NATIONAL COCKATIEL SOCIETY JOURNAL Shades of Silver ……

Transcription

NATIONAL COCKATIEL SOCIETY JOURNAL
July/August/September 2014
Shades of Silver ……...
The National Cockatiel Society Journal
Dedicated to the Education of Cockatiel Enthusiasts Worldwide.
July/August/September 2014 Volume XXXI, No 3
Official publication of The National Cockatiel Society, Inc.
www.cockatiels.org
Issue Highlights….
NCS Biographies
Incompatibility, Causes and Cures
Complete Bloodcount
Visual Sexing
Page 6
Page 14
Page 18
Page 25
Society Information ….
NCS Board of Directors
NCS Appointed Positions
State Coordinators
Judges Panel
Show Calendar
Page 4
Page 5
Page 10
Page 16
Page 26
The National Cockatiel Society Journal is the official
quarterly magazine of the National Cockatiel Society, Inc.
The National Cockatiel Society, Inc. is a non-profit, 501c(3) corporation.
Copyright 2014
All rights reserved.
Reproduction of any material from this issue in whole
or in part is strictly prohibited.
National Cockatiel Society, I
National Cockatiel Society, Inc.
July/Aug/Sept 2012
Page 3
Page 1
Reproduction of any material from this issue in whole
President
Leslie Huegerich
611 Quest Ridge Dr.
Fuquay Varina, NC 27526
[email protected]
Secretary
Vickie Ferguson
411 Aviator Dr.
Fort Worth, TX 76179
[email protected]
North-Eastern Director
Ruth Doughty
79 Howard St.
Lewiston, ME 04240
[email protected]
1st VP/Judges Chair
Julia Allen
3592 Lake Unity Nursery Rd.
Fruitland Park, FL 34731
[email protected]
Treasurer
Deb Dollar
P.O. Box 12058
Brooksville, FL 34603
[email protected]
Central Director
Carla Crowe
1342 Hildreth Pool Rd.
Bowie, TX 76230
centraldirector
@cockatiels.org
2nd Vice President
Jim Heffernan
11177 Buno Rd.
Brighton, MI 49114
[email protected]
Membership/Bands
Chris Orowitz
1776 Walter Boone Rd.
Rineyville, KY 40162
[email protected]
Western Director
Jesse Avila
7910 Greenland Rd.
Franktown, CO 80116
3rd Vice President
Ellen O’Neil
1652 Pisgah State Rd.
Shermans Dale, PA 17090
[email protected]
Puerto Rico Director
Juan Carlos Cotto
[email protected]
South-Eastern Director
Karen Perdue
(770) 382-4225
[email protected]
Your
A D
Here
Page 2
Don’t miss the
Chance to grow your
Business by placing
An ad right here!
Contact:
Leslie Huegerich
[email protected]
SHOW REPORTS
EDITOR
Chris Orowitz
1776 Walter Boone Rd.
[email protected]
AFA DELEGATE
Jim Heffernan
[email protected]
Leslie Huegerich
[email protected]
EDUCATION
OUTREACH CHAIR
Ruth Doughty
(207) 344-8640
[email protected]
Advertising
Open
TECHNICAL
CO-CHAIRS
Leslie Huegerich
[email protected]
Allen Fox
[email protected]
GA RESIDENT
NCS AGENT
Karen Perdue
(770) 382-4225
[email protected]
NCS Sales Store
Open
NCBS (National)
LIAISON
Leslie Huegerich
(see President)
AUCTION
CHAIRPERSON
Open
PARLIAMENTARIAN/BYLAWS
Jeff Robinson
[email protected]
The folks who make the NCS Journal happen...
Guest Journal Editor
Chris Orowitz
Assistant Editor
Leslie Huegerich
Content Manager
Julia Allen
3592 Lake Unity Nursery Rd.
[email protected]
Contributing Writers
Pat Tucker
Linda Greeson Rice
Dr. Scott McDonald
Front and Back Cover Photos:
Various Colors of Dominant Silvers
Owner: Robert Finalet
Page 3
NCS Biographies
The biographies below are of current NCS Candidates. If you have been a member
of NCS for at least six months, you should receive a ballot via mail by the NCS
Secretary. You should return this to the accounting firm listed with the ballot. If you
do not receive a ballot by October 10th, please contact the NCS Secretary.
Leslie Huegerich - PRESIDENT
My name is Leslie Huegerich and I am running for the position of President of the
National Cockatiel Society. For the past 14 years I have held a variety of positions
within NCS including: webmaster, journal editor, Secretary, and NC State
Coordinator. I also am a Board of Director of the North American Parrot Society and
held the position of President both in my local club, Raleigh Durham Caged Bird
Society, and the International Parrotlet Society.
In my personal life, I am the principle for a data analysis and accounting company
in Raleigh, NC. I have a loving husband of 19 years and two teenage boys. In my
spare time, I love going to auctions and working on my small urban farm.
In my short time as President, I have worked towards putting our volunteers in the
positions where they can use their assets the best. I believe this organization is just a
mere collection of others enthusiasm of like interests. I want to keep moving the
organization in this positive direction so we can all direct this organization to being a
great source of education through pet ownership, breeding, and exhibition. I would
like to ask you for your vote and look forward to serving you in any way NCS needs.
Ellen O’Neill - 3rd VICE PRESIDENT
September 2007 we went to our first Cockatiel Show to learn more about breeding &
exhibiting cockatiels. We met a wonderful person that day and visited her aviary and
after a few visits, we had a great beginning to our flock. Early 2008, we set up our
very first pair and my daughter chose to keep our very first hatch. At 6 months old,
we entered him in his first Cockatiel Show and he won 2nd Best Novice twice and a
Judge's Special Award. After that show, we were hooked.
Showing is a great way for Cockatiel Breeders to come together in one area and
learn from one another. Watching your bird being judged alongside another Breeder’s
Cockatiel is a wonderful opportunity to see what your breeding program is producing
vs. other Breeders. It’s also a great social event and opportunity to make new friends
who share the same love as we do – our cockatiels.
I have been serving NCS and it’s Clubs and Members since October 2011 as Club
Affiliations Chair. I love spending time with my cockatiel-loving friends and love
helping Clubs to host their shows. I would appreciate the opportunity to continue in
the position as Club Affiliations Chair for the next term.
