CONSERVATION AND THE EASTERN

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trt3
Contributionsto the IstanbulCongress
20-24 September2010
CONSERVATION
AND THE EASTERN
MEDITERRANEAN
Editedby
ChristinaRozeik,Ashok Roy andDavid Saunders
TechnicalCommittee
SharonCather(Chalr)
Talal Akasheh
Terry Drayman-Weisser
HandeKdkten
Ravit Linn
Austin'Nevin
HossamMahdy
Paul Schwartzbaum
,ir?'
Turkishabstractsprovidedby
Duygu QamurcuolluCleere,Nurcin Kural 6zg6rug
andAygeAldemir Kilercik
-€i
Publishedby
The InfernationalInstitute for Consi:rvation
of Historic and Artistic Works
6 BuckinghamStreet London WC2N 68,4, UK
- -,
CONSERVATION
AND RESTORATIONAT TTIEILYAS BEY MOSQUE
COMPLEX,MILETOS (BALAT)
BekirEskiciandCengizKabaoSlu
ABSTRACT
The Ilyas Bey Mosque complex, situated in the ancient city of Miletos
(Balat, Aydrn) on the Western Anatolian coast was built in the early fifteenth century AD.The buildings ofthe complex serve a variety offunctions such as mosque,madrasa and baths and are among the outstanding
examplesof the middle-period Turkish art in terms of their architectural
and decorative qualities. Apart from the Mosque, the buildings have
undergonegreat destruction after losing their functions. The salvation of
these monuments,which have been neglected for years, and their repair
to ensure their survival. has become an issue of high priority. The conservation project that was based on this approach was designed as two
phases:researchand subsequent implementation. The work was begun
in October 2007.
OZET
BatrAnadolukryrlarrnda,
Aydrn- Siikeyakrnlanndaki
antikMiletos
(Balat) kentinde yer alan ilyas Bey Kiilliyesi, 15. yi)zyrl baglarrndainga
edilmigtir. Cami, mbdrese, hamam ve gegrnegibi farkh iglevlere sahip
Kiilliye yaprlarrmimari ve dekoratif 6zellikleriyle OrtagaST0rk sanatrmn
segkin6mekleri arasrndayerini almrgtrr.Ozgiin iglevlerini yitirdikten son-
ra hamam, medrese ve gegmebinalan buyiik 6l9ude tahrib olmug; cami ise
krsmen tahribata ulrayarak giiniimiize ula$mrghr. Yrllardrr bakrrpr ihmal
edilen bu anrtlann yok olmaktan kurtanlmasr, giiglendirilerek yagatlmasr
zaruri bir ihtiyag halini almrgtrr. Bu temel yaklaqrmdan hareketle
'Aragtrrma've 'Uygulama'olmak
olugturulan koruma ve onanm projesi
iizere, iki aqamaI olarak gekillendirilmigtir. Anrtlann mevcut durumlartntn
tespiti ve belgelenmelerini igeren aragtrrmagaltgmalarrMart- Eylill 2007
tarihleri arasrndatamamlanmrgfir.Aktif koruma y<intemlerini igeren uygulama gahgmalan ise Ekim 2007 tarihinden itibaren siirdiiriilmektedir.
INTRODUCTION
The Ilyas Bey Mosquecomplex,locatedin the ancientMiletos
site - presentlyknown as Balat (S0ke,Aydtn)
archaeological
on thewesterncoastof Anatoliawasbuilt during the time of the
Mentege
Principalityin theearlyfifteenthcenturyad [l, p. l2].
Constructedon top of ancientRomanand Byzantine remains,
the complexconsistsof a mosque,madrasaand double-bath
(Fig. l). Therealsoexistsa fountainbetweenthe madrasaand
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lvlilet lyas Bey Mosque complex,site plan.
85
the bath, which is apparently associatedwith those two buildings. The area surrounding thesestructuresin the complexwas
also used as a cemetery.Within the area,many Islamic-period
can be found, exhibiting distinctivestylisticfeatures
gravestones
and dating from the fifteenth to the mid-twentiethcenturies.The
structures of the complex are among the most significant Islarnic
period monuments of Balat, and survived the 1955 earthquake
that causedthe town to be abandoned.While the baths,madrasa
and fountain have survived only partially until the prbsentday,
the Mosque has kept its structural integrity to a largeextent.
