THE ZORYAN INSTITUTE Newsletter: Summer 2008
Transcription
THE ZORYAN INSTITUTE Newsletter: Summer 2008
1982 2008 THE ZORYAN INSTITUTE Newsletter Summer 2008, Volume One, Issue Two Message from the President Contents Education 2-3 New Books 4-6 People 7 Periodicals 8 GHRUP 9 Recognition 10 Publications 11 What is a ZI Friend? A special category of people, Zoryan Friends are interested and committed. They want to understand the present as much as the past because they care for the future. They also constitute the Institute’s backbone: it is their annual contributions and promotion of Zoryan that assure the Institute’s operation. History Is Not a Fact Until Somebody Writes About It The word history derives from the Greek noun for “a learning by inquiry” and from the verb meaning “to examine, to observe, to inquire.” In turn, “histor” means “a wise man, a judge.” A judge makes decisions based on evidence, and history based on documents for its evidence commands the greatest authority. Documents tell us what people were doing and thinking at a specific time in history. This is particularly important when the eyewitnesses to the events are no longer available. We at the Zoryan Institute have devoted our efforts for over a quarter of a century to the collection of documents, and the analysis, translation, editing and publication of history from documentary sources. We have used them in the education and training of the next generation of scholars who will continue this vital work. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg; much more of this documentation is waiting to be gathered and studied. We, as Armenians, need to redouble our efforts to document our contemporary history, especially that of the last century and of the Genocide where the deniers and revisionists are relentless in their efforts. We must provide the funding and the support structures for the collection, preservation, and study of these documents. This will help us understand our own history and identity, and let the world know the true history and culture of the Armenians. No one else will do it for us. Using sources that are reliable, explicit, incontestable, and verifiable, one can establish unequivocally the historicity of an event through documents, Prof. Vahakn Dadrian, Zoryan’s Director of Genocide Research has long advocated. By applying the highest standards of scholarly integrity, along with painstaking and cogent analysis, one can publish the compelling evidence which will win over scholars world-wide, he advises. Armenian Genocide documents, as a case in point, are found in the governmental archives of Austria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Rus- sia, Turkey and the United States, to name only a few. For the most part, they were internal documents between consular officials and their Foreign Secretaries. They were never intended to be seen by others. Thus, they were extraordinarily candid, as well as detailed. There are some examples among the Ottoman documents that were created by Talât for the very purpose of deceiving his allies and neutral countries. Fortunately, there are ample other documents that reveal the whole story. Most of these documents were written at the time of the events without secondary considerations. A second category of documents is that of the missionaries from Denmark, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland, and the US, who provided medical relief, educational and religious instruction to the Armenians before, during and after the Genocide. A third category of documents is found in the news reports of the daily papers, weeklies and monthly magazines of the period, in numerous countries. A fourth group of documents is found in the archives of the League of Nations, Near East Relief, and the Red Cross, who dealt with the massive humanitarian crisis in the years after the Genocide. Deniers withhold evidence, destroy documents, and build their case on the selective use of sources. Therefore, we need to help train scholars in the languages, the technical skills, and with the knowledge of history, so that they can use these documents and publish on this history. It is the power of the written word that remains. The lasting power of the written word becomes effective only if we have the political will and the commitment to provide the financial support to collect documents, study, analyse and publish our history and demonstrate its relevance to the world today. As one scholar said to me just recently, “history is not a fact until somebody writes about it.” K.M. Greg Sarkissian Education Toronto District School Board (TDSB) CHG38M Genocide: Historical and Contemporary Implications—Grade 11 Course Under Threat In June 2005 the TDSB agreed to consider the inclusion of genocide education in the grade 11 curriculum and established a Steering Committee of community groups, education experts, and TDSB staff. The Steering Committee devised the elements of a curriculum, which received approval by the Ontario Ministry of Education as CHG38M. This approval allowed the TDSB to then develop the curriculum for implementation in September 2008. The TDSB was to call for writers to draft the actual course. while the world watched it unfold on their television sets, and how the politics of the great powers prevented any nation from intervening to stop the killing, despite the