docsamnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi saqarTveloSi
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samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi saqarTveloSi
siZveleTa Seswavlis centri naTela jabua samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi saqarTveloSi Tbilisi 2009 1 UDC 726.5(479.22)(09) j_129 naSromSi ganxilulia qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani arqiteqturuli tipis, samnaviani bazilikis, arqiteqturul-mxatvruli maxasiaTeblebi, saqarTveloSi misi gavrcelebis Taviseburebani da roli saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi. wigni gankuTvnilia specialistebisTvis, studentebisa da saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis. redaqtori: xelovnebaTmcodneobis mecn. doq. prof. zaza sxirtlaZe recenzentebi: xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, nana burWulaZe xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori, dinara vaCnaZe ISBN 978-9941-0-1526-7 © n. jabua, 2009 2 Sinaarsi winasityvaoba....................................................................................... 5 qristianuli bazilikis arqiteqturuli 7 tipis Sesaxeb....................................................................................... saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis SedarebiTi 30 daxasiaTeba statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxvis safuZvelze............................................................................................ cxrilebi saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis 93 monacemebis Sesaxeb........................................................................... samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis 122 arsebobis etapebi saqarTveloSi............................................. bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi qristianul samyarosa da saqarTveloSi..................................................... 148 samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturul 169 tipebTan urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi......................................................... daskvna...................................................................................................... 197 saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebi........................................ 208 damowmebuli literatura........................................................... 250 Summary.................................................................................................. 264 3 4 saqarTveloSi qristianuli xuroTmoZRvreba arqiteqturuli tipebis simravliT xasiaTdeba. TiToeul tips arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli specifikis, Zeglebis xuroTmoZRvruli Rirebulebis, gavrcelebis qronologiuri da teritoriuli sazRvrebis gaTvaliswinebiT gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba da Sesabamisi adgili aqvs saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi. saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi qronologiurad erT-erT pirvel arqiteqturul tips warmoadgens samnaviani bazilika, romelic saqarTveloSi qristianobis aRiarebis kvaldakval gavrcelda. adreqristianuli samyaros qveynebis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi damkvidrebulma bazilikis arqiteqturulma tipma qarTul niadagze adgilobrivi arqiteqturul-samSeneblo tradiciis zegavleniT garkveuli saxecvlilebebi ganicada. naSromis mizania saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis tipologiuri Taviseburebebis, gavrcelebis teritoriuli da qronologiuri farglebis, saqarTveloSi am tipis arsebobis etapobrivi sqemis dadgena; qristianuli samyaros qveynebis bazilikebTan da saqarTvelos sxva arqiteqturul tipebTan mimarTebis sakiTxebis kvleva. naSroms safuZvlad Cvens mier warmoebuli gegmazomieri savele samuSaoebis, saqarTvelos kulturis ZeglTa dacvis fondebsa da samecniero literaturaSi arsebuli masalis kompleqsuri 5 kvlevis Sedegebi udevs. faqtobrivi masalis mravalferovnebis da Zeglebis mravalricxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini Seiswavleba statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxvisa da analizis meTodis gamoyenebiT. es meTodi TiToeul Zeglis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebis sistemuri Seswavlis safuZvelze sakvlevi obieqtis struqturis kvlevas iTvaliswinebs, rac masalis qronologiuri aspeqtiT ganxilvis da arqiteqturuli tipis etapobrivi saxecvlis naTlad warmoCenis pirobas qmnis. aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvens xelT arsebuli faqtobrivi masala ar iZleva yvela dasmul sakiTxze amomwuravi pasuxis gacemis saSualebas, rac konkretuli Zeglebis Semdgomi Seswavlis aucileblobas adasturebs. 6 qristianuli bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Sesaxeb konstantine didis mier 313 wlis milanis ediqtiT qristianuli sarwmunoebis oficialur religiad aRiarebiT daiwyo axali era qristianobis istoriaSi. xelsayreli pirobebi Seiqmna RvTismsaxurebis formirebisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. upirvelesad dadga qristianuli taZris mSeneblobis sakiTxi. ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi devnis pirobebSi qristianebi sxvadasxva daniSnulebis SenobebSi (sacxovrebeli saxlebi, sinagogebi, miwisqveSa nagebobebi da sxv.) ikribebodnen. oficialuri statusis miRebam xuroTmoZRvrebis winaSe axali realobis Sesabamisi amocana daayena. erT-erTi pirveli arqiteqturuli tipi, romelic qristianulma xuroTmoZRvrebam eklesiis mSeneblobisaTvis gamoiyena, iyo bazilika. qristianuli arqiteqturis formirebis procesSi gamoikveTa is ZiriTadi moTxovnebi, romlebic qristianuli taZris arqiteqturuli gadawyvetis specifikas ganapirobebs. qristianuli eklesia upirvelesad qristianTa Sesakrebi adgilia, sadac wminda liturgia aResruleba. amdenad, misi, rogorc arqiteqturuli nagebobis, struqturaSi umTavresia ori arsebiTi nawili _ sakurTxeveli da darbazi mlocvelTaTvis. pirveli eklesiis sakraluri, xolo meore morwmuneTa Sesakrebi adgilia. sakurTxeveli ori saxisaa – sworkuTxa da afsidis formis. darbazs mlocvelTaTvis sxvadasxva kompoziciuri gadawyveta SeiZleba hqondes. qristianul taZarSi am arsebiTi nawilebis garda sakurTxevlis gverdiT gamoiyo sagangebo saTavsebi _ pastoforiumebi. isini marTlmadidebel qristianul samyaroSi kanonikur 7 formad iqca, Tumca maTi ararseboba dasaSvebia. amas garda sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli tipis saeklesio nagebobebSi gamoiyeneba gansxvavebuli funqcionaluri daniSnulebis mqone nawilebi, rogoricaa sanaTlavi, narTeqsi, patronike, stoa, galerea, garSemosavleli, karibWe da sxva. saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebaSi arqiteteqturuli tipis raobas gansazRvravs ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli. magaliTad, oTxi afsida tetrakonqis, sami afsida trikonqis, xuTze meti afsida mravalafsidianis, nagebobis jvruli konfiguracia Tavisufali jvris tipis ZeglebSi. rac Seexeba bazilikis arqiteqturuli tips, misi arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia sayrdenebis luwi rigis meSveobiT navebad dayofili mlocvelTa darbazi. gamoiyeneba navebis proporciuli urTierTdamokidebulebis, maTi gadaxurvis, sayrdenebis formisa da urTierTdakavSirebis sxvadasxva varianti, Tumca interieris navebad dayofis principi yvela bazilikaSi daculia. qristianuli bazilika gegmaSi wagrZelebuli, sworkuTxa formis nagebobaa, sayrdenebis saSualebiT dayofili kenti ricxvis (3-5) navebad. Sua navi gverdiTebze maRali da ganieria. sayrdenebi erTmaneTs ukavSirdeba TaRebis saSualebiT an gamoyenebulia arqitravuli sistema. nagebobis aRmosavleTiT sakurTxevlis afsidaa, romelic gegmis sworkuTxedSia Cawerili an Sverili formisaa. farTod gavrcelebulia e.w. samnawiliani sakurTxeveli _ afsida da gverdiTi saTavsebi, pastoforiumebi. sakurTxevelsa da navebs Soris rig ZeglebSi gvxvdeba transepti. bazilikis gegmaSi gamokveTilia dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi, mimarTuli sakurTxevlisaken. am tipis nagebobaSi yvela arqiteqturuli 8 elementi sakurTxevelTan mimarTebaSi gaiazreba da misi mniSvnelobis warmoCenas emsaxureba. bazilikis navebis gadaxurva SeiZleba iyos kamarovani an xis konstruqciebiT Sesrulebuli. Sua navs eqsterierSi umetesad damoukidebeli orferda saxuravi aqvs, xolo gverdiTebs calferda. aseT SemTxvevaSi nagebobas gaaCnia e.w. bazilikuri Wrili da eqsterierSi saxasiaTo silueti. bazilikuri Wrilis nagebobebSi Sua navis kedlebSi sarkmlebis moTavsebis SesaZlebloba iqmneba. es arsebiTad gansazRvravs rogorc interieris ganaTebis intensivobas, aseve Sida sivrcis xasiaTs. gvxvdeba sami navis erTiani orferda saxuraviT gadaxurvis magaliTebic. amgvari nagebobebi gansxvavebulia rogorc eqsterieris, aseve interieris gadawyvetis da ganaTebis mxriv. bazilikis dasavleT nawilSi umetesad narTeqsi mdebareobs. mis dasavleTiT adreuli xanis rig ZeglebSi atriumia. bazilika, rogorc qristianuli religiis mier dakanonebuli xuroTmoZRvruli tipi, mTel adreqristianul samyaroSi gavrcelda da arqiteqturul-samSeneblo tradiciebiT gansxvavebul qveynebSi saxecvlilebebi ganicada. am procesSi ori ZiriTadi regioni ikveTeba _ erTis mxriv konstantinopolisa da xmelTaSuazRvis evropuli nawilis, meore mxriv aRmosavleTis qveynebis saxiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom gegmarebis Tu romelime arqiteqturuli formis gadawyvetis TvalsazrisiT calkeul qveynebSi qristianuli bazilikis Taviseburi variantebi damuSavda. ase magaliTad, eqsonarTeqsi da dasavleTi fasadis orkoSkiani motivi siriaSi, samyuras msgavsi gegmarebis sakurTxeveli egvipteSi, sameklesiiani bazilikebi saqarTveloSi, e.w. latitudinaluri taZrebi siriasa da mesopotamiaSi. 9 * * * qristianuli religiis mier bazilikis dakanonebas faqtobrivi monacemebis garda 1V-V saukuneebis werilobiTi wyaroebic adasturebs. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradRebo informacias Seicavs kesariis episkopos evsebis 317 wliT daTariRebuli tiris episkopos pavlinisadmi miZRvnili panegeriki, “wesni mociqulTani” da Testamentum Domini. “saeklesio istoriis mamad” wodebul kesariis episkopos evsebis panegerikSi [evsebi, 1858:514-524] qristianuli religiis gandidebisa da episkopos pavlinis saqmeTa xotbis Semdgom tiris taZris aRwerisas iZleva taZris da mis calkeul nawilTa formis da simboluri gaazrebis interpretacias. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom panegeriki 317 wels ganekuTvneba, da vinaidan 325 wlis nikeis pirvel msoflio saeklesio krebamde evsevi ariozul moZraobas TanaugrZnobda[lebedevi, 1896:15-20], mis Sexedulebaze origenis da ariozis poziciis zegavlena aisaxeba. “wesni mociqulTani” mkvlevarTa SefasebiT IV saukunis II naxevarSi [funki,1905] an V saukunis dasawyisSi [posnovi,1964:318-319] iqna gadamuSavebuli siriaSi da efuZneba ufro Zvel wyaroebs, maT Soris didaskalias da didaxes. ”wesni mociqulTani” Sedgeba sami nawilisagan. pirveli eqvsi wigni warmoadgens didaskaliis gadamuSavebul variants. didaskalia uZvelesi qristianuli Zeglia, romlis 24-e TavSi aRniSnulia, rom is mociqulTa mier ierusalimis krebazea (49-50ww) Sedgenili. SemorCenili siriuli Targmanis saxelwodeba amgvaria –“didaskalia anu kaTolikuri (msoflio) swavleba Tormeti mociqulisa da wminda mowafisa 10 mxsnelisa Cvenisa”. “wesni mociqulTanis” meore nawili anu VII wignis pirveli naxevari didaxes perifrazi da gavrcobaa, meore naxevari sxvadasxva locvis formulebia, mesame nawili, VIII wigni, a)qarzmas, b)kurTxevis wess, g) kanonebs exeba. “wesni mociqulTani” da Testamentum Domini-s garkveuli monakveTebi warmoadgens erTgvar miTiTeba-ganmartebas imisa, Tu rogori unda iyos saeklesio nageboba. (SemdgomSi «wesni mociqulTani» SemoklebiT aRiniSneba – w.m.; Testamentum Domini – T.D.; evsevi – evs.) aRniSnul werilobiT wyaroebSi eklesia Sedarebulia gems, mis msgavsad wagrZelebuli formisaa(w.m.); interierSi aqvs svetebi (evs.); ar moixsenieba gumbaTi. T.D.-Si miTiTebulia, rom nagebobas unda hqondes ori portiki marjvena da marcxena mxares mamakacTa da qalTaTvis, romlebsac s. mango navebTan aigivebs [mango,1972:24]. saeklesio nagebobis amgvari monacemebi IVVss-is qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis wamyvan arqiteqturul tips, bazilikas miesadageba. sagulisxmoa, rom nagebobis aRmosavleTiT mimarTeba da am mxares sakurTxevlis mdebareoba aRiniSneba samive dokumentSi. amdenad, eklesiis aRmosavleTiT orientaciis dakanoneba IV-V ss-Si werilobiT aris dadasturebuli, Tumca araferia Tqmuli sakurTxevlis formis Sesaxeb (afsidis formisaa Tu sworkuTxa). aRniSnulia, rom sakurTxeveli taZris iatakis donidan sami safexuriT aris amaRlebuli (T.D.) da gamoyofilia “sufTa, ulaqo tilos fardiT” (T.D.) an xis cxauriT (evs.). samRvdeloebis adgili fardis iqiT, wmidaTawmidas axlosaa (T.D.). sagangebod aRniSnulia episkoposis da samRvdeloebis dasajdomi adgilebis Sesaxeb. centrSi dgas sakurTxeveli – trapezi (T.D.). medaviTnes ad11 gili (ambioni) sakurTxevlidan odnav moSorebiTaa (T.D.). teqstebSi moixsenieba pastoforia, sadiakvne da sanaTlavi. miTiTebulia, rom pastoforia nagebobis aRmosavleTiT, erT mxares aris ganTavsebuli, xolo sadiakvne taZarSi Sesasvlelis marjvena mxaresaa (T.D.). aRniSnulia misi funqcia _ SewirulobaTa Sesakrebi adgili, rac gasagebs xdis SesasvlelTan axlos sadiakvnes mdebareobis gansazRvras. T.D.-s mixedviT “arqidiakonma unda Caiweros maTi saxeli, vinc Sesawirs moitans, an maTi, visi saxeliTac Semova Sesawiri... daasaxelebs da locvaSi moixseniebs maT. igive iqneba uTuod zecaSi.” sanaTlavi eklesiis ezos sazRvrebSia (T.D.). miTiTebulia zomebic. sigrZe 21 wyrTa winaswarmetyvelTa ricxvis da sigane 12 wyrTa mociqulTa ricxvis Sesabamisad. naxsenebia aseve calke sadgomi kaTakmevelTaTvis (T.D.). ganmartebulia, rom is taZridan gancalkevebiT ar unda iyos, raTa kaTakmevelebs da Secdomilebs fsalmunebis mosmenis SesaZlebloba hqondeT. Testamentum Domini da evsevi kesarieli moixseniebs portikebiT garSemortymul ezos da episkoposis saxls taZris maxloblad. evsevi detalurad aRwers eklesiis ezos da miuTiTebs, rom is garSemortymulia svetebiT, romelTa Soris cxaurebia. evsevis mixedviT ezo oTxkuTxa formisaa, raTa “Seagonos maT (ezoSi SesulT, n.j.) azri oTxi saxarebisa.” ezoSivea ganwmendis simbolo _ wyaroebi “adamianebisaTvis, romelnic saWiroeben ganwmendas da ganbanvas wyliTa da suliwmidiT”. evsevis mixedviT ezo WiSkarSi SesulTaTvis “pirveli TavSesafaria, romelic mihgvris yovels keTilganwyobas.” amdenad, naTelia, rom taZris win mdebare Ria ezos mowyobis antikuri tradicia qristianul arqiteq12 turaSi grZeldeba, rasac IV-V ss-is Zeglebic (mag.: wm. petres da ioane laTeranelis bazilikebi romSi, aia sofiis bazilika konstantinepolSi) adasturebs, Tumca mas axali simboluri mniSvneloba eniWeba. eklesiis ezodan taZarSi Sesasvleli sami karis arseboba sagangebod aRiniSneba da samebis gansaxierebad moiazreba (T.D.). evsevi zomiT did Sua kars “upirveles meufes”, xolo gverdiTebs_ “meored naTebas” qristes da suliwmidas ukavSirebs. samebis amgvari interpretacia evsevi kesarielTan subordinaciis da ierarqiis origeniseuli xedvis da ariozis zegavlenis kvals atarebs. teqstebSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia taZris interieris ganaTebaze (evs). T.D.-Si aRniSnulia, rom yvela adgili unda iyos ganaTebuli, rasac eniWeba rogorc simboluri, aseve utilitaruli mniSvneloba, kerZod, miTiTebulia kiTxvisaTvis Sesaferisi ganaTebis uzrunvelyofaze. evsevi did mniSvnelobas aniWebs taZris adgilmdebareobis SerCevas. misi azriT qristianuli taZari TvalismomWreli da dasamaxsovrebeli unda iyos misi mxilvelebisaTvis, maT Soris araqristianTaTvis, raTa maT qristesTan, eklesiasTan misvlis survili aReZraT. safiqrebelia, rom es pozicia IV saukunis dasawyisSi warmarTTa moqcevis da mrevlis gazrdis qristianuli eklesiis nebas asaxavs. taZris Seneba evsevisTan morwmuneTa sulebis Sekreba-SekavSirebis didebul qmedebad moiazreba. igi wers: “Sekriba yvelgan da yoveli mxriT cocxali, myari da mtkice qvani sulisa... Seqmna maTgan didebuli sauflo saxli... gaazrebuli gamoxatuleba imisa, rac aris umaRlesi cis kamaraze.” 13 gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba mlocvelTa ierarqiuli ganawilebis principis ganmartebas. taZari Sedarebulia ara mxolod gems, aramed cxovelTa sadgoms (w.m.). iseve, rogorc sadgomSi sxvadasxva cxovels, aseve taZarSi morwmuneT miCenili aqvs Tavisi adgili damsaxurebis, sqesis da asakis mixedviT. upirvelesad zRvari samRvdeloebasa da saero pirebs Soris fiqsirdeba. sasuliero pirni sakurTxevelSi, fardis iqiT arian da maT Soris daculia ierarqia. episkoposis savarZeli SuaSia (w.m.), mis marjvniv ufro Rirseulni da damsaxurebulni, xolo “vinc iRvawa amqveynad, magram zomierad”, marcxena mxares sxedan. diakvnebi fexze dganan. taZarSi Sesul mrevls isini egebebian da, msgavsad gemis gamcileblisa, mamakacebs da qalebs, cal-calke, maTTvis gankuTvnil adgilebTan miacileben (T.D.). taZarSi mamakacebi marjvena, qalebi marcxena mxares arian. “diacni sxedan sxva mxares, gancalkevebiT da icaven siCumes’ (w.m.). kaTakmevelni taZarTan mdebare sadgomSi ismenen fsalmunebs, “isini ukve Sors ar arian ... RvTiuri saidumlos Wvretisagan”(evs). amrigad, IV-V saukuneebis am wyaroebis mixedviT werilobiT dasturdeba qristianuli eklesiis moTxovna taZris arqiteqturuli struqturis Sesaxeb. saeklesio nageboba moiazreba wagrZelebuli gegmarebis, svetebian, ugumbaTo nagebobad, rac bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis maxasiaTeblebs Seesabameba. dadasturebulia nagebobis orientacia aRmosavleTisaken. ganimarteba sakurTxevlis mowyobis wesi (mdebareoba taZris aRmosavleTiT, iatakidan sami safexuriT amaRleba, trapezis centrSi ganTavseba, samRvdeloebis Camosajdomi rigebis mowyoba, fardiT an cxauriT gamoyofa taZris sivrcidan). gansazRvrulia taZris sxvadasxva nawilis funqcia 14 da adgilmdebareoba: pastoforia - samkveTlo sakurTxevlis romelime mxares, sadiakvne taZris Sesasvlelis marjvniv, xolo sanaTlavi ezoSia. taZarTan kaTakmevelTa specialuri sadgomi imgvarad aris mowyobili (savaraudod RiobebiT dakavSirebuli), rom aq myofT fsalmunebis mosmenis SesaZlebloba eZlevaT. taZris dasavleTiT portikebiani oTxkuTxa ezoa. taZarSi mlocvelTa damsaxurebis, sqesis da asakis mixedviT ierarqiuli ganawileba sakurTxevelTan mimarTebis da marjvena mxaris prioritetulobis gaTvaliswinebiT xorcieldeba. amgvarad, qristianuli eklesiis ZiriTadi nawilebis reglamentacia, maTi funqcia, mlocvelTa ganawilebis wesi mkafiod aris gansazRvruli. amave dros gacxadebulia sauflo saxlis sakraluri daniSnulebis simboluri mniSvneloba, romlis mixedviT taZris Sida ezoSi Sesvla oTxi saxarebis Segonebaa, taZris sami kari - wm. samebis aRiareba. Tavad taZari, sauflo saxli, morwmuneTa Sesakrebi, keTili mwyemsis samwyoss cxvrebis sadgomia. taZari gemi – kidoban – xomaldia morwmuneTa sulebis zeciur sasufevelSi gadasasvlelad agebuli. sasuliero pirni gemis gamcileblebia, vinc warmarTavs mrevls am rTul gzaze. wm. naTlobis saidumlo ocdaerTi winaswarmetyvelis da Tormeti mociqulis TanadgomiT xorcieldeba, rac sanaTlavis zomebSia gacxadebuli. werilobiTi wyaroebis ganxilva naTelyofs, rom qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis pirvel etapze, IV-V saukuneebSi, eklesiis moTxovna Seesabameba bazilikis arqiteqturul tips da eklesiis mier mis dakanonebas ganapirobebs, rasac faqtobrivi masalac adasturebs. situacia icvleba VI saukunidan, rodesac 15 imperator iustinianes epoqaSi igeba monumenturi gumbaTiani nagebobebi, Tumca bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wagrZelebuli gegmareba da samnawilianoba ZiriTadad ZalaSi rCeba (mag.: e.w.gumbaTiani bazilikis tipis Zeglebi). am droidanve iwyeba taZris arqiteqturul struqturaSi gumbaTis, rogorc Sida sivrcis mTavari maorganizebeli elementis formirebis procesi ( VI saukunis rusafa, qasr-ibn-vardani; VII saukunisis dasasrulis nikeis miZinebis, VIII saukunis miras wm.nikolozis, IX saukunis ankaris wm. klimentis taZrebi). ikveTeba taZris struqturis daxvewa-gamartivebis tendencia, romelic konstantinepolSi “neas” taZris agebiT sruldeba. axali e.w. Caxazuli jvris tipi (igive cross domed, quincunx, cross in square) SemgomSi gabatonebul adgils imkvidrebs aRmosavleT qristianuli qveynebis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi. gumbaTiani arqiteqturis prioritetuli mniSvneloba, uTuod, ganpirobebuli iyo eklesiis mier RvTis saxlis mSeneblobis axleburi gaazrebiT, razec maqsime aRmsareblis [lout, 1995; kekeliZe,1961:1454;averincevi,1989:36-59] da germane konstantinepolelis [mango,1972:141-143] interpretacia metyvelebs, romlis mixedviT eklesia, RvTis saxli, ganasaxierebs zeciur sauflos, kosmoss. maqsime aRmsarebelTan aseve xilul samyaris da TviT adamians, romelic sakraluri mniSvnelobiT mikrokosmoss warmoadgens. patriarq germanesTan eklesia ganasaxierebs qristes jvarcmas, mis saflavs da aRdgomas; winaswarmetyvelTa mier nawinaswarmetyvelebi da TviT mociqulTa daarsebulia; “mas ufro metad eTayvanebian vidre moses mowmobis kidobans, romelic iyo madlmofenili da wmidaTawmida.” 16 eklesiis umTavresi wminda adgili, sakurTxeveli, maqsime aRmsareblis mixedviT adamianis suls, samsxverplo trapezi – mis sulierebas, naosi sxeuls warmoadgens. germanes mixedviT sakurTxevelis afsidis konqi ganasaxierebs gamoqvabuls, sadac iSva qriste da imavdroulad macxovris saflavs – anu qristes adamianuri cxovrebis dasabamsa da dasasruls. germanesTan sakurTxeveli is wminda adgilia, sadac qriste iyo dakrZaluli, “romelzec Zevs WeSmariti puri zeciuri, mistikuri da usisxlo msxverpli anu qriste...…” amave dros es saidumli serobis magidaa; “taxtia, romelzec RmerTi, qerubimebis mier amaRlebuli ganisvenebs.”amgvarad, trapezi qristes wminda msxverplSewirvis ideas ganasaxierebs. maqsime aRmsarebelTan episkoposis sakurTxevelSi SebrZaneba simbolurad gaiazreba qristes zecad amaRlebad, eklesiaSi SebrZaneba – qristes kacad mosvlad, ambori – sulis RmerTTan SeerTebad. karnizi samyaros wminda wesrigis simbolo da jvarcmuli qristes gamoxatulebaa. ambioni wminda saflavis qvaa, romelzec ijda qristes aRdgomis mauwyebeli angelozi da menelsacxeble dedebs amcno qristes aRdgoma. taZris gumbaTi zecas ganasaxierebs da zeciuri sauflos simboloa. amrigad, saeklesio nagebobis arqiteqturuli da simboluri gaazreba IV-V saukuneebSi sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba VII-VIII saukuneebis interpretaciisagan. Tu qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis formirebis pirvel saukuneebSi is ZiriTadad taZris calkeul nawilTa funqcionaluri daniSnulebis da mlocvelTa ganawilebis reglamentacias iTvaliswinebs, RvTis saxls samwysos sadgomad da qristianTa sulebis sasufevelSi gadasasv17 lel xomaldad aRiqvams; VII-VIII saukuneebSi am periodis Teologiur xedvas asaxavs da rTul, mravalsaxovan interpretacias efuZneba. rogorc r. krauThaimeri miuTiTebs, srulad es simbolika, uTuod, mxolod mcirericxovan ganswavlul pirTaTvis iyo gasagebi, magram ZiriTadi arsi yvelasaTvis naTeli iyo [krauthaimeri,1965:300]. IV-V saukuneebSi simboluri gaazreba ZiriTadad sakraluri ricxvebis mniSvnelobis ganmartebas iTvaliswinebs (sami – samebis, oTxi – oTxi saxarebis, Tormeti – mociqulTa da ocdaerTi – winaswarmetyvelTa ricxvis mixedviT). maSin, rodesac VII-VIII saukuneebSi saeklesio nageboba simboluri mniSvnelobiT kosmoss, xilul samyaros, RvTis xats ganasaxierebs da wminda msxverplSewirvis da xsnis ideas gamoxatavs [jabua, 2003:280-285]. Sesabamisad, IV-V saukuneebSi gavrcelebuli bazilikis nacvlad, romelic im periodis moTxovnebs miesadageboda, bizantiisa da aRmosavleT qristianuli qveynebis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi prioritetuli mniSvneloba gumbaTian arqiteqturas eniWeba; gumbaTiT dagvirgvinebuli erTiani xalvaTi sivrce, udaod, badebda eklesiis axali moTxovnis, qristes msxverlpSewirvis da xsnis ideiT ganmsWvaluli samyaros mTlianobis gancdis SegrZnebas. werilobiTi wyaroebis ganxilva naTelyofs, rom qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis formirebis sawyis etapze eklesiis moTxovnebs bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi Seesatyviseboda, ramac ganapiroba misi gavrceleba adreqristianuli samyaros qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom qristiani moRvaweebi termin bazilikis etimologiis Tavisebur ganmartebas iZlevian. sa18 yovelTaod cnobilia, rom bazilika berZnuli sityvaa da niSnavs bazilevsis anu mefis saxls. VII saukunis moRvawe isidore ispalineli TxzulebaSi “sawyisebis da etimologiis Sesaxeb” ganmartavs, rom bazilikebs uwodeben taZrebs, radgan aq msxverpls swiraven yvelas meufes – RmerTs. amave ganmartebas iziareben Semdgom saukuneebSi valfred straboni (IXs), vinsenti bovedan da diuranti (XIII s) [pokrovski,1880:3]. * * * samecniero literaturaSi qristianuli bazilikis warmoSobis da misi formirebis sakiTxiT daintereseba ukavSideba a. cestermanis naSroms “antikuri da qristianuli bazilikebi” [cestermani, 1847], romelmac qristianuli bazilikis genezisis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT polemika gamoiwvia. manamde gabatonebuli azris [alberti,1935] sapirispirod, cestermani qristianul bazilikas damoukidebel mniSvnelobas aniWebs da berZnul-romaul bazilikebTan yovelgvar genetikur kavSirs gamoricxavs. avtoris azriT qristianuli bazilikis forma gansazRvra ara warmarTuli bazilikis mibaZvam, aramed, qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis moTxovnebma. unda aRiniSnos, rom qristianuli bazilikis wina periodis arqiteqturasTan genetikuri kavSiris momxre mecnierTa ricxvi meti iyo. maT Sorisaa i.mesmeri, romelic naSromSi “bazilikis sawyisis ganviTarebisa da mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi” [mesmeri,1854], qristianul bazilikas warmarTulis aslad ganixilavs. misi azriT pirveli qristianebis mier Sesakrebad gamoyenebuli romauli samoqalaqo bazilika 19 qristianobis oficialurad aRiarebis Semdegomac taZris funqciis Sesasruleblad sruliad damakmayofileblad iqna miCneuli. qristianuli bazilikis genetikuri fesvebis Ziebis Tavisebur interpretacias iZleva kreizeri [kreizeri,1859], romelic ewinaaRmdegeba bazilikis berZnulromauli arqiteqturidan warmomavlibis ideas da mas egviptisa da iudevelTa xuroTmoZRvrebas ukavSirebs. misi mosazrebiT bazilika egviptidan iudevelTa gavliT Semovida evropaSi da aqedan gamomdinare qristianuli bazilika ebraul-egviptur tips ufro miekuTvneba, vidre romauls. o. motesi naSromSi “bazilikuri forma pirveli saukuneebis qristianebTan, misi prototipebi da ganviTareba” [motesi,1865] bazilikas Zvel samyaroSi farTod gavrcelebul formad miiCnevs da magaliTad moaqvs iseTi gansxvavebuli xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebis qveynebis Zeglebi, rogoricaa asureTi, finikia, irani, siria (sasaxleebi), ost-indoeTi (kldeSi nakveTi taZrebi e.w. vigarebi), iudea (solomonis sasaxle da taZari, herodes taZari), saberZneTi (parTenoni), romi da sxv. faqtiurad, bazilikis saxeliT aerTianebs sworkuTxa gegmarebis svetebian nagebobebs, romlebTanac, misi azriT, qristianuli bazilikis kavSiris moZieba aris SesaZlebeli. Tumca, Tavad qristianul bazilikas qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis mier Seqmnil tipad aRiarebs. ZiriTadad igive azrs iziarebs n. krasnoselcevi [krasnoselcevi, 1874]. qristianuli bazilikis konkretul prototipebs asaxeleben reberi [reberi,1859] da v.vaingartneri [vaingartneri,1858]. pirveli maTgani, ZiriTadad werilobiT wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, respublikis periodis kerZo 20 saxlebis bazilikebs gamoyofs, xolo meore ipetralur taZrebs. qristianuli bazilikis warmoSobis sakiTxs eZRvneba n. pokrovskis monografia [pokrivski, 1880]. avtori bazilikis samSoblod miiCnevs saberZneTs da ara roms, rac ufro miRebulad iTvleboda samecniero literaturaSi. misi azriT TviT saxelwodebac bazilikis berZnul fuZeze metyvelebs. Tumca aRiarebs, rom saberZneTTan SedarebiT romSi maTi mSenebloba ufro intensiurad mimdinareobda. rac Seexeba qristianuli taZris mSeneblobis sakiTxs, n. pokrovski moixseniebs karis eklesiebs, antikur sacxovrebel saxls, romelic qristianTa devnis pirobebSi maTi Sesakrebi adgili iyo. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs oikosze, saxlis yvelaze did kolonebian oTaxze. sabolood ki daaskvnis, rom qristianuli bazilika warmoiSva karis bazilikisagan, xolo samoqalaqo (forensis) bazilikasTan, mxolod msgavseba aRiniSneba. XXsaukuneSi bazilikis warmoSobis sakiTxisadmi miZRvnili specialuri gamokvlevebi naklebad gvxdeba. aRsaniSnavia f.Smidtis naSromi [Smidti,1933], sadac terminis berZnuli warmomavlobaa dafiqsirebuli da ganmartebelia rogorc “samefo” (igulisxmeba darbazi). bazilika avtoris mier gaiazreba nagebobad, romelic agebulia mefis mier, magram ara mefisaTvis, aramed moqalaqeebisaTvis da warmoSobilia antikuri qalaqis quCisagan, rogorc misi uaryofa. f.Smidtis azriT ar arsebobs warmarTuli da qristianuli bazilika, arsebobs sazogadoebrivi nagebobis tipi, romelic istoriuli ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurs formaTa dialeqtikuri ganviTarebiT pasuxobs. 21 qristianuli bazilikis genezisis sakiTxis Sesaxeb Tavis damokidebulebas mecnierebi exebian adreqristianuli arqiteqturis ganxilvisas. k. hartmanis azriT [hartmani,1936] qristianuli bazilika warmoiSva arqiteqtorTa winaSe dasmuli amocanis gadawyvetisas SeeqmnaT nageboba, romelic daitevda morwmuneTa did masas da saSualebas miscemda mrevls Tavisuflad edevnebina Tvalyuri saeklesio ceremonialisTvis. mis sapirispirod o.Suazi [Suazi,1937], J.lasusi [lasusi,1947] da a.grabari [grabari,1946] qristianul bazilikas antikur arqiteqturasTan kavSirSi ganixilaven. j.uord perkinsi [uord perkinsi,1951: 69-90] imperatoris sastumro darbazidan inspirirebuli bazilikis tipis standartirebas konstantine didis saxels ukavSirebs. g. CubinaSvili gamokvlevaSi bolnisis sionis Sesaxeb [CubinaSvili,1940] aanalizebs ra am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil zogierT gamokvlevas, aRniSnavs bevr SemTxvevaSi qristianuli bazilikis damoukidebel tipad aRiarebis faqts. amasTan SeuZleblad da usargeblod miaCnia erTi Ziris Zieba, radgan sxvadasxva qveyanaSi adgilobrivi tradiciebis Taviseburebis pirobebSi qristianuli taZris tipebis Camoyalibebis procesi gansxvavebuli gziT warimarTa. XX saukunis meore naxevris mkvlevarTa naSromebSi calsaxad aRar dgas qristianuli bazilikis wina periodis arqiteqturisagan gamijvnisa Tu daqvemdebarebis sakiTxi. amasTan mravalmxrivi informaciis, meti faqtobrivi masalis flobis da mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis pirobebSi xdeba problemis Taviseburi gaazreba. m. gous [gou,1961] qristianuli arqiteqturis, iseve rogorc zogierTi qristianuli wesis, warmarTuli religiidan warmomavloba dasaSvebad miaCnia da am kon22 teqstSi saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs gamoTqmuli; maT Soris qristianuli taZris orientaciis Sesaxeb. misi azriT III saukunis dasasruls qristes kulti Seerwya mzis kults, romelic Tavis mxriv imperatoris kults ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad, qristianuli taZris aRmosavleTisaken orientacia swored am tradiciasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. r. krauThaimeri [krauThaimeri,1965] aRadgens ax.w. pirvel saukuneebSi qristianTa kultmsaxurebis da yofis suraTs. qristianuli ritualis Camoyalibebas II saukuneSi varaudobs, roca Sesakreb adgilad gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva daniSnulebis Senobebi: iudevelTa sinagogebi, daqiravebuli darbazebi, kerZo saxlebi. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi sagangebod gamoyofs sasadilo oTaxs – Triclinium-s. III saukunis Sua wlebidan, qristianebis qalaqTa mmarTvelobaSi, imperatoris sasaxleSi, senatSi SeRwevis Semdgom, varaudobs e.w. domus ecclesiae-Ta mSeneblobas (mag.: dura-evroposis eklesia). krauThaimeris azriT, TanamedroveTa TvalSi qristianobis oficialuri aRiarebis Semdeg axali moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT agebuli bazilikis saxiT ar Seqmnila araferi eqstraordinaluri. Tumca is ganixileboda, rogorc sruliad axali monumenturi Sesakrebi darbazi, gankuTvnili qristianuli religiis ritualisaTvis. s. mango [mango, 1972, 1976] bazilikas Tvlis im arqiteqturul tipad, romelic srulad pasuxobda 1V saukunis dasawyisSi arqiteqtorTa winaSe dasmul amocanas SeeqmnaT privilegirebuli religiis statusSi ayvanili qristianuli eklesiis monumenturi taZari. amdenad, qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis mier sakuTari mxatvruli tradiciebis ararsebobis gamo bunebrivad miaCnia im dros gavrcelebuli formebis gamoyeneba. yu23 radRebas amaxvilebs im garemoebazec, rom aseTi nagebobebis mSeneblobis impulsi centraluri mmarTvelobidan momdinareobda. bazilika, romelic adrec iyo gavrcelebuli, gansakuTrebiT romis dasavleT provinciebSi, rogorc samoqalaqo daniSnulebis sazogadoebrivi Senobis nairsaxeoba, ar gamoirCeoda didi samSeneblo da konstruqciuli sirTuleebiT, ramac axal viTarebaSi mis farTo gavrcelebas Seuwyo xeli. iziarebs ra pirvel qristianul bazilikad 313 wels romSi agebuli laTeranis wm.ioanes saxelobis eklesiis aRiarebis mosazrebas, aRniSnavs, rom imperator konstantines saxelTan asocirebuli erTaderTi SemorCenili bazilika 305-312 wlebSi agebuli triris bazilikaa. g.zarneckis [zarnecki,1975] mixedviT III saukunidan adreuli satrapezo Sekrebebi da locvebi gadaizarda regularul msaxurebaSi, sadac evqaristias umTavresi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. es garTulebuli ceremoniali, ra Tqma unda, veRar ganxorcieldeboda sacxovrebel saxlSi. Sesabamisad, Cndeba e.w. domus ecclesiae. qristianobis oficialur religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg didi sivrcis nagebobebis agebis tradiciis uqonloba arqiteqtorebs Tavdapirvelad warmarTuli formebisaken ubiZgebs; Tumca xdeba maTi SeTanxmeba axal qristianul kultTan. Sesabamisad, romaul da qristianul bazilikebs Soris saerTo niSnebis arsebobis miuxedavad g.zarneckis qristianuli bazilika Tvisobrivad axal movlenad miaCnia. f.daixmani [daixmani, 1982] konstantines xanis xuroTmoZRvrebis arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli wanamZRvrebis warmoCenisas problemebis farTo wres mimoixilavs. gaanalizebulia religiur-ideologiuri da fsiqologiuri garemo, romelmac am epoqis arqiteqturuli 24 amocanebis xasiaTi ganapiroba. faqtobriv masalaze dayrdnobiT gansazRvrulia is arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli formebi da kompoziciuri sqemebi, maT Soris bazilikebi, romelTa bazaze moxda axali moTxovnebis maRalmxatvrul doneze ganxorcieleba. warmoCenilia konstantines epoqis arqiteqtorTa damsaxureba, romlebmac maqsimaluri sisruliT, drois mcire monakveTSi SeZles am amocanebis xorcSesxma da safuZveli Cauyares qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebas. e.badStiubneri [badStiubneri, 1978] qristianuli sakulto nagebobas antikuri taZrebis sapirispirod sivrciT arqiteqturad gaiazrebs. Tu warmarTuli taZari iyo yvela mxridan aRsaqmeli plastikuri forma, RvTis saxli, romelSic Sesvla ikrZaleboda; bazilika, piriqiT, qalaqis nagebobebs Soris mdgar Sesakreb saxls warmoadgenda. r. hamanis [hamani, 1955] da f.krausis [krausi, 1967] darad, e.badStiubneris azriT, gvianantikur-romaul periodSi am arqiteqturuli tipis swored aseTma aRqmam ganapiroba misi qristianuli religiisaTvis gamosadeg, RvTismsaxurebis da morwmuneTa Sesakreb nagebobad gaazreba. mkvlevari uaryofs saero xuroTmoZRvrebidan bazilikis warmomavlobas da ewinaaRmdegeba f.daixmanisa da k.andrezenis [daixmani, andrezeni, 1974] am mosazrebas. igi iseve, rogorc h.keleri [keleri, 1972], yuradRebas qristianuli taZris arqiteqturul nawilTa simbolur gaazrebaze amaxvilebs. rogorc vxedavT, zemoT ganxilul naSromebSi TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari miuTiTebs romauli da qristianuli bazilikebis genetikur kavSirze Tu ara msgavsebaze mainc. es sruliad bunebrivia, radgan qristianuli, kerZod bizantiis, arqiteqtura, teritoriuli, istoriuli Tu, sakuTriv, samSeneblo tradiciebiT romTan iyo 25 dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba qristianul bazilikas, is, upirvelesad, samwysos Sesakrebi adgili, e.i. xalxmravali auditoriisaTvis gankuTvnili nagebobaa, iseve, rogorc Zveli romis sazogadoebrivi daniSnulebis Senobebi. misgan gansxvavebiT antikur taZarSi ceremoniali ara SenobaSi, aramed ezoSi, Ria cis qveS imarTeboda. am niSniT qristianul bazilikas meti saerTo romis saero da ara sataZro xuroTmoZRvrebasTan eZebneba. axalma ideologiam Tvisobrivad axali etapi Seqmna gansakuTrebiT sakulto xelovnebasa da arqiteqturaSi. bunebrivia, am Taviseburebebis formirebas garkveuli dro dasWirda. qristianuli bazilika is arqiteqturuli tipi aRmoCnda, romlis Camoyalibeba TviT qristianuli xelovnebis formirebis process daemTxva. amitom sruliad logikuria am arqiteqturuli tipis struqturaSi qristianobamdeli arqiteqturuli tradiciebis gavlenis arseboba. bazilikis, rogorc arqiteqturuli tipis sisadave da lakonuroba, am simartiveSi dafaruli mravalferovani mxatvruli SesaZleblobebi, mis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel niSans da farTod gavrcelebis erT-erT mizezs warmoadgens. albaT, am faqtorma ganapiroba bazilikis prototipebis Zieba sxvadasxva droisa da qveynis arqiteqturaSic. marTebuli unda iyos g.CubinaSvilis azri [CubinaSvili, 1940: 94-98] imis Sesaxeb, rom Tavisi gavlenisa da urTierTkavSiris sfero konkretul Zegls an ZeglTa jgufs unda moeZebnos. Tumca zogadad qriatianuli arqiteqturisa da, kerZod, qristianuli bazilikis berZnul-romaul xuroTmoZRvrebasTan garkveuli kavSiris arseboba udaoa. zemoT aRniSnuli naSromebi aRsaniSnavia im mxrivac, rom maTi avtorebis mier qristianuli bazilikis protoripebis Ziebisas motanil faqtobriv masalaSi 26 uxvad Cans sxvadasxa qveynis arqiteqturaSi qristianobamdeli periodis sworkuTxa gegmarebis, svetebiT dayofili Sida sivrcis mqone nagebobebi. amgvari arqiteqturuli kompoziciis, Sesabamisi samSeneblo tradiciis arseboba, qristianuli religiis gavrcelebis periodSi am qveynebSi bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis damkvidrebis myar safuZvels qmnida. saqarTveloSi arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebi dReisaTvis gansxvavebul suraTs iZleva. jerjerobiT saqarTvelos teritoriaze qristianobamdeli xanis, interierSi svetebis mqone ramdenime nagebobaa dadasturebuli, rogoricaa dedoflis mindoris Zv.w. II- I ss-is sataZro kompleqsi [gagoSiZe,1977:72-77], vanis Zv.w.IIIIss-is sataZro kompleqsi [lorTqifaniZe,1976:41-46], sadac taZris interierSi in situ ori baza aRmoCnda. yvelaze ukeT svetebiani nagebobis gegma ikiTxeba mcxeTis, armazis cixis I saukunis eqvssvetian nagebobaSi [afaqiZe,1963:.25]. gansakuTebiT sainteresoa Cvens dromde kargad SemorCenili orsvetiani darbazi ufliscixeSi [xaxutaiSvili,1965].amas garda sxvadasxva arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros aRmoCenilia ostaturad Sesrulebuli kolonaTa bazebi da kapitelebi. aseTia magaliTad, Zalisas [boxoCaZe,1977:17], sairxis [nadiraZe,1975:95], SiomRvimis [leJava,1979:11], sarkineTis [afaqiZe,1963: 39-40] da sxva [yifiani,1987] gaTxrebze aRmoCenili masala. magram maTi Tavdapirveli adgilmdebareoba da im nagebobebis gegma, romlebsac isini ganekuTvneboda, umetesad, ucnobia. dReisaTvis Cvens xelT arsebuli faqtobrivi masala amagrebs samecniero literaturaSi gabatonebul azrs [CubinaSvili, 1936: 23-24: beriZe,1974:19; ciciSvili,1995:53] imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTul arqiteqturaSi 27 bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi Semotanilia. mTeli rigi qristianuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT saqarTveloSi bazilikis gavrcelebas adgilobriv ar daxvda sworkuTxa gegmarebis, mkafiod gamoxatuli sigrZivi RerZis mqone svetebiani nagebobis mSeneblobis tradicia, ramac, garkveulwilad, gansazRvra saqarTveloSi bazilikis gavrcelebisa da formirebis procesis Tavisebureba. saqarTveloSi bazilikebis aqtiuri mSeneblobis periodi V-VI saukuneebia. qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi gumbaTiani arqiteqturis formirebis Semdeg bazilikis tipi kargavs Tavdapirvel mniSvnelobas, rac oficialuri religiis mier qristianobis miRebis pirvel saukuneebSi hqonda miniWebuli. bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipisagan gansxvavebiT gumbaTiani arqiteqtura adgilobriv xuroTmoZRvrul tradiciebTan organul kavSirSia, ramac qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis mravalsaukunovan istoriaSi misi prioriteti da mniSvneloba ganapiroba. saqarTveloSi gumbaTiani eklesiebi raodenobrivadac bevrad sWarbobs bazilikebs. Tu bazilikebis mSenebloba ZiriTadad XI saukunemde grZeldeba, gumbaTiani arqiteqtura Suasaukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis umTavres Temas warmoadgens da adgilobrivi arqiteqturul-samSeneblo SesaZleblobebis, SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gamovlenis arsebiT saSualebad gvevlineba. adgilobriv arqiteqturul-samSeneblo tradiciebTan dakavSirebuli gumbaTiani xuroTmoZRvrebisagan gansxvavebiT bazilikis, rogorc arqiteqturuli tipis, damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi arsebul tradiciebs daupirispirda, rac saqarTveloSi bazilikis arsebobis yvela etapze gamovlinda da misi Taviseburebebi ganapiroba. amdenad, swored bazilikis, mTel Zvel qristianul sam28 yaroSi gavrcelebuli arqiteqturuli tipis, adgilobriv niadagze Taviseburi gaazrebis, tipis konstruqciuli Tu mxatvruli SesaZleblobebis axleburad gamovlenis, dakanonebuli sqemidan yovelgvari gadaxris warmoCena iZleva saSualebas ukeT davinaxoT qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis arsebiTi Taviseburebani. 29 saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis SedarebiTi daxasiaTeba statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxvis safuZvelze qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi samocdaaTamde samnaviani bazilikaa cnobili. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom dReisaTvis Cvens xelT arsebuli masala, uTuod, arasrulia. SesaZlebelia jerac ucnobi Zeglebis mikvleva, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad axali bazilikebis aRmoCena da rig taZrebSi adreuli samSeneblo periodis bazilikis naSTebis gamovlena. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis Sesaxeb arsebuli masalis sistemuri kvleva statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxvis meTodiT ganvaxorcieleT. sakvlevi struqturis raobisa da etapobrivi cvlilebis saTanadod warmosaCenad es meTodi TiToeuli Zeglis Sesaxeb monacemebis garkveuli raodenobiTa da sisruliT arsebobas iTvaliswinebs. amasTan, aucilebeli Tu ara sasurvelia yvela monacemi faqtobriv-dokumenturad iyos dafiqsirebuli. am momentis gaTvaliswinebiT, rigi Zeglebis cudi daculobis, safuZvliani gadakeTebis da maT Sesaxeb Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebis simciris gamo statistilur-tipologiuri aRricxva ormocdaor Zeglze Catarda. amave dros SevecadeT kvlevis procesSi konkretuli sakiTxebisa Tu tipis etapobrivi sqemis Sedgenisas SeZlebisdagvarad gagveTvaliswinebia danarCeni Zeglebis monacemebi. statistikur-struqturaluri aRricxva Catarda Semdeg Zeglebze: biWvinta, bolnisi, matani, noqalaqevi, sefieTi, cixisZiri, Zveli SuamTa, nastakisi, xaSmi, anCisxati, alahaZe, axSani, ganTiadi, vazisubani, vaSnari, 30 kondoli, natkora, noqalaqevis ormocmowameTa /cxrilebSi moxseniebulia saxelwodebiT _ ormocmowameTa/, urbnisi, ufliscixe, xirsa, rkoni, zedazeni, alvani, TianeTis sioni, revazaSeni, akura, bodbe, qvabisxevi, JaleTi, yazbegis axalcixe, yvelaanTubani, xevis sioni, oTxTaeklesia, parxali, urTa, sanagire, kvirikewminda, qlivana, Warebi, itria. cxrilebSi Zeglebis Tanmimdevroba mocemulia qronologiis dacviT. erTsa da imave saukuneSi agebuli bazilikebi anbanis mixedviT aris dalagebuli. TiToeul Zeglze Sedga baraTi sakiTxTa Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Zeglis mdebareoba. Zeglis TariRi. Zeglis daculoba. samSeneblo periodebi. SekeTeba-gadakeTebis dro da xasiaTi. XX-XXIss-is restavracia. a/samSeneblo masala. b/kedlis sisqe. Zeglis zomebi: sigrZe-siganis monacemi da Sefardeba eqsteriersa da interierSi. simaRlesTan Sefardeba. Sua da gverdiTi navebis urTierTdamokidebuleba /simaRlis da siganis Sefardeba/. sayrdenebi da TaRebi. a/raodenoba da forma. b/ TaRis da sayrdenis zomebis Sefardeba. g/TaRis da sayrdenis simaRleTa Sefardeba. navebis gadaxurva. a/kamarebi. b/gambrjeni TaRebi. sakurTxevlis afsida. a/forma. b/satriumfo TaRis forma da zomebi/. g/Subli. d/bema. e/sakurTxevelsa da taZris iatakis doneTa Soris sxvaoba, safe- 31 xurebis raodenoba. v/samRvdeloebis Camosajdomi qvis rigi. z/qvis trapeze. T/niSa. 12. pastoforiumebi. a/gegmareba. b/ Sesasvlelis raodenoba.. g/saTavsi meore sarTulze 13. bazilikaSi Sesasvleli. a/raodenoba, ganlageba. b/forma. g/mTavari Sesasvleli. 14. galerea, garSemosavleli, karibWe. 15. sarkmlebis raodenoba, ganlageba da forma. 16. interieris ganaTebis intensivoba da xasiaTi. Riadebis da interieris farTobTa Sefardeba. 17. a/svetisTavi. b/imposti. g/baza. d/interieris morTulobis elementebi. 18. Sida sivrcis gadawyvetis xasiaTi. 19. interieris da eqsterieris urTierTdamokidebuleba. 20. sxva bazilikebisagan ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebebi. statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxva zemoT aRniSnul mizezTa gamo ar Catarebula Semdeg Zeglebze: areSi [WilaSvili,1991], eruSeTi [TayaiSvili, 1902], mcxeTis sveticxoveli [cincaZe,1987:15-26], niqozi [mefisaSvili, cincaZe,1975:11-13], caiSi [zaqaraia,1956], akaurTa [rCeuliSvili,1943:.27-46], nunisi, wyarosTavi [TayaiSvili,1902:45-51;beriZe,1981:183-185], wilkani [CubinaSvili n.,1972:70-75], Telavis RvTaeba [CubinaSvili, 1959:67], zRuderi [rCeuliSvili, 1943:27-46; nucubiZe, 1987:2023)] kurdRelauri, Ti-qilisa [TayaiSvili,1913; Ciqovani,1976] mosabruni, korinTa, lopotisxevi (am xuTi Zeglis pasporti inaxeba saqarTvelos istoril ZeglTa dacvis da gadarCenis fondSi), esbeki [jobaZe,1992:4748], parexTa [jobaZe,1992:49-53], qobTavi [ciciSvi32 li,1982:55], zeda Tmogvi [gverdwiTeli,1947;CubinaSvili n.,1976:59-60], sveti [xoStaria, 1994:51-53], ilemi [beriZe,1994:166-168], noste [beriZe,1994:123-124], mukuzanis sveticxoveli, sifTaqSeni, (am ori Zeglis pasporti inaxeba saqarTvelos istoril ZeglTa dacvis da gadarCenis fondSi), RrmaRele [sadraZe,2003; jabua,2007]. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tavdapirvelad bazilikis arseboba ivaraudeba atenis sionis da samTavros taZrebSi [yifiani, 2003:21-37]. SesaZlebelia amgvari viTareba sxva ZeglebSic dadasturdes. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis statistikurtipologiuri aRricxvis meTodiT moZiebuli masala Tanmimdevrulad ganixileba CamoTvlili sakiTxebis mixedviT. masalis sistemuri kvlevis da TvalsaCinoebis mizniT Sedgenilia ToTxmeti cxrili. TiToeuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb monacemebis gaanalizeba saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis raobis, misi maxasiaTeblebis, xuroTmoZRvruli formebis Tu proporciebis saxecvlis tendenciebis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. 1. samnaviani bazilikebis adgilmdebareoba. aRricxuli 42 samnaviani bazilikidan 31 aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mdebareobs. kaxeTis raionebSia 13 Zegli _ Zveli SuamTa, kondoli, natkora (Telavis rni), vazisubani, sanagire (gurjaanis r-ni), matanis cxrakara, alvani, axSani (axmetis r-ni), xaSmi, akura (sagarejos r-ni), xirsa, bodbe (siRnaRis r-ni). qarTlSi 10 bazilikaa _ urbnisi, ufliscixe, yvalaanTubani, vere (goris r-ni), nastakisi, zedazeni (mcxeTis r-ni), bolnisis sioni (bolnisis r-ni), revazaSeni (dmanisis 33 r-ni), rkoni (kaspis r-ni), itria (xaSuris r-ni), anCisxati (Tbilisi). Sida qarTlSia Warebi da qlivana (cxinvalis r-ni). amas garda mTian regionebSia TianeTis sioni (gadmotanilia Tbilisis Ria cis qveS muzeumSi), JaleTi (TianeTis r-ni), xevis sioni, yazbegis axalcixe (yazbegis r-ni). istoriul TorSi, borjomis raionSi mdebareobs qvabisxevis bazilika. dasavleT saqarTveloSi 9 bazilikaa: biWvinta, ganTiadi, alahaZe (gagris r-ni), cixisZiri (qobuleTis rni), sefiaTi (abaSis r-ni), noqalaqevis ori bazilika (senakis r-ni), vaSnari (ozurgeTis r-ni), kvirikewminda (ambrolauris r-ni). TurqeTis teritoriazea urTas, oTxTaeklesiis da parxalis bazilikebi. 25 bazilikidan, romelTa statistikur-struqturaluri aRricxva ar moxerxda, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 16 Zeglia: kaxeTSi _areSi(yvarlis r-ni), Telavis RvTaeba, lopotisxevi, kurdRelauri (Telavis rni), qobTavi (sagarejos r-ni), mukuzanis sveticxoveli (gurjaanis r-ni); qarTlSi _ mcxeTis sveticxoveli, wilkani (mcxeTis r-ni), akaurTa (bolnisis r-ni), niqozi (cxinvalis r-ni) mosabruni, korinTa (axalgoris rni), zRuderi, noste (kaspis r-ni), sifTaqSeni, (marneulis r-ni), Ti-qilisa (walkis r-ni). samxreT saqarTveloSi, aspinZis raionSia zeda Tmogvi. dasavleT saqarTveloSia nunisi (xaragoulis r-ni), RrmaRele (lanCxuTis r-ni), ilemi (zestafonis r-ni). TurqeTis teritoriazea eruSeTis, wyarosTavis, esbekis, parexTas, svetis bazilikebi. 34 35 amrigad, CvenTvis cnobili 68 bazilikidan aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi 46 Zeglia, xolo dasavleT saqarTveloSi 12. e.i. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikebi TiTqmis oTxjer sWarbobs dasavleTisas. amas garda Tor-mesxeTSi 2 da dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoriaze 8 bazilikaa. es monacemebi cxadyofs, rom samnaviani bazilikis arqiteturuli tipi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ufro metad aris gavrcelebuli. saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikebis adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb naTel warmodgenas qmnis ruka, romelzec aRricxuli ormocdaori samnaviani bazilikaa aRniSnuli. 2. samnaviani bazilikebis qronilogiuri monacemebi. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis mSeneblobis qronologiuri monacemebi pirvel cxrilSia warmodgenili (ix. cxrili #1). V-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba 36 bazilika, xolo momdevno saukuneebSi 32 Zegli aigo. amaTgan XI saukunis Semdgomi xanisaa 7 bazilika. saqarTveloSi bazilikebis mSeneblobis qronologiuri CarCoebi ZiriTadad V-X saukuneebiT SemoisazRvreba. X saukunis Semdgom erTeuli Zeglebi igeba. qronologiuri cxrili cxadyofs, rom samnaviani bazilikebis aqtiuri mSeneblobis periodi V-VI saukuneebia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT atenis sionsa da samTavisSi bazilikebis arsebobis varauds, agreTve adreuli samSeneblo fenebis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas sxva ZeglebSic, dasaSvebia am periodis bazilikebis ricxvi meti iyos. samnaviani bazilikebis qronologiuri da adgilmdebareobis ganmsazRvreli monacemebis Sejereba warmoaCens, rom qarTl-kaxeTis Zeglebis umravlesoba VII sau36 kunemdea agebuli, xolo mTiani mxaris (TianeTis, yazbegis, cxinvalis raionis) Zeglebi momdevno xanisaa. dasavleT saqarTvelos yvela Zegli V-VI ss ganekuTvneba. gamonaklisia raWaSi mdebare XIs-is kvirikewminda da XVI-XVII ss ilemi, romelic zestafonis raionSi mdebareobs. amrigad, Suasaukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis adreul etapze bazilikebis mSenebloba centralur regionebSi mimdinareobda, xolo VIII saukunidan periferiebisaken iSleba. VII saukunidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Zeglebi erTeuli gamonaklisis garda aRar igeba. 3. Zeglebis daculoba. aRricxuli samnaviani bazilikebis daculobis Sesaxeb informacia #2 cxrilSia mocemuli. daculobis donis dasafiqsireblad gamoyenebulia mokle pirobiTi aRniSvna (cudi,kargi, gegma ikiTxeba, nawilobrivi dazianeba,kamarebCamoqceuli),rac met-naklebi sizustiT asaxavs Zeglebis mdgomareobas. aqve unda ganimartos, rom vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi gvainteresebs nagebobis konstruqciuli mdgradobis dadgena, dafiqsirebulia Zeglebis dRevandeli arqiteqturuli saxis daculobis done. Sesabamisad, gadakeTebul bazilikebSi aRniSnulia nagebobis axlandeli mdgomareoba da ara Tavdapirveli formebis daculobis xarisxi. ormocdaori Zeglidan, romlebzec Catarda statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxva, Svidi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aris gamovlenili da maTi mxolod gegma ikiTxeba. kedlis simaRle calkeul SemTxvevaSi 0,5-dan 1 metramde aRwevs. am Zeglebidan dasavleT sa37 qarTveloSia xuTi _ biWvinta (gaiTxara 1952 wels biWvintis arqeologiuri eqspediviis mier, xelm. a.afaqiZe), noqalaqevi (gaiTxara noqalaqevis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier 1975-77ww, xelm. p.zaqaraia), cixisZiri (gaiTxara 1961-62ww. saq. mecn. akademiis aWaris samecniero kvleviTi institutis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier), vaSnari (gaiTxara 1949 wels saq mecn. akademiis istoriis institutis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier, xelm. g.gobejiSvili), alahaZe (gaiTxara 197071ww. biWvintis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier, xelm. a.afaqiZe), xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia ori _ nastakisi (gaiTxara 1980-82 ww. nastakisis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier, xelm. al.boxoCaZe) da ufliscixe (gaiTxara 1957 wels saq, mecn. akademiis istoriis institutis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier, xelm. n. CubinaSvili). danarCeni 35 bazilikidan 19 Zegli (bolnisis sioni, Zveli SuamTa, matani, anCisxati, noqalaqevis ormocmowameTa, urbnisi, xirsa, rkoni, zedazeni, akura, bodbe, qvabisxevi, revazaSeni, yazbegis axalcixe, xevis sioni, oTxTaeklesia, parxali, urTa, itria) SedarebiT kargad aris daculi. aRsaniSnavia, rom dRes yazbegis axalcixis da urTas bazilikebSi Sua navs xis masaliT Sesrulebuli gadaxurva aqvs. nawilobrivi dazianeba aRiniSneba Svid Zeglze. esenia: sefieTi, xaSmi, axSani, vazisubani, kondoli, alvani, sanagire. danarCeni bazilikebi cudad aris SemorCenili, Tumca maTi mdgomareobac gansxvavebulia. umetes ZeglebSi dazianebulia gadaxurvis sistema, kamarebi da TaRebi, rac nagebobebis Semdgomi ngrevis upirvelesi mizezi gaxda. kamarebi Camoqveulia Svid bazilikaSi (ganTiadi, TianeTis sioni, JaleTi, ve38 re, kvirikewminda, qlivana, Warebi). amitom am Zeglebis interieris Taviseburebis da zogierTi arqiteqturuli formis zustad dadgena Znelia da zog SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli. gamonaklisia kvirikewminda, romelic 1990 wlis miwisZvris dros daingra, magram mis Sesaxeb informacia arsebobs. aRniSnul ZeglebSi SedarebiT ufro dazianebuli saxiTaa SemorCenili natkoras, yvelaanTubnis bazilikebi. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis daculobis done umetes SemTxvevaSi ar iZleva Zeglis Sesaxeb amomwuravi informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas, rac arTulebs bazilikebis arqiteqturuli gadawyvetis TaviseburebaTa gamovlenas da Seswavlas. 4. samSeneblo periodebi. gadakeTeba-SekeTebis dro da xasiaTi. samnavianma bazilikebma droTa viTarebaSi cvlilebebi ganicada ara mxolod dazianebis, aramed gadakeTebisa da SekeTebis Sedegad. (ix. cxrili #2). Zeglis gadakeTeba calkeul SemTxvevaSi konkretuli mizezebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. zogadad SeiZleba sami ZiriTadi mizezi davasaxeloT: 1. Zeglis danrevis Semdgom misi aRdgena-gadakeTeba. 2. damatebiTi saTavsebis miSeneba. 3. Sida sivrcis danawevreba axali kedlis agebis an TaRebis amoSenebis gziT. SekeTebis kvali Cvens mier aRricxul TiTqmis yvela Zeglze Cans. SekeTeba zogjer scildeba ubralo remontis farglebs da nagebobas saxes ucvlis. zogadad es cvlilebebi sam kategorias SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT: 1. nagebobis konstruqciuli mdgradobis gaZlierebisaTvis warmoebuli samuSaoebi (kedlebis, sayrdenebis, TaRebis 39 gamagreba da sxv.) 2. Riobebis zomis da maTi raodenobis Secvla. 3. interierSi axali mcire arqiteqturuli formis ageba (kankeli, saxate da sxv.). Tavdapirvelad ganvixiloT bazilikis gadakeTebis magaliTebi. xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglis yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadakeTeba misi pirvandeli arqiteqturuli tipis Secvlaa. dadasturebulia bazilikis gumbaTian eklesiad gadakeTebis ramdenime magaliTi: mcxeTis sveticxoveli, niqozi, caiSi, wilkani, wyarosTavi, noqalaqevis ormocmowameTa, xirsa. savaraudod, atenis sioni da samTavro. gvxvdeba bazilikis aragumbaTian tipebad gadakeTebis magaliTebic: nastakisi, zRuderi, akaurTa, mukuzanis sveticxoveli. pirveli ori sameklesiian bazilikad, xolo danarCeni ori darbazul eklesiad iyo gadakeTebuli. CvenTvis cnobil yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi bazilikis dangreva-dazianebis Semdeg misi aRdgena Tavdapirveli arqiteqturuli tipis farglebSi moxda. gadaxurvis sistemis (kamarebi, sayrdenebi, TaRebi) dazianebis Semdeg aRdgenilia bolnisis sioni, sefieTi, anCisxati (Secvlilia sayrdenebis raodenoba), urbnisi, rkoni, bodbe, yazbegis axalcixe. amaTgan oTx ZeglSi (bolnisis sioni, anCisxati, urbnisi, bodbe) aRdgena-gadakeTeba XVII saukuneSi ganxorcielda, rac naTlad vlindeba rogorc masalis (aguri), aseve arqiteqturuli formebis (Seisruli) gadawyvetaSi. rogorc Cans XVI-XVIIss-Si aRadgines kurdRelauris eklesiac, romelsac saremonto samuSaoebi XIX saukuneSic Cautarda. am dros moxda Riobebis gafarToeba. XIX saukuneSivea aRdgenili Ti-qilisas bazilika. amave saukuneSi Catarda samuSaoebi anCisxatis, bodbis da itriis bazilikebSi. 40 saqarTveloSi dadasturebulia gumbaTiani eklesiis bazilikad gadakeTebis SemTxvevebic; magaliTad, vales [mefisaSvili,1950:25-52], SiomRvimis miZinebis saxelobis taZris [CubinaSvili,1970:51-80], lurji monastris [beriZe,1948] eklesiebSi. mravaljeradi gadakeTebis, Semdeg aseve bazilikis saxe miiRo derCis [berZeniSvili,... 1983,55-58] da Semoqmedis macxovris saxelobis [beriZe,1994,172-176] eklesiebma. Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT minaSenebi 14 bazilikasTan aigo. aqedan 10 bazilikas (Zveli SuamTa, matani, sefieTi, xaSmi, ganTiadi, rkoni, akura, TianeTis sioni, zedazeni, parxali) IX-XVIss-Si karibWe miaSenes. axSanis, areSis bazilikebSi garSemosavleli aigo. mcire samlocveloebi aSenda bolnisis aRmosavleT da noqalaqevis ormocmowameTas Crdilo-aRmosavleT mxares. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedagad minaSenebis kvali gamovlinda anCisxatis, nastakisis, urbnisis, natkoras,xevis sionis bazilikebSi, romelTa nawili, uTuod, Tavdapirveli samSeneblo periodisaa. amgvarad, umetes samnaviani bazilikebSi eklesiaSi Sesasvlelis win specialuri sadgomis mowyobis sakiTxi Zeglis agebis Tanadroulad an Semdgom xanaSi gadawyda. Sida sivrcis danawevreba ramdenime bazilikaSi ganxorcielda. pastoforiumebi Zeglis agebis Semdgom moewyo or ZeglSi _ xaSmis bazilikaSi VII-VIIIss-Si, xolo axSanis bazilikaSi mxolod XV-XVI ss-Si. Tavdapirveli TaRebi amoaSenes sefieTis (or sarTulad ganlagebuli TaRebis umravlesoba), axSanis (aRmosavleTi kidura TaRebi), kondolis (samxreT navSi gamavali TaRebi, ris gamoc es navi mTlianad izolirebulia), natkoras (dasavleTi kidura TaRi) bazilikebSi. amgvarad, bazilikis erTiani, mxolod sayrdenebiT gayofili siv41 rce am ZeglebSi TaRebis amoSenebisas kedlebiT danawevrda, ramac Secvala interieris gadawyvetis xasiaTi. rac Seexeba Zeglebis SekeTebisas ganxorcielebul arsebiT cvlilebebs, aRsaniSnavia xaSmis bazilikaSi nawilobriv dadablebuli TaRebi, Tumca maTi Tavdapirveli forma naTlad ikiTxeba. ganTiadis bazilikaSi Sua navis kamaris aRdgenisas sayrdenebis gasamagreblad pilastrebia miSenebuli. xevis sionSi daviwrovebulia kidura dasavleTi TaRebi. umetes bazilikebSi sayrdenis da TaRis pirvandeli forma SenarCunebulia. Tavdapirveli saxiT yvela Riobi TiTqmis arc erT ZeglSi ar aris SemorCenili. xSir SemTxvevaSi sarkmlebis forma da raodenoba Secvlilia an isini gadakeTebis drosaa gaWrili. XVII saukunis xanis sarkmelebia bolnisis sionis, nawilobriv anCisxatis, urbnisis, bodbes bazilikebSi. gadakeTebis kvali etyoba sefieTis, xaSmis, kondolis, rkonis, alvanis sarkmlebs. Sesasvlelis pirvandeli saxec umetesad Secvlila. zogierT ZeglSi axali karia gaWrili (magaliTad bolnisis sionis da zedazenis dasavleTi Sesasvleli, matanis CrdiloeTi saTavsidan sakurTxevelSi gamavali kari, axSanis sammagi TaRedis amoSenebisas gaWrili Sesasvleli). Zveli forma, umetesad, sakurTxevlis sarkmels aqvs SenarCunebuli. amgvarad, samnavian bazilikebSi Riobebis Tavdapirveli formis da raodenobis garkveva sakmaod rTulia. TavisTavad es faqti imaze metyvelebs, rom Riobebis sakiTxi SekeTeba-gadakeTebis dros aqtualuri iyo. Zeglis agebis Semdgomi periodis kankeli da saxateebi ramdenime bazilikaSia dadasturebuli. kankeli SemorCenilia Zv. SuamTis, matanis, akuras, alvanis da zedazenis eklesiebSi. naSTebi sxva ZeglebSic aris da42 dasturebuli. es kankelebi XV-XVI saukuneebisaa. mxatvruli doniT gamoirCeva natkoras da zedazenis kankelebi. pirveli maTganis fragmentebi gawmendiTi samuSaoebis dros gamoCnda da gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom SeiZleba Zeglis Tanadrouli iyos [gagniZe,2005:394]. rac Seexeba zedaznis kankels, is TariRdeba X-XI ss-iT da qvaze kveTis maRalmxatvrul nimuSs warmoadgens. XVIII saukunis saxateebi da salxinobelia daculi xaSmis bazilikaSi. amrigad, samnaviani bazilikebi ucvleli saxiT faqtiurad ar aris SemorCenili; saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi maT gadakeTebisa Tu SekeTebis Sedegad sxvadasxva saxis cvlileba ganicades. 5. XX-XXI saukuneebis restavraciebi. aRricxuli ormocdaori bazilikidan TurqeTis teritoriaze mdebare Zeglebze XX-XXI saukuneebSi restavracia ar Catarebula.danarCeni 39 bazilikidan sarestavracio samuSaoebi Catarda (ix. cxrili #2) 21 Zeglze: bolnisis sioni, Zveli SuamTa, matani, sefieTi, anCisxati, ganTiadi, vazisubani, ormocmowameTa, urbnisi, xirsa, rkoni, zedazeni, alvani, revazaSeni, bodbe, qvabisxevi, akura, bodbe, JaleTi, xevis sioni, kvirikewminda. unda iTqvas, rom amaTgan zogierTi isev moiTxovs gasamagrebeli samuSaoebis Catarebas, xolo kvirikewminda 1991 wlis miwisZvris Sedegad Zlier dazianda. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenil biWvintis, noqalaqevis, vaSnaris, cixisZiris, alahaZis, nastakisis, ufliscixis bazilikebSi arqeologiuri eqspediciebis muSaobis periodSi Catarda sakonservacio samuSaoebi. 43 TianeTis sioni gadmotanilia Tbilisis Ria cis qveS muzeumSi. gaiwminda veres bazilika, Tumca saWiroebs gamagrebas. saqarTvelos kulturis ZeglTa dacvis sammarTvelos mier Sedgenili restavraciis proeqtebiT dawyebuli iyo samuSaoebi xaSmis da sanagires bazilikebSi, romlebic aRar gagrZelebula. natkora 2002 wels gaiwminda. axSani, kondoli, yvelaanTubani, yazbegis sioni, kvirikewminda, qlivana, Warebi gawmendasa da gasamagrebeli samuSaoebis Catarebas saWiroebs. 