Page 4
Jonathan Haider - SECRETARY
This is my first time running for anything in life so please excuse my
shortcomings. As for my Bio, here it goes, please feel free to edit any part of it
to suit your needs:
My name is Jonathan Haider. I live in Bellflower, CA (suburb of Los
Angeles). I am 31 years old. I am from Bangladesh. I have been in USA since
1997. I have been raising birds since I was a small child in Bangladesh.
Although I never had a cockatiel in Bangladesh but I had pet Indian Ringnecks
and Mynahs.
In USA I started to raise birds since 2009 with English Budgies (which I still
currently have 20 pairs of) and then saw my first Cockatiel at a Swap meet in
2010, it was a Whiteface Pearl Pied. I immediately fell in love with it and I was
hooked. I found out about NCS as I was browsing online sites for tips. That is
when I saw NCS website and saw the pictures of different mutations. From then I
wanted to breed show birds. I continued to browse through NCS page and found
Ms. Linda Arnett and Mr. Robert Finalet, both of whom I am grateful for helping
me get started on the hobby and their generosity. As many can relate with me, I
found and saw Phil's website (Calico Cockatiels / Philipferet.com) and drooled
over those beautiful pieds. I immediately called Phil but learned that he had sold
most of his stock and just moved to North Carolina. He asked me to call Josh
Maple and Julie Allen. The rest is history....
It all started with one bird, now I have over 60+ birds (maybe more, I honestly
need to count). My wife, Sumi and I are both in the hobby together (which
makes it special). Although truth be told, she takes the brunt of the load and
seldom complains. Its truly a blessing/honor/privilege for us to be part of this
wonderful group. Where people care, help, cooperate, volunteer, and most importantly thrive to breed a better bird. I heard it many times and will hear it
many moons to come, "No one has bred a perfect bird as of yet " - but it's the
goal that keeps us all going.
I will try my best to do whatever I can to help in my position. I ask everyone
that they help me along the way, point out my mistakes so I can correct them.
Deb Dollar - TREASURER
My husband and I have been in birds since 1982. We began showing primarily
cockatiels soon after. Over the years we have exhibited in Budgies, Finches and
Parrots. But our primary focus was always Cockatiels even after I became a
SPBE judge at which point our focus of exhibition changed slightly to include
hookbills.
I have always been, in my professional life, a bookkeeper or account manager.
Responsible for accounts receivables, debt collection and management. In 1996
(or so) my husband and I founded our own nonprofit avian organization and ran
it for over 15 years. So that makes me fully aware of the ins and outs of running a
Non Profit Treasury.
It has been my pleasure to run the NCS treasury for the last 2 years and look
forward to continuing in the future.
Page 5
Jesse Avila - WESTERN REGIONAL DIRECTOR
My wife and I have been members of NCS since 1997. Having had exclusively
cockatiels in our home since 1990 my wife and I started showing cockatiels in 2002
at the Denver shows. Having acquired some great breeder birds from other NCS
members, the Denver shows were small enough to move us rapidly to advanced
breeders. We have shown primarily in the Denver shows and other shows in the
western area ,e.g. Albuquerque, Phoenix, Dallas and Las Vegas. Between the two
of us we've bred and shown several specialty winners and accumulated enough
points and wins to have grand champions in our aviary. I have been vice chairperson and show manager for the last six years of the MSAS shows here in the Denver
area.
I would appreciate your vote.
Carla Crowe - CENTRAL REGIONAL DIRECTOR
Hello my name is Carla Crowe, I have been your Central Regional Director for
a year now and have enjoyed serving as such. If elected for a second term I will continue my efforts to help in any capacity that I can.
Just a little background on myself, I have assisted my parents Royce & Barbara
Irwin with their cockatiels and now own a flock of my own for 30 years or more. I
have helped to organize and run our local shows as well as out of state. I did assist
last years Specialty Show in Gatlinburg, Tennessee but unfortunately became ill the
first day of the show and was unable to help any farther I hope to not do that this
year. I have also helped to Steward at the last 3 National Shows for National Cage
Bird Society.
I enjoy the hobby very much and enjoy the friends and new friends I meet along
the way. I hope to be re-elected so that I can continue to serve and attempt to make
NCS better each year.
Susan Stevie - NORTHEASTERN REGIONAL DIRECTOR
I've had birds for decades and started exhibiting in 2011. I'm a member
of the National Cockatiel Society, North American Parrot Society, Society of
Parrot Breeders and Exhibitors, National Finch and Softbill Society, and the
African Lovebird Society. I've been a champion exhibitor in finches and
parrots annually since 2012 and have been fortunate to own several birds
that have achieved champion status.
I am President and past Treasurer of our local bird club, the Mid-American
Exotic Bird Society (MAEBS), based in central Ohio. Under my leadership
MAEBS has hosted a bird show the past two years including NCS, NAPS,
and ALBS divisions; our show in 2013 was the first show in Ohio in decades
and boasted major shows for NCS and ALBS, and had 101 parrot entries...a
huge success! What I've enjoyed most about hosting shows is having the
opportunity to encourage others to try exhibiting their birds for the first time
and helping them discover how fun and educational bird shows can be.
Page 6
I've been a member of NCS since 2011 and have participated in numerous NCS
shows and meetings over the past several years including regional and national
events such as the National Cage Bird Show and the NCS Specialty show in
Gatlinburg. NCS is a wonderful organization of volunteers committed to educating
others about cockatiels and improving the species; if elected I look forward to
representing NCS members in the Northeastern Region and working with everyone
to strengthen and grow the society.
Diane Baxter - NORTHEASTERN REGIONAL DIRECTOR
My interest in Birds started many years ago, when I was a child. Birds were always
my favorite animal. Starting with Chickens, Ducks, Geese and Parakeets. Now
Cockatiels! I have had Cockatiels for over 25 years. My first Cockatiel is still with
me. His name is Mr Birdie. He is 25 years old..
I am an Advanced Breeder and show person. Most of my Cockatiels were bred
by me. I have been showing my Cockatiels for 20 or more years. Showing in NCS,
many times and winning many Awards.
During my time, I have held offices with other Societies. Holding offices such as
State Rep., Pet Advisor and being on the Board of Directors. My Experience and
Qualifications are of high standards.,
My Plan is to represent NCS to my Best Ability. I am sure that I can be an asset
to this Society. There will always be a need for: Teaching, Advising, and Caring
for all of our Birds. As members of NCS we must keep helping and caring.
