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cardnonews ISSUE 17 THE RIPPLE EFFECT: How US Tribal INDIAN Water Rights are being settled out of court GULF OF MEXICO OIL SPILL: CARDNO ENTRIX RESPONDS ROADMAP TO RENEWAL: CARDNO STAFF AT THE FRONTLINE OF NATURAL DISASTER RESPONSE SOWING THE SOIL: PROGRESSIVE REFORM FOR TIMOR-LESTE’S HORTICULTURAL CAPABILITY editorial Welcome to our new look Cardno News. In this edition we feature stories on the critical issue of water resource management and influential achievements from around the world. The issue of water scarcity is one of the biggest global challenges we are facing. With a reported two thirds of the population predicted to be living under stressed conditions by the year 2025, we are confronted with the challenge of balancing the exploration and development of new water saving efficiencies while preventing diversion away from poorer populations. The provision of water for consumptive use, the minimisation of natural hazards and the preservation and enhancement of water quality are the three main areas we’ve highlighted. Our cover story on US Tribal Indian Water Rights Settlements (page 4) tells the story of how Cardno economists in the US have helped secure the environmental and economic futures of Indian Tribes. For decades, litigation was the traditional method to quantify Tribal water rights but recent events have seen good results by negotiated settlement. In this issue, we also highlight our work in the Gulf of Mexico regarding the oil spill response (page 7). Our feature on natural disasters, with particular reference to the widespread flooding along the East coast of Australia this year, shares some of the first-hand experiences of our strong global network of Cardno staff deployed to respond and rebuild (page 8). It provides an interesting snapshot of just some of the work we do to assist with rebuilding and recovery in the aftermath of natural disasters. At the other end of the continuum, Cardno plays an active role in preserving and enhancing water quality through working closely with local governments and communities in developing countries. Our story on our work in Timor-Leste (page 11) shows how communities with typically limited or poor quality water are improving their horticultural and irrigation techniques whilst learning to commercialise their market offerings. Conversely our ‘Green Village’ story (page 21) highlights how industry is making inroads in the US with innovations including sustainable water practices. Our stories are a timely reminder that an investment in infrastructure is an investment in future generations. If we can share the benefits of our knowledge and practices globally, we can take important steps to address the water crisis worldwide. Andrew Buckley Managing Director and CEO in this issue FEATURES Page 4 The ripple effect: How US Tribal Indian Water Rights are being settled out of court Page 7 Gulf of Mexico oil spill: Cardno ENTRIX responds Page 8 Roadmap to renewal: Cardno staff at the frontline of natural disaster response Page 11 Sowing the soil: Progressive reform for TimorLeste’s horticultural capability REGULARS Page 2 In the know Page 13 Thought Leaders series Page 15 Showcase Page 21 Sustainability feature Please send any comments about Cardno News to [email protected] or call +61 7 3369 9822. Every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of information at the time of printing. Produced by Cardno Limited © 2011. US Tribal Water Rights (page 4): irrigated agriculture in the Santa Clare Valley of San Jose, California. Printed on Envi Recycled 50/50 – National Carbon Offset Standard certified 100% carbon neutral, Australian made from 50% recycled content and FSC Mixed Chain of Custody Certified. Sydney International Airport’s Runway End Safety Area. AusAID’s Australia-Africa Partnerships Facility: Cardno’s Emerging Markets team will help promote Australia’s dual priorities of economic development and relationship building with Africa through a range of partnerships. IN THE know COMPANY NEWS Half year results: Cardno reported a record revenue of AU$436m for December 2010 half year, an increase of 91 percent over the previous half yearly period due in large part to international M&A activity in the US and significant wins in the area of assistance for developing countries. Cardno JFNew: Cardno has strengthened its US gas station environmental remediation project: Cardno is delivering an environmental remediation project for a major US oil company involving cleaning up of contaminated ground water in Northern California. Tunnel project: Cardno is part of the design team for Brisbane’s major AU$1.7 billion tunnel project, Legacy Way (formerly Northern Link Road Tunnel). The fivekilometre-long underground toll road will link Brisbane’s western and inner-northern suburbs. Construction materials testing: Cardno Bowler is providing construction materials testing services to the PNG LNG project in Papua New Guinea. Flood secondment: Cardno personnel were seconded into the Victorian SES headquarters to advise on flood patterns and evacuation planning. Cardno’s previous storm modelling advice was applied during mapping exercises conducted during Cyclone Yasi, which hit far north Queensland in early February (see story on page 8). IN THE WORKS PNG Environmental Protection Agency: Cardno is in the process of creating Papua New Guinea’s first Environmental Protection Agency. AWARDS Moving on up: Cardno USA has climbed 100 places on Engineering News-Record’s Top 500 Design Firms list for 2011. Cardno TBE in the spotlight: Cardno TBE provided civil and environmental engineering services for the Pinellas Country Emergency Responders Building which made it into the top ten largest construction project list published by the Tampa Bay Business Journal. Cardno TBE were also awarded the LEED Gold award by the US Green Building Council for their work on the project. presence in the US environmental and natural resources management market following a strategic merger with JFNew & Associates, Inc (JFNew), a US-based full-service ecological solutions firm. The merger is highly complementary to the recent acquisition of ENTRIX and has added another 150 employees to the Cardno team in the US. Shopping centre redevelopment: Cardno WRG will transform an enclosed, interiororientated shopping mall into a multi-building outdoor retail centre on the border of Oregon and Washington. PROJECT WINS PROJECT COMPLETIONS EVENTS USAID’s Serbia Business Enabling Project: Cardno’s Emerging Markets team has secured a five-year contract providing technical assistance to Serbian private sector businesses in order to enhance economic growth in the region. Sydney International Runway: Cardno has completed independent certification for the design and construction of a new Runway End Safety Area. The structure serves to reduce risk of damage to an aircraft should it overrun a runway. Riding to win: Professional cyclist George Bennet took first place overall riding for Team Cardno in the 2011 Trust House Cycle Classic in New Zealand. The race is regarded as one of the premier lead-up events to the Tour de France. APPOINTMENTS Jean-Francois Floury has been appointed to the role of General Manager for Cardno’s Emerging Markets Region. 