6. a/samSeneblo masala. b/kedlis sisqe. a/saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis ZiriTadi saSeni masala aris qva. gamoiyeneba rogorc kargad gaTlili, aseve uxeSad damuSavebuli qva; garda amisa riyis qva da aguri. gamonaklisia nastakisis bazilika, romelic aliziT aris nagebi. aRricxuli ormocdaori bazilikidan kargad gaTlili qvis kvadrebiT nagebia 11 Zegli _ bolnisis sioni, anCisxati, urbnisi, rkoni, TianeTis sioni, xevis sioni, vere, oTxTaeklesia, parxali, urTa, itria. uxeSad damuSavebuli qviT nagebia 6 Zegli _ biWvinta, qvabisxevi, revazaSeni, yazbegis axalcixe, yvelaanTubani, qlivana. ori saxis saSeni masala gamoiyeneba 17 bazilikaSi: qva da aguri 7 ZeglSi (noqalaqevi, cixisZiri, sefieTi, ganTiadi, vaSnari, noqalaqevis ormocmowameTa, alahaZe); riyis qva da Sirimi 7 bazilikaSi (Zveli SuamTa, axSani, vazisubani, kondoli, natkora, xirsa, JaleTi, sanagire); kirqva da Sirimi kvirikewmindaSi. sami saxis saSeni masala _ fleTili qva, riyis qva da Tlili qva 4 bazilikaSi (matani, xaSmi, alvani, Warebi); xolo riyis qva, 44 Sirimi da aguri _ 2 ZeglSi (sanagire, akura). saSeni masalis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva zedazenis bazilika, romelic nagebia riyis qviT, SirimiT, fleTili qviT da aguriT. aRsaniSnavia, rom uaxlesi sarestavracio samuSaoebis Sedegad gamovlinda, rom IX saukunis bodbis bazilika “aguris arqitequris” nimuSs warmoadgenda. agebulia 27X27X6, 26X26X6, 24X24X6 zomis aguriT. Sirimis qva sarkmelTa TaRebzea naxmari [CaCxunaSvili,2005:68]. saqarTvelos bazilikebis mSeneblobisas gamoyenebuli aguri, iseve rogorc bodbeSi, didi zomisaa (mag.: 28X28X5). sxvadasxva zomis da formis aguria naxmari akuras bazilikaSi (38X26X10, 29X29X8, 34X26X8). XVXVI saukuneebis da gansakuTrebiT XVII saukunis remontisas aguri ufro momcro zomisaa (mag.:23X23X4). sxva periodebSi bazilikebis SekeTebis dros ufro xSirad imave masalas iyenebdnen, riTac Zegli iyo agebuli. erTi regionis bazilikebi saSeni masalis mxriv msgavsebas amJRavnebs. es bunebrivia, radgan qvis sabados an saSeni masalis transportirebis erTnairi pirobebi garkveuli masalis prioritets da samSeneblo tradiciis Camoyalibebas ganapirobebs. kaxeTis bazilikebSi, iseve, rogorc saerTod kaxeTis arqiteqturaSi, riyis qva ZiriTadi saSeni masalaa. masTan erTad TaRis, impostis, pilastris da sxva arqiteqturuli detalebisaTvis umetesad Sirimi gamoiyeneba. amas garda, zogierT ZeglSi fleTili qvaa naxmari. amdenad, riyis qvis, rogorc ZiriTadi saSeni masalis, specifikidan gamomdinare, kaxeTis Zeglebs masalis mravalgvaroba axasiaTebs. qarTlis bazilikebi qvis kvadrebiT aris nagebi. umetesad gamoiyeneba kirqva, qviSaqva da tufi. VIII sau45 kunidan ufro xSirad ixmareba uxeSad gaTlili qvebi. mTiani regionis Zeglebi qviT an Sereuli masaliTaa nagebi. dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebis mSeneblobisas Sereuli masala _ qva da aguri gamoiyeneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom rig ZeglebSi gvxvdeba e.w. opus mixtum wyoba, romelic aRmosavleT saqarTvelos ZeglebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. gamonaklisia sanagires aRmosavleTi fasadi. TurqeTis teritoriaze mdebare bazilikebi kargad gaTlili qvis kvadrebiT aris mopirkeTebuli. sagulisxmoa, rom oTxTaeklesiaSi dadasturebuli opus mixtum wyoba. b/ bazilikebis kedlis sisqis monacemebi #3 cxrilSia mocemuli. monacemebis gacnoba naTelyofs, rom kedlebi sakmaod sqeli, saSualod 1 metris (0,751,30m) siganisaa. amasTan, bazilikebSi qronologiurad kedlis sisqis Semcirebis tendencia aRiniSneba, rac Zeglebis zomebis Semcirebas emTxeveva. Tumca gvxvdeba zogierTi gamonaklisi. 7. Zeglebis zomebi. sigrZe-siganis Sefardeba eqsterierSi da interierSi, simaRlesTan Sefardeba. #3 cxrilSi mocemulia aRricxuli bazilikebis zomebi rogorc eqsterierSi, aseve interierSi. Sverilafsidiani Zeglebis sigrZe eqsterierSi mocemulia afsidis CaTvliT, interierSi sakurTxevlis afsidamde. aseve aRniSnulia sigrZe-siganis da sigrZe-simaRlis Sefardeba. es monacemebi TvalsaCinod warmoaCens samnaviani bazilikebis masStabs da proporciul Tanafardobas. 46 saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi yvelaze grZelia alahaZis (37,40m), xolo mokle _ qvabisxevis bazilika (8,80m). Tavisi maStaburobiT gamoirCeva V-VI saukuneebis e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufi: urbnisi (32m), xirsa (31m), bolnisis sioni (27,80m), xaSmi (25,20m), natkora (22m), anCisxati (21,50m), kondoli (19,30m), vazisubani (18,70m). am Zeglebs utoldeba da zog SemTxvevaSi sWarbobs dasavleT saqarTvelos rigi bazilikebi _ alahaZe, cixisZiri (33m), noqalaqevi (26,60m), vaSnari (21,20m), ganTiadi (20,10m). amave epoqaSi igeba SedarebiT momcro zomis Zeglebic. maT Soris yvelaze moklea Zveli SuamTa (10,80m) da matani (9,60m). cxrilis monacemebi naTelyofs, rom am epoqaSi raodenobrivad sWarbobs didi zomis bazilikebi, miT ufro Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom amave xanas ganekuTvneba iseTi masStaburi bazilikebi, rogorica iyo mcxeTis sveticxoveli, areSi, wyarosTavi, wilkani. VII saukunidan wina periodTan SedarebiT bazilikebis zomebi mcirdeba. mxolod X saukuneSi igeba didi zomis nagebobebi _ oTxTaeklesia (28,50m), parxali (27m) da maTTan SedarebiT momcro XI saukunis dasawyisis sanagire (20,40m). zemoT ganxiluli monacemebi garkveuli daskvnis gamotanis SesaZleblobas iZleva. kerZod, is faqti, rom adre Sua saukuneebis bazilikebi didi zomiT gamoirCeva, uTuod, dakavSirebulia im garemoebasTan, rom am periodSi bazilika qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis wamyvan tips warmoadgenda da mravalricxovani mrevlisaTvis gankuTvnili eklesiebis asagebad swored samnavian bazilikebs iyenebdnen. VI saukunidan es funqcia ZiriTadad gumbaTianma arqiteqturam itvirTa da samnaviani bazilikis tips momcro zomis eklesiebis asagebad mimarTavdnen. rac Seexeba oTxTaeklesias da parxals, am bazi47 likebis maStaburoba, uTuod, damkveTis nebam ganapiroba. marTalia, bazilikebis sigrZis monacemTa Sejereba garkveuli kanonzomierebis dadgenaSi gvexmareba, magram arqiteqturuli tipis struqturis saxecvlis warmosaCenad, ufro TvalsaCinoa sigrZe-siganis SefardebaTa monacemebi, romlebic #3 cxrilis Sesabamis grafaSia miTiTebuli. am monacemTa Sejereba gviCvenebs, rom siganeze orjer meti sigrZis mqone bazilika xuTia _ V-VIss-is alahaZe (2,6), xirsa (2,6), urbnisi (2,1), biWvinta (2,08), kondoli (2). sigrZis siganesTan Sefardeba 1,5dan 2-mde 13 ZeglSia. amaTgan umetesoba (9Zegli) V-VI saukuneebs ganekuTvneba; xolo ori, oTxTaeklesia da parxali, X saukunes. 11 ZeglSi sigrZe odnav aRemateba siganes (Sefardeba 1,4-1,2), xolo 8 bazilikaSi gegma kvadrats uaxlovdeba. es Zeglebi ZiriTadad VIII-IX saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. mxolod ori, Zveli SuamTa da matania V saukunis bazilikebi. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikas am arqiteqturuli tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zlier wagrZelebuli gegmareba ar axasiaTebs. piriqiT, qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi bazilikis gegmis kvadratTan miaxlovebis tendencia iCens Tavs. aRsaniSnavia, rom daaxloebiT toli sigrZe-siganis mqone bazilikebi V saukuneSive igeba. Tumca V-VI saukuneebis ZeglebisaTvis zogadad niSandoblivia gamokveTili dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi da SedarebiT didi masStabi. VII saukunidan Zeglebis zomebi mcirdeba da maTi gegma kvadrats uaxlovdeba. mxolod X saukunis ramdenime Zegli gamoirCeva monumenturobiT da wagrZelebuli gegmarebiT. 48 bazilikis interierSi sigrZe-siganis Sefardeba eqsterieris monacemebze naklebia (ix. cxrili #3), radgan aRmosavleT mxares sakurTxevlis afsidis da pastoforiumebis arseboba sigrZiv RerZs amoklebs, ris gamoc interierSi centrulobis tendencia ufro sagrZnobia. gamokveTili aRmosavleT-dasavleT RerZis mqone interieri, roca sigrZe 1,5-jer da metad sWarbobs siganes sul 11 ZeglSia. yvela es bazilika V-VI saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. danarCen bazilikebSi kvadrats miaxlovebuli (8 Zegli) an odnav wagrZelebuli (10 Zegli) Sida sivrcea. 12 bazilikaSi dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi Crdilo-samxreTisaze naklebia. eseni ZiriTadad VIII, IX da IX-X saukuneebis bazilikebia. mxolod 5 Zegli ganekuTvneba V-VI saukuneebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom eqsterierSi sakmaod wagrZelebuli gegmarebis X saukunis ZeglebSic interierSi sigrZe-siganis Sefardeba didi ar aris. yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikis interiers Zlier wagrZelebuli gegmareba ar axasiaTebs. V-VI saukuneebis Zeglebis nawils (e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufi da dasavleT saqarTvelos rigi Zeglebi) aqvs interierSi siganeze sagrZnoblad meti sigrZe. V-VI saukuneebis danarCen da VII saukunidan yvela bazilikaSi Sida sivrcis sigrZe-siganes Soris didi sxvaoba ar aRiniSneba. rac Seexeba bazilikebSi simaRle-sigrZis da simaRle-siganis Sefardebis monacemebs, isini arasrulia (ix. cxrili #3), vinaidan simaRlis garkveva bevr ZeglSi ar xerxdeba. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT interierSi simaRle-siganis (h/L) Sefardeba 0,5-dan 1,3-mdea. yvelaze gavrcelebulia Sefardeba 1:1. simaRle-siganis Sefardeba(h/S) 0,8-dan 1,2-mdea. umetes SemTxvevaSi Sefardebaa 0,9. amdenad, Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebis mi49 xedviT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi ufro metad gavrcelebulia iseTi proporviuli Tanafardoba, rodesac nagebobis simaRle sigrZes utoldeba da odnav sWarbobs siganes. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis zemoT ganxiluli monacemebis Sejerebisas vlindeba, rom bazilikebis zomebi da maTi proporciuli urTierTSeTanxmeba gawonasworebuli, erTiani, Sekruli Sida sivrcis Seqmnas uwyobs xels. 8. Sua da gverdiTi navebis urTierTdamokidebuleba (simaRlis da siganis Sefardeba). Sua da gverdiTi navebis urTierTdamokidebulebis sakiTxi samnaviani bazilikis tipologiuri Taviseburebis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi faqtoria. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis Sua da gverdiTi navebis zomebi da maTi Sefardebis amsaxveli monacemebi #4 cxrilSia mocemuli. yvela Zeglis monacemi ar gagvaCnia, rac ganpirobebulia nagebobaTa cudi daculobiT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi ver moxerxda monacemebis mopoveba. masalis ganxilvisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rig ZeglebSi (bolnisis sioni, anCisxati, urbnisi, noqalaqevis ormocmowameTa, xirsa, bodbe) SemorCenilia ara Tavdapirveli, aramed gviani gadakeTebis xanis gadaxurvis sistema. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi Sua navi yvelaze ganieria vaSnaris (8,5m), xolo viwroa matanis (2,9m) taZrebSi. gavrcelebulia daaxloebiT 4-5 metris siganis Sua navis mqone Zeglebi. #4 cxrilis monacemebis qronologiuri aspeqtiT ganxilva naTelyofs, rom 50 adreuli, V-VI saukuneebis, Zeglebs ganieri Sua navi aqvs. Tumca aris rigi Zeglebi mcire siganis Sua naviT. Semdgom periodSi Sua navis sigane mcirdeba, rac Seesabameba Zeglebis masStabs. ganieri Sua navi isev gvxvdeba X saukunis ZeglebSi. bazilikebSi Sua navi yovelTvis ganieria gverdiTebze. navebis Tanafardoba sxvadasxva ZeglSi gansxvavebulia. gverdiTi navebi qarTul ZeglebSi daaxloebiT tolia. maT Soris sagrZnobi gansxvaveba mxolod matanis, anCisxatis, TianeTis sionis da sanagires bazilikebSi aRniSneba. Sua da gverdiTi navebis siganeTa Sefardeba #4 cxrilis mixedviT 1,7-dan 3,4-mdea. yvelaze gavrcelebulia gverdiT navebze orjer ganieri Sua navis mqone bazilikebi. aseTi Tanafardoba umetesad V-VI saukuneebis Zeglebs axasiaTebs. Semdgom periodSi Sefardeba izrdeba, rac Sua navis mniSvnelobis gazrdis da interierSi centrulobis principis damkvidrebas emsaxureba. Cvens xelT arsebuli arasruli monacemebis mixedviT simaRliT yvelas sWarbobs parxalis (19,5m) da oTxaTaeklesiis (19m) bazilikebi. 10 metrze maRalia 7 bazilika: urbnisi (14,3m), bolnisis sioni (11m), bodbe (11m), sanagire (10,8m), akura (10,7m), xaSmi (10,6m), rkoni (10m). amaTgan bolnisis sionis, urbnisis da bodbis taZrebis zomebi asaxavs gadakeTebis xanis da ara Tavdapirvel simaRles. yvelaze dabalia matanis (6,8m) da Zveli SuamTis (6,3m) mcire zomis eklesiebi. danarCeni bazilikebis simaRle 7 metridan 10 metramdea. bazilikebSi nagebobis simaRlis monacemebi Seesabameba Sua navis simaRles, romelic, rogorc wesi, gverdiT navebze maRalia. navebis simaRleTa Sefardeba saqarTvelos bazilikebSi 1,4-dan 2,1-mdea. Sua da gverdi51 Ti navebis simaRleTa Soris yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli Tanafardoba 1,5-1,6-ia. am mxriv gamoirCeva bolnisis sioni, sadac Sefardeba 1,1-ia. es ganpirobebulia XVII saukunis gadakeTebis droindeli orkalTa gadaxurvis arsebobiT, ris gamoc navebs Soris gansxvaveba simaRleSi mcirea. aRsaniSnavia aseve sefieTis bazilika, sadac gverdiTi navebi mcire simaRlis miuxedavad (5,75m) orsarTuliania. rac Seexeba akuras, misi CrdiloeTi navis Tavze, mTel sigrZeze samalavia mowyobili. amitom CrdiloeTi navi samxreTisaze dabalia. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi gverdiTi navebi daaxloebiT toli simaRlisaa. navebis simaRlis monacemebis Sejereba gviCvenebs, rom gavrcelebulia Sua da gverdiTi navebis iseTi proporciuli urTierTdamokidebuleba, roca Sua navi simaRleSi erTnaxevarjer metia gverdiTebze, rac interieris erTianobas, navebis organul kavSirs ganapirobebs. bazilikaSi Sua navis proporciebi Sida sivrcis arqiteqtonikis ganmsazRvrelia. amdenad, misi simaRlesiganis Tanafardebis dadgena interieris sivrculi gadawyvetis xasiaTs warmoaCens. mopovebuli masalis mixedviT, romelic #4 cxrilis Sesabamis grafaSia mocemuli, Sua navis simaRlis siganesTan Sefardeba 1,8-dan (zedazeni) 2,6-mdea (parxali). Sefardeba 2,8-bodbeSi da 1,7-sefieTSi gadakeTebis xanis gadaxurvis monacems warmoadges; iseve rogorc urbnisis da bolnisis sionis. farTod gavrcelebulia Zeglebi, sadac Sua navis simaRle orjer sWarbobs mis siganes. e.i. arqiteqturuli masebis ganawilebaSi vertikali gamokveTilia, magram misi gansakuTrebuli xazgasma ar xdeba. amdenad Sua navi Sekrul, monoliTur sivrces qmnis. 52 amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi Sua navis proporciebi da misi gverdiT navebTan urTierTdamokidebuleba arqiteqturuli formebis gawonasworebuli, harmoniuli urTierTSeTanxmebis da zomierebis princips efuZneba. 9. sayrdenebi da TaRebi. a/raodenoba da forma. b/TaRisa da sayrdenis zomis Sefardeba. g/ TaRis da sayrdenis simaRleTa Sefardeba. samnaviani bazilikis interieris ZiriTadi arqiteqturuli elementebia sayrdeni da TaRi. maTi forma, zoma da proporciuli Tanafardoba Sida sivrcis Taviseburebas ganapirobebs. aRricxuli samnaviani bazilikebis sayrdenebis da TaRebis raodenoba, forma, zoma da Sefardeba #5 cxrilSia aRniSnuli. moZiebuli masalis safuZvelze naTlad Cans, rom saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sayrdenebis mcire ricxvi gamoiyeneba, rac Zeglebis masStabiT da gegmarebis specifikiT aris ganpirobebuli. gvxvdeba 1-2-3-4-5 wyvili sayrdenis mqone bazilikebi. yvelaze gavrcelebulia ori wyvili sayrdenis mqone Zeglebi. isini V saukunidan XVI saukunis CaTvliT, e.i. bazilikebis mSeneblobis yvela periodSi igeba. Zeglebi xuTi, oTxi da sami wyvili sayrdeniT qronologiurad adreul V-VI saukuneebSi gvxvdeba. oTxi wyvili sayrdeni aqvs aseve X saukunis parxalsa da oTxTaeklesias, xolo sami wyvili – urTas. erTi wyvili sayrdeni sxvadasva drois momcro zomis xuT ZeglSi (Zveli SuamTa-Vs, revazaSeni-VIII-IXss, qvabisxevi-VIII-IXss, bodbe-IXs, kvirikewminda-XI) da SedarebiT didi zomis sanagires bazilikaSia. interieris organizaciis TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva 53 IX saukunis akuras bazilika. aq calke mdgomi mxolod erTi sayrdeni gamoiyeneba, romelic Sua navs samxreTi navisagan mijnavs. rac Seexeba CrdiloeT navs, is kedliT or tol nawilad aris gayofili. V saukunis matanis cxrakaraSic mxolod erTi, CrdiloeTi sayrdenia, xolo samxreTi navi Sua navisagan kedliT aris gamijnuli. aRricxuli Zeglebidan xuT bazilikaSi (biWvinta, noqalaqevi, cixisZiri, alahaZe, JaleTi) sayrdenebi ar aris SemorCenili, xolo anCisxatsa da axSanSi sayrdenebi mTlianad Secvlilia. amasTan, anCisxatSi dadasturebulia Tavdapirveli jvruli forma. rogorc #5 cxrilidan Cans, gvxvdeba eqvsi saxis sayrdeni: gegmaSi kvadratuli, jvris da T-s formis, sworkuTxa, wriuli da rvawaxnaga. gamonaklisia marmarilos kolonis fragmentebi IV saukunis biWvintis bazilikidan. upiratesad gamoiyeneba kvadratuli, jvris da T-s formis sayrdenebi. kvadratuli sayrdeni yvela periodis bazilikebSi gvxvdeba Vs-dan XVI saukunis CaTvliT; jvris formis V-XI saukuneebSi, T-s formis – V-IX saukuneebSi; sworkuTxa – VIs-is sam bazilikaSia (xaSmi, alahaZe, kondoli). sworkuTxa sayrdeni pilastriT IX saukunis bodbeSia. wriuli forma gvxvdeba TianeTis sionSi, xolo rvawaxnaga vereSi. rogorc wesi, bazilikebSi yvela sayrdens erTnairi forma aqvs, Tu gadakeTebis dros ar aris saxeSecvlili. gamonaklisia urTas da Warebis bazilikebi. urTaSi erTi rigi wriuli, xolo meore rvawaxnaga sayrdenebia; WarebSi ki wriuli da kvadratuli sayrdenebia gamoyenebuli. sayrdenis zomas, cxadia, misi forma da mTlianad nagebobis masStabi gansazRvravs. samnavian bazilikebSi sayrdenis zoma 0,75 metridan 1,80 metradea. gamoirCeva 54 alahaZe, sadac es monacemi 3metrs aRwevs; aseve qvabisxevi (0,40m) da Warebis sayrdenebis erTi wyvili (0,45m). saqarTvelos bazilikebSi TaRis formis Sesaxeb monacemebi arasrulia. rva bazilikaSi (biWvinta, noqalaqevi, cixisZiri, nastakisi, vaSnari, alahaZe, ufliscixe, TianeTis sioni, JaleTi) TaRebi ar aris SemorCenili. SekeTebis Sedagad zogierT ZeglSi forma Secvlilia, xolo anCisxatis, ormocmowameTas, xirsas da bodbes bazilikebSi gviani gadakeTebis periodis TaRebia. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT (ix. cxrili #5) gvxvdeba sami saxis TaRi: naliseburi, naxevarwriuli da Seisruli. ufro gavrcelebulia naxevarwriuli TaRebi, romlebic yvela periodis bazilikebSi gamoiyeneba. naliseburi TaRebi V-VII saukuneebis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba, aseve VIII-IX ss-is zedazensa da akuraSi. Seisruli TaRebi mxolod X saukunis or ZeglSi, oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSia. saqarTvelos bazilikebSi #5 cxrilis mixedviT TaRis sigane 1,3 metridan 4,3 metramdea. yvelaze mcirea sefieTis da matanis, xolo ganieri – ufliscixis TaRi. gavrcelebulia 2,5-3 metri siganis TaRebi. rogorc wesi, bazilikebSi TaRebi toli sididisaa. am mxriv gamoirCeva ufliscixis, yazbegis axalcixis, sanagires, oTxTaeklesiisa da parxalis bazilikebi. aq TaRebi sxvadasxva siganisaa, rac garkveul kanonzomierebas emorCileba. yazbegis axalcixesa da sanagireSi ufro didia aRmosavleTi kidura TaRebi, xolo oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSi aRmosavleTidan meore wyvili. aseTi gadawyveta interierSi centraluri sivrcis xazgasmas emorCileba. 55 TaRisa da sayrdenis zomebis Sefardebis #5 cxrilSi aRniSnuli monacemebi 1,1-dan 4,3-mde meryeobs. e.i. sxvadasxva ZeglSi Zlier gansxvavebuli proporciuli Tanafardoba aRiniSneba. am monacemebis qronologouri principiT ganxilva naTelyofs, rom adreuli, VVII saukuneebis bazilikebSi ramdenime gamonaklisis garda TaRis sayrdenis zomasTan Sefardeba mcirea, xolo momdevno xanis ZeglebSi matulobs. IX saukunis Semdgom agebul bazilikebSi Sefardeba didia. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi TaRis sayrdenis zomasTan Sefardeba qronologiurad izrdeba. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Sesabamisad mcirdeba sayrdenebis raodenoba, naTeli gaxdeba, rom aSkarad vlindeba Sida sivrcis erTianobisaken swrafvis tendencia. saxezea bazilikis arqiteqturuli struqturis imgvari gadawyveta, roca samive navi ganieri TaRebiT ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, xolo maTi gammijnavi arqiteqturuli formis, sayrdenis, mxolod ori wyvili gamoiyeneba. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sayrdenisa da TaRis simaRlis dadgena bevr ZeglSi cudi daculobis an gadakeTebis gamo SeuZlebelia. CvenTvis cnobili monacemebi #5 cxrilSia mocemuli, romelTa mixedviT yvelaze dabali sayrdeni (1,25m) qvabisxevSi, xolo maRali – oTxTaeklesiaSia (6,7m). yvelaze mcire simaRlis TaRi matanis (2,4m) da maRali – oTxTaeklesiaSia (9,4m). cxadia, TaRisa da sayrdenis simaRles upivelesad Tavad nagebobis simaRle da masStabi gansazRvravs. ufro gavrcelebulia daaxloebiT 2-3 metri simaRlis sayrdenisa da 5-6 metri simaRlis TaRis mqone bazilikebi. TaRisa da sayrdenis simaRleTa Sefardeba bazilikebSi 1,3-dan 2,1-mdea. e.i. calkeul Zeglebs Soris arc 56 ise didi gansxvavebaa da am niSniT Zeglebis mkveTrad gamijnuli jgufebi ar gamoiyofa. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi saydenisa da TaRis simaRle, maTi proporciuli urTierTmimarTeba, ZiriTadad, zomierebiT xasiaTdeba. 10. navebis gadaxurva. a/kamarebi. b/gambrjeni TaRebi. sazogadod qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi samnaviani bazilikis navebis gadaxurvis ramdenime xerxi gamoiyeneba: a/kamarovani gadaxurva, romelic ufro metad qristianuli aRmosavleTis qveynebSia gavrcelebuli. b/xis Zelebiani gadaxurva, romelic ZiriTadad adreqriatianuli dasavleTis da, aseve, siriis bazilikebSi gamoiyeneba. g/ qvis filebiT Sesrulebuli brtyeli gadaxurva, romelic siriuli bazilikebis gverdiT navebSi gvxvdeba. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi gavrcelebulia kamarovani gadaxurva. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia varaudi dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT bazilikaSi xis konstruqciebiT Sesrulebuli gadaxurvis arsebobis Sesaxeb (leqvinaZe, 1973). am Zeglebidan biWvinTaSi aseTi gadawyvetis arseboba eWvs ar iwvevs. aRricxuli bazilikebidan 10 ZeglSi (biWvinta, noqalaqevi, cixisZiri, nastakisi, ganTiadi, vaSnari, natkora, TianeTis sioni, qvabisxevi, JaleTi) gadaxurva ar aris SemorCenili. ormocmowameTas da xirsas bazilikebi gumbaTian eklesiebad aris gadakeTebuli. ufliscixis, veres, qlivanas da Warebis bazilikebSi nawilobriv SemorCenilia mxolod gverdiTi navebis kamarebi. samive navis kamara mxolod ocdaor bazilikaSia daculi. amaTgan Svi57 di (bolnisis sioni, sefiaTi, anCisxati, urbnisi, rkoni, bodbe, yazbegis axalcixe) gviani gadakeTebis xanisaa. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sxvadasxva formis kamara gvxvdeba, ZiriTadad gamoyenebulia naxevarwriuli (cilindruli), elifsuri da Seisruli. monacemebi gadaxurvis arsebobis da kamaris formis Sesaxeb #6 cxrilSia mocemuli. gadakeTebuli gadaxurvis sistemis mqone ZeglebSi gamoyenebulia Seisruli (sefieTi, anCisxati, bodbe), naxevarwriuli (urbnisi), elifsuri (rkoni) kamara. yazbegis axalcixesa da urTaSi gadakeTebisas xis masaliT Sesrulebuli kamaraa. bazilikebSi Sua da gverdiTi navebis gadaxurvisas umetesad erTnairi formis kamarebi gamoiyeneba. TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva veres bazilikis gverdiTi navebi. aq elifsuri formis kamarebi Sua navis perpendikularulad aris ganlagebuli. gansxvavebulia aseve akuras CrdiloeTi navi, romlis kedliT gamijnuli kvadratuli sivrceebi jvruli kamarebiT aris gadaxuruli. jvruli kamaris naSTebia dadasturebuli aseve ufliscixis bazilikis CrdiloeT navSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom gadakeTebul bolnisis sionis, urbnisis, rkonis, urTas bazilikebis gverdiTi navebi wris meoTxedi formis kamarebiTaa gadaxuruli, xolo sefieTSi jvruli kamariT. rogorc r. gverdwiTeli asabuTebs (gverdwiTeli, 1983,4-5), naxevarkamarebi iqneboda gamoyenebuli bolnisis, xaSmis da anCisxatis bazilikebis gverdiT navebSi. Zeglebis cudi daculobis da SekeTebis gamo Cvens xelT arsebuli arasruli monacemebis mixedviT saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi gavrcelebulia elifsuri da naxevarwriuli formis kamara. Seisrul forma mxolod X saukunis or ZeglSia(ix. cxrili #6). gvian gadakeTebul ZeglebSi sxvadasxva formis (Seisruli, na58 xevarwriuli, jvruli, elifsuri, wris meoTxedi formis, gumbaTiani) kamarebi gamoiyeneba. SemorCenili masalis Seswavlis safuZvelze gamovlinda, rom centraluri navi mTel sigrZeze mimarTuli erTiani kamariT aris gadaxuruli. (gamonaklesia bolnisis sionis XVII saukunis droindeli e.w. varclebis sistema.) gverdiT navebSic umetesad igive wesia. gamonaklisia zemoT aRniSnuli ramdenime bazilika, sadac sxvadasxva saxis kamaris an maTi perpendikularuli ganlagebis gziT xdeba navis erTiani gadaxurvis danawevreba. samnavian bazilikebSi kamarovani sistema gambrjen TaRebs efuZneba. Zeglebis masStabis, sayrdenebis ricxvis gaTvaliswinebiT maTi raodenoba calkeul ZeglebSi gansxvavebulia. gambrjeni TaRebi rogorc wesi sayrdenebs Seesabameba. amas garda isini zogjer navis dasavleT an aRmosavleT kedelsac ukavSirdeba. monacemebi gambrjeni TaRebis raodenobisa da formis Sesaxeb mocemulia #6 cxrilis Sesabamis grafaSi, romlis mixedviT saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi gamoiyeneba 1-23-4-5-6 gambrjeni TaRi. ufro metad gavrcelebulia 23 gambrjeni TaRis mqone Zeglebi. imis mixedviT Tu ras eyrdnoba gambrjeni TaRi gamoiyofa Zeglebis sami jgufi: 1. bazilikebi, sadac gambrjeni TaRi pilastrs eyrdnoba. 2. bazilikebi, sadac gamrjeni TaRi konsols eyrdnoba. 3. bazilikebi, sadac gamoyenebulia rogorc pilastri, aseve konsoli. amasTan, pilastri Sua, xolo konsoli gverdiT navebSia. gamonaklisia qlivana, sadac Sua navSi konsolebi, xolo gverdiT navebSi pilastrebia. pirveli da meore jgufis bazilikebi interieris gansxvavebuli gadawyvetiT xasiaTdeba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi kedlis masivi danawevrebulia, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi sadaa, rac gansx59 vavebul arqiteqturul gadawyvetas qmnis. mesame, SedarebiT mravalricxovani jgufis bazilikebSi, viwro da dabal gverdiT navebSi TaRebi konsolebs eyrdnoba, xolo maRal da ganier Sua navSi pilastri arqiteqturuli formebis vertikaluri ganviTarebis xazgasmas emsaxureba. aseTi gadawyveta srulad Seesabameba Sida sivrcis organizaciis logikur sqemas. 11. sakurTxevlis afsida. a/forma. b/satriumfo TaRis forma da zomebi. g/Subli. d/bema. e/afsidis amaRleba, safexurebis raodenoba. v/samRvdeloebis Camosajdomi qvis rigi. z/qvis trapezi. T/niSebis raodenoba. bazilikis, rogorc qristianuli taZris, umniSvnelovanes sakralur sivrces sakurTxevli warmoadgens. sakurTxevels ideuri daniSnulebis Sesabamisad bazilikis gadawyvetaSi gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs. interieris ganawilebis sqema, arqiteqturuli formebis dasavleT-aRmosavleT RerZze ganlageba misi mniSvnelobis warmoCenas emsaxureba. Sesabamisad, sakurTxevlis forma da proporciebi bazilikis interieris arqiteqtonikis gansazRvrel mniSvnelovan faqtorad gvevlineba. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sakurTvels afsidis forma aqvs. #7 cxrilSi aRniSnulia aRricxul ZeglebSi sakurTxevlis afsidis ZiriTadi monacemebi, romlis mixedviT afsida umetesad naxevarwriuli da naliseburi moxazulobisaa. detaluri ganxilvisas ramdenime saxesxvaoba ganirCeva: naliseburi, wagrZelebuli nalis formis, naxevarwriuli, wagrZelebuli naxevarwris da paralelurgverdebiani naxevarwris formis. aRricxuli Zeglebidan naliseburi afsida adreul, V-VII 60 saukuneebis ZeglebSia gavrcelebuli da momdevno saukuneebis mxolod or, VIII-IX saukuneebis TianeTis sionsa da akuras bazilikebSi gvxvdeba. naxevarwriuli moxazulobis afsida V saukunidan XVI saukunemdea gavrcelebuli. satriumfo TaRi saqarTvelos bazilikebSi naxevarwriuli, naliseburi da Seisruli formisaa (ix. cxrili #7). yvelaze gavrcelebulia naxevarwriuli moxazulobis satriumfo TaRi, romelic V saukunidan XVI saukunemde gvxvdeba. naliseburi formis satriumfo TaRi Svid bazilikaSia, romelTagan oTxi V-VI saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. Seisruli TaRi mxolod X saukunis oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSia. rac Seexeba urbnisis Seisrul TaRs, is XVII saukunis gadakeTebis periodisaa. interieris centraluri sivrcis organizebaSi satriumfo TaRi mniSvelovan rols asrulebs. amdenad, mravlismetyvelia satriumfo TaRis simaRlis siganesTan Sefardebis monacemebi (ix. cxrili #7). arsebuli masalis mixedviT satriumfo TaRis simaRlis siganesTan Sefardeba yvelaze didia vazisubnis bazilikaSi – 3,7; xolo mcire ganTiadSi – 1,2. 2-ze naklebi Sefardebaa im ZeglebSi, sadac afsidis konqs zeviT Sublia(ix. cxrili #7). yvelaze gavrcelebulia 2-2,5 monacemis mqone bazilikebi. es Sefardeba didi ar aris, Tumca vertikalis xazgasmis SesaZleblobas iZleva. satriumfo TaRis amgvari proporciebi Seesabameba navebis, mTlianad Sida sivrcis xasiaTs da masTan harmoniul erTianobaSi aRiqmeba. im bazilikebSi, sadac SesaZlebelia sakurTxevlis afsidis konqs zeviT Sublis arsebobis garkveva, Subli 12 ZeglSia: bolnisis sioni, sefieTi, xaSmi, anCisxati, axSani, urbnisi, rkoni, bodbe, sanagire, kvirikewminda, 61 qlivana, Warebi. aqedan eqvs Zegls (bolnisis sioni, sefieTi, bodbe, sanagire, kvirikewminda, Warebi) Sverili afsidebi aqvs, rac Sublis arsebobas ganapirobebs. danarCen ZeglebSi konqs zeviT saTavsi – samalavia. gamonaklisia axSani, sadac Subli dabalia. aRsaniSnavia, rom urbnisis, bodbes samalavebi gadakeTebis xanisaa. danarCen ZeglebSi, romlebic aRricxul bazilikaTa umravlesobas warmoadgens, Subli ar aris. amdenad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebs Sua navis mTel simaRleze amarTuli sakurTxevlis afsida axasiaTebs, rac xalvaTi sivrcis Seqmnas uwyobs xels. aRricxuli ormocdaori bazilikidan ocdaerT ZeglSi sakurTxevlis win bemaa (ix.cxrili #7). unda aRiniSnos, rom bemis armqone Zeglebidan TerTmeti, V-VII saukuneebis bazilikebia. e.i. adreuli Zeglebi ufro xSirad bemis gareSe igeba, xolo VII saukunidan umetes SemTxvevaSi afsidis win bemaa. es sakiTxi garkveulwilad pastoforiumebis gamoyofas ukavSirdeba, radgan sakurTxevlis win bemis arseboba gverdiTi saTavsebisaTvis aucilebeli farTobis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas qmnis. bema TiToeul ZeglSi gansxvavebuli sididisaa. VIII-IX saukuneebis ZeglebisaTvis ufro metad Rrma bema aris damaxasiaTebeli. iseve, rogorc qristianuli sakulto arqiteqturis sxva tipis Zeglebis, aseve samnaviani bazilikis, sakurTxevlis afsida nagebobis saerTo donidan amaRlebulia. Tavdapirveli iatakis done ganaTxari Zeglebis garda sxva bazilikebSi faqtobrivad ar aris SemorCenili. amitom arsebuli monacemebi mxolod saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavebuli tradiciis dadgenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. rig ZeglebSi miwayrilis arsebobis an sxva mizezis gamo iatakis doneTa Soris gansxvaveba 62 ar irkveva. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT sakurTxeveli erTi, ori, iSviaTad sami safexuriT aris amaRlebuli (ix.cxrili #7), rac, TavisTavad, sakurTxevlis gamoyofis erT-erT xerxs warmoadgens. sakurTxevlis afsidas zogierT SemTxvevaSi sasuliero pirTa Camosajdomi naxevarwriuli qvis rigi Semohyveba, romlis centrSi xSirad amaRlebuli adgilia gamoyofili (ix.cxrili #7). ufliscixesa da oTxTaeklesiis bazilikebSi or rigia. baWvintis, xaSmis. vaSnaris. urbnisis. rkonis, zedazenis, akuras, sanagires, xevis xionis, parxalis bazilikebSi rigis centrSi damatebiTi safexuria gamoyofili. danarCen ZeglebSi sasuliero pirTa dasajdomi naxevarwriuli rigi ar aris dadasturebuli. amrigad, aRricxuli bazilikebis mesamedze mets sakurTxevlis afsidaSi Camosajdomi qvis rigi aqvs. amaTgan aT bazilikaSi mRvdelmTavris adgili calkea gamoyofili, rac sakuTriv eklesiis statusTan (mag.: saepiskoposo, samonastro) unda iyos dakavSirebuli. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sakurTxevelSi qvis trapezi Cvidmet ZeglSia dadasturebuli (ix.cxrili #7). isini afsidis centrSi an kedelTan aris moTavsebuli. qvis trapezis TariRis garkveva yvela konkretul SemTxevaSi calke gamokvlevas saWiroebs. arqauli forma aqvs Zv. SuamTis da xaSmis trapezs, romelTa aRmosavleT mxares niSaa moTavsebuli. urbnisSi mas trapeciis forma aqvs, xolo xevis xionSi da yazbegis axalcixeSi wriuli qvaa dadasturebuli. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi is kubis formisaa an Zalze dazianebuli saxiTaa SemorCenili. amrigad, saqarTvelos bazilikebis did nawilSi qvis trapezi ar aris. im ZeglebSi, sadac trapezia, adreuli xanis bazilikebSi xSirad ke63 delTan aris midgmuli, xolo Semdeg periodSi centrSia moTavsebuli. sakurTxevlis afsidis kedlebSi rig ZeglebSi niSebia. niSebis ricxvi umetesad luwia da isini simetriuladaa ganlagebuli. iSviaTad niSa afsidis mxolod erT mxares aris moTavsebuli. bazilikebSi maTi raodenoba aris erTi, ori, sami an oTxi. cxrili #7 naTelyofs, rom IX saukunemde niSebi ar aris an mxolod erTia (gamonaklisia sefieTi sami niSiT). niSa TaRovani, sworkuTxa an kvadratuli formisaa. isini umetesad mcire zomisaa. didi zomiT gamoirCeva sefieTis da itriis centraluri, aseve akuras ganapira niSebi. 12. pastoforiumebi. a/gegmareba. raodenoba. g/saTavsi meore sarTulze. b/Sesasvlelis qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis adreul etapze mimdinareobda qristianuli taZris, rogorc arqiteqturuli nagebobis, formirebis rTuli procesi. kardinalur xazs gansazRvravda, upirvelesad, eklesiis moTxovnebi, romlebic am etapze Camoyalibebis stadiaSi iyo. amasTan, bunebrivia, garkveul mniSvneloba hqonda arsebul arqiteqturul formebs da kompoziciur sqemebs. kultmsaxurebisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze aRmosavleT saqristianoSi Camoyalibda e.w. samnawiliani sakurTxeveli _ afsida gverdiTi sadgomebiT, pastoforiumebiT. m.gous mosazrebiT (gou, 1961:142), isini pirvelad siriaSi gamoiyo V saukuneSi da Semdgom sxva qveynebSi gavrcelda. aRsaniSnavia, rom pastoforiumebis Tavdapirveli funqcionaluri daniSnulebis sakiTxi, romlis mixedviT CrdiloeTi saTavsi samkveTlo, xolo samxreTi – sadiakvnea, 64 J. dekaudris [dekaudri, 1983] mier eWvqveS iqna dayenebuli. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi pastoforiumebis sakiTxis kvlevisas SevecdebiT SeZlebisdagvarad srulad warmovaCinoT faqtobrivi masala, arqiteqturuli gadawyvetis saxesxvaobebi da sakurTxevlis gverdiTi sadgomebis arsebobebis qronologiuri suraTi. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi pastoforiumebis arsebobis da maTi formis Sesaxeb monacemebi #8 cxrilSia mocemuli. aRricxuli Zeglebidan 13 bazilikaSi pastoforiumebi ar aris gamoyofili. maTgan 10 Zegli V-VI saukuneebs, 2 _ VIII-IX saukuneebs da 1 _ XIsaukunes ganekuTvneba. Tavdapirvlad es saTavsebi ar hqonda aseve Zv.SuamTis, xaSmis da axSanis bazilikebs. pastoforiumebis mqone Zeglebidan rig bazilikebSi mxolod erTi saTavsia. Vsaukunis matanis da XIII-XIV ss-is Warebis bazilikebSi CrdiloeTi, xolo VIII-IX ss-is zedazenisa da qvabisxevis bazilikebSi samxreTi saTavsia gamoyofili. pastoforiumebi sxvadasxva gegmarebisaa: aRmosavleTdasavleT wagrZelebuli sworkuTxa, Crdilo-samxreT mimarTuli sworkuTxa da kvadratuli. amas garda pastoforiumebi aris aRmosavleT mxares afsidiT da afsidis gareSe. e.i. sul eqvsi saxesxvaoba ganirCeva. calke unda aRiniSnos Warebis CrdiloeTi saTavsis Sesaxeb, romelsac iregularuli forma aqvs. gegmaSi aRmosavleT-dasavleT wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis formis pastoforiumebi V-X saukuneebis 10 bazilikaSia. amave formis afsidiani pastoforiumebia V-XVI saukuneebis 8 bazilikaSi. Crdilo-samxreTiT mimarTuli sworkuTxedis formisaa VI saukunis anCisxatis CrdiloeTi (anCisxatSi saTavsebs Tavdapirvelad aRmosavleTidan 65 hqonda kari, rac saTuos xdis maT pastoforiumis funqciiT gamoyenebas) da IX-X ss-is yazbegis axalcixis saTavsebi. igive formis afsidiani pastoforiumebia IX saukunis bodbis da Xsaukunis veres bazilikebSi. gegmaSi kvadratulia VII saukunis rkonis da VIII-IX ss-is alvanis, xolo afsidiani kvadratis formisaa XI saukunis dasawyisis sanagires pastoforiumebi. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi ufro metad gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT-dasavleT RerZze wagrZelebuli formis pastoforiumebi. CrdiloeTi da samxreTi saTavsi TiToeul ZeglSi daaxloebiT erTnairi formisaa. am mxriv gamonaklisia anCisxatisa da urbnisis bazilikebi (ix. cxrili #8). aseve gamoirCeva oTxTaeklesiisa da parxalis pastoforiumebi, romlebic kedliT or nawilad aris gayofili. pastoforiumebis kedlebSi zog SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva zomis niSebia moTavsebuli, romlebic asimetriuladaa ganlagebuli. yvelaze meti, xuTi niSaa anCisxatis samxreT sadgomSi. erTi, ori an sami niSaa anCisxatis CrdiloeTi saTavsis, vazisubnis, ufliscixis, rkonis, akuras, JaleTis, yazbegis axalcixis, oTxTaeklesiis da parxalis pastoforiumebSi. kedelTan mdgari qvis trapezi dadasturebulia vazisubnis, urbnisis, alvanis, sanagires samxreT saTavsebSi. CrdiloeT saTavsSi qvis trapezi aris nastakissa da sanagireSi. trapezi ZiriTadad kubis formisaa. urbnisSi mas trapeciis moyvaniloba aqvs. pastoforiumebSi Sesasvleli, rogorc wesi, gverdiTi navebidan aris gaWrili. cxra bazilikaSi (ix. cxrili #8) CrdiloeT saTavsSi meore, sakurTxevelTan damakavSirebeli, karic aris gaWrili, rac samkveT66 los ritualur-funqcionaluri daniSnulebiT aris ganpirobebuli. rva bazilikaSi pastoforiumebis meore sarTulze samalavia mowyobili (ix. cxrili #8). amaTgan xaSmSi pastoforiumebi da, Sesabamisad, samalavic ar aris Tavdapirveli xanis. danarCeni Zeglebi IX-XVI saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. e.i.samalavebi IX saukunidan gvxvdeba. samalavSi asavleli umTavresad navis mxridan aris mowyobili. gamoirCeva oTxTaeklesiis meore sarTulis oTaxebi, romelTa ori nawili erTmaneTs TaRebiT ukavSirdeba da gegmaSi msxlis formis niSebi aqvs. amrigad, saqarTvelos V-VI saukuneebis umetes bazilikebSi pastoforiumebi ar aris, xolo VI saukunis Semdeg es saTavsebi samis garda yvela Zegls aqvs. aRricxuli Zeglebidan pastoforiumis gamoyofis uadresi magaliTia V saukunis matani, romelSic mxolod CrdiloeTi saTavsia. orive saTavsia CvenTvis cnobil V saukunis areSis bazilikaSic. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi pastoforiumebis mowyoba V saukunidan daiwyo, xolo VI saukunidan dakanonebul wesad iqca. rac imaze metyvelebs, rom saqarTvelo, rogorc adreqristianuli samyaros erT-erTi wamyvani qveyana, aqtiurad iyo CarTuli adreqristianul samyaroSi mimdinare procesebSi da eklesiis axal moTxovnebs Tanadroulad pasuxobda. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi pastoforiumebi formis mixedviT eqvsi saxisaa. gvxvdeba saTavsebi afsidiT da mis gareSe. yvelaze gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT-dasavleT wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis formis saTavsebi. bazilikebSi orive saTavsi ZiriTadad erTnairi formisaa. gvxvdeba mxolod erTi, CrdoloeTi an samxreTi sadgomis gamoyofis magaliTebic. pastoforiaSi 67 Sesasvleli yovelTvis gverdiTi navebis mxridan aris gaWrili. rig ZeglebSi, ZiriTadad VIII saukunidan, CrdiloeT saTavss meore kari sakurTxevelTan akavSirebs. IX saukunidan zogierT ZeglSi pastoforiumebis meore sarTulze samalavebia mowyobili. 13. bazilikaSi Sesasvleli. a/raodenoba, b/forma. g/mTavari Sesasvleli. ganlageba. nagebobis interieris aRqmisas Sesasvlels, mis mdebareobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. Sida sivrce, misi calkeuli arqiteqturuli detali sxvadasxva rakursSi gansxvavebul mxatvrul efeqts qmnis. amdenad, xedvis wertilebis SerCeva xuroTmoZRvris erT-erT ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens. sazogadod, bazilikaSi, sadac Sida sivrce dasavleT-aRmosavleT RerZzea mimarTuli, gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba dasavleT Sesasvlels eniWeba. monacemebi saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi Sesasvlelebis da maTi ganlagebis Sesaxeb #9 cxrilSia warmodgenili. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi Sesasvleli ganlagebulia nagebobis samxreT, dasavleT da CrdiloeT kedlebSi. Sesaslveli SeiZleba iyos samive, ori an erTi mxridan. TiToeul mxares, ZiriTadad, TiTo karia. erT fasadze ori kari mxolod matanis, bolnisis sionis, noqalaqevis, vaSnaris da sanagires bazilikebSia. amasTan, isini yovelTvis grZiv kedlebSia gaWrili. aRricxuli Zeglebidan sami mxridan Sesasvleli aqvs V-XIV saukuneebis cxramet bazilikas (ix. cxrili #9). or mxares Sesasvlelia V-XVI saukuneebis Teqvsmet bazilikaSi. aqedan Tormet ZeglSi kari dasavleT da samxreT mxares aris gaWrili (ix. cxrili #9). da68 savleT da CrdiloeT mxares karia ganTiadis bazilikaSi, xolo grZiv kedlebSi Sesasvlelia bolnisis sionis (dasavleTi kari XVII saukunis remontis droindelia) da xevis sionis bazilikebSi. erTi Sesasvlelia Svid ZeglSi. amaTgan samxreT mxares kari aqvs ufliscixis, zedazenis, alvanis, revazaSenis, urTas bazilikebs, xolo dasavleT mxares _ nastakisis (arqeologiuri gaTxrebisas mikvleulia mxolod dasavleTi Sesasvleli), qvabisxevis, yazbegis axalcixis bazilikebs. ori an sami mxridan Sesasvlelis mqone ZeglebSi zogierT SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mTavari Sesasvlelis gamoyofa. umetesad misi mniSvneloba Tavdapirveladve iyo gansazRvruli an droTa viTarebaSi sxvadasxva mizezis gamo SeiZina. am dros garkveul rols asrulebs Zeglis mdebareoba, reliefi, misasvleli gza, karibWis miSeneba, rac TavisTavad Sesasvlelis mniSvnelobas warmoaCens. dasavleTi mxridan arsebuli Sesasvlelis prioriteti aRiniSneba biWvintis, sefieTis, alahaZis, ganTiadis, urbnisis, rkonis, bodbis, sanagires, oTxTaeklesiis, itriis bazilikebSi. samxreTi Sesasvleli mTavaria Zv.SuamTis, matanis, axSanis, ormocmowameTas, JaleTis, parxalis, Warebis bazilikebSi. amdenad, CrdiloeTi kari mxolod sami mxridan Sesasvlelis mqone Zeglebs aqvs. aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom sefieTis, xaSmis, urbnisis da TianeTis sionis bazilikebSi CrdiloeTi kari ara samxreTis pirdapir, aramed ufro aRmosavleTiT aris gaWrili. karis aseTi mdebareoba SesaZloa misi daniSnulebiT ganisazRvreboda, gamoiyeneboda ra ara mrevlis, aramed eklesiis msaxurTa Sesasvlelad. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi kars xSirad forma Secvlili aqvs. 9 bazilikaSi cudi daculobis 69 gamo misi moxazuloba saerTod ar irkveva. danarCen ZeglebSi formis mixedviT oTxi saxis kari gamoiyeneba: garedan sworkuTxa da interieris mxridan TaRovani, orive mxridan sworkuTxa, TaRovani da kari lunetiT (ix. cxrili #9). pirveli saxis kari bazilikebis mSeneblobis yvela etapze gamoiyeneba da 17 ZeglSia dadasturebuli. sworkuTxa karia matanis, TaineTis sionis, JaleTis, yazbegis axalcixis, kvirikewmindas e.i. mTiani regionis ZeglebSi. TaRovania ganTiadis, kondolis, alvanis, veres bazilikebis kari. TaRovania aseve zadazenis kari, magram Sua nawili naxevarwriulad amoSenebulia. lunetiani karia bolnisis sionis da anCisxatis bazilikebSi. SesaZloa luneti adreuli xanis sxva bazilikebSic iyo, magaliTad urbnisSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom bodbeSi restavraciis dros gamovlinda Sesasvlelis Tavdapirveli forma – sworkuTxa kari timpaniT [CaCxunaSvili, 2005:79]. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sami mxridan Sesasvlelis mqone Zeglebi yvelaze gavrcelebulia. ori mxridan Sesasvlelis mqone Zeglebi ufro cotaa, magram qronologiurad yvela periodSi gvxvdeba. erTi kari VIII-IX saukuneebis momcro zomis eklesiebSia. gamonaklesia V saukunis ufliscixis bazilika, romelic kldeSia nagebi da Sesasvleli erTi mxridan aqvs. ase rom iq, sadac amis SesaZleblobas nagebobis masStabi da misi adgilmdebareoba iZleva, bazilikebSi Sesasvleli sami mxridan aris. es dakavSirebuli unda iyos rogorc ideologiur-simbolur gagebasTan (sami kari samebis simbolo_Testamentum Domini), funqcionalur sakiTxTan (mag.: eklesiis msaxurTa, mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis cal-calke Sesasvlelis mowyoba), aseve arqiteqturul aspeqtTan (xedvis gansxvavebuli wer70 tilebidan interieris ukeT warmoCenis SesaZlebloba). amasTan, upiratesoba eniWeba dasavleTis da samxreT Sesasvlels. aRsaniSnavia, rom droTa viTarebaSi met mniSvnelobas iZens samxreTi Sesasvleli, rac interiris aRqmis centrulobis principis warmoCenas emsaxureba da garkveulad ewinaaRmdegeba bazilikis, rogorc arqiteqturuli tipis, tradiciul sqemas da ZiriTad koncefcias. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi ramdenime gamonaklesis garda TiToeul mxares TiTo karia. ufro gavrcelebulia interieris mxares TaRovani da garedan sworkuTaxa formis kari. is yvela periodis ZeglebSi gamoiyeneba. sworkuTxa da TaRovani Sesasvlelebi V-XI saukuneebis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. lunetiani kari V-VI saukuneebis mxolod or bazilikaSia SemorCenili. es forma saqarTveloSi siriidan unda iyos gavrcelebuli, sadac jer kidev qristianobamdeli xanis sasaxleebSi gamoiyeneboda. mas Semdgom vxvdebiT siriisa da palestinis, aseve mcire aziis, mesopotamiis da CrdiloeT afrikis, kerZod alJiris ZeglebSi. aq lunetebi ZiriTadad naxevarwriuli moxazulobisaa. naliseburi luneti, romelic g.CubinaSvilis azriT mxatvruli srulyofiT gamoirCeva, naklebad gvxvdeba (CubinaSvili,1940:142). sagulisxmoa, rom qarTul ZeglebSi swored naliseburi lunetebia dadasturebuli. 14. narteqsi, galerea, garSemosavleli, karibWe. bazilikaSi, uSualod samlocvelo darbazSi, Sesasvlelis win, umetesad, sxvadasxva arqiteqturul-moculobiTi forma gamoiyeneba. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi gvxvdeba narteqsi, galerea, garSemosavleli 71 da karibWe. isini Zeglis Tanadroulia an mogviano xanaSia miSenebuli (ix. cxrili #9). aRricxul bazilikebSi narteqsi aqvs V-VI saukuneebis dasavleT saqarTvelos biWvintis, noqalaqevis, cixisZiris, ganTiadis taZrebs, IX saukunis bodbis da XI saukunis dasawyisis sanagires bazilikebs. dasavleT saqarTvelos ZeglebSi narteqsis mxolod naSTebia SemorCenili. aRsaniSnavia, rom biWvintis da noqalaqevis narteqsis samxreT nawilSi sanaTlavi iyo mowyobili [ciciSvili, 1977:100; kapanaZe, 1987:95]. biWvintis, cixisZiris da ganTiadis bazilikebSi narteqsi sami kariT samive navs ukavSirdeboda. asevea bodbesa da sanagireSic, magram aq narteqsi ori gambrjeni TaRiT sam nawilad aris gayofili. sanagireSi centraluri sivrce jvruli kamariTaa gadaxuruli. narteqsSi Sesasvleli CrdiloeTi da samxreTi mxridan aris gaWrili. mis meore sarTulze patronikea. zeda sarTulze asasleli kibe Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSia. aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlinda, narteqsi da galereebi hqonda mcxeTis sveticxovlis bazilikas [cincaZe,1987:15-26]. Ria galereebi aqvs bolnisis sions. misi CrdiloeTi galerea nagebobis mTel sigrZezea da aRmosavleTiT afsidiT mTavrdeba. samxreTi galerea moklea. mis aRmosavleTiT orafsidiani sanaTlavi mdebareobs. Ria galereebi hqonda aseve wyarosTavis bazilikas. garSemosavleli aqvs axSanis, vazisubnis da vaSnaris bazilikebs. axSanis bazilikis garSemosavleli Zeglis agebis Semdgomi xanisaa. mas TiToeul mxares samTaRiani Sesasvleli aqvs. gadaxurulia elifsuri kamariT, romelic nagebobis perpendikularulad aris mimarTuli. kamarebi pilastrebsa da konsolebs eyrdnoba. gar72 Semosavlelis aRmosavleT nawilSi afsidebia. vazisubnis bazilikis garSemosavleli Zeglis Tanadroulia. aqac samTaRiani Sesasvlelebia, magram mxolod CrdiloeT da samxreT mxares. dasavleTiT erTi ganieri TaRia. garSemosavleli gadaxurulia kamariT, romelic kedlis mxares TaReds, xolo meore mxares konsolebs eyrdnoba. aRmosavleTiT aqac afsidebia, magram axSanisagan gansxvavebiT sarkmelebi ar aris. vaSnaris bazilikaSi Zeglis agebis Tanadrouli garSemosavlelis naSTebi SemorCa. garSemosavlelis samxreTi nawilis aRmosavleT mxares sworkuTxa saTavsi, savaraudod, sanaTlavi iyo, romelic erTi kariT navs, xolo meore kariT garSemosavlels ukavSirdeboda. X saukuneSi garSemosavleli aigo V saukunis areSis bazilikaSic [WilaSvili, 1991]. karibWe saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi VIII-IX saukuneebidan gvxvdeba da umetesad Zeglis agebis Semdgom xanas ganekuTvneba. taZris agebasa da karibWis miSenebas Soris ganvlili drois monakveTi sxvadasxva ZeglSi gansxvavebulia. magaliTad, VIII saukunis zedazenis eklesiaSi karibWe erTi saukunis Semdeg aigo, xolo VI saukunis xaSmSi rva saukunis Semdgom (ix.cxrili #9). karibWe Tavisi gegmarebiT orgvaria: kvadratuli da sworkuTxa. gegmaSi kvadratuli karibWe gaxsnili aris erTi (Zv. SuamTa, xaSmi, ormocmowameTa, rkoni, akura), ori (zedazeni) an sami (alvani, Warebi) mxridan. sworkuTxa formisaa sefieTis, bodbis, oTxTaeklesiis karibWeebi. sayuradReboa, rom zedazenis da alvanis karibWeebis meore sarTulze samrekloa. (zedazenSi XVIII saukuneSi daaSenes.) aRsaniSnavia, rom karibWeebi nagebobis samxreT da dasavleT mxares igeba (gamonaklisia Zv.SuamTa), rac adasturebs am fasadebis Sesasvlelebis mniSvnelobas. 73 saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi minaSenebis kvali irkveva Zv.SuamTis, noqalaqevis, nastakisis, anCisxatis, urbnisis, akuras, JaleTis, veres, qlivanas bazilikebSi. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi narteqsi, galerea da garSemosavleli farTod gavrcelebuli ar Cans da ZiriTadad V-VI saukuneebis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. narteqsi umTavresad dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebSia, xolo galerea da garSemosavleli mxolod ramdenime ZeglSia dadasturebuli. sagulisxmoa, rom minaSenebis kvali Cans mTel rig bazilikebSi, magram maTi arqiteqturuli formisa da daniSnulebis zustad dadgena Znelia. Sesasvlelis win garkveuli arqiteqturuli formis arseboba, marTalia, ramdenime ZeglSia dadasturebuli, magram aseTi Zeglebis ricxvi, uTuod, meti iqneboda. savaraudoa, rom es sadgomebi qristianuli eklesiis moTxovnis mixedviT kaTakmevelebisa da gankicxulTaTvis iyo gankuTvnili. rac Seexeba karibWes, is Tavisi masStabiT da gegmarebiT nagebobaSi Sesasvlelis win erTgvari mosamzadebeli safexuris, winkaris, funqcias asrulebs da VIII-IX saukuneebidan gvxvdeba. rig SemTxvevebSi karibWe adreul bazilikebzec iqna miSenebuli. 15. sarkmlebi. a/raodenoba. b/ganlageba. g/forma. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sarkmlebis Tavdapirveli raodenoba da forma umetes ZeglebSi Zneli dasadgenia. biWvintis, noqalevis, cixisZiris, nastakisis, ganTiadis, vaSnaris, natkoras, ufliscixis, TianeTis sionis, JaleTis, veres bazilikebSi sarkmlebi sa74 erTod ar aris SemorCenili an mcire nawilia daculi. ormocmowameTasa da xirsaSi gumbaTian taZrad gadakeTebis gamo sarkmlebis ganlageba mTlianad Secvlilia. bolnisis sionis, sefieTis, anCisxatis, urbnisis, rkonis, bodbes bazilikebSi nawilobriv Secvlilia Riadebis raodenoba, maTi forma da mdebareoba. sarkmlebi danarCen ZeglebSic met-naklebad saxecvlili saxiT SemorCa. yovelive zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebi #10 da #11 cxrilebSia asaxuli. aq motanilia rogorc sarkmlebis saerTo raodenoba, aseve maTi ricxvi grZiv da ganiv kedlebze, Sua da gverdiT navebSi, pastoforiumebSi. aRniSnulia aseve im Zeglebis monacemebi, romelTa sarkmlebis raodenoba gadakeTebis dros Secvlilia da amdenad asaxavs ara Tavdapirvel, aramed dRevandel mdgomareobas, rac miTiTebulia Sesabamis grafaSi. arsebuli masalis gacnoba gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sarkmlebis ricxvi didi ar aris (4-23). gamonaklisia mxolod oTxTaeklesia (68) da parxali (52). sarkmelebi ZiriTadad nagebobis oTxive mxares aris gaWrili. isini Sua da gverdiTi navebis, dasavleT da aRmosavleT kedlebze erT iarusad aris ganlagebuli. gamonaklisia ganTiadis grZivi, oTxTaeklesiis da parxalis oTxive da sanagires dasavleTi kedlebi. sarkmlebis raodenoba Sua navis samxreT da CrdiloeT kedlebSi umetesad Tanabaria. maTi ricxvi 1– dan 5-mdea. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sua navis kedlebSi sarkmlebi ar aris mxolod gvian gadakeTebul bolnisis sionsa da rkonSi. gverdiTi navebis grZiv kedlebSi sarkmlebis raodenoba 1-dan 6-mdea. CrdiloeT da samxreT kedlebze sarkmlebis raodenoba xSirad ar emTxveva, samxreTiT 75 metia. bazilikis aRmosavleT mxares 2-dan 7-mde sarkmeli gvxvdeba. mxolod oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSia Sesabamisad 15 da 12. rogorc aRiniSna, es Zeglebi sarkmelebis raodenobiT da maTi iarusebad ganawilebis mxriv, udaod, gamoirCeva (ix.cxrili #10-11). sakurTxevlis afsidas erTi sarkmeli anaTebs. gamonaklesia ganTiadis, bodbis, sanagires da itriis bazilikebi, sadac 3 sarkmelia. sefieTSi gadakeTebis Sedegad ori sarkmelia. sarkmlebi TaRovani da sworkuTxa moxazulobisaa. wriuli sarkmeli gvxvdeba mxolod X-XI saukuneebis sanagires, oTxTaeklesiis, parxalis da urTas bazilikebSi. sworkuTxa sarkmlebia qvabisxevis bazilikaSi. erTdroulad TaRovani da sworkuTxa sarkmeli gvxvdeba bolnisis, anCisxatis, urbnisis, alvanis, xevis sionis bazilikebSi da gadakeTebis Sedegi unda iyos. yvela sxva bazilikaSi TaRovani sarkmlebia. umetes SemTxvevaSi sarkmlis gverdebi interieris mxares ganivrdeba, rac sinaTlis sxivebis ukeT gabnevas uwyobs xels. VVIsaukuneebis Zveli SuamTis, xaSmis, anCisxatis, ganTiadis, urbnisis bazilikebSi SemorCenilia paralelurgverdebiani sarkmlebi. rogorc wesi, nagebobis sxva sarkmelebTan SedarebiT didi zomiT gamoirCeva sakurTxevlis afsidis sarkmeli. gansakuTrebiT didi zomisaa paralelurgverdebiani, naliseburi moxazulobis sarkmlebi xaSmis da anCisxatis bazilikebSi. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebisaTvis mravalricxovani sarkmlebi ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. gamonaklisia Xsaukunis oTxTaeklesia da parxali, romlebSic isini ramdenime iarusad aris ganlagebuli. bazilikebSi sarkmlebi oTxive mxares aris gaWrili. iSviaTia, roca romelime mxares (umetesad CrdiloeTiT) 76 sarkmeli ar iyos. sarkmlebi kedelze, ZiriTadad, erT rigad aris ganlagebuli. sakurTxevlis afsidaSi, umetesad, sxvebTan SedarebiT didi zomis erTi sarkmelia. sarkmlebi TaRovani moxazulobisaa. sworkuTxa da wriuli forma naklebad gamoiyeneba. adreul periodSi gavrcelebulia didi zomis paralelurgverdebiani sarkmlebi, SemorCenilia naliseburi moxazulobis Riadebic. Semdgom sarkmlebis zoma mcirdeba. Tumca maTi gverdebi interierisken ganivrdeba da isini kedlis zeda nawilSi Tavsdeba, rac sinaTlis ukeT ganawilebas uwyobs xels. 16. interieris ganaTebis intensivoba da xasiaTi. interieris gadawyvetaSi ganaTebis sakiTxs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. Sida sivrcis, TiToeuli arqiteqturuli formis, morTulobis aRqmas saTanado ganaTeba esaWiroeba. amasTan, ganaTebis saSualebiT xdeba ara mxolod calkeuli detalisa da nawilis warmoCena, aramed nagebobis saerTo arqiteqturuli koncefciis gamovlena. amdenad, Sida sivrcis problemis kvleva interieris ganaTebis intensivobis da misi xasiaTis gansazRvras saWiroebs. am sakiTxis srulyofilad Seswavla saqarTvelos yvela samnavian bazilikaSi ar xerxdeba maTi cudi daculobis gamo. amas garda gadakeTebuli bazilikebic ar gvaZlevs ganaTebis Tavdapirvel xasiaTze srul warmodgenas. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT ganaTebis intensivoba bazilikebSi gansxvavebulia. SedarebiT kargad ganaTebuli interieria anCisxatis, vazisubnis, urbnisis, sanagires, oTxTaeklesiis, parxalis, itriis bazilikebSi. e.i. vazisubnis garda VIII saukunis Semdgom agebul an 77 gadakeTebul ZeglebSi. sustad ganaTebuli interieria Zveli SuamTis, matanis, xaSmis, kondolis, alvanis, akuras, yazbegis axalcixis V-IX saukuneebis bazilikebSi. gamoiyofa Zeglebi, sadac ukeT ganaTebuli mxolod taZris centraluri sivrce, Sua navia. gverdiTi navebi aq Cabnelebulia. esenia: sefieTi (gadakeTebulia), axSani, bodbe, zedazeni, xevis sioni. sapirispirod, bolnisis sionsa da rkonis bazilikebSi ukeT ganaTebuli gverdiTi navebia; vinaidan Sua navSi sarkmelebi ar aris, rac gadakeTebis Sedegia. es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia bolnisis sionSi, sadac arsebobs afsidispira svetisTavebis ganaTebis problema. Sida sivrcis ganaTebis sakiTxis Seswavlisas sayuradReboa bazilikis interieris farTobis Riadebis farTobTan SefardebaTa Sejereba. monacemebi #11 cxrilis Sesabamis grafaSia (S1:S2) aRniSnuli da 7,2-dan (sefieTi) 30,7-s (yazbegis axalcixe) aRwevs. interieris farTobi (S1) pastoforiumebisa da sxva damoukidebeli saTavsebis gareSe ganisazRvra; Sesabamisad aRebulia im Sesasvlelebisa da sarkmlebis farTobi (S2), romlebic taZris erTian sivrces da ara izolirebul saTavsebs (pastoforiumebi, samalavi, sanaTlavi) anaTebs. es monacemebi miaxloebiTia, magram SedarebiTi kvlevis SesaZleblobas iZleva da ZiriTadad emTxveva aRricxuli bazilikebis interieris ganaTebis intensivobis suraTs. bazilikis arqiteqturuli gadawyvetis koncefcia taZris umniSvnelovanesi sakraluri adgilis, sakurTxevlis, warmoCenas iTvaliswinebs. Sesabamisad, aqcentirebulia misken mimarTuli Sua navi, rac interieris ganaTebaSic vlindeba. saqarTvelos bazilikebSi sakurTxevlis sarkmlis didi zoma da Sua navis ganaTebis 78 oTxive mxridan uzrunvelyofa, Sida sivrcis centrulobisaken swrafvis tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT, am ideas emsaxureba. 17. a/svetisTavi, imposti. b/baza. g/interieris morTulobis elementebi. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikis interieris gadawyvetas sisadave axasiaTebs. ZiriTad mxatvrul-dekoraciul aqcents svetisTavi, imposti da baza qmnis. dekoraciuli morTulobis sxva saSualebebi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. am sakiTxis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi #12 cxrilSia motanili. Sesabamis grafaSi miniSnebulia TiToeul bazilikaSi svetisTavis, impostis da bazis arseboba, maTi forma. calke grafaSi aRniSnulia dadasturebuli dekeoraciuli morTulobis elementebis arsebobis faqtobrivi monacemebi. aRricxul bazilikebSi svetisTavi 10 ZeglSia daculi. TiToeuli maTgani formiT da mxatvruli gadawyvetiT gansxvavebulia. gvxvdeba rogorc klasikuri kapitelebis magaliTebi (biWvinta, vaSnari), aseve reliefuri gamosaxulebebiT da motivebiT Semkuli (bolnisis sioni, xaSmi, TianeTis sioni, urTa) da sada profiliani svetisTavebi (qvabisxevi, vere, Warebi). biWvintaSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenil svetisTavs akantis foTliani kapitelis forma aqvs. rogorc irkveva is Cvens mier aRicxul bazilikaze adreuls amkobda. vaSnaris bazilikaSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad ionuri kapitelia gamovlenili. bolnisis sionSi aRmosavleT wyvil sayrdenze da satriumfo TaRze reliefebiT Semkuli svetisTavebia, romlebSic zoomorfuli, mcenareuli da geometriuli motivebia gamoyene79 buli. aRsaniSnavia, aseve xaris Tavisa da farSevangebis gamosaxulebebi, romlebic sanaTlavis pilastrs amkobs. stilisturad bolnisis sionis morTulobas uaxlovdeba xaSmis reliefebiT Semkuli svetisTavebi, romlebic aRmosavleT wyvil sayrdens da satriumfo TaRs amkobs. ufliscixis bazilikaSi kldeSi nakveTi CrdiloeTi kedlis pilastrze dekoraciuli morTulobis mqone svetisTavis fragmentia dadasturebuli. TaineTis sionSi reliefebiT Semkul svetisTavs wakvetili piramidis forma aqvs, romlis ganier zeda nawilze Taroa moTavsebuli. reliefebiT aris Semkuli satriumfo TaRis svetisTavebic. qvabisxevis bazilikaSi svets iribgverdiani oTxkuTxa fila agvirgvinebs. veres bazilikaSi gegmSi rvawaxnaga svetisTavia. mis qveda lilvebsa da zeda Taros Soris wiboa. urTas bazilikaSi vardulebiT Semkuli sxvadasxva formis svetisTavebia. Warebis bazilikaSi svetisTavs wakvetili piramidis forma aqvs, romlis ganier nawilze kvadratuli filaa moTavsebuli. svetisTavebi gverdiTi navis mxares momrgvalebulia. rogorc aRvniSneT, TiToeul ZeglSi svetisTavebi Taviseburad aris gadawyvetili. amas, garkveulwilad, Zeglebis qronologiuri da regionaluri gansxvavebac ganapirobebs. maSin, rodesac es ori faqtori Tanxvdeba, adgili aqvs garkveul msgavsebas. magaliTad, dasavleT saqarTvelos adreSuasaukuneebis biWvintis da vaSnaris bazilikebSi klasikuri tipis svetisTavebi gamoiyeneba; aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bolnisis sionisa da xaSmis svetisTavebi stilistur msgavsebas amJRavnebs. aRricxul bazilikebSi imposti sayrdenebze 25 bazilikaSia (ix. cxrili #12). amas garda, impostebi aris gambrjeni TaRis quslis doneze. aRsaniSnavia, rom es im80 postebi yvela bazilikaSia. isini, umetesad, sayrdenis impostis msgavsia. gansxvavebis SemTxvevaSi, sayrdenis imposti ufri rTuli formisaa, xolo gambrjeni TaRis sadaa. imposti moTavsebulia aseve satriumfo Taris fuZesTan. is ZiriTadad sayrdenis impostis formas imeorebs. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi imposts, ZiriTadad, cerobze dafuZnebuli Taros forma aqvs. cerobi SeiZleba iyos sworxazovani da mrudwiruli. sworxazovancerobiania matanis, sefieTis, xaSmis, natkoras, zedazenis, revazaSenis, akuras, JaleTis, yazbegis axalcixis, xevis sionis, oTxTaeklesiis, qlivanas impostebi. mrudxazovan cerobze dafuZnebuli Taros forma aqvs Zveli SuamTis, axSanis, parxalis impostebs. bolnisis sionSi imposti mrudxazovani cerobis formisaa Taros gareSe, xolo vazisubanSi Taroa cerobis gareSe. rkonis, urbnisis, sanagires da itriis bazilikebSi imposti gansxvavebuli formiT gamoirCeva. rkonSi is oTxi nawilisagan Sedgeba. or Taros Soris ori lilviseburi rigia. Taroebi naxevarwreebis motiviT aris Semkuli. urbnisSi impostis oTxi nawilidan qveda dabal sworkuTxa Taros ori, SedarebiT maRali da ganieri, Taro ebjineba, romelTa Soris Sezneqili mrudwiria. sanagireSi imposts aguris sami rigi qmnis, xolo sayrdenis dasavleT mxares Sirimis lilvia. itriis bazilikaSi kvadratul, profilSi momrgvalebul Taroze gegmaSi jvris formis cerobia moTavsebuli. bazilikebSi imposti, umetesad, sayrdens oTxive mxridan gars uvlis, zogjer ki Sua navis pilastrTan wydeba. rig ZeglebSi imposti sayrdenis mxolod aRmosavleT da dasavleT mxares aris moTavsebuli. aRricxul bazilikebSi imposti an svetisTavi ar aris mxolod kondolis, alvanis 81 da yvelaanTubnis bazilikebSi. amas garda isini ar SemorCa an gviani gadakeTebis xanisaa noqavaqevis, cixisZiris, nastakisis, alahaZis, anCisxatis, ormocmowameTas, xirsas, bodbes bazilikebSi. umetes aRricxul bazilikebSi sayrdens baza ar aqvs (ix. cxrili #12). rig ZeglebSi maTi arsebobis da formis garkveva ar xerxdeba. dadasturebulia sami saxis baza: kvadratuli, jvris formis da wriuli. kvadratuli bazaa vaSnaris, ormocmowameTas, qvabisxevis, JaleTis, Warebis (dasavleTi wyvili), itriis bazilikebSi. amaTgan ormocmowameTas da itriis taZrebSi orsafexuriani bazebia. gegmaSi jvris formisaa bolnisis sionis, anCisxatis, urbnisis, ufliscixis, rkonis; wriuli formisaa TaineTis sionis (samsafexuriani), parxalis da Warebis (aRmosavleTi wyvili) bazebi. amdenad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi sayrdeni umetesad bazis gareSea. kvadratuli baza yvela periodis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. jvruli forma V-VII saukuneebis bazilikebSi gamoiyeneba, xolo wriuli baza VIII saukunis Semdgomi xanis ramdenime ZeglSia. amrigad, aRricxul bazilikebSi svetisTavi V-XIII saukuneebis 10 ZeglSia. ornamentuli motiviT Semkuli svetisTavebi da bazebia dadasturebuli aseve sveticxovlis (bazebi), wilkanis da akaurTas (svetisTavebi) bazilikebSi. svetisTavebi formaTa mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. svetisTavis erTi, gavrcelebuli tipi ar SemuSavebula da yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi axali mxatvruli saxea Seqmnili. adreuli periodis svetisTavebi ufri rTuli formisaa. dasavleT saqarTvelos ZeglebSi gvxvdeba klasikuri kapitelebi, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi reliefebiT Semkuli svetisTavebi, romlebic Tavisi mxatvruli gadawyvetiT sasa82 nuri iranis xelovnebasTan kavSirs amJRavnebs. Semdgom periodSi svetisTavebi gansxvavebuli, ufro sada formisaa. gvxvdeba rogorc reliefebiT Semkuli, aseve martivprofiliani svetisTavebi. e.i. qronolodiurad svetisTavebis mxatvrul gadawyvetaSi formisa da morTulobis gamartivebis tendencia iCens Tavs. saqarTvelos bazilikebSi imposts, ZiriTadad, cerobze dafuZnebuli Taros forma aqvs. amgvari forma zedmiwevniT pasuxobs konstuqciul da mxatvrul amocanas, amave dros simartiviTa da kompaqturobiT xasiaTdeba, rac mis farTaod gavrcelebas ganapirobebs. imposti moTavsebulia sayrdenze, gambrjeni da satriumfo TaRis quslis doneze. imposti gars uvlis sayrdens an mis mxolod aRmasavleT da dasavleT mxaresaa. bazilikebSi sayrdeni umetesad bazis gareSea. gamoiyeneba gegmaSi kvadratuli, jvruli da wriuli formis bazebi. morTulobis sxva elementebi mxolod calkeul bazilikebSia dadasturebuli (ix.cxrili #12). TiToeuli maTgani konkretuli Zeglis maxasiaTebels warmoadgens da saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikis interieris morTulobis zogadi sqemis Camoyalibebis saSualebas ar iZleva. 