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Painting
For other uses, see Painting (disambiguation).
“Painter” redirects here. For other uses, see Painter (disambiguation).
Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment,
composition, narration (as in narrative art), or abstraction
(as in abstract art), among other aesthetic modes, may
serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.[2] Paintings can be naturalistic
and representational (as in a still life or landscape painting), photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic (as in
Symbolist art), emotive (as in Expressionism), or political
in nature (as in Artivism).
A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and
Western art is dominated by spiritual motifs and ideas.
Examples of this kind of painting range from artwork depicting mythological figures on pottery, to Biblical scenes
rendered on the interior walls and ceiling of the Sistine
Chapel, to scenes from the life of Buddha or other images of Eastern religious origin.
1 Elements
The Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, is one of the most recognizable paintings in the world.
color or other medium[1] to a surface (support base).
The medium is commonly applied to the base with a
brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, and
airbrushes, can be used.
In art, the term painting describes both the act and the re- Chen Hongshou (1598–1652), Leaf album painting (Ming Dysult of the action. The support for paintings includes such nasty)
surfaces as walls, paper, canvas, wood, glass, lacquer,
clay, leaf, copper and concrete, and the painting may incorporate multiple other materials including sand, clay,
1.1 Intensity
paper, plaster, gold leaf, as well as objects.
The term painting is also used outside of art as a common What enables painting is the perception and representatrade among craftsmen and builders.
tion of intensity. Every point in space has different inPainting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms tensity, which can be represented in painting by black
are numerous. Drawing, gesture (as in gestural painting), and white and all the gray shades between. In practice,
1
2
2
painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of
different intensity; by using just color (of the same intensity) one can only represent symbolic shapes. Thus,
the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological
means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view
and organization (perspective), and symbols. For example, a painter perceives that a particular white wall has
different intensity at each point, due to shades and reflections from nearby objects, but, ideally, a white wall is
still a white wall in pitch darkness. In technical drawing,
thickness of line is also ideal, demarcating ideal outlines
of an object within a perceptual frame different from the
one used by painters.
1.2
HISTORY
Circus Sideshow (French: Parade de cirque), Georges Seurat,
1887–88
Color and tone
Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and
rhythm are the essence of music. Color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although
these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is
associated with mourning in the West, but in the East,
white is. Some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe,[3] Kandinsky,[4] and Newton,[5]
have written their own color theory.
computers to “paint” color onto a digital “canvas” using
programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and
many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required.
1.4 Rhythm
Rhythm is important in painting as it is in music. If one
defines rhythm as “a pause incorporated into a sequence”,
then there can be rhythm in paintings. These pauses allow
creative force to intervene and add new creations—form,
melody, coloration. The distribution of form, or any kind
of information is of crucial importance in the given work
of art, and it directly affects the aesthetic value of that
work. This is because the aesthetical value is functionality
dependent, i.e. the freedom (of movement) of perception
is perceived as beauty. Free flow of energy, in art as well
[6]
Painters deal practically with pigments, so "blue" for as in other forms of "techne", directly contributes to the
a painter can be any of the blues: phthalocyanine blue, aesthetical value.
Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on.
Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not,
strictly speaking, means of painting. Colors only add to
2 History
the potential, derived context of meanings, and because
of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective.
The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music Main article: History of painting
(like a C note) is analogous to “light” in painting, “shades” The oldest known paintings are at the Grotte Chauvet in
to dynamics, and “coloration” is to painting as the spe- France, which some historians believe are about 32,000
cific timbre of musical instruments is to music. These years old. They are engraved and painted using red ochre
elements do not necessarily form a melody (in music) of and black pigment, and they show horses, rhinoceros, lions, buffalo, mammoth, abstract designs and what are
themselves; rather, they can add different contexts to it.
possibly partial human figures. However, the earliest evidence of the act of painting has been discovered in two
rock-shelters in Arnhem Land, in northern Australia. In
1.3 Non-traditional elements
the lowest layer of material at these sites, there are used
Modern artists have extended the practice of painting pieces of ochre estimated to be 60,000 years old. Arconsiderably to include, as one example, collage, which chaeologists have also found a fragment of rock painting
began with Cubism and is not painting in the strict sense. preserved in a limestone rock-shelter in the Kimberley
Some modern painters incorporate different materials region of North-Western Australia, that is dated 40,000
such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Ex- years old.[7] There are examples of cave paintings all
amples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm over the world—in Italy, France, Spain, Portugal, China,
Kiefer. There is a growing community of artists who use Australia, Mexico,[8] etc.
Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a
color equivalent. The word "red", for example, can cover
a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible
spectrum of light. There is not a formalized register of
different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music, such as F or C♯. For a painter,
color is not simply divided into basic (primary) and derived (complementary or mixed) colors (like red, blue,
green, brown, etc.).