I would be proud to represent NCS if I was to acquire this position
For Sale:
4 (like new) show boxes with vinyl covers, asking $40. each + 15.00 shipping or 2
for $70. + 30.00 shipping. Contact Judy Brumey [email protected],
Page 7
LOUISIANA: Richar d Nicolaisen
(318) 382-2246 - [email protected]
MAINE: Ruth Doughty
(207) 344-8640
[email protected]
ALABAMA: Tony & Tr ish Albr itton
[email protected]
ARKANSAS: Mar y Wagster
(870)346-5190 - [email protected]
CALIFORNIA: Rober t Finalet
[email protected]
COLORADO: Peggy Avila
FLORIDA: J ulia Allen
Judy Shapiro (850) 294-3425
[email protected]
GEORGIA: Kar en Per due
HAWAII: J anet Mishier
(808) 268-1553 [email protected]
MASSACHUSETTTS: Pat Tucker (978) 443-5218
[email protected]
MICHIGAN: Kim & Scott Mackey
(810)367-7483 [email protected]
MISSISSIPPI: Tony & Tr ish
Albritton [email protected]
NEBRASKA: Sue Ellen Pr ay (402)782-2051
[email protected]
NEVADA: Gr eg LeFr ancis [email protected] (702)538-5138
NEW HAMPSHIRE: Allen Fox [email protected]
NORTH CAROLINA:
Leslie Huegerich
[email protected]
PENNSYLVANIA: Ellen O’Neil
(717)582-2412 [email protected]
KENTUCKY: J osh Per kins
(502) 741-6767 [email protected]
Page 8
PURETO RICO: J ose Ber nar dy
(787) 738-0203
[email protected]
TEXAS: Royce Ir win
(817) 572-6262
[email protected]
Janelle O’Rourke
[email protected]
Memo from the State Coordinator Chair
We are still in need of State Coordinators in the following states:
Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Indiana, Minnesota,
Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New
York, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Ohio, Oregon, Rhode Island,
South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia,
Washington D.C., West Virginia, Wisconsin ,Wyoming.
If your state is not represented and you would like to become involved
in promoting NCS in your local area, please contact me via e-mail at
[email protected]
Jim Heffernan
2nd Vice President
State Coordinator Chair
Page 9
The following Clubs have affiliated for the 2014 Calendar year.
APPALACHIAN BIRD BREEDERS
& EXHIBITORS
Ellen O'Neil
Shermans Dale, PA
774-281-3307
[email protected]
MID-AMERICAN EXOTIC BIRD
SOCIETY
Susan Stieve
Columbus, OH
614-205-3755
[email protected]
www.maebs.com
BALTIMORE BIRD FANCIERS
Christine Roberts
410-343-1807
[email protected]
www.baltimorebirdfanciers.org
MID-ATLANTIC COCKATIEL
BREEDERS & EXHIBITORS
Josh Maple
[email protected]
COCKATIEL SOCIETY OF
PAKISTAN
Hamid Raza Shah
[email protected]
EAST COAST EXHIBITORS
GROUP
Leslie Huegerich
[email protected]
FORT WORTH BIRD CLUB
Royce Irwin
817-572-6262
[email protected]
GREATER CHICAGO CAGE BIRD
CLUB
Villa Park, IL
Julia Howard
[email protected]
www.gccbc.org
MOUNTAIN STATES AVIAN
SOCIETY
Brighton, CO
Jesse Avila
303-663-0399
[email protected]
www.msasbirds.org
NEW ENGLAND COCKATIEL
BREEDERS & EXHIBITORS
Wendy LaBanca
140 Almy Street
Warwick, RI 02886
401-732-0693
[email protected]
www.necbe.com
NORTH TEXAS COCKATIEL CLUB
Royce Irwin
817-572-6262
[email protected]
TEXAS BIRD BREEDERS &
FANCIERS ASSOCIATION
Royce Irwin
817-572-6262
[email protected]
Page 10
NCS Specialty Show
Brookside Resort, Gatlinburg, TN
463 East Parkway
August 29 – 31, 2014
(4) NCS Shows: NCS Specialty Show ~ NCS Double Points Show ~ NCS
Baby Show ~ NCS Show (4) NAPS Parrots Shows
NCS Judges: Jeff Robinson (Specialty Show),
Wendy Jendro (Double Points Show),
Regular NCS Show Julia Allen, Deb Dollar (Baby Show)
NAPS Judges: Jeff Robinson, Deb Dollar, Jim Heffernan, Leslie Huegerich
Tentative Agenda (we will update as we finalize plans):
Friday:
4pm: Board Meeting
5:15pm: check-in birds
6pm: NCS Baby Show & NAPS Parrot Show #1
Saturday:
7:30am: check-in birds
9:30am - 5pm: Two NCS Shows; Two Parrot Shows
Sunday:
9:30am – 2pm: 1 NCS Show; 1 Parrot Show
For more information contact:
Ellen O’Neill, [email protected]
Page 11
INCOMPATIBILITY - CAUSES AND CURES
by Linda Greeson Rice
The placing of a hen and cock together in a cage with a nest box does not
automatically insure that baby birds will be produced. Those of us who have been
involved in breeding dogs or cats soon learn that breeding birds is an entirely
different undertaking. You can pretty much depend on a male dog being attracted to
any female dog in heat. Few of the females are fussy over your choice of mates when
they are ready to breed. Not so with birds.
Many of the larger species and a fair number of the smaller ones may take years to
bond to each other. Once they have established a bond many more years may elapse
before mating and the production of fertile eggs.
Stumpy, our Blue and Gold Macaw was such a beautiful example of this species we
decided to provide him with a mate. Henrietta, the large hen we found for him, was
friendly from the start. It was years before Stumpy even allowed her to sit near him
on the perch. He had been our pet bird, indulged by the whole family as he developed
to maturity. This made his bonding to another bird an even slower process than usual.
Over the years their friendship finally developed into love. Stumpy fed and pruned
Henrietta and talked to her the way he used to talk to us. We were hopeful but the
eggs she laid were all clear. We began to suspect that because of his congenitally
deformed feet Stumpy was unable to manage fertilization even with a willing and
experienced hen. Ten long years after their being placed together they finally rewarded us with a beautiful Blue and Gold baby. They fed and cared for it with skill and
devotion and seemed as proud of it as we were.
