresses induced flexing
under hydraulic thrust in improperly
supported systems.
II. Reduce the dynamic range by:
A. Eliminating excessive water
hammer; or
B. Using a larger bore pipe to reduce
friction losses
Prudence therefore dictates that a
suitable factor of safety be applied to
fittings in assessing class
requirements. It is recommended
that the following factors be applied
to the design dynamic pressure
cycle for fittings:
Table 3.6 Factors of Safety for Fittings
Tees
equal
Dx3/4D
Dx1/2D
Dx1/4D
Safety Factor
4
3
2
1.5
Bends
90°short
45°short
90°long
45°long
Safety Factor
3
2
2
1.5
Reducers
Dx3/4D
Dx1/2D
Dx1/4D
Safety Factor
1.5
2
2.5
Adaptors & Couplings
equal size
wyes
Safety Factor
1
6
design.31
design
Example:
A golf course watering scheme is
designed to operate at 0.70MPa.
Balanced loading will ensure no
pump cycling during routine
watering. However, the system is to
be maintained on standby with a
jockey pump for hand watering
purposes and this will cut in and out
at 0.35MPa and 0.75MPa. With
normal usage and leakage this may
occur every half hour on average for
twelve hours a day. A twenty-five
year life is required.
The pressure cycle is 0.4MPa. Allow
20% for water hammer but no
surging is likely in this type of
system. Total dynamic cycle
0.48MPa. The total life cycles
predicted is 25 x 365 x 25 =228,000.
Referring to the chart, a PN9 pipe is
satisfactory (PN9 is required to cope
with normal operational pressure).
For fittings the effective dynamic
cycle is
TEMPERATURE
CONSIDERATIONS
MAXIMUM SERVICE
TEMPERATURE
PVC pipes are suitable for use at
service temperatures up to 60°C. For
OPVC and MPVC pipes, the
maximum continuous operating
temperature should be limited to
50°C.
PRESSURE RATING
Mechanical properties of PVC are
temperature dependent. Nominal
working pressures are determined at
20°C. For lower operating
temperatures, the 20°C ratings are
used, even though properties such
as tensile strength are greater. As
the temperature decreases, it is
advisable to take additional care to
avoid impact damage as the impact
strength decreases with
temperature. Sub-zero operating
temperatures are specialist
applications and reference can be
made to the Vinidex Technical
Department.
For temperatures greater than 25°C,
the maximum working pressures of
PVC pipes should be reduced. The
following table has been derived
from ISO 4422-2-“Pipes and fittings
made of unplasticized poly(vinyl
chloride) (PVC-U) for water supply”.
Table 3.7 Temperature Rating of PVC Pipes. Maximum Allowable Pressure (MPa)
Temp°C
″ 25
30
35
40
45
50
PN4.5
0.45
0.41
0.36
0.32
0.27
0.23
Equal Tees : 4 x 0.48 = 1.92MPa
PN6
0.60
0.54
0.48
0.42
0.36
0.30
Elbows 90° : 3 x 0.48 = 1.44MPa
PN9
0.90
0.81
0.72
0.63
0.54
0.45
PN12
1.20
1.08
0.96
0.84
0.72
0.60
PN15
1.50
1.35
1.20
1.05
0.90
0.75
PN16
1.60
1.44
1.28
1.12
0.96
0.80
PN18
1.80
1.62
1.44
1.26
1.08
0.90
PN20
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
PN18 fittings are suitable for only
1.8MPa effective dynamic range.
Equal tees may not have an
acceptable life in this system.
Solution: Reduce the dynamic range
or reduce the frequency or the
periods on standby.
design.32
design
Example
Design Pressure (MPa)
Figure 3.6 Temperature Rating of PVC Pipe
2.00
25oC
1.80
o
30 C
1.60
35oC
1.40
40oC
1.20
45oC
1.00
50oC
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
4.5
6
9
15
12
16
18
20
Pipe Class (PN)
A reticulation system is to be
installed in a town with a mean
ground temperature at pipe depth of
20°C. The December-February
average is 25°C. Although diurnal
variations occur with air
temperatures up to 40°C during
heatwave periods, water
temperatures and ground
temperatures at pipe depth do not
exceed the mean of 27°C. A 50 year
life is required at basic factor of
safety 2.145.
Weighted average temperature:
tm = 25(3/12) + 20.5(6/12) + 15(3/12)
= 6.25
The material temperature in question
here is the average temperature of
the pipe wall under operational
conditions.
Temperature is averaged in two
ways:
1. Across the wall of the pipe:
Where a temperature differential
exists between the fluid in the
pipe and the external
environment, the operating
temperature may be taken as the
mean of the internal and external
pipe surface temperatures.
It should be noted that the
pressure condition where flow is
stopped for prolonged periods
should also be checked. In this
event, water temperature and
outside temperature may equalise.
2. With respect to time:
The average temperature may be
considered to be the weighted
average of temperatures in
accordance with the percentage of
time spent at each temperature
under operational pressures:
tm = t1L1 + t2L2 + ... + tnLn
+ 10.25
+ 3.75
= 20.25°C
Therefore use rating for 20°C. This
is the same result as taking the
mean.
where:
Ln
= proportion of life spent at
temperature tn
This approximation is reasonable
provided the temperature variations
from the mean do not exceed ± l0°C
which is generally the case for pipes
buried below 300mm.
For most underground water supply
systems, the overall mean
temperature from meteorological
records is appropriate for class
selection purposes, since this
represents the mean of the annual
and diurnal sinusoidal temperature
patterns.
For systems subjected to larger
variations, the temperature for rating
purposes should be taken as the
maximum less 10°C. However, the
peak temperature should not exceed
60°C.
design.33
design
EXPANSION AND
CONTRACTION
All materials expand and contract
with changes in temperature and
PVC has a relatively high rate of
change.
The coefficient of thermal expansion
is 7 x 10-5/ °C.
A handy rule is 7mm change in
length for every 10 metres for every
10°C change in temperature.
Example
A 150 metre line of PVC pipe is
being installed with the temperature
at 28°C. The service temperature
will be 18°C. What allowance has to
be made for expansion?
1. Find difference between maximum
and minimum temperature, i.e.
28°C - 18°C = 10°C.
2. Check Figure 3.7 below for
expansion per metre.
10°C = 0.7mm.
3. Multiply answer by total
length of line
0.7 x 150 = 105mm
This means the pipe will contract
approximately 0.1 metres when in
service. Methods of providing for
thermal expansion or contraction will
depend on the nature of the
installation and whether it is above
or below ground. (see installation
section)
Figure 3.7 Linear Expansion - PVC vs Temperature
3.5
Linear expansion (mm/m)
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
o
Pipe material temperature rise C
design.34
design
ABRASION
RESISTANCE
Plastics generally show excellent
performance under abrasive
conditions. The main properties
contributing to this are the low
elastic modulus and coefficient of
friction. This enables the material to
“give” and particles tend to skid
rather than abrade the surface.
Well known low friction materials
such as Teflon, Nylon and
Polyurethanes show outstanding
characteristics. Economics,
however, are a major factor and
PVC’s performance in the context of
wear rate/unit cost is excellent.
Factors affecting abrasion are
complex and it is difficult to relate
test data to practical conditions.
The Institute for Hydromechanic and
Hydraulic Structures of the Technical
University of Darmstadt in West
Germany tested the abrasion
resistance of several pipe products.
Gravel and river sand were the
abrasive materials used in concrete
pipe, glazed vitrified clay pipe and
PVC piping, with the following
results:
Table 3.8 Abrasion resistance of PVC, VC and Concrete pipes
Concrete (unlined)
Measurable wear at 150,000 cycles
Vitrified Clay (glazed lining)
Minimal wear at 260,000 cycles. Accelerated
wear after glazing wore off at 260,000 cycles.
PVC
Minimal wear at 260,000 cycles (about equal to
glazed vitrified clay, but less accelerated than
vitrified clay after 260,000 cycles)
MINE SUBSIDENCE
In ground subject to earth movement
or in areas affected by underground
mining, pipes can be subjected to
longitudinal stresses. These stresses
can occur anytime after installation
and result in axial stress in the pipe.
Whilst PVC pipes are capable of
absorbing significant strains it is
advantageous to use rubber ring
jointed pipe in these areas. The pipe
MUST be correctly installed to the
witness mark position (see Table
4.2). All Vinidex rubber ring pipes
are designed to absorb some ground
strain.
Each pipe’s ability to take strain can
be calculated from the equation:
M = 3SL +
D + 0.0015
∅tL
where:
M = total axial movement within the
socket while still maintaining
the seal
(mm)
S = ground strain
(mm/m)
= length of pipe
(m)
L
= permitted socket deflection
D = outside diameter of the spigot
(radians)
(mm)
= coefficient of linear expansion
for PVC
(8.1 x 10-5/°C)*
∅t = maximum temperature variation (22°C)
* Note, this value of the coefficient of
thermal expansion of PVC is used by the
Mine Subsidence Board.
Elsewhere, 7 x 10 -5/°C is used.
The witness mark is positioned to
allow the optimum combination of
insertion/extraction without
overstressing the pipe or losing seal.
design.35
design
Table 3.9 Allowable Ground Strain for Series 1 spigot and socket pipes
(3 & 6 metre lengths) mm/m
Size DN
Pipe
Length
50
65
80
100
125
150
200
225
250
300
375
3m
6.5
7.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
9.0
10.0
11.5
11.5
12.0
10.0
6m
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
5.5
4.5
Table 3.10 Allowable Ground Strain for Series 2 spigot and socket pipes
(3 & 6 metre lengths) mm/m. Covers Supermain pipes ≥ DN 200
Pipe
Length
Size DN
100
150
200
225
250
300
375
3m
4.05
5.5
13.0
13.0
13.0
13.0
16.0
6m
1.5
2.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
7.5
Table 3.11 Allowable Ground Strain for plain ended pipe sizes DN 100 and DN 150
jointed with couplings (6 & 12 metre lengths)
Pipe
Length
Size DN
100
150
6m
7.0
7.0
12m
4.0
4.0
design.36
design
TRANSVERSE
BUCKLING
A pipe subjected to pressure
externally (or vacuum internally) is
subject to a potential stability
problem. For any given
diameter/wall thickness ratio, there
is a critical collapse pressure at
which the pipe wall will commence
to buckle inwards. The failure mode
is unstable, i.e. the more it buckles
the less resistance to buckling, and
so total collapse occurs rapidly.
Situations where pipe buckling may
arise are comparatively rare, but in
certain circumstances this can be a
controlling factor on selection of
pipe class.
UNSUPPORTED COLLAPSE
PRESSURE
The unsupported critical buckling
pressure sustainable by a pipe can
readily be calculated from:
For a pipe of uniform section this
may be expressed as:
where:
E
= the effective elastic material
modulus
(MPa)
(see Table 3.12)
µ
= Poissons Ratio for the material which
may be taken as 0.4 for PVC
I
= moment of inertia of the crosssection of the pipe wall (mm4/mm)
Dm = diameter of the pipe taken at the
neutral axis of the wall crosssection
(mm)
t
= wall thickness
(mm)
design.37
design
Since the dimension ratio Dm/t is broadly constant for a particular class of
pipe, the collapse pressure is independent of diameter and can be computed
for each class. Note, however, that PVC pressure pipe to AS/NZS 1477 has
different dimension ratios for small bore and large bore ( DN175 and over)
pipes.
The effective modulus of PVC varies with the loading condition (short or long
term), and also with temperature. Values for guidance are given in Table 3.12
below.
Table 3.12a Values of E for PVC (MPa)
Temperature °C
20°
30°
40°
Short Term - e.g. water surges
(seconds/minute)
3200
3100
3000
Medium Term - e.g. concrete work
2600
2400
2100
1200
900
600
(1-60 minutes)
Long Term - e.g. ground water
(50 years)
Table 3.12b Values of E for OPVC (MPa)
Temperature °C
20°
30°
40°
(seconds/minute)
4050
3875
3750
1800
1350
900
20°
30°
40°
3000
2900
2800
1100
850
550
(50 years)
Table 3.12c Values of E for MPVC (MPa)
Temperature °C
(seconds/minute)
(50 years)
The critical collapse pressures for standard PVC, OPVC and MPVC pipes for a
range of operating conditions are shown in the following graphs.
(see Figure 3.8)
NOTE: Pipe wall thickness has a major influence on the critical buckling
pressure. Therefore OPVC and MPVC pipes will not have the equivalent
resistance to unsupported collapse as PVC pipes of the same pressure class.
design.38
design
Figure 3.8 Unsupported Collapse Pressures for PVC Pipes
Unsupported Collapse Pressures
for PVC Pipes up to and including DN150
Unsupported Collapse Pressures
for PVC Pipes larger than DN150
10
10
PN20
15
PN16
PN15
t
en
an
o
ne
m
er
te
Pipe C la s s
40
t
en
E
20
ng
4
ra
po
m
Te
PN6
ng
40
°C
i
ad
60
ry
lo
ra
rm
30
35
40
1
20
40
2
60 80 100
4
0.4
po
lo
m
Te
PN6
50
PN4.5
g
din
r
po
°C
40
loa
y
ar
m
Te
200
400 600
1000
2000
10
6
8 10
20
40
20
40
1
2
4
10
60 80 100
200
400 600
1000
2000
Ex t e rna l- In te r na l Pr e ss u re D if ferential kPa
60 80 100
200
1
2
4
6
8 10
20
40
60 80 100
200
40
200
M e tr e s He a d of Wa te r
20
40
200
0.4
1
2
4
10
20
M et r es o f C onc r e t e
Unsupported Collapse Pressures for OPVC Pipes
Unsupported Collapse Pressures for MPVC Pipes
10
10
12
12
0°C
4
ing
a
rm
20
Pipe C lass
Pe
g
din
a
t lo
n
ne
a
rm
Pe
PN16
g
din
ry
ora
PN12
15
°C
20
loa
°C
20
mp
Te
PN9
g
din
°C
40
a
60
y lo
rar
po
m
Te
70
20
25
30
35
40
40
60
80 100
200
400
600
1000
PN12
2
4
6
8 10
20
40
60
1
2
4
10
M e t re s o f C o n c re t e
°C
20
e
an
ing
rm
Pe
ry
ora
°C
20
d
loa
mp
PN9
0°C
g4
din
ry
ora
loa
mp
Te
10
20
40
60
80 100
200
400
600
1000
Ex t e rna l- In te r na l Pr e ss u re D if ferential kPa
80 100
1
2
4
M et re s H ea d o f Wa t e r
0.4
ing
ad
lo
nt
Te
E x te r n al - I n te r na l P r e ss u re D i f fer en t i al k Pa
1
an
rm
Pe
70
80
a
t lo
en
60
100
g4
din
PN6
80
20
0°C
PN18
PN16
PN15
50
100
10
Pipe C lass
ad
t lo
n
ne
Di mension r atio ( Dm/ t)
15
Di mension r atio ( Dm/ t)
ry
°C
20
ra
M e t re s o f C o n c re t e
50
g
in
ad
C
M et re s H ea d o f Wa t e r
40
m
se
ca
re
c
on
C
0°
t4
en
En
te
PN9
E x te r n al - I n te r na l P r e ss u re D i f fer en t i al k Pa
35
°C
20
100
10
30
t
en
ing
d
loa
an
r
Pe
25
80
100
25
lo
m
Pe
PN12
70
m
Te
80
an
20
60
po
70
nt
in
ad
e
lo
ry
g
PN16
PN15
°C
°C
40
PN18
15
i
ad
C
PN4.5
50
PN20
C
0°
m
se
re
25
12
°C
a
nc
P
PN9
20
ng
i
ad
l
nt
c
on
35
°C
a
m
r
Pe
PN12
D ime ns ion ra tio (D m/ t)
lo
20
30
40
ng
i
ad
Pipe C la s s
PN18
D ime ns ion ra tio (D m/ t)
12
6
8 10
20
40
60
80 100
M e t re s He a d of Wa t e r
20
40
0.4
1
2
4
10
20
40
M et re s o f Co n c re te
design.39
design
Effect of Ovality
Initial ovality of a pipe will reduce the critical buckling pressure. The reduction
can be calculated by multiplying the critical buckling pressure, Pc , by a
correction factor, C1 which is calculated as follows:
For an oval pipe with,
where:
D = the difference between the maximum outside diameter and the mean
outside diameter; and
D
For shallow burial, full support is not
developed since buckling can occur
by vertical lifting of the soil cover.
AS/NZS 2566.1 specifies that for
cover heights less than 0.5m, Pc be
used to evaluate the potential for
buckling. Where cover heights are
greater than or equal to 0.5m, the
greater of Pc and Pb should be
used. In both cases, an appropriate
factor of safety needs to be
incorporated.
= the mean outside diameter
FACTORS OF SAFETY
Values for C1 are summarised in the following table:
Diametral Deflection %
0
1
2
5
10
Reduction factor, C1, on Pc
1.0
0.91
0.84
0.64
0.41
Note that these reductions apply to inherent initial ovality as distinct from
induced ovality, ie., where ovality has been induced by some external
(constant strain) source, as in deflection induced by soil loadings, the pipe is
already in a state of elastic strain, and the resistance to buckling is degraded
far less. In this case, the correction factor C2 is used as given in the
following table:
Diametral Deflection %
0
1
2
5
10
Reduction factor, C2, on Pc
1.0
0.99
0.97
0.93
0.86
SUPPORTED COLLAPSE PRESSURE
Support against buckling is provided by end constraints, fittings or special
purpose stiffening rings at intervals around the pipe. Effective support
reduces as distance from a stiffened section increases and should be
considered zero at a distance of seven diameters.
A buried pipe derives support against buckling from stable soil surround.
The effective buckling pressure may be computed from:
Where
is the soil modulus in MPa. For values of E´, refer to
AS/NZS 2566.1.
design.40
The equations and graphical
representations predict actual
collapse pressures. No factor of
safety is incorporated and designers
should decide on an appropriate
factor based on service conditions,
consequences of failure and
predictive uncertainty.
AS/NZS 2566.1 specifies a factor of
safety of 2.5 unless an alternative is
specified by the designer. A lower
factor of safety should only be
specified where conditions and
performance can be predicted with
confidence. For example, in a
calculation of unsupported buckling
of a pipe under vacuum, a factor of
1.5 may be appropriate.
EXAMPLES OF CLASS
SELECTION FOR BUCKLING
1. A PVC submarine sewer rising
main DN150 is to be laid across a
lake. Inlet and outlet well levels
are at lake maximum water level.
Internal and external static heads
are more or less balanced under
steady state conditions. However,
negative surging on pump shut
down is probable, resulting in up
to l0 metres negative head
differential. In view of the
consequences of failure, a factor
of safety of at least 2 is
suggested.
design
For short term conditions, a PN6
pipe has Pc = 14m and PN9
Pc = 46m. Use PN9.
2. A DN300 line is laid in saturated
clay alongside a tidal estuary at a
depth of 4 metres. During
construction or maintenance, the
pipe may be empty.
Assuming a saturated soil density
of 2000 kg/m3, an external
pressure of 80 kPa is developed.
This would be considered a
permanent condition and a factor
of safety of 3 is advisable.
PN9 has Pc = 8m. Use PN12.
3. A DN200 PVC irrigation pump
suction line is required to sustain
continuous operation at -5m.
Temperature of the supply can be
up to 30°C during hot spells.
Unlike pressure rating where the
average temperature is
considered, peak conditions are
significant for buckling. In this
situation PN9 has Pc = 10m,
giving a factor of safety of 2,
which should be adequate.
4. A DN150 PVC drainage pipe is to
be encased in a concrete column.
The maximum pour height will be
4 metres.
A sewer pipe Class SH (PN6) can
sustain 4 metres of concrete but
has no factor of safety. Use Class
SEH or PN9 pressure pipe.
Alternatively, fill the pipe with
water during the pour. The net
pressure differential is then 60kPa
and a factor of safety of 1.7 is
provided on PN6. Alternatively,
pour in two stages, at least one
hour apart.
5. A DN150 PN9 OPVC pipe is to be
installed in an area where the
insitu material is sandy clay. The
embedment material will be sand
and cover height will be 1m. A
water hammer analysis has shown
that accidental event may result in
a negative pressure of -9m. Check
that in this case there is an
adequate factor of safety against
buckling.
Using AS/NZS 2655.1 and the
trench and soil conditions, an E'
value of 6.3MPa is derived. From
the equation, Pb = 450kPa.
Therefore, there is an acceptable
factor of safety.
WATER HAMMER
Water hammer is a temporary
change in pressure in a pipeline due
to a change in the velocity of flow in
a pipe with respect to time, e.g. a
valve opens or closes or a pump
starts or stops. Accidental events
such as a pipe blockage can also be
a cause. The effects are exacerbated
by:
pressures on ‘rejoinder’ (collapse of
the vacuum). For these reasons,
water hammer should be eliminated
as far as possible.
Water hammer pressures can be
reduced by:
• Controlling and slowing valve and
pump operations
• Reducing velocities by using
larger diameter pipes
• Using pipe materials with lower
elastic modulus
• Astute layout of network, valves,
pumps and air valves
• Fast-acting pressure relief valves,
e.g. Neyrtec*
It is beyond the scope of this manual
to give a complete description of
water hammer analysis and
mitigation. However, it is
appropriate to highlight some
important aspects related to PVC
pipes.
• fast closing/stopping
valves/pumps
• high water velocities
• air in the line
• poor layout of the pipe network,
positioning of pumps, etc.
Note that water hammer pressure
may be positive or negative. Both
can be detrimental to pipe systems;
not only pipes, but pumps, valves
and thrust supports can be
damaged. Negative pressures can
cause ‘separation’ (vacuum
formation), with very high positive
* Trade mark of Alsthom International Pty Ltd
For further information contact Sofraco International Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia
design.41
design
CELERITY
Celerity is the speed (expressed in metres per second) that the pressure
waves travel in a closed circuit. This should not be confused with the velocity
of the water.
This is a function of the pipe geometry (dimension ratio) and material and
may be estimated from:
where:
W
= density of fluid
(water = 1,000) (kg/m3)
A
= cross-sectional area of the wall of the pipe per unit length
(mm2/mm)
= wall thickness for plain wall pipes
D
= mean diameter of the pipe
k
= the bulk modulus of the fluid
(2150 for water) (MPa)
(mm)
E
= the elastic modulus for the pipe
(see Table 3.12) (MPa)
The wave celerity induced in PVC pipes are shown in Table 3.13. As PVC has
a celerity about one third that of metallic pipes, analyses for metallic pipes
should not be used to check PVC classes.
Table 3.13 Dimension Ratio (DR) and Celerity (a)
PVC
PN
Sizes Up To and
Including DN150
DR
a (m/s)
Sizes DN175 and
Larger
DR
OPVC
PN
All sizes
DR
a (m/s)
a (m/s)
9
46.3
290
35.2
331
4.5
45.4
261
51.4
246
12
6
36.4
298
38.2
284
15
28.4
366
9
22.9
362
25.8
342
16
26.7
376
12
17.2
414
19.3
392
18
23.7
398
15
13.8
457
15.5
434
16
13.0
471
14.5
448
18
11.5
496
12.9
471
20
10.3
520
11.6
495
For buried pipes, increase the wave celerity (a) by 7%.
design.42
MPVC
All sizes
PN
DR
a (m/s)
6
45.4
253
9
36.3
282
12
27.1
324
15
21.7
360
16
20.4
371
18
18.3
390
design
The advantage of a low celerity can be demonstrated by Joukowsky’s Law,
which gives an estimate for the water hammer pressure rise due to
instantaneous valve closure.
∅P = Wa • ∅V
where:
∅V = change in flow velocity
(Pa)
(m/sec)
This equation should NOT be used for design purposes. Water hammer
analysis is fairly complex and computer analysis by a competent consultant is
recommended wherever it is suspected that water hammer may be significant.
PIPE RESPONSE
Selection of class should be based on peak operating pressures including
water hammer. Control devices may be useful in reducing peak pressures
and enable a more economic pipe class to be used.