2 CARDNO NEWS ISSUE 17 TITLE Text 3 Water issues are complex and can be crucial in the development of Tribal resources. In some cases they may support important traditional uses as shown here at Crystal Springs in Northern California, where rock weir fish traps are still in use. [Photography by Thomas L. Taylor, Senior Consultant, Cardno ENTRIX] THE RIPPLE EFFECT: How US Tribal Indian water rights are being successfully negotiated out of court More than 100 years ago in a US court room, a decision was handed down to reserve sufficient water to make Indian reservations liveable as a permanent homeland. The landmark ruling created the ‘Winters doctrine’, which guided the future justification and quantification of Native American reserved water rights. Oddly, for decades after Winters, the defining form of water rights unique to Native American Tribes was largely ignored, until 50 years ago when the quantity of the water rights became a source of conflict between Indian and non-Indians. Dr. Robert (Bob) McKusick is a Cardno ENTRIX natural resource economist and veteran of over 100 studies on 56 reservations involving 70 Tribes in sixteen US States. These studies have assisted Tribes in a wide range of issues from water settlements to Indian gaming. Bitter lawsuits ensued and water conflicts were – for the most part – confined to US federal and state government courtrooms. About 20 years ago the conflicting parties decided to try something new – negotiating rather than litigating. Bob has also worked with over 100 irrigation districts and water agencies in the West dealing with water settlements and related water allocation issues. The shift to negotiated settlements has had a dramatic impact on both Indians and non-Indians, by bringing people together to solve real disputes while recognising Tribal reserved water rights. Cardno ENTRIX through its technical leadership, negotiation and litigation support and direct participation in water settlements has evolved into a strong supporter of negotiated settlements. Negotiated settlements: practical realities Bob’s work with Indian Tribes dates back to 1980 when, as an economics consultant and Ph.D. graduate, he landed his first Indian project to quantify damages from lost water to the Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians (at that time, Mission Indians). This small southern California Tribe was extremely poor, with an unemployment level of over 30 percent. Most children took first period gym class so they could shower at school. Much of the Tribal water supply had diminished due to water use and diversion, near and upstream, from the reservation. 4 CARDNO NEWS ISSUE 17 Autumn colours at Ahjumawi Lava Spring State Park, Fall River Valley, Northern California. [Photography by Thomas L. Taylor, Senior Consultant, Cardno ENTRIX] “Tribes value our objective analysis and willingness to work for the good of the Tribe.” Bob McKusick, Senior PrincipaL, CARDNO ENTRIX Bob assisted the Tribe in settling water and damage claims against the federal government, evaluating economic development opportunities, developing and expanding gaming and bringing additional land into the Trust reservation boundary. The Tribe has been able to protect and expand its natural resource base, maintain its Indian Homeland and culture and expand its economic development. Most recently, Cardno ENTRIX provided litigation and technical support for approximately US$750 million in water settlements for the Crow and White Mountain Apache Reservations. Bob had worked with the federal government for about 25 years on behalf of the Crow Tribe in quantifying their water claims. Once the parties decided to put litigation on hold and seriously negotiate, a settlement was reached. 5 Wet Water not Paper Water Bob says the key to water settlements is to have an agreement that provides an umbrella for many issues of common concern to federal governments, states, non-Indian water users and Tribal nations. He says the settlement presents the parties with the ability to receive benefits that cannot be achieved through litigation. According to Bob, a settlement provides the mechanism to protect non-Indian water users and also not diminish the reserved Tribal water right, unless agreed upon and compensated. “For Tribes, it is also an opportunity to obtain ‘wet water’ as opposed to ‘paper water’ rights of litigation,” he said. Bob and the Cardno ENTRIX team have assisted Tribes in obtaining not only ‘wet water’ but also the financial resources to put water to beneficial use. Thanks to congressional approval and funding of Indian water settlements, there is a win-win for all water users. These settlements can provide certainty for water rights and avoid costly general stream adjudications. The results are remarkable – people who would typically fight against each other in Court are now working together to secure government funding to build water system infrastructures. Water settlements and sustainable land development The desire to maintain and enhance an Indian Homeland, together with revenue resources from gaming, economic development, and water and land settlements has allowed many Tribes to be ideal candidates for alternative energy development and organic farming. These large land bases, with water and a labour force, are suited for wind and solar development and biomass production for cogeneration. What’s more, a large land base that hasn’t previously been farmed or farmed with traditional practices is well suited for organic agriculture. Cardno ENTRIX economists have developed a screening tool used by Tribes to identify worthy projects and potential project partners. “As independent contractors without a stake in the project, Tribes value our objective analysis and willingness to work for the good of the Tribe. We recognise that the reservation is their Indian Homeland and must be preserved for future generations,” said Bob. Visual results and presentation As water rights quantification has evolved from litigation to negotiated settlement, the need for technical information has evolved from ‘black box’ difficult-to-understand models to a visual interactive framework. Colorado River at Red Wall in the Grand Canyon, Arizona. “Negotiating parties want to see, touch, interact and ask questions with immediate results. They have to be shown the impacts of settlements on their vested interests in a format that is understandable and clear,” said Bob. Bob and his Cardno ENTRIX multi-disciplinary team have also evolved their presentation and evaluation tools. Almost 20 years ago they began using Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping technology. Today, they’re recognised as national experts in applying GIS technology to water rights claims and settlements. They’re able to handle millions of acres of land and other large land use databases and develop water claims for small parcels. “We are a visual society. Negotiating parties love the ability to ask detailed questions regarding anything from land use, the type of claim, impacted watersheds and rivers, legal definitions, place and type of use and point of diversion. Most importantly they like to have it presented in a self-explanatory format,” said Bob. Self determination and trust responsibility: the next phase The Obama administration supports the resolution of Indian water rights claims through negotiated settlement and, as the Trustee to protect these Tribal reservation and water rights, the US government carries legal protection obligations. Irrigated agriculture in the Santa Clare Valley of San Jose, California. However it is the Tribal Sovereign government that will ultimately make the decision regarding how the resources of the reservation will be protected, conserved and enhanced. Working with Tribes requires a deep understanding of their Sovereign Nation, the Tribe’s selfdetermination and their desire to maintain an Indian Homeland for future generations. Many Tribes, with their increasing revenue sources and large