It may even happen that a bird will never become compatible with the mate selected
by its owner. This may be an insurmountable problem when a closely bonded pair is
separated. I have not personally experienced the loss of the remaining bird as I have
heard does occur, but I know how close we have come on a few occasions. There are
times when separation is inevitable. When given a choice the owner must face the
dangers of the stress involved in separating a strongly bonded pair and not undertake
this lightly. Many times the loss of one results in the loss of both.
The hen may be more interested than the cock and give up on her attempts to be
fertilized. She then goes about nesting as usual, but lays and tries to incubate clear
eggs. Some cocks are intensely territorial and concentrate on defending their cage
space rather than on their mate.
More often an eager cock finds himself with a reluctant hen. He may be so insistent
and so tired of his mate's "having a headache" that he drives her into the nest box and
may keep her there without food and water. A special "T" shaped nest box with an
alternate escape route has been designed for use with Cockatoos where this type of
aggressive behavior is common.
Page 12
Occasionally a hen is badly plucked by a domineering cock. I have one pair where
the female stays stripped of feathers about the head and back during the entire
breeding season. I find their nest box carefully lined with her soft feathers. Both
parents are attentive to the babies so I accept this as part of their mating behavior.
We also encounter the "next door syndrome". The cock ignores his own hen and
spends his time actively courting the hen in the adjoining cage. When this behavior
persists over a period of weeks wife swapping is all that is left to do.
I have a big Cinnamon Pearl Cockatiel hen I have set up with a total of four different
mates. Each choice was made after careful study of pedigrees and a search to find
the right characteristics to compliment hers. I was anxious to breed this lovely hen
and each time gave her many months to adjust to each new mate. On the fourth try
she immediately fell in love and went right to nest with fertile eggs.
One pair of Cockatiels whose nest box I had flagged "apparently incompatible" and
was about to give up on surprised me with a clutch of nine eggs and hatched six
babies. I had never observed them to be courting or even to be on friendly terms but
they had obviously gotten together at some time.
Unless they are dimorphic (visually different males and females) all breeding pairs
need to be either surgically or DNA sexed. The DNA method is less expensive and
so convenient I now rely on it almost exclusively. Surgical sexing is valuable in
determining if the bird is sexually mature and physically capable of reproduction.
Even educated guesses by experienced breeders have been proven to be wrong. Two
of the same gender will often be completely compatible and bond together with a
promising affectionate relationship, but, of course, no chicks.
If money and space permit an excellent method of insuring compatibility in your
pairs is to place a number of sexed birds in a large flight and observe their preferences.
If this natural selection is not a practical option have found that placing two new
birds together in a single cage immediately upon obtaining them can be effective.
They will both be frightened and find security with each other. By the time they
settle down they become friends. This should not be attempted without keeping the
birds under close observation for a long period of time. It is not an infallible method.
The most effective way of all to ensure compatibility is to place two youngsters, j
ust out of the weaning stage or still requiring some hand feeding, in a cage together.
Allowed to grow up together without too much human attention to confuse them,
they bond closely. They usually become sexually mature at an early stage in their
development.
Quite often the solution to achieving compatibility in a pair is just the passage of
time. "Let's give them another year." is our frequent decision and it is often the right
Page 13
JUDGES
Julia Allen
Judges Panel Chair
35920 Lake Unity
Nursery Rd.
(352) 360-1035
[email protected]
Clarence Culwell-NAPS,NFSS
250 Horseshoe Drive
Springtown, TX 76082
(817) 220-5568
[email protected]
Al Decoteau - NFSS, SPBE
P.O. Box 546
Hollis, NH 03049
(603) 672-4568
[email protected]
Deb Dollar - SPBE
P.O. Box 12058
Brookville, FL 34603
(352) 799-7294
[email protected]
Roland Dubuc,- ALBS, NAPS
Panel Secretary
P.O. Box 1651
Fallbrook, CA 92088
(760) 731-6188
[email protected]
Philip Feret- SPBE
742 W. Garner Rd., #206A
Garner, NC
(919) 270-5911
[email protected]
Page 14
Jim Heffernan - SPBE
780 Fairwood
Inkster, MI 48141
(313) 247-5900
[email protected]
Frank Horan - ALBS
111 Abbot Street
Staten Island, NY 10305
(718) 816-9689
[email protected]
Leslie Huegerich - NAPS
611 Quest Ridge Drive
Fuquay Varina, NC 27526
[email protected]
Sabrina Frizzell
1701 Rainey Road
Temple, GA 30179
(770) 294-2782
[email protected]
Royce Irwin - NAPS
4211 Kelley Elliot Road
Arlington, TX 76106
(817) 572-6262
[email protected]
Sherri Lewis
Palmyra, VA
[email protected]
Wendy Lomas
145 153rd Pl SE
Bellevue, WA 98007
(352) 238-5148
[email protected]
PANEL
Scott Mackey
P.O. Box 610683
Port Huron, MI
(810) 367-7483
[email protected]
Josh Maple - ALBS, NAPS
1308 Kelly Road
Garner, NC 27529
[email protected]
Gary Morgan - ALBS, NAPS
15341 Kingston Street
Brighton, CO 80602
(303) 659-9544
[email protected]
Jeff Robinson - NAPS
5700 Monterrey
Fort Worth, TX 76112
(817) 709-9041
[email protected]
JUDGES EMERITUS
Charlie Anchor (deceased)
Lloyd Bailey (deceased)
Harold Bowles (deceased)
Henry Castle
Don Dunn (deceased)
Dominic Franzo
Carl Helton (deceased)
Ray Johnson
Charlie Kruger (deceased)
Keith Reimer (deceased)
Dale Theeke (deceased)
Paul Williams
Auggie Murray-Young
Jose Bernardy
Lee Horton
Barbara Theeke
Conrad Meinert
Inactive:
Linda Arnett
Pat Tucker - SPBE
80 Lincoln Road
Sudbury, MA 01776
(978) 443-5218
[email protected]
Judges– send show reports here:
Show Reports Editor
Chris Orowitz
1776 Walter Boone Road
[email protected]
Page 15
COMPLETE BLOODCOUNT
by Dr. Scott McDonald
(All Rights Reserved, Used with Permission from author)
As a general rule, I do not recommend laboratory tests on clinically healthy “pet
birds” that are brought to me for routine physical examination and grooming on a
regular basis. In my experience, if a bird is acting normal at home, if I see nothing
abnormal on the exam, then in all likelihood laboratory tests will be normal as well.