The response of the pipe to occasional abnormal pressures, for example due
to the failure of protective devices, is important.
PVC has a high factor of safety on short term stress effects, and is able to
withstand rare events at higher than normal pressures. This advantage
should be considered when determining the validity of basing a design purely
on the pressures induced by events that may be rare in the design lifetime,
e.g. motor failure on a pump.
design.43
design
THRUST SUPPORT
Table 3.14 Pressure Thrust at Fittings in kN for each 10 metres Head of Water
An imbalanced thrust is developed
by a pipeline at:
• Direction changes (> 10°),
e.g. tees and bends.
• Changes in pipeline size at
reducers.
• Pipeline terminations, e.g. at blank
ends and valves.
Series 1 pipe
Size
DN
Area
(mm2)
BENDS
111/4°
221/2°
45°
90°
TEES
ENDS
15
363
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.04
20
568
0.01
0.02
0.04
0.08
0.06
25
892
0.02
0.03
0.07
0.12
0.09
32
1410
0.03
0.05
0.11
0.20
0.14
40
1840
0.04
0.07
0.14
0.26
0.18
The support system or soil must be
capable of sustaining such thrusts.
50
2870
0.06
0.11
0.22
0.40
0.28
65
4480
0.09
0.17
0.34
0.62
0.44
Pressure thrust results from internal
pressure in the line acting on fittings.
Velocity thrust results from inertial
forces developed by a change in
direction of flow. The latter is
usually insignificant compared to the
former.
80
6240
0.12
0.24
0.47
0.87
0.61
100
10300
0.20
0.39
0.77
1.43
1.01
125
15500
0.30
0.59
1.16
2.15
1.52
150
20200
0.39
0.77
1.52
2.80
1.98
200
40000
0.77
1.53
3.00
5.55
3.92
225
49400
0.95
1.89
3.71
6.85
4.84
250
61900
1.19
2.37
4.65
8.58
6.07
PRESSURE THRUST
300
78400
1.51
3.00
5.88
10.87
7.69
375
126000
2.42
4.82
9.46
17.47
12.36
The pressure thrust developed for
various types of fittings can be
calculated as follows:
Blank ends, tees, valves
F = AP 10-3
Series 2 pipe
Size
DN
Reducers and tapers
F = (A1 -A2)P10-3
Bends
F = 2 A P sin(ø/2)10-3
where:
F
= resultant thrust force
(kN)
A
= area of pipe taken at the OD
(mm2)
P
= design internal pressure
(MPa)
ø
= included angle of bend
Area
(mm2)
BENDS
111/4°
221/2°
45°
90°
TEES
ENDS
100
11700
0.23
0.46
0.89
1.65
1.17
150
24800
0.48
0.96
1.89
3.50
2.47
200
42500
0.83
1.65
3.24
5.99
4.24
250
52900
1.04
2.06
4.04
7.47
5.28
300
93700
1.84
3.66
7.17
13.25
9.37
375
142700
2.80
5.57
10.92
20.18
14.27
(degrees)
The design pressure used should be
the maximum pressure, including
water hammer, to be applied to the
line. This will usually be the field
test pressure.
design.44
design
VELOCITY THRUST
Applies only at changes in direction of flow:
F = WAV2 • 2 sin(ø/2) • 10-9
(kN)
where:
(mm2)
A = cross sectional area of pipe taken at the inside diameter
W = density of fluid (water = 1,000)
(kg/m3)
V = velocity of flow
(m/s)
THRUST BLOCKS
Concrete thrust blocks are usually required to transfer unbalanced forces in
buried pipelines to the surrounding soil. See Installation Guidelines for
construction of thrust blocks.
To determine the bearing area of the thrust block required, divide the
resultant thrust by the bearing capacity of the soil.
The bearing capacity of the soil is dependent on the mode of failure. For
deep situations, compressive characteristics will govern and a guide to the
appropriate design bearing loads is given in Table 3.15.
For shallow cover, shearing slip failure can occur and bearing loads are very
much reduced. For cover less than 600mm, or less than three pipe
diameters, or if the ground is potentially unstable, e.g. embankment
conditions, a complete soil analysis should be carried out.
Slip failure may be avoided by extending the thrust block downwards with
reinforcement against bending loads.
design.45
design
Table 3.15 Safe Compressive Bearing Load
USBR Soil
Classification
see ASTM D2478
Soil description
Soil Bearing Strength (kN/m2)
for cover height *h
0.75m
1.0m
1.25m
1.5m
Well graded gravel-sand mixtures, well graded
sands, little or no fines
GW,SW
57
76
95
114
Poorly graded gravels and gravel-sand mixtures,
Poorly graded sands, little or no fines
GP,SP
48
64
80
97
Silty gravels, gravel-sand-silt mixtures, silty
sands, sand-silt mixtures
GM,SM
48
64
80
96
Clayey gravels, gravel-sand-clay mixtures,
Clayey sands, sand-clay mixtures
GC,SC
79
92
105
119
Inorganic clays of low to med plasticity, gravelly clays, sandy
clays, silty clays, lean clays
CL
74
85
95
106
Inorganic silts, very fine sands, rock flour, silty or clayey fine
sands
ML
69
81
93
106
OH
0
0
0
0
240
240
240
240
Organic clays of medium to high plasticity
Rock
*h=height of soil cover measured from centreline
Example:
VERTICAL THRUSTS
Thrust block design for a DN100 Tee
operating at 120m head in clayey
sand soil, *h=1.0m.
For resultant upward forces, the
mass of the thrust block plus any
soil directly above the pipe can be
taken as the counterbalancing force,
provided the overburden can
reasonably be expected to remain
there for the life time of the pipeline.
It is often better to bury the pipe
deeper than to add more concrete to
counterbalance an upward thrust.
Resultant force = 1.01 x 12 = 12.1kN
(Table 3.14)
Bearing Area = 12.1 / 92 = 0.13m2
(Table 3.15)
That is, a bearing area 0.25m high
and 0.55mm wide would be suitable.
design.46
design
VALVES
AIR VALVES
All water contains dissolved air.
Normally this would be about 2%
but it can vary largely depending on
temperature and pressure. Air
trapped in the line in pockets is
continually moving in and out of
solution.
Air in the line not only reduces the
flow by causing a restriction but
amplifies the effects of pressure
surges. Air valves should be placed
in the line at sufficient intervals so
that air can be evacuated, or, if the
line is drained, air can enter the line.
Air valves should be placed along
the pipe line at all high points or
significant changes in grade. On
long rising grades or flat runs where
there are no significant high points
or grade changes, air valves should
be placed at least every 500 - 1,000
metres at the engineer’s discretion.
Table 3.16 Recommended Air Valve Size
Size DN
Air Valve Size
Up to 100
25 single
100 - 200
50 double
200 - 450
80 double
SCOUR VALVES
Scour valves are located at low
points or between valved sections of
the pipeline. Their function is to
allow periodic flushing of the lines to
remove sediment and to allow the
line to be drained for maintenance
and repair work.
The scour valve should be sized to
allow a minimum scour velocity of
0.6m/s to be achieved in the main
pipe. Scour tees over nominal size
100 should be offset tees to allow
the debris to be taken from the
invert of the pipe. In the absence of
specific design criteria the following
sizes are generally acceptable.
Special construction techniques can
involve backfill stabilisation, load
bearing overlay or slab protection.
Table 3.17 Recommended Scour Valve
Size
It should be noted that cover of less
than 1.5 diameters may result in
flotation of empty pipes under wet
conditions. Low covers may also
result in pipe “jacking” (lifting at
vertically deflected joints) when
pressurised.
Size DN
Scour Valve Size
Up to 100
80
100 - 200
100
200 - 450
150
SOIL AND TRAFFIC
LOADS
Loads are exerted on buried pipe
due to:
• Soil pressures.
• Traffic loads.
• Superimposed loads.
For normal water supply systems,
laid in accordance with the
Installation Section, the minimum
depths of burial (cover) stipulated in
AS 2032 (see Table 4.3) should be
observed. Under these conditions
and up to a maximum of 3 metres
cover, soil and traffic loadings are of
little significance and design
calculations are not warranted. This
applies to all classes of pipe.
For depths shallower than those
recommended, traffic loading may
be of significance.
At greater depths, soil loadings may
control selection of pipe class. In
these instances, lighter pipe classes
may not be suitable and specific
design calculations and/or special
construction techniques may be
required. Wet trench conditions
may also require further
investigation.
For design purposes, AS/NZS
2566.1 sets out procedures to be
adopted.
BENDING LOADS
Under bending stress PVC pipe will
bend rather than break. However,
the following precautions are very
important
1. In below-ground installations, the
pipes must have uniform, stable
support. (See Installation Section
- Below Ground Installation)
2. In above-ground installations,
proper, correctly spaced supports
must be provided. (See
Installation Section - Above
Ground Installation)
3. In above-ground installation,
pumps, valves and other heavy
appendages must be supported
independently.
INSTALLING PIPES ON A
CURVE
When installing PVC piping, some
changes in the alignment of the pipe
may be achieved without the use of
direction-change fittings such as
elbows and sweeps. Deflection at
rubber ring joints or other
mechanical joints and/or controlled
longitudinal bending of the pipe,
within acceptable limits, can achieve
the small direction changes in the
pipeline, required to accommodate
natural land gradients or to avoid
obstacles.
design.47
design
Joint Deflection
Bending of Pipes
The allowable angular deflection at
the pipe joint varies depending on
the manufacturing tolerances of the
spigot and the socket but for design
purposes all Vinidex rubber ring
joints can be assumed to allow a
maximum deflection of 1°. This is
approximately equivalent to a
100mm offset for a 6m pipe. In
most circumstances, the required
change in direction can be taken up
over several pipe lengths, perhaps in
combination with pipe bending.
Tighter curves can be achieved by
cutting pipes to insert more joints,
and/or the use of PVC couplings that
effectively double the deflection
available.
Small diameter PVC pipes are
sufficiently flexible to allow some
bending of the pipe barrel in order to
install on a curve. Deflection through
bending is not practicable, due to
the large forces required, for pipe
sizes above about DN200
particularly for the higher pressure
classes.
The amount of bending that can be
applied is limited by the axial flexural
stress and strain levels induced in
the pipe, which must be acceptable,
in combination with other stresses
and strains, for long term service.
The maximum strain level, ,
induced through bending is simply
related to the ratio of the radius of
curvature to diameter:
Note that this angular deflection is
only available when pipes are jointed
to the witness marks. If pipes are
pushed to the back of the socket,
movement of the spigot is restrained
and the deflection is severely
restricted
where:
D = pipe external diameter
The effective radius of curvature
obtainable for various pipe lengths is
given in Table 3.18
Table 3.18 Effective radius of curvature for 1° deflection at the joint
Pipe length
m
Approximate offset
mm
Radius of curvature
m
12
200
688
9
150
516
6
100
344
4
70
229
3
50
172
2
35
115
1
20
57
AS 2032 sets a minimum R/D ratio
of 130, limiting the strain level to
0.38%. For non-pressure pipes, this
is considered conservative in the
light of more recent research, which
acknowledges that for constant
strain conditions the maximum
strain level may be significantly
higher than this without risk of long
term failure. A figure of 2.5% is
commonly used. AS/NZS 2566 sets
a design value of 1% for flexural
strain due to lateral loading.
The adopted design value must take
into consideration the magnitude of
strains due to other factors, such as
thermal expansion and contraction
and soil movements, and provide an
adequate factor of safety. This will
vary according to circumstances and
the judgement is in the hands of the
designer.
For pressure pipes, the situation is
somewhat more complex. In this
case, a multi-axial stress
configuration must be considered to
assess the combined effect of
internal pressure and bending.
Application of multi-axial failure
criterion9 to PVC and OPVC pipes,
subjected to full working pressure at
the AS 2032 radius of curvature,
show that a factor of safety of
greater than 1.5 is retained.
Therefore, this bending radius may
be considered satisfactory, although
not conservative.
However, there may be other
practical considerations such as
tapping (particularly under pressure)
that dictate prudence in deciding the
appropriate design factors. Where
pipes are to be subjected to tapping,
a minimum bending radius of 300
times the diameter is recommended.
9. Hoffman criterion for rupture, Von Mises criterion where applicable - For more detail on this analysis see Vinidex Technical Note VX-TN-12B
available from Vinidex
design.48
design
MPVC pipes have a lower design
factor of safety than PVC and OPVC
pipes. Therefore, the AS 2032
bending radius should not be
applied to MPVC without a thorough
analysis of all stresses imposed on
the pipeline to ensure an adequate
factor of safety is maintained.
For fixed end systems (solvent
jointed) an axial tensile stress due to
Poisson contraction exists equal to
half the pressure stress, which may
modify the axial stress due to
bending.
Bending Geometry
This produces a bending moment
distribution as shown, with a
constant moment along the central
section, and a constant radius of
curvature over this section also. The
end sections adopt a parabolic
shape, with curvature decreasing
(radius increasing) towards the pipe
ends.
The tightest curve is achieved by
maintaining a constant radius of
curvature of the pipe, ie. a circular
curve. It is not practicable to achieve
this condition completely. The figure
below shows a generalised loading
diagram for a pipe bent by
application of a symmetrical set of
point load forces.
Apart from the general case (a) with
the forces placed at any position q,
two common cases are (b) the pipe
is loaded by one force only at the
centre, q = L/2, and (c) with forces
positioned at the quarter points,
q = L/4. Table 3.19 gives the
formulae required to calculate the
deflection angles, centre
displacement and offset at the pipe
ends for a given configuration.
Results for cases (b) and (c) for 6m
pipes are tabulated in the Installation
Section.
y
F
F
q
q
L
Table 3.19 Formulae10 for Deflection Angle and Centre-line Displacement
Deflection
angle
Centre
Displacement
(a) General Forces at q
(b) Force at
centre
(c) Forces at
quarter points
The offset can be calculated from the deflection angle:
10. The equations for this load configuration can be derived by superposition of the cases for point loads at the end and at distance q from the end of
a cantilever beam, which is equivalent by symmetry to half the pipe in the figure above.
See Young W C, "Roark's formulas for stress and strain" 6th Edition, 1989, Table 3 case 1a, substituting
design.49
installation
Contents
Jointing Procedures
3
Cutting
3
Solvent Cement Joints
3
Rubber Ring Joints
8
Jointing Pipes with Couplings
11
Use of Other Brand Fittings
11
Flanged Joints
12
Threaded Joints
12
Compression Joints
12
Connection to Other Materials
12
Service Connections
12
Tapping Saddles
12
Live Tapping
13
Dry Tapping
13
Direct Tapping
13
Handling and Storage
13
Transportation of PVC Pipes
13
Storage of PVC Pipes
13
Below-Ground Installation
14
Preparing the Pipes
14
Preparing the Trench
14
PVC Pipes Under Roads
16
Pipeline Buoyancy`
16
Expansion and Contraction
16
Electrical Earthing
16
Installing Pipes on a Curve
16
Thrust Blocks
19
Pipelines on Steep Slopes
19
Above-Ground Installation
19
General Considerations
19
Supports
20
Testing and Commissioning
22
Flushing
22
Detecting Buried Wires
23
Metal Detectable Tapes
23
Trace Wires
23
Audio Detection
23
Protection from Solar Degradation
23
installation.1
installation
publication.
ABN 42 000 664 942
installation.2
installation
PVC pipes are lightweight and easy
to handle and install. This section
outlines the procedures for all
aspects of below and above ground
installation of PVC water supply pipe
systems. Reference should also be
made to AS 2032 - “Installation of
UPVC pipe systems”.
3. A hand saw and mitre box.
A number of water authorities
require pipelayers to have
participated in a training
programme. The “Plastek” PVC Pipe
installation programme, which was
developed by TAFE and major water
authorities in conjunction with
Vinidex, is available through many
TAFE colleges around Australia.
SOLVENT CEMENT JOINTS
JOINTING
PROCEDURES
The following procedure should be
strictly observed for best results.
The steps and precautions will allow
easy and efficient assembly of joints.
Users may refer to AS/NZS 20321977 Code of practice for installation
of uPVC pipe systems for further
guidance.
CUTTING
During manufacture pipes are cut to
standard length by cut-off saws.
These saws have carbide-tipped
circular blades which produce a neat
cut without burrs.
However, pipes may be cut on site
with a variety of cutting tools.
These are:
1. Proprietary cutting tools.
These tools can cut, deburr and
chamfer the pipe in one operation.
They are the best tools for cutting
pipe.
2. A portable electric circular saw
with cut-off wheel.
This is quick and easy to use and
produces a neat clean cut
requiring little deburring. It does,
however, require a power supply
and the operator has to be skilled
in using it to produce a square
cut.
This saw produces a square cut
but requires more deburring. It
takes comparatively more time
and effort and requires a stand.
The use of roller cutters is not
recommended.
Vinidex recommends Vinidex solvent
cements and priming fluid for use
with Vinidex PVC pipes and fittings,
thus ensuring a complete quality
system. Vinidex premium solvent
cements and priming fluid are
specially formulated for PVC pipes
and fittings and should not be used
with other thermoplastic materials.
Incorrect procedure and short cuts
will lead to poor quality joints and
possible system failure.
• Type ‘P’ for pressure, including
potable water installations,
designed to develop high shear
strengths with an interference fit
(green solvent, green print & lid)
• Type ‘N’ for non-pressure
applications, designed for the
higher gap filling properties
needed for clearance fits (blue
solvent, blue label & lid)
• Priming fluid for use with both
solvent cements (red priming fluid,
red label & lid)
Always use the correct solvent
cement for the application.
Solvent cement jointing is a
‘chemical welding’, not a gluing
process. The priming fluid cleans,
decreases and removes the glazed
surface thus preparing and softening
the surface of the pipe so that the
solvent cement bonds the PVC.
The solvent cement softens, swells
and dissolves the spigot and socket
surfaces. These surfaces form a
bond into one solid material as they
cure.
Note: OPVC pipes are not suitable
for solvent cement jointing.
Solvent Cement Joint
Principles
Sockets on Vinidex pressure pipes
and fittings for solvent cement
joining are tapered, ensuring the
right level of interference. This may
not apply to all pipes and fittings,
particularly from other countries.
Vinidex offers two types of solvent
cements formulated specifically for
pressure and non-pressure
applications. They are colour coded,
along with the primer, in accordance
with AS/NZS 3879:
installation.3
installation
Procedure
1 Prepare the pipe
Before jointing, check that the pipe has been cut square and all the burrs are
removed from the inside and outside edge. Remove the sharp edge from the
outside and inside of the pipe with a deburring tool. Do not create a large
chamfer that will trap a pool of solvent cement. Remove all dirt, swarf, and
moisture from spigot and socket.
2 Witness mark the pipe
It is essential to be able to determine when the spigot is fully home in the
socket. Mark the spigot with a pencil line (‘witness mark’) at a distance equal
to the internal depth of the socket. Other marking methods may be used
provided that they do not damage or score the pipe.
3 ‘Dry fit’ the joint
‘Dry fit’ the spigot into the socket, check the pipe for proper alignment. Any
adjustments for the correct fit can be made now, not later. For pressure
pipes, the spigot should interfere in the socket before it is fully inserted to the
pencil line. Ovality in the pipe and socket will automatically be re-rounded in
the final solvent cementing process, but heavy-walled pipe may give a false
indication of the point of interference. Do not attempt to make a pressure pipe
joint that does not have an interference fit. Contact Vinidex if this occurs.
4 Prepare with priming fluid
Dry, degrease and prime the spigot and socket with a lint-free cloth (natural
fibres) dampened with Vinidex priming fluid.
5 Brush selection
The brush should be large enough to apply the solvent cement to the joint in
a maximum of 30 seconds. Approximately one third the pipe diameter is a
good guide. Do not use the brush attached to the lid for pipes over 100mm in
diameter. Decanting is not advisable, and excess should never be returned to
the can. For large diameter pipes, it may be necessary to decant to an open
larger vessel for a large brush to be used, in this case decant for one joint at
a time.
installation.4
Table of recommended brush selection
Diameter
size of pipe
(mm)
Recommended
size of brush
(mm)
15, 20, 25,
32, 40, 50
use brush supplied
65, 80
25
100, 125
38
150
50
200
63
225, 250
75
300, 375
100
installation
6 Apply solvent cement
Using a suitably sized brush, apply a thin even coat of solvent cement to the
internal surface of the socket first. Solvents will evaporate faster from the
exposed spigot than from the socket. Special care should be taken to ensure
that excess solvent cement isn’t built up at the back of the socket (pools of
solvent will continue to attack the PVC and weaken the pipe). Then apply a
heavier, even coat of solvent cement up to the witness mark on the spigot.
Ensure the entire surface is covered. A ‘dry’ patch will not develop a proper
bond, even if the mating surface is covered. An unlubricated patch may also
make it difficult to obtain full insertion.
7 Inserting the spigot
Make the joint immediately, in a single movement. Do not stop halfway, since
the bond will start to set immediately and it will be almost impossible to
insert further. It will aid distribution of the solvent cement to twist the spigot
into the socket so that it rotates about a 1/4 turn whilst (not after) inserting,
but where this cannot be done, particular attention should be paid to uniform
solvent application.
8 Push the spigot home
The spigot must be fully homed to the full depth of the socket. The final 10%
of spigot penetration is vital to the interference fit. Mechanical force will be
required for larger joints. Be ready in advance. Pipe pullers are commercially
available for this purpose. Polyester pipe slings are very useful for gripping a
pipe, in order to apply a winch or lever.
9 Hold the joint
Hold the joint against movement and rejection of the spigot for a minimum of
30 seconds. Disturbing the joint during this phase will seriously impair the
strength of the joint.
10 Wipe off excess solvent cement
For a neat professional joint, with a clean rag wipe off excess solvent cement
immediately from the outside of the joint.
11 Do not disturb the joint
Once the joint is made, do not disturb it for five minutes or rough handle it
for at least one hour. Do not fill the pipe with water for at least one hour after
making the last joint. Do not pressurise the line until fully cured.
12 Cure the joint
The process of curing, is a function of temperature, humidity and time. Joints
cure faster when the humidity is low and the temperature is high. The higher
the temperature, the faster the joints will cure. As a guide, at a temperature of
16°C and above, 24 hours should be allowed, at 0°C, 48 hours is necessary.
installation.5
installation
Precautions to Achieve an
Effective Joint
Make sure that the end of each pipe
is square in its socket and in the
same alignment and grade as the
preceding pipes or fittings.
Create a 0.5mm chamfer, as a sharp
edge on the spigot will wipe off the
solvent and reduce the interface
area. Remove all swarf and burrs so
that filings cannot later become
dislodged and jam taps and valves.
Do not attempt to joint pipes at an
angle. Curved lines should be jointed
without stress, then curved after the
joint is cured. Support the spigot
clear of the ground when jointing,
this will avoid contamination with
soil or sand.
An unsatisfactory solvent cement
joint cannot be re-executed, nor can
previously cemented spigots and
sockets be re-used. To effect
repairs, cut out the joint and remake
or use mechanical repair fittings.
Correct Solvent Quantity
The correct amount of solvent is a
uniform self-levelling layer without
runs, achieved by experience and
judgement.
Too much solvent will form pools
and continue to attack and weaken
the pipe. Too little solvent will
require you to brush out excessively,
the solvent will quickly evaporate
with vigorous brushing.
Take care not to spill solvent cement
onto pipes or fittings. Accidental
spillage should be wiped off
immediately.
installation.6
Open Time
Vinidex Type P and N solvent
cements satisfy the long term
pressure test procedure of AS/NZS
3879 requiring an open time of 3
minutes. Open time is the time from
the beginning of solvent application
until the jointing of the parts.
Important: In the field, allowable
open time can vary considerably
because weather conditions can
influence the drying time of solvent
cements. Each joint should be
completed immediately.
Adverse Weather
High temperature and air movement
will radically increase the loss of
solvents, and solvent cement
jointing should not be performed
when the temperature is more than
35°C. Some form of protection
should be provided when jointing in
windy and dusty conditions.
When jointing under wet and very
cold conditions, make sure that the
mating surfaces are dry and free
from ice, as moisture may prevent
the solvent cement from obtaining
its maximum strength.