UN Genocide Convention of 1948. In addition to these core cases of genocide, teachers would be free to introduce additional examples of the gross violations of human rights from a list provided by the TDSB. In creating this program, the TDSB had to follow a process, from conceptualization to identifying appropriate resources The rationale for the course was that the study of the trage- to approval to curriculum development. This process had dies and horrors of genocidal acts in the past and present progressed over the past two years to the point that the must be studied and addressed. Democracy, justice, and curriculum was approved for implementation in September 2008. An attempt to derail this process was the rule of law must be understood, claimed, and defended by each generation of citizens if This course would allow made by the opposition of a local Turkish we are to confront this demonstration of hu- students the opportunity lobby group, aided by vocal supporters in other countries, primarily in the US and Turman evil. A full-credit course would engage to understand their students and allow them to study genocide, rights and responsibili- key, who denies the reality of the Armenian war crimes and crimes against humanity in a ties as global citizens Genocide and maintains its removal is essential to protecting Turkish-Canadian children systematic and thoughtful way. Given the speand challenge them to cific multi-cultural and multi-ethnic diversity from hate-generated violence. within Toronto, it was felt to be essential that take action to ensure students born within and outside Canada that human rights are As Prof. Gregory Stanton has stated so elohave the opportunity to explore in depth the protected and that geno- quently, education in a democracy is built on facing history and facts openly, and evaluating cide be confronted. causes and consequences of genocide and them critically and objectively. When the histhe lived realities of the aggressors, targets, tory of U.S. slavery, British colonialism, the German genobystanders, and resisters to these horrific acts of violence. cide of Jews, Roma and other groups, Mussolini’s fascism, A study of these experiences would help foster a sense of Stalin’s purges, or Mao’s human rights crimes, is taught, empathy for the targets of these violent acts and hopefully the descendants of the perpetrator nationalities (American, encourage students to understand the connections they British, German, Italian, Russian, or Chinese) are not dehave to their fellow human beings. This course would promeaned or persecuted by anyone. On the contrary, they vide a context for students to begin to think critically about emerge from learning those histories better educated, with the world they have inherited and in which they currently a stronger sense of how important critical analysis of the live. This critical reflection would provide a context for stupast is; and they achieve an ethical capacity essential to dents to begin to understand the notion of moral judgment good education. The development of such moral honesty is in relation to history. Finally, this course would allow stucrucial to the progress of human rights in a democracy. The dents the opportunity to understand their rights and responsibilities as global citizens and challenge them to take study of genocide is not designed to impose collective guilt; action to ensure that human rights are protected and that it is meant to understand a common human problem. This curriculum does not seek to teach guilt or hatred of perpegenocide be confronted. trators. Just the opposite, it will strive to also show the posiUsing the Armenian Genocide, the Holocaust and the tive side of individuals who made a difference by being resRwandan Genocide as core examples, the objective of the cuers—Germans, Turks, and others alike. course was to empower students with the knowledge to develop an understanding of the causes, methods and con- Genocide and the gross violation of human rights are now sequences of genocide, both as historical social processes leading killers of innocent civilians in conflicts around the as well as lived experiences. The Armenian Genocide is the world. Canada is a major voice in confronting this chalarchetypal genocide of the 20th century. It, along with the lenge, with its leadership in getting the UN to adopt in Holocaust, is one of the definitive examples described by 2005 the doctrine of “The Responsibility to Protect.” In an Raphael Lemkin when he coined the term genocide in age when genocide occurs with alarming frequency, it is 1944 and worked for the passage of the UN Convention on urgent that such a course be an essential element of eduthe prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in cating the citizens and future leaders of a multicultural 1948. The Rwandan Genocide is a perfect example to show Canada—a country based on human rights—about the danhow such a violent crime can be implemented so quickly gers of racism, intolerance and prejudice. Page Two Education Action Over Apathy: The Struggle for Human Rights TDSB Update On June 12, 2008 the TDSB’s Program and School Services Committee unanimously voted to accept the recommendations of the Review Committee and its Director to retain the Armenian Genocide in its Grade 11 geno- The Zoryan Institute and its Genocide and Human Rights