The conservationand restorationprojectof Miletos Ilyas Bey
Mosque complex was conducted by Cengiz Kabaoglu(KA.BA
Conservatiortof Historic Buildings and ArchitectureLtd, with
sponsorshipfrom SOKTA$ Apparel Industry and Trade Inc).
The project, also in collaboration with an academicadvisory
board, has been envisaged as involving several sub-projects
relating to many different areas of expertise.Excavationand
clearing works on the site have been carried out and completed
by Assistant ProfessorDr $akir Qakmak and Assist. Professor
Dr Yekta Demiralp (Ege University) on behalf of the Miletos
Museum. Geo-radar studies were carried out in the madrasa
courtyard and its vicinity by Associate ProfessorDr Selma
Kadrollu and Professor Dr Yusuf Kafian Kadioglu (Ankara
University, Geology Department). Material analysesand petrographic investigations have been completed by Associate
Professor Dr Selguk $ener, Specialist Ali Akrn Akyol and
Associate ProfessorDr Yusuf Kafan Kadro$lu at the Ankara
University. Studies directed to the elimination of structural
problemsencounteredin the structuresandruins on the site have
beenpursuedby AssociateProfessorDr Uiur Polat(Middle East
Technical University). Documentation and projection studies
of the structures and remnants within the scopeof the project
were conductedby Giilgiin Kabaoglu,Arzu NizamogluBatman,
FarukZarqat,Ozgtir Karakag, $inasi Krhg, $ule Algrn,'Mustafa
Durcan and Omer Ekim under the direction of KA.BA.
The project consistsof two phases:researchand implementation- The research/documentation
phasewas conductedbetween
January and September 2007. The irnplementationphase for
restoration started in October 2007, and, is estimated to be
completedby the end of2010.
THE STRUCTURES
The Ilyas Bey Mosque,the inscription on which informs us was
constructedin 1404ad by the ruler of the MentegePrincipality,
Ilyas Bey, has a square layout, with a cubiform structure and
a single dome [2, p. 147]. This structure representsone of the
rnostorieinalartisticmonulneutsof theAnatolianPrincipalities
period,with its portico fagade,marbleblocksandcolouredstone
decoration[3, p. 7].From the beginning ofthe twentiethcentury
ad onwards,the Mosque underwent variouskinds,ofrestoration
at different times. Nevertheless,after the damagingearthquake
of 1955,it becarneunusable(Fig. 2). After the earthquake,it also
underrventcertain restorationsby the General Directorate of
Foundations
betr.veen
1955and t972andby theGermanInstitute
of Archeologyin istanbul and NliletosExcavationDirectorate
i n 1 9 8 5[ 4 , p p . a * l l ] .
Tbe tnaclrasobuilding, rvhich is situatedaround the same
courtyard as the Vfosque,has ccrne cloi,vnto us in a danraged
state [5, p. 186].The roof-coveringsofall the spaceshavecollapsed,with tlie exceptionof the domedclassroom;the walls, on
the other hand, survive partially standing(Fig. 3). As is evident
'from
the tracesofhorizontal beamsin somespaces,the building
was once a two-storey structure. Th.emadrasa seemsto have
beeir:;ut of use for a long time after losing its original function
and to have been damaged due to neglect. Togetherwith the
Mosque, it underwentpartial restorationin 1985.
R6
Fig.2
Fig. 3
Milet Ilyas Bey Mosque and madrasa, early twentieth century (from the Archive of the German Archaeological Institute,
Istanbul).
Milet Ilyas Bey Mosque and madras4 before restoration in 2006
The baths are locatedat the north east ofthe Mosque and the
madrasa buildings. The two adjacent bath buildings, one larger,
the other smaller,are alsoin a highly damagedstate.As often the
casein Turkish bathingtradition, the largerbuilding is thoughtto
have served men, whereasthe smaller one served women. Today,
much of the superstructureof both of the buildings has been
destroyed,and the walls are only partially preserved.The extant
ruins offer valuable information relating to bath architecture,
ranging from construction techniquesto decoration,and from
the heating systems to water supply installation. After losing
their function,the bathshavenot beenrepairedat all. and have
been totally abandonedto their i'ate.