resource bases, are ready to try new economic development opportunities. But it is economic development through the eyes and hearts of the Tribe – not the non-Indian developer. “As consultants we have to listen and make sure we understand the Tribal needs, goals, and objectives and incorporate this understanding into our analysis and presentations,” said Bob. “We have to include Tribal members and Councils as a vital part of the study process.” Cardno ENTRIX offers a full range of services for Indian Tribes and other water users including quantification of water claims, trust claims, economic damage analysis and economic development feasibility studies, comprehensive water and land use studies, fee-to-trust land conversions and related EIS documents, negotiation of casino and agricultural leases, GIS and data management services, stream and riparian land restoration, historical and cultural resource studies, feasibility studies and permitting; and economic impact studies. Contact Cardno Bob McKusick, Senior Principal, Cardno ENTRIX Vancouver, Washington, US Phone +1 360 487 6203 [email protected] www.cardnoentrix.com Despite treaty rights with the US and a Trust responsibility to protect the people and natural resources of the reservation, there are still many Tribes that live in poverty with some of the highest unemployment rates in the US. According to Bob, significant progress has been made in the last 20 years in water and land settlements, but less than ten percent of the Tribes benefit from these settlements. “There is much more work to be done to seek and continue these win-win settlements,” he said. 6 CARDNO NEWS ISSUE 17 Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill: Cardno ENTRIX responds Cardno ENTRIX is a diversified environmental consulting firm, but since its founding in 1984 it has been known for its particular expertise in oil spill response. On the back of the business card of every Cardno ENTRIX employee is an emergency oil spill response hotline number. Typically, a small, dedicated crew will respond to a call, and the intensive phase of the work will be carried out over the course of days or weeks. After April 20 2011 though, when the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded, more than half of the firm was called to action. Within 48 hours, Cardno ENTRIX teams were working with BP’s Planning and Operations personnel in Houston. Cardno ENTRIX was hired to provide support for both Response and Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) efforts. Response efforts are directed to cleaning up oil, recovering oiled wildlife, and protecting resources from oil. Cardno ENTRIX staff supported the Environmental Unit within the Incident Command System run by the Coast Guard. Teams were deployed on deep water vessels, shallow water boats, on foot and by helicopter to take environmental samples and to help identify resources at risk. Cardno ENTRIX teams deployed as part of the NRDA process are collecting the ephemeral data used to quantify injuries to natural resources. Three aspects of the spill created challenges unlike those faced on other spill-related projects for Cardno ENTRIX: distance, dimension and duration. The spill occurred more than 50 miles off shore, and 5000 feet under the water’s surface. Deepwater sampling cruises on research vessels lasted from five days to three weeks or longer. Sediment and deepwater sampling was accomplished with the use of ROVs (remote operated vehicles) that took hours to deploy to the ocean depths. Cardno ENTRIX crews spanned out over 14,000 miles of Gulf coastline in five states, working from two command centre and several more field offices. At its peak, the Cardno ENTRIX effort included more than 400 active spill respondents. Most of these participants, from technical lead scientists to field hands, were deployed in fourteen-day-on, twelve-day-off rotation cycles, in two-person partnerships that assured seamless coverage of each position. Workdays frequently lasted sixteen or more hours and many Cardno ENTRIX team members were on rotation from May for six months or more. While Response efforts are winding down, NRDA efforts continue. In April 2011, BP agreed to a payment of US$1 billion for restoration projects to offset natural resource liabilities. Cardno ENTRIX scientists and economists are now studying the data to assist BP in determining both the extent of injuries, and the value of restoration projects. Working on their own, as well as in partnership with academic scientists, economists, and other investigators, Cardno ENTRIX teams are examining the largest oil spill dataset ever compiled, to estimate the effects of oiling on natural resources. It is anticipated that in addition to helping resolve the current matter, this new scientific literature will be used to improve our ability to understand the effects of future oil spills on natural resources. Contact Cardno Chris Pfeifer, Senior Project Scientist Cardno ENTRIX New Castle, Delaware, US Phone +1 302 395 1919 [email protected] In the NRDA process, established by the federal government in 1990 following the Exxon Valdez spill, the Responsible Party underwrites the cost of data collection and analysis. The data are, in large part, being collected cooperatively with government natural resource trustee agencies. The data will be analysed to determine the type and amount of natural resource restoration needed to compensate for injuries. Captain Elwood Lee (left) of the M/V Wes Bordelon speaking with Dr. Ralph Markarian (right), Principal in Charge of Cardno ENTRIX efforts in the Gulf of Mexico. 7 VISION ISSUE 1 APRIL 2011 Aerial photo of roads affected by the flooded Wimmera River in Western Victoria, Australia. [Photo taken by Heath Sommerville, Hydrologist, Cardno] Roadmap to renewal: Cardno staff at the frontline of natural disaster response It’s 2.30am on January 14 2011 and Heath Sommerville is leaving his temporary home, an ordinary roadside hotel in Victoria. He’s heading back to the heart of a region devastated by unprecedented flooding which relentlessly swept the east coast of Australia in the Australian summer. Heath is a Cardno Hydrologist and one of the principal consultants deployed for the third time in as many months to the State Emergency Services (SES) in regional Victoria. He’s now a regular fixture in the SES intelligence unit’s regional control centres, giving advice on the timing and impacts of the flooding. Thousands of Australian residents were profoundly affected and are now part of a wider global picture, a recurring scene beamed across screens worldwide, adding fuel to the debate on the critical issues of climate change and disaster response. 8 CARDNO NEWS ISSUE 17 Aerial photos of homes inundated by the flooded Wimmera River in Western Victoria, Australia. [Photos taken by Heath Sommerville, Hydrologist, Cardno] “It’s about how to bring our expertise together to deliver a collective outcome far bigger than the sum of its parts.” Heath Sommerville, Hydrologist, CARDNO Heath is one of many Cardno staff deployed to assist with immediate natural disaster relief and recovery services, and to help with longer-term development. As the events of the floods unfolded, the SES relied on information provided by Heath, flood intelligence and mapping, and predictive analysis and forecasts exchanged between the Bureau of Meteorology and Department of Sustainability and Environment (DSE). “It’s certainly about having specialist technical expertise in hydrology or engineering or infrastructure, but when you’re confronted with devastation on such a wide scale, it’s about how to bring our expertise together to deliver a collective outcome far bigger than the sum of its parts,” said Heath. Meanwhile in the State Control Centre (SCC), Heath’s Cardno colleague, Rob Swan, also a veteran of the September 2010 and January 2011 floods, is working on post-flood assessment and incorporating the lessons learned into the disaster relief effort. Rob is directing his expertise to local SES teams, arming them with the knowledge of which roads to cut off and at what time of the day to expect dangerous peak flooding. 