University Program were presented to interested students of the University of Texas, Austin, as part of the April 8th Fairness Fair run cide curriculum. during the week-long event, Apathy or Action: The StrugThis was despite a lengthy and aggressive lobbying gle for Human Rights. Members of the UT Armenian Culcampaign by several Turkish groups who attempted to sway the Board to not include the Armenian case in tural Association donated their time to help build awareness about Genocide, both the Armenian and the current the curriculum. genocide in Darfur. Now that the decision has been finalized, this presents a wonderful opportunity for the Zoryan Institute and The event was organized to address human rights, diverother organizations to enhance genocide education sity and genocide issues and “empower participants to chose action over apathy, interaction over separation, and awareness. intervention over isolation and dialogue over silence.” To stay informed check for updates at: For more information please visit : http://www.tdsb.on.ca/about_us/media_room/ http://thewhiterosesociety.org/symposium/events.html. room.asp?show=allNews&view=detailed&self=12061 Armenian Diaspora and Zoryan Institute Positive Examples for Basques development of the homeland and to help promote the Basque image abroad. They were drawn to Zoryan, in part, because they were impressed by the nature of the research published in Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies, the first journal of it kind that set out sixteen years ago to study diasporas as phenomena to better understand ourselves as well as others. Looking to improve the organization and cooperation of the Basque Diaspora with its homeland, two representatives from the President’s Office of the Basque Country, an Autonomous Region of Spain, spent a day with the Zoryan Institute recently. As part of the Basque Global Initiative, Alero Alann and Dr. Gloria Totoricaguena sought out Zoryan in order to learn from the experience of the Armenian Diaspora. From their extensive comparisons of diasporas, they found the Armenian Diaspora to have the highest level of organizational sophistication and the only diaspora with an institute like Zoryan that studies national issues analytically from a universal perspective. Zoryan staff and the presidential advisors had an intensive exchange of ideas regarding the best ways to utilize the expertise of diaspora for the The Basque Diaspora is the name given to describe people of Basque origin living outside their traditional homeland on the borders between Spain and France. Many Basques have left the Basque Country for other parts of the globe for economic and political reasons, with substantial populations in Venezuela, Argentina, Cuba, Chile, Mexico, Colombia and the United States. It is a historical irony that the Armenian and Basque people are yet again learning from each other, as it has recently been discovered that the languages of the two people are derived from a common source. Page Three New Books The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present Simon Payaslian, Charles K. and Elizabeth M. Kenosian Professor of Modern Armenian History and Literature at Boston University, set himself the difficult task of including in one volume the history of Armenia. He has achieved “a survey of the history of Armenia from antiquity to the present, with a focus on four major themes: East-West geopolitical competitions, Armenian culture, political leadership, and the struggle for national survival,” which “places Armenian history within the broader context of secularization, modernization and globalization.” text goes into greater detail and is infused with astute political analysis. Throughout, the author effectively engages the reader through thoughtprovoking, interactive questions. Of particular interest is Payaslian’s fascinating historical treatment of the challenges and responses of the first republic, the Khatisian government, the politics around the Treaty of Versailles, the US Mandate, the recognition and the Treaty of Sèvres, the London Conference, and the Treaty of San Remo. Detailed, concise, and fast-paced, the volume is divided into four sections: Origins and Formations; Transformation and Transplantations; Sultans, Tsars, and Tyrants; and Independence, Modernization, and Globalization. Due to the sheer scope of the topic, it is understandable that the first half of book is predominately description until the rise of Armenian nationalism in the late 19th century. However, from this point on the Beautifully synthesised, the volume is essentially a political history of leaders, wars, treaties, and resistance, rather than a common man, way-of-life, cultural history. It presents a clear understanding of Armenian struggles, both internally and externally, for survival; consequently, it serves as a comprehensive and sound introduction to the subject and a significant contribution to the historiography of the Armenian people. The History of Armenia, Simon Payaslian, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2007, 296 pgs. The Role of the Media in Genocide: Lessons from Rwanda Bringing together 33 academics, journalists, attorneys, NGO and military personnel, this extensive collection of essays examines the role of the media in the Rwandan Genocide. It also assesses the current media climate and