The fountain, which has a cubic form and a single dome, is
at the passageway connectingthe mosque-madrasa buildings
and the baths.The roof-coveringofthe fountain has totally collapsedand its water supplyinstallationis broken.Archaeological
excavationsat the site have revealedremnants of severalwalls
belongingto structuresu'hich have served-r'arioustiinctions
associated'"viththe ntuclrtso and the baths.
CONSTRUCTIONMATERIALS
For the constructiollofthe rvallsofthe Nlosque,nrarbleblocks
gatheredfrom the ruins of ancientMiletos were used.The marble
blocks were placedon the walls after being reprocessedin terms
of their masouy bonds and functional properties.The surfaces
of both the marble blocks and the decorative elementssuch as
the ntihrab, portal and window frames were neatly cut and polished.The dome and the squincli.s are coveredwith bricks. In
addition to this, the dome is also coveredwith old Turkish-style
rooftiles on the outside.On the portal and on the interior and
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exterior frame tops and borders, decorative coloured stone and
glazed tile materials can be seen,which were inserted in the
,blocks with dovetail and inlay techniques.The glazedtiles are
Llsuallymonochrome and turquoise-glazed,while cobalt blue
and purple ones are found as well.
The madrasa building is made of stone and brick. All the
fagadesand the walls ofthe building were constructed by using
rubble masonry and reused marble blocks. The dome of the
classroom (main chamber) was constructedout of brick and
was covered with old Tirrkish-style rooftiles from the outside.
As revealedby the remains of walls, the interior surfacesof the
spaceswere coveredwith plaster.
The walls ofthe bathbuildingswerealsoconstructedofrubble
masonry and reused marble blocks. The stonework in various
block sizeswere bondedwithout any specificpattern.The floor
of the changing room of the larger bath building was covered
with marble blocks.The roof, coveringelementsof the structure
such as the arch, the dome and the squinches,are ofbrickwork.
As for the masonry bond, bricks - either broken or whole were used more as filling material, without a particular, orderly
pattern.The interior walls and the roof-coveringelementsof tfre
structurewere coveredcompletelywith mortar andplastercoats.
The press-techniquepatterns applied in the bath bgildings are
among the rare casesof distinctive,unique decorativeelements
of Anatolian Turkish art. On the plastercoatingsof somespaces,
graffiti depicting ships have been found.
DETERIORATIONS AND THEIR CAUSES
Although its function hasbeenlost for sucha long period,today,
the Ilyas Bey Mosque survives to a great extent, retaining its
original structure. However, the environmentalfactors resulting from the earthquakehave causedvarious deformationsin
the structuresand in the original building materials(Fig. 4). In
addition,poor quality and misguidedattemptsat restorationhave
also led to certain deformations.The damagein the fountain,
bath and madrasa buildings have been even greater.
On the basisofrelevant surveysand documentationstudies,it
is possibleto considerthe statesofdecay underthree categories:
Deterioration due to structural problems
The Mosque was partially damaged by the temblors and unbalanced load distribution resulting from earthquakes. The brick
minaret rising out on the north west corner of the Mosque collapsed.Additional problemscausedincluded cleavages,wedges
and detachmentson the marble columns and bond elements
on the entrance fagade, as well as failures and ruptures in the
original materials.
S6vere structural problems such as collapse and wide
destruction have also been observed in the madrasa aid
the bath buildings, the roof-coverings of which were seriously damaged. The cleavages, decay and disintegiation
observed in the masonry bonds have accelerated the process of deterioration. Trees and gigantic bushes, which have
grown on the ruins particularly and the interior walls have
also causedseveredamage to the structures and construction
materials.