3
Postmodern painting, Neo-Dada painting, Shaped canvas
painting, environmental mural painting, traditional figure
painting, Landscape painting, Portrait painting, and
paint-on-glass animation.
3 Aesthetics and theory
Main article: Theory of painting
Aesthetics is the study of art and beauty; it was an impor-
Cave painting of aurochs, (French: Bos primigenius primigenius), Lascaux, France, prehistoric art
In Western cultures, oil painting and watercolor painting
have rich and complex traditions in style and subject matter. In the East, ink and color ink historically predominated the choice of media, with equally rich and complex
traditions.
The invention of photography had a major impact on
painting. In the decades after the first photograph
was produced in 1829, photographic processes improved
and became more widely practiced, depriving painting
of much of its historic purpose to provide an accurate record of the observable world. A series of art
movements in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—
notably Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Fauvism,
Expressionism, Cubism, and Dadaism—challenged the
Renaissance view of the world. Eastern and African
painting, however, continued a long history of stylization
and did not undergo an equivalent transformation at the
same time.
Modern and Contemporary Art has moved away from the
historic value of craft and documentation in favour of
concept, leading some to say, in the 1960s, that painting as a serious art form is dead. This has not deterred
the majority of living painters from continuing to practice painting either as whole or part of their work. The
vitality and versatility of painting in the 21st century defies the previous “declarations” of its demise. In an epoch
characterized by the idea of pluralism, there is no consensus as to a representative style of the age. Artists continue
to make important works of art in a wide variety of styles
and aesthetic temperaments—their merits are left to the
public and the marketplace to judge.
Apelles or the Art of painting (detail), relief of the Giotto’s Bell
Tower in Florence, Italy, Nino Pisano, 1334–1336
tant issue for 18th- and 19th-century philosophers such
as Kant and Hegel. Classical philosophers like Plato and
Aristotle also theorized about art and painting in particular. Plato disregarded painters (as well as sculptors) in his
philosophical system; he maintained that painting cannot
depict the truth—it is a copy of reality (a shadow of the
world of ideas) and is nothing but a craft, similar to shoemaking or iron casting. By the time of Leonardo, painting had become a closer representation of the truth than
painting was in Ancient Greece. Leonardo da Vinci, on
the contrary, said that "Italian: La Pittura è cosa mentale" (“English: painting is a thing of the mind”).[9] Kant
distinguished between Beauty and the Sublime, in terms
that clearly gave priority to the former. Although he did
not refer to painting in particular, this concept was taken
up by painters such as J.M.W. Turner and Caspar David
Friedrich.
Among the continuing and current directions in painting
at the beginning of the 21st century are Monochrome
painting, Hard-edge painting, Geometric abstraction, Appropriation, Hyperrealism, Photorealism,
Expressionism, Minimalism, Lyrical Abstraction, Pop
Art, Op Art, Abstract Expressionism, Color Field
painting, Neo-expressionism, Collage, Intermedia Hegel recognized the failure of attaining a universal
painting, Assemblage painting, Computer art painting, concept of beauty and, in his aesthetic essay, wrote
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PAINTING MEDIA
that painting is one of the three “romantic” arts, along
with Poetry and Music, for its symbolic, highly intellectual purpose.[10][11] Painters who have written theoretical works on painting include Kandinsky and Paul
Klee.[12][13] In his essay, Kandinsky maintains that painting has a spiritual value, and he attaches primary colors
to essential feelings or concepts, something that Goethe
and other writers had already tried to do.
Iconography is the study of the content of paintings,
rather than their style. Erwin Panofsky and other art historians first seek to understand the things depicted, before
looking at their meaning for the viewer at the time, and
finally analyzing their wider cultural, religious, and social
meaning.[14]
In 1890, the Parisian painter Maurice Denis famously Honoré Daumier (1808–79), The Painter. Oil on panel with visasserted: “Remember that a painting—before being a ible brushstrokes.
warhorse, a naked woman or some story or other—is essentially a flat surface covered with colors assembled in 4.2 Pastel
a certain order.”[15] Thus, many 20th-century developments in painting, such as Cubism, were reflections on
the means of painting rather than on the external world—
nature—which had previously been its core subject. Recent contributions to thinking about painting have been
offered by the painter and writer Julian Bell. In his
book What is Painting?, Bell discusses the development,
through history, of the notion that paintings can express
feelings and ideas.[16] In Mirror of The World, Bell writes:
A work of art seeks to hold your attention
and keep it fixed: a history of art urges it onwards, bulldozing a highway through the homes
of the imagination.[17]
4
Painting media
Different types of paint are usually identified by the
medium that the pigment is suspended or embedded in,
which determines the general working characteristics of
the paint, such as viscosity, miscibility, solubility, drying
time, etc.
Maurice Quentin de La Tour, Portrait of Louis XV of France.
(1748) Pastel.