suggests media intervention strategies. in 1994, explains how “the media can be both a weapon and a conscience to humanity…an instrument of justice”; and finally, Gerald Caplan, a leading authority on the Rwandan Genocide, contextualises the Genocide in its global political economy. The introduction is followed by: Hate Media in Rwanda; International Media Coverage of the Genocide; Journalism as Genocide: The Media Trial; and After the Genocide and the Way Forward. The volume is comprised of five sections. First is a detailed tri-part introduction: the editor, Allan Thompson, Prof. of Journalism at Carleton University, discusses the need for a conference and book, being that we “still have not fully discerned or absorbed the lessons from Rwanda;” Canadian Senator Roméo Dallaire, the retired Lieutenant-General who led the United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda The 2003 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda found three of the founders of the radio/television station RTLM guilty of Conspiracy to Commit Genocide and Genocide. This raises Page Four New Books important issues concerning the role of the media, which has not been addressed at the level of international criminal justice since Nuremberg. The power of the media to create and destroy fundamental human values comes with great responsibility. It is, therefore, with great alarm that one can find published in major newspapers in Turkey, such as Hurriyet and Zaman, articles which accuse Armenians as organ- izers of the PKK movement and as participants in the Kurdish campaign against the Turks. Armenians are once again being portrayed as outsiders and enemies conspiring against the state. The devastating examples, from the Rwandan Genocide dealt with in this volume illustrates how easily the media can provoke the masses to extreme violence. It seems that much is still to be learned from the tragedy of the Rwandan Genocide. The Media and the Rwandan Genocide, Allan Thompson, Ed., Pluto Press London, 2007, 463 pages. Raphael Lemkin’s Dossier on the Armenian Genocide “Sovereignty cannot be conceived as the right to kill millions of innocent people.” —Raphael Lemkin As part of their ongoing publication series, the Center for Armenian Remembrance seeks to honour the victims of the Armenian Genocide, present evidence of its occurrence, and combat complacency. This publication successfully achieves its purpose. Of Lemkin’s writing included in this volume, the Chapter titled “Intent to Kill – Who is Guilty” is of particular interest, as it includes original analysis beyond his normal narrative derived from a number of sources. In it Lemkin concludes that “there can be little doubt that the plan of extermination was well conceived and put into execution by the Turkish Government with the full recognition and support of Germany.” It is a collection of writings by the man who both coined the term genocide and worked tirelessly to have it recognized as a crime under international law, Raphael Lemkin. In the opinion of Michael J. Bazyler, Professor of Law & Holocaust and Human Rights Studies, Lemkin was the “most influential lawyer and human rights activist,” but he and his writing have remained largely unknown to the public. This volume highlights the repeated references in Lemkin’s writings to the plight of the Armenians as the archetype of genocide. It also includes: an introduction which offers a general history of the period and an analysis of the political implication of the work; a brief foreword detailing Lemkin’s life; bibliographies on the Armenian Genocide and Lemkin; and four primary documents referenced in the text. Also apparent from reading Lemkin’s writing is the extent to which the Armenian Genocide was by no means a secret, but rather was widely reported in the western press and a topic of considerable interest to major governments. Furthermore, Lemkin had collected very clear statements by the Committee of Union and Progress of its intent to destroy the Armenian population of the Ottoman Empire. While the work does not expand scholarship on the subject, it documents definitively Lemkin’s knowledge and awareness of the Armenian Genocide and its influence on his thinking and actions regarding genocide and its prevention. Raphael Lemkin’s Dossier on the Armenian Genocide, Center for Armenian Remembrance, Glendale, CA, 2008, 145 pages. Page Five New Books The Great Betrayal: Economic Imperialism & the Destruction of Christian Communities in Asia Minor The new edition of this historic book is best described by George Shirinian, our Executive Director, who was asked to write the preface: I am very pleased to see Edward Hale Bierstadt’s The Great Betrayal back in print after so many years. It is a valuable compilation of factual information on the destruction of the Christian communities in Asia Minor during the years 19141923—including Greeks, Armenians, West Syrians, Chaldeans and Assyrians—through persecution, genocide and ethnic cleansing. It also provides a cogent analysis of the international politics that allowed for the massive upheaval, suffering and death of these peoples. Bierstadt was a criminologist, essayist, drama critic, author of a number of books, plays and radio dramas, and noted member of the New York literary scene. While his writings have won acclaim, he is perhaps best known for The