Storage
Keep the containers stored below
30°C. The solvent cement lids
should be tightly sealed when not in
use to prevent evaporation of the
solvent. Do not use solvent cement
that has gone cloudy or has started
to gel in the can. Do not use solvent
cement after the ‘use by’ date shown
on the can, the chemical
constituents can change over a long
period of time, even in a sealed can.
installation
Safety
Forced ventilation should be used in
confined spaces. Do not bring a
naked flame within the vicinity of
solvent cement operations.
Spillage onto the skin should be
washed off immediately with soap
and water. Should the solvent
cement get in the eyes, wash them
with clean water for at least 15
minutes and seek medical advice.
Priming Fluid
If poisoning occurs, contact a doctor
or Poisons Information Centre.
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting
- give a glass of water.
For further safety information refer
to Material Safety Data Sheet
available from Vinidex.
Solvent Cement
If poisoning occurs, contact a doctor
or Poisons Information Centre.
If swallowed, and more than 15
minutes from a hospital, induce
vomiting preferably using Ipecac
Syrup APF.
Average number of
joints per 500ml
The following table provides an
indication as to the number of joints
that are made per 500ml container
of priming fluid and solvent cement.
Size of
pipe
DN (mm)
Priming
fluid
Solvent
cement
15
20
25
1050
625
450
300
175
130
32
325
95
40
250
70
50
150
42
65
125
35
80
100
30
100
70
25
125
60
20
150
45
15
200
25
10
225
15
7
250
12
6
300
12
5
375
12
5
For further safety information refer
to Material Safety Data Sheet
available from Vinidex.
installation.7
installation
RUBBER RING JOINTS
Table 4.1 Rubber Ring Spigot Dimensions
Jointing rings are supplied with the
pipe, together with a lubricant
suitable for the purpose. Other
lubricants may not be suitable for
potable water contact and may affect
the ring. They should not be
substituted without specific
knowledge of these effects.
(a) Series 1 - Socketed pipe
The ring provides a fluid seal in the
socket of a pipe or fitting and is
compressed when the spigot is
passed into the socket. Check the
label on the pipe socket. Series 1,
Series 2, sewer rings or rings from
other manufacturers cannot be
interchanged. Sewer rings contain a
root inhibitor and must not be used
for potable water lines. These rings
can be easily identified by their two
coloured dots, pressure rings have
only one coloured dot.
Chamfering
Vinidex PVC pipes for rubber ring
jointing are supplied with a
chamfered end. However, if a pipe
which has been cut in the field is to
be used for making a rubber ring
joint, the spigot end must be
chamfered. Special chamfering
tools are available for this purpose,
but in the absence of this equipment
a body file can be used provided it
does not leave any sharp edges
which may cut the rubber ring. Do
not make an excessively sharp edge
at the rim of the bore and do not
chip or break this edge. As a guide
to the correct chamfer, the following
table gives the length of chamfer
required at 12° to 15° angle.
installation.8
b) Series 2 - Socketed pipe
Witness
mark
Lw
(mm)
Size
DN
Approx.
length of
chamfer Lc
(mm)
Witness
mark
Lw
(mm)
Size
DN
Approx.
length of
chamfer Lc
(mm)
50
6
76
100
12
105
65
8
82
150
14
127
80
10
86
200
18
171
100
11
97
225
21
180
125
13
109
250
23
191
150
14
116
300
28
211
200
17
140
375
36
226
225
18
150
250
20
176
300
23
187
375
28
212
When a pipe is cut, a witness mark
should be pencilled in and care
should be taken to mark the correct
position in accordance with
Table 4.1.
Where two witness mark positions
are given, both should be marked on
the pipe and the joint made so that
one mark remains visible.
(c) Series 2 - Plain ended pipe for
jointing with couplings
Size
DN
Approx.
length of
chamfer Lc
(mm);
Witness
mark
Lw
(mm)
100
11
155, 171
150
15
155, 171
200
Contact Vinidex
225
Contact Vinidex
installation
Procedure
• Pipes may be jointed out of the
trench but it is preferable that
connections be made in the trench
to prevent possible “pulling” of the
joint.
• Clean the socket, especially the
ring groove. Do not use rag with
lubricant on it.
• Check that the spigot end, if cut in
the field, has a chamfer of
approximately 12° to 15°.
• Insert the rubber ring into the
groove with the colour marking on
the ring facing outwards. The
rubber ring is correctly fitted when
the thickest cross section of the
ring is positioned towards the
outside of the socket and the
groove in the rubber ring is
positioned inside the socket.
• Run your finger around the lead-in
angle of the rubber ring to check
that it is correctly seated, not
twisted, and that it is evenly
distributed around the ring groove.
• Clean the spigot end of the pipe as
far back as the witness mark.
• Apply Vinidex jointing lubricant to
the spigot end as far back as the
witness mark and especially to the
chamfered section.
Note. Keep the rubber ring and ring
groove free of jointing lubricant until
the joint is actually being made.
installation.9
installation
• If a pipe joint is homed too far, it
may be withdrawn immediately,
but once the lubricant is dry
(which takes only a few minutes
in hot weather) mechanical aids
are required to pull the joint apart.
• Align the spigot with the socket
and apply a firm, even thrust to
push the spigot into the socket.
It is possible to joint 100mm and
150mm diameter pipes by hand.
However, larger diameter pipes
such as 200mm and above may
require the use of a bar and
timber block as illustrated.
Alternatively, a commercially
available pipe puller may be used
to joint the pipes.
• With mechanical assistance,
rubber ring joints can be
recovered and re-made years after
the original joint was made. New
rubber rings should be used and
care should be taken to ensure
that there is no damage to pipe or
socket.
• Brace the socket end of the line
so that previously jointed pipes
are prevented from closing up
If the joint is likely to be
dismantled in the future the task
is much easier if silicone lubricant
is used.
• Inspect each joint to ensure that
the witness mark is just visible at
the face of each socket.
• Pipe joints must not be pushed
home to the bottom of the socket.
They must go no further than the
witness mark. This is to allow for
possible expansion of the pipe.
Polydex PVC and cast iron fittings
use the same rubber ring as
Polydex pipe and jointing
procedures are identical.
See note on installation.11 for
other brand fittings.
installation.10
TYPICAL RING CROSS-SECTION
Hint. If excessive force is required
to make a joint, this may mean
that the rubber ring has been
displaced. To check placement of
the ring without having to
dismantle the joint, a feeler gauge
can be inserted between the
socket and pipe to check even
placement of the ring.
BAR & BLOCK JOINTING
installation
JOINTING PIPES WITH
COUPLINGS
Couplings may utilise reinforced
rubber rings that are formed into the
plastic of the coupling during
manufacture. The rubber ring is
reinforced with a steel wire which is
required for the manufacture of the
fitting but also serves the purpose of
preventing the ring being "pushed"
during jointing. As the ring is
reinforced, it is not possible to
remove the ring from the ring
groove. Therefore the only
preparation the coupling requires
before jointing is an inspection to
ensure the coupling is free from grit
or contaminant on the jointing
surfaces. It should be noted that
damage to the ring means that the
coupling must be discarded.
Unreinforced rings may be removed
if necessary for cleaning, but in
general, because the couplings are in
protected storage, the only
preparation the coupling requires
before jointing is an inspection to
ensure the coupling is free from grit
or contaminant on the jointing
surfaces.
Jointing Procedure
To simplify the jointing process it is
suggested that the initial joint made
with the coupling is carried out
before the pipe is placed in the
trench.
Clean the socket of the coupling and
spigot of the pipe.
Apply Vinidex jointing lubricant to
the spigot of the pipe as far back as
the witness mark and especially to
the chamfered section.
Align the spigot with the coupling
and apply a firm even thrust to push
the spigot into the coupling. For this
joint, ensure that the spigot is
inserted until the witness mark is no
longer visible. It is possible to joint
the 150mm pipe by hand. It may be
found helpful to brace the coupling
against a solid vertical surface.
USE OF OTHER BRAND
FITTINGS
A variety of other cast/ductile iron,
bronze, aluminium, steel ABS and
PVC fittings may be used with
Vinidex PVC pipes. In most cases
the fittings have sockets that are
shorter than pipe sockets. When the
socket is too short for the spigot to
be inserted to the witness mark, the
pipe should be fully homed and
special precautions should be taken
during construction to ensure that
no contraction of the pipe will be
taken up at these joints, i.e. it should
be taken up at other joints. In
general, 12m PVC lengths should
not be used with short socketed
fittings.
The second joint is made with the
coupling of the pipe already in the
trench.
Use the same technique as before
but only insert the spigot into the
coupling sufficiently to leave one
witness mark visible at the face of
the coupling. This is necessary to
allow for possible expansion of the
pipe after installation.
If a joint is inserted too far, it may be
withdrawn immediately, but once the
lubricant is dry (which only takes a
few minutes in hot weather)
mechanical aids are required to pull
the joint apart.
Ensure the coupling to be jointed is
supported to prevent closing of
preceding couplings.
The diagram below indicates the
correct pipe positions in the coupling
installation.11
installation
FLANGED JOINTS
The main functions of a flanged joint
is to create a demountable joint, to
connect valves and vessels where
strength in tension is required, or to
joint to other materials.
The three types of flanges
available are:
1. Full-faced PVC socketed flanges.
2. PVC socketed stub flanges with
loose metal backing rings.
3. Tapered cores with either metal
or PVC flanges.
Under no circumstances should
the thread bottom against a stop
on either the male or female
fitting.
2. Hand tighten initially. Usually a
further two more turns are
sufficient to effect a seal. Tighten
only just enough to seal, plus half
a turn more.
Note. Over tightening will over
stress the fitting. Avoid using
serrated grip tools particularly on
the plain barrel of fittings or
pipes.
Flange joints require gaskets to seal
them. In high stress situations,
metal backing plates or flat washers
are also required to spread the force
and prevent damage to the flange.
Bolts should not be overtightened.
(See also the Product Data Section)
Epoxy-coated aluminium or ductile
iron flange adaptors are also
available.
3. If a threaded connection is made
to a metal fitting, it is preferable
that the male thread be PVC. For
female PVC fittings special care
should be taken to avoid overstressing.
THREADED JOINTS
COMPRESSION JOINTS
For normal water supply purposes,
the cutting of threads on PVC pipes
is not an acceptable practice. A
moulded threaded adaptor should be
used. (See Product Data Section for
details.)
There are various types of
compression joints available for use
with PVC pipes. (See Product Data
Section for details.) In principle all
of these effect a seal by mechanical
compression of a rubber ring by
means of threaded caps or bolted
end plates. Because immediate
pressurisation is possible such
joints are generally preferred for
repair work.
When making threaded joints the
following points should be
observed:1. A thread sealant is recommended
and the only acceptable material
is PTFE (TEFLON) tape. Hemp,
grease or solvent cement should
never be used.
Test the ‘fit’ of the joint,
particularly when connecting to
other materials or to other
manufacturers’ fittings. Judge the
amount of tape accordingly.
installation.12
GOLDEN RULE
do not over tighten
They are also used frequently for
final connections in difficult
situations where slight misalignment
cannot be avoided.
When making compression joints
the manufacturers’
recommendations should be
followed. Over-tightening should be
avoided. It may be found
advantageous to use a lubricant on
the rubber ring.
CONNECTION TO OTHER
MATERIALS
A wide range of adaptors to joint
PVC pipes and fittings to pipes and
fittings of other materials is
available.
See Product Data Section for details.
SERVICE
CONNECTIONS
TAPPING SADDLES
Only tapping saddles designed for
use with PVC pipe should be used.
These saddles should :
• Be contoured to fit around the pipe
and not have lugs or sharp edges
that dig in.
• Have a positive stop to avoid overtightening of the saddle around the
pipe.
The maximum hole size that should
be drilled in a PVC pipe for tapping
purposes is 50mm, or 1/3 the pipe
diameter, whichever is smaller.
This does not prevent the
connection of larger branch lines via
tapping saddles, provided the
hydraulic loss through the restricted
hole size is acceptable.
For larger branches generally, a tee
is preferred.
Holes should not be drilled into PVC
pipe:
• Less than 300mm from a spigot
end.
installation
• Closer than 450mm to another
hole on a common parallel line.
• Where significant bending stress is
applied to the pipe.
LIVE TAPPING
Various tools are available to allow
live tapping of a line using a
specially adapted tapping band.
The tapping band should be fitted to
the pipe and correctly tightened. A
specially adapted main cock for live
tapping should be fitted to the
tapping saddle using PTFE tape and
a drilling machine fitted with a
“shell” cutter or hole saw. The hole
is drilled and the tapping flushed.
The hole saw is then withdrawn and
the main cock sealed. The tapping
machine is removed along with the
hole cut-out and the main cock
plunger or cap is then fitted.
DRY TAPPING
The procedure is the same as above
except that the hole can be drilled
before the main cock is fitted. It is
also possible to dry tap using a twist
drill with razor sharp cutting edges
ground to an angle of 80°. Removal
of the swarf, however, is more
difficult and wherever possible the
use of a hole saw is recommended.
Note: A spade bit is not suitable for
drilling PVC pipes.
HANDLING AND
STORAGE
PVC pipe is very robust, but still can
be damaged by rough handling.
Pipes should not be thrown from
trucks or dragged over rough
surfaces. Plastic piping becomes
more susceptible to damage in very
cold weather so extra care should be
taken when the temperature is low.
Since the soundness of any pipe
joint depends on the condition of the
spigot and the socket, special care
should be taken not to allow them to
come into contact with sharp edges
or protruding nails.
TRANSPORTATION OF PVC
PIPES
While in transit pipes should be well
secured and supported. Chains or
wire ropes may be used only if
suitably padded to protect the pipe
from damage. Care should be taken
that the pipes are firmly tied so that
the sockets cannot rub together.
Pipes may be unloaded from
vehicles by rolling them gently down
timbers, care being taken to ensure
that the pipes do not fall onto one
another or onto any hard or uneven
surface.
STORAGE OF PVC PIPES
Pipes should be given adequate
support at all times. Pipes should
be stacked in layers with sockets
placed at alternate ends of the stack
and with the sockets protruding.
Horizontal supports of about 75mm
wide should be spaced not more
than 1.5m centre-to-centre beneath
the pipes to provide even support.
Vertical side supports should also be
provided at intervals of 3m along
rectangular pipe stacks.
For long-term storage (longer than 3
months) the maximum free height
should not exceed 1.5m. The
heaviest pipes should be on the
bottom.
Crated pipes, however, may be
stacked higher provided that the
load bearing is not taken directly by
the lower pipes. In all cases
stacking should be such that pipes
will not become distorted.
If it is planned to store pipes in
direct sunlight for a period in excess
of one year, then the pipes should
be covered with material such as
hessian. Coverings such as black
plastic must not be used as these
can greatly increase the
temperatures within the stack. (See
Weathering in the Materials Section)
DIRECT TAPPING
Vinidex does not recommend direct
tapping (threading of the pipe wall)
for PVC pressure lines.
installation.13
installation
BELOW-GROUND
INSTALLATION
(See also AS 2032)
PREPARING THE PIPES
Before installation, each pipe and
fitting should be inspected to see
that its bore is free from foreign
matter and that its outside surface
has no large scores or any other
damage. Pipe ends should be
checked to ensure that the spigots
and sockets are free from damage.
Pipes of the required diameter and
class should be identified and
matched with their respective fittings
and placed ready for installation.
PREPARING THE TRENCH
PVC pipe is likely to be damaged or
deformed if its support by the
ground on which it is laid is not
made as uniform as possible. The
trench bottom should be examined
for irregularities and any hard
projections removed.
Table 4.2 Recommended Trench Widths
Size DN
Minimum (mm) Maximum (mm)
100
320
800
125
340
825
150
360
825
200
425
900
225
450
925
250
480
950
300
515
1000
375
600
1200
Unstable Conditions
Where a trench, during or after excavation, tends to collapse or cave in, it is
considered unstable. If the trench is located, for instance, in a street or a
narrow pathway and it is therefore impractical to widen the trench, support
should be provided for the trench walls in the form of timber planks or other
suitable shoring.
Trench Depths
The recommended minimum trench depth is determined by the loads
imposed on the pipe such as the mass of backfill material, the anticipated
traffic loads and any other superimposed loads. The depth of the trench
should be sufficient to prevent damage to the pipe when the anticipated loads
are imposed upon it.
Trench Widths
A trench should be as narrow as
practical but adequate enough to
allow space for working area and for
tamping the side support. It should
be not less than 200mm wider than
the outside diameter of the pipe
irrespective of soil condition.
Alternatively the trench should be widened until stability is reached. At this
point, a smaller trench may then be excavated in the bottom of the trench to
accept the pipe. In either case do not exceed the maximum trench width at
the top of the pipe unless allowance has been made for the increased load.
Wide Trenches
For deep trenches where significant
soil loading may occur, the trench
should not exceed the widths given
in the Table 4.2 without further
investigation.
Minimum Trench Width
installation.14
Wide Condition
installation
demonstrated that appropriate
compaction can be achieved.
Table 4.3 Minimum Cover
Loading
No vehicular loading
Cover,H (mm)
300
Vehicular loading:not roadways
450
sealed roadways
600
unsealed roadways
750
Embankments
750
Construction equipment loading
750
Variations in the hard bed should
never exceed 20% of the bedding
depth. Absolute minimum underlay
should be 75mm. It may be
necessary to provide a groove under
each socket to ensure that even
support along the pipe barrel is
achieved.
Pipe Side Support
Minimum Cover
Trenches should be excavated to allow for the specified depth of bedding, the
pipe diameter and the minimum recommended cover, overlay plus backfill,
above the pipes. Table 4.3 provides recommendations for minimum cover.
The above cover requirements will
provide adequate protection for all
classes of pipe. Where it is
necessary to use lower covers,
several options are available.
• Use a high quality granular backfill,
eg crushed gravel or road base.
• Use a higher class of pipe than
required for normal pressure or
other considerations.
• Provide additional structural load
bearing bridging over the trench.
Temporary steel plates may be
used in the case of construction
loads.
H
Minimum Cover Requirement
Bedding Material
Preferred bedding materials are
listed in AS 2032 as follows:
(a) Suitable sand, free from rock or
other hard or sharp objects that
would be retained on a 13.2mm
sieve.
(b) Crushed rock or gravel of
approved grading up to a
maximum size of 14mm.
(c) The excavated material may
provide a suitable pipe underlay
if it is free from rock or hard
matter and broken up so that it
contains no soil lumps having
any dimension greater than
75mm which would prevent
adequate compaction of the
bedding.
Material selected for pipe side
support should be adequately
tamped in layers of not more than
150mm. Care should be taken not
to damage the exposed pipe and to
tamp evenly on either side of the
pipe to prevent pipe distortion.
Unless otherwise specified, the pipe
side support and pipe overlay
material used should be identical
with the pipe bedding material.
Pipe Overlay
The pipe overlay material should be
levelled and tamped in layers to a
minimum height of 150mm above
the crown of the pipe. Care should
be taken not to disturb the line or
grade of the pipeline, where this is
critical, by excessive tamping.
The suitability of a material depends
on its compactability. Granular
materials (gravel or sand) containing
little or no fines, or specification
graded materials, require little or no
compaction, and are preferred.
Sands containing fines, and clays
are difficult to compact and should
only be used where it can be
installation.15
installation
Backfill
PIPELINE BUOYANCY
Unless otherwise specified,
excavated material from the site
should constitute the backfill.
Pipe, under wet conditions, can
become buoyant in the trench. PVC
pipe, being lighter than most pipe
materials, should be covered with
sufficient overlay and backfill
material to prevent inadvertent
flotation and movement. A depth of
cover over the pipe of 1.5 times the
diameter is usually adequate.
Gravel and sand can be compacted
by vibratory methods and clays by
tamping. This is best achieved when
the soils are wet. If water flooding
is used and extra soil has to be
added to the original backfill, this
should be done only when the
flooded backfill is firm enough to
walk on. When flooding the trench,
care should be taken not to float the
pipe.
PVC PIPES UNDER ROADS
PVC pipes can be installed under
roads in either the longitudinal or
transverse direction.
The type of rock / granular materials
specified for road subgrades have a
very high soil modulus and offer
excellent side support for flexible
pipes as well as minimising the
effects of dead and live loads. This
represents an ideal structural
environment for PVC pipes.
Consideration should be given at the
time of installation to ensure:
• construction loadings are allowed
for;
• the pipes are buried at sufficient
depth to ensure they are not
disturbed during future
realignments or regrading of the
road; and
• minimum depths of cover and
compaction techniques are
observed.
EXPANSION AND
CONTRACTION
Pipe will expand or contract if it is
installed during very hot or very cold
weather, so it is recommended that
the final pipe connections be made
when the temperature of the pipe
has stabilised at a temperature close
to that of the backfilled trench.
When the pipe has to be laid in hot
weather, precautions should be
taken to allow for the contraction of
the line which will occur when it
cools to its normal working
temperature.
For solvent cemented systems, the
lines should be free to move until a
strong bond has been developed
(see Solvent Cement Jointing
Procedures) and installation
procedure should ensure that
contraction does not impose strain
on newly made joints.
For rubber ring jointed pipes, if
contraction accumulates over
several lengths, pull-out of a joint
can occur. To avoid this possibility
the preferred technique is to back-fill
each length, at least partially, as
laying proceeds. (It may be required
to leave joints exposed for test and
inspection.)
It should be noted that rubber ring
joint design allows for contraction to
installation.16
occur. Provided joints are made to
the witness mark in the first
instance, and contraction is taken up
approximately evenly at each joint,
there is no danger of loss of seal. A
gap between witness mark and
socket of up to 10mm after
contraction is quite acceptable.
Further contraction may be observed
on pressurisation of the line (socalled Poisson contraction due to
circumferential strain). Again this is
anticipated in joint design and is
quite in order.
For further information and data
concerning thermal expansion and
contraction, see the Design Section.
ELECTRICAL EARTHING
PVC piping is a non-conductive
material and cannot be used for
earthing electrical installations or for
dissipating static charges. Local
authorities, both water and electrical,
should be consulted for their
requirements.
INSTALLING PIPES ON
A CURVE
When installing pipes on a curve, the
pipe should be jointed straight and
then laid to the curve. Bending of
pipes is achieved in practice after
each joint is made, by laterally
loading the pipe by any convenient
means, and fixing in place by
compacted soil, or appropriate
fixings above ground. The technique
used depends on the size and class
of pipe involved, as clearly the
forces required to induce bending
vary over a very large range. For
buried lines in good soil, the
compaction process can be used to
induce bending as illustrated below.
Bending aids, crowbars etc. must
installation
always be padded to prevent
damage to pipes. Permanent
point loads are not acceptable.
Table 4.4 Maximum deflection angles, centre
displacements and end offsets for 6m PVC pressure pipes.
Nominal
size DN
Force applied at
centre span
Max.
Max.
deflection displacement
angle
Significant bending moments
should not be exerted on rubber
ring joints, since this introduces
undesirable stresses in the spigot
and socket that may be
detrimental to long term
performance. To avoid this,
reaction supports should be
placed adjacent to the socket
rather than on the sockets. For
buried pipes this also allows the
joint to be left open for inspection
during testing. Because of this
restriction, the length available for
bending is less than the full length
of the pipe. It is also not
practicable to maintain a constant
radius of curvature by application
of point load forces. The
calculations shown in Table 4.4
are derived from beam theory and
assume a 5m bending length for
calculation of the deflection angle.
For other pipe lengths or loading
configurations, see the Design
Section for the relevant formulae.
Solvent cement jointed pipes may
be curved continuously, ie.,
bending moments may be
transmitted across the joints, but
bending may be applied only after
full curing, 24 hours for pressure
and 48 hours for non-pressure
joints. For solvent cement jointed
pipelines, the angular deflection
figures should be increased by
20%
deg
mm
Pipes with no tappings
Minimum radius of curvature/diameter ratio
Forces applied at quarter
points
Max.
end
offset
mm
Max.