9 It is Rob’s capability that will be called upon repeatedly to guide the emergency response teams through a spate of events culminating in the most severe and widespread summer flooding in Victoria in living memory. Rob and Heath say that data modelling, while helpful in government planning, is probably the best source of information when centrally accessed and translated into practical operational disaster and proactive emergency response plans. “We need improved access and modelling of flood intelligence. It’s essential to accurately predict when and where waters will hit, and how to build real-time response plans,” said Rob. It’s an important lesson learned and the gap Cardno has bridged between policy, planning and response is serving as a working example for others. Governments are already utilising recent knowledge and experience of the Australian flood disasters, and applying it to planning guidelines for new and future houses, assets and infrastructure, including tsunami and earthquake zones. “The spate of natural disasters allows us not only to reflect and predict in hindsight, but if we’re to withstand another event, to apply what we know now in a historical and future context. This is crucial to plan for future infrastructure developments,” said Rob. The road to recovery is underway for the small town of Grantham in Queensland’s Lockyer Valley, severely affected by flash flooding in January which significantly damaged more than 100 local homes and buildings. Under the direction of the Queensland Reconstruction Authority (QRA), Grantham will become the first designated reconstruction area in Queensland, and will represent Australia’s first effort to voluntarily transplant a devastated community. Cardno will play an integral role in the delivery of the entire project, providing both design and construction management expertise. Working closely with the Lockyer Valley Regional Council and QRA, Cardno will design and supervise the delivery of vital infrastructure services such as roads, water supply and sewerage. The project will breathe new life into the community through the establishment of a new community centre, marketplace and cafe precinct. Preliminary site works are expected to commence in June and it is anticipated the first families will be able to relocate to their new homes by Christmas 2011. February 2011 saw residents of Far North Queensland bracing themselves for Cyclone Yasi, one of the most powerful cyclones to affect the area since records commenced. In addition to wind, storm surges from Cyclone Yasi were recorded over five metres above sea level causing significant dual damage to infrastructure bordering the coastline. Cardno’s storm modelling expertise was applied during mapping exercises conducted during Cyclone Yasi. Since then, Cardno staff have been involved in assessment and investigation reports. A car succumbs to rising flood waters. “Cardno staff were heavily involved in the initial damage assessment of the hard-hit Cassowary Coast region and have been working with the local Council to assist with applications for funding to rebuild infrastructure. We’re also helping insurance companies with structural reports and assessments of the massive damage to residential and commercial buildings,” said Mark Perry, Cardno’s Cairns Business Unit Manager. Soon after Yasi hit the Queensland coast, a 6.3 magnitude earthquake struck Christchurch on what has been described as the country’s darkest day. Richard Graham, Cardno’s Christchurch Manager and a Registered Professional Surveyor, was in Christchurch when the quake struck. “The Cardno office in the central city was relocated for the second time in a month following the quake and while the search for new premises continued we had a survey crew monitoring subsidence above the major rail tunnel between the City and the Port of Lyttelton, and a constant stream of structural inspections around our city,” he said. “We’ll continue to do everything we can to assist with the recovery process.” “With about 10,000 homes likely to be demolished along with 40 percent of the buildings in the CBD, the road to recovery will be long. But we’ll continue to do everything we can to assist with the recovery process and to help ensure our community and all that supports its growth, are as safe and sustainable as possible, whatever hand Mother Nature continues to deal to us,” he said. As the city of Christchurch and the east coast of Australia edge towards recovery, Richard is certain that the combined efforts of the Cardno specialists on the ground have made a significant difference to the speed and effectiveness of the recovery process. “Working in the aftermath of a natural disaster, it’s very apparent that it’s not just about immediate aid. It’s about using the specialist knowledge to learn from the past, and plan as best we can for what the future may hold,” he said. For nearly 30 years and with ongoing projects in more than 70 countries, Cardno has a long history of working with government agencies, donors and private firms to recover from natural disasters, in difficult and often risky places. Cardno played an important role, for example, in rebuilding the Indonesian province of Aceh after the devastating tsunami of 2004, and also to help rebuild local government capacity following the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan. More recently, Cardno is working towards assisting with the efforts to help rebuild Haiti after the catastrophic 2010 magnitude 7.0 earthquake, and has contacted Japanese authorities to express willingness to assist in the recovery process after large areas of Japan’s northern Pacific coast were swamped by a devastating tsunami in March 2011. Contact Cardno Heath Sommerville, Hydrologist and Flood Engineer Coastal Ocean Water and Environment Cardno Phone +61 3 8415 7500 [email protected] Peter Smith, Market Sector Leader – Urban Cardno Phone +61 7 3369 9822 [email protected] RICHARD Graham, CHRISTCHURCH MANAGER, CARDNO 10 CARDNO NEWS ISSUE 17 SOWING THE SOIL: Progressive reform FOR Timor-Leste’s horticultural capability Like any major reform process, the success of the development effort hinges on intrinsic cultural change and significant restructuring. So when the Timorese adopted a bold new motto in 2009, ‘Goodbye Conflict, Welcome Development’, they sent a message to the world that they were ready for major change. Over a period of almost 100 years, the people of Timor struggled for independence from foreign dominance. Plagued with internal instability and constant conflict, it took the arrival of the United Nations Mission in 2002, buoyed by help from the international community, to lay the initial foundations for democratic institutions. Since Timor-Leste found independence, their people, like much of the country, are still dependent on growing crops like rice, cotton, and taro based on traditional practices. Cardno’s contributions to Timorese agricultural improvements are channelled through the USAID-funded Desenvolve Agricultura Comunitária (DAC) project, in which Cardno is a sub-contractor to Development Alternatives Inc. (DAI). Left: A flourishing yellow capsicum crop. [Photo taken by Bruno Benavente] Right: Bruno with a fresh produce harvest. 