Great Betrayal. Bierstadt was also Executive Secretary of the Emergency Committee for Near East Refugees in 1923, one of the main groups that assisted the survivor-refugees of the Ottoman massacres and expulsions. As such, he was an historical witness to the events he described. Bierstadt’s services to the Hellenic people were recognized when he was decorated by the Greek government with the Silver Cross of the Order of the Redeemer. Many of the elements that led to the genocide and ethnic cleansing of that era are at work in the Middle East today. Citizens of Turkey, who are of an ethnic or religious origin different from the Sunni Turkish majority, do not enjoy the full freedoms of the majority; the Turkish state’s fear of the country’s dissolution or dismemberment; and the state’s willingness to commit violence against its ethnic and religious minorities are all evident in contemporary Turkey’s domestic and foreign policies. There is heightened international interest in the events of 1914-1923 today for a number of reasons that also make the subject of this book particularly timely. First, Turkey’s desire to join the European Union is leading it to enact democratic reforms to qualify for EU membership. This, in turn, has raised the hopes and expectations of an increasingly active democratization movement in Turkish civil society—both within the country and beyond—that wants to expose and confront the gross violations of human rights in Turkey’s past as a stepping stone to dealing with its current human rights abuses. Second, we are living in an age when genocide and ethnic cleansing seem to be occurring with alarming frequency. Understanding historical cases of genocide, their causes, and their warning signs, can help us prevent genocide in the future. Third, it is appropriate on a humanistic level to understand and share the pain caused by the genocidal experience of others. For too long, this “Ottoman genocide” against Armenians, Assyrians, and Pontian and Anatolian Greeks—as the International Association of Genocide Scholars has termed it—has remained unknown to the world. Chapter V on “Some Sources of Turkish Propaganda” is particularly interesting and relevant. The Turkish state is continuing a policy of historical revisionism and denial that it commenced immediately after these epochal and tragic events. Unfortunately, the American government, as well as others, has been only too willing from the beginning to participate in the Turkish denial for its own political and economic advantages. We hope that the availability of this reprint will help stimulate new interest, new research and a better understanding of this painful period of history. May it also lead to a new and better understanding between Armenians, Assyrians, Greeks, and Turks, both in their respective homelands and abroad. The Great Betrayal, Edward Hale Bierstadt, The Pontian Greek Society of Chicago, Bloomingdale, IL, 2008, 345 pgs. Page six People In Memory of Prof. Stephen Feinstein The departure of Stephen Feinstein in March marks the loss of an important scholar, great educator, active Zoryan associate, and dedicated friend of the Armenian people. In the words of Vahakn Dadrian, Zoryan’s Director of Genocide Research, “His selfless and very effective involvement in the promotion of studies that went beyond focused Holocaust themes and incorporated, in particular, the Armenian Genocide, was a monument to his sublime humanity. We will all sorely miss him.” As a Holocaust specialist, Prof. Feinstein was quick to appreciate the significance of the interconnections between the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide. He worked energetically to introduce the Armenian Genocide into the curriculum and public programs of the University of Minnesota (UofM), creating, among other things, a very useful teacher’s resource kit and producing in conjunction with Minnesota Public Television an award-winning documentary film, “The Armenian Genocide: 90 Years Later.” Prof. Feinstein was the Director of the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies (CHGS) since 1999, as well as an Adjunct Professor of History at the UofM. He sought to foster scholarly research and increase public knowledge about the history and politics of ethnic and national conflict in the eastern Mediterranean, with the hope that the knowledge developed would contribute to reconciliation among the diverse peoples of the region. In this respect, he collaborated through the CHGS with scholars such as Eric Weitz and Taner Akçam on several research projects. In 2003, he helped organize a partnership between the UofM and the IIGHRS to run, for credit, the annual GHRUP simultaneously in Minneapolis and Toronto. He served both as Co-Director and instructor of the program. Roger W. Smith, Chair of Zoryan’s Academic Board, in remembering his late colleague, stated that “Steve, whom I knew for many years and worked with in many contexts, was one of the finest persons I have ever known. He had integrity, intellect, generosity, and a universal perspective that included all peoples. He knew a great deal about tragedy and suffering, but transcended them with humanity and that ever present sense of humour.” Volunteer Profile: Prof. Shaké Toukmanian effectively to improve the content of the program over A life long advocate of education, the last seven