4.1
Oil
Oil painting is the process of painting with pigments that
are bound with a medium of drying oil, such as linseed
oil, which was widely used in early modern Europe. Often the oil was boiled with a resin such as pine resin or
even frankincense; these were called 'varnishes’ and were
prized for their body and gloss. Oil paint eventually became the principal medium used for creating artworks
as its advantages became widely known. The transition
began with Early Netherlandish painting in northern Europe, and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had almost completely replaced tempera
paints in the majority of Europe.
Pastel is a painting medium in the form of a stick, consisting of pure powdered pigment and a binder.[18] The
pigments used in pastels are the same as those used to
produce all colored art media, including oil paints; the
binder is of a neutral hue and low saturation. The color
effect of pastels is closer to the natural dry pigments than
that of any other process.[19] Because the surface of a pastel painting is fragile and easily smudged, its preservation requires protective measures such as framing under
glass; it may also be sprayed with a fixative. Nonetheless,
when made with permanent pigments and properly cared
for, a pastel painting may endure unchanged for centuries.
Pastels are not susceptible, as are paintings made with a
4.5
Ink
5
fluid medium, to the cracking and discoloration that re- cle. The traditional and most common support for watersult from changes in the color, opacity, or dimensions of color paintings is paper; other supports include papyrus,
the medium as it dries.
bark papers, plastics, vellum or leather, fabric, wood and
canvas. In East Asia, watercolor painting with inks is referred to as brush painting or scroll painting. In Chinese,
4.3 Acrylic
Korean, and Japanese painting it has been the dominant
medium, often in monochrome black or browns. India, Ethiopia and other countries also have long traditions. Finger-painting with watercolor paints originated
in China. Watercolor pencils (water-soluble color pencils) may be used either wet or dry.
4.5 Ink
Jungle Arc by Ray Burggraf. Acrylic paint on wood. (1998)
Acrylic paint is fast drying paint containing pigment suspension in acrylic polymer emulsion. Acrylic paints can
be diluted with water, but become water-resistant when
dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with
water) or modified with acrylic gels, media, or pastes, the
finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolor or an
oil painting, or have its own unique characteristics not attainable with other media. The main practical difference
between most acrylics and oil paints is the inherent drying
time. Oils allow for more time to blend colors and apply
even glazes over under-paintings. This slow drying aspect
of oil can be seen as an advantage for certain techniques,
but in other regards it impedes the artist trying to work
quickly.
4.4
Watercolor
Landscapes of the Four Seasons (1486), Sesshū Tōyō. Ink and
light color on paper.
Ink paintings are done with a liquid that contains pigments
and/or dyes and is used to color a surface to produce an
image, text, or design. Ink is used for drawing with a pen,
brush, or quill. Ink can be a complex medium, composed
of solvents, pigments, dyes, resins, lubricants, solubilizers, surfactants, particulate matter, fluorescers, and other
materials. The components of inks serve many purposes;
the ink’s carrier, colorants, and other additives control
flow and thickness of the ink and its appearance when
dry.
4.6 Hot wax
Encaustic painting, also known as hot wax painting, involves using heated beeswax to which colored pigments
are added. The liquid/paste is then applied to a surface—
usually prepared wood, though canvas and other materials are often used. The simplest encaustic mixture can
be made from adding pigments to beeswax, but there
are several other recipes that can be used—some containing other types of waxes, damar resin, linseed oil, or
other ingredients. Pure, powdered pigments can be purManfred on the Jungfrau (1837), John Martin. Watercolor chased and used, though some mixtures use oil paints or
other forms of pigment. Metal tools and special brushes
painting
can be used to shape the paint before it cools, or heated
Watercolor is a painting method in which the paints are metal tools can be used to manipulate the wax once it has
made of pigments suspended in a water-soluble vehi- cooled onto the surface. Other materials can be encased
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PAINTING MEDIA
White Angel, a fresco from Mileševa, Serbia
Encaustic Angel (2009), Martina Loos. Beeswax crayons, encaustic iron and hotpen.
or collaged into the surface, or layered, using the encaustic medium to adhere it to the surface.
4.7
Fresco
Fresco is any of several related mural painting types, done
on plaster on walls or ceilings. The word fresco comes
from the Italian word affresco [afˈfresːko], which derives from the Latin word for fresh. Frescoes were often
made during the Renaissance and other early time periods. Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh lime
mortar or plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster,
intonaco, is used. A secco painting, in contrast, is done
on dry plaster (secco is “dry” in Italian). The pigments
require a binding medium, such as egg (tempera), glue or watermedia, it is diluted with water.[20]
oil to attach the pigment to the wall.
4.8
Gouache
Gouache is a water based paint consisting of pigment and
other materials designed to be used in an opaque painting method. Gouache differs from watercolor in that the
particles are larger, the ratio of pigment to water is much
higher, and an additional, inert, white pigment such as
chalk is also present. This makes gouache heavier and
more opaque, with greater reflective qualities. Like all
4.9 Enamel
Enamels are made by painting a substrate, typically metal,
with frit, a type of powdered glass. Minerals called color
oxides provide coloration. After firing at a temperature
of 750–850 degrees Celsius (1380–1560 degrees Fahrenheit), the result is a fused lamination of glass and metal.