11 Far right: East Timor, which gained its independence from Indonesia in 2002, is finding ways to assist rural workers such as these women pruning tomato crops. [Photo taken by Bruno Benavente] EMERGING MARKETS Cardno and DAI have been working together in Timor-Leste since 2005, firstly on the Dezenvolve Setor Privadu (DSP) project focusing on accelerating the development of Timor-Leste’s nascent agriculture, agribusiness and private sector by building critical market linkages. The DAC project commenced in 2010, with Cardno and DAI partnering to improve the commercial viability of horticultural production by introducing improved greenhouse and irrigation techniques, modernised production practices and agribusiness management methods. Bruno Benavente, Agribusiness Advisor on the project, is helping Timorese farmers improve the variety, increase the volume, and enhance quality of their fresh produce including broccoli, carrots, lettuce, cucumber, tomatoes and capsicum – with an aim to reduce imports of these goods and improve farmer incomes. “By supplying local markets with local produce, we’ve been able to reduce and sometimes almost completely halt the import of some vegetables,” said Bruno. “The flow-on effect means reduced costs and middle class Timorese families now have access to vegetables like cauliflower, broccoli and other produce, which doesn’t always happen with imported goods.” The activities of DSP and DAC have led to farmers now earning between $300 and $500 per household every growing season – enough income to enable family members to attend school for the first time. And ‘Doing Business’, a cooperative study by the World Bank and the International Finance Corporation, recently ranked the country 174 out of 183 economies in the ‘ease of doing business’ category. Homes are now connected to electricity, and farmers are able to make repairs to their properties. By collectively saving some of the proceeds from their crops under the guidance of the DAC project, farmers were also able to spend money on a cultural celebration that they would have otherwise had to forgo due to money concerns after a rainy growing season. There is more to be done – as the world’s second-youngest nation, Timor-Leste has yet to push many laws and regulations through its Parliament. But according to Bruno, crucial first steps have been taken which will pave the way for a prosperous future for the nation. Today, the people of Timor-Leste are optimistic, and despite the global financial crisis, the country has reported double-digit economic growth rates for the past three years. In 2009 it had an economic growth rate of thirteen percent – not only the highest growth rate in the region, but also one of the highest in the world. This growth resulted in a nine percent decrease of poverty, enabling around 96,000 people to escape from a situation of extreme poverty. The 2010 United Nations Human Development Index moved Timor-Leste up fourteen positions, while the Millennium Development Indicators on child mortality rates and other health indicators were met. “We’ve seen an increasing sense of real pride and ownership from farmers who are now able to send their children to university, improve their houses and even invest in agricultural equipment for the very first time,” he said. Contact Cardno Sherry Khan, Senior Manager Governance and Economic Growth Washington DC, US Phone +1 703 373 7658 [email protected] 12 CARDNO NEWS ISSUE 17 thought leaders SERIES The Thought Leaders series is a new addition to the magazine, and brings together Cardno experts to consider issues of global relevance. In this edition, we look at the critical issue of fresh water requirements between now and 2050. We talk to two of Cardno’s most senior water experts, Trevor Johnson from Cardno Australia and John Sitton from Cardno Emerging Markets USA. Water forecasters are expecting major global water shortages by 2050, driven in large part by an increasing population and reliance on water to fuel insatiable energy consumption patterns around the globe. To address the issue, governments and businesses are faced with a growing responsibility to develop new water-saving efficiencies and to prevent diversion away from local populations to sustain prices and livelihoods. Q How will the quantity of water required change between now and 2050? Trevor: Increases in standards of living in developing countries in the Asia Pacific region, and general increases in population, will lead directly to significantly increased demand for fresh potable water. The world may have sufficient supply to meet anticipated requirements, but the difficult part will be delivering it to the locations where it’s most needed. The value of water will escalate alarmingly for those countries without reliable supply. We’ll need to reduce demand and increase the rate of recycling. Effluent reuse will be the norm, rather than the exception. John: Per capita water available for consumption will decrease drastically as the world’s population – and water required for the production of food and other consumer goods – increases accordingly. Even at current population levels, groundwater surface water levels are dropping rapidly in many areas. 13 John: Desalinisation provides the only new Wells are being drilled deeper, even tapping fossil water that cannot be recharged. Increasing pollution and climate change will make a deteriorating situation even worse in many countries. Access to water, especially for the poor – already a major issue in developing countries – will worsen as available fresh water sources dry up or are claimed by the more fortunate. Q What existing and new water sources are likely to be available over the next 40 years? And what role, if any, is science and technology likely to play in developing new sources? Trevor: There are no new sources of water, unless we eventually learn to mine comets. Current and increased rates of usage will substantially deplete groundwater resources in particular. Increased environmental awareness is likely to limit the potential for new surface impoundments to be developed. Reuse and desalination are the only likely sources of increased supply, and both are currently expensive and energy-intensive. The dominant direction of technology solutions will be new technologies for removing contaminants from water at low energy cost. source of water for consumption. Hopefully, new filter technology will reduce the cost. For many communities far away from the coast, water-use efficiency improvements are their only hope of achieving and maintaining sustainable supplies. Some of this may come from new technologies and demand-reducing practices, such as wastewater reuse and drip agriculture, but price increases and other strictly enforced conservation regulations will be required. How does the notion of doing Q more with less resonate in your region of the world? Trevor: Australia is the world’s driest inhabited continent, so we manage our freshwater resources carefully. Also, usage rates have fallen here, as people become more aware that water is not necessarily a renewable resource. Cardno has been instrumental in delivering services to Government in Australia and Asia to achieve demand management outcomes. We’re also a leader in the application of reuse technologies at both large and small scale. John: Poor and developing countries face economic and as well as physical water scarcity, meaning they cannot afford what potable water is available. Slum dwellers are rarely connected to the