years. Since then she serves on the AdShaké Toukmanian, Professor Emeritus of Psychology “The GHRUP needs to be mission Committee of the GHRUP in order to at York University, has cherished and supported make sure the best candidates are admitted. been involved with the as an essential aspect of She has even contributed her own funds to enable the participation of financially Zoryan Institute for over our community’s strained, yet worthy students. twenty years. Having education. worked for several Unfortunately, we seem When asked why she gives her time to Zoryan years on the Academic to be more concerned activities, in addition to her studies, profesBoard of Directors, she refocused her energy with bricks and mortar at sional obligations and other volunteer work towards the creation of the Genocide and such as educating child psychologists in Arthe expense of the Human Rights University Program (GHRUP) in menia, Prof. Toukmanian said “When you minds of our 2000. Working as a member of the Develop- younger generation.” see young people from all over the world disment Committee, Prof. Toukmanian played a cussing genocide and its prevention, as hucritical role in the composition of the student’s Program man beings, that should say something about education Evaluation Forms. These questionnaires have worked and human nature.” Zoryan Institute Personnel Chairman, Academic Board: Professor Roger W. Smith President: K. M. Greg Sarkissian Executive Director: George Shirinian Program & Outreach Coordinator: Megan Swan, Torrey Swan Membership Coordinator: Aren Sarikyan Administrative Assistants: Arek Hamalian, Christine Kavazanjian, Narini Badalian & Narreh Ghazarians Page Seven Periodicals Contemporary Issues: Recognition & Denial of the Armenian Genocide The latest issue of Genocide Studies and Prevention (V3, N1), offers new perspectives from comparative genocide research (Holocaust/ Cambodian and Armenian/ Holocaust), genocide rescuers, Kurdish issues, major power’s responses to genocide, a review essay of a famous genocide denier’s book, and a detailed survey on three new works on the Rwandan Genocide. In particular it features two important articles that discuss genocide prevention and denial in the Armenian context. Prof. Vahakn N. Dadrian’s article, “The Prefiguration of Some Aspects of the Holocaust in the Armenian Genocide,” is the next comparative piece. He begins with a review of scholarly opinions on the connections between the two genocides and then conducts his own comparison. Specifically, four major factors (vulnerability of the victim group, degradation of victims, war as opportunity, and fear of retaliation on the part of perpetrators) and three subsidiary factors (methods of extermination, disregard of economic factors, and terminological deflection) are examined with respect to both the Holocaust and the Armenian Genocide. Dadrian’s comparative study provides insights that will be helpful for the eventual prevention of genocide. Prof. Taner Akçam takes Gunter Lewy’s 2004 The Armenian Massacres in Ottoman Turkey: A Dis- puted Genocide to task as a work of Armenian Genocide denial. Since its publication this book has generated discussion, controversy and concern among genocide scholars. Lewy’s main thesis is that because, as he asserts, significant numbers of Armenians openly fought the Turks, Armenians were themselves to blame for any violence that befell them. Akçam systematically and critically demonstrates how each of Lewy’s arguments is flawed, concluding that Lewy’s ‘‘premises, assessments, and conclusions are based on an incomplete study of the material and [that] he is not in command of the subject matter.’’ There is a pervasive political dimension to this debate reinforced continually, for example in the recent warning (delivered on 9 October 2007) from the government of Turkey to the United States that, if the US Congress passes a bill recognizing the Ottoman empire’s killing of Armenians as ‘‘genocide’’, the bilateral relationship between the United States and Turkey will suffer. Therefore, a scholarly disposition and critical analysis of Lewy’s book, such as Akçam’s, is essential to bring the discussion back to a semblance of rationality. Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal was co-founded by the International Association of Genocide Scholars and the International Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies (A Division of the Zoryan Institute). It is the official journal of the International Association of Genocide Scholars and is published three times a year by the University of Toronto Press: http://www.utpjournals.com/gsp/gsp.html Meet the Editors of GSP Dr. Nicholas A. Robins is a Lecturer in the Department of History at North Carolina State University. He holds a Ph.D. in Latin American Studies from Tulane University and his research focuses primarily on genocidal millennialism in Latin America. Dr. Samuel Totten teaches at the University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. He is a member of the Council of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide, and the Centre for Genocide Studies. Dr. Henry Theriault is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Worcester State College and coordinator of the Center for the Study of Human Rights. His research focuses on genocide denial and its proponents knowledge