That being said, there are two basic tests( which can be requested)t hat are good,
additional indicators of health;the fecal Gram stain and the complete blood count.
The Gram stain is discussed in a separate paper. The complete blood count (CBC) is
a good, sensitive indicator of the bird’s general health. A change in the hemogram
can be noted when no other abnormalities are detected. It is the single most important blood test that can be performed. If all parameters are normal on the CBC,
then this is a good indication that the bird is not currently fighting some type of
generalized infection or inflammatory disease process. However, a normal CBC does
not rule out the possibility that the bird is an asymptomatic carrier of a bacterial or
viral disease or has a localized infection. There are three types of cells which are
evaluated on the CBC;red blood cells (RBC’s or erythrocytes), white blood cells
(WBC’s) and thrombocytes. In addition, the plasma (non‐cellular part of the blood)
is examined for color, protein, and the presence of parasites.
The following is a list of parameters measured on the CBC with a range of normal
values. Values can vary greatly because there are so many different kinds of
psittacine birds. There are also differences between juveniles and adults.
CBC PROFILE
PARAMETER RANGEOFNORMAL VALUES
RBC (millions of cells/cu mm) 2.5 – 4.5
PCV % (packed cell volume) 42 – 55
Polychromasia slt (slight)
Anisocystosis slt
MCV 100 – 200
WBC (cells/cu mm) 5000 – 15000
Heterophils % 40 – 75
Lymphocytes % 20 – 50
Basophils % 0 – 5
Eosinophils % 0 – 2
Monocytes % 0 – 3
Buffy coat % 0 – 1
COMMENTS none
Thrombocytes present
Page 16
Color clear or pale yellow
Total protein (gm/dl) 2.5 – 5.5
Parasites none
RED BLOOD CELLS
Examination of the erythrocytes provides the veterinarian with information concerning anemia‐related problems and the bone marrow response (which is where
RBC’s are produced). In a healthy bird, most RBC’s should be mature, but a small
percentage of immature erythrocytesis expected which indicates a normal replenishment from the bone marrow. Immature RBC’s are slightly larger than mature
RBC’s and the cytoplasm is lightly stippled which produces a difference in color.
ANISOCYTOSIS (size var iation between RBC’s) and POLYCHROMASIA
(color variation between RBC’s) are terms used to indicate the presence of immature RBC’s. On the form used to indicate the results of the CBC, a slight(slt)
response is normal while moderate or maximum indicates a strong bone marrow
response to some type of anemia problem. If a bird is anemic and shows slight to
no polychromasia or anisocystosis over a period of several weeks, this can indicate
that the bone marrow is depressed or non‐regenerative which is a grave situation.
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size of RBC’s.
The value rises in anemic conditions that are regenerative because newly produced
red blood cells increase in numbers and these cells are larger than mature cells. If
the value is below normal and the bird is anemic, then this indicates a non‐
regenerative state. Anemia means a decrease in the normal amount of red blood
cells. It can be due to either blood loss or lack of production of new RBC’s from
the bone marrow. The ratio of the volume of RBC’s to the volume of whole blood
is called the PACKED CELL VOLUME (PCV). This numberis expressed as a
percentage. It is determined by putting a sample of blood in a tiny collecting vial
called a microhematocrit tube. At the laboratory this tube is spun in a centrifuge
which separates the red blood cells from the plasma. In a normal, healthy bird, the
PCV ranges between 42 – 55%. Small birds such as budgies and cockatiels average
50% or higher while the values in larger species are usually lower, between 42‐
45%. Any value less than 35% indicates anemia and obviously the lower the value,
the more critical the condition. Values higher than 55% are most often caused by
dehydration. The actual number of RBC’s can also be counted, using either automated cell counting machines or by manual techniques which provide good estimates. The number of RBC’s is recorded as a number times 10 to the sixth power
which means millions of cells per cubic millimeter(cu mm) of whole blood. The
normal number of RBC’s varies depending on whether the bird is a juvenile or
adult and the kind of bird being examined. In general, most adult, healthy psittacines average around 2.5 – 4.5 million RBC’s/cu mm of blood. As a bird becomes anemic, the number of RBC’s decreases.
Page 17
WHITE BLOODCELLS
White blood cells (WBC’s) are part of the body’s defense or immune system. There
are five types of WBC’s found in birds. Heterophils, eosinophils, and basophils are
known as granulocytes because they all contain colored granules (tiny spindle
shaped bodies) in their cytoplasm. These cells are all produced in the bone marrow.
Lymphocytes and monocytes are known as mononuclear WBC’s. These two types
of cells have a single nucleus and no granulesin their cytoplasm. They originate in
the spleen and in tiny collections of lymphoid tissue found throughout the body as
opposed to the bone marrow. During the collection of blood for a CBC, a tiny drop
is placed on a glass microscope coverslip. A second coverslip is placed on top and
the two are pulled apart creating a blood smear one cell layer thick. Back at the
laboratory, this smear is stained with a blue dye which colors the different cells so
they can be identified. By looking at the smear under the microscope, the total
white blood cell count can be estimated as well as determining the number and
relative proportions (%) of the five different types of WBC’s. In addition, the
WBC’s can be examined for abnormal characteristics. All these findings are
significant in determining whether a bird is fighting some type of disease and how
serious it is.
WHITE BLOODCELL COUNT
The total WBC count can also be determined by physically counting all of the
granulocytesin a dilution of whole blood that is stained and put in a cell counting
chamber called a hemacytometer. The cytoplasmic granules of these cells are
specifically highlighted by the dye which makes them easy to count. By also
knowing the percentage of mononuclear WBC’s present from the blood smear,
one can arrive at a fairly accurate total WBC count. The normal WBC count can
vary from laboratory to laboratory. It is dependent on the staining quality of the
smear and the proper identification of cells. In the lab we use, the normal WBC
count in adult psittacines varies between 5000‐15000 cells/cu mm of blood. In
smaller species (i.e. budgies, cockatiels) the Normal range tends to be lower (5000
‐10000 cells/cu mm)than in larger species such as Amazons and macaws(12000
15000 cells/cu mm). Juvenile parrots usually have higher WBC counts than adults.