Deterioration due to previous restorations
Different types of damagehave been observedin the structure
of the complex resulting from the use of the wrong materials
and/orthe applicationof inappropriatetechniquesduring previous restorationattempts.During the renovationsof the Mosque
in 1955and in 1985,the iron bracings used at the window bars
and for strengtheningthe bodies of the columns have caused
rust stains,cracks and ruptures as a result ofthe action ofwater
and humidity. Moreover, staining and efflorescence have been
observed due to the use of cement-containingmortar used to
in-fill lossesin the marble blocks.
During restorationsin 1985,various architectural elements
of tlre ruins of tbe tnadrasa were partially completed and joint
mortarswere substantiallyrepaired.Those mortars, which were
not compatiblewith the original colour and texture, stained the
stone'surfaces.Additionally, the functional properties of the
spaces.weredisregardedduring these restorations and many
original traces providing information about the second floor
were lost. The bath buildines have not been restoredin any way
for severalcenturies.
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lvtilet llyas Bey lvlosque,graphicaldocumentationofdeterioration ofthe north surfaces.
Deterioration due to external factors
Dimage in this category has resulted largely from climatic factors. In almost all of the ruins and structures, taking account
also of the effect of failures of roof-coverings and drainage,
physical deformation such as microbiological patinas (lichen,
algae), superficial and calcareoussedimentation, scaling, efflorescence,cracking and abrasionhave been observedextensively.
In addition to these, it is also essentialto note damagecausedby
humans and by bird droppings.
CONSERVATION - RESTORATION WORKS
According to a plannedwork schedule,conservationand restoration work have been continuing in the madrasa and bath buildings since I October 2007. In September2009, the restoration
of both of the buildings was almost complete.For the important
building of the Mosque, the conservationwork is planned to
start in 2010.
General Principles
The aim of the restoration work to be carried out within the
scope ofthe project is to reveal the cultural value ofstructures
and ruins by increasingtheir intelligibility within the constraints
provided by the availablehistorical data. On thesegrounds,the
maintenanceand conservationofthe structuresand ruins on the
site,without damagingtheir artistic and documentaryvalue, has
been the fundamental guiding principle. Consequently, plans
directed to the reconstruction (re-establishment)ofthe destroyed
or missing parts of structures have been avoided. Nevertheless,
some architectural components such as doors, windows, arches,
vaults and walls, which were in danger of collapse,have been
partially reconstructed.
For functional reasons, the building restoration programme
uses the same materials and constructiontechniques,allowing
for detectable differences so that the restoration can be distinguished from the original. For example,the use ofbroken pieces
of brick in the original mortar bedswas not continuedin the completed sections.The use ofdecorative patternswas also avoided
in newly completedareas.the restoredsections.In the mihrab
of the Mosque, particularly, and in window and doorframes, the
restoration avoided continuing the patterns found in the original.
Where a feature was not functionally necessary,reconstruction or addition were avoided unless there existed a document
or other source of evidence.However, in order to increasethe
perceptionof the Mosque in its true light, and to demonstratethe
presenceof a minaret, old photographswere used as the basis
for the reconstructionofthe shaft ofthe minaret up to a certain
Ievel (about 2.5 m above its base)(Fig. 5). It was decided also
that pieces ofarchitectural sculptureor decoration,which had,
for whatever reason,fallen offthe building and lay in a broken
state around it should be collectedand replacedin their original
positions.
It wasjudged appropriateto designand manufactureelements
used for protection,display, and circulation at the site that were
capableof beinglecycled,and wereeasyto,rnountanddismantle.
Exarrplesofthis lle the protectiverooti ofthe bathand rnLldrasa
buildings, the wooden walkwavs for visitors. and the steel display platforms designedfor the spacesof th,entarh"asa.It was
also decidedto renove any renrainsof recentinterventionsthat
did not fit in with the original architecrureof the buildings and
contributed to their visual disharmonyor their physicalharm.
., With this plan agreedupon, the conservationand restoration
,.afuorlcs
which have been conductedcan be listed as follows:
Structural reittforcenent
, (
Among the structuresand remnantbuildingswithin the complex,
structural problems,which producepotentialrisks ofdestruction
RR
Fig. 5
designfor the
Milet Ilyas Bey Mosque,partial reconstruction
minaret.
or collapse have been observed mainly in the bath buildings.