18. Sida sivrcis gadawyveta. samnaviani bazilikis Sida sivrcis gadawyvetis Taviseburebaze msjeloba, cxadia, mxolod im Zeglebis safuZvelze aris SesaZlebeli, romelTa daculoba amis SesaZleblobas iZleva. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikeSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba xalvaTi, erTiani sivrcis Seqmnis, dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZis met-neklebad xazgasmis, sakurTxevlisaken mimarTuli Sua navis mniSv83 nelobis warmoCenis, arqiteqturuli masebis ganawilebisas vertikalis xazgasmis sakiTxebs. wagrZelebuli gegmareba da gamokveTili dasavleTaRmosavleTi RerZi aqvs e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis da rig dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebs. maT sapirispirod VIII-IX saukuneebis ZeglebSi gegmis kvadratTan daaxlovebis tendencia ikveTeba da sami navis mWidro urTierTkavSiris, erTianobis principi batonobs. Sua navi Sida sivrcis organizaciaSi gansakuTrebulad gamokveTilia sefieTis (gverdiTi navebi orsarTuliania), kondolis (gverdiTi navebi Zalze viwroa), veres (gverdiTi navebis kamarebi Sua navis perpendikularulia) bazilikebSi. zeaweuli proporciebi, masStaburoba gamoarCevs oTxTaeklesiis da parxalis interiers. gamoiyofa ramdenime bazilika, romelTac interieris sivrcobrivi gadawyvetis Tavisebureba gamoarCevs. esenia _ Zveli SuamTa, matani da akura. pirvel or ZeglSi Sua navs gverdiTi navebi sami mxriT Semohyveba. uadresi xanis es bazilikebi amgvari gadawyvetiT garkveulwilad winaswarmetyveleben im arqiteqturuli formebis da variantebis SemuSavebas, rac qarTulma xuroTmoZRvrebam ugumbaTo arqiteqturis ganviTerebis procesSi mogvca. rac Seexeba akuras, aq CrdiloeTi navis Taviseburi gadawyveta (kedliT Suaze gayofili CrdiloeTi navi Sua navs misken perpendikularulad mimarTuli kamarebiT ukavSirdeba) damkveTis konkretul moTxovnasTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. mas saqarTvelos bazilikebSi paraleli ar eZebneba. Tumca Sua navis perpendikularulad ganlagebuli kamarebi garkveuli msgavsebas veres gverdiTi navebis gadaxurvasTan amJRavnebs. 84 saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi Sida sivrcis gadawyvetisas gamoyofilia mTavari (RerZi, Sua navi) da daqvemdebarebuli nawilebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavarisa da daqvemdebarebulis warmoCena, maTi organuli urTierTSeTanxmeba zogadad bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis damaxasiaTebeli niSania da saqarTvelos ZeglebSic naTlad aris gamovlenili. es principi calkeuli detalebis gadawyvetaSic vlindeba, magram umTavresi swored Sua da gverdiTi navebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxia. zogierT SemTxvevaSi mTavaris xazgasma ufro metad, zogjer ki naklebad xorcieldeba. ZiriTadi saSualeba, riTac urTierTmimarTebis regulireba xdeba aris maTi masStabi-zoma, proporciebi da ganaTeba. bazilikis Sida sivrcis gaazrebaSi naTlad ikveTeba calkeuli arqiteqturuli formebis ritmuli ganawilebis wesi. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sisadavis pirobebSi is ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens da interieris mxatvruli gadawyvetis erT-erT umTavres saSualebad gvevlineba. arqiteqturuli formebis (sayrdeni, pilastri, TaRi, gambrjeni TaRi) ritmuli monacvleoba qmnis Tavisebur sqemas, romelic iseve, rogorc sxva sakiTxebis gadawyveta saqarTvelos bazilikebSi, zomierebis princips efuZneba. erTi da igive formis mravaljerad ganmeorebas adgili ar aqvs. amiT iqmneba Sekruli, erTiani, formaTa ritmuli urTierTSeTanxmebiT agebuli kompozicia. rogorc aRvniSneT, bazilikebSi ganmeorebadi arqiteqturuli forma ramdenimea _ sayrdeni, TaRi, gambrjeni TaRi da pilastri. Tu pirveli sami yvela bazilikaSi gamoiyeneba, pilastri Semdeg bazilikebSia dadasturebuli _ Zveli SuamTa, bolnisis sioni, axSani, vazisubani, natkora, urbnisi, alvani, akura, bodbe, sanagire, yazbegis axal85 cixe, xevis sioni, vere, oTxTaeklesia, parxali, qlivana, itria. yvela es Zegli aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia. dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi pilastri ar gvxvdeba. rogorc vxedavT, pilastri jer kidev V-VI saukuneebis ZeglebSi gamoiyeneba da momdevno xanebSic farTod aris gavrcelebuli. pilastrs aqvs rogorc konstruqciuli, aseve mxatvruli funqcia da interierSi vertikalis xazgasmas uwyobs xels. pilastrebi umetesad Sua navSi, sayrdenebsa da Sua navis kedlebzea. amdenad, am bazilikebSi sayrdens gegmaSi T-s an jvris forma aqvs. gamonaklesia sanagires, veres, itriis bazilikebi, sadac pilastri sayrdenis impostidan iwyeba. gverdiT navebSi pilastri urbnisis, oTxTaeklesiis da parxalis bazilikebSia, sadac isini erTmaneTs TaRebiT ukavSirdeba. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi calkeul ZeglebSi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli elementi, rogoricaa dekoraciuli TaRedi, dekoraciuli naxevarkolona da lavgardani. pirveli maTgani gvxvdeba matanis (araTavdapirveli), zedazenis bazilikebis Sua navSi. akuras bazilikaSi aguris naxevarkolonebi pilastris orive mxares aris moTavsebuli. lavgardani gamoyenebulia sefietis bazilikaSi, sadac is CrdiloeT, dasavleT da samxreT kedlebs or rigad, xolo sakurTxevlis afsidas erT rigad Semohyveba. sagulisxmoa, rom interierSi horizontalis xazgasma saqarTvelos ZeglebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli da sefieTi am mxriv gamonaklisia. Tumca lavgardani ganTiadis da ufliscixis bazilikebSic gvxvdeba, magram mxolod afsidis konqis fuZesTan. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis interieri ZiriTadad xalvaTi, erTiani sivrcis Seqmnis, ver86 tikaluri formebis xazgasmis, mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli nawilebis urTierTSeTanxmebis principzea agebuli. mas sisadave da lakonuriba axasiaTebs. Sida sivrcis mxatvrul saxes, umTavresad, arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli elementebis plastikuri gamomsaxveloba da maTi ritmuli ganawilebis wesi gansazRvravs. 19. interieris da eqsterieris urTierTdamokidebuleba. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi interieris da eqsterieris urTierTdamokidebulebis ganxilvisas SevexebiT ramdenime sakiTxs: a/Sida sivrcis sam navad danawevrebis asaxva gare masebSi. b/sakurTxevlis afsida _ aRmosavleT fasadi. g/damatebiTi sivrcobriv-moculobiTi formebi eqsterierSi. d/eqsterieris xasiaTi. e/interierisa da eqsterieris urTierTSesabamisoba. a/saqarTvelos im samnavian bazilikebSi, sadac gadaxurva SemorCenilia, gamoiyeneba oTxferda saxuravi (ix. cxrili #13). Sua navs orferda, xolo gverdiTebs calferda saxuravi aqvs. erTaderTi gamonaklisia bolnisis sioni, sadac samive navi orferda saxuravis qveS aris moqceuli. gadaxurvis aseTi gadawyveta XVII saukunis remontis droindelia. aRsaniSnavia, rom CrdiloeT da samxreT galereebs damoukidebeli calferda saxuravi aqvs. amitom eqsterierSi mainc iqmneba oTxferda nagebobis silueti. amdenad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi interierSi sam navad dayofa gare masebSi oTxferda gadaxurvaSi aisaxeba. amasTan ganirCeva rogorc Sida sivrcis Semadgeneli sami ZiriTadi nawili (sami navi), aseve maTi proporciuli urTierTdamokidebuleba. 87 b/sakurTxevlis afsida aRmosavleT fasadze sarkmlis an sarkmlebis saSualebiT ixsneba. amas garda, zogierT SemTxvevaSi moculobiTi formiT gamoiyofa niSebis an Sverilis saxiT (ix. cxrili #13). aRricxuli bazilikebidan 27 ZeglSi afsida gegmis swirkuTxedSia Cawerili. amaTgan sam, rkonis, veres da itriis bazilikebSi niSebiT gamoiyofa. Sverili afsida 14 bazilikaSia. bolnisis sionis, sefieTis bodbis da sanagires afsidebi naxevarwriuli, danarCeni xuTwaxnaga formisaa (ix. cxrili #13). gamorCeulia alahaZe, sadac afsida Svidwaxnagaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos yvela bazilika Sverilafsidiania. g/pastoforiumebi bazilikebSi umetesad gegmis sworkuTxedSia Cawerili. aRmosavleT fasadze Sverili saxiT gamodis mxolod ganTiadis, bodbis da sanagires pastoforiumebi. iSviaTad es saTavsebi grZiv fasadebzec aris gamoweuli. amis magaliTia anCisxatis CrdiloeTi da ganTiadis orive saTavsi. aRsaniSnavia Warebis bazilikis iregularuli formis CrdiloeTi saTavsi, romlis moxazuloba eqsterierSic aris gamovlenili. pastoforiumebis sarkmlebi, rogorc wesi, aRmosavleT fasadzea gaWrili. rig SemTxvevebSi pastoforiumis sarkmlebi CrdiloeT da samxreT fasadzec gadis. zogierTi bazilikis eqsterierSi damoukidebeli gadaxurvis mqone moculobiTi formaa (ix. cxrili #13), rogoricaa dasavleTi navi Zvel SuamTasa da matanSi, garSemosavleli vazisubansa da axSanSi, Ria galereebi da sanaTlavi bolnisis sionSi, aseve Zeglis Tanadrouli an Semdgomi xanis karibWeebi. aRniSnuli Zeglebis eqsterierSi sami naviT Seqmnil erTian struqturas erwymis damatebiTi moculobiTi forma (Sverili afsida da pastoforiumebi, dasav88 leTi navi, galerea, garSemosavleli, karibWe), romelic konkretuli Zeglis gare masebis Tavisebur gadawyvetas ganapirobebs. d/saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi eqsterieri, iseve rogorc interieri, sisadaviT xasiaTdeba. martivi reliefuri morTulobis motivebi amkobs sarkmlis da Sesaslelis sapireebs. zogierT ZeglSi morTulobis es elementebic ar aris dadasturebuli. Tavisi gaformebiT gamoirCeva bolnisis sioni, romlis galereebis svetisTavebi reliefebiT aris Semkuli. gamorCeulia oTxTaeklesia da parxali, sadac reliefuri morTulobis garda gamoyenebulia TaRedi, romelic anawevrebs kedlis sibrtyes, garkveul ritms qmnis da eqsterieris mxatvruli saxis SeqmnaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom am sam ZeglSi eqsterierSi gamoyenebuli elementebi (svetisTavebi, TaRedi) nagebobis interierSic gvxvdeba. Semkulia aseve veres da sanagires fasadebi. X da XI saukunis dasawyisis bazilikebSi fasadebis gaformebisadmi meti yuradReba, uTuod, epoqis damaxasiaTebel niSnad unda miviCnioT. e/aRricxul bazilikebSi interiersa da eqsteriers Soris, ZiriTadad, organuli kavSiri da arqiteqturul formaTa urTierTSeTanxmeba aRiniSneba. saerTo xasiaTi rogorc interierSi, aseve fasadebis gadawyvetisas sisadavis, lakonizmis, zomierebis, konstruqciuli formebis gamomsaxvelobis princips efuZneba. V-VII saukuneebis rig ZeglebSi Sida sivrce eqsterierTan SedarebiT arqiteqturuli formebis organizaciis da morTulobis meti mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. zogadad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebis gare masebis simetriulobisa da calkeul nawilTa gawonasworebis principi dacu89 lia. am mxriv Warebis bazilikis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi nawilis asimetriuloba gamonaklisad aRiqmeba. amrigad, saqarTvelos samnavin bazilikebSi Sida sivrcis da gare masebis gadawyvetaSi mWidro urTierTkavSiri aRiniSneba. bazilikis samive navi, rig ZeglebSi dasavleTi navi, galerea, garSemosavleli eqsterierSi sivrcobriv-moculobiT asaxvas hpovebs. sakurTxevlis afsida da pastoforiumebi eqsterierSi zogierT SemTxvevaSi Sverilis saxiT ikiTxeba, xolo patronike da samalavebi gare masebSi damoukidebel moculobiT formas ar qmnis. amdenad, saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi Sida sivrcis da gare masebis gadawyveta srul SesabamisobaSia. interieris da eqsterieris agebis principi erTian arqiteqturul koncefcias emorCileba, rac vlindeba rogorc formaTa SesatyvisobaSi, aseve maTi mxatvruli saxis mTlianobaSi. 20. sxva bazilikebisagan ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebebi. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis statistikurtipologiuri aRricxvis dros SevecadeT gamogveyo TiToeuli ZeglisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gegmarebis, arqiteqturuli formis gadawyvetis Tu morTulobis is Taviseburebebi, romlebic maT sxva bazilikebisagan gamoarCevs. #14 cxrili met-naklebi sisruliT asaxavs am informacias. amdenad maTi ganxilvisas ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs SevexebiT. #14 cxrilis mixedviT gegmarebis TvalsazrisiT gamoirCeva: erTiani afsidiT dabolovebuli sami navi alahaZeSi; dasavleTi navi noqalaqevis, Zveli SuamTis, matanis, vaSnaris, ormocmowameTas bazilikebSi; narteqsi ganTiadsa da bodbeSi; galereebi bolnisis sionSi; 90 garSemosavleli vazisubansa da axSanSi; kedliT gamijnuli samxreTi navi matanSi; sanaTlavisaTvis calke saTavsis gamoyofa bolnisis sionis, vaSnaris, JaleTis bazilikebSi (sanaTlavi unda iyos arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenili anCisxatis samxreT-dasavleTi saTavsic. ix. gverdwiTeli, 1966:37-42); gegmis sworkuTxedidan grZivi fasadebis mxares gamoweuli anCisxatis CrdiloeTi da ganTiadis orive saTavsi. Sida sivrcis gadawyvetaSi aRiniSneba Semdegi Taviseburebebi: orsarTuliani gverdiTi navebi sefieTSi, kedliT or nawilad gayofili CrdiloeTi navi da mis meore sarTulze mowyobili samalavi akuraSi, patronike sanagireSi, oTxTaeklesisa da parxalSi, ornawiliani pastoforiumebi oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSi, Sua navis mimarT perpendikularuli kamarebiani gaverdiTi navebi vereSi. morTulobis mxriv gamorCeulia biWvintis, bolnisis sionis, xaSmis, vaSnaris, TianeTis sionis, JaleTis bazilikebi. aRsaniSnavia yru TaRebis gamoyeneba matanis, urbnisis (gviandelia), zedazenis, oTxTaeklesiis da parxalis interierSi. oTxTaeklesia da parxali gamorCeulia fasadebis TaRediT SemkobiT. interierSi lavgardani gamoiyeneba sefieTis ganTiadis da erTaderT kldeSi nakveT ufliscixis bazilikaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sam bazilikaSi wmindanTa saZvaleebia. xirsaSi stefan xirselis, zedazenSi ioane zedaznelis, bodbeSi wminda ninos gansasvenebelia. amrigad, bazilikebis gegmarebaSi Taviseburebebi ZiriTadad V-VI saukuneebis ZeglebSi aRiniSneba. Semdgom bazilikis ukve damkvidrebuli tipi gegmarebis mxriv cvlilebebs aRar ganicdis. Sida sivrcis gadawyvetaSi aRniSnuli Taviseburebebi mxatvruli Tu arqiteqturu91 li TvalsazrisiT met-naklebi mniSvnelobisaa da loklur xasiaTs atarebs. sagulisxmoa, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli Taviseburebebi gamonaklisad bazilikebTan mimarTebaSi aRiqmeba (mag.: galerea, garSemosavleli, patronike, wriuli sarkmeli), xolo saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis sxva arqiteqturul tipebTan Sedarebisas bevri paraleli eZebneba. 92 cxrilebi saqarTvelos sa mnaviani bazilikebis samnaviani monacemebis Sesaxeb 93 94 V-VIss. 1.nastakisi 2.xaSmi Vs. 1.biWvinta 2.bolnisi 3.matani 4.noqalaqevi 5.sefieTi 6.cixisZiri 7.Zv.SuamTa 1. rkoni (VIIs.) 1.anCisxati 2.axSani 3.alahaZe 4.ganTiadi 5.vazisubani 6.vaSnari 7.kondoli 8.natkora 9.ormocmowameTa 10.urbnisi 11.ufliscixe 12.xirsa VIs. 1.zedazeni 2.alvani 3.TianeTi 4.revazaSeni VIII-IXss. 1.akura 2.bodbe 3.qvabixevi IXs. 1.JaleTi 2.yazbegis axalcixe 3.yvelaanTubani 4.xevis sioni IX-Xss. 1.vere 2.oTxTaeklesia 3.parxali 4.urTa 5.sanagire 6.kvirikewminda X-XIss. 1.qlivana 2.Warebi 3.itria XIIIXVIIIss. cxrili # 1 95 8.areSi 9.eruSeTi 10.niqozi 11.sveticxoveli 12.caiSi 3.akaurTa 13.zRuderi 14.Telavis RvTaeba 15.Ti-qilisa 16.kurdRelauri 17.nunisi 18.wilkani 19.wyarosTavi 5.esbeki 6.korinTa 7.lopotisxevi 8.mosabruni 4.parexTa 5.qobTavi 7.zeda Tmogvi 8.sveti 4.ilemi 5.mukuzanis sveticxoveli 6.noste 7.sifTaqSeni 96 biWvinta bolnisi matani noqalaqevi sefieTi cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa nastakisi xaSmi anCisxati alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli natkora ormocmowamaTa urbnisi ufliscixe 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Zegli 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 # VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.ImeoT. VIs. VIs. Vs. 478-493ww Vs. Sua Vs. Sua Vs. IInax Vs. Vs. V-VIss. V-VIss. TariRi kargi gegma ikiTxeba nawilobr.dazianeba kamarebCamoqceulia nawilobr.dazianeba cudi nawilobr.dazianeba cudi kargi kargi cudi gegma ikiTxeba kargi kargi gegma ikiTxeba nawilobr.dazianeba gegma ikiTxeba kargi cudi, VIIIs-daingra nawilobr.dazianeba daculobis done samSeneblo periodebi _ VIII, XIV, XVII VIII-IX,XV-XVII _ ramdenime _ mogvian.minaSeni VI-VII samekl. VII-VIII,IX,XIVXV,XVI,XVIII XVII,XIX _ XI-XIII,XV-XVI IX XIX _ XVII,XIX X, XII, XIV VIII-IXXVI-XVII IX-X,XVII _ 1958-74ww,1986-87ww. arq.g.1970-71ww. _ 1971w,198081ww. 1951-52ww- gadaxurva arq.g.1949 _ _ 1977w. 1953-66ww, 1981-81ww arq.g.1957w,1974-75,1987ww. arq.g.1952-73ww, 1982-84ww 1936-40ww,1970-86ww 1986-87ww arq.g.1975-77ww 1971gadaixura1987gaiwmin. arq.g.1961-62ww,1982w. 1971-76 arq.g.1980-82,kons.1985-86 1982w. XXs-is restavracia cxrili # 2 97 revazaSeni akura bodbe qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia parxali urTa sanagire kvirikewmin-da 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 qlivana 41 Warebi 42 itria xirsa rkoni zedazeni alvani TianeTi 21 22 23 24 25 cudi kargi kargi kargi kamarebCamoqceulia kargi cudi kargi cudi kargi kargi nawilobr.dazianeba nawilobr.dazianeba kamarebCamoqceulia nawilobr.dazianeba kargi kargi nawilobr.dazianeba kamarebCamoqceulia XIII-XIVss kamarebCamoqceulia XIII-XIVss kamarebCamoqceulia XVIs. kargi VIII-IXss. 855w. IXs IXs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. Xs. Xs.IInax. Xs.IInax. Xs. XIs.dasw. XIs. VIs. VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. XIX _ _ _ XVI XVII,XIX _ _ _ _ _ XI _ XV-XVI _ XIII XVII VIII-IX,XI,XVI XIII-karibWe IXkaribWe,XVIII XVI _ 1950-53ww 1972-75ww,1986w gaiwminda 1938w,1950-53ww,1972-80-82ww 1971-74-75ww arq.g.1951w, 1967w-Ria cis qveS muzeumSi _ 1970-76ww. 1995w. 1986-87ww 1958w.1961-62ww. _ _ 1968w. 60-iani ww,1990-91-gaiwmin. _ _ _ Sedgenilia proeqti 1991w..miwisZvriT dazianda _ _ 1980-81ww gaiwminda 98 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 # biWvinta bolnisi matani noqalaqevi sefieTi cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa nastakisi xaSmi anCisxati alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli natkora ormocmowamaTa urbnisi ufliscixe Zegli Vs. 478-493ww Vs. Sua Vs. Sua Vs. IInax Vs. Vs. V-VIss. V-VIss. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.ImeoT. VIs. VIs. TariRi 90-110 130-160 80 110 110 110-120 70 100 130-140 115 150-180 70 95 105 130 70-130 100 100 110 120 kedlis sisqe (sm) 28,30 27,80 9,60 26,60 14,60 33 10,8 16,67 25,20 21,50 37,40 13,80 20,10 18,70 21,2 19,30 22 17,9 32 _ sigrZe S1 (m) 13,60m 24,50m 8,80 14,6 12,40 17,80 8,90 10 14 13,60 14,20 10,40 15,30 10,50 16,20 9,60 14,20 12 15 _ sigane S2 (m) eqsterieri 2,08 1,13 1,09 1,8 1,2 1,8 1,1 1,6 1,8 1,5 2,6 1,3 1,3 1,75 1,3 2 1,5 1,5 2,1 _ S1 S2 18 21,50 6 20 8 80 26 7,40 9,60 19,50 16 27 8,80 12,50 13 15,40 14 16,50 13 25 12,80 sigrZe S1 (m) 12 13,50 7,20 13 10,20 16 7,20 8 11,30 10 11,20 9 13,20 8,80 14,40 7,80 9,30 10 12,80 17 sigane S2 (m) interieri 1,5 1,6 0,8 1,2 0,8 1,6 1,02 1,2 1,7 1,6 2,4 0,9 0,9 1,4 1,05 1,8 1,8 1,3 1,96 0,7 S1 S2 0,9 1 1,1 0,9 0,5 0,57 0,9 0,9 0,9 0,8 1 0,5 0,9 S h 1,1 L h cxrili # 3 99 xirsa rkoni zedazeni alvani TianeTi revazaSeni akura bodbe qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia parxali urTa sanagire kvirikewminda qlivana Warebi itria 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 VIs. VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. 855w. IXs. IXs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. Xs. Xs.IInax. Xs.IInax. Xs. XIs.dasw. XIs. XIIIXIVss XIIIXIVss XVIs. 140 90 100 80 80-100 90 105-120 80 110 80 75-90 90 100 80 90 100 75-95 80 _ 100-120 75 110 18,70 14 13,40 9,60 12 11,50 18 17 10,31 13,70 8,10 9,8 12,70 11,70 8,80 11 12,10 17 11,50 9,50 17 12 14,20 16 28,50 27 15,65 20,40 10,75 14 11,80 12 13 12,50 9,80 31 18,50 13 14 14,30 1,3 1,4 1,1 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,5 1,4 1,3 1,4 1,3 1 0,9 1,5 1 2,60 1,5 1 1,15 1,4 10,70 10,75 8 11,30 6,50 7,80 12,50 6,80 10,60 9,80 10,20 _ 15 15 10,70 10 7,20 8,40 10 10 10,5 11,50 10,50 7,50 8,60 _ 19,50 20 10,25 8 5,20 11,80 8 25 13,20 8,30 9,20 8,50 1 1,2 1,1 1 1,3 0,8 1,23 1,3 1,3 1 0,8 0,7 1,4 0,8 2,5 1,2 0,7 0,8 1,1 0,8 1 0,9 0,9 1,2 1,2 1 1,1 1 1,3 1 1 1 0,8 0,8 0,7 1,2 0,9 100 VIs.ImeoT. VIs. 19 urbnisi 6,2 3,5 3,5 8,5 VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs. 6,8 4,45 VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. 3,5 3,8 VIs. VIs.IInax. 4,38 4,3 VIs.dasw. 3,15 V-VIss. 3 8 4,8 6,8 2,9 5,9 6,20 2, 1,15 1,4 2,3 1,4 2,5 1,8 2,2 1,77-Cr. 2,04-sam. 2,15 1,5 1,4 2,75 1,7 2 1,35-Cr. 1,7-samx. 2@,95 2,30-Cr. 2,39-sam. 2,2 3,1 2,5 3,7 3,1 2,7 2,1 1,59 2,5 2,14 2 2,1 2,1 2,9 2,8 3,4 2,1 1,7 2 2,7 _ _ _ 14,3 _ 7,75 _ 8 _ 10,6 _ 6,3 _ 8,35 _ 6,8 11 _ 9,4 7,5 4,9 5 6,6 3,75 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5,75 3,2 _ 1,9 _ 1,5 _ _ _ 1,6 _ _ 1,6 _ 1,7 _ 1,4 _ 2,1 1,1 _ 2,3 _ 2,2 _ _ _ 2,1 _ _ 2,4 _ 2,1 _ 1,7 _ 2,3 1,8 navebis sigane -L(m) (m) - L navebis navebissimaRle simaRle (m)-h- h h1 L1 Sua Sua gverdigverdi- h1 L2 L2 h2 Ti L2 h1 L1 Ti h2 V-VIss. Vs. 16 kondoli 17 natkora 18 ormocmowamaTa 14 vazisubani 15 vaSnari 11 alahaZe 12 axSani 13 ganTiadi 10 anCisxati 8 nastakisi 9 xaSmi 6 cixisZiri 7 Zveli SuamTa Vs. Vs Sua Vs. IInax 5 sefieTi 4 noqalaqevi 3 478-493ww Vs. Sua Vs. matani biWvinta TariRi 2 bolnisi 1 # Zegli hSecvlilia zomebiSecvl. hSecvlilia hSecvlilia gv.nav.2sarT. das.nav.LL-3,8m das.navis L-2m hSecvlilia SeniSvna cxrili # 4 101 IX-Xss. IX-Xss. 34 vere 35 oTxTaeklesia 36 parxali 7,5 7,5 Xs. Xs.IInax. Xs.IInax. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. 3,3 4,25 IXs. 32 yvelaanTubani 33 xevis sioni 3,3 IXs. 4,2 5,3 28 bodbe 855w. 29 qvabisxevi 30 JaleTi 31 yazbegi 27 akura VIII-IXss. 26 revazaSeni 2,8 2,8 2,1 1,6 1,2 2,7-Cr. 1,7-samx. 2 1,5-Cr. 1,3-samx. 2,8 2,25 VIIIs.IInax. 5,3 VIII-IXss. 4,2 2,4 2,3 VIII-IXss. 25 3 1,4 4,6 VIIs. 6,5 5,2 VIs. VIs. TianeTi 24 alvani 22 rkoni 23 zedazeni 20 ufliscixe 21 xirsa 2,6 2 2,6 2 2 2,7 1,9 2,1 2,1 2,2 2,6 1,8 1,8 2 3,7 2,1 19,5 19 _ _ 11m 10,7 _ 10 8,8 10 _ _ _ 2,1 1,5 1,6 1,6 _ _ 11,67 11,82 _ _ 1,6 1,5 _ _ 5,25-Cr. 2 7,5-samx 1,4 6,5 1,6 _ 4.6 5,6-Cr. 5-samx. 6 _ _ 2,6 2,5 _ _ 2,8 2 _ 1,8 2 2,1 _ _ hSecvlilia Cr.nav. zeviT samalavi hSecvlilia 102 Vs. Vs. V-VIss. V-VIss. cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa nastakisi xaSmi 6 7 natkora ormocmowamaTa urbnisi ufliscixe 17 18 19 20 16 anCisxati alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli 10 11 12 13 14 15 9 8 5 VIs. VIs.ImeoT. VIs. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs. VIs.dasw. Vs. 478-493ww Vs. Sua Vs. Sua Vs. IInax biWvinta bolnisi matani noqalaqevi sefieTi 1 2 3 4 TariRi Zegli # 3wy 2an3 4wy 2wy 3wy 5wy 2wy 4wy 2wy 3wy 2wy 4wy _ 1wy 3wy 5wy 5wy 1wy 2wy 3wy rao den. jvriseb _ jvriseb jvriseb sworkuTxa jvriseb swork T-s kvadrat T-s kvadrat swork _ T-s jvriseb _ jvriseb kvadrat kvadrat kvadrat forma naliseb _ naliseb naliseb _ _ naliseb naxevarw naliseb _ naxevarw naliseb _ naxevarw _ _ naliseb naxevarw _ naxevarw TaRis forma TaRi 3,15m _ 3,3m 3,4m 4,3m 2,8m 2m 2,4m 1,6m 3,3m 1,8m 2,6m 1,5m 2,1 _ _ 1,8m 1,8 1m 3,4 4,3 1,4m 2 3m 0,6 1m 2,4 0,8m 2 1,4m 2,3 0,7m 2,4 1,5m 1,7 _ _ _ 1,4m 1,2m 1,17 1,6m 1,3m 1,3 2,45m 1,75m 1,4 L1 2,1m 2,4m 1,3m 4m 1,25m L1 L2 L2 0,8m 2,6 1,35m 1,77 0,8m 1,6 1m 4 1,1m 1,1 sayr sigane-L _ 6,6m _ _ 3,5m 2,2m _ h1 _ 8,5m 2,4m _ 2,5m 2,2m _ 2,6m _ _ 4,3m _ _ 1,8m 1,5m _ _ 1,5 _ _ 2 1,4 _ sam.TaRebi amoSeneb. 1 wy.jvris TaRebi dadableb. 2wy.wriul I sarT II sarT SeniSvna cxrili # 5 h1 h2 h2 _ _ 6,5m 1,3 1,75m 1,4 _ _ 1,7m 1,4 1,4m 1,5 _ _ 1,5m 1,7 _ _ simaRle-h TaRi sayrdeni sayr 103 itria 42 41 XVIs. XIs. XIII-XIVss XIII-XIVss XIs.dasw. sanagire kvirikewminda qlivana Warebi Xs. Xs.IInax. urTa parxali Xs. Xs.IInax. IXs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia VIs. VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. 855w. IXs. xirsa rkoni zedazeni alvani TianeTi revazaSeni akura bodbe 39 40 38 37 36 35 34 33 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 2wy 1wy 2wy 2wy 1wy 3wy 4wy 2wy 4wy 1wy _ 2wy 2wy 2wy 4wy 2wy 2wy 2wy 2wy 1wy 1 1wy jvriseb kvadrat aR-kvad. d-wr. kvadrat wriuli, rvawaxn. jvriseb kvadrat rvawaxn kvadrat kvadrat T-s kvadrat _ T-s swork T-s T-s jvriseb kvadrat jvriseb wriuli naxevarw naxevarw _ naxevarw naxevarw naxevarw Seisr. naxevarw Seisr. naxevarw _ naxevarw naxevarw naxevarw naliseb _ naxevarw naliseb naxevarw _ 0,8m 1m 2m 2,5m 2m 2,5 4,3 3,8m 1,8m 1,8m 3m 0,7m 3,4m 1,2m 2,6m 0,8m 0,45m 3m 0 75m 3,2 7,2 4 2,8 2,1 1 4,2 2,5 2 2,4 0,7m 1,6m 0,04 4,3m 2,7 2,6m 1,5 0,7m 1,5m 0,04 4m 2,7 2,1m 1,4 0,4m 1,7m 2 1,2m 2,8 1,1m 1,6 1,4m 1,6 0,75m 3,3 0,6m 3 1,6m 1,8 1,3m 1,4 1,75m 3,5m 3,4m 1,8m 2,25m 2,5m 1,8m 3m 1,8m 2,4m 1,5 2,7m _ 4,4m 6m 2 1,7m 1,5 _ _ 2,7m 1,6 3m 9,37m 6,7m 1,4 8,94m 1,3 8,83m 1,3 8,11m 3,6m 1,25m 1,8 _ _ 2,3m 1,7 _ 3,7m _ _ _ 2,75m 1,8 2,1m 1,6 2,8m 1,4 _ _ 6,2m _ _ 5m 3,4m 4m _ ori saxis sayrdeni ori saxis sayrdeni 1-swork. 104 biWvinta bolnisi matani noqalaqevi sefieTi cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa nastakisi xaSmi anCisxati alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli natkora ormocmowamaTa urbnisi 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Zegli 1 2 3 # VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.ImeoT. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. V-VIss. V-VIss. Vs. Vs. Vs. Sua Vs. IInax Vs. 478-493ww Vs. Sua TariRi ar aris aris ar aris aris aris ar aris aris Camoqc. aris ar aris aris ar aris aris ar aris aris ar aris aris aris gadaxurva gumbT. XVIIs XVIIs. aRdgenilia XVIIs gadakeTeba naxevarwr. naxevarwr. naxevarwr. wris meoTx elifsuri elifsuri elifsuri elifsuri Seisruli elifsuri naxevarw. naxevarwr. jvruli wris meoTx elifsuri sam.navis cenSi gumb. gverd. navi Seisruli elifsuri naxevarwr. Seisruli jvrul.TaRi elifsuri Sua navi kamaris forma 4- 4- 4 3,C-2,s-3 2-1-1 6, sam-4 Cr-gumb 1 2, C-1 s-3 5 3 Cr-2 sam-2 das-3 gambrjeni TaRi pilastri konsoli S-pilast. g-konsol konsoli konsoli S-pilast. g-konsol konsoli pilastri konsoli pilastri konsoli cxrili # 6 105 ufliscixe xirsa rkoni zedazeni alvani TianeTi revazaSeni akura bodbe qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia parxali urTa sanagire kvirikewminda qlivana Warebi itria 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 XIII-XIVss XVIs. IXs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. Xs. Xs.IInax. Xs.IInax. Xs. XIs.dasw. XIs. XIII-XIVss IXs. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. 855w. VIs. VIs. VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. Camoqc. aris Camoqc. ar aris aris Camoqc. aris Camoqc. aris aris aris aris Camoqc. Camoqc. aris aris Camoqc. aris aris ar aris aris aris aris gadak. XVIIs SekeT. gumbT gadak. naxevarwr. elifsuri naxevarwr. naxevarwr. elif.perpen odnavSeisr. odnavSeisr. wris meoTx elifsuri naxevarwr. odnavSeisr. naxevarwr. elifsuri naxevarwr. Cr-2jvrul. sam-elifs. elifsuri iregular. wris meoTx naxevarwr. xis gadax. Seisruli naxevarwr. elifsuri naxevarwr. naxevarwr. texiliT iregular. Cr-3 jvrul 2 -2 -2 2 -2 -2 2- 2- 2 2 4- 4- 4 5- 5- 5 2- 1- 1 2- 1- 1 3 2 -2 -2 2 3- 3- 3 3 -2 -2 3 sam-2 2 2 5 3-3 S-pilast. g-konsol konsoli S-pilast. g-konsol pilastri pilastri pilastri pilastri konsoli pilastri S-pilast. g-konsol S-pilast. g-konsol konsoli konsoli S-pilast. g-konsol 106 naliseb V-VIss. VIs.dasw. 9 xaSmi 10 anCisxati 16 kondoli 17 natkora 13 ganTiadi 14 vazisubani 15 vaSnari 11 alahaZe 12 axSani naliseb V-VIss. naliseb VIs. naxevarw VIs. naliseb naxevarw VIs.dasw. naxevarw VIs.IInax. naliseb VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. naxevarw VIs. naxevarw naxevarw Vs. nastakisi 8 naxevarw naliseb Vs. IInax Vs. naliseb naxevarw naxevarw 478-493ww Vs. Sua Vs. Sua naxevarw afsidis forma Vs. TariRi 6 cixisZiri 7 Zveli SuamTa 4 noqalaqevi 5 sefieTi 1 biWvinta 2 bolnisi 3 matani # Zegli _ naxevarw _ naxevarw naxevarw naxevarw _ naliseb naliseb _ naxevarw _ naxevarw _ naxevarw naliseb _ forma _ 7,2m _ 11,7m 6,5m 5,8m _ 9,8m 7,2m _ 5,8m _ 6,6m _ 6,2m 9,25m _ simaR le h _ 3m _ 3,16m 5,4m 3,7m _ 3,85m 4 45m _ 2,5m _ 4,7m _ 2,2m 4,85m _ _ 2,4 _ 3,7 1,2 1,5 _ 2,54 1,6 _ 2,3 _ 1,4 _ 2,8 1,9 _ sigane h:L L satriumfo TaRi Subli 0 _ 0 _ 0 _ + 0 + 0 + + + 0 + _ 0 + + + 0 0 + 0 0 _ 1 _ 1 _ 2 2 2 3 _ 2 _ 1 1 1 1 2 bema m safexuri + _ 0 _ + _ 0 + _ 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 _ 0 _ 0 0 1 Camosaj. qvis rigi 0 calke 0 0 0 _ calke calke calke 0 calke _ calke _ kedel. 0 _ qvis trapezi cxrili # 7 0 1 _ 0 0 1 _ 0 0 _ 0 _ 3 _ 0 1 _ niSa 107 _ naxevarw _ naxevarw naxevarw 41 Warebi 42 itria 39 kvirikewminda 40 qlivana naxevarw naxevarw XVIs. naxevarw XIII-XIVss XIII-XIVss naxevarw naxevarw naxevarw naxevarw naxevarw 6,6m 5m 4m 2,8m 4m 6,5m 6,5 _ 3,6m 3m 3m 4,1m _ 3m 4m 2,1 1,6 1,7 2 2,6 2,7 _ 2,4 2,8 2 2,7 _ 3,2 2,2 2,7 _ 0 + + + + 0 0 0 0 0 0 _ + 0 _ _ 0 0 + _ + + + + 0 0 0 + 0 + + 0 0 + + 0 + + + 0 + 0 8m 3,2m 3,5m _ _ + naliseb _ _ naxevarw 17,5m 18m _ 8,8m 8,5m 6m 10,75 _ 9,7m 8,8m 9,5m 7m _ _ naxevarw Seisrul Seisrul naxevarw naxevarw XIs. 35 oTxTaeklesia Xs.IInax. 36 parxali Xs.IInax. 37 urTa Xs. 38 sanagire XIs.dasw. naxevarw naxevarw 32 yvelaanTubani IX-Xss. 33 xevis sioni IX-Xss. 34 vere Xs. naxevarw naxevarw IX-Xss. naxevarw naxevarw Seisrul naliseb _ naliseb naxevarw naxevarw naxevarw naliseb naxevarw naxevarw IXs. naliseb naxevarw 855w. IXs naxevarw VIII-IXss. naxevarw naliseb VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. naliseb naxevarw VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. naliseb naliseb VIs. VIs. IX-Xss. 30 JaleTi 31 yazbegi 28 bodbe 29 qvabisxevi 26 revazaSeni 27 akura 24 alvani 25 TianeTi 22 rkoni 23 zedazeni 20 ufliscixe 21 xirsa _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 _ 1 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 _ 2 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 _ 0 1 _ 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 calke 0 0 0 0 calke 0 kedel. + calke 0 0 calke 0 calke _ kedel. 0 2 2 1 2 4 4 0 2 0 1 2 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 108 VIs.dasw. anCisxati 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 10 9 VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. V-VIss. V-VIss. nastakisi xaSmi 8 7 alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli natkora Vs. Sua Vs. IInax Vs. Vs. noqalaqevi sefieTi cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa 4 5 6 3 biWvinta bolnisi matani Vs. 478-493ww Vs. Sua TariRi 1 2 # Zegli pastoforiumi 0 + 0 + 0 0 0 + + + 0 0 0 + 0 0 + weswork.afs wesworkuTxa wesworkuTxa kvadratuli C-s C-s 0 C-s C-s C-s Cr Cr. 0 s-+ 0 0 0 saTavsi II sarTulze weswork.afs wesworkuTxa C-0 samxreTi saTavsi weswork.afs snsworkuTxa weswork.afs wesworkuTxa snsworkuTxa wesworkuTxa CrdiloeTi saTavsi kari gv.navSi forma Cr. sakurTxevelSi araTavdap. pastofor. VII-VIIIss. kari iyo aRm-iT samkveTlo araTavdap. sakurT.kari gviandelia SeniSvna cxrili # 8 109 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 VIs.ImeoT. VIs. VIs. VIs. VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. 