It is not uncommon to see counts in the 20000‐25000 cells/cu mm range in large
psittacines that are near weaning age. Acrude, rapid technique for estimating if the
WBC count is high is by measuring the BUFFY COAT. When the microhematocrittube is spun at the laboratory there is a tiny layer of white cells that separates
out at the junction between the red cells and plasma. This is called the buffy coat.
In a normal, healthy psittacine bird, the buffy coat should be 1% or less of the total
volume of blood. A buffy coat of 2% or higher indicates a high WBC count. 6% is
the highest amount our lab has ever measured. An increase in the WBC count is
called leukocytosis. A common cause of Leukocytosis is the actual transporting and
handling of a bird at the clinic. This is a physiological change due to stress. Disease
causes include bacterial and fungal infection, psittacosis, avian TB, trauma,
toxicities, and certain cancers, such as leukemia. A decrease in the WBC count is
Page 18
called leucopenia. The most common causes of this include acute viral infections and
the end stages of overwhelming septicemia (blood poisoning) in which the body literally runs out of WBC’s with which to fight with. The percentage of the different types
of WBC’s is called the differential. As stated before, alternations of the differential
from the normal range and changes in cell characteristics are significant for various
disease conditions.
HETEROPHILS
The heterophil is the most common granulocyte found in psittacine birds. The normal
percentage of heterophilsis between 40‐75%. It is considered the “window to the
bird’s state of health” since even subtle changes in numbers and characteristics can
occur with problems such as stress, low‐grade infection, and mild inflammation.
These cells are instrumental in the body’s defense with incredibly large numbers
being available to destroy and engulf bacteria or other infectious agents seen in acute
or overwhelming infection and inflammation Heterophils exhibit toxic changes in
stress or disease conditions that can be seen microscopically. A low degree of toxicity
is called degranulation. This is seen as a decrease in the number and size of
cytoplasmic granules and a change in color of the cytoplasm from colorless or light
blue to a muddy pink or red color. If degranulated heterophils are seen on the blood
smear, this will be noted under the COMMENTS section. If nothing is written, then
this means all the heterophils appear normal. Mild degranulation of heterophils can
be considered normal in birds under stress. However,this finding should alert the
veterinarian that something is going on, especially if the total WBC count is higher
than normal. In severe, generalized illnesses, the WBC count may rise above normal
with a varying number of the heterophils appearing dark and shrunken. In addition to
degranulation, these cells may appear foamy (the presence of vacuolesin the
ytoplasm), or to have ruptured. The presence of bacteria may also be evident in the
cytoplasm. Such heterophils are described as being toxic. The degree of heterophil
toxicity usually increases with the severity of the bird’s condition. Birds having a
high degree of toxicity in most or all of their heterophils often have a grave prognosis.
This is especially true if leucopenia is present.
EOSINOPHILS AND BASOPHILS
Eosinophils are similar in appearance to heterophils but can be differentiated by the
color and shape of their cytoplasmic granules and the darker staining nucleus.
Eosinophils occur in very small numbers with the normal range considered to be
02%. The function of the avian eosinophil is unclear; however, increased numbers are
typically associated with parasitic infections, allergic reactions, and significant tissue
damage. Changes in cell morphology have not proven helpful. Basophils are easy to
identify because of their dark‐staining (basophilic) cytoplasmic granules. They also
occur in small numbers with a normal range of 0‐5%. The exact function of the
basophil is not known. Increased numbers are often associated with chronic, long
term illnesses. They also appear to play a role in the early stages of inflammation.
Page 19
LYMPHOCYTES
Lymphocytes and heterophils are the most numerous WBC’s seen in psittacine birds.
The normal proportion of lymphocytesis 20‐50% but it varies between species. Some
species such as cockatiels and Amazon parrots are naturally lymphocytic which
means more lymphocytes than heterophils are seen normally. Lymphocytes are a very
important part of the bird’s immune system. Lymphocytes increase in numbers
(lymphocytosis)in certain types of chronic infections and lymphoid leukemia. They
decrease in numbers in acute viral infections. In a disease state, lymphocytes will become reactive. Microscopically, the normally pale blue cytoplasm becomes
multi‐colored with light blue, clear, and pink areas and the cytoplasm becomes
vacuolated (the presence of tiny bubble‐like structures). In chronic conditions
lymphocytes with azurophilic (purple) granulesin the cytoplasm have been noted.
A few reactive lymphocytes on a blood smear is normal but if many are reactive then
this is a significant finding that the body Is responding to an infection of some sort. If
reactive lymphocytes are present, this will be noted under the COMMENTS section.
Reactive lymphocytes synthesize antibodies and other agents involved in the host
immune system. Birds with a marked lymphocytosisin which most or all of the lymphocytes appear abnormal or immature is consistent with leukemia. The WBC count
in such birds can be greater than 100,000 cells/cu mm of which most are
ymphocytes.
MONOCYTES
These are the largest WBC’s found in avian blood and they are very similar in
appearance to lymphocytes. They occur in small numbers with a normal range of
03%. An increase in the percentage of monocytes (up to 10%) is seen with certain
chronic diseases such as psittacosis, systemic fungal infections, TB, and massive
tissue destruction. Changes in cell morphology are not significant. The evaluation of
the WBC count, the differential, and cell morphology is very useful in the assessment
of the progress of an avian patient. For example, a bird with an initial leukocytosis,
increased heterophils which appear toxic and reactive lymphocytes would be showing
a favorable response to therapy if the total WBC and heterophil counts were decreasing, the toxic heterophils had disappeared, and the reactive lymphocytes returned to
normal.
THROMBOCYTES
Thrombocytes are the third type of cells found in avian blood and these are active
participants in blood coagulation or clotting. Birds do not have platelets (cell
cytoplasmic fragments) which perform this function in mammals. Thrombocytes are
produced in the bone marrow, are slightly smaller than erythrocytes, and are often
clumped together in small numbers when viewed on a blood smear under the
microscope. In addition to blood clotting, these cells may have the ability to
phagocytize (or eat) bacteria and foreign material (like some WBC’s) and they may
be able to carry oxygen (like RBC’s) if an extreme anemic condition exists. During
the CBC evaluation, the presence of thrombocytesis noted on the form and if the
numbers seem decreased or increased, this is also indicated. Increased numbers of
reactive thrombocytes can indicate a chronic disease condition.
Page 20
PLASMA
Plasma is the fluid portion of blood in which particulate components are suspended.