Enamels have traditionally been used for decoration of
precious objects,[21] but have also been used for other
purposes. In the 18th century, enamel painting enjoyed
4.12
Water miscible oil paint
7
pera was a primary method of painting until after 1500
when it was superseded by the invention of oil painting.
A paint commonly called tempera (though it is not) consisting of pigment and glue size is commonly used and
referred to by some manufacturers in America as poster
paint.
4.12 Water miscible oil paint
Crying Girl (1964), Roy Lichtenstein. Porcelain enamel.
a vogue in Europe, especially as a medium for portrait
miniatures.[22] In the late 20th century, the technique of
porcelain enamel on metal has been used as a durable
medium for outdoor murals.[23]
Water miscible oil paints (also called “water soluble” or
“water-mixable”) is a modern variety of oil paint engineered to be thinned and cleaned up with water, rather
than having to use chemicals such as turpentine. It can
be mixed and applied using the same techniques as traditional oil-based paint, but while still wet it can be effectively removed from brushes, palettes, and rags with
ordinary soap and water. Its water solubility comes from
the use of an oil medium in which one end of the molecule
has been altered to bind loosely to water molecules, as in
a solution.
5 Painting styles
Main article: Style (visual arts)
4.10 Spray paint
Style is used in two senses: It can refer to the distinctive
visual elements, techniques and methods that typify an individual artist’s work. It can also refer to the movement
or school that an artist is associated with. This can stem
from an actual group that the artist was consciously involved with or it can be a category in which art historians have placed the painter. The word 'style' in the latter sense has fallen out of favor in academic discussions
Speed, portability and permanence also make aerosol about contemporary painting, though it continues to be
paint a common graffiti medium. In the late 1970s, street used in popular contexts. Such movements or classificagraffiti writers’ signatures and murals became more elab- tions include the following:
orate and a unique style developed as a factor of the
aerosol medium and the speed required for illicit work.
Many now recognize graffiti and street art as a unique 5.1 Western
art form and specifically manufactured aerosol paints are
made for the graffiti artist. A stencil protects a surface, 5.1.1 Modernism
except the specific shape to be painted. Stencils can be
purchased as movable letters, ordered as professionally Modernism describes both a set of cultural tendencies and
an array of associated cultural movements, originally ariscut logos or hand-cut by artists.
ing from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western
society in the late 19th century and early 20th century.
Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of
4.11 Tempera
realism.[24][25] The term encompasses the activities and
Tempera, also known as egg tempera, is a permanent, output of those who felt the “traditional” forms of art,
fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pig- architecture, literature, religious faith, social organizament mixed with a water-soluble binder medium (usu- tion and daily life were becoming outdated in the new
ally a glutinous material such as egg yolk or some other economic, social and political conditions of an emergsize). Tempera also refers to the paintings done in this ing fully industrialized world. A salient characteristic of
medium. Tempera paintings are very long lasting, and modernism is self-consciousness. This often led to exexamples from the first centuries CE still exist. Egg tem- periments with form, and work that draws attention to the
Aerosol paint (also called spray paint) is a type of paint
that comes in a sealed pressurized container and is released in a fine spray mist when depressing a valve button.
A form of spray painting, aerosol paint leaves a smooth,
evenly coated surface. Standard sized cans are portable,
inexpensive and easy to store. Aerosol primer can be applied directly to bare metal and many plastics.
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5 PAINTING STYLES
processes and materials used (and to the further tendency a label created by French artist Jean Dubuffet to deof abstraction).[26]
scribe art created outside the boundaries of official culture; Dubuffet focused particularly on art by insaneasylum inmates.[31] Outsider art has emerged as a sucImpressionism The first example of modernism in cessful art marketing category (an annual Outsider Art
painting was impressionism, a school of painting that Fair has taken place in New York since 1992). The term
initially focused on work done, not in studios, but out- is sometimes misapplied as a catch-all marketing label for
doors (en plein air). Impressionist paintings demon- art created by people outside the mainstream “art world,”
strated that human beings do not see objects, but instead regardless of their circumstances or the content of their
see light itself. The school gathered adherents despite work.
internal divisions among its leading practitioners, and
became increasingly influential. Initially rejected from
the most important commercial show of the time, the Photorealism Photorealism is the genre of painting
government-sponsored Paris Salon, the Impressionists or- based on using the camera and photographs to gather
ganized yearly group exhibitions in commercial venues information and then from this information, creating
during the 1870s and 1880s, timing them to coincide with a painting that appears to be very realistic like a
the official Salon. A significant event of 1863 was the photograph. The term is primarily applied to paintings
Salon des Refusés, created by Emperor Napoleon III to from the United States art movement that began in the
display all of the paintings rejected by the Paris Salon.
late 1960s and early 1970s. As a full-fledged art movement, Photorealism evolved from Pop Art[32][33][34] and
as a counter to Abstract Expressionism.