Such problems as decomposition and decay which accelerate
damagehave been dealt with partially by completing and reinforcing the walls with traditional masonry bond techniques.
Moreover, in some spaces,architectural elementssuch as niches
and doors, which were structurally deformed, increasing their
risk of collapse, have also been completed according to their
original forms. The application of broken pieces of brick (as
filling material) in original masonry bonds has been avoided
in order to distinguish the original and completedparts. In the
preparation ofthe repair mortar, hydrated lime and fluvial sand,
which are compatible with the authentic texture and colour, have
beenused.
The cleavageson the walls, which resulted mainly from the
roots of trees have been filled by injection of hydraulic limebased mortar. in consultation with structural reinforcement
experts (Figs 6 and 7). Destruction caused to the wall fabric
by tree roots has caused gaps to open up in the stonework. In
orderto guard againstcollapse,this stoneconstructionhas been
disrnantledand placed in the correct original sequenceagain
including thosestonesblocks that had fallen offcompletely. This
type ofproblem was encounteredaboveall in the"bathbuilding.
The columns ofthe entrancearcade ofthe Mosque had been
severelydamaged both during the earthquake and as a result
of consequentunequal weight distribution, resulting in severe
cracking and breaking in the column shafts.Following the lecornmendations
of structuraIexperts,thosecolumns,which had
lalgely lost their load-bearingcapacity, and would causestructural problemsin the future, were replacedwith similar columns.
The original columnswill be repairedand displayedon site.
Renovation of j o int mortars
In the bath buildings, the joint mortars within the stones and
bricks ofthe masonry bonds were out ofuse and had fallen into
decay,leaving gaps, which acceleratedegradation of the wall
patterns.These gaps have been refilled with a lime-based mortar. In the nndrasa building, it has been observedthat during
the restorationin 1985,the mortar used in the joints and bonds
were not compatiblewith the authentic colour and texture; they
been filled againwith lime-basedmortars, which are consistent
with the original colour and texture. These mortars have been
prepared according to traditional methods, with a mixture of
hydrated lime, fluvial sand and marble powder, and have been
packedcloselyinsidefhejoints without causingthem to extrude
on to the surfaces.In this way, the wall pattern has been brought
to the fore and highlighted, so that it can be appreciatedbetter.
Capping on the ruins of walls
In order to strengthenthe upper parts of the ruins of walls, and
to take precautionsagainst rain and wind erosion, the ruins of
walls havebeencappedfor protection.This procedure has been
applied in the bath and,madrasa buildings and on the ruins of
walls on the site discoveredthrough excavations.For this capping, the height of the masonry has been limited to two or three
rows ofstone (about20-30 cm). The cappingis curved at its sides
in order to shedwater.The stoneworkusedfor restorationmakes
use ofsmaller piecesthan the original, so that the original parts
could be distinguishedfrom the repairedparts.
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Fig. 6
Milet Ilyas Bey baths, south wall of the tepidarium before
reslorallon-
Facade - Cleaning
Cleaning the stains and sedimentationthat has formed subsequently on the materials is an essentialand significant procedure ofconservation. A micro-sanding technique has been the
preferred method for clearing various types of dirt and stains
such as calcareoussedimentationand biological patina (lichen,
algae),which are mostly found on the stone and marble-covered
surfacesof the structures in the complex. The fagades of the
walls of the madrasa have been cleared (Fig. 8), while the
fagade-cleaningprocessat the Mosque and the bath buildings
has not yet started.
I
t
Reinforcement of the original remains of plttster
The partially surviving remains ofpress-techniquedecorations
inthe ntadrasaand bath buildings havebeen reinforced in order
to conservethem in their present condition. Th€ cleavage on
plaster and the gaps between the plaster and the load-bearing
wall have been filled by means of plaster-mortar injection, so
that the fragments, which were about to detach from the wall
would be re-fixed. For the injection procedure,hydraulic limebasedready-mixedmortar was used.