Plasma is distinguished from serum which is the cell‐free portion of the blood from
which fibrinogen (blood clotting factors) has been separated in the process of clotting.
When blood is drawn for a CBC, the cell components need to be evaluated; therefore,
the blood must not clot. Heparin is the anticoagulant of choice in birds. The microhematocrit tubes or larger vials used to collect blood for a CBC are heparinized to
prevent coagulation.
COLOR
After the microhematocrit tube is spun at the laboratory the plasma is visually
examined for color. In most birds it should be clear or pale yellow in color. The
yellow color is due to the presence of carotenes which are yellow pigments found in a
variety of plant materials, including some seeds. Yellow colored plasma should not be
misinterpreted a sicteric plasma. In mammals, icterus or jaundice is due to increased
amounts of bilirubin pigmentsin plasma as a result of liver disease. Birds do not have
bilirubin; therefore they do not become icteric if they have liver disease. Sometimes
the plasma appears pink in color. This is due to hemolysis which is the breaking apart
of RBC’s and the subsequent release of red hemoglobin molecules into the plasma.
Hemolysisis most commonly caused by improper handling of blood samples, such as
forcibly expelling blood through the needle of the syringe, shaking rather than simply
inverting the tube to mix blood with the anticoagulant, over centrifugation, or
reezing and thawing of the sample. Some toxicities can cause lysis of blood cells, the
most common example being lead poisoning. Occasionally an overwhelming
infection causing septicemia will also cause hemolysis. The plasma can also appear
white or milky in color which is due to the presence of fat. This is called lipemia.
Lipemic plasma is most commonly seen if a blood sample is drawn shortly after the
bird eats a meal high in fat(i.e. oily seeds). Sometimes if the bird is excessively
overweight, the serum will always appear mildly lipemic. Liver or pancreatic
disorders can cause lipemia. Lastly, in female birds that are reproductively active, the
plasma will be lipemic due to yolk Globules (fats and protein) which are synthesized
in the liver and transported via the plasma to the ovary where they are incorporated in
the oocyte.
TOTAL PROTEIN
While plasma is mainly water, it does contain a substantial amount of protein. Most
plasma proteins, with the exception of antibodies and hormones, are synthesized in
the liver. Proteins form the basis of organ and tissue structure, operate as catalysts
(enzymes)in biochemical reactions, are regulators (hormones), and are the transport
and carrier compounds for most of the constituents of plasma. The total protein level
in the plasma is often used as an indicator for the health status of the patient. The
measurement of total protein is a simple test to run in the laboratory. Most
practitioners use an instrument called a refractometer which gives a good estimate of
the protein level as long as the plasma is clear. Hemolysis orlipemia will give a
falsely elevated level. The normal value for psittacine speciesis in a range between
2.5-5.5 grams/deciliter(g/dl). Low total protein can reflect chronic disease (especially
Page 21
liver and kidney disorders), cancer, parasitism, long term stress, and starvation or
malnutrition. Increased values may indicate dehydration, chronic infection, or
leukemia.
PARASITES
Blood parasites were often found in the blood smears of wild‐caught, imported
Birds in years past. However they are extremely rare in domestic‐raised pet Birds
that are kept indoors. Blood parasites are transmitted by bloodsucking insects (flies,
mosquitoes, or mites) and whether they cause clinical signs of disease is determined
by the type of parasite found and the species of bird involved. In general, most blood
parasites found in psittacine birds are incidental, will cause no clinical disease, and
treatment is usually not recommended. Parasites that invade red blood cells include
Hemoproteus, Plasmodium (avian malaria), Leukocytozoon, Atoxoplasm, and
Aegyptianella. Of these, only Hemoproteus was commonly seen in wild‐caught
psittacines, mostly in cockatoos. Microfilarias are microscopic, immature forms of
filarial worms (related to heart worms in dogs) that are found in plasma. They have
been seen in a variety of psittacines, especially cockatoos. The adult filarial worms
are usually undetected and may occur in the air sacs, thoracic and abdominal cavities,
or joints. Surgical removal of adult worms and Ivomectin are the treatments of
choice.
Page 22
VISUAL SEXING
By Julia Allen
I’ve been asked if I can tell what a baby cockatiel’s sex might be by experience or
clues. Many times we’ve pondered the answer to this question. Sometimes, as
breeders, we can determine this by the pedigree of the parents; that is, what the sire
may be carrying in his gene pool or as we say, “split to thus and such”.
The basic simplest rule of course, if the baby is a sex linked color or mutation other
than mother, we can safely say, it is a female. We know this because the father
determines the sex linked variations of his offspring. Another simple rule to
remember would be that the baby of a sex linked mutation must have a mother the
same mutation as it to be a male.
However, what if we are not able to determine the sex of the baby because the
offspring could be male or female according to the genetic makeup of the parents?
Over the years we were given a clue that the baby males have less spots on the flight
feathers, that is, the dots on the feathers do not go all the way to the body of the bird.
This is a good clue, but alas, is not fool proof. We’ve seen the female baby cockatiel
with pale dots going only half the way to the body of the bird. On the other hand,
baby cockatiel males have had good-sized dots on wing flights all the way to the
body. In the past, we found this out many times the hard way, such as selling a bird
and telling the buyer we were pretty sure it was a female or a male because of the dots
on the wings or lack of dots on the wings. Well, most of us have progressed way past
this old inaccurate determining factor. Is there any way we can really determine the
sex of our baby cockatiels? Unfortunately, science is the only accurate way.
Somewhere along the breeding experience, I determined the male baby cockatiels and
the female baby cockatiels do seem to differ in appearance around the head area.
Quite by mistake, I am sure, fooling around and looking for good qualities in my
babies, I happen to notice that when I held a baby cockatiel to eye level and looked
straight at it’s face, there were differences in the shape of the cockatiel babies’ heads.
The males reminded me of “ET” (the old movie outer space character). His head
appeared flat and wide on top and the eyes seemed higher on the side of his head and
seemed to bulge out a bit from the side of his head, sort of in a triangle-like
appearance.
In comparing the female baby to the male baby cockatiel, I thought her head was
shaped more like a horseshoe, rather than flat as was the male baby’s. Her eyes,
seemed closer to her head and just a bit further down on the side of her face than that
of the male baby cockatiel.