Max.
deflection displaceangle
ment
deg
mm
Max.
end
offset
mm
130
Series 1
diameters
15
52
1100
2900
78
1500
4900
20
41
870
2200
62
1200
3600
25
33
690
1800
49
950
2700
32
26
550
1400
39
750
2100
40
23
480
1200
34
660
1800
50
18
380
950
27
530
1400
65
15
310
790
22
420
1200
80
12
260
630
19
360
1000
100
9.7
200
510
14
280
740
125
7.9
160
410
12
230
630
150
6.9
140
360
10
200
520
175
5.5
120
290
8.3
160
440
200
4.9
100
260
7.3
140
380
100
9.1
190
480
260
740
150
6.2
130
320
9.3
180
490
200
4.8
100
250
7.1
140
370
Series 2
diameters
14
installation.17
installation
Table 4.4 Maximum deflection angles, centre displacements and end offsets for
6m PVC pressure pipes (cont…)
Force applied at
centre span
Nominal
size DN
Max.
Max.
ment
deg
mm
Pipes with tappings
Minimum radius of curvature/diameter ratio
Forces applied at quarter
points
Max.
end
offset
mm
Max.
Max.
ment
deg
mm
Max.
end
offset
mm
300
Series 1
diameters
15
23
470
1200
34
650
1800
20
18
380
950
27
520
1400
25
14
300
740
21
410
1100
32
11
240
580
17
330
900
40
9.9
210
520
15
290
790
50
7.9
170
410
12
230
630
65
6.3
130
330
9.5
180
500
80
5.4
110
280
8.1
160
420
100
4.2
88
220
6.3
120
330
125
3.4
71
180
5.1
98
270
150
3.0
63
160
4.5
86
240
175
2.4
50
130
3.6
69
190
200
2.1
44
110
3.2
61
170
100
3.9
82
200
5.9
110
310
150
2.7
56
140
4.0
78
210
200
2.1
43
110
3.1
59
160
Series 2
diameters
Note: Beam theory is applicable to small deflections and figures for small
bore pipes with centreline displacements greater than 5% of span should be
treated as very approximate
installation.18
installation
THRUST BLOCKS
Underground PVC pipelines jointed
with rubber ring joints require
concrete thrust blocks to prevent
movement of the pipeline when a
pressure load is applied. In some
circumstances, thrust support may
also be advisable in solvent cement
jointed systems. Uneven thrust will
be present at most fittings. The
thrust block transfers the load from
the fitting, around which it is placed,
to the larger bearing surface of the
solid trench wall.
ABOVE-GROUND
INSTALLATION
(See also AS 2032)
Tee-Plan
Tee- Elevation
Horizontal Bend - Plan
Reducer - Plan
In above ground installations, pipes
should be laid on broad, smooth
bearing surfaces wherever possible
to minimise stress concentration
and to prevent physical damage.
PVC pipe should not be laid on
steam lines or in proximity to other
high temperature surfaces.
Construction of Thrust
Blocks
Vertical Bend - Elevation
Concrete should be placed around
the fitting in a wedge shape with its
widest part against the solid trench
wall. Some forming may be
necessary to achieve an adequate
bearing area with a minimum of
concrete. The concrete mix should
be allowed to cure for seven days
before pressurisation.
Valve - Elevation
A thrust block should bear firmly
against the side of the trench and to
achieve this, it may be necessary to
hand trim the trench side or hand
excavate the trench wall to form a
recess. The thrust acts through the
centre line of the fitting and the
thrust block should be constructed
symmetrically about this centre line.
(See Design Section for design of
thrust block size.)
1. The pipes may slide downhill so
that the witness mark positioning
is lost. It may be necessary to
support each pipe with some
cover during construction to
prevent the pipe slipping.
PVC pipes and fittings should be
covered with a protective membrane
of PVC, polyethylene or felt when
adjacent to concrete so that they can
move without being damaged. (See
“Setting Pipes in Concrete”
page installation.21)
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Blank End - Elevation
Hydrant at EOL - Elevation
PIPELINES ON STEEP SLOPES
Two problems can occur when pipes
are installed on steep slopes, i.e.
slopes steeper than 20% (1:5).
2. The generally coarse backfill
around the pipe may be scoured
out by water movement in the
backfill. Clay stops or sandbags
should be placed at appropriate
intervals above and below the
pipe to stop erosion of the
backfill.
Where bulkheads are used, one
restraint per pipe length, placed
adjacent to the socket, is considered
sufficient for all slopes.
Where a PVC pressure pipeline is
used to supply cold water to a hot
water cylinder, the last two metres
of pipe should be made of copper
and a non-return valve fitted
between the PVC and copper line to
prevent pipe failure.
Where connections are made to
other sections or to fixtures such as
pumps or motors, care should be
taken to ensure that the sections are
axially aligned. Any deviations will
result in undue stress on the jointing
fittings which could lead to
premature failure.
If a pipeline is subjected to
continuous vibration such as at the
connection with a pump, it should
be connected by a flexible joint or, if
possible, the system should be
redesigned to eliminate the vibration.
The pipe must be adequately
supported in order to prevent
sagging and excessive distortion.
Clamp, saddle, angle, spring or other
standard types of supports and
hangers may be used where
necessary. Pipe hangers should not
be over-tightened. Metal surfaces
should be insulated from the pipe by
plastic coating, wrapping or other
means.
installation.19
installation
A build up of static electricity on the
outside surface of PVC pipes can
occur. Where there is a risk of
explosion, such as in some mining
applications, safety precautions may
be required.
SUPPORTS
Brackets and Clips
For either free or fixed pipeline
supports using brackets or clips, the
bearing surface should provide
continuous support for at least 120°
of the circumference.
Straps
Metal straps used as supports
should be at least 25mm wide, either
plastic-coated or wrapped in a
protective material such as nylon or
PE sheet. If a strap is fastened
around a pipe, it should not distort
the pipe in any way.
Free Supports
A free support allows the pipe to
move without restraint along its axis
while still being supported. To
prevent the support from scuffing or
damaging the pipe as it expands and
contracts, a 6mm thick layer of felt
or lagging material is wrapped
around the support. Alternatively, a
swinging type of support can be
used and the support strap,
protected with felt or lagging, must
be securely fixed to the pipe.
Fixed Supports
A fixed support rigidly connects the
pipeline to a structure totally
restricting movement in at least two
planes of direction. Such a support
can be used to absorb moments and
thrusts.
installation.20
Placement of Supports
Careful consideration should be
given to the layout of piping and its
support system. Even for non
pressure lines the effects of thermal
expansion and contraction have to
be taken into account. In particular,
the layout should ensure that
thermal and other movements do
not induce significant bending
moments at rigid connections to
fixed equipment or at bends or tees.
For solvent-cement jointed pipe any
expansion coupling must be
securely clamped with a fixed
support. Other pipe clamps should
allow for movement due to
expansion and contraction. Rubberring jointed pipe should have fixed
supports behind each pipe socket.
Setting of Pipes in Concrete
When PVC pipes are encased in
concrete, certain precautions should
be taken:1. Pipes should be fully wrapped
with a compressible material,
such as felt, with a minimum
thickness of 5% of the pipe
diameter, i.e. 5mm for a 100mm
diameter pipe.
to and exit from the concrete as
shown. This procedure also
allows for possible differential
movement between the pipeline
and concrete structure.
It must be borne in mind,
however, that without a
compressible membrane, stress
transfer to the concrete will occur
and may damage the concrete
section.
3. Expansion joints coinciding with
concrete expansion joints should
be provided to accommodate
movement due to thermal
expansion or contraction in the
concrete.
Anchorage at Fittings
It is advisable to rigidly clamp at
valves and other fittings located at
or near sharp directional changes,
particularly when the line is
subjected to wide temperature
variations.
With the exception of solventcement jointed couplings, all PVC
fittings should be supported
individually and valves should be
braced against operating torque.
2. Alternatively, flexible (rubber ring)
joints should be provided at entry
installation
high strain
point
CORRECT
Table 4.5 Recommended Maximum
Spacing of Supports for all Classes
of Pipe for Water
Size
DN
Maximum Support
Spacing
Horizontal
(m)
Vertical
(m)
15
0.60
1.20
20
0.70
1.40
25
0.75
1.50
32
0.85
1.70
40
0.90
1.80
50
1.05
2.10
65
1.20
2.40
80
1.35
2.70
100
1.50
3.00
125
1.70
3.40
150
2.00
4.00
175
2.20
4.40
200
2.30
4.60
225
2.50
5.00
250
2.60
5.20
300
3.00
6.00
Thrust Anchorage
A solvent-cement jointed PVC
pipeline will not usually require
thrust anchorage, but the designer
should take into consideration any
stress on the fittings. As pipe
diameter or working pressure
increases it is good practice to
install thrust anchors where
necessary. A rubber-ring jointed
pressure pipeline requires anchorage
at all joints, at changes in direction
and at other positions where
unbalanced pressure forces exist.
Expansion Joints
For above-ground installations with
solvent cement joints provision
should be made in the pipeline for
expansion and contraction. If the
ends are constrained and there is
likely to be significant thermal
variation, then a rubber ring joint
should be installed at least every
12 m to allow for movement within
the pipeline.
Support Spacing
The spacing of supports for a PVC
pipeline depends on factors such as
the diameter of the pipe, the density
of the fluid being conveyed and the
maximum temperature likely to be
reached by the pipe material.
INCORRECT
Table 4.5, from AS 2032, shows the
support spacing in metres for PVC
pipe carrying water at 20°C. These
spacings do not allow for additional
extraneous loadings.These spacings
are also acceptable for OPVC and
MPVC pipes. However, for the same
class of pipes, OPVC and MPVC will
show increased deflection between
the supports. Since deflections are
very small, this increase will not
usually be of functional significance.
If temperatures are in excess of
20°C the horizontal spacing should
be reduced by 25% for every 10°C
above 20°C. At 60°C, continuous
horizontal support is required.
Vertical Installation
Generally, vertical runs are
supported by spring hangers and
guided with rings or long U-bolts
which restrict movement of the rise
to one plane. It is sometimes
helpful to support a long riser with a
saddle at the bottom.
Where a PVC pipeline is to pass
through or is to be built into a floor
or wall of a building, allowance
should be made for it to move
without shearing against any hard
surfaces or without causing damage
to the pipe or fittings.
installation.21
installation
An annular space of not less than
6mm should be left around the pipe
or fitting. This clearance should be
maintained and sealed with a flexible
sealant such as loosely packed felt, a
rubber convolute sleeve or other
suitable flexible sealing material.
If the pipeline has to pass through a
fire-rated wall, appropriate fire stop
collars should be installed.
When a fire breaks out, the fire stop
collar will expand and seal off the
pipe, thus preventing fire from
spreading by means of the pipe
access hole. Because fire stop
collars seal off the pipe they must
not be used on the water supply
lines required for fire fighting.
TESTING AND
COMMISSIONING
The pipeline may be tested as a
whole or in sections, depending on
the diameter and length of the pipe,
the spacing between sectioning
valves or blank ends and the
availability of water.
Pipelines should be bedded and
backfilled, but with the joints left
uncovered for inspection before and
after testing.
All thrust supports for fittings and
valves must be finished and the
concrete properly cured (the
minimum time is seven days). Blank
ends installed temporarily should be
adequately supported to take the
pressure thrust.
Fill the pipeline with water and
remove air from the system as far as
possible. Pressurise the system.
Additional water will be required to
installation.22
bring the line up to pressure
because the pipe expands slightly.
For example, to reach 1.5 times
working pressure requires about 1%
additional volume.
the design pressure, ensure that the
thrust blocks, valves or other fittings
have been designed to take these
higher pressures.
After reaching test pressure, note
the drop in pressure over time. It is
normal for a pressure drop to occur
as the remaining air goes into
solution, and some further
expansion of the pipe (around 0.1%)
will also occur.
It should be borne in mind that
static pressure testing does not
necessarily simulate pressures
developed under operating
conditions, and in order to obtain
adequate testing of all parts of the
line it may be desirable to divide it
into sections.
The expansion due to a temperature
rise of 1°C will decrease the
pressure by about 3.4kPa.
FLUSHING
Re-pressurise and again note the
drop in pressure over the same time
period. A diminished pressure drop
indicates a satisfactory test. A
similar pressure drop may indicate a
leak. It may be necessary to repeat
the procedure several times to be
sure.
Following successful testing, the line
should be thoroughly flushed and
dosed with a sterilising agent such
as chlorine. Local authority
requirements should be followed.
AS 2032 recommends that the test
pressure should be held for a
minimum period of 15 minutes.
Selection of field test pressures is
related to the system operating
conditions. A maximum test
pressure of 1.5 times the system
design pressure is specified
although the most commonly
adopted test pressure is 1.2 times
the design pressure, measured at
the lowest point in the system.
Notwithstanding the above, the
pressure should at no point exceed
1.5 times the pipe pressure rating
for PVC and OPVC pipes and 1.3
times the pipe pressure rating for
MPVC pipes, due to its reduced
safety factor.
When using pressures higher than
installation
DETECTING BURIED
PIPES
Because PVC is a non-magnetic and
non-conductive material, direct
location by magnetic and electronic
means is not possible. Several
techniques are appropriate.
METAL DETECTABLE TAPES
The use of metal detectable tapes is
now common. These offer the dual
facility of a colour-coded early
warning visual marker during
excavation and trace ability of the
pipe when the precise location is not
known.
The tape is placed on top of the pipe
surround material and can later be
located by using simple metal
detectors operating in the 4 - 20MHz
range at depths ranging to 450600mm, depending on equipment.
TRACE WIRES
Trace wires are useful where pipes
are buried significantly deeper. The
trace wire is usually laid under the
pipe, to avoid damage, and when a
suppressed current is applied it can
be detected at depths up to 3 metres
using commercially available
inductive detectors.
Suitable trace wires are the vinylcoated single copper wire
conductors for conveyance of an
electric current. Disadvantages of
the system are that both ends of the
wire have to be accessed to apply
the current, and if the wire is broken
the system cannot be used.
AUDIO DETECTION
Several excellent audio leak
detectors are now available. One
type requires an acoustic signal to
be introduced to the pipe at some
convenient location, e.g. a hydrant.
A tuned detector is then used to
locate the pipeline. These units are
still effective with high background
noise levels.
A second type picks up the sound of
turbulence from flowing water in the
pipe. This must be done in the
absence of extraneous background
noise, particularly traffic sounds.
Skilled operators can also pinpoint
the location of fittings. The
equipment can also be used for
detecting underground leaks.
PROTECTION FROM
SOLAR DEGRADATION
Although PVC pipe can be installed
in direct sunlight, it will be affected
by ultra-violet light which tends to
discolour the pipe and can cause a
loss of impact strength. No other
properties are impaired. If the pipe
is to be installed in continuous direct
sunlight, it is advisable to paint the
exterior with a white or lightcoloured PVA paint. (See Materials
Section)
installation.23
product
data
Contents
Product Data - Pipe
3
Pipe Dimensions & Weights
4
AS/NZS1477 Series 1 SCJ & Polydex RRJ
4
AS/NZS1477 Series 2 Vinyl Iron
7
AS/NZS4441 Series 1 OPVC Supermain
8
AS/NZS4441 Series 2 OPVC Supermain
9
AS/NZS4765 (int) Series 1 MPVC Hydro
10
AS/NZS4765 (int) Series 2 MPVC Hydro
11
Joint Assembly and Control Dimensions
12
Solvent Cement Joint (SCJ)
12
Polydex Rubber Ring Joint (RRJ)
15
Vinyl Iron RRJ
17
Supermain OPVC Series 2 RRJ
18
Hydro MPVC Series 1 SCJ
19
Hydro MPVC Series 1 RRJ
21
Hydro MPVC Series 2 RRJ
22
Jointing Materials
23
Priming Fluid
23
Solvent Cement
23
Jointing Lubricant
23
Rubber Rings
24
Product Data - Fittings
Solvent Cement Fittings
25
25
Polydex Fittings (RRJ)
44
Supermain Fittings
56
Ductile Iron Fittings to suit PVC Pipe
57
product data.1
product
data
publication.
ABN 42 000 664 942
product data.2
product
PRODUCT DATA - PIPE
A wide range of standard PVC
pressure pipes are manufactured by
Vinidex to suit the variety of
applications. For large projects, it is
also possible to manufacture
custom-designed pipes, for example
for specific ratings or lengths.
Full details of dimensions of all
sizes, classes and joint types are
given in the following tables.
Toleranced dimensions are shown
for key dimensions subject to quality
control. Other dimensions, and
those shown as “nominal”, are
provided for information only.
Diameters
Diameters of PVC pipes are
referenced by their “Nominal Size”
or simply “Size” (symbol DN, in
accordance with international
practice), which represents the
approximate diameter in millimetres.
Actual external and internal
diameters are given in the standard
dimension tables.
Two standard diameter ranges are
manufactured:
data
Ovality
Joints
Pipe ovality is controlled at the time
of manufacture within limits
specified in Australian Standards.
AS/NZS 1477 Series 1 PVC pipes
and AS/NZS 4765 (Int) VINIDEXHYDRO® Series 1 MPVC pipes
employ two jointing systems:
Wall Thicknesses
Wall thickness of PVC pipes are
referenced by their “Pressure Class”
or PN designation. Within each
diameter series a number of
standard Classes are available. In
general, pipes within a particular
class are characterised by a constant
“dimension ratio” (mean
diameter/wall thickness), for all
sizes, in accordance with the design
rules specified in the above
Standards. For further information
and guidance in selection of size and
class, please refer to our Design
Guidelines.
Lengths
The standard effective length of all
pipes is six metres, with one end
socketed (belled) for jointing
purposes. Other lengths, up to 12m
may also be available in some
products. Plain-ended pipes for
jointing with couplings are also
used.
1. SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT:
A chemically “welded” joint with
capability of supporting axial thrust.
Available in sizes to DN300mm but
especially suited to smaller diameter
above ground systems.
2. RUBBER RING JOINT:
POLYDEX®*
A rubber ring joint system providing
a flexible joint with capability of axial
and angular movement. Simple,
error-free installation makes this
joint suited to larger diameter
underground work. Sizes DN50 and
larger.
AS/NZS 1477 Series 2 VINYL
IRON® pipes, AS/NZS 4441 OPVC
SUPERMAIN® Series 1 and Series 2
pipes and Series 2 VINIDEXHYDRO® MPVC pipes, employ
rubber ring joints only.
* Registered Trademarks of Vinidex
Pty Limited
1. Series 1: Metric pipe sizes which
are compatible with International
Standards Organisation (ISO) R161
in sizes DN125 and larger. Colour:
white (or green for MPVC).
2. Series 2: has diameters
compatible with Ductile Iron (Dl)
pipes in sizes DN100 and larger.
Colour: blue or lilac for recycled
water pipes.