Isolalion of the dome covering
The rooftile-coveringof the dome of the iwaninthe madrasahad
almosttotally collapsedand the bricks were partially destroyed.
Fig.7
Milet Ilyas Bey baths, south rvall of the tepidarium after
restoration.
cohsequentlyspoiled the original structureand the aesthetic
quality of the rvalls. These cement-basedmortars have been
femovedmechanicallyby meansof a+rrisel,and thejoints have
Fig. 8
89
Milet Ilyas Bey madrasa, protective roof (insulation of the
s u p e r s l r u c t u r ehsa s n o t b e e nc o m p l e t e d ) .
The sizes of the bricks and rooftiles, which will be used for
restoring the damaged parts and for the insulatioir-and covering
of the dome havebeen determined, and these bricks and rooftiles
havebeen reproduced.It is believedthat the original'bricks and
rooftiles of the madrasa were kiln-fired at around 900-950"C.
On the other hand, the replica bricks and tiles were kiln-fired at
around 1050"Cin order to increasetheir physical strength. After
the exterior surface ofthe dome was cleared and the brick pattern
and joints were repaired, the rooftiles were covered with lime
mortar.Thus, the dome was not only insulatedfrom the exterior,
but alsoregainedits authenticappearance(Fig. 8). A surfaceprotector has been applied to the bricks in order to prevent damage
due to external factors. As the surface protector, a stone product
(a silicbne-basednanotechnology product) has been chosensince
it is ultraviolet-light-resistant, water-repellent,vapour-permeable
and transparent,and does not causecolour changes.
PROTECTIVE ROOF
All of the upper spacesof the madrasa e,lcept for the classroom,
the roof-coveringofwhich has survived substantially,havebeen
coveredwith a contemporary protective roof which is made of
. woodenpostsand trussesand which doesnot contactthe original
structure of the building (Fig. 8). This protective roof has been
used on the uppei parts ofthe bath buildings as well. This roof,
which is on the sides, has been designed for the protection of
existing ruins against external damage and to allow the rooms
of the buildings to be used as exhibition spaces.At the time of
writing, the covering and insulation ofthe roofhave not been
completed.
SITE PRESENTATION, FUNCTION AND USE
The region where the Ilyas Bey Mosque and complex are located
is ancient Miletos, an archaeological site, which is scheduled
under the highest level of protection. Within this archaeological
site,the location of the complex is of great significancein terms
not only ofits cultural value, but also its natural and environrnental importance.
The panorama of the complex is characterized by striking,
ancient terebinth trees, with its several architectural monuments
ofvarying character.The complexrepresentsthe combinationof
a pastoralenvironmentand an architecturalpast extendingover
centuries. The Ilyas Bey Mosque, and the other monuments on
the site, create.anexciting and unique atmosphere,together with
the natural environment that is full of green space.A holistic
perception of this historical site with its unique atmospl:ereis
most important. The architectural and natural wealth surrounding the project site qualifies it as a unique open air museum and
park.
Thus, this project will provide the interpretation and exhibition of the Ilyas Bey Mosque and complex as an exciting
and unique Islamic cultural assetwithin Vliletos, which is an
e.rtt'ernc'l1i
si_gnificant
ancientsite.As a consequel.lce,
the project
site rvill tunt out to be an open air filuseum rvith all rhe structures,ancientmonuments,and gravesincluding the gravestones
(eachone of which has its own artistic quality).
As a living comnrunity, in additior:, in order to continue old
traditions,'local people from the surrounding neighborirood,
especially those in Balat, will be encouragedto come to the
for the baltrant salaat and pray altogether.
,.gornplex
The
will be presentedto include the gravestonesand
site
":i
thoseelementsthat relate to its function as baths,along with its
cr:ltural aad natural assets.An efficient managementstructure
will be establishedto provide an interpretationand description
ofthe architectural
qualities ofthe complex and to provide infor-
mation concerning
its historical
ment ofthe
a Landscape
will
Site/Building
Design Project will
address the various
background.