Abstract styles Abstract painting uses a visual language of form, color and line to create a composition that Hyperrealism is a genre of painting and sculpture resemmay exist with a degree of independence from visual ref- bling a high-resolution photograph. Hyperrealism is a
erences in the world.[27][28] Abstract expressionism was fully fledged school of art and can be considered an adan American post-World War II art movement that com- vancement of Photorealism by the methods used to create
bined the emotional intensity and self-denial of the Ger- the resulting paintings or sculptures. The term is primarman Expressionists with the anti-figurative aesthetic of ily applied to an independent art movement and art style
the European abstract schools—such as Futurism, the in the United States and Europe that has developed since
[35]
Bauhaus and Synthetic Cubism and the image of being the early 2000s.
rebellious, anarchic, highly idiosyncratic and, some feel,
nihilistic.[29]
Surrealism Surrealism is a cultural movement that beAction painting, sometimes called gestural abstraction, is gan in the early 1920s, and is best known for the visual
a style of painting in which paint is spontaneously drib- artworks and writings of the group members. Surrealbled, splashed or smeared onto the canvas, rather than ist artworks feature the element of surprise, unexpected
being carefully applied.[30] The resulting work often em- juxtapositions and non sequitur; however, many Surrealphasizes the physical act of painting itself as an essen- ist artists and writers regard their work as an expression
tial aspect of the finished work or concern of its artist. of the philosophical movement first and foremost, with
The style was widespread from the 1940s until the early the works being an artifact. Leader André Breton was
1960s, and is closely associated with abstract expression- explicit in his assertion that Surrealism was above all a
ism (some critics have used the terms “action painting” revolutionary movement.
and "abstract expressionism" interchangeably).
Surrealism developed out of the Dada activities of World
Other modernist styles include:
War I and the most important center of the movement was Paris. From the 1920s onward, the movement spread around the globe, eventually affecting the
• Color Field
visual arts, literature, film and music of many countries
• Lyrical Abstraction
and languages, as well as political thought and practice,
philosophy and social theory.
• Hard-edge painting
See also: Outline of painting § Styles of painting
• Expressionism
• Cubism
• Pop art
5.2 Far Eastern
• Chinese
Outsider art The term outsider art was coined by art
critic Roger Cardinal in 1972 as an English synonym for
art brut (French: [aʁ bʁyt], “raw art” or “rough art”),
• Tang Dynasty
• Ming Dynasty
5.6
Contemporary art
• Shan shui
• Ink and wash painting
• Hua niao
• Southern School
• Zhe School
• Wu School
• Contemporary
• Japanese
• Yamato-e
• Rimpa school
• Emakimono
9
5.6 Contemporary art
6 Idioms
6.1 Allegory
Allegory is a figurative mode of representation conveying meaning other than the literal. Allegory communicates its message by means of symbolic figures, actions
or symbolic representation. Allegory is generally treated
as a figure of rhetoric, but an allegory does not have to
be expressed in language: it may be addressed to the eye,
and is often found in realistic painting. An example of
a simple visual allegory is the image of the grim reaper.
Viewers understand that the image of the grim reaper is
a symbolic representation of death.
• Kanō school
• Shijō school
6.2 Bodegón
• Superflat
• Korean
5.3
Islamic
• Persian miniature
• Mughal miniature
• Ottoman miniature
5.4
Indian
• Oriya school
• Bengal school
• Kangra
• Madhubani
• Mysore
• Rajput
• Mughal
• Samikshavad
Bodegón or Still Life with Pottery Jars, by Francisco de Zurbarán. 1636, Oil on canvas; 46 x 84 cm; Museo del Prado,
Madrid
In Spanish art, a bodegón is a still life painting depicting
pantry items, such as victuals, game, and drink, often arranged on a simple stone slab, and also a painting with one
or more figures, but significant still life elements, typically set in a kitchen or tavern. Starting in the Baroque period, such paintings became popular in Spain in the second quarter of the 17th century. The tradition of still life
painting appears to have started and was far more popular in the contemporary Low Countries, today Belgium
and Netherlands (then Flemish and Dutch artists), than
it ever was in southern Europe. Northern still lifes had
many subgenres: the breakfast piece was augmented by
the trompe-l'œil, the flower bouquet, and the vanitas. In
Spain there were much fewer patrons for this sort of thing,
but a type of breakfast piece did become popular, featuring a few objects of food and tableware laid on a table.