piped supply and usually must purchase water of questionable quality from vendors at prices many times higher than the city’s water utility charges. PANELLISTS THE SCALE OF THE WATER PROBLEM Scarcity Cardno has been instrumental in delivering services to Government in Australia and Asia to achieve demand management outcomes. Only three percent of the Earth’s water is freshwater, and of this about two-thirds is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps. Much of the rest is underground. With climate change reducing rainfall, we face critical water shortages in many places across the planet. Source: WWF Trevor Johnson, Director Cardno [email protected] Q What are the main implications of water shortfalls? Trevor: Water shortfalls will certainly lead to significant tensions between water-rich and water-poor countries and wars could easily be fought over gaining control of reliable sources of potable water. Water shortages may limit agricultural production in some areas, particularly in respect of food-animal production, which is an inefficient user of water. John: Increasing water scarcity will cause political and social upheaval, particularly in countries with weak economies, large income disparities, and politically disenfranchised citizens. 2.6 billion people – half the developing world – lack basic sanitation. In developing countries, 70 percent of industrial wastes are dumped untreated into waters where they pollute the usable water supply. Source: WWAP Utility tariffs in developing countries are often unsustainably low, which subsidises middle and upper class homes and businesses and reduces incentives to conserve water; and doesn’t provide sufficient funds for the utility to extend service to the poor. Cardno Emerging Markets works in developing countries to improve utility efficiency, for example to reduce leakages, improve asset management, reduce energy use and to improve financial viability – improving billing and collections, budget controls and pricing, which enables utilities to extend service. Cardno also works in poor areas to increase incomes and to implement pro-poor financial arrangements. Hygiene and sanitation More than 50 percent of people in developing countries suffer at any given time from a health problem caused by poor water and sanitation. Source: UNEP Access John Sitton, Technical Director Infrastructure and Utilities Cardno Emerging Markets USA [email protected] We could very possibly see mass migrations and regional conflict over water allocations in the future. Working in lesser developed countries over the last 20 years, I’ve become more and more concerned with the lack of improvement in water management. Governments in many countries don’t know how much groundwater or surface water is being withdrawn or what it’s used for. Without adequate information, and lacking political will, many governments continue to defer making the policy changes necessary for long-term sustainability. And it is the poor and the most vulnerable members of society that suffer the most. Between 1990 and 2006, 1.6 billion people world-wide gained access to improved water sources. 1.1 billion people in developing countries still have inadequate access to water. Source: UNICEF By 2025, eighteen billion people will be living in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world population could be under stress conditions. Source: FAO Usage WHO and UNICEF recommend 20-50 litres of safe freshwater a day per person to ensure basic needs are met. The US population is the highest water users worldwide, at 600 litres each per day. The average household water use for washing and drinking in the UK is about 150 litres a person daily, but taking virtual water (used in the production of imported food and textiles) into account, each person soaks up 4,645 litres a day. Source: WWF 14 CARDNO NEWS ISSUE 17 showcase: CARDNO PROJECTS FROM AROUND THE WORLD ASIA PACIFIC HighlandS emergency works Cardno is delivering US$10 million of emergency rehabilitation works on Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) Highlands Highway under a unique investment agreement between Exxon, the Government of PNG and Cardno. The Gas Project, which involves piping natural gas from the country’s highlands to Port Moresby for liquefaction and export to Asia, is predicted to double PNG’s gross domestic product and create thousands of jobs. The highway’s steep mountain slopes are currently rife with slips and washouts making it a notorious zone for rollover accidents. The poor road condition also slows road transport to a crawl. Contact Cardno As an essential logistics route for the PNG Gas Project’s extraction facilities and pipeline, urgent repairs to the highway are critical to the success of the US$16 billion project. The areas being repaired are notorious local trouble spots that have defied previous attempts by others to effectively address the problems. Local landowner disputes prevent works being carried out. 15 Cardno was invited as a partner to the agreement due to our specialist capability in construction in the PNG highlands, and our ability to understand local issues and engage with local landowners to ensure construction work proceeds uninterrupted. Mark Johnston, Area Manager Engineering Infrastructure, Asia Pacific Division Phone +61 7 3369 9822 [email protected] NONGFU SPRING COMPANY, CHINA Cardno’s North American Planning and Landscape Architecture team is currently involved in the design of three different sites for one of China’s largest beverage corporations, Nongfu Spring. The three projects are diverse in region, geography, and culture and include locations near Mt Emei (Chengdu), Fusong (along the North Korean Border), and Jiandi (near Lake of 1000 Islands). The design team is conducting a rigorous onsite analysis of each property, including mapping of trails, land forms, creeks, flora, cultural landmarks and views, culminating in results used to prepare conceptual plans on location. Following an initial presentation to the Nongfu Spring CEO and Executive team near Shanghai, the team is busy preparing designs illustrating the overall concept and theme. Plans for the sites of Nongfu Spring are underway. Design work on the Nongfu projects range from docks, boardwalks, trails, pedestrian bridges to observation towers, camping, gardens and picnic areas. Construction on the sites begins in June 2011. Contact Cardno Tim Daugherty, RLA Principal, Director of Landscape Architecture Cardno WRG Phone +1 602 977 8018 [email protected] CAIRNS CRUISE LINER TERMINAL Far North Queensland has received a major boost with the opening of the new AU$13.6 million Cairns Cruise Liner Terminal. Cardno has been involved in this project from the very early bid stage, playing an integral role in developing the multi-disciplinary team that was ultimately awarded the project, combining industry excellence with local presence and knowledge. Cardno provided a broad range of services to help deliver the new Cairns Cruise Liner Terminal. Collaborating with architects Arkhefield and TPG, Cardno provided a broad range of services, demonstrating excellence in Civil, Structural, Marine, Transport, and Landscape Architectural services, including master planning, detailed design and construction support. “This highlights our strength and ability to cross sell and deliver great projects with a local focus,” said Project Manager Mark Perry. Cardno’s services were also instrumental in the conservation and integration of heritage elements throughout the broader terminal precinct. Queensland Premier Anna Bligh said the new terminal would be a ‘much needed boost’ for the