Interpretation
For the establish-
and Presentation
Plan,
be prepared on a basis that
interrelated
concern along with those ofhistorical,
issues of environmental
conservation
and cultural
importance.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We owe special thanks to the project owner and supporter Messrs
Hilmi Kayhan and Muharrem Kayhan on behalf of SOKTAg Apparel
Industry and Trade Inc. We also wish to express our gratitude to Mrs
Ash Aydof,an who coordinatedthe project on behalfofSOKTA$ and to
Mr Siileyman Qakmak for his contributions and logistic support in the
field. We are grateful to the scientific advisory board members working
in the project on behalf of SOKTA$ are Professor Dr Aynur Durukan
(art historian emerita, Hacettepe University), Associate Professor Dr
Neriman $ahin Giighan (architect-conservation specialist, Middle
East Technical University), Associate Professor Dr Ulurhan Akyiiz
(civil engineer, Middle East Technical University). We would like to
offer particular thanks to restorers Turgay Arrkan and Omer Qokdo[an
and the workers and master craftsmen who have contributed greatly to
restoratioDworks on this imDortant site.
REFERENCES
I Wulzinger, K.,Wittek, P. and Sarre, F., Das Islamische Milet,W. de
Gruyter, Berlin/Leipzig (1935).
2 Wittek, P., Mentese BeyliEi 13.-15.Asrda Garii Ki;gilk Asya Tarihine Ait Tetkik, trans. O.$. Gokyay, Tiirk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara
(r944).
3 6ney, G., B eylikle r D evr i Sanat t, XI V.-XV. Yiizyt I (I 3 0 0- | 453), Tiirk
Tarih Kurumu, Ankara (1989).
4 Durukan, A., Balat ilyas Bey Camii, Kiiltiir ve Turizm Bakanhfir,
Ankara (1988).
5 Greaves,A.M., Miletos Bir Tarih, trans. H. Q. Oztiirk), Istanbul
(2003).
AUTHORS
Bekir Eskici completed his undergraduate(1988) and graduate (1993)
degreesat Ankara University, Faculty of Humanities, Department of Art
History. From 1989until 1991,with a scholarshipgranted by the Italian
Government, he studied in the A.D. Stefano School at Sicilia-Salemi in
the field of 'Conservation of Archaeological Monuments'. In 1992, he
'Restoration
completed the specializationprogram on
ofStone Monuments' organized by the Istituto Centrale del Restauro (ICR, Rome). In
1998, he obtained his PhD degree in art history. 1n2002, he entered the
specializationtraining programme on the conservation ofmural paintings at the ResearchCenter for Roman Period Mural-Paintings (Centre
d'Etudes des Peintures Murales Romaines, CEPMR) in Suassons,
France. In 2007,he gained the title ofAssociate Professor Currently,
he has been giving lectures on the conservation ofcultural assetsand
has been conducting several projects at Ankara University, Bagkent
Vocational School. Address: Ankara University, 'Baskent Vocational
School', Gumusdere Campus, Fatih Street, 33/A, Kecioren, Ankara/
Turkey. Email: [email protected]
Cengiz Kabao!lu obtained his undergraduatedegree frorn the Middle
East Technical University, Faculty ofArchitecture in Ankara in 1978.
After his graduation. he worked as a researchassistantat Middle East
Technical University and as a lecturer at the Konya State Acaden.ry
of Architecture ar.rdEngineering and the Ankara State Academy of
Architecture and Engineering, respectively. Since April 1987, he has
been working as architect and founder/director of KA.BA Conservat i o n o f H i s t o r i c B u i l d i n g s a n d A r c h i t e c t u r eL t d . H e h a s s p e c i a l i z e di n
projects concerning issuessuch as the conservationand presentationof
cultural assets,building and landscapedesign and conservation planning. He conducted over 150 projects, both in Turkey, concerning different cultural aspectsand period ofAnatolia, and abroad. 10 ofhis projects
received commendations and awards including the European Union
Prize for Cultural Heritage/Europa Nostra Awards, 2006. Alongside
his professionalworks in fields such as conservation ofcultural heritage,architectural design and project manegt-ment,he has been actively
participating and lecturing in symposiums both in Turkey and abroad.