This concept is definitely not scientific nor has it been written up in any books. I find
it works for me whenever I ponder the question of whether the baby “tiel is a girl or a
boy”. If you try this a time or two with your babies, you probably will notice the
difference in your baby cockatiels as well. If by chance that I would every have a
baby male with ahead that is similar to a female baby, I probably would sell the baby
for a pet!
Page 23
NCS 2014 Specialty Show
August 29 - August 31
NCS QUAD Show Event Weekend,
featuring the 2014 Specialty Show
and the Double Points Show.
(4) NCS Cockatiel Shows – including the Specialty Show, Double
Points Show and a Baby Show and
(4) NAPS Parrot Shows
NCS Judges:
Jeff Robinson (Specialty Show),
Wendy Lomas Jendro (Double
Points Show), Regular NCS Show
Julia Allen, Deb Dollar (Baby
Show)
NAPS Judges: Jeff Robinson,
Deb Dollar, Jim Heffernan,
Leslie Huegerich
September 20 & 21, 2014
Mountain States Avian Society
Location: Brighton, CO
Adams Co. Regional Park
Quad NCS Shows
Western Regional Show (Class A)
Judge: Clarence Culwell
3 Class C Shows
Judges: Josh Maple, Roland
Dubuc, Deb Dollar
Contact: Gary Morgan
Friday, 8/29/14:
6pm (check-in birds at 5:15pm)
Baby Show and (1) Parrot Show
Saturday: 8/30/14:
9:30am – 5pm: Two NCS Shows
(including the NCS Specialty
Show); Two Parrot Shows
Sunday: 8/31/14:
9:30am – 2pm: NCS Double Points
Show and (1) Parrot Show
Page 24
To find hotel information,
exact street addresses,
information on how to
affiliate your own NCS show,
etc., please visit:
www.cockatiels.org
September 27, 2014
Fort Worth Bird Club
Location: Cleburne Convention
Center
Cleburne, TX
Class A Show:
Judge: Clarence Culwell
Contact: Royce Irwin
November 1, 2014
Greater Chicago Cage Bird Club
Location: Joilet, IL
Class A Show, Judge: TBA
Contact: Julia Howard
November 1, 2014
Texas Bird Breeders & Fanciers
Association
Location: Mayborn Convention
Center, Temple, TX
Class A Show, Judge: TBA
September 28, 2014
North Texas Cockatiel Club
Location: Hicks Field, Ft. Worth, TX
Dual NCS Class A Shows
Including the Central Regional Show
Judges: Royce Irwin & Sabrina
Frizzell
Baltimore Bird Fanciers
Tall Cedars Hall,
2501 Putty Hill Avenue
Parkville, MD 21234
October 18 @ 8:00 am - 5:00 pm
DUAL NCS Class B Show
Judges TBD
For more information, contact:
Christine Roberts
@ [email protected]
or visit us on the web
Cockatiel Society of Pakistan
November 2 @ 8:00 am - 5:00 pm
NCS Show Event
Class B Show – Judge Phil Feret
Location: Pakistan, Show Hall TBD
For more information, contact:
HamidRazashah
@[email protected]
Page 25
NCS BAND ORDER
REGULAR BANDS
25 for $17.25
50 for $28.75
75 for $40.75
100 for $53.00
200 for $103.50
LARGE BANDS
25 for $19.75
50 for $32.25
75 for $45.00
100 for $57.50
200 for $108.00
Band codes must include a two-digit number followed by a letter
e.g. (77B). Please select three choices. If none of your choices are
available an alternate code will be assigned to you.
Bands are numbered 01-25, 26-50, etc. If your first order was 01-25,
your second order for the same year would begin with the number 26.
Allow 4 to 6 weeks for delivery.
NCS Member #________________
Date: _____________
Name:_______________________________________________
Address: _____________________________________________
City:_________________________ State: _______ Zip: _______
Email: _____________________________ Phone: ____________
Band Code Choices:
1st: ______ 2nd: _______ 3rd: _______
Band Size: _____________
Bands to begin with number: _____________
Year: _________
Total # of bands ordered: _____________
Amount Enclosed: ___________________
Please send all payments made out to the
National Cockatiel Society to:
NCS Membership
c/o Deb Dollar, Treasurer
P.O. Box 12058
Page 26
NATIONAL COCKATIEL SOCIETY
MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION
Date: _____________
Name:_________________________________________
Address:_______________________________________
City: ____________________________________
State: ________________________
Zip Code: ________
Phone: _________________________
E-mail: ____________________________________________
1 Year Membership
Single $21.00 _________ Family $26.00 _______
3 Year Membership
Single $55.00 _________ Family $70.00 ________
Internet Membership
$9.95 Must apply online at www.cockatiels.org
NCS REGISTERED AVIARY
$20 includes your registered aviary listed on the NCS website.
Advertise your aviary with the most popular cockatiel website on the
internet with over 1.6 MILLION hits per month.
Registered Aviary: $20.00 year ly
Aviary Name: _______________________________________
Website: ___________________________________________
TOTAL ENCLOSED: _____________
Page 27
ADVERTISE IN THE NCS JOURNAL
Classified line ads: $.30 per word for one time insertion, $7.50
minimum. There is a 5% discount for 4 insertions when prepaid. Ad
copy cannot change during this 4-insertion period. Ads MUST contain
the owner or aviary name.
Make checks payable to the NCS and mail payment to:
Deb Dollar,
P.O. Box 12058,
Please e-mail your ads to:
Julia Allen
[email protected]
(Note: NCS assumes no responsibility for the validity of any
Advertiser’s Journal Advertising (Rates per issue subject to change)
The Cover Photo and the inside Centerfold
are not available to advertisers at this time.
Inside Front Cover $150 (color)
Inside Back Cover
$150 (color)
Outside Back Cover $200 (color)
Full Page (4.5X7.5) $40
Half Page (4.5X3.75) $25
1/4 or Business Card $15
NCS Print specifications
All copy, photos and ads submitted, including the “coverbird” are
subject to the approval by the NCS Journal Editor and Ad Manager.
NCS Coverbirds should be of exceptional professional quality.
The NCS reserves the reprint rights of all photography including, but
not limited to, the respective NCS Journal and NCS Online.
NCS retains full copyrights on all articles written exclusively for the
National Cockatiel Society unless otherwise agreed upon.
The NCS Journal is a compilation subject to copyright laws.
Page 28

NATIONAL COCKATIEL SOCIETY JOURNAL Shades of Silver ……

Transcription

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