product data.3
product
data
PIPE DIMENSIONS - Basic Dimensions and Weights
AS/NZS 1477 SERIES 1 (including Polydex) - 6 metre lengths
Size DN
Mean OD
Dm
Class
PN
15
21.35
20
26.75
25
33.55
32
42.25
40
48.25
50
60.35
†65
75.35
15
18
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
Mass
Mean Bore Mean Wall
Di
Tp
(kg/lgth)
18.3
17.8
23.7
23.0
22.4
30.5
29.8
29.0
28.1
38.5
37.5
36.4
35.4
45.2
44.1
42.8
41.6
40.5
56.8
55.2
53.7
52.2
50.5
72.0
71.0
68.9
67.0
65.1
63.2
1.55
1.80
1.55
1.90
2.20
1.55
1.90
2.30
2.75
1.90
2.40
2.95
3.45
1.55
2.10
2.75
3.35
3.90
1.80
2.60
3.35
4.10
4.95
1.70
2.20
3.25
4.20
5.15
6.10
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.3
1.6
2.0
2.3
2.0
2.6
3.1
3.7
1.9
2.6
3.4
4.0
4.8
2.8
4.2
5.3
6.4
7.6
4.0
4.3
6.4
8.2
10.5
12.8
Prod. Code
SCJ
Prod. Code
Polydex
13510
13520
13540
13550
13560
13570
13590
13600
13610
13630
13640
13650
13660
13680
13700
13710
13720
13740
13760
14500
14510
14520
14530
16010
16020
16060
16070
-
For availability of all products in this Table, please contact your nearest Vinidex office, particularly
products marked †
product data.4
product
data
PIPE DIMENSIONS (cont…)
AS/NZS 1477 SERIES 1 (including Polydex) - 6 metre lengths cont …
Size DN
Mean OD
Dm
80
88.90
100
114.30
†125
140.20
150
160.25
+155
168.25
Class
PN
Mean
Bore Di
Mean
Wall Tp
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
84.9
83.7
81.3
79.0
76.7
74.6
109.3
107.8
104.6
101.7
98.8
96.0
134.1
132.2
128.4
124.9
121.3
117.7
153.4
151.3
146.9
142.7
138.7
134.7
161.3
158.7
154.2
149.9
145.6
141.4
2.00
2.60
3.80
4.95
6.10
7.15
2.50
3.25
4.85
6.30
7.75
9.15
3.05
4.00
5.90
7.65
9.45
11.25
3.45
4.50
6.70
8.80
10.80
12.80
3.50
4.80
7.05
9.20
11.35
13.45
Mass Prod Code Prod Code
(kg/lgth)
SCJ
Polydex
4.6
6.1
8.8
11.5
13.9
16.2
7.5
10.0
14.7
20.0
23.0
27.0
11.3
15.1
22.3
28.5
20.5
44.6
15.0
20.0
29.0
38.0
46.0
58.0
16.0
22.0
31.0
40.0
48.0
60.0
14540
14550
14560
14570
14590
14600
14610
14620
14630
14650
14660
14670
14680
14690
14710
14720
14730
14740
14760
-
16100
16110
16120
16130
16150
16160
16170
16180
16190
16200
16210
16220
16250
16260
16270
16280
16290
16300
-
products marked †
+ Obsolete
product data.5
product
data
AS/NZS 1477 SERIES 1 (including Polydex) - 6 metre lengths (cont …)
Size DN
Mean OD
Dm
175
200.25
+195
219.10
†200
225.30
†225
250.35
†250
280.40
†300
315.45
Class
PN
Mean
Bore Di
Mean
Wall Tp
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
192.5
190.1
185.2
180.6
176.0
171.5
209.7
206.7
200.8
195.2
189.5
184.2
216.7
213.8
208.5
203.1
198.0
192.9
240.8
237.7
231.7
225.8
220.0
214.4
269.7
266.2
259.4
252.9
246.4
240.1
303.4
299.5
292.0
284.5
277.3
270.2
3.90
5.10
7.55
9.85
12.15
14.40
4.70
6.20
9.15
11.95
14.80
17.45
4.30
5.75
8.40
11.10
13.65
16.20
4.80
6.35
9.35
12.30
15.20
18.00
5.35
7.10
10.50
13.75
17.00
20.15
6.05
8.00
11.75
15.50
19.10
22.65
Mass
(kg/lgth)
22.0
29.0
42.0
55.0
67.0
78.0
29.0
38.0
56.0
72.0
92.0
112.0
26.0
35.0
51.0
67.0
81.0
95.0
33.0
44.0
63.0
82.0
101.0
118.0
41.0
55.0
80.0
104.0
127.0
149.0
53.0
69.0
101.0
133.0
161.0
190.0
Code
SCJ
Code
Polydex
14794
14796
14798
14830
14840
14850
14890
14900
14910
15010
15020
-
16320
16330
16340
16350
16370
16380
16390
16400
16410
16440
16450
16460
16470
16500
16510
16520
16530
-
products marked †
+ Obsolete
product data.6
product
data
AS/NZS 1477 SERIES 1 (including Polydex) - 6 metre lengths (cont…)
Size DN
†375
Mean OD
Dm
400.50
Class
PN
Mean
Bore Di
Mean
Wall Tp
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
385.2
380.3
370.7
361.2
352.0
343.0
7.65
10.10
14.90
19.65
24.25
28.75
Mass
(kg/lgth)
86.0
113.0
166.0
216.0
264.0
310.0
Code
SCJ
Code
Polydex
-
16540
16550
16560
-
products marked †
AS/NZS 1477 SERIES 2 - VINYL IRON - 6 metre lengths
Size DN
Mean OD
Dm
100
121.9
150
177.4
†200
232.2
225
259.25
250
286.7
300
345.35
375
426.2
Class
PN
12
16
18
20
12
16
18
20
12
16
12
16
12
16
12
16
12
16
Mean
Bore Di
Mean
Wall Tp
108.5
104.3
102.4
100.3
157.9
152.0
149.1
146.1
209.3
202.2
233.7
225.7
258.1
249.2
311.4
300.9
384.4
371.2
6.70
8.80
9.75
10.80
9.75
12.70
14.15
15.65
11.45
15.00
12.80
16.80
14.05
18.50
17.00
22.25
20.90
27.50
Mass
(kg/lgth)
22.5
29.1
32.2
35.1
47.8
61.5
67.8
74.1
74.1
95.3
92.4
119.4
112.2
144.9
163.5
210.3
247.8
321.0
Code
17260
17270
17280
17290
17300
17310
17320
17330
17340
17342
17390
17393
17350
17354
17360
17364
17379
17382
For availability of all products in this Table, please contact your nearest Vinidex office,
particularly products marked †
product data.7
product
data
AS/NZS 4441 SERIES 1 - SUPERMAIN SERIES 1
Size DN
Mean OD
Dm
Class
PN
Mean
Bore Di
Mean
Wall Tp
100
114.30
†125
140.20
150
160.25
†200
225.30
†225
250.35
†250
280.40
†300
315.45
375
400.5
9
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
109.4
107.9
106.4
104.9
134.2
132.3
130.6
128.9
153.4
151.3
149.4
147.2
215.9
212.9
210.1
207.1
239.9
236.7
233.5
230.3
268.9
265.2
261.6
258.0
302.4
298.4
294.3
290.2
384.1
378.9
373.8
368.6
2.45
3.20
3.95
4.69
2.98
3.95
4.80
5.66
3.41
4.48
5.44
6.51
4.69
6.19
7.58
9.08
5.23
6.83
8.44
10.04
5.76
7.58
9.40
11.22
6.51
8.55
10.58
12.61
8.23
10.79
13.36
15.93
Length
(m)
Mass
(kg/lgth)
Product
Code
“Contact nearest Vinidex office”
products marked †
product data.8
product
data
AS/NZS 4441 SERIES 2 - SUPERMAIN SERIES 2
Size DN
Mean OD
Dm
100
121.9
150
177.4
†200
232.2
225
259.25
250
286.7
300
345.35
375
426.2
Class
PN
Mean
Bore Di
Mean
Wall Tp
Length
(m)
9
12
12
16
16
9
12
12
16
16
9
12
12
16
16
9
12
12
16
16
9
12
16
9
12
16
9
12
16
116.9
115.1
115.1
112.9
112.9
169.9
167.6
167.6
134.6
134.6
222.4
219.4
219.4
215.5
215.5
248.4
245.1
245.1
240.6
240.6
274.2
270.6
265.7
331.1
326.5
320.8
408.7
403.1
395.8
2.50
3.40
3.40
4.50
4.50
3.55
4.90
4.90
6.40
6.40
4.90
6.40
6.40
8.35
8.35
5.45
7.05
7.05
9.30
9.30
6.00
7.80
10.25
7.15
9.40
12.30
8.75
11.55
15.20
6
12
6
12
6
12
6
12
6
12
6
12
6
12
6
12
6
6
6
6
6
6
Mass
(kg/lgth)
12.0
24.0
15.0
30.0
25.0
50.0
32.0
64.0
42.0
84.0
54.0
108.0
52.0
104.0
68.0
136.0
68.0
88.0
98.0
128.0
149.0
195.0
Product
Code
17265
17277
17274
17278
17302
17304
17314
17318
17339
17457
17452
17458
17453
17461
17454
17462
17450
17455
17460
17464
17479
17456
products marked †
product data.9
product
data
AS/NZS 4765 (Int.) SERIES 1 MPVC - VINIDEX HYDRO SERIES 1
Size DN
Mean OD
Dm
Class
PN
Mean
Bore Di
Mean
Wall Tp
Length
(m)
100
114.30
†125
140.20
150
160.25
†200
225.30
†225
250.35
†250
280.40
6
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
107.8
106.5
104.3
102.1
99.8
132.2
131.0
128.0
125.2
122.5
151.3
149.75
146.5
143.3
140.3
212.8
210.6
206.1
201.6
197.3
236.6
234.1
229.1
224.1
219.1
264.9
262.4
256.7
250.7
245.7
3.25
3.88
5.00
6.13
7.25
4.00
4.63
6.13
7.50
8.88
4.50
5.25
6.88
8.50
10.0
6.30
7.38
9.63
11.88
14.00
6.90
8.13
10.63
13.13
15.63
7.75
9.00
11.88
14.88
17.38
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
Mass
(kg/lgth)
7.6
9.5
12.4
9.5
14.2
18.9
12.2
18.5
24.4
25.0
37.6
49.1
30.9
46.3
60.6
46.0
57.9
76.2
-
Product
Code
SCJ
17030
17040
17150
17075
17085
17095
17105
17115
17125
-
Product
Code
RRJ
17025
17035
17045
17055
17060
17065
17070
17080
17090
17100
17110
17120
17130
17135
17140
17145
17150
17155
-
products marked †
product data.10
product
data
PIPE DIMENSIONS (Cont....)
AS/NZS 4765 (Int.) SERIES 1 MPVC - VINIDEX HYDRO SERIES 1 cont…
Size DN
Mean OD
Dm
Class
PN
Mean
Bore Di
Mean
Wall Tp
Length
(m)
Mass
(kg/lgth)
†300
315.45
375
400.5
6
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
298.2
295.2
288.7
282.5
276.5
378.8
375.0
366.8
358.8
351.0
8.65
10.13
13.38
16.50
19.50
10.90
12.75
16.88
20.88
24.75
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
58.1
73.6
97.0
94.5
118.8
156.8
-
Product
Code
SCJ
-
Product
Code
RRJ
17160
17165
17170
17175
17180
17185
-
products marked †
PIPE DIMENSIONS - Basic dimensions and Weights
SERIES 2 MPVC - VINIDEX HYDRO SERIES 2
Size DN
Mean OD
Dm
100
121.9
150
177.4
†200
232.2
225
259.25
250
286.7
300
345.35
375
426.2
Class
PN
Mean
Bore Di
Mean
Wall Tp
12
16
12
16
12
16
12
16
12
16
12
16
12
16
111.2
108.2
162.1
157.4
212.5
206.3
237.3
230.5
262.0
254.5
316.1
307.1
390.5
379.2
5.38
6.88
7.63
10.00
9.88
13.00
11.00
14.38
12.13
15.88
14.63
19.13
17.88
23.50
For availability of all products in this Table, please contact your
nearest Vinidex office, particularly products marked †
product data.11
product
data
PVC SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT ASSEMBLY & CONTROL DIMENSIONS - AS/NZS 1477 Series 1
Not all sizes and classes are available
in all states. Consult your local
Vinidex office. (Dimensions are mm)
Diameters - Mean
Size DN and
Class
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
15
18
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
product data.12
Wall Thickness
Socket
De
Min
Pipe
De
Max
Di
Nom
21.2
"
26.6
"
"
33.4
"
"
"
42.1
"
"
"
48.1
"
"
"
"
60.2
"
"
"
"
75.2
"
"
"
"
88.7
"
"
"
"
"
21.5
"
26.9
"
"
33.7
"
"
"
42.4
"
"
"
48.4
"
"
"
"
60.5
"
"
"
"
75.5
"
"
"
"
89.1
"
"
"
"
"
18.3
17.8
23.7
23.0
22.4
30.5
29.8
29.0
28.1
38.5
37.5
36.4
35.4
45.2
44.1
42.8
41.6
40.5
56.8
55.2
53.7
52.2
50.5
71.0
68.9
67.0
65.1
63.2
84.9
83.7
81.3
79.0
76.7
74.6
Dr
Nom
21.0
"
26.4
"
"
33.2
"
"
"
41.9
"
"
"
47.9
"
"
"
"
60.0
"
"
"
"
75.0
"
"
"
"
88.5
"
"
"
"
"
Socket
Dm
Nom
21.7
"
27.2
"
"
34.0
"
"
"
42.7
"
"
"
48.7
"
"
"
"
60.8
"
"
"
"
75.8
"
"
"
"
89.4
"
"
"
"
"
Ds
Nom
24.5
24.9
29.9
30.6
31.1
36.7
37.4
38.1
38.9
46.0
46.9
47.9
48.8
51.4
52.4
53.6
54.7
55.7
64.0
65.4
66.8
68.2
69.6
79.7
81.6
83.3
85.0
86.7
92.9
94.0
96.2
98.2
100.3
102.2
Pipe
Socket Length
Tp
Ts
Ls
Nom
Min
Max Min
1.4
1.6
1.4
1.7
2.0
1.4
1.7
2.1
2.5
17
2.2
2.7
3.2
1.4
1.9
2.5
3.1
3.6
1.6
2.4
3.1
3.8
4.6
2.0
3.0
3.9
4.8
5.7
1.8
2.4
3.5
4.6
5.7
6.7
1.7
2.0
1.7
2.1
2.4
1.7
2.1
2.5
3.0
2.1
2.6
3.2
3.7
1.7
2.3
3.0
3.6
4.2
2.0
2.8
3.6
4.4
5.3
2.4
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
2.2
2.8
4.1
5.3
6.5
7.6
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.5
1.8
1.3
1.6
1.9
2.3
1.5
2.0
2.4
2.9
1.3
1.7
2.2
2.8
3.3
1.4
2.1
2.8
3.5
41
1.8
2.7
3.5
4.3
5.1
1.6
2.1
3.1
4.1
5.1
6.0
38
"
38
"
"
38
"
"
"
38
"
"
"
51
"
"
"
"
64
"
"
"
"
64
"
"
"
"
76
"
"
"
"
"
product
data
PVC Solvent Cement Joint Assembly & Control Dimension AS/NZS 1477 Series 1 (cont…)
Diameters - Mean
Size DN and
Class
100
125
150
200
225
250
300
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
Wall Thickness
Socket
De
Min
114.1
"
"
"
"
"
140.0
"
"
"
"
"
160.0
"
"
"
"
"
225.0
"
"
"
"
"
250.0
"
"
"
"
"
280.0
"
"
"
"
"
315.0
"
"
"
"
"
Pipe
Dm
Max
114.5
"
"
"
"
"
140.4
"
"
"
"
"
160.5
"
"
"
"
"
225.6
"
"
"
"
"
250.7
"
"
"
"
"
280.8
"
"
"
"
"
315.9
"
"
"
"
"
Di
Nom
Dr
Nom
109.3
107.8
104.6
101.7
98.8
96.0
134.1
132.2
128.4
124.9
121.3
117.7
153.4
151.3
146.9
142.7
138.7
134.7
216.7
213.8
208.5
203.1
198.0
192.9
240.8
237.7
231.7
225.8
220.0
214.4
269.7
266.2
259.4
252.9
246.4
240.1
303.4
299.5
292.0
284.5
277.3
270.2
113.7
"
"
"
"
"
139.6
"
"
"
"
"
159.6
"
"
"
"
"
224.5
"
"
"
"
"
249.4
"
"
"
"
"
279.4
"
"
"
"
"
314.3
"
"
"
"
"
Socket
Dm
Nom
Ds
Nom
Pipe
Socket Length
Tp
Ls
Ts
Nom
Min
Max Min
115.0
"
"
"
"
"
140.9
"
"
"
"
"
161.0
"
"
"
"
"
226.1
"
"
"
"
"
251.3
"
"
"
"
"
281.6
"
"
"
"
"
316.7
"
"
"
"
"
119.4
120.8
123.7
126.3
128.9
131.4
146.3
148.1
151.5
154.7
157.9
161.1
167.2
169.1
173.0
176.8
180.4
184.0
233.9
236.4
241.3
246.1
250.7
255.2
260.0
262.8
268.2
273.5
278.6
283.7
291.2
294.4
300.4
306.3
312.1
317.8
327.6
331.1
337.8
344.6
351.0
357.5
2.3
3.0
4.5
5.9
7.3
8.6
2.8
3.7
5.5
7.2
8.9
10.6
3.2
4.2
6.3
8.3
10.2
12.1
4.0
5.4
7.9
10.5
12.9
15.3
4.5
6.0
8.8
11.6
14.4
17.0
5.0
6.7
9.9
13.0
16.1
19.1
5.7
7.5
11.1
14.7
18.1
21.5
2.7
3.5
5.2
6.7
8.2
9.7
3.3
4.3
6.3
8.1
10.0
11.9
3.7
4.8
7.1
9.3
11.4
13.5
4.6
6.1
8.9
11.7
14.4
17.1
5.1
6.7
9.9
13.0
16.0
19.0
5.7
7.5
11.1
14.5
17.9
21.2
6.4
8.5
12.4
16.3
20.1
23.8
2.1
2.7
4.0
5.3
6.6
7.8
2.5
3.3
5.0
6.5
8.0
9.5
2.9
3.8
5.7
7.4
9.2
10.9
3.6
4.8
7.1
9.4
11.6
13.8
4.0
5.4
7.9
10.5
12.9
15.3
4.5
6.0
8.9
11.7
14.5
17.2
5.1
6.8
10.0
13.2
16.3
19.3
102
"
"
"
"
"
127
"
"
"
"
"
127
"
"
"
"
"
152
"
"
"
"
"
178
"
"
"
"
"
203
"
"
"
"
"
254
"
"
"
"
"
product data.13
product
data
PVC Solvent Cement Joint Assembly and Control Dimension AS/NZS 1477 Series1 (cont…)
Diameters - Mean
Size DN and
Class
375
Wall Thickness
Socket
De
Min
4.5
6
9
12
15
18
product data.14
400.0
"
"
"
"
"
Pipe
Dm
Max
401.0
"
"
"
"
"
Di
Nom
385.2
380.3
370.7
361.2
352.0
343.0
Dr
Nom
Socket
Dm
Nom
399.1
"
"
"
"
"
401.9
"
"
"
"
"
Ds
Nom
415.7
420.1
428.7
437.3
443.9
451.9
Pipe
Socket Length
Tp
Ts
Ls
Nom
Min
Max Min
7.2
95
14.1
18.6
23.0
27.3
8.1
10.7
15.7
20.7
25.5
30.2
6.5
8.6
12.7
16.7
20.7
24.6
330
"
"
"
"
"
product
data
PVC POLYDEX (RRJ) JOINT ASSEMBLY & CONTROL DIMENSIONS - AS/NZS 1477 Series 1
Note: The mean diameter is the
mean of any two diameters at right
angles. Not all sizes and classes are
available in all states. Consult your
local Vinidex office.
(Dimensions are mm)
Size DN
and
Class
50
65
80
100
125
Diameters - Mean
Wall Thickness
Lengths
Pipe
Socket
Socket
Pipe
Socket
Spigot
Tp
Ts
Tr
L1 L2 L3 L4
De De Di Dsi Dso Dro
Lc Lw
Min Max Nom Nom Nom Nom Min Max Min Min Nom NomNom Nom Nom Nom
6
60.2
60.5
56.8
61.0
65.1
78.5
1.6
2.0
1.7
1.6
8
50
25
96
6
81
9
"
"
55.2
"
67.0
80.1
2.4
2.8
2.6
2.4
11
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
53.7
"
68.9
81.8
3.1
3.6
3.5
3.1
14
"
"
"
"
"
15
"
"
52.2
"
71.1
83.4
3.8
4.4
4.5
3.8
17
"
"
"
"
"
18
"
"
50.5
"
73.2
85.1
4.6
5.3
5.5
4.6
21
"
"
"
"
"
6
75.2
75.5
71.0
76.1
81.1
95.6
2.0
2.4
2.1
2.0
10
51
27
101
8
88
9
"
"
68.9
“
83.7
97.7
3.0
3.5
3.3
3.0
14
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
67.0
"
86.1
99.6
3.9
4.5
4.4
3.9
18
"
"
"
"
"
15
"
"
65.1
"
88.6 101.5
4.8
5.5
5.6
4.8
22
"
"
"
"
"
18
"
"
63.2
"
91.2 103.4
5.7
6.5
6.8
5.7
25
"
"
"
"
"
6
88.7
89.1
83.7
89.7
95.5 110.7
2.4
2.8
2.5
2.4
12
52
30
106
10
95
9
"
"
81.3
"
98.3 113.1
3.5
4.1
3.8
3.5
16
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
79.0
"
101.3 115.6
4.6
5.3
5.2
4.6
21
"
"
"
"
"
15
"
"
76.7
"
104.3 118.0
5.7
6.5
6.6
5.7
25
"
"
"
"
"
18
"
"
74.6
"
107.3 120.1
6.7
7.6
8.0
6.7
29
"
"
"
"
"
6
114.1
122.8 138.9
3.0
3.5
3.3
3.0
15
58
33
117
13
106
9
"
114.5 107.8 115.4
"
104.6
"
126.5 142.1
4.5
5.2
5.0
4.5
21
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
101.7
"
130.1 145.1
5.9
6.7
6.7
5.9
26
"
"
"
"
"
15
"
"
98.8
"
134.0 148.1
7.3
8.2
8.5
7.3
32
"
"
"
"
"
18
"
"
96.0
"
137.8 151.1
8.6
9.7
10.3
8.6
37
"
"
"
"
"
6
140.0
150.3 170.2
3.7
4.3
4.0
3.7
22
63
37
133
13
125
140.4 132.2 142.7
9
"
"
128.4
"
154.8 173.9
5.5
6.3
6.0
5.5
29
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
124.9
"
159.3 177.6
7.2
8.1
8.1
7.2
36
"
"
"
"
"
15
"
"
121.3
"
164.0 181.3
8.9
10.0
10.3
8.9
43
"
"
"
"
"
18
"
"
117.7
"
169.6 184.9
10.6
11.9
13.0
10.6
50
"
"
"
"
"
product data.15
product
data
PVC Polydex (RRJ) Assembly and Control Dimensins - AS/NZS 1477 Series 1 (cont…)
Size DN
and
Class
150
200
225
250
300
Diameters - Mean
Pipe
De De
Di
Min Max Nom
4.5 160.0
Wall Thickness
Lengths
Pipe
Socket
Socket
Socket
Spigot
Tp
Ts
Tr
L1 L2 L3 L4
Dsi Dso Dro
Lc
Lw
Nom Nom Nom Min Max Min Min Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom
160.5
153.4
161.7
169.3
187.5
3.2
3.7
3.4
3.2
16
63
40
164
14
123
6
"
"
151.3
"
171.9
189.6
4.2
4.8
4.6
4.2
21
"
"
"
"
"
9
"
"
146.9
"
176.8
194.1
6.3
7.1
6.9
6.3
29
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
142.7
"
182.2
198.4
8.3
9.3
9.4
8.3
36
"
"
"
"
"
15
"
"
138.7
"
187.6
202.5
10.2
11.4
11.9
10.2
44
"
"
"
"
"
18
"
"
134.7
"
193.2
206.5
12.1
13.5
14.5
12.1
52
"
"
"
"
"
4.5 225.0
225.6
216.7
227.2
235.8
258.5
4.0
4.6
4.3
4.0
23
66
47
152
20
144
6
"
"
213.8
"
238.7
261.3
5.4
6.1
5.7
5.4
29
"
"
"
"
"
9
"
"
208.5
"
244.6
266.3
7.9
8.9
8.7
7.9
40
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
203.1
"
250.6
271.5
10.5
11.7
11.7
10.5
50
"
"
"
"
"
15
"
"
198.0
"
256.8
276.3
12.9
14.4
14.8
12.9
61
"
"
"
"
"
18
"
"
192.9
"
263.2
281.1
15.3
17.1
18.0
15.3
72
"
"
"
"
"
250.7
240.8
252.7
262.2
282.7
4.5
5.1
4.8
4.5
26
80
50
170
22
154
4.5 250.0
6
"
"
237.7
"
265.4
285.7
6.0
6.7
6.4
6.0
32
"
"
"
"
"
9
"
"
231.7
"
272.0
291.3
8.8
9.9
9.6
8.8
45
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
225.8
"
278.7
296.9
11.6
13.0
13.0
11.6
57
"
"
"
"
"
15
"
"
220.0
"
285.6
302.5
14.4
16.0
16.5
14.4
69
"
"
"
"
"
18
"
"
214.4
"
292.7
307.7
17.0
19.0
20.0
17.0
82
"
"
"
"
"
280.8
269.7
282.7
293.3
326.2
5.0
5.7
5.3
5.0
29
69
55
175
25
164
6.7
7.5
7.1
6.7
37
"
"
"
"
"
4.5 280.0
6
"
"
266.2
"
296.9
329.6
9
"
"
259.4
"
304.3
336.0
9.9
11.1
10.8
9.9
51
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
252.9
"
311.8
342.2
13.0
14.5
14.5
13.0
64
"
"
"
"
"
15
"
"
246.4
"
319.5
348.4
16.1
17.9
18.4
16.1
78
"
"
"
"
"
18
"
4.5 315.0
"
240.1
"
327.4
354.4
19.1
21.2
22.4
19.1
92
"
"
"
"
"
315.9
303.4
319.0
331.0
369.4
5.7
6.4
6.0
5.7
33
80
60
190
28
174
6
"
"
299.5
"
335.1
373.0
7.5
8.5
8.0
7.5
42
"
"
"
"
"
9
"
"
292.0
"
343.3
380.2
11.1
12.4
12.2
11.1
57
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
284.5
"
351.8
387.4
14.7
16.3
16.4
14.7
73
"
"
"
"
"
15
"
"
277.3
"
360.5
394.2
18.1
20.1
20.8
18.1
88
"
"
"
"
"
18
"
"
270.2
"
369.5
401.0
21.5
23.8
25.2
21.5
104
"
"
"
"
"
375 4.5 400.0
401.0
385.2
403.0
418.1
461.3
7.2
8.1
7.6
7.2
42
82
80
205
28
206
6
"
"
380.3
"
423.3
465.9
95
10.7
10.1
9.5
52
"
"
"
"
"
9
"
"
370.7
"
433.7
475.1
14.1
15.7
15.4
14.1
72
"
"
"
"
"
12
"
"
361.2
"
444.4
484.1
18.6
20.7
20.7
18.6
92
"
"
"
"
"
product data.16
product
data
PVC VINYL IRON (RRJ) JOINT
ASSEMBLY AND CONTROL
DIMENSIONS - AS/NZS 1477
Note: The mean diameter is the mean
of any two diameters at right angles.
Not all sizes and classes are available
in all states. Consult your local Vinidex
office.