claims, the long-term impact of genocide and other mass violence, their ethical and political implications, and mass violence against women. Dr. Herbert Hirsch is Professor of Government and Public Affairs at Virginia Commonwealth University. He earned his PhD in Political Science from the University of Kentucky. His research interests and courses deal with American politics; political psychology; and the politics of war, violence, genocide. Page eight GHRUP New Accreditation for the GHRUP Toronto, Canada — The History Department of the University of Toronto and the IIGHRS are pleased to announce the details of a new partnership in offering the GHRUP. As part of the partnership, the University of Toronto will provide qualified students graduate-level credits. Students currently registered with the University of Toronto, as well as graduate students registered with any university in Ontario, may apply to take the course and receive credit with no additional university tuition. In addition, undergraduate students registered at other institutions across the province may make special arrangements for the same privilege. For students outside of Ontario, there is ample precedent to take the program as a “Directed Reading Course” or “Independent Study” with their local professor and receive credits from their own institution. So far this year applications from students have arrived from 11 different countries including Rwanda, Burundi, India, Japan, Mexico, Zambia, Pakistan, the Netherlands and Turkey. For details and registration information refer to the program’s web site, www.genocidestudies.org. For more information, contact Megan Swan at the International Institute for Genocide and Human Rights Studies (A Division of the Zoryan Institute),416-2509807, [email protected]. The mission of the Genocide and Human Rights University Program is to help develop a new generation of scholars to engage in research and publication in the field of genocide and human rights studies. This goal is achieved through a comparative and interdisciplinary analysis of such cases of genocide as the Jewish Holocaust, the Cambodian Genocide, and the Rwandan Genocide, among others, using the Armenian Genocide, the archetypal genocide of the 20th Century, as a point of reference. Recognition of Support for the Zoryan Institute We are honored to acknowledge the organizations and individuals listed below, who have provided their services and those on the next page who have contributed financial support during the past year. Dr. Misak Abdulian, Dr. Rouben Adalian, Mr. Robert Adourian, Mr. Levon Afeyan, Mr. Kirk Apel, Mr. Arman Akopyan, Deacon Hagop Arslanian, Mr. Ara Arzoumani, Mr. Diran Avedian, Mr. Aris Babikian, Prof. Anny Bakalian, Prof. Peter Balakian, Mrs. Arda Bazarian, Mr. Raffi Bedrosyan, Mr. & Mrs. Ara & Calabrina Boyajian, Mr. Onnig Cavoukian, Mr. Arthur Charchian, Mr. Souren Chekijian, Mr. Gregory Chitilian, Ms. Deanna Dickins, Ms. Renee Farrell, Prof. Stephen Feinstein, H.E. Bishop Bragrat Galstanyan, Mr. Hirant Gulian, Mr. Ara Hagopian, Father Hayrik Hovhannisyan, Dr. Stephen Injeyan, Prof. Steven Jacobs, Mr. Hagop Janbazian, Ms. Suzanne Karajaberlian, Mr. Hrach Kaspar, Ms. Christine Kavazanjian, Mr. Antoine Kirijian, Mr. Rupen Kouyoudjmian, Prof. Jacques Kornberg, Mrs. Hasmik Kurdian, Mr. Marc Mamigonian, Mr. Vahe Mardirossian, Mr. Edgar Martirosyan, Mr. George Mavropoulos, Ms. Pauline Ngirumpatse, Ms. Tenny Nigoghossian, Prof. Solomon Nigosian, R.H. Vartan Oskanian, Mr. Khachig Papanyan, Mr. Berge Papazian, Mr. William Parsons, Prof. Simon Payaslian, Ms. Rosalind Raddatz, Ms. Karin Saghdejian, Ms. Sally Sahagian, Ms. Talar Sahakian, Mrs. Lena Sarkissian, Pres. Serge Sarkisyan, Ms. Datevig Shaboyan, Prof. Gregory Stanton, Mr. Adam Strom, Ms. Tamar Svadjian, Ms. Megan Swan, Mr. Torrey Swan, Mr. Zohrab Tatikian, Mr. Ara TerHarootunian, Prof. Shaké Toukmanian, Prof. Eric Weitz, Prof. Alan Whitehorn, Mr. Vartkes Yeghiayan, Mr. Harout Yeretsian and Father Zareh Zargarian. Page Nine Appreciation $10,000 + Armenian Insurance Settlement Fund Byron-Hill Group Levon Perouz Babayan Foundation Eurocan Inc. $5,000 + Agemian Organization The Endla and John Gilmour Foundation The Rehenyan Family Mr. Joe Yalkezian $1,000 + Mr. & Mrs. Pierre & Norma Akkelian Mr. Karekin Arzoomanian Mr. & Mrs. Ara & Calabrina Boyajian Daughters of Vartan, Artemis Ortyag 28 Dr. & Mrs. Heratch & Sonya Doumanian Mr. Diran Avedian Mr. & Mrs. Dikran & Sonia Bal Ms. Sara Chitjian Canadian Diocese of the Armenian Apostolic Church Dr. Garabed Fattal George Ignatius Foundation Mr. & Mrs. Martin & Sarah Gouin Mr. & Mrs. Dicran & Diana Hadjetian Mr. & Mrs. Edgar Hagopian Mr. & Mrs. Aram & Tilli Isnar Mr. Papken Janjigian Mr. & Mrs. Armen & Nora Hampar Mr. & Mrs. Simon & Maral Hasserjian John Mirak Foundation Mr. & Mrs. George & Alice Kachigian Dr. Sarkis J. Kechejian Knights of Vartan, Mid-Atlantic Lodge Ms. Nancy Kolligian Mr. & Mrs. Ara & Houry Koolian Mr. & Mrs. Migirdic & Ani Migirdicyan National Association for Armenian Studies and Research Nazarian Family Foundation Never Again Campaign – Alpha Epsilon Omega Mr. & Mrs. Andre & Seza Nazarian Mr. & Mrs. Hagop & Pamela Sabounji Mr. & Mrs. Hratch & Helga Sarkis Dr. & Dr. Reuben & Patricia Siraganian Mr. & Mrs. Vazken & Lucie Terzian Dr. Alan Whitehorn Mr. Sarkis Yacoubian $500 + Mr. Robert C. Ajemian Dr. & Mrs. Misak & Hourig Abdulian Dr. & Mrs. Varouj & Kerstin Aivazian Mr. & Mrs. Hagop & Arpine Altounian Mr. Ara Arzumanian Dr. Katy Behesnilian Mr. & Mrs. Ara & Calahrina Boyajian Dr. & Mrs. Hratch & Knar Kavazanjian Mr. & Mrs. Hagop & Eranica Kouyoumdjian Mr. Varouj Lapoyan Mr. Richard McOmber Dr. Louis Najarian Mr. & Mrs. Berge & Evelyn Papazian Mr. & Mrs. Richard & Nora Sarajian Mr. & Mrs. Michael & Violet Saydam Dr. Roger Smith Mr. & Mrs. Ohannes & Gracia Tchaglassian Mr. & Mrs. Zohrab & Arpi Tcholakian Mr. & Mrs. Harutun & Nadya Vaporciyan Mr. & Mrs. Garo & Azniv Yeghoyan Mr. Sevag Yeghoyan Dr. & Mrs. Ara & Rossy Yeretsian $100 + Dr. George Aghajanian Ms. Ani Abdalyan Mrs. Araxy Adalian Mr. & Mrs. Hrant & Alidz Agbabian Mr. & Mrs. Varoujan & Hasmig Agemian Dr. Sima Aprahamian Armenian Catholic Community of Toronto Armenian Congregational Church —Southfield, MI AGBU Toronto Armenian Students Association Armenian World Alliance—Toronto Mr. & Mrs. Hrair & Mary Atikian Mr. Edward Avanessy Dr. Louise Aznavour Mr. & Mrs. Kaloust & Hasmik Babian Mr. Garbis Bagdassarian Mr. Mourad Bahoudian Mr. & Mrs. Robert & Arpi Barsam Mr. Girair Basmadjian Mr. Mikael Bedrosian Mrs. Nora Bekarian Bolsahay Cultural Association—Toronto Mr. Hovanes Boyadjian Mr. Hirant Candan Mr. & Mrs. Chris & Agavni Chakmakian Ms. Anahid Chamourian Dr. Nazeli Charchian Mr. Souren Chichmanian Mr. Hagop N. Chopurian Mr. & Mrs. Kaloust & Aroussiag Christianian Mr. Shahan Deirmenjian Mr. Sebouh Demirdjian Dr. & Mrs. Ari & Hera Demirjian Mr. Sebouh Der Avedisrian Mr. Kirkor Der Ghazarian Mr. Vazken Der-Kaloustian Mr. & Mrs. Gerair & Elise Dervishian Dr. V. Ehramdjian Page Ten Mr. & Mrs. Samuel & Barbara Hagopian Mr. & Mrs. Nerses & Sona Fesdekjian Mr. & Mrs. Shant & Nayri Gueyikian Mr. Gerald Guregian Mr. & Mrs. Garabed & Madeleine Grehian Mr. Jean Hajjar Mr. & Mrs. Samuel & Lucy Hamboyan Dr. Herbert Hirsch Mr. & Mrs. Gregory & Brigette Kasparian Mr. & Mrs. Zaven & Ani Hanessian Mr. & Mrs. George & Shoushig Haroutunian Mr. Norayr Harutunyan Mr. John Hovsepian Dr. Stephen Injeyan Mr. & Mrs. Vasken & Anahid Kassabian Mr. Aram Kazazian Mr. & Mrs. Garbis & Nazli Kerestecioglu Mr. Gary Ketenjian Mr. & Mrs. Zaven & Sona Khanjian Dr. Zaven Khatchatourian Mr. Yeprem Khatcherian Mr. Raffi Kouyoumdjian Mr. & Mrs. Armen & Silva Kurkjian Dr. & Dr. Jirair & Rita Kuyumjian Mr. Krikor Marounian Mr. & Mrs. Jack & Eva Medzorian Mr. & Mrs. Dikran & Maro Meguerditchian Mr. Armand Mirijanian Ms. Pauline Ngirumpatse Ms. Nora Ohanjanians Dr. & Mrs. Benjamin & Mary Pamboukian Mr. & Mrs. William & Sylvia Parsons Ms. Rosalind Raddatz Mr. & Mrs. David & Janet Ranger Dr. & Mrs. Edward & Joan Safarian Mr. & Mrs. Daniel & Ludmila Sahakian Mr. & Mrs. Armen & Brenda Shahinian Mr. Robert Setrakian Mr. & Mrs. Hagop & Seta Sevakian Mr. & Mrs. Armen & Brenda Shahinian Mr. & Mrs. William & Margaret Shaphren Mr. George Shirinian Mr. Nisan Sismanoglu Mrs. Emma Sogoian St. Mesrob Armenian Church of Ottawa Mr. & Mrs. Sebu & Shake Tashjian Dr. Lena Terjanian Mrs. Talyn Terzian-Gilmour Mr. & Mrs. John & Elizabeth Titizian Mr. Kevork Toroyan Union of Marash Armenians—Toronto Mr. Kirakos (Greg) Vapurciyan Mr. Jorge Vartparonian Mr. & Mrs. Victor & Judith Zarougian Mr. & Mrs. Nubar & Mary Zorian Publications The 20th Anniversary of the Karabagh Movement and the Zoryan Institute’s Legacy When the dramatic events surrounding the Karabagh Movement hit world consciousness in late February 1988, Zoryan mobilized its staff, academic board and associated scholars to produce the first book in English and French on the subject, The Karabagh File. This collection provides critical primary source documents regarding the development of the issue from 1918 through to the revolution, the formation of the republic, the civil war, Sovietization to Perestroika and the articulation of the need for radical change. It also includes the responses to these calls from within the USSR and Armenian Diaspora. The work is made complete with detailed maps, interviews, and a chronology of major events starting in 600 AD. As a result of the Karabagh Movement, pogroms took place against the Armenians in several cities in Azerbajian in 1988-89. Samvel Shahmuratyan recorded forty-five eyewitness testimony from the refugees of these attacks. Zoryan translated and published these in The Sumgait Tragedy: Pogroms against In the United States Armenians in Soviet Azerbaijan, which includes a Preface by Yelena Bonner, renowned human rights activist and wife of Andrei Sakharov. This work, including a detailed editor’s introduction, helped expose the atrocities committed against the ethnic Armenians in Azerbaijan to the international community. The Making of Nagorno-Karabagh: From Secession to Republic is a collection of papers delivered at “The Karabagh Movement: Ten Years After,” a Zoryan sponsored conference held in 1998. Some of the leading analysts of the region assessed the Karabagh Question in the decade since the eruption of the historic protests that saw hundreds of thousands of Armenians march in support of Karabagh. Today, and after the lost of twentythousand lives, the struggle is still unresolved. A key contribution of the volume is its analysis of the failure of many OSCE, UN and regional power mediation efforts in one of the world’s strategic, oil-rich regions. 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