• Tanjore
6.3 Body painting
5.5
African
• Tingatinga
Body painting is a form of body art. Unlike tattoo and
other forms of body art, body painting is temporary,
painted onto the human skin, and lasts for only several
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6 IDIOMS
hours, or at most (in the case of Mehndi or “henna tattoo”) a couple of weeks. Body painting that is limited to
the face is known as face painting. Body painting is also
referred to as (a form of) temporary tattoo; large scale or
full-body painting is more commonly referred to as body
painting, while smaller or more detailed work is generally
referred to as temporary tattoos.
6.4
voted space to the illustrators of the past. In the visual art
world, illustrators have sometimes been considered less
important in comparison with fine artists and graphic designers. But as the result of computer game and comic industry growth, illustrations are becoming valued as popular and profitable art works that can acquire a wider market than the other two, especially in Korea, Japan, Hong
Kong and USA.
Figure painting
6.6 Landscape painting
A Figure painting is a work of art in any of the painting
media with the primary subject being the human figure, Main article: Landscape art
whether clothed or nude. Figure painting may also refer Landscape painting is a term that covers the depiction of
to the activity of creating such a work. The human figure has been one of the contrast subjects of art since the
first stone age cave paintings, and has been reinterpreted
in various styles throughout history.[36] Some artists well
known for figure painting are Peter Paul Rubens, Edgar
Degas, and Édouard Manet.
Painting by Andreas Achenbach, who specialized in the “sublime”
mode of landscape painting, in which man is dwarfed by nature’s
might and fury.[37] The Walters Art Museum.
natural scenery such as mountains, valleys, trees, rivers,
and forests, and especially art where the main subject is
a wide view, with its elements arranged into a coherent
composition. In other works landscape backgrounds for
figures can still form an important part of the work. Sky is
almost always included in the view, and weather is often
an element of the composition. Detailed landscapes as
a distinct subject are not found in all artistic traditions,
and develop when there is already a sophisticated tradition
of representing other subjects. The two main traditions
spring from Western painting and Chinese art, going back
well over a thousand years in both cases.
6.7 Portrait painting
Two Lovers by Reza Abbasi, 1630
6.5
Illustration painting
Illustration paintings are those used as illustrations in
books, magazines, and theater or movie posters and
comic books. Today, there is a growing interest in collecting and admiring the original artwork. Various museum exhibitions, magazines and art galleries have de-
Portrait paintings are representations of a person, in
which the face and its expression is predominant. The
intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even
the mood of the person. The art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture,
where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. One of the best-known portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vinci's painting titled Mona Lisa, which is thought to be a portrait of
Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo.[38]
11
6.8
Still life
[6] Pigments at ColourLex
A still life is a work of art depicting mostly inanimate [7] “How Old is Australia’s Rock Art?". Aboriginalartonline.com. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
subject matter, typically commonplace objects—which
may be either natural (food, flowers, plants, rocks, or [8] http://www.bbc.co.uk/portuguese/noticias/2013/05/
shells) or man-made (drinking glasses, books, vases, jew130523_pinturas_caverna_mexico_an
elry, coins, pipes, and so on). With origins in the Middle Ages and Ancient Greek/Roman art, still life paint- [9] Rollason, C., & Mittapalli, R. (2002). Modern criticism.
New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. p. 196.
ings give the artist more leeway in the arrangement of deISBN 812690187X
sign elements within a composition than do paintings of
other types of subjects such as landscape or portraiture.
[10] Craig, Edward. Routledge Encyclopedia of PhilosoStill life paintings, particularly before 1700, often conphy: Genealogy to Iqbal, page 278. Routledge, 1998.
tained religious and allegorical symbolism relating to
Books.google.com. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
the objects depicted. Some modern still life breaks the
two-dimensional barrier and employs three-dimensional [11] “Painting and music are the specially romantic arts.
mixed media, and uses found objects, photography, comLastly, as a union of painting and music comes poetry,
where the sensuous element is more than ever subordiputer graphics, as well as video and sound.
nate to the spirit.” Excerpted from Encyclopædia Britannica 1911
6.9
Veduta
[12] Marcel Franciscono Paul Klee: His Work and Thought,
part 6 'The Bauhaus and Düsseldorf', chap. 'Klee’s theory
courses’, p. 246 and under 'notes to pages 245–54' p.365
A Veduta is a highly detailed, usually large-scale painting of a cityscape or some other vista. This genre of
landscape originated in Flanders, where artists such as [13] Moshe Barasch (2000) Theories of art – from impressionPaul Bril painted vedute as early as the 16th century. As
ism to Kandinsky, part IV 'Abstract art', chap. 'Color'
the itinerary of the Grand Tour became somewhat stanpp.332–3
dardized, vedute of familiar scenes like the Roman Forum
or the Grand Canal recalled early ventures to the Conti- [14] Jones, Howard (October 2014). “The Varieties of Aesthetic Experience”. Journal for Spiritual & Consciousness
nent for aristocratic Englishmen. In the later 19th cenStudies 37 (4): 541–252.
tury, more personal impressions of cityscapes replaced
the desire for topographical accuracy, which was satisfied [15] Encyclopedia Encarta
instead by painted panoramas.