(Dimensions are mm)
Size DN
and
Class
100 12
16
18
20
150 12
16
18
20
200 12
16
225 12
16
250 12
16
300 12
16
375 6
9
12
16
Diameters - Mean
Wall Thickness
Pipe
De De
Di
Min Max Nom
Socket
Dso
Dro
Nom
Nom
121.7
"
"
"
177.1
"
"
"
231.9
"
258.9
"
285.8
"
344.9
"
425.7
"
"
"
136.4
141.0
143.2
145.4
198.2
204.8
208.2
211.6
257.0
264.6
286.7
295.3
316.6
326.0
382.1
393.5
450.0
460.6
471.0
485.2
122.1
"
"
"
177.6
"
"
"
232.5
"
259.6
"
286.6
"
345.8
"
426.7
"
"
"
108.5
104.3
102.4
100.3
157.9
152.0
149.1
146.1
209.3
202.2
233.7
225.7
258.1
249.2
311.4
300.9
404.6
394.3
384.4
371.2
154.7
158.7
160.5
162.5
219.3
224.9
227.7
230.5
287.3
294.1
317.8
325.4
350.0
358.2
421.3
431.3
492.0
501.8
511.2
523.8
Lengths
Pipe
Socket
Socket
Spigot
Tp
Ts
Tr
L1 L2 L3 L4
Lc Lw
Min Max Min Min Nom NomNom Nom Nom Nom
6.3
8.3
9.2
10.2
9.2
12.0
13.4
14.8
10.8
14.2
12.1
15.9
13.3
17.5
16.1
21.1
10.2
15.1
19.8
26.1
7.1
9.3
10.3
11.4
10.3
13.4
14.9
16.5
12.1
15 8
13.5
17.7
14.8
19.5
17.9
23.4
11.4
16.8
22.0
28.9
6.7
9.0
10.1
11.2
9.7
13.0
14.7
16.4
11.4
15.2
12.7
17.0
14.4
18.8
17.0
22.7
10.4
15.7
20.9
28.0
6.3
8.3
9.2
10.2
9.2
12.0
13.4
14.8
13.0
17 6
12.1
15.9
13.3
17.5
16.1
21.1
10.2
15.1
19.8
26.1
27
35
38
42
39
50
55
61
52
63
62
74
62
76
76
92
66
82
97
118
40
"
"
"
47
"
"
"
91
"
85
"
97
"
77
"
97
"
"
"
40
"
"
"
49
"
"
"
62
"
65
"
71
"
82
"
84
"
"
"
103
"
"
"
124
"
"
"
188
"
187
"
208
"
206
"
229
"
"
"
12
"
"
"
13
"
"
"
21
"
24
"
27
"
32
"
38
"
"
"
105
"
"
"
127
"
"
"
171
"
180
"
191
"
211
"
226
"
"
"
product data.17
product
data
SUPERMAIN (RRJ) OPVC JOINT ASSEMBLY AND CONTROL DIMENSIONS - AS/NZS 4441 Series 2
angles.
Not all sizes and classes are
(Dimensions are mm)
Size DN
and
Class
100 9
12
16
150 9
12
16
200 9
12
16
225 9
12
16
250 9
12
16
300 9
12
16
375 9
12
16
Diameters - Mean
Pipe
De De
Di
Min Max Nom
121.7
"
"
177.1
"
"
231.9
"
"
258.9
"
"
285.8
"
"
344.9
"
"
425.7
"
"
122.1
"
"
177.6
"
"
232.5
"
"
259.6
"
"
286.6
"
"
345.8
"
"
426.7
"
"
product data.18
116.9
115.1
112.9
169.9
167.6
134.6
222.4
219.4
215.5
248.4
245.1
240.6
274.2
270.6
265.7
331.1
326.5
320.8
408.7
403.1
395.8
Wall Thickness
Socket
Dso
Dro
Nom
Nom
128.7
130.5
132.9
187.0
191.2
193.2
245.7
249.2
253.8
273.9
277.6
282.8
302.2
306.4
312.1
364.5
369.7
376.2
449.4
455.8
464.0
147.5
149.0
151.2
208.6
211.0
214.0
275.3
278.4
282.3
304.2
307.5
312.1
335.0
338.7
343.7
403.1
407.6
413.5
488.8
494.4
501.8
Lengths
Pipe
Socket
Socket
Spigot
Tp
Ts
Tr
L1 L2 L3 L4
Lc Lw
2.3
3.0
4.0
3.3
4.4
5.8
4.4
5.8
7.6
4.9
6.4
8.5
5.4
7.1
9.4
6.5
8.6
11.3
8.0
10.6
14.0
2.7
3.8
5.0
3.8
5.4
7.0
5.4
7.0
9.1
6.0
7.7
10.1
6.6
8.5
11.1
7.8
10.2
13.3
9.5
12.5
16.4
2.4
3.2
4.3
3.5
5.4
6.3
4.4
5.8
8.2
5.0
6.6
8.8
5.6
7.5
10.1
6.7
9.1
12.2
8.3
11.2
15.0
2.3
3.0
4.0
3.3
4.4
5.8
4.4
5.8
7.6
4.9
6.4
8.5
5.4
7.1
9.4
6.5
8.6
11.3
8.0
10.6
14.0
18
21
25
25
28
33
29
34
40
33
38
45
38
44
51
42
49
58
54
63
74
40
"
"
78
"
"
102
"
"
107
"
"
97
"
"
94
"
"
121
"
"
40
"
"
49
"
"
62
"
"
65
"
"
70
"
"
82
"
"
84
"
"
155
"
"
155
"
"
199
"
"
209
"
"
207
"
"
223
"
"
252
"
"
8
"
"
13
"
"
16
"
"
18
"
"
20
"
"
24
"
"
30
"
"
155
"
"
155
"
"
182
"
"
193
"
"
199
"
"
213
"
"
238
"
"
product
data
VINIDEX - HYDRO MPVC SOLVENT CEMENT JOINT ASSEMBLY AND CONTROL DIMENSIONS AS/NZS 4765 (Int) Series 1
angles.
local Vinidex office. (Dimensions are
mm)
Size DN
and
Class
100 6
9
12
15
18
125 6
9
12
15
18
150 6
9
12
15
18
200 6
9
12
15
18
225 6
9
12
15
18
Diameters - Mean
Pipe
De De
Di
Min Max Nom
114.1
"
"
"
"
140.0
"
"
"
"
160.0
"
"
"
"
225.0
"
"
"
"
250.0
"
"
"
"
114.5
"
"
"
"
140.4
"
"
"
"
160.5
"
"
"
"
225.6
"
"
"
"
250.7
"
"
"
"
107.8
106.5
104.3
102.1
99.8
132.2
131.0
128.0
125.2
122.5
151.3
149.8
146.5
143.3
140.3
212.8
210.6
206.1
201.6
197.3
236.6
234.1
229.1
224.1
219.1
Wall Thickness
Socket
Dr Dm Ds
Nom Nom Nom
Pipe
Tp
Min Max
113.7
"
"
"
"
139.6
"
"
"
"
159.6
"
"
"
"
224.5
"
"
"
"
249.4
"
"
"
"
2.5
2.9
3.8
4.7
5.6
3.0
3.6
4.7
5.8
6.9
3.4
4.1
5.3
6.6
7.9
4.8
5.7
7.5
9.3
11.1
5.4
6.3
8.3
10.3
12.3
115.0
"
"
"
"
140.9
"
"
"
"
161.0
"
"
"
"
226.1
"
"
"
"
251.3
"
"
"
"
119.6
120.5
122.1
123.8
125.5
146.6
147.6
149.7
151.8
153.9
167.3
169.1
171.1
173.4
175.9
235.1
236.8
240.2
243.7
247.1
261.6
263.3
267.1
270.8
274.6
3.4
3.9
4.9
6.0
7.0
4.0
4.7
6.0
7.2
8.5
4.5
5.3
6.6
8.1
9.6
6.1
7.1
9.2
11.2
13.3
6.8
7.8
10.1
12.4
14.7
Socket
Ts
Min
2.2
2.6
3.4
4.2
5.0
2.7
3.2
4.2
5.2
6.2
3.0
3.7
4.8
5.9
7.1
4.3
5.1
6.7
8.4
10.0
4.9
5.7
7.5
9.3
11.1
Socket
Length
Ls
Nom
102
"
"
"
"
127
"
"
"
"
127
"
"
"
"
152
"
"
"
"
178
"
"
"
"
product data.19
product
data
Vinidex Hydro MPVC Series 1 Solvent Cement Joint Assembly and Control Dimensions
- AS/NZS 4765 (Int) Series 1 (cont:…)
Size DN
and
Class
250 6
9
12
15
18
300 6
9
12
15
18
375 6
9
12
15
18
Diameters - Mean
Pipe
De De
Di
Min Max Nom
280.0
"
"
"
"
315.0
"
"
"
"
400.0
"
"
"
"
280.8
"
"
"
"
315.9
"
"
"
"
401.0
"
"
"
"
product data.20
264.9
262.4
256.7
250.7
245.7
298.2
295.2
288.7
282.5
276.5
378.8
375.0
366.8
358.8
351.0
Wall Thickness
Socket
Dr Dm Ds
Nom Nom Nom
Pipe
Tp
Min Max
279.4
"
"
"
"
314.3
"
"
"
"
399.1
"
"
"
"
6.0
7.1
9.3
11.6
13.7
6.7
7.9
10.5
13.0
15.5
8.6
10.1
13.3
16.5
19.6
281.6
"
"
"
"
316.7
"
"
"
"
401.9
"
"
"
"
292.9
295.0
299.2
303.4
307.4
329.3
331.6
336.4
341.3
345.9
418.1
421.0
427.1
433.0
438.9
7.4
8.7
11.2
13.9
16.3
8.3
9.6
12.6
15.5
18.4
10.4
12.2
15.8
19.5
23.1
Socket
Ts
Min
5.4
6.4
8.4
10.4
12.3
6.0
7.1
9.4
11.7
13.9
7.7
9.1
12.0
14.8
17.6
Socket
Length
LS
Nom
203
"
"
"
"
254
"
"
"
"
330
"
"
"
"
product
data
VINIDEX-HYDRO MPVC RUBBER RING JOINT ASSEMBLY AND CONTROL DIMENSIONS AS/NZS 4765 (Int) Series 1
angles.
(Dimensions are mm)
Size DN
and
Class
100 6
9
12
125 6
9
12
150 6
9
12
200 6
9
12
225 6
9
12
250 6
9
12
300 6
9
12
375 6
9
12
Diameters - Mean
Pipe
De De
Di
Min Max Nom
114.1
"
"
140.0
"
"
160.0
"
"
225.0
"
"
250.0
"
"
280.0
"
"
315.0
"
"
400.0
"
"
114.5
"
"
140.4
"
"
160.5
"
"
225.6
"
"
250.7
"
"
280.8
"
"
315.9
"
"
401.0
"
"
107.8
106.6
104.3
132.2
131.0
128.0
151.3
149.8
146.5
212.8
210.6
206.1
236.6
234.1
229.1
264.9
262.4
256.7
298.2
295.2
288.7
378.8
375.0
366.8
Wall Thickness
Socket
Dso
Dro
Nom
Nom
120.3
121.5
123.7
148.7
150.1
152.7
168.5
170.3
173.1
236.4
239.2
243.2
262.9
265.9
270.5
294.3
297.5
302.7
332.2
335.8
341.6
420.1
424.7
432.3
136.5
137.7
139.5
167.1
168.5
170.9
186.7
188.3
190.9
258.7
261.3
264.9
282.8
285.6
289.6
326.5
329.5
334.1
367.4
370.0
376.0
461.8
466.0
472.6
Lengths
Pipe
Socket
Socket
Spigot
Tp
Ts
Tr
L1 L2 L3 L4
Lc Lw
2.4
2.9
3.8
3.0
3.5
4.7
3.4
4.0
5.3
4.8
5.7
7.5
5.3
6.3
8.3
6.0
7.0
9.3
6.7
7.9
10.5
8.5
10.0
13.3
4.1
4.9
6.2
5.0
5.8
7.6
5.6
6.5
8.5
7.7
9.1
11.8
8.5
10.0
13.0
9.5
11.0
14.5
10.6
12.4
16.3
13.3
15.5
20.5
2.4
3.0
4.1
3.0
3.7
5.0
3.4
4.3
5.7
4.6
6.0
8.0
5.1
6.6
8.9
5.8
7.4
10.0
6.6
8.4
11.3
8.6
10.9
14.7
2.3
2.9
3.8
2.8
3.5
4.7
3.2
4.0
5.3
4.4
5.7
7.5
4.9
6.3
8.3
5.5
7.0
9.3
6.2
7.9
10.5
7.9
10.0
13.3
12
14
17
16
19
24
16
19
24
21
26
33
24
29
37
26
32
41
31
38
48
49
56
67
58
"
"
63
"
"
63
"
"
66
"
"
80
"
"
73
"
"
83
"
"
82
"
"
32
"
"
37
"
"
40
"
"
47
"
"
48
"
"
63
"
"
65
"
"
77
"
"
115
"
"
131
"
"
135
"
"
152
"
"
168
"
"
187
"
"
197
"
"
201
"
"
10
"
"
11
"
"
12
"
"
16
"
"
18
"
"
20
"
"
23
"
"
29
"
"
97
"
"
109
"
"
116
"
"
140
"
"
150
"
"
176
"
"
187
"
"
121
"
"
product data.21
product
data
VINIDEX-HYDRO MPVC RUBBER RING JOINT ASSEMBLY AND CONTROL DIMENSIONS AS/NZS 4765 (Int) - Series 2
angles.
(Dimensions are mm)
Size DN
and
Class
100 12
16
150 12
16
200 12
16
225 12
16
250 12
16
300 12
16
375 12
16
Diameters - Mean
Pipe
De De
Di
Min Max Nom
121.7
"
177.1
"
231.9
"
258.9
"
285.8
"
344.9
"
425.7
"
122.1
"
177.6
"
232.5
"
259.6
"
286.6
"
345.8
"
426.7
"
product data.22
111.5
108.2
162.1
157.4
212.5
206.3
237.3
230.5
262.0
254.5
316.1
307.1
390.5
379.2
Wall Thickness
Socket
Dso
Dro
Nom
Nom
131.8
134.8
191.4
195.8
250.8
256.6
279.9
286.3
308.8
316.0
372.7
381.3
459.6
470.2
150.2
152.6
212.6
216.4
281.0
286.0
310.7
316.1
342.2
348.2
411.9
419.1
499.6
508.6
Lengths
Pipe
Socket
Socket
Spigot
Tp
Ts
Tr
L1 L2 L3 L4
Lc Lw
4.1
5.3
5.9
7.8
7.7
10.2
8.6
11.3
9.5
12.5
11.5
15.1
14.1
18.6
6.7
8.5
9.4
12.2
12.1
15.8
13.4
17.5
14.8
19.3
17.8
23.2
21.7
28.4
4.4
5.9
6.3
8.5
8.3
11.2
9.3
12.5
10.2
13.8
12.3
16.6
15.2
20.5
4.1
5.3
5.9
7.8
7.7
10.2
8.6
11.3
9.5
12.5
11.5
15.1
14.1
18.6
19
23
26
34
42
50
50
59
51
60
61
72
79
93
40
"
47
"
91
"
85
"
97
"
77
"
97
"
40
"
49
"
62
"
65
"
71
"
82
"
84
"
103
"
124
"
188
"
187
"
208
"
206
"
229
"
12
"
13
"
21
"
24
"
27
"
32
"
38
"
105
"
127
"
171
"
180
"
191
"
211
"
226
"
product
JOINTING MATERIALS
PRIMING FLUID
Vinidex Priming Fluid is specially
formulated for cleaning Vinidex PVC
solvent-cement spigots and sockets
prior to jointing. The fluid is applied
with a cloth to both the spigots and
the sockets. Vinidex Priming fluid is
colour coded red in accordance with
AS/NZS 3879
Note: Other priming fluids may not
be compatible with Vinidex Solvent
Cements and should not be
substituted.
SOLVENT CEMENT
Vinidex Solvent Cements are
available in two formulations, one
for pressure and the other for non
pressure applications. These are
colour coded in accordance with
AS/NZS 3879 and identified as
follows:
* Type P - for pressure applications
including potable water installations
is colour coded green; and
* Type N - for non pressure
applications is colour coded blue.
Note: For more detailed information
on the use of these products, refer
to Installation Guidelines.
data
Vinidex Priming Fluid - Red
Product code
Size
82341
83242
82343
82344
82345
250ml
500ml
1 litre
4 litre
20 litre
Carton Quality
36
20
6
4
1
Vinidex Type P Solvent
Cement - Green
Product code
Size
82341
82420
82422
82424
82426
82428
250ml
125ml
250ml
500ml
1 litre
4 litre
Carton Quality
36
36
36
20
12
4
JOINTING LUBRICANT
Vinidex Jointing lubricant is a specially formulated organic preparation
enabling easy jointing of rubber ring joint pressure pipe and is supplied with
pipes and fittings as standard procedure. The use of petroleum based
greases or other substitutes may affect the ring or potability of the water
supply and cannot be recommended.
This lubricant dries after a short period of time and the joint cannot be easily
dismantled. For situations where it may be necessary to dismantle the rubber
ring joint after assembly, the use of silicone-based jointing lubricant is
recommended. Where it is necessary to joint in wet conditions, it may also
be advantageous to use silicone lubricant.
If dismantled, joints should be fitted with new rings.
Jointing Lubricants
Product
Code
82350
82360
82370
82393
82395
Description
Vinidex Standard Lubricant
Vinidex Anti-Bacterial Lubricant
Vinidex Anti-Bacterial Lubricant
Size
500ml
1 litre
2 litre
500ml
1 litre
product data.23
product
data
Priming Fluid, Solvent
Cement and Jointing
Lubricant Coverage
The approximate number of joints
that may be primed or jointed with
one litre is as follows:
Size
DN
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
100
125
150
155
195
200
225
250
300
375
Priming
Fluid
Solvent
Cement
Jointing
Lubricant
2100
1250
900
650
500
300
250
200
140
120
90
85
60
50
30
25
25
17
600
350
260
190
140
85
70
60
50
40
30
25
17
25
15
13
10
10
170
150
120
100
75
60
60
50
50
45
40
30
25
RUBBER RINGS
Rings marked with two coloured
dots are sewer rings containing a
chemical root inhibitor. They may
also vary dimensionally from
pressure rings and should not be
interchanged. Each ring has a
painted mark on its front edge. This
mark must face out of the socket
when the ring is inserted.
Two general types of sealing ring are
employed for Vinidex rubber ring
jointed pressure pipe, the Modified
Anger/Polydex ring and the
deflection ring for later design joints
incorporating deflection capability.
product data.24
These have the shapes shown
below.
Rubber rings are manufactured and
tested in accordance with AS 1646
“Elastomeric Seals for Waterworks
Purposes”.
Depending on the particular
specification, the rubber used is
either natural rubber (white dot),
Styrene Butadiene rubber (SBR)
(blue dot) or Polychloroprene
(Neoprene) (red dot). Unless
otherwise specified, natural rubber
will be supplied for pressure pipe.
product
data
PRODUCT DATTA - FITTINGS
SOLVENT CEMENT FITTINGS
Fittings in the Vinidex Solvent
Cement Pressure range are
manufactured in compliance with
Australian Standard AS/NZS 1477, to
pressure class PN18 rating. Certain
exceptions apply, as noted for
individual fittings. In particular,
some fittings are sourced
internationally; in general the
following specifications apply:
Size DN
Manufacturing Standard
PN
15 to 150
AS/NZS 1477
18
200
ISO draft & DIN 8063
9
155 (6˝ )
BS 4346
9
195 (8˝ )
BS 4346
9
Refer to Design Section for recommendations on pressure conditions for
various classes.
Standard Spigot and Socket Dimensions
Dimensions of spigots and sockets of solvent cement fittings to suit AS/NZS
1477 pipes are shown below.
Size
DN
Minimum
Wall
Thickness
Tp
*Spigot
Socket
Nom
Outside
Diameter De
Spigot
Length
Lsp
Nom
Nom
Root
Mouth
Diameter Di Diameter Dr
Min
Socket
Length Lso
15
1.6
21.4
25.4
21.7
21.0
17.0
20
2.0
26.8
25.4
27.1
26.3
19.3
25
2.5
33.6
26.6
34.0
33.1
22.0
32
3.2
42.3
31.8
42.6
41.7
27.0
40
3.6
48.3
34.9
48.7
47.7
30.0
50
4.5
60.4
38.1
60.8
59.7
36.0
80
6.7
88.9
51.5
89.6
88.1
50.0
100
8.6
114.3
63.5
115.0
113.3
60.0
125
10.6
140.2
-
141.0
139.1
83.0
150
12.1
160.3
90.0
161.0
159.0
87.0
200
12.5
225.0
119.0
226.0
225.0
118.5
155 (6”)
12.7
168.3
91.5
169.1
167.0
89.0
195 (8”)
10.3
219.1
-
219.6
218.9
115.5
* Note: Spigoted fittings are designed for use only with other moulded sockets and NOT
with pipe sockets. Moulded fitting sockets are shorter than pipe sockets. Although their
OD’s are stated here, spigots have a marginal outside taper to facilitate manufacture.
Note, spigot length may vary.
product data.25
product
data
CAT 2 Valve Take Off Adaptors
The spigot end of this fitting is solvent cement jointed to the socket of another fitting.
The tapered male threaded end provides a connection for PVC, brass or galvanised wrought iron threaded
valve-type fittings.
Note: These fittings should not be jointed to solvent cement pipe sockets. (See note product data. 25)
Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our Installation Guidelines for procedures.
Product
Code
Size DN
C
S
H
L
(Sp x Th)
33890
15x15
15.4
18.0
7.0
51.4
33900
20x15
15.4
18.0
7.0
51.4
33910
20x20
20.1
19.5
7.0
52.9
33920
25x15
15.4
16.9
6.7
51.2
33930
25x20
20.1
19.5
6.8
53.9
33940
25x25
25.2
39.2
7.8
57.5
33950
32x15
15.4
16.9
6.7
56.4
33960
32x20
20.1
19.5
6.8
59.1
33970
32x25
25.2
22.1
7.0
61.9
33980
32x32
32.5
25.5
8.0
66.3
34000
40x20
20.1
19.5
6.8
62.2
34010
40x25
25.2
22.1
7.8
65.8
34020
40x32
32.5
25.5
8.0
69.4
34030
40x40
41.0
24.4
9.0
69.3
34040
50x15
15.4
16.9
6.7
62.7
34050
50x20
20.1
19.5
6.8
65.4
34060
50x25
25.2
22.1
7.8
69.0
34070
50x32
32.5
24.4
7.8
71.3
34080
50x40
37.6
24.6
8.8
72.5
34090
50x50
51.1
29.0
8.6
76.7
34100*
80x50
50.0
29.0
8.6
88.0
34110*
80x80
69.7
34.0
19.5
158.5
34130*
100x80
69.7
34.0
19.5
158.5
34140*
100x100
90.0
40.5
20.0
184.5
Dimensions (mm)
* These fittings are fabricated from other moulded fittings.
product data.26
product
data
CAT 3 Faucet Take Off Adaptor
The spigot end of this fitting is solvent cement jointed to the socket of another fitting. The female threaded end
provides a connection for male BSP threads such as spray nozzles.
Note: These fittings should not be jointed to solvent cement pipe sockets. (See note product data. 25) Care
should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our Installation Guidelines for procedures.
Product
Code
Size DN
(Sp x Th)
C
S
L
33890
15x15
15.4
18.0
7.0
34150
15x15
17.1
18.0
41.7
34160
20x15
17.1
18.0
42.1
34170
20x20
22.4
19.5
45.2
34180
25x15
17.1
18.0
43.3
34190
25x20
22.4
19.5
46.4
34200
25x25
27.8
22.1
49.6
34210
32x15
17.1
16.3
53.5
34220
32x20
22.4
19.5
57.8
34230
32x25
27.8
22.1
54.8
34240
32x32
34.3
25.5
57.8
34250
40x15
17.1
18.0
51.6
34260
40x20
22.4
19.5
54.7
34270
40x25
27.8
22.1
57.9
34280
40x32
34.3
25.5
60.9
34290
40x40
39.4
24.4
64.2
34300
50x15
17.1
18.0
54.8
34310
50x20
22.4
19.5
57.9
34320
50x25
27.8
22.1
61.1
34330
50x32
34.3
25.5
70.0
34340
50x40
39.4
24.4
67.4
34350
50x50
49.5
29.0
67.4
34360*
80x50
49.5
29.4
82.4
34370*
80x80
83.0
35.0
160.0
34380*
100x50
50.0
29.4
92.0
34390*
100x80
83.0
35.0
178.0
34400*
100x100
117.0
41.5
189.0
Dimensions (mm)
* These fittings are fabricated from other moulded fittings.
product data.27
product
data
CAT 5 Reducing Bushes
This fitting is used for solvent cement jointing into the socket of a fitting such as a CAT 7 coupling
or a CAT 19 tee to give a reduction in bore. It is most often used as an alternative to a reducing
coupling (CAT 10) in situations where space is a problem.