local economy. Contact Cardno Mark Perry, Business Unit Manager – Cairns Phone +61 7 4051 0288 [email protected] 16 CARDNO NEWS ISSUE 17 showcase: CARDNO PROJECTS FROM AROUND THE WORLD ASIA PACIFIC 17 WAFI ACCESS ROAD The new throughway is expected to reduce the logistical costs of establishing the mine substantially as, without a current road link, the project has relied on helicopter support. Cardno will design and help construct a trafficable route through eight kilometres of PNG’s mountainous jungle terrain to provide access to one of the country’s most abundant gold and copper mines. The Wafi Golpu deposit, in the process of development through a joint venture between Harmony Gold and Newcrest Mining, is proving to be one of the largest recent mineral deposit discoveries in PNG. Cardno will design and build a road to Wafi mine’s initial tunnel portal site, set in the midst of untamed wilderness in the Morobe Province. Harmony CEO Graham Briggs has deemed the site ‘a world class discovery’. Contact Cardno The location proposed for the first tunnel entry is currently inaccessible and Cardno must work with a team on the ground to push lines and map out the best route for clearance, before surveyors and engineers can begin the detailed design for the access road. Eric Kalmbach, Engineering Manager Asia Pacific Division – Engineering Infrastructure Cardno Emerging Markets Phone +61 7 3100 2289 [email protected] www.cardno.com/emergingmarkets NORTH AMERICA LICENSE SURRENDER FOR KILARC-COW CREEK HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT Over the last decade, Cardno ENTRIX has worked with the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) to surrender the Kilarc-Cow Creek Hydroelectric Project’s operating license and prepare for the decommissioning of the project facilities. PG&E is one of the largest utilities in the US and is located in Northern and Central California. The removal of the hydro project, constructed between 1904 and 1907 on tributaries to the Sacramento River, will cost an estimated US$14.5 million. The powerhouse tailrace at the Kilarc-Cow Creek Hydroelectric project. Cardno ENTRIX helped develop the proposed decommissioning plan, which will restore natural streamflows, improve aquatic habitat and benefit federally threatened steelhead trout and fall-run Chinook salmon. To achieve this, several diversion dams and 11.2 kilometres of water conveyance and other facilities will be removed to allow for a free passage of fish and sediments. From 2002-05, Cardno ENTRIX assisted PG&E by conducting relicensing studies and negotiating with federal and state resource agencies, which led to the decision to surrender and decommission the project. Since then, Cardno ENTRIX has assisted PG&E in managing the license surrender process and consulting with resource agencies in permitting for the future decommissioning. Contact Cardno Stacy Evans, Project Manager/Senior Project Scientist Cardno ENTRIX Phone +1 424 248 2107 [email protected] www.cardnoentrix.com SOUTH AMERICA ECUADOR’S PACIFICO REFINERY AND PETROCHEMICAL COMPLEX Ecuador’s development of the Pacifico Refinery and Petrochemical Complex is set to pave the way for the country’s exportation of crude oil derivatives to Chile, Peru and the United States. While Ecuador produces 600,000 barrels of oil per day, it must spend US$3 billion annually on imports of gasoline and other products because its three existing refineries cannot process heavy crudes. The 300,000 barrel per day complex will be the first to produce gasoline, diesel and petrochemicals including fertilisers, urea, agrichemicals, and fibres. Cardno ENTRIX has provided environmental consulting services and undertaken research on the project from day one. It was a year-long process to source a location for the refinery that would provide the best conditions for the project’s infrastructure, including camps, ports and six pipelines stretching 840 kilometres for crude oil and seawater. Cardno conducted extensive environmental studies and socioeconomic and cultural assessments, and investigated water use conflicts and requirements in several of the country’s provinces before a site, on the Pacific in Manabí, was determined. The chosen location will allow the complex to use seawater in its operations in case no fresh water is available and, with the residues produced, the refinery will also be able to generate its own power. Engineering is now underway on the complex, a joint venture between Petroleos de Venezuela and Petroecuador, with a view to becoming operational by 2013. Contact Cardno Miguel Alemán, Regional Manager/Technical Director/ Principal Ecuador and Peru Phone +5932 323 7770 [email protected] www.cardnoentrix.com 18 CARDNO NEWS ISSUE 17 showcase: CARDNO PROJECTS FROM AROUND THE WORLD Participants in the Value Girls Program. UK & EUROPE BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT BOOST IN BOSNIA Cardno is applying its economic development skills to boost private sector business growth in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Bosnian war of 1992-95 destroyed much of the country’s economic infrastructure, leaving the country with decimated exports and a soaring unemployment rate. Fostering Interventions for Rapid Market Advancements in Bosnia and Herzegovina (FIRMA) Project, is a US$20 million initiative funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). Cardno is the lead implementer and is working on interventions to increase Bosnia’s private enterprise competitiveness to promote economic growth in three key value-added sectors – wood products, fabricated metal products and tourism. 19 Small to medium-sized companies in these industries are being provided with technical assistance to improve product design and quality, connect to global markets, increase access to finance, deepen workforce skills, and streamline the business environment. Presently eighteen months into its five-year term, the project is working with over 400 private companies. Based on a recent survey, the exports of these beneficiaries are expected to grow by nearly 20 percent during 2011 to US$100 million. FIRMA activities have directly and indirectly contributed significantly to this performance. Contact Cardno Cinar Akcin, Manager, Governance and Economic Growth Phone +1 703 373 7674 E-mail: [email protected] www.cardno.com/emergingmarkets MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA GIRL POWER: CARDNO TEAMS WITH NIKE Young women in developing countries are being empowered to control their futures with the aid of Cardno’s ‘Value Girls’ Project. The US$4.7 million program, funded by Nike Foundation and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the Global Development Alliance (GDA), is designed to help young women (14-24) in the Nyanza and Western Provinces of the Lake Victoria region of Kenya, develop alternative livelihoods and sustain viable enterprises in vegetable farming and poultry husbandry. More than 600 million girls live in the developing world with no systems to record their birth or citizenship and, until now, little finance invested into their futures, yet research indicates that girls have a greater impact on the financial prosperity of their families than boys. A demonstration of how to create a chilli pepper buffer zone. By investing in young women, research has shown that she marries later, has fewer, healthier children and earns up to 25 percent more in wages. It has also been estimated that women reinvest 90 percent of their wages back into their families, where as men reinvest only 20-40 percent. The four-year program provides girls with access to