[16] “Review by art historian David Cohen”. Artnet.com. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
7
See also
• 20th-century Western painting
• Cobweb painting
• Index of painting-related articles
• Outline of painting
8
Notes
[1] “Paint[1] - Definition”. Merriam-webster.com. 2012-0831. Retrieved 2014-03-13.
[2] Perry, Lincoln (Summer 2014). “The Music of Painting”.
The American Scholar 83 (3): 85.
[3] Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe’s theory of colours,
John Murray, London 1840
[17] Bell, Julian (2007). Mirror of the World: A New History of Art. Thames and Hudson. p. 496. ISBN
9780500238370.
[18] Mayer, Ralph,The Artist’s Handbook of Materials and
Techniques, Third Edition, New York: Viking, 1970, p.
312.
[19] Mayer, Ralph. The Artist’s Handbook of Materials and
Techniques. Viking Adult; 5th revised and updated edition, 1991. ISBN 0-670-83701-6
[20] Marjorie B. Cohn, Wash and Gouache, Fogg Museum,
1977.
[21] Mayer, Ralph,The Artist’s Handbook of Materials and
Techniques, Third Edition, New York: Viking, 1970, p.
375.
[22] McNally, Rika Smith, “Enamel”, Oxford Art Online
[4] Wassily Kandinsky Concerning The Spiritual In Art,
[Translated By Michael T. H. Sadler, pdf.
[23] Mayer, Ralph,The Artist’s Handbook of Materials and
Techniques, Third Edition, New York: Viking, 1970, p.
371.
[5] A letter to the Royal Society presenting A new theory of
light and colours Isaac Newton, 1671 pdf
[24] John Barth (1979) The Literature of Replenishment, later
republished in The Friday Book'(1984)'.
12
11
[25] Gerald Graff (1975) Babbitt at the Abyss: The Social Context of Postmodern. American Fiction, TriQuarterly, No.
33 (Spring 1975), pp. 307–37; reprinted in Putz and
Freese, eds., Postmodernism and American Literature.
[26] Gardner, Helen, Horst De la Croix, Richard G. Tansey,
and Diane Kirkpatrick. Gardner’s Art Through the Ages
(San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1991). ISBN 015-503770-6. p. 953.
[27] Rudolph Arnheim, Visual Thinking
[28] Key, Joan (September 2009). “Future Use: Abstract
Painting”. Third Text 23 (5): 557–563.
[29] Shapiro, David/Cecile (2000): Abstract Expressionism.
The politics of apolitical painting. p. 189-190 In:
Frascina, Francis (2000): Pollock and After. The critical debate. 2nd ed. London: Routledge
[30] Boddy-Evans, Marion. "Art Glossary: Action Painting".
About.com. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
• The Letters of Vincent van Gogh (Penguin Classics)
• Russian painters art in very high definition.
• Most famous painters art in very high definition.
10 Further reading
• Daniel, H. (1971). Encyclopedia of Themes and
Subjects in Painting; Mythological, Biblical, Historical, Literary, Allegorical, and Topical. New York:
Harry N. Abrams Inc.
• W.Stanley Jr. Taft, James W. Mayer, The Science
of Paintings, First Edition, Springer, 2000.
11 External links
[31] Roger Cardinal, Outsider Art, London, 1972
• WikiPaintings
[32] Lindey, Christine Superrealist Painting and Sculpture,
William Morrow and Company, New York, 1980, pp.
27–33.
• ArtLex Art Dictionary
[33] Chase, Linda, Photorealism at the Millennium, The NotSo-Innocent Eye: Photorealism in Context. Harry N.
Abrams, Inc. New York, 2002. pp 14–15.
[34] Nochlin, Linda, The Realist Criminal and the Abstract
Law II, Art In America. 61 (November – December
1973), P. 98.
[35] Bredekamp, Horst, Hyperrealism – One Step Beyond.
Tate Museum, Publishers, UK. 2006. p. 1
[36] Droste, Flip (October 2014). “Cave Paintings of the Early
Stone Age”. Semiotica 2014 (202): 155–165.
[37] “Clearing Up—Coast of Sicily”. The Walters Art Museum.
[38] “Mona Lisa – Portrait of Lisa Gherardini, wife of
Francesco del Giocondo”. Louvre Museum. Retrieved
2014-03-13.
9
References
• Alberti, Leone Battista, De Pictura (On Painting),
1435. On Painting, in English, De Pictura, in Latin
• Doerner, Max – The Materials of the Artist and
Their Use in Painting: With Notes on the Techniques of the Old Masters
• Kandinsky – Concerning the Spiritual in Art (Dover
Publications)
• The Journal of Eugene Delacroix (Phaidon Press)
• Masterpieces of painting.