Note: These fittings should not be jointed to pipe sockets. (See note product data. 25)
Product
Code
Size
DN
C
L
34420
20x15
16.8
21.0
34430
25x15
16.1
24.7
34440
25x20
21.9
24.5
34450
32x25
26.8
33.0
34460
40x25
31.0
31.0
34470
40x32
34.7
31.6
34480
50x25
27.0
36.9
34490
50x40
41.3
36.8
34500
80x50
56.2
51.5
34510
100x50
57.4
61.5
34520
100x80
85.0
61.5
34530
150x100
107.0
89.0
34540
155x100
107.0
91.2
34550ø
155x150
143.0
217.0
34580*
200x150
132.2
121.5
Dimensions (mm)
* PN9 fitting; ø PN12 fitting
product data.28
product
data
CAT 6 Caps
Caps are solvent cemented to the end of a pipe or fitting spigot to provide line termination.
They can also be used to temporarily prevent the entry of dirt and foreign matter into
a pipeline.
Product
Code
Size
DN
L
34590
15
25.8
34600
20
29.7
34610
25
34.3
34620
32
50.0
34630
40
46.6
34640
50
58.4
34650ø
65
72.0-
34660
80
78.0
34670
100
92.0
34680
125
133.0
34690
150
135.0
34700
155
141.0
34705*
200
160.0
Dimensions (mm)
* PN9 fitting ø PN12 fitting
CAT 7 Couplings
Couplings are used for the solvent cement jointing of two lengths of PVC pipe.
Size
DN
C
L
34730
15
18.4
39.0
34740
20
24.1
43.5
34750
25
30.2
49 0
34760
32
36.6
69.5
34770
40
45.4
65.5
34780
50
56.6
77.0
34790ø
65
66.0
110.5
34800
80
85.5
104.5
34810
100
110.0
124.5
34820
125
131.5
185.0
34830ø
150
149.5
190.0
34840
155
155.0
194.5
34860*
200
215.0
238.0
Product
Code
Dimensions (mm)
* PN9 fitting ø PN12 fitting
product data.29
product
data
CAT 8 Reducing Couplings
Reducing couplings are used for the solvent cement jointing of two different sizes of PVC pipe.
Size
DN
C
L
34880
20x15
16.5
45.5
34890
25x15
17.4
51.0
34900
25x20
21.1
51.5
34920
32x20
23.0
62.5
34930
32x25
25.3
67.0
34940
40x15
15.8
58.0
34950
40x20
23.5
64.0
34960
40x25
26.9
60.0
34970
40x32
38.4
71.5
34990
50x20
25.0
71.0
35000
50x25
29.3
78.5
35010
50x32
37.0
82.0
35020
50x40
42.0
74.3
35030ø
65x50
51.0
104.0
35035
80x40
41.2
99.0
35040
80x50
57.6
99.0
35050
80x65
66.5
120.0
35060
100x50
57.5
104.0
35070
100x80
86.6
123.0
35080
125x80
81.5
167.5
35090
125x100
106.0
172.0
35100
150x100
107.5
183.0
35110
155x100
105.2
189.0
35120
155x125
130.0
205.0
Product
Code
Dimensions (mm)
*Fabricated from other moulded fittings.
ø PN12 fitting
product data.30
product
data
CAT 10 45° Elbows
Elbows are used to provide 45° changes in direction in pipelines. They are often employed in
confined space situations in place of CAT12, 45° bends.
Product
Code
Size
DN
C
L
35180
15
17.5
33.0
35190
20
23.7
34.5
35200
25
30.0
39.5
35210
32
38.8
44.5
35220
40
47.9
40.0
35230
50
60.0
46.0
35240ø
65
68.5
64.0
35250
80
78.7
81.5
35260
100
102.2
95.0
35280ø
150
155.0
125.0
35290*
155
163.0
129.0
35310*
200
218.0
181.0
Dimensions (mm)
* PN9 fitting; ø PN12 fitting
product data.31
product
data
CAT 12 Bends (Fabricated)
CAT12 bends are manufactured to AS 1477 Part 4.
Bends are used in pipelines to allow changes in direction. They are most often used in situations where space is not
a problem, e.g. when laid in a large trench. They have significantly better flow characteristics compared to moulded
elbows. (See Table design.14)
Note: These fittings have pipe sockets and should not be jointed to spigoted moulded fittings. (See note
product data. 25)
Size
DN
Product
Code
Class
A
Bore
(Nom)
L
(min)
Radius
(Nom)
15x90°
18
352
18.3
38
305
38860
20x90°
18
352
22.4
38
305
38870
25x90°
18
352
28.1
38
305
38880
32x90°
18
371
35.4
38
305
38890
40x90°
18
371
40.5
51
305
38900
50x90°
12
383
53.7
64
305
38920
65x90°
12
479
67.5
64
365
38950
80x90°
12
477
79.0
76
356
38970
100x90°
12
628
101.7
102
457
38990
125x90°
12
1085
124.9
127
635
39000
150x90°
12
1085
142.7
127
635
39047
200x90°
12
1730
206.6
152
1200
38670
20x60°
18
220
22.4
38
305
38680
25x60°
18
220
28.1
38
305
38690
32x60°
18
220
35.4
38
305
38700
40x60°
18
232
40.5
51
305
38710
50x60°
12
218
54.3
64
305
38740
80x60°
12
400
79.0
76
356
38750
100x60°
12
502
101.7
102
584
38760
125x60°
12
796
124.9
127
635
38770
150x60°
12
885
142.7
127
635
38480
20x45°
18
172
22.4
38
305
38490
25x45°
18
172
28.1
38
305
38500
32x45°
18
172
35.4
38
305
38510
40x45°
18
185
40.5
51
305
38520
50x45°
12
210
53.7
64
305
38540
65x45°
12
243
67.5
64
365
38550
80x45°
12
343
79.0
76
584
A
A
38850
L
Dimensions (mm)
product data.32
product
data
CAT 12 Bends (continued)
Product
Code
Size
DN
Class
A
Bore
(Nom)
L
(min)
Radius
(Nom)
100x45°
12
358
101.7
102
584
38570
125x45°
12
776
124.9
127
635
38580
150x45°
12
776
142.7
127
635
38620
200x45°
12
1000
204.6
254
1200
38290
20x30°
18
129
22.4
38
305
38300
25x30°
18
129
28.1
38
305
38310
32x30°
18
129
35.4
38
305
38320
40x30°
18
142
40.5
51
305
38330
50x30°
12
154
53.7
64
305
38340
65x30°
12
190
67.5
64
365
38350
80x30°
12
239
79.0
76
584
38360
100x30°
12
279
101.7
102
584
38370
125x30°
12
588
124.9
127
635
38380
150x30°
12
652
142.7
127
635
38100
20x221/2°
18
103
22.4
38
305
38110
25x221/2°
18
103
28.1
38
305
38120
32x221/2°
18
103
35.4
38
305
1
38130
40x22 /2°
18
115
40.5
51
305
38140
50x221/2°
12
128
53.7
64
305
38150
65x221/2°
12
185
67.5
64
365
1
38160
80x22 /2°
12
199
79.0
76
584
38170
100x221/2°
12
247
101.7
102
584
1
38180
125x22 /2°
12
548
124.9
127
635
38190
150x221/2°
12
599
142.7
127
635
38215
200x221/2°
12
792
206.6
178
1800
1
37910
20x11 /4°
18
76
22.4
38
305
37920
25x111/4°
18
76
28.1
38
305
1
37930
32x11 /4°
18
76
35.4
38
305
37940
40x111/4°
18
83
40.5
51
305
37950
50x111/4°
12
102
53.7
64
305
1
37970
65x11 /4°
12
108
67.5
64
365
37980
80x111/4°
12
140
79.0
76
584
37990
100x111/4°
12
170
101.7
102
584
1
38000
125x11 /4°
12
508
124.9
127
635
38010
150x111/4°
12
572
142.7
127
635
38025
200x11 /4°
12
730
206.6
178
1800
1
A
A
38560
L
Dimensions (mm)
product data.33
product
data
CAT 13 90° Elbows
These are moulded fittings, which are used to provide 90° bends in pipelines. They are most often
employed in confined space situations in preference to CAT 12 90° bends.
Product
Code
Size
DN
C
L
34730
15
18.4
39.0
35330
15
15.5
43.3
35340
20
20.6
43.0
35350
20x15
15.4
42.8
35360
25
26.8
46.3
35370
25x15
15.2
46.3
35380
25x20
20.5
46.3
35390
32
39.7
52.0
35400
40
45.7
57.7
35410
50
57.7
69.9
35420ø
65
74.8
87.4
35430
80
78.4
98.6
35440
100
101.5
137.3
35460ø
150
143.0
182.9
35470#
155
163.0
178.0
35490*
200
217.0
241.0
Dimensions (mm)
* PN9 fitting, ø PN12 fitting, # BS4346PND
product data.34
product
data
CAT 15 90° Faucet Elbows
The faucet elbow is used to provide a female BSP connection. In irrigation it is used as a means of
connecting a threaded riser pipe to an underground pipeline.
Note: PVC threads should never be overtightened. Refer to our Installation Guidelines for procedures.
Product
Code
Size DN
C*
L
(So x Th)
S
Type
35510
15x15
15.5
43.1
25.1
2
35520
20x15
20.9
43.0
24.9
2
35530
20x20
20.7
43.0
23.4
1
35540
25x15
26.9
46.4
24.7
2
35550
25x20
26.9
46.4
22.9
1
35560
25x25
26.8
46.0
24.7
1
35570
32x32
39.1
49.7
22.1
-
35580
40x40
44.0
59.0
30.0
-
Dimensions (mm)
* Smaller Bore
product data.35
product
data
CAT 16 Flanges
Flanges are used to bolt PVC pipes to pumps and valves etc. Flanged disconnectable fittings provide
capability for maintenance and future changes to the pipeline.
Notes: 1. The 195, 200 and 300 sizes are “stub” or short face flanges as opposed to the large full face
flanges of other pipe sizes.
2. Vinidex recommends the use of a metal backing ring with all flanges of 50mm nominal
size and over. (See Cat 16A.) Large washers should be used with bolts and nuts on smaller
flanges. Do not overtighten.
3. Refer to “Ductile Iron Fittings” for further details on flanges.
Product
Code
Size
DN
C
L
N
T
35600
15
18.2
27.6
95.4
13.5
35610
20
21.0
30.4
102.7
13.5
35620
25
29.0
33.5
114.5
13.5
35630
32
36.8
34.1
121.4
13.5
35640
40
41.2
40.1
133.6
13.5
35650
50
53.0
42.5
153.0
13.5
35660ø
65
66.3
67.1
169.1
14.0
35670
80
80.0
56.0
184.0
13.5
35680
100
101.0
69.2
216.0
15.8
35690
125
128.0
100.0
253.0
19.4
35700
150
146.0
104.0
277.0
20.3
35710
155
156.0
107.0
277.0
20.8
35730*
200
209.0
125.0
272.0
31.5
35740*
300
297.0
180.5
380.0
40.0
Dimensions (mm)
* This product is an imported stub flange, not to AS1477 so dimensions may
vary at times. Designated PN9.
ø PN 12 fitting
product data.36
product
data
CAT 16A Metal Backing Ring for Flanges.
This galvanised mild steel backing ring has the effect of
transferring the load from the flange attachment bolts to the
total face of the flange. Flange backing rings conform to the
drilling pattern of AS 2129 - Table E (Flanges for Pipes,
Valves and Fittings) unless otherwise specified.
Product
Code
Size
DN
83500
83510
ID
OD
50
80
65
100
83520
80
83530
100
83540
83550
Hole Dia
No of
Holes
T
PCD
150
8
114
18
4
166
10
126
18
4
109
185
10
146
18
4
140
215
10
178
18
8
125
170
255
12
210
18
8
150
203
280
12
235
22
8
83560
200
252
335
12
292
22
8
83590
300
360
455
12
406
26
12
Dimensions (mm)
CAT 16B Flange Gasket
A flange gasket is a sealing gasket located between the PVC flange and its
mount. It is manufactured in elastomeric and is 3.2mm thick. Any specific
requirement should be stated when ordering.
Size
DN
ID
83740
50
60.3
150
18
4
83760
80
88.9
185
18
4
83770
100
114.3
215
18
4
83780
125
139.7
255
18
8
83790
150
168.3
280
22
8
83800
200
215
335
22
8
83830
300
302
455
26
12
Product
Code
OD
Hole Size
No of
Holes
Dimensions (mm)
product data.37
product
data
CAT 17 Valve Sockets
The valve socket is solvent cement jointed to a pipe spigot. The malethreaded end of the valve socket provides a connection for a PVC, brass or
galvanised wrought iron threaded valve-type fitting.
Note: Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our Installation
Guidelines for procedures.
Size
DN
C
35760
15
14.5
35770
20
35790
25
35800
35810
Product
Code
H
L
S
6.6
48.0
16.0
19.0
6.8
46.7
19.6
24.2
8.0
58.5
22.1
32
31.5
8.0
60.5
24.7
40
36.5
8.9
56.0
24.5
35820
50
46.3
8.6
74.5
29.0
35830
65ø
62.5
10.0
92.5
28.5
35840
80
69.5
19.7
94.5
34.5
35850
100
90.0
20.0
112.5
41.0
Dimensions (mm) ø PN 12 fitting
CAT 18 Faucet Sockets
The faucet socket is solvent cement jointed to a pipe spigot. The
female-threaded end of the faucet socket provides a connection
for a faucet tap fitting or a spray nozzle.
Note: Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our
Installation Guidelines for procedures.
Product
Code
35870
35880
35890
35900
35910
35920
35930
35950
35960
Size
DN
C
15
20
25
25x15
32
40
50
80
100
17.0
22.0
28.2
17.0
34.3
39.2
49.3
82.8
107.5
L
S
47.0
50.2
56.2
50.0
62.6
69.0
72.3
95.0
112.5
15.7
18.5
21.5
15.7
26.3
29.2
29.2
35.0
41.5
Dimensions (mm)
product data.38
product
data
CAT 19 Tees
Tees provide a branch at 90° from a main line. Available in equal or reducing branches.
See also tapping saddles.
Product
Code
Size
35980
35990
C
C1
15x15
15.5
20x15
20.4
36000
20x20
36010
25x15
36020
L
L1
15.5
43.2
43.0
15.5
42.9
42.7
20.4
20.4
42.9
42.7
26.7
15.6
46.2
46.0
25x20
26.7
20.7
46.2
45.8
36030
25x25
26.7
26.7
46.2
46.1
36040
32x15
33.4
17.0
52.9
44.7
36050
32x20
41.5
20.0
48.0
45.8
36060
32x25
41.5
25.0
48.0
45.8
36070
32x32
41.5
41.5
52.0
52.0
36080
40x15
38.6
16.8
58.9
49.5
36090
40x20
47.5
20.0
50.9
49.0
36100
40x25
47.5
25.0
50.9
49.0
36110
40x32
38.6
33.5
58.9
59.0
36120
40x40
47.5
47.5
58.0
58.0
36130
50x15
48.3
16.8
74.2
54.4
36140
50x20
59.5
20.0
57.0
55.1
36150
50x25
59.5
25.0
57.0
55.1
36160
50x32
48.3
33.7
74.2
69.4
36170
50x40
48.3
39.3
74.2
72.5
36180
50x50
59.5
59.5
70.0
70.0
36190ø
65x50
68.0
54.0
88.75
78.0
36200ø
65x65
67.5
67.5
92.25
92.0
36210
80x25
78.5
29.8
98.2
79.6
36220
80x32
78.5
38.7
98.2
83.0
36230
80x40
78.5
38.8
98.2
86.6
36240
80x50
78.5
54.0
98.2
89.5
36250
80x80
78.5
78.5
98.2
98.6
36260ø#
100x25
106.0
27.0
95.0
100.5
36268ø#
100x40
106.0
41.0
95.0
100.5
36270ø
100x50
106.0
55.0
95.0
100.5
36280ø
100x80
106.0
87.0
111.0
127.0
36290
100x100
107.3
107.3
131.0
129.0
36330ø
150x100
143.0
101.5
158.0
153.0
36340ø
150x150
143.0
143.0
172.0
172.0
DN
36350ø
155x155
167.8
167.8
175.5
175.5
36370*
200x200
220.0
220.0
233.0
233.0
Dimensions (mm)
* PN 9 fitting ø PN 12 fitting # fabricated from other moulded fittings
product data.39
product
data
CAT 21 Faucet Tees
Faucet tees are used mainly in irrigation pipelines. The female thread in the tee branch provides a connection for a
threaded riser pipe.
Note: Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our Installation Guidelines for procedures.
Product
Code
Size
DN
C
C1
L
L1
S
36390
15x15
15.5
15.5
43.2
43.0
17.1
36400
20x15
20.5
15.5
43.0
42.4
17.1
36410
20x20
20.5
20.5
43.0
42.4
20.0
36420
25x15
26.8
15.5
46.2
46.2
17.3
36430
25x20
26.8
20.5
46.2
46.2
19.7
36440
25x25
26.8
26.7
46.2
46.2
23.0
36450
32x15
33.0
15.5
52.5
35.0
16.0
36460
32x20
41.7
20.0
48.0
45.8
19.7
36470
32x25
41.7
26.0
48.0
45.8
22.8
36480
40x15
38.0
15.5
58.5
37.5
16.0
36490
40x20
47.7
20.0
50.9
49.0
19.7
36500
40x25
47.7
26.0
50.9
49.0
22.8
36510
50x15
48.0
15.5
74.0
47.0
16.0
36520
50x20
59.7
20.0
57.0
55.1
19.7
36530
50x25
59.7
26.0
57.0
55.1
22.8
Dimensions (mm)
CAT 22 Unions
Unions are used to join together two sections of PVC pipe. In industrial
applications they are used as an alternative to a flange in situations where
future inspection of lines is anticipated. Easily assembled and disassembled,
they can be used in pipeline repair situations.
Note: This fitting is not intended to provide for angular misalignment. Do not
overtighten.
Product
Code
Assembled
Size
DN
C
T
H
L
36550
15
17.3
55.9
25.8
68.0
36560
20
21.6
63.0
18.2
68.0
36570
25
27.0
70.2
18.1
75.0
36580
32
33.8
82.6
18.5
81.5
36590
40
40.0
96.5
22.0
91.5
36600
50
48.8
111.1
22.2
97.5
Dimensions (mm)
product data.40
product
data
CAT 23 Threaded Plugs
Threaded plugs are used as blank-offs for female threaded fittings.
Note: Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our Installation Guidelines for procedures.
Product
Code
Size
C
F
DN
L
S
36620
15
14.6
27.0
25.0
18.0
36630
20
17.8
32.0
26.0
19.1
36640
25
24.1
39.6
30.0
22.2
36650
32
31.8
50.0
32.4
24.4
36660
40
35.5
55.5
37.2
28.5
36670
50
45.5
70.0
37.7
28.5
36680
80
70.0
105.0
53.5
33.5
36690
100
Solid
134.0
68.5
43.0
Dimensions (mm)
CAT 24 Threaded Bushes
Threaded reducing bushes are used mostly in irrigation applications to reduce
the size of faucet elbows, faucet tees and faucet sockets so that they can
receive smaller sized faucet fittings.
Note: Care should be taken not to overtighten. Refer to our Installation
Guidelines for procedures.
Product
Code
Size
DN
C
F
L
S
S1
36710
20x15
15.2
32.0
26.2
17.3
19.1
36720
25x20
20.2
39.2
30.1
20.0
22.2
Dimensions (mm)
product data.41
product
data
CAT 28 Asbestos Cement and Cast Iron Adaptors
These fittings are used to adapt PVC pipe spigots to asbestos cement, cast iron or ductile iron pipe sockets.
The socket end is solvent cement jointed to the pipe spigots.
Product
Code
Size
DN
C
G
L
F
Type
36790
100
105.4
101.6
181.0
121.0
2
36800
150
151.0
87.0
97.0
176.7
1
36810
155
151.0
85.0
97.0
176.7
1
Dimensions (mm)
Type 1
Type 2
CAT 29 Reducing Sleeves
A reducing sleeve is used to adapt 155 fittings to a 150 line. This should be
done by solvent cement jointing the sleeve to the 150 pipe spigot first.
Product
Code
Size
DN
36830
155x150
C
145.7
L
90.0
Dimensions (mm)
product data.42
product
data
Quick Repair PVC Compression Couplings
This fitting is a “wet” or quick repair joint for small bore pressure lines. It is also used in demountable installations in
laboratories, workshops and chemical processing plants. The advantage of this fitting is that pressure can be restored
to the system immediately after installation. The compression coupling is slipped along the pipe to the desired
position and the nuts are then tightened. Lubricant should be used on the pipe.
Note: Care must be taken not to overtighten. This fitting is rated PN12.
Product Code
Size DN
Dimension L (sealed)
36850
15
85
36860
20
92
36870
25
108
36880
32
117
36890
40
122
36900
50
135
36910
80
215
36920
100
240
Dimensions (mm)
product data.43
product
data
POLYDEX FITTINGS
Polydex rubber ring jointed fittings are fabricated from extruded pipe and/or moulded fittings, with factory
assembled soIvent cement bonded joints where required. They are supplied complete with rubber rings.
Rubber ring joints are dimensionally identical to pipes (see product data.15).
Polydex fittings are manufactured to PN12 rating unless noted otherwise.