sustainable, income-generating activities, including vegetable and poultry farming, and financial literacy training. It also aims to raise their profile within their communities, improve their overall confidence and self image, and provide them with an opportunity for mentoring, security, and a social network. Contact Cardno Victoria Collins, Director, Private Clients Cardno Emerging Markets Washington DC, US Phone +1 703 373 7712 [email protected] ELEPHANT-PROOFING CROPS IN UGANDA In Northern Uganda wild elephants are dangerous pests that destroy crop fields and attack farmers, but Cardno is helping locals fight back with an unlikely deterrent in the form of chilli peppers. After unsuccessfully attempting to scare the elephants away using loud noise, guns, catapults and stones, or installing expensive electric fences, locals have turned to Cardno to provide a cheaper, safer and more effective method through the use of the spicy fruit. The chemical in chillies, capsaicin, is unpalatable to elephants; it also irritates their skin and tightens their windpipes, so by planting a few rows around valuable crops, farmers create a buffer zone through which the elephants are reluctant to pass. The people of Uganda have encountered many challenges while trying to maintain their agricultural livelihoods. Development plans have been disrupted, and homes and crops ravaged by the elephants migrating though the country’s northern corridor. But the peppers have turned into a valuable cash crop themselves as they can be harvested and sold on the world market. Cardno has provided the chilli and other materials for the project and also educated the farmers in the profitable production of chilli through their Stability Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Uganda (SPRING) project. Contact Cardno Jane Hudson, Senior Development Specialist Cardno Emerging Markets USA Economic Growth Washington DC, US Phone +1 703 373 7673 [email protected] 20 CARDNO NEWS ISSUE 17 THE GREEN VILLAGE: A MODEL FOR ENERGY EFFICIENCY 21 How technology innovation is changing the face of US mixed use developments. According to Steve Howarth, Cardno TBE’s Business Unit Manager for Development and Environmental Services, several cost-saving and sustainable design initiatives featured in the Encore project will now be incorporated in the Creative Village. The former location of the National Basketball Association’s (NBA) Orlando Magic’s Amway Arena is set for a major overhaul with a US$1.2 billion Creative Village on the cuttingedge of sustainability. “These two projects are significant, not just in size, but also in their inclusion of innovative sustainable design practices. They’re a huge step forward for green-based urban growth,” he said. In what will be the city’s most significant construction project in the past two decades, Cardno is serving as the civil and environmental engineers and planners for the development team that will transform the 60-acre site into a mixed-use, transit-oriented development built around digital media technologies. “Our plans for the development include implementing a storm water vault for the re-use of rainwater for irrigation, and a solar panel farm to generate electricity, to be sold back to the public utility company to fund the cost of street light operation within the project.” The green design that is predicted to change the face of Orlando is based on the development team’s recent Encore redevelopment project in Tampa. “The concrete, used in the existing arena located on the site to be demolished, will be crushed and re-used as base material for the construction of roads. We’ll also be planting drought-tolerant landscape species and incorporating low-impact urban bioswales along the road sides, as part of the man-made storm water drainage conveyance system in a way that mimics the natural environment.” VISION ISSUE 1 APRIL 2011 A significant step forward in green-based urban growth: Cardno will help transform the site into the city’s most significant construction project in the past two decades. Left: The site before construction. Right: Impression of the developed site. Both the Creative Village and Encore projects will seek Gold certification through the US Green Building Council’s new LEED for Neighborhood Development Rating System. They will be among the first developments in the country to be certified by the system, which is based on smart growth, new urbanism and green building. The Creative Village will provide a base for the rapidly growing digital media industry. With more than 1,200 digital media companies located in Orlando, generating around US$9 billion a year, it is becoming one of the nation’s largest digital media and simulation clusters. The development was designed for people in the high tech industry to ‘live, work, learn, and play’ in one precinct, which includes commercial office space, educational facilities, hotels, retailers, housing and parks. Educational facilities are already located on the site, including the University of Central Florida Center for Emerging Media, the University of Florida’s Orlando Citylab, the Florida Interactive Entertainment Academy and the Nap Ford Charter School. Steve says the Creative Village, a joint venture between Banc of America Community Development Corporation, Ustler Development and the City of Orlando, will be ‘wired to attract high-tech corporate headquarters and incubator industries based on technology’. “The village has a very modern, high tech style and we have planned the appropriate infrastructure and ensured that the communication facilities will support the type of digital media businesses the developers are hoping to attract.” An additional benefit of the two developments is the employment boom they have and will provide for construction contractors. The collapse of Florida’s construction industry in the global recession left many people unemployed and some have reported unsuccessfully searching for work for as long as two years. The redevelopments will create thousands of local jobs during the next four to five years. Contact Cardno Steven P. Howarth, PE, Business Unit Manager – Development and Environmental Services Cardno TBE Phone +1 727 531 3505 [email protected] www.CardnoTBE.com “It’s basically a city inside a city based around the digital media industry and education,” says Steve. In what will be the city’s most significant construction project in the past two decades, Cardno is serving as the civil and environmental engineering and development team that will transform the 80-acre site into a mixed-use, transit-oriented development built around digital media technologies. 22 About Cardno Cardno is an integrated professional services provider delivering the specialist expertise necessary to create and improve the physical and social infrastructure that underpins communities around the world. With over 4,000 employees working from 150 offices in 70 countries, Cardno’s global team comprises leading advisers who plan, design, manage and deliver sustainable projects and community programs. Cardno is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange [ASX: CDD]. Contact For more information on our scope of services and office locations visit our website or contact: Registered office Cardno Limited Level 11, North Tower Green Square 515 St Paul’s Terrace Fortitude Valley QLD 4006 Australia Phone +61 7 3369 9822 [email protected] www.cardno.com Printed on Envi Recycled 50/50 – National Carbon Offset Standard certified 100% carbon neutral, Australian made from 50% recycled content and FSC Mixed Chain of Custody Certified.
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