EXTERNAL LINKS
• ColourLex Lexicon of paintings, pigments and scientific methods for investigating works of art.
13
12
12.1
Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses
Text
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14
12
TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES
Prashant Gupta, Doewiets, Chetankumar.Nagaraj.Sarvade, KABI STYLO, Trackteur, Davidcarlsonartwiki, Neerajdas1, Machomother23,
5224Penguin, Siouxie Doo, KH-1, Pallawi devi, Inventpn, Studio.high, Eteethan, Wealthy&fruitful, Equint3, Fungunerfuner, KasparBot,
Niscarpi, Rodeored2, Jurajlip, Македонец, Rkd1964, Noiamnotaperson, Big guy 99, Lilysmith1212, Ishaangrewal2001702, Bluemoonart
and Anonymous: 734
12.2
Images
• File:'Water_and_wine',_gouache_on_paper_by_Francesco_Clemente_1981.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/
b/b3/%27Water_and_wine%27%2C_gouache_on_paper_by_Francesco_Clemente_1981.jpg License: Fair use Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Andreas_Achenbach_-_Clearing_Up—Coast_of_Sicily_-_Walters_37116.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/c/c5/Andreas_Achenbach_-_Clearing_Up%E2%80%94Coast_of_Sicily_-_Walters_37116.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Walters Art Museum: <a href='http://thewalters.org/' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Nuvola filesystems folder home.svg'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg/20px-Nuvola_filesystems_
folder_home.svg.png' width='20' height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_
folder_home.svg/30px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png 1.5x,
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
8/81/Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg/40px-Nuvola_filesystems_folder_home.svg.png
2x'
data-file-width='128'
data-fileheight='128' /></a> Home page <a href='http://art.thewalters.org/detail/19760' data-x-rel='nofollow'><img alt='Information icon.svg'
src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/20px-Information_icon.svg.png' width='20'
height='20' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/30px-Information_icon.svg.png
1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Information_icon.svg/40px-Information_icon.svg.png 2x' data-filewidth='620' data-file-height='620' /></a> Info about artwork Original artist: Andreas Achenbach
• File:Bodegón_de_recipientes_(Zurbarán).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Bodeg%C3%B3n_de_
recipientes_%28Zurbar%C3%A1n%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.museodelprado.es/uploads/tx_gbobras/
P02803.jpg Original artist: Francisco de Zurbarán
• File:Chen_Hongshou,_leaf_album_painting.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Chen_Hongshou%
2C_leaf_album_painting.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/home/3garplnt.htm#plnts,
Zhongguo meishu quanji, Huihua bian 8: Mingdai huihua, xia (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1988), pl. 170, p. 191. Original artist:
Chen Hongshou
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
• File:Crying_Girl_(enamel).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/82/Crying_Girl_%28enamel%29.jpg License:
Fair use Contributors: http://www.lichtensteinfoundation.org/3352.htm Original artist: Roy Lichtenstein
• File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the file, specifically: “Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).”
• File:Encaustic-Angel-.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Encaustic-Angel-.jpg License: CC BY-SA
3.0 Contributors: www.fantasy-encaustic-art.de Original artist: Martina Loos Martina Loos Fineart
• File:Formella_18,_apelle_o_la_pittura,_nino_pisano,_1334-1336_dettaglio_01.JPG Source:
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wikipedia/commons/9/91/Formella_18%2C_apelle_o_la_pittura%2C_nino_pisano%2C_1334-1336_dettaglio_01.JPG License: CC BY
2.5 Contributors: Own work (my camera) Original artist: sailko
• File:Georges_Seurat_066.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Georges_Seurat_066.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors: Metropolitan Museum of Art Original artist: Georges Seurat
• File:Honoré_Daumier_008.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier_008.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Honoré Daumier
• File:John_Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_(1837).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/John_
Martin_-_Manfred_on_the_Jungfrau_%281837%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Originally uploaded to en.wikipedia by
en:User:Anonymous Dissident on 03:06, 28 July 2007 as en:Image:Martin.jpg. The image came from [1], which is from the Birmingham
Museums & Art Gallery Information Centre’s webpage. The original link is dead. See [2] and [3] Original artist: John Martin
• File:Jungle_Arc.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Jungle_Arc.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia to Commons. Original artist: Global Microscope (Ray L. Burggraf)
• File:Landscapes_of_the_Four_Seasons.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Landscapes_of_the_
Four_Seasons.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Mōri Museum Original artist: Sesshū Tōyō
• File:Lascaux_04.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Lascaux_04.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: self-made, edited by user:sailko Original artist: Peter80
• File:Louis15-1.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Louis15-1.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
http://www.axonais.com/saintquentin/musee_lecuyer/graphs/louisXV.jpg Original artist: Maurice Quentin de La Tour
• File:Meister_von_Mileseva_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Meister_von_Mileseva_001.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202.
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Tkgd2007
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