CAT P4 Polydex Sockets
Socket x Solvent Cement Spigot
Product Code
Size DN
L
41000
50
170
41010
80
200
41020
100
240
41040
150
300
41060
200
370
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P4S Polydex Spigots
Spigot x Solvent Cement Spigot
Product Code
Size DN
L
41110
50
170
41130
100
240
41150
150
300
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P6 End Caps - Socketed
Product Code
Size DN
L-Max
41210
50
182.4
41220
80
258
41230
100
283.5
41240
150
351
Dimensions (mm)
product data.44
product
data
CAT P6S End Caps - Spigoted
Product Code
Size DN
L-Max
41320
100
283.5
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P7 Couplings
Socket x Socket
Product Code
Size DN
L-Max
41380
50
345
41390
80
405
41400
100
485
41410
150
600
41427
200
850
41432
250
850
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P8 Reducing Couplings
Socket x Socket
Product Code
Size DN
L-Max
41470
80 x 50
385
41480
100 x 50
430
41490
100 x 80
455
41495
150 x 80
550
41500
150 x 100
580
Dimensions (mm)
product data.45
product
data
CAT P8S Reducing Couplings
Socket x Spigot
Product Code
Size DN
L-Max
41590
80 x 50
385
41600
100 x 50
450
41610
100 x 80
475
41620
150 x 100
600
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P10 45° Elbows
Coupling Socket x Socket
45°
Size DN
A
41820
50
180
41830
80
230
41840
100
273
41850
150
339
A
A
Product Code
45°
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P10S 45° Elbows
Coupling Socket x Spigot
45°
Size DN
A
41900
50
180
41910
80
230
41920
100
273
A
A
Product Code
Dimensions (mm)
product data.46
product
data
CAT P12 Long Radius Bends
Socket x Socket
Product
Code
Size
DN
A - 111/4°
Radius R
34590
15
26
20
41980
50
229
305
41990
80
305
356
42000
100
355
457
42010
150
482
635
42030
200
648
1200
42052
300
900
1800
A - 22 /2°
1
42070
50
254
305
42075
65
368
356
42080
80
330
356
42090
100
406
457
42100
150
533
635
42120
200
635
1200
42135
300
900
1800
A - 30°
42160
50
280
Product
Code
Size
DN
A - 60°
Radius R
305
42330
300
1280
1800
50
330
305
42170
80
355
356
43350
42180
100
432
457
43360
80
457
356
42190
150
585
635
43370
100
560
457
42210
200
853
1200
43390
150
787
635
42225
225
1035
1800
43410
200
1240
1200
42230
300
1178
1800
43418
300
1750
1800
42250
50
305
305
43450
50
430
305
42255
65
420
305
43455
65
560
356
42260
80
406
356
43460
80
610
356
457
43470
100
762
457
A - 90°
A - 45°
42270
100
508
42280
150
660
635
43490
150
1040
635
42300
200
1026
1200
43520
200
1730
1200
42310
225
1200
1800
43535
225
2351
1800
42320
250
1229
1800
43540
300
2386
1800
Dimensions (mm)
product data.47
product
data
CAT P12S Long Radius Bend
Socket x Spigot
Product
Code
Size
DN
A - 111/4°
Radius R
43560
50
229
305
43570
80
305
356
43580
100
355
457
43590
150
482
635
43605
200
648
1200
A - 221/2°
43640
50
254
305
43650
80
330
356
43660
100
406
457
43670
125
500
635
43680
150
533
635
43700
43710
200
250
585
853
1200
1800
43740
50
280
305
43750
80
355
356
43760
100
432
457
43770
150
585
635
43810
200
853
1200
A - 30°
A - 45°
43830
50
305
305
43840
80
406
356
43850
100
508
457
43855
125
546
635
43860
150
660
635
43880
200
1026
1200
44010
50
430
305
1800
44020
80
610
356
44030
100
762
457
305
44040
125
978
635
150
1040
635
1200
43890
225
1229
A - 60°
43920
50
330
Product
Code
Size
DN
A - 90°
Radius R
43930
80
457
356
44050
43940
100
560
457
44070
200
1730
635
44085
250
2386
1800
1200
44090
300
2386
1800
43950
43995
150
200
product data.48
787
1256
product
data
CAT P13 90° Elbows
Socket x Socket
Product Code
Size DN
A
44110
50
200
44120
80
247
44130
100
312
44150
150
385
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P13S 90° Elbows
Socket x Spigot
Product Code
Size DN
A
44210
50
200
44220
80
247
44230
100
312
44240
150
385
Dimensions (mm)
product data.49
product
data
CAT P16 Flanged Sockets
Product Code
Size DN
L
44290
50
175
44295
65
214
44330
80
205
44310
100
246
44320
150
311
44340
200
300
44360
225
350
44367
250
400
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P16S Flanged Spigots
Product Code
Size DN
L
44380
50
175
44390
80
205
44400
100
246
44410
150
311
44440
200
370
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P17 Valve Sockets
Product Code
Size DN
L
44480
50
207
44490
80
237
44500
100
292
Dimensions (mm)
product data.50
product
data
CAT P17S Valve Spigots
Product Code
Size DN
L
44510
50
207
44520
80
237
44530
100
312
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P18 Faucet Sockets
Product Code
Size DN
L
44540
50
204
44550
80
238
44560
100
292
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P18S Faucet Spigots
Product Code
Size DN
L
44570
50
204
44580
80
238
44590
100
312
Dimensions (mm)
product data.51
product
data
CAT P19 Tees
Socket x Socket
Product
Code
Size
DN
B
A
44600
50 x 25
187
55
44610
50 x 50
208
208
44620
80 x 32
246
83
44630
80 x 50
246
221
44640
80 x 80
246
246
44660
100 x 50
275
233
44670
100 x 80
292
264
44680
100 x 100
298
298
44690
150 x 50
360
281
44700
150 x 80
360
297
44710
150 x 100
360
326
B
Dimensions (mm)
A
A
CAT 19S Tees
Socket x Spigot
Size
DN
A
B
50x50
198
198
80x50
278
213
80x80
278
278
100x50
321
258
100x80
321
258
100x100
321
319
150x50
380
298
150x80
380
349
150x100
380
359
150x150
380
380
*195x50
529
387
*195x80
529
438
*195x100
529
447
*195x150
529
463
*195x195
529
529
*200x50
529
387
*200x80
529
438
*200x100
529
447
*200x150
529
563
*200x200
529
529
B
A
A
Dimensions (mm)
* Note: These sizes are rated PN9
195 spigoted version not available
product data.52
product
data
CAT P19F Flanged Branch Tees
Socket x Socket
Product
Code
Size
DN
A
B
45010
100 x 100
298
203
45030
150 x 100
360
221
45040
150 x 150
385
297
B
A
A
Dimensions (mm)
CAT 19FS Flanged Branch Tees
Socket x Spigot
Product
Code
Size
DN
A
B
45090
100 x 80
291
189
45100
100 x 100
298
203
B
A
A
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P21 Faucet Tees
Socket x Socket
Product
Code
Female Thread
Size DN x
Thread
A
B
45170
50 x 20
187
75
45180
50 x 25
187
84
45230
80 x 25
246
104
45245
80 x 40
246
117
45250
80 x 50
246
120
45265
100 x 20
275
122
45270
100 x 25
275
125
45290
100 x 50
275
131
45300
100 x 100
298
250
B
A
A
Dimensions (mm)
product data.53
product
data
CAT P21S Faucet Tees
Socket x Spigot
Product
Code
Size DN x
Thread
A
B
45340
50 x 20
187
75
45360
50 x 32
208
100
45380
50 x 50
208
107
45450
100 x 50
275
131
45460
100 x 80
298
218
B
A
A
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P26 Tapped Ends Socketed
Product
Code
Size DN x
Thread
L
45510
100 x 50
327
45520
100 x 80
407
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P26S Tapped Ends Spigoted
Product
Code
Size DN x
Thread
L
45600
50 x 20
221
45640
80 x 25
276
45660
80 x 80
238
45700
100 x 50
347
Dimensions (mm)
product data.54
product
data
CAT P28 Cast Iron Adaptors Socketed
Product
Code
Size DN x
Thread
L
45800
100
354
45810
150
309
Dimensions (mm)
CAT P28S Cast Iron Adaptors Spigoted
Size DN
L
100
371
150
210
Dimensions (mm)
product data.55
product
data
SUPERMAIN FITTINGS - PVC
The Supermain Coupling is a double-sided bell coupling with locked-in rubber rings
inserted during manufacture. The rubber ring is reinforced with a steel wire required for
the manufacture of the fitting but also serves the purpose of preventing the ring being
“pushed” during jointing. As the ring is reinforced, it is not possible to remove the ring
from the ring groove. Therefore the only preparation the coupling requires before
jointing is an inspection to ensure the coupling is free from grit or contaminants on the
jointing surfaces. It should be noted that damage to the ring means that the coupling
must be discarded.
Rubber ring joints are dimensionally identical to pipes (see product data. 18)
For information on installation of Supermain couplings, refer to
installation. 11
Supermain Coupling
Socket x Socket
Product
Code
Size DN x
Thread
PN
L-Max
41405
100
12
410
41413
100
16
410
41415
150
12
450
41416
150
16
450
41418
200
12
510
41417
200
12
510
41419
225
16
530
41421
225
16
530
L
product data.56
product
data
DUCTILE IRON FITTINGS (DICL)
A large range of ductile iron fittings is available to suit PVC pipes, and those
most commonly used for construction and maintenance of PVC pipelines are
detailed in this section.
Fittings are sourced from a number of suppliers throughout Australia, and
dimensions and weights vary somewhat. Unless otherwise specified, the
most economic fitting will be supplied, subject to availability and delivery
requirements. The data given herein should therefore be regarded as
approximate, for general guidance only. Where dimensions are critical,
specific advice should be obtained from our sales office.
Socketed fittings with push-fit rubber ring seals are available compatible with
AS 1477 Series 1 (Polydex) and Series 2 (Vinyl Iron) sizes. Fittings are
supplied complete with the appropriate rubber rings. Different manufacturers
employ different rubber rings, and rings are not interchangeable between
fittings’ brands. Care should be taken to ensure the correct ring is used with
each fitting and pipe series, as identified by the brand label on both fitting and
ring.
Standards
Fittings are manufactured and tested in accordance with AS 2544 for Grey
Iron Pressure Pipes and Fittings, and AS 2280 for Ductile Iron Pressure Pipe
and Fittings.
All fittings are cement lined in accordance with the requirements of the above
Standards. Also available with Fusion Bonded Epoxy (FBE) coating for
superior corrosive resistance. FBE coating is also called Nylon coating.
Where mentioned throughout this section, sizes 155 and 195 can be supplied
compatible with imperial sized PVC pipes, 6” and 8” respectively, now
obsolete.
product data.57
product
data
Flanges
Unless otherwise stated, flanges of all ductile iron fittings supplied in sizes
80 to 375 inclusive comply with Australian Standard 2129 Table C.
Pressure Ratings
The following table shows working and maximum hydrostatic test pressures
for ductile iron flanges. Note that when the pipe class required is PN12 or
less there is generally no need to specify a flange heavier than Table C.
Flange Type
Working Pressure (MPa)
Maximum Hydrostatic
Test Pressure (MPa)
AS 2129 - Table D
0.7
1.4
AS 2129 - Table C*
1.2
2.4
AS 2129 - Table E
1.4
2.8
AS 2129 - Table F
2.1
4.2
* Flanges are normally manufactured to this table unless otherwise stated.
Dimensions
Table C - AS 2129 (1.2 MPa Working Pressure)
Size DN
80
Flange Outside Diameter (D)
Flange Thickness (t)
Pitch Circle Diameter (P)
Number of Bolts
Bolt Size And Thread
Bolt Length
Blank Flange Mass (kg)
product data.58
100
150
200
225
250
300
375
185
215
280
335
370
405
455
550
19
22
22
25
25
25
29
32
146
178
235
292
324
356
406
495
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M24
M24
64
64
64
76
76
76
76
89
5
7
11
18
21
-
39
-
product
data
Dimensions (cont…)
Table E - AS 2129 (1.4 MPa Working Pressure)
Size DN
80
100
185
Bolt Size & Thread
215
200
280
225
335
250
370
300
405
455
375
550
19
22
22
25
25
25
29
32
146
178
235
292
324
356
406
495
4
8
8
8
12
12
12
12
M16
M16
M20
M20
M20
M20
M24
M24
64
64
76
76
76
76
89
89
Number of Bolts
Bolt Lengths
150
Table F - AS 2129 (2.1 MPa Working Pressure)
Size DN
80
Bolt Lengths
150
200
225
250
300
375
205
230
305
370
405
430
490
580
19
22
25
29
29
29
32
35
165
191
260
324
356
381
438
521
8
8
12
12
12
12
16
16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M24
M24
M24
M27
64
64
76
76
89
89
89
102
Number of Bolts
Bolt Size & Thread
100
Table D - AS 2129 (0.7 MPa Working Pressure) - Normally Used for Gas Pipe
Size DN
80
Number of Bolts
Bolt Size & Thread
Bolt Lengths
100
150
200
225
250
300
375
185
215
280
335
370
405
455
553
19
19
21
22
25
25
25
29
146
178
235
292
324
356
406
495
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
M16
M16
M16
M16
M16
M20
M20
M24
64
64
64
76
76
76
76
89
N.B. Tables C and D Flanges and Flanges to Table 5 of AS 1488 (Cast Grey
Iron Fittings for Pressure Pipes) all have identical face dimensions.
Equivalent Metric to Imperial Bolts for Flanges
Metric Size
Imperial (inch) Size
M12
/2
1
M16
/8
5
M20
3
/4
M24
/8
7
M27
1
product data.59
product
data
Configurations
Configurations of ductile iron fittings
may vary in accordance with
customer’s requirements. The
following configurations are included
as a guide.
Hydrant (Complete)
Sluice Valve (Complete)
Hydrant Tee
Sluice Valve
Spring Hydrant
Sluice Valve Box
Gaskets, Nuts & Bolts
& Concrete Surround
Hydrant Box
Hydrant Concrete Surround
Scour Assembly
Air Valve (Complete)
Scour Tee
AirValve
Sluice Valve
Air Valve Box
Gaskets, Nuts & Bolts
Sluice Valve Box
product data.60
product
data
Bends So-So
To suit Vinyl Iron
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
Mass
(kg)
100mm x 11.25°
77615
77617
11
100mm x 22.5°
77625
77626
12
100mm x 45°
77645
77646
13
100mm x 90°
77665
77667
17
150mm x 11.25°
77675
77676
15
150mm x 22.5°
77685
77686
17
150mm x 45°
77705
77706
21
150mm x 90°
77725
77726
27
200mm x 11.25°
77795
77796
24
200mm x 22.5°
77805
77806
30
200mm x 45°
77825
77826
28
200mm x 90°
77845
77846
46
225mm x 11.25°
77855
77851
35
225mm x 22.5°
77865
77861
38
225mm x 45°
77885
77881
44
225mm x 90°
77905
77901
60
250mm x 11.25°
77915
77916
38
250mm x 22.5°
77925
77926
50
250mm x 45°
77945
77946
64
250mm x 90°
77965
77966
85
300mm x 11.25°
77975
77976
50
300mm x 22.5°
77985
77986
59
300mm x 45°
78005
78006
70
300mm x 90°
78025
78026
99
Size
product data.61
product
data
Tees So-So
To suit Vinyl Iron
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
Mass
(kg)
100mm
78305
78307
20
150mm
78325
78326
36
150mm - 100mm
78315
78316
30
200mm
78385
78386
58
200mm - 100mm
78365
78366
39
200mm - 150mm
78375
78376
48
225mm
78425
78426
80
225mm - 100mm
78395
78397
54
225mm - 150mm
78405
78410
65
225mm - 200mm
78415
78416
72
250mm
78475
78476
94
250mm - 100mm
78435
78436
62
250mm - 150mm
78445
78446
77
250mm - 200mm
78455
78456
81
250mm - 225mm
78465
78461
88
300mm
78535
78536
118
300mm - 100mm
78485
78486
75
300mm - 150mm
78493
78494
80
300mm - 200mm
78505
78506
85
300mm - 225mm
78515
78509
92
300mm - 250mm
78525
78526
105
Size
product data.62
product
data
Tee So-Fl
To suit Vinyl Iron
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
Mass
(kg)
100mm
78914
78915
20
150mm - 100mm
78934
78935
30
150mm
78944
78945
40
200mm - 100mm
78994
78995
46
200mm - 150mm
78996
79017
54
200mm
78997
79002
64
225mm - 100mm
79035
79036
53
225mm - 150mm
79045
79046
65
225mm - 200mm
79055
79056
73
225mm
79065
79066
82
250mm - 100mm
79085
79086
62
250mm - 150mm
79095
79096
77
250mm - 200mm
79105
79106
81
250mm - 225mm
79115
79116
88
250mm
79125
79126
94
300mm - 100mm
79145
79146
73
300mm - 150mm
79154
79155
80
300mm - 200mm
79165
79166
85
300mm - 225mm
79175
79176
90
300mm - 250mm
79185
79186
105
300mm
79195
79196
120
Size
product data.63
product
data
Tapers So-So
To suit Vinyl Iron
Size
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
Mass
(kg)
150mm - 100mm
79745
79747
16
200mm - 100mm
79755
79756
49
200mm - 150mm
79765
79766
28
225mm - 100mm
79775
79776
34
225mm - 150mm
79785
79786
31
225mm - 200mm
79795
79796
62
250mm - 100mm
79805
79806
75
250mm - 150mm
79815
79816
68
250mm - 200mm
79825
79826
68
250mm - 225mm
79835
79836
68
300mm - 100mm
79843
79844
102
300mm - 150mm
79848
79849
88
300mm - 200mm
79855
79856
90
300mm - 225mm
79865
79866
75
300mm - 250mm
79875
79876
98
product data.64
product
data
Sluice Valves
To suit Vinyl Iron
Nylon Coated
Description
Code
Mass
(kg)
80mm Sluice Valve Fl-Fl FBE
81467
42
81500
65
81531
87
81572
170
81601
215
81675
244
81711
367
100mm Sluice Valve So-So FBE
81509
65
100mm Sluice Valve So-So FBE CC
81511
65
150mm Sluice Valve So-So FBE CC
81512
95
81548
95
81553
160
81572
210
81667
263
81700
340
100mm Sluice Valve Sp-Sp FBE
81504
41
81544
81
81586
145
81626
196
81664
244
81706
322
FI-FI
So-So
Note: Sluice Valves are specifically designed for waterworks
purposes and are usually operated by a removable key or
handwheel. The Sluice Valve is used for isolating sections and
branches of pipelines or for the provision of a manual control at
discharge points. The value can be specified to close either
clockwise or anti clockwise.
Sp-Sp
product data.65
product
data
Connectors Fl-So
Size
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
Mass
(kg)
100mm
80104
80106
12
150mm
80114
80116
17
200mm
80134
80136
28
225mm
80144
80146
40
250mm
80154
80156
50
300mm
80164
80166
60
375mm
80174
84
Connectors Sp-Fl
Size
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
Mass
(kg)
100mm
80108
80109
12
150mm
80118
80119
17
200mm
80138
80135
28
225mm
80148
80149
40
250mm
80158
80159
50
300mm
80168
80169
60
375mm
80178
product data.66
84
product
data
Hydrant Tee So-So-Fl
To Suit Vinyl Iron Pipe
Size
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
Mass
(kg)
100mm x 80mm
79305
79307
18
150mm x 80mm
79315
79317
29
200mm x 80mm
79325
79327
44
225mm x 80mm
79335
79337
51
250mm x 80mm
79345
79347
59
300mm x 80mm
79355
79357
70
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
Mass
(kg)
100mm x 80mm
79604
79605
30
150mm x 80mm
79614
79615
33
200mm x 80mm
79634
79635
46
225mm x 100mm
79664
79665
55
250mm x 100mm
79674
79675
62
300mm x 100mm
79684
79683
86
Scour Tee So-Fl
Size
Note: Scour Tees under 225mm require an 80mm Sluice Valve Fl-Fl to
complete the assembly, sizes 225mm and above require a 100mm Sluice Valve.
product data.67
product
data
Hydrant Riser
Mass
(kg)
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
80mm x 100mm Riser Fl-Fl
80810
80811
7
80820
80821
8
80830
80831
9
80840
80841
10
80850
80851
11
80860
80861
13
80865
80867
15
80890
-
8
80902
-
10
100mm x 300mm Riser Fl-Fl Tapped 40mm
80915
-
11
100mm x 300mm Riser Fl-Fl Tapped 50mm
80920
-
11
80mm - 100mm Fl-Fl Adaptor
80870
-
12
Description
End Caps
To suit Vinyl Iron
Mass
(kg)
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
100mm
80547
80548
8
150mm
80552
80553
11
200mm
80559
80560
18
250mm
80573
80574
32
300mm
80580
80581
38
Size
product data.68
product
data
Connectors So-So
Mass
(kg)
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
100mm Connector So-So
80215
80216
12
80225
80226
18
80245
80246
32
80255
80256
38
80265
80266
42
80275
80276
47
80290
-
76
100mm Connector x 2˝ BSP
80217
-
13
150mm Connector x 2˝ BSP
100mm Connector x 3/4˝ BSP
80227
-
20
80219
-
28
150mm Connector x 3/4˝ BSP
80230
-
33
Description
Hydrant Bends
Mass
(kg)
Bitumen
Nylon
Coated
100mm - 80mm Hydrant Bend So-Fl
78205
78207
32
150mm - 80mm Hydrant Bend So-Fl
78230
78235
57
100mm x 90° Washout Bend So-Fl
77659
-
32
150mm x 100mm 90° Washout Bend So-Fl
77722
-
57
Description
product data.69
product
data
Cast Iron Boxes
NSW
Code
Mass
(kg)
Hydrant Box (Syd Water)
80970
32
Valve Box & Surround (Syd Water)
81025
78
Hydrant Concrete Surround (Syd Water)
81020
60
Valve Box & Surround (Hunter Water)
81016
85
Hydrant Concrete Surround (PWD)
81019
60
Hydrant Concrete Surround Deep
81018
60
Hydrant Top Flange
81030
Recycled Plastic Surround
81031
Recycled Plastic Surround (Syd Water)
81032
Description
Note: Hydrant surround Sydney Water- rectangular
Hydrant surround,PWD-circular.
Valve Box Sydney Water-circular
Valve Box Hunter Water-square.
QLD
Code
Mass
(kg)
QLD Hydrant Box
80981
32
QLD Valve Box
80982
18
SV Lid
80991
Sluice Valve Concrete Surround
81028
45
Hydrant Surround Concrete
81029
60
Valve Surround Recyc Plastic
81023
Hydrant Surround Recyc Plastic
81021
Hosecock Box
81012
Description
product data.70
product
data
Cast Iron Boxes (cont…)
VIC
Description
Code
Mass
(kg)
Valve Cover Lid (MW)
80987
Valve Cover Lid (Vic)
80983
Valve Surround Recyc Plastic
81033
Valve Surround Concrete
81028
45
Valve Box
80984
25
Hydrant Cover Lid (MW)
80992
Hydrant Cover Lid (Vic)
80993
Hydrant Box/Fire Plug Box
80971
Hydrant Surround Recyc Plastic
81031
Hydrant Surround Concrete
81029
Med Stopcock Box
80994
60
Path Boxes
Code
Mass
(kg)
NSW Path Box
81010
3
QLD Path Box/Gate Valve Box
81015
6.5
Code
Mass
(kg)
Recycled Plastic Marker Posts (White)
80758
6.5
Wooden Marker Post White
80763
9
Description
Marker Posts
Description
product data.71
product
data
Air Valve
Description
Code
25mm Single Air Release Valve
81905
50mm Single Air Release Valve
81910
Note: Air Valves are used to release small amounts of air
from the main during normal working conditions. Also
available are Double Action Air Realease Valves and
Kinetic Air Release Valves.
Spring Hydrants
Nylon Coated
Description
80mm Spring Hydrant Fl FBE
80mm Spring Hydrant Fl FBE QLD T˝C˝
80mm Spring Hydrant FL S/Steel FBE
100mm Spring Hydrant FL S/Steel FBE
product data.72
Code
80955
80940
80946
80954
Mass
(kg)
16
16
16
19
product
data
Ancillary Products
Gasket, Nuts and Bolts Sets
Code
Mass
(kg)
80mm Gasket, Nuts & Bolts Sets-Gal
80770
1
80mm Gasket, Nuts & Bolts Sets-S/Steel
80771
1
80772
2
80773
2
80775
3
80774
3
80776
3
80768
3
80777
3
80759
3
80778
4
80769
4
Description
Gibaults
Description
Bitumen
Vinyl Iron
Bitumen
Polydex
Nylon
Coated
Vinyl Iron
Nylon
Coated
Polydex
100mm Gibault L/S Bit
80350
80342
80351
80343
80362
80354
80363
80355
80382
80374
80383
80375
80389
80386
80391
80407
80414
80406
80413
80423
80419
80418
80421
Note: Bitumen coated Gibaults come standard with Galv fasteners.
FBE (Nylon) coated Gibaults come with Stainless Steel fasteners.
product data.73
product
data
Adaptor Rings To Suit AS1477
Description
Code
100mm Adaptor Rings 1477-2977
82686
82687
82688
82690
82689
82691
Tapping Bands Gunmetal
Vinyl
Iron
Polydex
Nylon
Coated
Vinyl
Iron
100mm x 20mm
77385
77384
80700
100mm x 25mm
77387
77386
80702
100mm x 32mm
77389
77388
80704
100mm x 40mm
77391
77390
80706
100mm x 50mm
77393
77392
80710
150mm x 20mm
77399
77398
80712
150mm x 25mm
77401
77400
80714
150mm x 32mm
77408
77403
80716
150mm x 40mm
77402
77404
80709
150mm x 50mm
77407
77406
200mm x 20mm
77421
77420
200mm x 25mm
77423
77422
200mm x 32mm
77425
77424
200mm x 40mm
77427
77426
200mm x 50mm
77429
77428
225mm x 20mm
77433
77432
225mm x 25mm
77434
77435
225mm x 32mm
77437
77436
225mm x 40mm
77438
77439
225mm x 50mm
77441
77440
Size
Note: Tapping Bands are available in larger diameters upon request.
product data.74

vinidex pvc pipe manual

Transcription

Similar documents

100 CL - Kanaflex

Chart L4: Details (sidewalks, stormwater management)

Presentation

WaterTurbineAppendix..

Full vertical film fills in PP + PVC VF23

Fernco Flexible Coupling Installation - Fernco

DN100 Reflux Valve

Hymax Couplings 1.5

Data Sheet - Carlton

HEA TER TEMPLA TE PROP END