855w. IXs. IXs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. Xs. Xs.IInax. Xs.IInax. Xs. XIs.dasw. XIs. XIII-XIVss XIII-XIVss XVIs. ormocmowamaTa urbnisi ufliscixe xirsa rkoni zedazeni alvani TianeTi revazaSeni akura bodbe qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia parxali urTa sanagire kvirikewminda qlivana Warebi itria + 0 + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0 0 + + + + + + kvadrat.afs. weswork.afs 0 weswork.afs weswork.afs iregularuli weswork.afs wesworkuTxa snswork.afs. weswork.afs wesworkuTxa snsworkuTxa wesworkuTxa wesworkuTxa snsworkuTxa wesworkuTxa wesworkuTxa wesworkuTxa kvadratuli wesworkuTxa kvadratuli wesworkuTxa weswork.afs kvadrat.afs. wesworkuTxa snsworkuTxa wesworkuTxa wesworkuTxa snsworkuTxa wesworkuTxa wesworkuTxa wesworkuTxa 0 wesworkuTxa snswork.afs. kvadratuli 0 kvadratuli weswork.afs kvadratuli C-s Cr. C-s + 0 + C-s C-s C-s C-s C-s C-s C-s 0 0 0 0 + + + C-s C-s C-s s. C-s + 0 0 0 + C-s sm. C-s 0 0 0 _ C-s C-s Cr. Cr. Cr. Cr. Cr. Cr. ornawil. ornawil. 110 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.ImeoT. V-VIss. V-VIss. nastakisi xaSmi 9 8 7 anCisxati alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli natkora ormocmowamaTa Vs. Sua Vs. IInax Vs. Vs. noqalaqevi sefieTi cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa 4 5 6 3 biWvinta bolnisi matani Vs. 478-493ww Vs. Sua TariRi 1 2 # Zegli das.Cr.sam das.Cr.sam das.Cr.sam das.sam. das.Cr.sam das.Cr.sam das.sam. das.sam. 2 dasavl. das.sam das.Cr.sam das.Cr.sam das.sam. das.Cr.sam das.sam. Cr.sam. das.Cr.sam a/dasavl. b/Crdil. g/samxr. 3 3 3 2 3 5 2 1 2 4 4 2 3 2 2 4 raodenoba Sesasvleli s. d. d. s. d. ds _ d. _ s. d. s-C _ s-C d. Cr s. mTavari kari kari lunetiT _ TaR.gar.swor TaRovani sworkuTxa _ TaRovani _ _ _ TaR.gar.swor _ TaR.gar.swor _ TaR.gar.swor _ kari lunetiT sworkuTxa karis forma (a/TaRovani b/TaRovani, garedan sworkuTxa g/sworkuTxa) gv.sam.karibW gv.garSemos. narTeqsi garSemosav. garSemosav. ar aris narteqsi Ria galerea VIII-IXss das.karibWe das.minaSeni das.gvian.min narTeqsi s-min.CrkarbWE Cr.sam-minaS. XIV-XVss.samx karibWe sam.minaSeni Sesasvlelis win arq.forma Cr.s.2-2kari gv.karibWe Cr.-2kari Cr.s.2-2kari Cr.savaraud Cr-2;d-gviani sam-2 kari SeniSvna cxrili #9 111 XIs.dasw. sanagire 39 40 41 42 38 XIs. XIII-XIVss XIII-XIVss XVIs. Xs. urTa 37 36 kvirikewminda qlivana Warebi itria IXs. IXs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. Xs. Xs.IInax. Xs.IInax. bodbe qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia parxali 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 27 VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. 855w. VIII-IXss. alvani TianeTi revazaSeni akura VIs. VIs. VIs. VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. urbnisi ufliscixe xirsa rkoni zedazeni 25 26 24 23 19 20 21 22 2 2 3 2 5 1 3 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 1 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 das.sam. das.sam. das.Cr.sam das.sam. das.Cr.sam samxreTi das.Cr.sam dasavl. das.sam. dasavl. das.sam. Cr.sam. das.Cr.sam das.Cr.sam das.Cr.sam das.Cr.sam samxreTi das.sam. samxreTi das.Cr.sam samxreTi das.Cr.sam das.sam. samxreTi _ _ s. d. d. s. d. d. s. d. s. C. d. d. s. _ s. s. s. d. s _ d. s. sworkuTxa sworkuTxa TaR.gar.swor TaR.gar.swor TaR.gar.swor _ TaR.gar.swor TaR.gar.swor sworkuTxa sworkuTxa TaR.gar.swor TaRovani sworkuTxa sworkuTxa TaR.gar.swor sworkuTxa _ TaR.gar.swor _ _ TaR.gar.swor TaRovani narTeqsi patronike ar aris das.sam.minaS sam.karibWe ar aris Cr.s.d-minaS. ar aris _ XIIIsdas.karb IXs.sam.karib XVIs.samrek. XVIs.sam.karibWe samreklo _ ar aris das. da samx. karibWeebi das.gv.minaS. ar aris sam.das.minaS ar aris sam.stoa Cr.sam.minaS. das.karibW. das.karibW. das. da sam. karibWeebi das.sam.gvian. sam.karigauq axali-das. Cr.sam.2-2 kari sam.karigauq exlaXVIs sam.karibWe das.kari gviania kari exla Seisrulia sam.-2 kari 112 anCisxati alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli natkora ormocmowamaTa 10 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 13 9 biWvinta bolnisi matani noqalaqevi sefieTi cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa nastakisi xaSmi Zegli 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 # VIs.IInax. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.ImeoT. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. Vs. 478-493ww Vs. Sua Vs. Sua Vs. IInax Vs. Vs. V-VIss. V-VIss. TariRi saerTo samx.(Sua navSi) samx. (gv. navSi) 1 3 2 8 1 18 8 14 2 3 3 3 3 2 5 3 3 3 3 5 5 2 1 21 3 Cr. (Sua navSi) 1 Cr. (gv. navSi) 3 5 1 aRmosavleT 5 8 20 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 1 afsidaSi sarkmlebis raodenoba grZiv kedlebSi ganiv kedlebSi 1 3 3 5 dasavleT TaRovani,gadak. TaRovani TaRovani,parale lurgverdebiani TaRovani naliseb.paralelurgverdebiani TaRov,sworkuTx. TaRovani sarkmlis forma cxrili # 10 113 37 38 39 40 41 42 36 35 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 urTa sanagire kvirikewminda qlivana Warebi itria parxali urbnisi ufliscixe xirsa rkoni zedazeni alvani TianeTi revazaSeni akura bodbe qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia Xs. XIs.dasw. XIs. XIII-XIVss XIII-XIVss XVIs. Xs.IInax. VIs. VIs. VIs. VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. 855w. IXs. IXs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. Xs. Xs.IInax. 4 23 6 8 11 19 52 68 6 4 13 8 10 3 1 2 3 3 12 2 3 2 7 5 5 7 2 2 2 1 2 5 3 2 3 1 2 3 2 7 6 5 7 3 5 1 2 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 13-3 6 4 12-1 2 5 4 3 7 4 3 4 6 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 1 6 5 7 1 3 26 6 1 1 2 1 1 1 10-1 3 6 5-3 2 3 3 3 1 1 3 TaRovani,wriuli TaRovani,wriuli TaRov,sworkuTx. TaRovani TaRovani TaRovani TaRovani, wriuli sworkuTxa TaRovani TaRovani TaRovani TaRov,sworkuTx. TaRovani TaRovani, wriuli TaRovani TaRovani TaRov,sworkuTx. TaRovani 114 Zegli biWvinta bolnisi matani noqalaqevi sefieTi cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa nastakisi xaSmi anCisxati alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli natkora ormocmowamaTa urbnisi # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Vs. 478-493ww Vs. Sua Vs. Sua Vs. IInax Vs. Vs. V-VIss. V-VIss. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.ImeoT. VIs. TariRi Sua navSi 3 4 1 3 3 10 2 2 4 10 1 2 CrdiloeT navSi 4 1 1 samxreT navSi 3 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 samkveTloSi sarkmlebis raodenoba 1 1 1 2 sadiakvneSi 11,5 29,8 11 8,8 7 2 10,6 8,2 S1:S2 Secvlilia XVIIs-Si gv.navebSi 2 iarusad 3 sark. amoSenebuli samalavebSi 1-1 sark nawilobriv Secvl. nawilobriv Secvl. Secvlilia XVIIs-Si SeniSvna cxrili # 11 115 ufliscixe xirsa rkoni zedazeni alvani TianeTi revazaSeni akura bodbe qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia parxali urTa sanagire kvirikewminda qlivana Warebi itria VIs. VIs. VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. 855w. IXs. IXs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. Xs. Xs.IInax. Xs.IInax. Xs. XIs.dasw. XIs. XIII-XIVss XIII-XIVss XVIs. 2 2 5 4 3 1 1 1 3 3 6 7 10 1 1_1 1_1 15 14 15 14 15 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 1 2 3 2 S1-interieris farTobi; S2-Riadebis farTobi 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 1 1 1_1 1_1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 7,1 9,2 7,3 12 17,5 30,7 27 10,8 14,7 16 21 sakurT.Sublze 1sar sakurT.Sublze 1sar samalavebSi 1-1 sark sarkm._2-3 iarusad sarkm._2-3 iarusad Secvlilia samalavebSi 4 sark. Secvlilia XVIIs-Si forma zogan Secvl. gadakeTebulia Secvlilia 116 biWvinta bolnisi matani noqalaqevi sefieTi cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa nastakisi xaSmi anCisxati alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli natkora ormocmowamaTa urbnisi ufliscixe xirsa rkoni zedazeni alvani 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Zegli 1 # VIIIs.IInax. VIII-IXss. VIs. VIIs. 478-493ww Vs. Sua Vs. Sua Vs. IInax Vs. Vs. V-VIss. V-VIss. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.ImeoT. VIs. VIs. Vs. TariRi pilast-is kapit.frag. ionuri reliefiani reliefiani kapiteli svetisTavi Tar.cer. profil. Taro cerobi Tar.cer. cerobi cerobi Taro Tar.cer. Tar.cer. Tar.cer. cerobi Tar.cer. imposti jvrul. kvadr. jvrul. jvrul. kvadr. kvadr. kvadratuli jvrul. baza reliefuri filebi figuraluri gamosaxulebiT varduli afsidaSi 4 ferw. jvari marmarilos dekoris fragm. XVIIs saxateebi,salxinobeli kvadr.svetis Ziris naSTi iatakis mozaikis,marmarilos inkrustaciis fragmentebi. jvrebis gamosaxulebebi dekoraciuli morTuloba cxrili # 12 117 TianeTi revazaSeni akura bodbe qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia parxali urTa sanagire kvirikewminda qlivana Warebi itria 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Xs. XIs.dasw. XIs. XIII-XIVss XIII-XIVss XVIs. Xs.IInax. Xs.IInax. IX-Xss. Xs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. 855w. IXs. IXs. IX-Xss. profil. varduleb. rvawaxnaga iribgverd. reliefiani swork. kubis formis reliefiani fila samx.Sesavlelis Tavze. lilvebiani sveti samx. stoaSi. relief. fila wm.stefanes ga mosaxulebiT. qvis sanaTlavi reliefebiT. aguris dek.pilastrebi wriuli reliefebiT Semkuli filebi profil. saxateebi geomt.xazulibiani reliefuri fila wyobaSi. Taro sakurTx.niSebis CuqurTmiani cerobze sapireebi.gviani saxateebi. rTul wriuli sakurTx. niSebis CuqurTmaSi profiserafimis da svimon mesvetis liani gamosaxul. gviani saxateebi, episkoposis savarZeli. CuqurTmiani saxateebi lilvian. gviani saxateebi profil 3 reliefuri jvari afsidaSi Tar.cer. aR-wr. das. kvadratuli Tar.cer. Tar.cer. Tar.cer. Taro cerobze Tar.cer. Tar.cer. 118 biWvinta bolnisi matani noqalaqevi sefieTi cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa nastakisi xaSmi anCisxati alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli natkora ormocmowamaTa urbnisi 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Zegli 1 2 # Vs. Sua Vs. Sua Vs. IInax Vs. Vs. V-VIss. V-VIss. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.ImeoT. VIs. Vs. 478-493ww TariRi oTxkalTa _ oTxkalTa _ oTxkalTa _ oTxkalTa oTxkalTa _ oTxkalTa _ oTxkalTa _ oTxkalTa _ _ oTxkalTa _ orkalTa gadaxurva gegm. swor-Si Sver.xuTwaxn. Sver.naxevawr. Sver.xuTwaxn. gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si Sver.Svidwaxn. gegm. swor-Si Sver.xuTwaxn. gegm. swor-Si. Sver.xuTwaxn. gegm. swor-Si. gegm. swor-Si Sver.xuTwaxn. gegm. swor-Si sakurTxevlis afsida (Sverili, gegmis sworkuTxedSi) Sver.naxevarw. Sver.naxevarw. gadakeT.gumbaTianad gadaxurva _ XVIIs. gviani garSemos.gadax gviani sam.karib.gadax gadaxurva _ XVIIs. samkv.nawl garSemos. gviani Cr.karib. gadax gviani das.minS.gadax. gviani das.karib.gadax gadaxurva _ XVIIs. SeniSvna das.navs afsidas, galereebs das.navs damoukidebeli gadaxurva cxrili # 13 119 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 ufliscixe xirsa rkoni zedazeni alvani TianeTi revazaSeni akura bodbe qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia parxali urTa sanagire kvirikewminda qlivana Warebi itria VIs. VIs. VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. 855w. IXs. IXs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. Xs. Xs.IInax. Xs.IInax. Xs. XIs.dasw. XIs. XIII-XIVss XIII-XIVss XVIs. _ _ oTxkalTa oTxkalTa oTxkalTa _ oTxkalTa oTxkalTa oTxkalTa oTxkalTa _ oTxkalTa oTxkalTa oTxkalTa _ oTxkalTa oTxkalTa oTxkalTa oTxkalTa oTxkalTa oTxkalTa oTxkalTa oTxkalTa _ gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si Sver.xuTwaxn. gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si Sver.naxevarw. gegm. swor-Si. gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si gegm. swor-Si Sver.naxevarw. Sver.xuTwaxn. gegm. swor-Si Sver.xuTwaxn. gegm. swor-Si afs.samkv. 3Sverils 3Sverils aR.fasadze 2 niSa pastof.-Sver.naxevarw. aR.fasadze 2 niSa gv. das. karib.gadax. gv.das.sam. karib.gadax gviani das.sam.karibWe gadaxurva _ XVIIs. kldeSi nakveTi gadakeT.gumbaTianad aR.fasadze 2 niSa gv.sam.karib.samreklo gv.sam.karib.samreklo 120 biWvinta bolnisi matani noqalaqevi sefieTi cixisZiri Zveli SuamTa nastakisi xaSmi anCisxati alahaZe axSani ganTiadi vazisubani vaSnari kondoli natkora ormocmowamaTa urbnisi ufliscixe xirsa 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Zegli 1 # VIs.IInax. VIs. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.ImeoT. VIs. VIs. VIs. Vs. Sua Vs. IInax Vs. Vs. V-VIss. V-VIss. VIs.dasw. VIs. VIs.IInax. VIs.IInax. Vs. Sua 478-493ww Vs. TariRi kldeSi nakveTi,afs-Si lavgardani das.navi, sakurTx_Si 4 ferw,jvari narteqsi,afs-Si lavgardani,sarkmlebi 2 rigad garSemosavleli das.navi,sanaTlavi,ionuri kapiteli reliefebiani svetisTavebi samkveTlo gamoweuli Cr.fasadze samive navs aR-iT 1 ganieri afsida dasavleTi navi sanaTlavi embazi,iatakis mozaika, marmarilos inkrustacia sanaTlavi, galereebi, reliefebiani svetisTavebi, das.navi, Cr. da das.navebis kedliT gamijvna das.navi, sanaTlavis naSTebi 2sarT.gverd.navebi,lavgardani sxva Zeglebisagan gansxvavebuli Taviseburabebi Cr.-stefan xirselis saZvale gvian.yru TaRedi gv.nav. VII-VIIIss. berZn.warwera gviani garSemosavleli sam.minaS.SesaZ.sanaTlavi VIII-IXssyru TaRedi Sua navSi,sam-gumbT.kamara asomTavruli warwerebi SeniSvna cxrili # 14 121 rkoni zedazeni alvani TianeTi revazaSeni akura bodbe qvabisxevi JaleTi yazbegi yvelaanTubani xevis sioni vere oTxTaeklesia parxali urTa sanagire kvirikewminda qlivana Warebi itria 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 XIII-XIVss XIII-XIVss XVIs. Xs. XIs.dasw. XIs. Xs.IInax. Xs.IInax. IXs. IXs. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. IX-Xss. Xs. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. VIII-IXss. 855w. VIIs. VIIIs.IInax. patronike afsidis Sublze-sarkmeli, sam.Sessvlelis win verZis gamosaxuleba pilastrebi gverdiT navebSi afsidis Sublze_sarkmeli saxateebi afsidis orive mxares Sua navis perpendikularuli gv.navebis kamarebi TaRedi eqsteriersa da interierSi. 2naw.pastofor.sarkmlebi-2iarusad TaRedi eqsteriersa da interierSi. 2naw.pastofor.sarkmlebi-2iarusad reliefebiani qvis sanaTlavi ornawiliani Cr.navi,IIsarT.samalavi. aguris dek.pilastrebi Sua navis kedlebi_usarkmlo reliefebiani svetisTavebi,filebi gverdiT navebSi 1 safx.qvis rigi Sua navSi dek.TaRedi warwera samx.Sesasvlelis Tavze samx.-wm.ninos saZvale gadak.usarkmlo gv.ked. Cr.-ioane zedaznelis saZvale. wyalsacavi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebobis etapebi saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis statistikurtipologiuri aRricxvis meTodiT Seswavlis safuZvelze moZiebuli monacemebis Sejereba saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis maxasiaTeblebis warmoCenis, sxvadasxva periodSi gavrcelebis intensivobis da saxecvlis dadgenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. am masalis qarTuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebis saerTo procesTan mimarTebaSi ganxilva samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebobis etapebebis gansazRvris pirobas qmnis. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi saqarTveloSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg gavrcelda. qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis winaSe dasaxuli axali amocanebis gadawyveta, cxadia, qveyanaSi arsebuli arqiteqturuli potencialis gamoyenebiT ganxorcielda. qristianuli taZris agebis reglamentirebuli moTxovnis pirobebSi, ZiriTadad, swored adgilobrivi samSeneblo potenciali ganapirobebda saqarTveloSi saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis formirebisa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebebs, rac bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis gaazrebaSic aisaxa. sazogadod, arqiteqturuli potencialis raobas, Cveni TvalTaxedviT, ZiriTadad apirobebs qveynis geografiuli Taviseburebebi (landSaftis specifika, adgilobrivi samSeneblo masalebis nairgvaroba, geopolitikuri mdebareobiT ganpirobebuli kulturuli urTierTobebis intensivoba), samSeneblo saqmis ganviTarebis done, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis fsiqotipis Tavisebureba da ideologia. amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos 122 geografiuli Taviseburebani da geopolitikuri mdebareoba, udaod, ganapirobebda samSeneblo saqmis uZvelesi droidan ganviTarebas. xelsayreli, mravalferovani landSafturi da klimaturi pirobebi uxsovari droidan mosaxleobis arsebobis da Sesabamisi samSeneblo saqmianobis ganxorcielebis pirobebs qmnida. amasTan, Zveli civilizaciis kerebTan siaxlove urTierTobis damyarebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda, rac xels uwyobda arqiteqturuli Tu konstruqciuli miRwevebis Tanadroulad aTvisebas da, Sedegad, xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis stimulirebas. saqarTvelos teritoriaze mikvleuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebis simravle da maTi qronologiuri parametrebi, dawyebuli Zv.w. V-IV aTaswleulebis uZvelesi namosaxlarebidan (mag.:Sulaveris gora, aruxlo, imiris gora), [saqarTvelos arqeologia, II:35,48] vidre winareqristianuli xanis qalaquri tipis dasaxlebamde (mag.: mcxeTa, vani, ufliscixe da sxva) [afaqiZe, 1963] utyuarad adasturebs qristianobis miRebis xanisaTvis samSeneblo xelovnebis mravalaTaswliani gamocdilebis arsebobas da sagulisxmo faqtobriv masalas warmoadgens arqiteqturuli memkvidreobiTobis Tu inovaciebis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT. saqarTveloSi qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis sawyisi etapisaTvis arsebuli arqiteqturuli potencialis raobis warmosaCenad, udaod, arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan nagebobaTa gegmarebisa da kompoziciuri gadawyvetis mTliani repertuaris gamovlenas. samwuxarod, ZiriTadad arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili Zeglebis daculobis done, umetes SemTxvevaSi, ar iZleva am sakiTxebis dadgenis SesaZleblobas. Sesabamisad, nagebobaTa fun123 qcionaluri identificirebis da rekonstruqciis cdas, xSirad, hipotetiuri xasiaTi gaaCnia. am TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis iseTi Zeglebi, rogoricaa cixiagora- Zv.w. IV-IIIss [cqitiSvili,2003:11-25], dedoflis mindoris sataZro kompleqsiZv.w. II-Iss [gagoSiZe,1981:102-116], vanis naqalaqaris qveda terasis sataZro nageboba _Zv.w.II-I ss. [maTiaSvili, 2005:44-45], armazcixis svetebiani darbazi- Zv.w. I-ax.w. I ss [afaqiZe, 1963:25-27], mcxeTis akldema- I s. [afaqiZe, 1963:105-108], bagineTis eqvsafsidiani nageboba- II-IIIss [nikolaiSvili,1996:23-25], ufliscixis kldeSi nakveTi qalaqis samnaviani bazilikis Tavdapirveli winareqristianuli xanis sakulto nageboba [xaxutaiSvili, 1989]. qronologiuri, funqcionaluri da stilisturi sxvaobis miuxedavad aRniSnul Zeglebs arqiteqturuli gadawyvetis saerTo maxasiaTebeli gaaCnia, rac gegmarebisa da Sida sivrcis centrul gaazrebaSi vlindeba. cixiagorasa da dedoflis mindoris cecxlTayvanismcemlobis kultis taZrebSi gamoyenebulia e.w. kvadrati kvadratSi kompoziciuri sqema. oTxkuTxa garSemowerilobis bagineTis mravalafsidian nagebobaSi eqvsi naxevarwriuli afsida centrTan mimarTebaSi radialurad aris ganlagebuli. oTxi sayrdeni da kvadrats miaxlovebuli gegma gaaCnia vanis naqalaqaris qveda terasis sataZro nagebobis darbazs, aseve ufliscixis bazilikis Tavdapirveli samSeneblo periodis nagebobas. gansxvavebulia armazcixis eqvssvetiani darbazi. mas wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis moyvaniloba aqvs, magram Sesasvleli grZivi fasadis Sua nawilSia gaWrili. Aamgvari gadawyveta interieris aRqmisas ara sigrZivi RerZis, aramed centris xazgasmas emsaxureboda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTveloSi uZvelesi samosaxloebidan dawyebuli glexuri darbaziT 124 damTavrebuli sacxovrisebis gegmis da Sida sivrcis gaazreba, ZiriTadad, centruli gadawyvetis princips emorCileba, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom aRniSnuli Zeglebi exmianeba mravalsaukunovan adgilobriv tradicias. Sesabamisad, xuroTmoZRvruli nagebobis amgvari kompoziciuri gaazreba warmoadgens qristianobis sawyisi periodisaTvis saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis arqiteqturuli potencialis raobis erT-erT arsebiT niSans, romelmac SemdgomSi mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia qarTuli saeklesio arqiteqturis formirebisa da ganviTarebis Taviseburebaze. saqarTveloSi qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis sawyisi etapisaTvis arsebul mravalsaukunovani tradiciebis mqone arqiteqturuli potencialis raobas sxva faqtorTan erTad ganapirobebda mravalferovani samSeneblo masalis da Sesabamisi samSeneblo xerxebis flobis, nairgvari konstruqciuli formebisa da saSualebebis gamoyenebis gamocdileba; nagebobis kompoziciisa da Sida sivrcis centruli gadawyvetis principze dafuZnebuli mdgradi tradicia; arqiteqturul formaTa mravalferovani mxatvrul-stilisturi repertuari. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia is faqti, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTis mowinave kulturis centrebTan intensiuri urTierTobebis Sedegad gamomuSavda arqiteqturuli, konstruqciuli Tu stilisturi inovaciebis Tanadroulad SeTvisebis da Taviseburad gaazrebis unari. saqarTveloSi qristianobis oficialurad aRiarebis xanaSi amgvari samSeneblo potencialis arsebobam xuroTmoZRvrebis winaSe mdgari amocanebis warmatebiT gadawyveta ganapiroba. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavebulma inovaciebis SeTvisebis unarma xeli Seuwyo 125 qristianuli religiis moTxovnebTan swraf adaptirebas da Sesabamisad bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis gavrcelebas. Tumca qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis tipebisa da formebis gavrceleba adgilobriv tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT ganxorcielda. Sedegad, bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis gaazrebam saqarTveloSi Sida sivrcis centruli gadawyvetis principze dafuZnebuli tradiciis zegavleniT Taviseburi saxe miiRo. bazilikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Zlier wagrZelebuli gegmareba da dasavleTi Sesasvlelis prioriti saqarTveloSi kvadrats miaxlovebulma gegmarebam Secvala, xolo upiratesi mnimvneloba grZivi fasadebis Sesasvlelebs mieniWa. magaliTad, bolnisis sionSi CrdiloeTi da samxreTi Sesasvlelebi Sida sivrcis aRqmisas daaxloebiT imave efeqts qmnis, rac armazcixis eqvssvetian darbazSi iyo ganxiluli. winaqristianul xanaSi dasavlur da aRmosavlur civilizaciis centrebTan urTierTobebis bazaze Seqmnilma mravalferovanma mxatvrul-stilisturma repertuarma qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi gansxvavebuli dekoratiuli formebis gamoyeneba ganapiroba. am periodis bazilikebSi gvxvdeba rogorc klasikuri kapitelebis, marmarilos inkrustaciis, iatakis mozaikis (mag.: biWvinta, vaSnari) magaliTebi, aseve sasanuri iranis xelovnebis garkveuli gavleniT Seqmnili reliefuri kompoziciebi (mag.: bolnisis sioni, xaSmi). amrigad, winareqristianuli xanis arqiteqturulma potencialma didwilad gansazRvra saqarTveloSi qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis da, kerZod, samnaviani bazilikis gavrcelebis, misi arqiteqturuli saxis gadawyvetis Taviseburebani. 126 * * * saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikebis mSeneblobis pirveli etapi V, VI, VII saukuneebs moicavs da Tanxvdeba qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis adreuli Sua saukuneebis periods. am dros agebuli CvenTvis cnobili 35 Zeglidan statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxvis meTodiT Seswavlilia 22 (ix. cxrili #1). es bazilikebi mdebareobs rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi. pirveli etapis samnaviani bazilikebis didi nawili Zalze cudad aris SemorCenili, zogierTi gadakeTebulia. amdenad, mTel rig ZeglebSi nagebobis Sesaxeb sruli warmodgenis Seqmna Znelia. arsebuli monacemebi saSualebas gvaZlevs pirveli etapis bazilikebSi ramdenime jgufi gamovyoT. pirveli etapis erTgvar sawyis safexurs warmoadgens V saukunis ori Zegli _ Zveli SuamTa da matanis cxrakara. es bazilikebi momcro zomisaa da Taviseburi gadawyvetiT xasiaTdeba. umTavresia centrulobis principis dominireba, rac miiRweva nagebobis proporciul TanafardobiT (sigrZe-siganis Sefardebis simcire), arqiteqturul struqturaSi dasavleTi navis arsebobiT da mxolod erTi wyvili sayrdenis gamoyenebiT. samnaviani bazilikisaTvis tradiciuli sami navis garda dasavleTi navis arsebobas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. amgvar kompoziciur sqemas, romelic garkveul msgavsebas avlens saqarTveloSi dadasturebul qriatianobamdeli xanis centruli gegmarebis nagebobebTan (mag.: cixiagora, dedoflis mindori), unda ukavSirdebodes garSemosavlelis warmoSoba, romelic farTodaa gavrcelebuli sameklesiian bazilikebSi da gvxvdeba samnavian bazilikebSic. Zveli SuamTisa da matanis cxrakaras 127 gegmisa da interieris gadawyvetis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani ganpirobebulia im winaaRmdegobebiT, romelic saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrul tradiciebsa da bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis moTxovnebs Soris warmoiSva. bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis maxasiaTeblebi pirveli etapis sawyisi periodis Semdgom ZeglebSi ufro naTlad warmoCinda; Tumca centrulobisaken swrafvis tendenciam garkveulad mainc Tavi iCena, xolo meore etapis bazilikebSi mkafio gamovlineba hpova. matanis cxrakara yuradRebas imsaxurebs kidev erTi garemoebis gamo. es Zegli pastoforiis mqone (gamoyofilia CrdiloeTi saTavsi) uadresi bazilikaa. amrigad, Zveli SuamTisa da matanis bazilikebis mniSvnelobas gansazRvravs ara mxolod maTi siZvele (Vs.), aramed arqiteqturuli gadawyvetis Tavisebureba. am ZeglebSi ganirCeva rogorc bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi (sami navi, maTi proporciuli Tanafardoba, navebis sayrdenebiT gamijvna [matanSi mxolod CrdiloeTi navis] e.w. bazilikuri Wrilis arseboba, aseve am arqiteqturuli tipisaTvis ucxo tendenciebi (sigrZivi RerZis simokle, centrulobis principi). amas garda aq gamoikveTa iseTi kompoziciuri sqema, romelmac SemdgomSi qarTul arqiteqturaSi farTod gavrcelebuli garSemosavlelis warmoSoba ganapiroba. samnaviani bazilikebis pirveli etapis sawyisi periodis Zeglebis Semdgom jgufs qmnis Tavisi masStabiT da arqiteqturuli RirebulebiT gamorCeuli e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis [CubinaSvili, 1936: 32-50] Zeglebi: bolnisis sioni, wyarosTavi, urbnisi, xaSmi, anCisxati, kondoli, natkora, xirsa, vazisubani. Tavisi parametrebiT am jgufs uaxlovdeba nastakisis bazilika, romlis mxolod gegma ikiTxeba, sveticxovelis da savaraudod 128 wilkanis bazilika. am ZeglebSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis mTavari koncefcia ukve naTlad aris gamokveTili. nagebobebSi xazgasmulia dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi, interieris mxatvrul saxes arqiteqturuli formebis ganmeorebiT miRweuli ritmi gansazRvravs. naTlad ganirCeva Sida sivrcis mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli nawilebi, romelTa urTierTdamokidebuleba harmoniuli wonasworobis princips efuZneba. samwuxarod, am Zeglebis didi nawilis cudi daculobis an safuZvliani gadakeTebis gamo, Znelia maTi Tavdapirveli saxis srulad aRdgena, rac mkvlevarTa Soris calkeuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb azrTa sxvadasxvaobas warmoSobs. magaliTad, bolnisis sionis gadaxurvis Sesaxeb ori sapirispiro azria gamoTqmuli. rogorc cnobilia, bolnisis sionis gadaxurva XVII saukunis remontis xanisaa da sami navi orkalTa saxuravis qveS aris moqceuli. g. CubinaSvilis azriT [CubinaSvili, 1940: 148] XVII saukuneSi ganmeorebulia Zeglis Tavdapirveli gadaxurvis forma da gamoTqmulia varaudi orkalTa gadaxurvis arsebobis Sesaxeb aseve urbnisis, xaSmis da anCisxatis bazilikebSi. am mosazrebas iziarebs v. cincaZec [cincaZe,1969], romelic orkalTa gadaxurvas V saukunis sveticxovlis bazilikaSic varaudobs [cincaZe, 1987; 15-25]. sawinaaRmdego pozicias afiqsirebs bolnisis sionis da anCisxatis bazilikebis sarestavracio samuSaoebis xelmZRvaneli r. gverdwiTeli. igi Zeglebze muSaobis da paralelur masalasTan Sejerebis safuZvelze asabuTebs am bazilikebSi oTxkalTa gadaxurvis arsebobas [gverdwiTeli, 1989]. Zeglebis naturaSi kvlevis procesSi mopovebuli masalis gaanalizebis safuZvelze damyarebuli r.gverdwiTelis mosazreba, uTuod, angariSgasawevia. Tumca unda iTqvas, rom qris129 tianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis iseTi Zveli tradiciebis qveyanaSi, rogorc saqarTveloa, savsebiT SesaZlebelia qristianuli samyaros aRmosavleT qveynebSi gavrcelebuli arqauli saxesxvaobis, orkalTa gadaxurvis mqone bazilikis, arseboba. rogorc aRvniSneT, e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis Zeglebi gamoirCeva didi zomiT (ix. cxrili #3) da am arqiteqturuli tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naTlad gamovlenili niSnebiT. umTavresia dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZis xazgasma, rac nagebobis proporciuli ganawilebiT da sayrdenebis simravliT miiRweva (maqsimumi 5wy). im ZeglebSi, sadac sayrdenebis raodenoba naklebia, grZivi RerZis prioriteti TaRebis zomis gazrdiT aris SenarCunebuli. sayrdeni da TaRi qmnis erTin moduls, romlis ganmeorebadi gamoyenebiT yalibdeba nagebobis arqiteqturuli struqtura. e.w. didi bazilikebis gegma da sivrcobriv-moculobiTi gadawyveta proporciulobisa da arqiteqturuli nawilebis urTierTSeTanxmebis principzea agebuli. Tavisi zomiTa da mdebareobiT gamoirCeva sakurTxevlis afsidisaken mimarTuli mTavari Sua navi. gverdiTi navebi daqvemdebarebul rols asrulebs, Tumca maTi proporciebi da arqiteqturuli gadawyveta nagebobis saerTo wyobaSi damoukidebeli mniSvnelobis SenarCunebis saSualebas iZleva. amdenad, e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis ZeglebSi mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli nawilebis mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli saxe Tanabrad aris gamovlenili da interieris saerTo gadawyvetas maTi organuli kavSiri gansazRvravs. am nagebobebSi iqmneba erTiani, xalvaTi sivrce. arqiteqturuli formebis proporciebi, sayrdenebis rigi, zog SemTxvevaSi sayrdenis forma (jvruli, T-s formis), masebis vertikalur ganviTare130 bas uwyobs xels, rac kidev ufro aZlierebs interierSi sivrcis SegrZnebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis Zeglebis gegmareba, sivrcobriv-moculobiTi gadawyveta (interieri da eqsterieri) arqiteqturuli tipis ZiriTad moTxovnebs pasuxobs, centrulobis tendencia zog SemTxvevaSi garkveulwilad mainc vlindeba. es upirveles yovlisa Sesasvlelebis prioritetuli mniSvnelobis sakiTxs exeba. sazogadod, bazilikaSi mTavari Sesasvleli dasavleTis mxridan aris da interieris aRqmis erTgvar gasaRebs warmoadgens. rac Seexeba e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis Zeglebs (bolnisis sioni, xaSmi), aq upiratesoba grZivi fasadis Sesasvlels eniWeba. es arRvevs arqiteqturuli tipis logikur sqemas da masSi sivrcis aRqmis sruliad gansxvavebuli, centruli kompoziciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementi Semoaqvs. amdenad, am ZeglebSi xuroTmoZRvruli formebi mTlianad bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Sesatyvisia, magram maTi aRqma centruli nagebobis principiT xorcieldeba. pastoforiumebi e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis umetes bazilikebSi sakurTxevlis orive mxares aris gamoyofili, Tumca zogierTi, ZiriTadad V saukunis da VI saukunis dasawyisis Zegli, pastoforiumebis gareSea. minaSenebis kvali am jgufis umravles ZeglSia dadasturebuli. amgvari arqiteqturuli formebis arseboba, uTuod, garkveuli funqcionaluri daniSnulebiT iyo nakarnaxevi. SesaZloa, kaTakmevelTa an saeklesio wesebiT maTTan gaTanabrebul pirTa sadgomad iyo gamoyenebuli. met-naklebad sruli saxiT SemorCenilia bolnisis sionis galereebi da vazisubnis garSemosavleli. am ZeglebSi maRalmxatvrul donezea gaazrebuli 131 rogorc maTi arqiteqturuli saxis gadawyvetis, aseve nagebobis ZiriTad nawilTan mibmis problema; gaTvaliswinebulia ZiriTad masasTan proporciuli urTierTdamokidebulebis, nagebobis siluetis gamomsaxvelobis sakiTxi. saqarTvelos bazilikebis pirveli etapis am jgufis Zeglebis, iseve rogorc sawyisi periodis bazilikebis, mxatvrul-dekoraciuli gadawyveta, ZiriTadad, sisadaviT xasiaTdeba. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom umetesi Zeglebi kaxeTSi mdebareobs, xolo am regionis arqiteqturul Zeglebs morTuloba ar axasiaTebs. e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis ZeglebSi gamorCeulia bolnisis sionis da xaSmis reliefebi. mxatvruli da ikonografiuli TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia bolnisis sionis svetisTavebi. qronologiurad da nagebobaTa masStabiT e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis Zeglebs uaxlovdeba dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi [zaqaraia,1983], romelTac rigi Taviseburebani axasiaTebs. es bazilikebia: biWvinta, noqalaqevi, sefieTi, alahaZe, cixisZiri, ganTiadi, vaSnari, noqalaqevis ormocmowameTa, caiSi. aRniSnuli Zeglebi cudad aris SemorCenili. umetes SemTxvevaSi mxolod gegma ikiTxeba da amitom rigi sakiTxebis kvleva faqtiurad SeuZlebelia. met-naklebad naTeli suraTis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas maTi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebTan mimarTebaSi ganxilva iZleva. amasTan, gansaxilveli sakiTxebis raodenoba da xasiaTi dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebis monacemebis arsebobazea damokidebuli. a/ dasavleT saqarTveloSi Tlili qviT nagebi Zeglebis garda gvxvdeba kedlis wyobaSi qvisa da aguris rigebis monacvleoba – e.w. opus mixtum wyoba, rac aR132 mosavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli da bizantiuri arqiteqturis gavlenaze miuTiTebs. b/dasavleT saqarTveloSi Sverilafsidiani Zeglebia gavrcelebuli, maSin rodesac aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ramdenime gamonaklesis garda gegmis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili afsidebia. g/dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi pastoforiumebi ar aris (gamonaklesia noqalaqevis ormocmowameTa, romelic gumbaTianad aris gadakeTebuli), xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi isini ar aqvs mxolod V-VI saukuneebis rig Zeglebs. d/Sverilafsidiani gegmareba da pastoforiumebis uqonloba dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi afsidis win bemis ararsebobas ganapirobebs. (bema mxolod ganTiadis bazilikaSia). e/biWvintis, noqalaqevis, ganTiadis bazilikebSi sanaTlavis naSTebia dadasturebuli. savaraudoa, rom vaSnaris samxreT-aRmosavleTi saTavsic sanaTlavs warmoadgenda. dasavleT saqarTvelos am ZeglebSi, iseve rogorc bolnisis sionSi, sanaTlavis arsebobas qronologiuri faqtoric gansazRvravs, radgan VI saukunidan taZarSi misi calke gamoyofis saWiroeba aRar iyo. [beriZe,1974: 27]. aRsaniSnavia, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos rig Zeglebs dasavleTiT narteqsi aqvs, rac aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. v/ dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebis didi nawili wagrZelebuli gegmarebis, mravalsayrdeniani (maqsimumi 5wy.), masStaburi nagebobebia. am Zeglebis Sua navis gverdiTebTan Sefardeba sWarbobs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebis Sesabamis monacems. dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebis Sua navis sigane (gamonaklisia alahaZe) 133 aseve aRemateba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebis Sesabamis monacems [ix. cxrili 4]. es garemoeba sxva faqtoremTan erTad ( mag.:sayrdenebad kolonis gamoyeneba), uTuod, gasaTvaliswinebelia am bazilikebis gadaxurvis rekonstruqciis dros. savaraudoa kamarebis garda xis Zelovani gadaxurvis arseboba. z/dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebis cudi daculobis gamo interieris sivrciTi organizaciis sakiTxis garkveva Znelia. erTaderTi met-naklebad ukeT SemorCenili Zegli sefieTis bazilikaa, romelic am mxriv originaluri gadawyvetiT gamoirCeva. misi gverdiTi navebi orsarTuliania, rac saqarTvelos bazilikebisaTis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. T/ Tu aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi sxvadasxva formis sayrdeni gamoiyeneba, dasavleT saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad gegmaSi kvadratuli sayrdenia dadasturebuli. sworkuTxa formaa alahaZis bazilikaSi. amasTan gamovlenilia marmarilos kolonis, akanTis foTliani kapitelis (biWvinta), ionuri kapitelis (vaSnari) fragmentebi, rac bizantiis xuroTmoZRvrebasTan kavSirze miuTiTebs. dasavleT saqarTvelos ZeglebSi aRmosavleTisagan gansxvavebiT pilastrebi ar gvxvdeba. i/dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi sxvadasxva saxis morTulobis elementebis fragmentebia dadasturebuli – klasiluri kapitelebi, iatakis mozaika, marmarilos inkrustacia, rac interieris mxatvruli gadawyvetis mravalferovnebaze metyvelebs. dasavleT saqarTvelos ZeglebSi pastoforiumebis, pilastrebis uqonloba, sanaTlavis mowyoba garkveulwilad maT adreul TariRs ukavSirdeba. rac Seexeba aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebs So134 ris aRniSnul zogierT gansxvavebas, es gavlenis sxvadasxva sferos arsebobiT unda aixsnas. dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi e.w. opus mixtum wyobis, Sverili afsidis, narteqsis, interieris morTulobis mravalferovani saSualebebis, klasikuri kapitelebis gamoyeneba bizantiuri arqiteqturis gavlenaze miuTiTebs. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebis kvlevis dRevandel etapze SeiZleba gamoiyos rigi Zeglebi (biWvinta, cixisZiri, vaSnari), romlebSic bizantiuri gavlena ufri TvalsaCino da arsebiTia; rac, uTuod, sxva faqtorebTan erTad SavizRvispira am centrebSi bizantiis politikur-kulturuli gavlenis siZlieriT unda aixsnas. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi met siaxloves aRmosavleT qristianuli samyaros, kerZod, siriis, somxeTis ZeglebTan amJRavnebs, vidre bazantiis xuroTmoZRvrul nimuSebTan. aRsaniSnavia, rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi (mag.: bolnisis sionis svetisTavebi) sasanuri iranis xelovnebis erTgvari gavlenac aRiniSneba. amrigad, bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis gaazreba aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTveloSi msgavsi masStabisa da proporciebis nagebobebis saxiT ganxorcielda. rac Seexeba gansxvavebis arsebobas, es sxvadasxva kulturuli kavSirebis arsebobiT ganpirobebuli saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis mravalmxrivobis gamoxatulebad gvesaxeba. dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebis Sesaxeb arsebuli monacemebi angariSgasawevia saqarTvelos istoriis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis – dasavleT saqarTvelos gaqristianebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. samecniero literaturaSi dasavleT saqarTvelos gaqristianebis TariRad 523 weli iyo miCneuli [janaSia,1949: 230135 235]. meore mosazrebis moxedviT aq qristianoba qarTlis msgavsad IV saukuneSi gamocxadda. [saqarTvelos ist.nark, 1973: 188]. am mosazrebas exmianeba dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebis Sesaxeb Semdegi monacemebi: 1. arqeologouri da arqiteqturuli Seswavlis safuZvelze dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi V-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. e.i. es Zeglebi 523 welze adreuli an Tanadrouli xanisaa. 2. dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze dadasturebuli bazilikebis raodenoba da maTi sxvadasxva mxareSi mdebareoba qristianobis farTod gavrcelebaze mianiSnebs. 3. bazilikebis zomebi da morTulobis mravalferovneba imaze metyvelebs, rom mravalricxovani mrevlisTvis agebul am eklesiebs oficialuri statusi unda hqonoda. amrigad, V-VI saukuneebSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi aseTi sakulto nagebobebis mSenebloba im mosazrebas amagrebs, romelic qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad aRiarebas 523 welze adreul xanaSi asabuTebs. qronologiurad pirveli etaps ganekuTvneba agreTve ufliscixis da rkonis bazilikebi. pirveli maTgani kldeSi nakveTi Zeglia da amdenad gamoirCeva sxva bazilikebisagan. mis arqiteqturul saxes upiratesad swored samSeneblo specifika ganapirobebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis mixedviT [xaxutaiSvili, 1989: 38-39; sanikiZe, 1987; ximSiaSvili, 1988; yifiani, 1990; gagoSiZe, 1983: 5-6], is Tavdapirvelad warmarTul taZars warmoadgenda da qristianul eklesiad VI saukuneSi gadakeTda. es ori faqtori, uTuod, gamsazRvravs ufliscixis bazilikis Taviseburebas da arTulebs sxva bazilikebTan stilistur-arqiteqturuli mimarTebis sakiTxis garkvevas. TavisTavad amgvari Zeglis arseboba qarTuli arqi136 teqturis istoriaSi mravlismetyvelia. ufliscixis bazilika Zalze cudad aris SemorCenili, rac faqtiurad SeuZlebels xdis interieris organizaciis sruli suraTis aRdgenas; da unda vaRiaroT, rom Zeglis arqiteqturuli gadawyvetis yvela aspeqti bolomde garkveulad ar gvesaxeba. arsebuli monacemebis mixedviT es aris didi zomis nageboba, ori wyvili gegmaSi jvruli sayrdeniT da samnawiliani sakurTxevliT aRmosavleT mxares. dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi ar aris gamokveTili. piriqiT, darbazis (sakurTxevlis gareSe) CrdilosamxreTi mimarTuleba sWarbobs dasavleT-aRmosavleTisas. Sesasvleli mxolod erTi, samxreTi mxridan aris gaWrili, radgan danarCeni mxare kldeSia nakveTi. amdenad, ufliscixis bazilikis proporciebi ar Seesabameba bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis moTxovnebs, Tumca gegmaSi am tipis Semadgeneli nawilebi sruladaa warmodgenili – sayrdenebiT gamijnuli sami navi, samnawiliani sakurTxeveli. amgvari proporciuli gadawyveta zemoT aRniSnul or faqtorTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli. miTumetes, rom sigrZre-siganis aseTi Sefardeba pirveli etapis bazilikebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. VII saukunis rkonis bazilika gadakeTebis Sedegad saxeSecvlilia rogorc sivrcis organizebis, aseve arqiteqturuli formebis mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT. rkonis bazilika ori wyvili sayrdenis mqone, e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis ZeglebTan SedarebiT momcro zomis nagebobaa (ix. cxrili 3). arqiteqturuli formebis Tu calkeuli detalebis gadawyvetis mxris pirveli etapis Zeglebs enaTesaveba, magram sigrZe-siganis SefardebiT, zomiT, met msgavsebas VIII-IX saukuneebis bazilikebTan amJRvnebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom 137 Zeglis safuZvliani kvlevisas ar aris gamoricxuli misi daTariRebis gadasinjva. amrigad, pirveli etapis bazilikebSi Zeglebis ramdenime jgufi ganirCeva. sawyis safexurs qmnis Zveli SuamTis da matanis bazilikebi. yvelaze mravalricxovani da mniSvnelovania e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis Zeglebi. rigi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi. erTgvar gardamaval safexurs qmnis rkonis bazilika. qronologiurad am etaps miekuTvneba specifikuri niSan-TvisebebiT gamorCeuli ufliscixis kldeSi nakveTi bazilika. statistikur-tipologiuri meTodiT Seswavlili Zeglebis garda qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT am etaps ganekuTvneba areSis, eruSeTis, akaurTas, sveticxovelis, niqozis, caiSis, nunisis, wyarosTavis, wilkanis, Telavis RvTaebis, zRuderis, kurdRelauris, Ti-qilisas bazilikebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom dekoraciuli morTulobiT gamoirCeva sveticxovelis, wilkanis da akaurTas Zeglebi. es faqti angariSgasawevia pirveli etapis bazilikebSi mxatvruli gadawyvetis Taviseburebebis saerTo suraTis Sesavsebad. samwuxarod zemoT CamoTvlili bazilikebis daculobis done da rig SemTxvevaSi safuZvliani gadakeTeba sivrcobriv-moculobiTi, mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli sakiTxebis, calkeul ZeglebSi ki Tavdapirveli gegmarebis aRdgenis saSualebasac ar iZleva. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis meore etapi moicavs VIII, IX da IX-X saukuneebiT daTariRebul Zeglebs da qronologiurad Tanxvdeba qarTuli arqiteqturis gardamaval xanas. statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxvis meTodiT Seswavlilia meore etapis TerTmeti Zegli: zedazeni, alvani, TianeTis sioni, revazaSeni, qvabisxevi, akura, bodbe, JaleTi, yazbegis axalcixe, 138 yvelaanTubani, xevis sioni. maT garda VIII-IX saukuneebs miekuTvneba mosabrunis, korinTas, lopotis xevis, esbekis, parexTas, qobTavis bazilikebi. qarTul xuriTmoZRvrebaSi gardamavali xana saintereso, ZiebebiT aRsavse periodia. am dros mravlad igeba Taviseburi, originaluri gadawyvetiT gamorCeuli Zeglebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom epoqis es niSani garkveuwilad samnaviani bazilikis tipzec vrceldeba. am periodis rig bazilikebSi aRiniSneba iseTi arqiteqturuli formebi da kompoziciuri sqemebi, romlebsac paraleli ar eZebneba. amdenad meore etapis samnavian bazilikebSi ZeglTa calkeuli jgufebis gamoyofa ar xerxdeba. amasTan naTlad ikveTeba saerTo niSan-Tvisebebi, rac am etapis Zeglebis arqiteqturuli saxis ganmsazRvrelad gvevlineba. meore etapis samnaviani bazilikebis umTavres maxasiaTebels warmoadgens grZivi RerZis damokleba da gegmis kvadrtTan miaxloveba; Sesabamisad sayrdenebis ricxvis Semcireba or da zogierT SemTxvevaSi (revazaSeni, qvabisxevi, akura) erT wyvilamde. sami an meti wyvili aRricxul ZeglebSi saerTod ar gvxvdeba. amdenad am periodis bazilikebi sigrZe-siganis proporciuli TanafardobiT sruliad aRar Seesabameba bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis moTxovnebs da centruli nagebobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs avlens. interierSi aRar xorcieldeba sayrdenisa da TaRis ganmeorebiT Seqmnili ritmuli monacvleoba, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia bazilikis arqiteqituruli tipisaTvis. Sua da gverdiTi navebis gammijnavi sayrdenebis simciris gamo ikveTeba maTi erTian sivrced Camoyalibebis tendencia. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom nagebobaSi mTavari Sesavleli umetesad samxreTi mxridan aris da interieris aR139 qmac Sesabamisad xorcieldeba, naTeli xdeba, rom meore etapis Zeglebis xuroTmoZRvruli gadawyveta faqtiurad bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis ZiriTadi niSnebis ugulebelyofis Sedegia. rogorc pirveli etapis Zeglebis ganxilvam cxadyo, centrulobis tendenciis niSnebi adreuli xanis ZeglebSic aRiniSneboda, magram meore etapis bazilikebSi amgvari midgoma naTlad gamoikveTa. Sedegad Seiqmna bazilikis Taviseburi varianti centruli nagebobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT. meore etapis bazilika aRar aris wagrZelebuli gegmarebis, sayrdenebis ramdenime wyvilis mqone nageboba, sadac interieris mxatvrul saxes arqiteqturuli formebis (sayrdeni, TaRi) mravaljeradi monacvleobis principi gansazRvravs. am Zeglebs axasiaTebs kvadrats miaxlovebuli gegma, sayrdenebis minimaluri rodenoba, erTiani, naklebad danawevrebuli sivrce. meore etapis Zeglebi sarkmelebis raodenobis simciris miuxedavad ZiriTadad sakmaod kargad ganaTebulia (gamonaklisia qobTavi), rac ganpirobebulia SedarebiT momcro zomis nagebobaTa kvadrats miaxlovebuli gegmarebiT, roca oTxi mxriT, kedlis zeda nawilSi ganlagebuli sarkmelebidan Semosuli sinaTlis sxivi centrSi iyris Tavs. rogorc aRvniSneT, am etapis rig bazilikebSi vlindeba mxolod erTi konkretuli ZeglisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tavisebureba, risi magaliTia zedaznis da akuras bazilikebi. zedaznis bazilika ioane zedaznelis saflavze agebuli mcire samlocvelos adgilzea agebuli, rac Zeglis zogierT Taviseburebas ganapirobebs. kerZod, misi CrdiloeTi navis aRmosavleTi nawilis formebis arqauloba dakavSirebulia samlocvelosTan, romelic bazilikis saerTo gegmaSia CarTuli. aRsaniS140 navia aseve zedaznis bazilikis interierSi gamoyenebuli TaRebis sastema, romelic qarTul bazilikebSi ar aris gavrcelebuli. akuras bazilika mravalmxriv sayuradRebo Zeglia. sainteresoa misi CrdiloeTi navis arqiteqturuli gadawyveta. navis meore sarTulze samalavia mowyobili, xolo pirveli sarTuli ara wesisamebr dasavleT-aRmosavleT RerZzea mimarTuli, aramed kedliT or nawilad iyofa. orive nawili Sua navis mxares ixsneba da jvruli kamariTaa gadaxuruli. amasTan dasavleT monakveTs aRmosavleT kedelSi afsidaluri niSa aqvs. g.CubinaSvilis azriT amgvari sqema taZris qtitor ilarion qarTvelis dakveTas unda ukavSirdebodes [g.CubinaSvili, 1959: 110-123]. aRsaniSnavia aseve, akuras bazilikis Sua navsa da pastoforiumebSi gamoyenebuli dekoraciuli TaRebi da naxevarkolonebi, rac interieris mxatvruli gadawyvetis Taviseburebas ganapirobebs. sayuradReboa, rom akuras aRmosavleT da dasavleT fasadze SemorCenilia kedlis mxatvrobis naSTebi. amrigad, meore etapis samnavian bazilikebSi naTlad aris gamovlenili centrul kompoziciasTan daaxlovebis da sakuTriv bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis rigi maxasiaTeblebis uaryofis tendencia. aRsaniSnavia, rom am epoqis bazilikebi Tavisi mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli RirebulebiT da mniSvnelobiT qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi ver utoldeba pirveli etapis Zeglebs, magram aRniSnuli Taviseburebebis gamo samnaviani bazilikis tipis saintereso nimuSebs warmoadgens. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis mesame etaps ganekuTvneba statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxvis meTodiT Seswavlili X da XI saukunis dasawyisis Zeglebi – vere, oTxTaeklesia, parxali, urTa, sanagire, kviri141 kewminda. X saukunes ganekuTvneba aseve zeda Tmogvis da svetis bazilikebi. am etapis mniSvnelobis ganmsazRvrelia iseTi Zeglebi, rogoricaa oTxTaeklesia da parxali. maTTan garkveul siaxloves amJRavnebs, Tumca sruliad gansxvavebuli gegmisaa sanagires bazilika. rac Seexeba urTas bazilikas, is Zlier gadakeTebulia. vere rigi TaviseburebebiT gamoirCeva. kvirikewminda, romelic raWaSi mdebareobs, aRsaniSnavia imiT, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi VI saukunis Sedgom agebul samnaviani bazilikis nimuSs warmoadgens. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebis bolo, mesame etapis mravalmxriv gamorCeuli Zeglebi oTxTaeklesia da parxali Tavisi masStabiT da arqiteqturuli RirebulebiT iseve mniSvnelovania qarTuli arqiteqturis istoriisaTvis, rogorc adreuli bazilikebi. am ZeglebSi meore etapis Zeglebisagan gansxvavebiT naTlad aris gamovlenili arqiteqturuli tipis saxasiaTo niSnebi _ grZivi RerZi, sayrdenebis ramdenime, am SemTxvevaSi oTxi wyvili. amdenad, es nagebobebi zomiT da sigrZesiganis proporciebiT e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis Zeglebs mogvagonebs, magram mTeli rigi niSnebiT maTgan gansxvavebul arqiteqturul saxes qmnis. mesame etapis am Zeglebs da pirveli etapis bazilikebs Soris ZiriTadi gansxvaveba sayrdenebis ganawilebis principSia. e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis ZeglebSi sayrdenebs Soris manZili da TaRebis simaRle Tanabaria. aseTi gadawyveta tradiciulia samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipisaTvis da misi arqiteqtonikis ganmsazRvrelia. rac Seexeba oTxTaeklesiasa da parxals, aq kidura aRmosavleTi TaRebi zomiT bevrad mcirea danarCenebze, xolo misi momdevno TaRi erTnaxevarjer meti siganisaa dasavleTis Tanabari zomis TaRebze. amas 142 garda oTxaeklesiaSi gansxvavebulia TaRebis simaRlec, romelic dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken matulobs. sayrdenebis da TaRebis aseTi ganawileba interierSi sruliad gansxvavebul suraTs qmnis da afsidis wina sivrcis gansakuTrebul xazgasmas emsaxureba. amgvari gadawyveta TavisTavad gumbaTiani nagebobis struqturas exmianeba da misi gavlenis Sedegad unda miviCnioT. miT umetes, rom saqarTveloSi am epoqaSi wamyvan Temas gumbaTiani arqiteqtura warmoadgens. gansxvaveba aRiniSneba TaRebis formaSic. e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis ZeglebSi naliseburi da naxevarwriuli TaRebia. oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSi am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Seisruli formaa gamoyenebuli, rac am ZeglebSi isedac maRali proporciebis arqiteqturul formebis vertikalur mimarTulebas aZlierebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom am bazilikebis erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli eqsteriersa da interierSi arqiteqturuli formebisa da masebis zeaweuli proporciebia. pirveli etapis Zeglebisagan gansxvavebiT oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSi patronikea mowyobili, rac saqarTvelos bazilikebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli da gumbaTian nagebobebSi gvxvdeba. am ZeglebSi pastoforiumebsac garTulebuli forma aqvs. isini or nawiladaa gayofili da Taviseburi formis niSebi aqvT. mesame etapis am ZeglebSi mravalricxovani sarkmlebi or da sam rigad aris ganlagebuli. Sesabamisad Sida sivrce intensiurad naTdeba. ganaTebis sistemis amgvari gadawyveta sxva bazilikebisaTvis damaxasiaTebebli ar aris. oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSi dekoraciuli TaRebi amkobs rogorc fasadebs, aseve interiers. sagulisxmoa, rom TaRedi, romelic pirvelad Telovanis VIII-IX sau143 kuneebis eklesiis gumbaTis yelze iyo gamoyenebuli [cincaZe, 1959], nagebobis fasadebze pirvelad X saukunis oSkSi, oTxTaeklesiasa da parxakSi gvxvdeba. sayovelTaod cnobilia Tu ra didi mniSvneloba mieniWa TaReds fasadebis gaformebisas momdevno saukuneebis arqiteqturaSi. amdenad, yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom fasadebis TaRediT morTvis sistema qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi oSkTan erTad swored samnavian bazilikebSi, oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSi, iqna SemuSavebuli. amrigad, mesame etapis Zeglebi oTxTaeklesia da parxali saqarTveloSi bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis mniSvnelovan nimuSebs warmoadgens. maTi arqiteqturuli saxis Taviseburebas gansazRvravs epoqis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi da gumbaTiani arqiteqturis gavlena gegmarebasa Tu Sida sivrcis gaazrebaSi. mesame etapis mravalmxriv sayuradRebo Zeglia sanagires bazilika. mis gegmaSi dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi naTlad aris gamovlenili miuxedavad imisa, rom mxolod erTi wyvili sayrdenia gamoyenebuli. sanagires bazilikis Taviseburebas apirobebs sayrdenebis imgvari ganlageba, rom aRmosavleTi wyvili TaRi orjer sWarbobs dasavleTisas. Sedegad interierSi iqmneba bazilikisaTvis uCveulo Tanafardoba. afsidis wina, gegmiT kvadrats miaxlovebuli sayrdenebamde moqceuli are gumbaTiani nagebobis gumbaTqveSa sivrcis asociacias badebs. am msgavsebas aZlierebs dasavleTiT, narteqsis Tavze, patronikes arseboba, romelic aseve ara bazilikebis, aramed gumbaTiani taZrebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebebli. sanagires bazilikaSi aRsaniSnavia aRmosavleT fasadze opus mixtum wyobis gamoyeneba. niSandoblivia, rom amgvari wyoba oTxTaeklesiaSic gvxvdeba. 144 mesame etapis aRniSnul ZeglebTan SedarebiT momcro zomisaa urTas da veres bazilikebi, Tumca dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi naTlad ikveTeba. sayrdenebis raodenoba urTaSi sami, vereSi ori wyvilia. yuradRebas imsaxurebs veres bazilikaSi gverdiTi navebis kamarebis Sua navis perpendikularulad ganawilebis wesi, rac jvargumbaTian taZarebSi mklavebis centraluri sivrcisken mimarTebas mogvagonebs. interieris morTulobaSi garkveuli mxatvruli aqcentebi (wriuli vardulebi urTas kapitelebze, geometriul xazulebiani rvawaxnaga kapitelebi vereSi), Zeglebis kompoziciuri gadawyveta am epoqis xuroTmoZRvrebis Sesatyvisia da saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis mesame etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebel iersaxes qmnis. amrigad, saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis mesame etapi xasiaTdeba bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis ZiriTadi niSnebis (wagrZelebuli gegmareba, sayrdenebis ramdenime rigi) xelaxali warmoCeniT. imavdroulad rigi arqiteqturuli formebis da kompoziciuri sqemebis TaviseburebaSi vlindeba Tanadrouli epoqis, aseve gumbaTiani arqiteqturis gavlena. XI saukunis Semdgom saqarTveloSi igeba calkeuli Zeglebi, romlebic ukve arsebuli arqiteqturuli sqemebis met-naklebad gansxvavebul mxatvrul doneze ganxorcielebis Sedegs warmoadgens da samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Tvisobrivad axal etaps aRar qmnis. statistikur-tipologouri aRricxvis meTodiT Seswavlilia XIII-XIV saukuneebis qlivana, Warebi da XVI saukunis itria. es Zeglebi saSualo zomis, ori wyvili sayrdenis mqone bazilikebia. erTgvari asimetriulobiT gamoirCeva Warebi, romelsac ireguralu145 ri formis CrdiloeTi saTavsi aqvs. maT garda XVIXVII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba ilemi da noste. amrigad, saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebobis sami etapi gamoiyofa. pirveli etapi V-VII saukuneebis arqiteqturuli RirebulebiT umniSvnelovanes Zeglebs aerTianebs da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis adreSuasaukuneebis periods esadageba. es etapi Zeglebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mravalricxovania. bazilikebi agebulia rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. ganirCeva ramdenime jgufi _ sawyisi periodis Zeglebi, e.w. didi bazilikebi, dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi. qronologiurad am etaps miekuTvneba kldeSi nakveTi ufliscixis bazilika da rkoni. meore etapi VIII, IX da IX-X saukuneebiT daTariRebul Zeglebs aerTianebs da Tanxvdeba qarTuli arqiteqturis e.w. gardamaval xanas. es Zeglebi mkveTrad gamoxatuli centrulobisaken swrafvis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli etapisagan gansxvavebiT am periodSi bazilikebi mxolod aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi igeba da mis mTian regoinSic vrceldeba. mesame etapi X da XI saukunis dasawyisis Zeglebs aerTianebs. am etapis Zeglebs Soris gamorCeulia taoSi agebuli oTxTaeklesia da parxali. mesame etapis Zeglebis arqiteqturul gadawyvetaSi TvalsaCinoa gumbaTiani arqiteqturis gavlena. amgvarad, saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebobas mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs da ZiriTadad V-XI saukuneebs moicavs. Semdgom saukuneebSi mxolod ramdenime Zeglia agebuli. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis samive etapi warmoaCens am tipze centruli kompoziciis aSkara gav146 lenas, romelic sxvadasxva etapze gansxvavebuli siZlieriT Tu saxiT vlindeba da saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis TaviseburebaTa ganmsazRvrel arsebiT faqtorad gvevlineba. 147 bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi qristianul samyarosa da saqarTveloSi bazilika qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erT pirvel arqiteqturul tips warmoadgens. qveynebSi, romlebic adreul xanaSi eziara qriatianobas, is axal religiasTan erTad gavrcelda. dasavleT qristianul samyaroSi bazilika saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi wamyvan arqiteqturul tipad darCa, xolo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi adreSuasaukuneebis bolo periodidan gadamwyveti mniSvneloba gumbaTianma arqiteqturam moipova. gansxvavebuli arqiteqturuli tradiciebis regionebSi bazilikis Taviseburi saxesxvaobebi SemuSavda. am procesSi adreqristianul xanaSi gamoikveTa bazilikebis ori wre – dasavleTis, ZiriTadad, evropuli nawilis, da aRmosavleTis, romelsac miekuTvneba saqarTvelos Zeglebi. dasavlur wres warmoadgens adreqristianuli romis, ravenis, konstantinopolis, saberZneTis bazilikebi. maT uaxlovdeba aseve bulgareTis bazilikebi [Caneva-deCevska, 1968:203-265; 1984:614-623]. aRsaniSnavia, rom tradiciuli samnaviani bazilikebis garda dadasturebulia xuTnaviani Zeglebic (mag.: Tesalonikis wm. dimitris saxelobis eklesia, korinTos aigostena, nikopolis bazilika, kviprosis epifania). dasavluri wris bazilikebs rigi saerTo maxasiaTeblebi aqvs. maT dasavleT-aRmosavleT RerZze Zlier wagrZelebuli gegmareba da sayrdenebis mravalricxovneba axasiaTebs. farTodaa gavrcelebuli Sverilafsidiani Zeglebi. gegmis sworkuTxedSi Caxazuli afsidebi iSviaTad gvxvdeba (mag.:afentelis bazilika kunZul lesbosze). aris Zeglebi, rogorc samnawiliani sakurTxevliT, aseve pastoforiebis gareSe. bazilikebSi Sua navi zomiT sagrZnob148 lad sWarbobs gverdiTebs. navebis gammijnav sayrdenebad ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba kolona, ufro naklebad burji (mag.:epiris paramita). sayrdenebis dakavSireba TaRis an arqitravis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. navebs ZiriTadad xis karkasovani gadaxurva aqvs, rac farTobis gazrdis SesaZleblobas iZleva. gare masebSi Sua navs damoukidebeli orferda, xolo gverdiTebs calferda saxuravi aqvs. amdenad iqmneba e.w. bazilkuri Wrili. umetes bazilikebs aqvs narTeqsi, xolo zogierT ZeglSi (mag.: ftiotiis Tebes bazilika) dasavleTiT atriumia. rig bazilikebSi, gansakuTrebiT saberZneTSi (mag.: bazilika md. ilisusTan aTenis maxloblad, dodonas da paramitas bazilikebi epirSi), aris transepti. dasavluri wris bazilikebis interierSi xalvaTi sivrcea Seqmnili, romelic mravalricxovani sarkmelebis saSualebiT kargad aris ganaTebuli. meti intensivobiT Sua navis kedlebSi gaWrili sarkmlebis saSualebiT centraluri nawili naTdeba. bazilikebis interierSi gamoiyeneba mozaika, reliefi, marmarilos inkrustacia da morTulobis sxva saSualebebi. yovelive es Sida sivrcis mdidrulad morTvis survils warmoaCens da ganapirobebs interieris mxatvruli gadawyvetis Taviseburebas. sapirispirod, eqsterieri SedarebiT sadaa. umetesad qvisa da aguris Sereuli wyobiT nagebi Zeglebis fasadebis iersaxes samSeneblo masalis specifika gansazRvravs. dasavluri wris bazilikebi ZiriTadad Zveli berZnuli da romauli civilizaciis arealSi moqceul teritoriazea agebuli, rac adreqristianul xanaSi antikuri tradiciebis gavlenas ganapirobebs. es naTlad igrZnoba ara mxolod samSeneblo teqnikasa da nagebobaTa saerTo xasiaTSi, aramed iseTi arqiteqturuli motive149 bisa da formebis gamoyenebaSi, rogoricaa atriumi, kolona, arqitravi da morTulobis calkeuli elementebi. dasavluri wris bazilikebSi met-naklebad erTiani arqiteqturuli saxis Camoyalibeba saerTo antikuri safuZvlis arsebobam ganapiroba. maTgan gansxvavebiT aRmosavleT qveynebSi Zveli xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebis TviTmyofadobam da mravalgvarobam aRmosavluri wris bazilikebSi sxvadasxva variantebis Tu saxesxvaobebis Seqmna gamoiwvia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aRmosavluri wris arsebiT maxasiaTebels swored es mravalferovneba warmoadgens. aRmosavluri wris bazilikebi ufro momcro zomisaa, Tumca igeba calkeuli masStaburi nagebobebi (mag.:oTxi bazilikis erT kompoziciaSi gaerTianebis nimuSi - siriis kalaT-semanis taZari). gamokveTilia dasavleT-aRmosavleTi RerZi, magram Zlier wagrZelebuli gegmarebis Zeglebi naklebad gvxvdeba. Sesabamisia sayrdenebis raodenobac. ZiriTadad gamoiyeneba burji, iSviaTad klasikur kapiteliani kolona. sayrdenebi erTmaneTs TaRebis saSualebiT ukavSirdeba. bazilikebs aqvs rogorc gegmis sworkuTxedSi Caxazuli, aseve Sverili afsida. amas garda gvxvdeba sworkuTxa sakurTxevlis mqone Zeglebic (mag.: dar-qiTa siriaSi). aris Zeglebi pastoforiumebiT da maT gareSe. Sua navi, rogorc wesi zomiT sWarbobs gverdiTebs, magram maT Soris Sefardeba iseTi didi araa, rogorc adreqristianuli romis da ravenis bazilikebSi. gvxvdeba navebis gadaxurvis ramdenime xerxi: kamarovani, xis karkasovani da qvis filebiani brtyeli gadaxurva, romelic gverdiT navebSi gamoiyeneba. eqsterierSi bazilikebs oTxferda saxuravi aqvs, magram arsebobs orkalTa saxuraviani nagebobebic. gavrcelebulia rogorc narteqsiani, aseve unarteqso 150 bazilikebi. transepti ar gamoiyeneba, magram am motivis Taviseburi gadawyvetaa SemuSavebuli egviptur bazilikebSi. atriumiani bazilikebi iSviaTia (mag.:perge mcire aziaSi, Seq-slemanis da suveidis bazilikebi siriaSi). gvxvdeba rogorc mravalsarkmliani, kargad ganaTebuli, aseve sustad ganaTebuli Zeglebi. aRmosavluri wris bazilikebs Sida sivrcis erTianoba, interieris mxatvruli gadawyvetis meti sisadave axasiaTebs, rasac upirvelesad saSen masalad qvis gamoyeneba, misi mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiTi specifika ganapirobebs. calkeul ZeglebSi gvxvdeba interieris morTulobis iseTi saSualebebi, rogoricaa reliefi, mozaika, marmarilos inkrustacia. Tlili qviT nageb ZeglebSi fasadebis mxatvrul gamomsaxvelobas kedlis wyobis xasiaTi da, zogierT SemTxvevaSi, Riadebis dekoraciuli morTulobis elementebi gansazRvravs. aRmosavleTis qveynebis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Seiqmna bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Taviseburi saxesxvaobebi da arqiteqturuli motivebi, romelTa ganxilva ufro srulad warmoaCens am wris bazilikebis mravalferovnebas. g.mile [mile, 1916:16-17] mcireaziur tipad moixseniebs orkalTa gadaxurvis mqone bazilikebs, romlebic g.CubinaSvils [CubinaSvili, 1940:138] bazilikis uZveles nairsaxeobad miaCnia. aseTi Zeglebi gavrcelebulia siriaSi, mcire aziaSi, somxeTSi da, SesaZloa, iyo saqarTveloSic. aRsaniSnavia, rom o.Suazi [Suazi,1937:54] am saxesxvaobas koptur ZeglebSic miuTiTebs da dasaSvebad miaCnia saerTo aziuri prototipis arseboba. am nagebobebSi orkalTa gadaxurvis qveS moqceuli sami navi interieris Tavisebur gadawyvetas iZleva. Sua da gverdiT navebs Soris simaRleSi gansxvaveba mcirea da ar arsebobs centraluri sivrcis Sua 151 navSi gaWrili sarkmlebiT ganaTebis SesaZlebloba. arqiteqturuli formebis proporciuli Tanafardobis da ganaTebis amgvari gadawyveta tradiciuli samnaviani bazilikisagan gansxvavebul interiers qmnis. aseve gansxvavdeba eqterieric, romelic ar Seesatyviseba e.w. bazilikur Wrils. eqsterierSi daunawevrebeli kedlebis masivi da Taviseburi gegmareba axasiaTebs egviptis Zeglebs [boki,1901; zarnecki,1975:42]. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa sakurTxevlis gegmaSi samyura formiT gadawyveta, rac zogi mkvlevaris azriT transeptis SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebis Sedegad warmoiSva [zarnecki,1975:42]. Tavisebur saxesxvaobas warmoadgens e.w. latitudinaluri taZari, romelic siriasa da mesopotamiaSi gvxvdeba. am nagebobebSi (Tafqa, qanavaTi) interieri Crdilo-samxreTiT mimarTuli ganivi kedlebiT aris dayofili, romlebSic sam-sami ganieri TaRia gaWrili. arsobrivad es Zeglebi namdvil bazilikebs ar warmoadgens, magram masTan did siaxloves amJRavnebs. [brunovi,1935:467; gou:1961:16-17; iakobsoni, 1983:77-78]. siriaSi SemuSavda bazilikis dasavleTi fasadis Taviseburi kompozicia (Turmanini, qalb-luze). am ZeglebSi fasadis orive mxares aRmarTul samsarTulian koSkebs Soris TaRebiT gaxsnili eqsonarteqsi gawonasworebul, arqiteqturulad daxvewil gadawyvetas qmnis. amgvari motivi, rogorc Cans siriis xuroTmoZRvrebis gavleniT somxeTSi, ereruikis bazilikaSic gvxvdeba. samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba [kondakovi, 1904:28] siriidan orkoSkiani arqiteqturuli kompoziciis mogvianebiT dasavleT evropis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi gavrcelebis Sesaxeb, kerZod, romanul da guTur taZrebSi. 152 saqarTveloSi SemuSavda bazilikis Taviseburi saxesxvaoba, sadac navebi erTmaneTisagan gamijnulia ara sayrdenebis, aramed kedlebis saSualebiT. am tips g. CubinaSvilma sameklesiiani bazilika uwoda. * * * saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebi, romlebic aRmosavlur wres miekuTvneba, bunebrivia met msgavsebas am wris ZeglebTan amJRavnebs. sakiTxis ukeT warmoCenis mizniT mimovixilavT saqarTvelos Zeglebis siriisa da somxeTis bazilikebTan SedarebiTi daxasiaTebis ZiriTad aspeqtebs. qarTul-siriul kavSir-urTierTobas xangrZlivi da mravalmxrivi istoria aqvs. gaqristianebam kidev ufro gazarda maT Soris urTierTobebis SesaZleblobebi. 451 wlis qalkedonis saeklesio krebis Semdeg orive qveyana, Tavdapirvelad monofizituri orientaciis iyo. mogvianebiT, siriaSi VI saukuneSi da qarTlSi VI-VII saukuneebis mijnaze, diofizitobam gaimarjva. qarTul-siriuli urTierTobebis kvali sxvadasxva sferoSi Cans, rasac yvelaze metad, albaT, uSualo kontaqtebis arseboba ganapirobebda. rogorc k.kekeliZe aRniSnavs ”qarTlidan imTaviTve midiodnen Cvenebi siria-palestinaSi, sadac bevri maTgani samudamod rCeboda da moRvaweobas iwyebda” [kekeliZe,1955:42]. amgvari urTierTobis magaliTia camet asurel mamaTa moRvaweoba [baqraZe, 1889;182; javaxiSvili,1960:349-374; abulaZe,1955:222; menabde,1962:179]. isini, rogorc k.kekeliZem daasabuTa, VI saukuneSi sxvadasxva dros imyofebodnen siriaSi da Semdgom samSobloSi dabrundnen. sayuradReboa Teodore 153 kvrelis cnoba imis Sesaxeb, rom svimon mesvetes (gard.459w.) mudmivi kavSiri hqonda qarTvelebTan [kekeliZe,1956]. aRsaniSnavia petre maiumelis pirovneba, romelsac ukavSirdeba qarTuli monasteris daarseba palestinaSi. VII saukuneSi, kerZod 661 wels, arabebma daipyres damasko da gabatondnen mTel siriaSi. Sesabamisad Sewyda qristianuli taZrebis mSenebloba. SesaZloa aman ganapiroba siriaSi gumbaTian taZrebTan SedarebiT bazilikaTa mravalricxovneba, radgan aRmosavleT qristianul samyaroSi gumbaTianma xuroTmoZRvrebam farTo gavrceleba VI saukunidan moipova. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis saqarTvelo-siriis nimuSebis Sedarebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom droTa viTarebaSi Zeglebma sxvadasxva xasiaTis dazianeba da gadakeTeba ganicada. amasTan, siriul bazilikebSi bevr SemTxvevaSi gadakeTeba moxda axali religiis, mahmadianobis moTxovnebis Sesabamisad, ramac Zeglebs Zlier ucvala saxe. sagulisxmoa, rom siriaSi dadasturebulia duraevroposis uZvelesi eklesia [ovedia, 1970:185]. winaqristianuli xanis nagebobebSi gamoiyofa oTxi tipi (Sakas, bosras, sanamenis, kanavatis sami saero da erTi sakulto daniSnulebis nageboba), romlebmac adreqristianuli taZrebis CamoyalibebaSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula [baTleri,1929:14]. am Zeglebis arsebobis faqti qristianuli arqiteqturis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze saqarTvelosa da siriaSi gansxvavebul situacias afiqsirebs. Tu saqarTveloSi bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi Semotanili iyo mxolod gaqristianebis Semdeg, siriaSi ukve arsebobda msgavsi struqturis nagebobebis mSeneblobis tradicia. Sesabamisad, siriis qristianuli 154 xuroTmoZRvrebis winaSe imTaviTve idga ara bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsis gagebis da SeTvisebis, aramed ukve nacnobi arqiteqturuli struqturis SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebis problema, ramac, uTuod, ganapiroba mravalferovani variantebis arseboba. siriaSi, iseve rogorc saqarTveloSi ZiriTad saSen masalas qva warmoadges. siriis ZeglebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia kargad gaTlili qvis kvadrebis wyoba, romelic winaqristianuli xanis nagebobebis wyobis Semdgomi ganviTarebis etaps warmoadgens [zarnecki,1975:42]. CrdiloeT siriaSi gamoiyeneba TeTri kirqva, samxreTSi – bazalti, Crdilo-aRmosavleT siriaSi bazalti da aguri. bazilikebi siriaSi dasavleTis wris ZeglebTan SedarebiT moklea, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi mkafiod gamokveTili sigrZivi RerZi aqvs. es wesi ori-sami wyvili sayrdenis mqone nagebobebSic ar irRveva. amis magaliTia rusafas wm.sergis saxelobis da ruveas bazilikebi. am mxriv gamonaklesia e.w. latitudinaluri taZrebis jgufi, romlebic gegmiT kvedrats uaxlovdeba (Tafqa, qanavaTi), Tumca am tipis ZeglebSi zogi (mag.:Saka, namara) mainc inarCunebs wagrZelebul gegmarebas. siriaSi gavrcelebulia bazilikebi, romlebSic mravalricxovani sayrdenebi gamoiyeneba _ il-baxari (17 wyvili), bradis kaTedraluri taZari (8 wyvili), magram, rogorc aRvniSneT, aris Zeglebi ori-sami wyvili sayrdeniT. siriul ZeglebSi gvxvdeba gegmis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili (mag.: qirbiTil-qaTibi, Seq-slemanis wm.mariamis saxelobis, zebedis aRmosavleTi eklesia, ruveia), aseve Sverili afsida (mag.:qalb-luze, der-ij jivani). sami Sverili afsidis mqone taZris xuTi magaliTia da155 dasturebuli [ovedia,1970:215]. calke jgufad gamoiyofa sworkuTxa sakurTxevlis mqone bazilikebi (dar-qiTa, qirbiTili, qarbiT Tezeni da CrdiloeT siriis sxva Zeglebi). es Zeglebi VI saukuniT TariRdeba [baTleri,1929]. siriaSi aris sworkuTxasakurTxevliani adreuli calnaviani taZrebic, rogoricaa um ij-jimalis aRmosavleTi eklesia, mcire taZari aazi Sakas maxloblad da sxv. samxreT siriis bazilikebSi sakurTxevlis gverdiT saTavsebi ar gamoiyofa, xolo CrdiloeT siriaSi samnawiliani sakurTxeveli farTod aris gavrcelebuli [CubinaSvili,1940:131]. pastoforiumebi umetesad wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis formisaa. isini, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, erTi kariT gverdiT navs da meore viwro kariT sakurTxevels ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom CrdiloeT siriaSi pastoforiumebs zogjer samxreTi mxridan sanaTlavi uerTdeba. sxva SemTxvevaSi es saTavsi taZridan gamoyofilia. sanaTlavi ZiriTadad kvadratuli, iSviaTad wriuli (dar-qiTa) formisaa. sarkmlebi maRlaa ganTavsebuli. gadaxurva xis ZelebiT xorcieldeba (qsejbedi, bledi, babisqa, qasr ibisu). siriul bazilikebSi Sua navi gverdiTebze maRali da ganieria. umetes SemTxvevaSi absolituri zomebiT saqarTvelos nimuSebs aRemateba, rasac nagebobaTa masStabi da gadaxurvis Tavisebureba ganapirobebs. saqarTvelos ZeglebSi kamarovani gadaxurva gamoiyeneba. siriaSi xis karkasovani gadaxurvis sistemaa gavrcelebuli, romlis ganxorcieleba SedarebiT martivia da didi farTobis gadaxurvis SesaZleblobas iZleva. siriuli bazilikis interierSi erTgvari kontrasti iqmneba sarkmlebiT ganaTebul, xis masalaSi Sesrulebul zeda na156 wilsa da qvis kvadrebiT nageb monumentur kedlebs Soris, rac Tavisebur mxatvrul efeqts qmnis. siriul bazilikebSi gamoiyeneba gegmaSi kvadratuli, sworkuTxa, jvruli, rvawaxnaga, T-s formis sayrdenebi, romelTac erTgvarad damjdari proporciebi axasiaTebs. amas garda gvxvdeba akanTis foTliani kapitelebiT Semkuli kolonebi, romlebsac winaqristianuli xelovnebis gavlena etyoba [dalToni, 1911:53; morei,1942:102 -103]. calkeul ZeglebSi burjisa da kolonis erTdroulad gamoyenebis magaliTebic aris dadasturebuli [baTleri, 1929:197]. siriul bazilikebSi interieris morTvis ufro mravalferovani da mravalricxovani saSualebebi gvxvdeba vidre saqarTvelos ZeglebSi. am mxriv gamoirCeva CrdiloeT siriis bazilikebi. calkeul Zeglebis interierSi gamoiyeneba ornamentuli gaformeba svetisTavebis, satriumfo da grZivi TaRebis Sesamkobad, marmarilo _kedlebis mosapirkeTeblad, mozaika – iatakze. yovelive es Sida sivrces mdidrul, sazeimo xasiaTs aniWebs da Sesabamis mxatvrul efeqts qmnis. siriuli bazilikebis masStabebi, interierSi sxvadasxva morTulobis arseboba mravalricxovani sarkmelebis gamoyenebas ganapirobebs, romlebic Sua da gverdiTi navebis kedlebSia gaWrili. yvelaze ukeT centraluri navia ganaTebuli. gvxvdeba sarkmlebis sam da oTx rigad ganlagebis magaliTebi [baTleri,1929:197]. didi zomis Riobebs Soris mcire manZilia datovebuli. afsidaSi samze naklebi sarkmeli iSviaTia. sarkmeli ZiriTadad sworkuTxa da TaRovani moxazulobisaa. gamoiyeneba agreTve or an sam maliani da wriuli sarkmeli. Riadebis formis mravalferovneba, maTi sxvadasxvagvari ganlageba Tavisebur gadawyvetas qmnis rogorc interier157 Si, aseve eqsterierSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom adreul ZeglebSi sarkmlebis ganawileba Tanxvdeba TaRebis rigs, rac momdevno xanis bazilikebSi xSirad ugulebelyofilia baTleri,1929:197]. Sesasvleli siriul ZeglebSi umetesad sami mxridan aris. mTavari dasavleTi Sesasvlelia. gavrcelebulia karis masiuri portaliT Semkobis wesi (mag.:Turmanini, qalb-luze). fasadebze Sesasvlelebi da sarkmlebi sapireebiT aris aqcentirebuli. siriaSi bazilikebi gvxvdeba rogorc narTeqsiT, aseve mis gareSe. unarTeqso ZeglebSi galereebis motivia gavrcelebuli (serjila, srir-kapela serjblexis maxloblad, dar-simani, dar-qiTa), romelic, uTuod, ukavSirdeba aRmosavluri sacxovrebeli saxlis Ria galereiT gaformebis sistemas [CubinaSvili, 1940:131-132]. galerea gvxvdeba saqarTveloSic. Tumca saqarTvelos bazilikebSi kamarovani, xolo siriis ZeglebSi brtyeli gadaxurva gamoiyeneba. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos siriul bazilikebSi koSkebis arsebobis Sesaxeb (lubeni, kalb-luze, qeraTini, Turmanini, il-anderini, ruveha). dasavleTis fasadi eqsonarteqsiT da ori koSkiT qmnis iseT daxvewil arqiteqturul kompozicias, romelic sxvadasxva variantis, mravalferovani xuroTmoZRvruli saSualebebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. siriaSi erTkoSkiani bazilikebic aris dadasturebuli (qirbiTil-qaTibi, Tafqa). am ZeglebSi koSki Crdilo-dasavleT kuTxeSi dgas da, amdenad, gansxvavebul kompoziciur gadawyvetas qmnis. bazilikaTa koSkebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmulia mosazreba maTi mxolod mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli mniSvnelobis [Suazi,1957:63] an TavdacviTi daniSnulebiT gamoyenebis (kondakovi,1904:28] Sesaxeb. 158 siriuli bazilikebis Sesaxeb informaciis saqarTvelos bazilikebis monacemebTan Sejereba rigi sakiTxebis warmoCenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. samnaviani bazilika farTod aris gavrcelebuli siriaSi, aseve saqarTveloSi. qronologourad siriuli bazilikebi IV-VII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, rac istoriulma pirobebma, kerZod, VII saukunidan mahmadianobis gavrcelebam ganapiroba. saqarTveloSi bazilikebis mSenebloba V-XI saukuneebSi mimdinareobs da erTeuli Zeglebi mogviano xanaSic igeba. siriis da saqarTvelos bazilikebi aRmosavlur wres ganekuTvneba, magram calkeuli siriuli Zeglebi qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT (gamonaklisia dasavleT saqarTvelos rigi bazilikebi) met msgavsebas amJRavnebs dasavlur bazilikebTan, rac gamoixateba Zlier wagrZelebuli gegmarebis, maStaburi nagebobebis, xis karkasovani gadaxurvis da interierSi mravalferovani morTulobis gamoyenebaSi. saqarTvelos bazilikebTan SedarebiT siriuli Zeglebi arqiteqturuli formebis, kompoziciuri gadawyvetis mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. isini yovelTvis inarCuneben dasavleT-aRmosavleT sigrZiv RerZs, maSin rodesac saqarTvelos bazilikebSi gegmis kvadrats miaxlovebis tendencia aRiniSneba. siriul bazilikebSi naxevarwriulis garda dadasturebulia sworkuTxa sakurTxeveli. gavrcelebulia rogorc Sverili, aseve gegmis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili afsidebi. saqarTveloSi bazilikis sakurTxevels yovelTvis afsidaluri forma aqvs. is umetesad gegmis sworkuTxedSia moqceuli. orive qveynis adreul bazilikebSi pasyoforiumebi ar gvxvdeba. siriaSi isini V saukunidan, saqarTveloSi VI saukunidan dakanonda. 159 orive qveynis bazilikebSi Sua navi simaRliTa da siganiT sWarbobs gverdiTebs. saqarTvelos bazilikebSi samive navi kamarebiT, siriaSi xis konstruqciebiT aris gadaxuruli. amasTan, gverdiT navebSi xSirad qvis filebiT Sesrulebuli brtyeli gadaxurva gamoiyeneba. Sesabamisad qarTul ZeglebSi interieris xasiaTs arqiteqtruli formebis erTianoba, xolo siriul bazilikebSi xis da qvis masalaSi Sesrulebuli nawilebis kontrasti gansazRvravs. saqarTvelos bazilikebSi 1-5 wyvili sayrdenia, xolo siriaSi amgvari Zeglebis garda aris mravalsayrdeniani bazilikebi. orive qveynis bazilikebSi sxvadasxva formis sayrdenebi gamoiyeneba. siriaSi gavrcelebulia kolonebic. siriul bazilikebSi mTavari Sesasvleli am arqiteqturuli tipisaTvis tradiciuli dasavleTi mxridan aris. saqarTvelos ZeglebSi dasavleTis garda xSir SemTxvevaSi prioriteti samxreT Sesasvlels eniWeba. siriuli Zeglebi didi zomis sarkmelebis kargad ganawilebuli sistemis saSualebiT naTdeba. saqarTvelos bazilikebSi sarkmlebis raodenoba naklebia. siriasa da saqarTveloSi TaRovani da sworkuTxa formis Riadebi gamoiyeneba. siriaSi gavrcelebulia or an sam maliani da wriuli sarkmlebic. orive qveynis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba lunetebi. siriaSi farTod gavrcelebuli narTeqsi saqarTvelos ZeglebSi gamonaklesis saxiT gvxvdeba. siriis unarTeqso bazilikebs umetesad galerea aqvs. saqarTveloSi galerea da garSemosavleli ramdenime bazilikaSia. siriuli Zeglebi rogorc interieris, aseve eqsterieris morTulobis saSualebebis mravalferovnebiT ga160 moirCeva. saqarTvelos Zeglebi formaTa meti sisadaviT, Sida sivrcis erTianobiT xasiaTdeba. amrigad, saqarTvelos da siriis Zeglebis Sedarebisas naTlad vlindeba maTi TviTmyofadoba, Tumca garkveuli msgavseba aSkarad iCens Tavs, razec jer kidev XIX saukuneSi miuTiTa n. kondakovma [kondakovi, 1876:54]. es garemoeba geografiuli siaxlovis, erTian qristianul samyaroSi kulturuli kavSirebis arsebobis garda masalis da rigi samSeneblo-konstruqciuli xerxebis erTgvarovnebiT aris ganpirobebuli. ori qveynis bazilikebs Soris ganmasxvavebel niSnebs Soris umTavresia is, rom siriis Zeglebi meti masStaburobiT da mravalgvarobiT xasiaTdeba, xolo saqarTvelos bazilikebSi arqiteqturuli tipis struqtura naklebad cvalebadi, mdgradia da imTaviTve ikveTeba Sida sivrcis centrulobis, mTlianobisaken swrafvis tendencia. * * * saqarTvelosa da somxeTis geopolitikuri pirobebis msgavsebam, mravalsaukunovanma kulturul-ekonomikurma kavSirma, qristianobis Tanadroulma gavrcelebam erTiani pirobebi Seqmna xelovnebisa da xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebisaTvis. es yvelaze ukeT msgavsi arqiteqturuli tipebis gavrcelebaSi gamovlinda. Tumca Zlieri erovnuli TviTmyofadi sawyisebis arsebobam gansxvavebuli variantebis, calkeul SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli tipis prioritetuli ganviTareba da arqiteqturul-mxatvruli gaazrebis Taviseburebebi ganapiroba. amdenad, adgilobrivi tradiciebis SemoqmedebiTi gadamuSavebis safuZvelze saqarTvelosa da 161 somxeTis Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebam ganviTarebis damoukidebeli gza ganvlo. qristianobis gavrcelebam saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi arqiteqtorTa winaSe axali amocanebi daayena. iseve, rogorc adreqristianuli xanis sxva qveynebSi gavrceleba hpova bazilikis arqiteqturulma tipma. bazilikebi somxeTSi mxolod IV-VI saukuneebSi igeba, riTac garkveulwilad aixsneba maTi mcirericxovneba. bazilikis arqiteqturul tips somxeTSi XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi ubrundebian (siuniki, airarati, atrpatakani da sxv.), rasac somexi mkvlevari m. asratiani [asratiani, 1985] mZime istoriuli viTarebis gamo arqiteqturaSi orsaukunovani Sesvenebis Semdeg martivi formebis moZiebiT xsnis. somxeTis umetesi bazilikebi Zlier dazianebuli da gadakeTebulia. somxeTis arqiteqturis mkvlevarebi [tokarski, 1946:52; iakobsoni, 1983:117-120] miiCneven, rom zogierTi somxuri bazilika (Tekori, ereruiki, kasaxi) V-VI saukuneebSive sagrZnoblad gadakeTda da am nagebobebis arqiteqturuli saxis Camoyalibeba sxvadasxva nawilis (pastoforiumebis, galereebis) miSenebis gziT etapobrivad ganxorcielda. aRsaniSnavia, rom saboloo gadakeTebis Sedegad Tekoris bazilikas gumbaTi daaSenes. dvinis da eCmiaZinis bazilikebis adgilze gumbaTini taZrebi aigo [mnacakaniani,……… 1978:80-82]. Tavdapirveli gegmareba ukeT egvardis da aStaraqis bazilikebma SeinarCuna. amdenad, somxur bazilikebze msjelobisas gasaTvaliswinebelia SemorCenili masalis simcire da zogierTi monacemis Sesaxeb mxolod hipotetiuri xasiaTis mosazrebis arseboba. somxuri bazilikebi kargad gaTlili qvis kvadrebiT aris nagebi. ZiriTadad sxvadasxva feris tufi ga162 moiyeneba (xalpaxCiani, 1960:195). didi zomiT da Zlier wagrZelebuli gegmarebiT gamoirCeva dvinis bazilika, romlis sigrZe 52 metri iyo. danarCeni Zeglebi SedarebiT moklea (mag.: eCmiaZini – 39m, ereruiqi – 36m, egvardi 32m, kasaxi -27m, aStaraqi – 24,5m). somxeTis bazilikebSi Sua navis sigane gverdiTebs daaxloebiT samjer aRemateba. navebis gammijnavi sayrdenebi ZiriTadad T-s formisaa. jvruli sayrdenebis naSTebi dvinis bazilikaSia dadasturebuli. umetes bazilikebSi gadaxurva ar aris SemorCenili. mkvlevarTa azriT gamoyenebuli iyo rogorc kamarovani, aseve xis karkasovani gadaxurva [strigovski, 1918:144; tokarski, 1946:52]. xis masaliT gadaxuruli iyo mxolod Sua navi. am SemTxvevaSi eqsterierSi Sua navs damoukidebeli orferda, xolo gverdiTebs calferda saxuravi hqonda. amgvarad am ZeglebSi (ereruiki, Tekori), iseve rogorc kamarovani gadaxurvis mqone cicernakavanqSi bazilikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli silueti iqmneboda. kasaxis, axcis, egvardis, aStarakis bazilikebSi, savaraudod, samive navi orqanobiani saxuravis qveS iyo moqceuli, rac gare masebis sruliad gansxvavebul gadawyvetas ganapirobebda. somxur bazilikebSi sakurTxevlis afsidas naliseburi moxazuloba aqvs. gamonaklisia Tekoris arasruli naxevarwris formis afsida, romelmac aseTi moxazuloba Tavdapirveli sworkuTxa formis gadakeTebis Semdeg miiRo [tokarski, 1946:52]. somxur ZeglebSi afsidis win bema ar aris. gamonaklisia egvardis bazilika. umetes ZeglebSi Sverili afsidaa. gvxvdeba Sverilis xuTwaxnaga (eCmiaZini, kasaxi, egvardi) da samwaxnaga (Teqori, dvini) forma. gegmis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili afsida ereruikis da aStarakis bazilikebSia. 163 somxuri bazilikebis umravlesobas pastoforiumebi aqvs. TekorSi da ereruikSi isini gadakeTebis dros gamoiyo, xolo kasaxSi asimetriuli formis saTavsi mxolod CrdiloeTi mxridan miaSenes. pastoforiumebi ZiriTadad Crdilo-samxreTiT wagrZelebuli sworkuTxa formisaa da aRmosavleTiT afsida ar gaaCnia. cudi daculobis gamo Riobebis Tavdapirveli formis, raodenobis da maTi ganlagebis garkveva xSir SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia. SemorCenili sarkmlebi didi zomisaa, TaRovani moxazuloba da paraleluri gverdebi aqvs. dasavleT kedelze gvxvdeba or (aStaraqi, cicerkavanqi) da sammaliani (ereruiqi) sarkmlis motivi. sakurTxevlis afsidaSi yovelTvis erTi sarkmelia gaWrili. kari ZiriTadad sworkuTa formisaa. Sesasvleli ufri xSirad samive mxridanaa (Teqori, ereruiqi, dvini, egvardi). amasTan, grZiv kedlebSi or-ori, xolo egvardSi sami karia gaWrili. ori mxriT Sesasvlelis mqone ZeglebSi kari dasavleTi da samxreTi mxridan aris. mxolod erTi, samxreTi kari aqvs aStarakis bazilikas. somxeTis bazilikebs narTeqsi ar aqvs. sami mxridan galereebi miaSenes Teqoris, ereruiqis da dvinis bazilikebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom ereruiqSi grZivi da dasavleTi galereebis gadakveTaze koSkebia aRmarTuli, rac siriuli arqiteqturis udao gavlenas mowmobs. somxeTis bazilikebis mxatvruli saxis gamomsaxvelobas Tlili qvis wyobis xasiaTi apirobebs. morTulobis mxriv interierSi kapitelebi, xolo eqsterierSi Riobebis gadawyveta iqcevs yuradRebas. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia portalebis mxatvruli gaformeba. formisa da kompoziciis gaazrebaSi naTlad igrZnoba siriuli gavlena [iakobsoni, 1976:192-206]. 164 amTaviTve unda iTqvas, rom somxeTis da saqarTvelos bazilikebis saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gamovlenisas gasaTvaliswinebelia Zeglebis qronologiuri da raodenobrivi sxvaobis arseboba, rac am arqiteqturuli tipis gavrcelebis gansxvavebul intensivobas afiqsirebs. somxeTSi bazilikebi adreSuasaukuneebis xanaSi igeba, xolo saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, XI saukunemde. Sesabamisad, saqarTveloSi am tipis Zeglebis ricxvi ramdenjerme sWarbobs, rac somxeTTan SedarebiT samnaviani bazilikis ufro farTod gavrcelebaze metyvelebs. orive qveynis bazilikebi daaxloebiT erTnairi zomisaa da Zlier wagrZelebuli gegmareba ar axasiaTebs. Sesabamisad sayrdenebis raodenoba mcirea (gamonaklisia dvini). Sua da gverdiTi navebis proporciuli damokidebulebis sakiTxic msgavsad aris gadawyvetili. narTeqsi am qveynebis ZeglebSi ar aris gavrcelebuli. somxeTisa da saqarTvelos (VII saukunemde) bazilikebSi didi zomis, TaRovani, paralelurgverdebiani sarkmelebia. mravalricxovani Riobebi ar aris damaxasaiTebeli. orive qveynis bazilikebis sakurTxevlis afsidaSi erTi, didi zomis sarkmelia gaWrili (gamonaklesia saqarTvelos sami Zegli). saqarTvelos da somxeTis bazilikebis mxatvrul saxes ZiriTadad konstruqciuli elementebis plastikuri gamomsaxveloba da daxvewili proporciebi gansazRvravs. amgvar fonze ganawilebuli dekori met mxatvrul datvirTvas iZens. ZeglebSi, sadac reliefebiT Semkuli svetisTavebia, isini ZiriTadad afsidispira pilastrebze, TvalsaCino adgilzea moTavsebuli. svetisTavebi amkobs aseve galereebs, sadac ganaTebis mxriv reliefuri morTulobis aRqmis ukeTesi pirobebia. 165 bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis saqarTvelos da somxeTis Zeglebis aRniSnuli msgavsebis miuxedavad naTlad ganirCeva mTeli rigi gansxvavebeli niSnebi. somxeTSi saSeni masala aris tufi, xolo saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva jiSis qva. es garemoeba saqarTvelos bazilikebSi konstruqciuli da mxatvruli amocanebis mravalgvari gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas iZleva. somxeTSi gavrcelebulia Sverilafsidiani bazilikebi, xolo saqarTveloSi Zeglebis umravlesobas gegmis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili afsida aqvs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT somxur ZeglebSi orkalTa gadaxurvis arsebobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazrebas, naTeli gaxdeba am Zeglebisa da saqarTvelos bazilikebis eqsterieris gansxvaveba. sxvaobas ufro TvalsaCinos xdis reliefebiT Semkuli masiuri portalebi da koSkebi, rac somxeTis xuroTmoZRvrebaze siriuli arqiteqturis ufro Zlier gavlenaze miuTiTebs. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom somxeTis Zeglebi mravalsafexurian stilobatzea aRmarTuli, xolo saqarTvelos bazilikebSi or-sam safexuriani cokoli gvxvdeba. saqarTvelos ZeglebSi somxeTis bazilikebTan SedarebiT mravalgvari formis sayrdeni gamoiyeneba. somxeTis bazilikebisaTvis ubemo afsidebia damaxasiaTebeli, saqarTveloSi umetes ZeglebSi bemaa. somxeTSi pastoforiumebs Crdilo-samxreTiT wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis forma aqvs. saqarTveloSi isini ZiriTadad aRmosavleT-dasavleTiT mimarTuli sworkuTxedis formisaa. amasTan, somxeTSi pastoforiumebs afsidebi ar gaaCnia, xolo saqarTveloSi rogorc uafsido, aseve afsidiani saTavsebia gavrcelebuli. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom somxeTis Zeglebis cudi daculobis gamo faqtobrivi monacemebis ararse166 bobis pirobebSi gadaxurvis da Sida sivrcis gadawyvetis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli varaudebi saqarTvelos bazilikebisagan gansxvavebul midgomas iTvaliswinebs. amrigad, saqarTvelosa da somxeTis bazilikebs Soris nagebobaTa masStabis Tu calkeuli arqiteqturuli formebis msgavseba aRiniSneba. miuxedavad amisa am qveynebSi bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis gansxvavebuli nimuSebi iqmneba, rasac xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebis da arqiteqturul-mxatvruli amocanebis gadawyvetis Taviseburi gageba ganapirobebs. amasTan somxuri Zeglebi ufro mWidro kavSirs amJRavnebs siriul xuroTmoZRvrebasTan, xolo saqarTvelos bazilikebi met TviTmyofadobas avlens. * * * saqarTvelos bazilikebSi gamoiyofa dasavleT saqarTvelos rigi Zeglebi, romlebSic e.w. opus mixtum wyobis, klasikuri kapitelebis da morTulobis mravalferovani saSualebebis gamoyeneba bizantiuri arqiteqturis gavlenaze metyvelebs. yovelive es naTelyofs, rom saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi gamoiyofa Zeglebis jgufi, romelic dasavluri wris ZeglebTan garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs. amrigad, saqarTvelos bazilikebi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis aRmosavlur wres miekuTvneba. gamonaklisia dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebis jgufi, romlebSic bizantiuri arqiteqturis gavlena igrZnoba. saqarTvelos bazilikebis aRmosavluri wris ZeglebTan siaxloves ganapirobebs geografiuli mdebareoba, kulturuli kavSir-urTierTobebis intensivoba da zogierTi arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli principis er167 Tianoba. amasTan, saqarTvelos Zeglebi rigi niSnebiT gansxvavdeba aRmosavluri wris qveynebis, kerZod, siriisa da somxeTis nimuSebisagan. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli saxesxvaoba aerTianebs rogorc bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs (samnawilianoba, sayrdenebis sistema, arqiteqturul formaTa ritmuli monacvleoba), aseve am arqiteqturuli tipisaTvis ucxo tendenciebs (grZivi RerZis damokleba, centrulobisaken swrafva) da TviTmyofadobiT xasiaTdeba. 168 samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturul tipebTan urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi saqarTvelos qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi ganviTarda ori Tema, ugumbaTo da gumbaTiani arqiteqtura. pirvels miekuTvneba samnaviani bazilika, sameklesiiani bazilika, ornaviani eklesia da erTnaviani anu darbazuli eklesia. gumbaTiani arqiteqturis ZiriTadi tipebia – Tavisufali jvris tipi, tetrakonqi, trikonqi, Caxazuli jvris tipi, gumbaTiani darbazis tipi, mravalafsidiani tipi. amave dros, umetesad e.w.gardamaval xanaSi, igeba tipologiuri TvalsazrisiT originaluri gadawyvetiT gamorCeuli Zeglebi. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturul tips met-naklebi kavSiri zemoT CamoTvlili tipebis mxolod garkveul nawilTan eZebneba. Sesabamisad, Tanmimdevrulad ganvixilavT am tipebs, maT maxasiaTebels da samnavian bazilikasTan mimarTebis problemas. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis sxva tipebTan Tanaarsebobis sakiTxis ganxilva ufro naTlad gamoavlens mis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs, ukeT warmoaCens adgilsa da mniSvnelobas saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi. sameklesiiani bazilika. ugumbaTo nagebobebSi samnavian bazilikasTan yvelaze axlos mdgom arqiteqturul tips sameklesiiani bazilika warmoadgens. saqarTveloSi SemuSavebuli es originalur tipi pirvelad g. CubinaSvilma Seiswavla da sameklesiiani bazilika uwoda [CubinaSvili, 1970:104-108]. am tipis nageboba garegnulad samnaviani bazilikis msgavsia, magram interieri sruli169 ad gansxvavebuli aqvs. navebi erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia ara sayrdenebis, aramed kedlebis saSualebiT da sami izolirebuli nawilia gamoyofili. amgvari gadawyvetis, Sesabamisad, sameklesiini bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis warmoSobas g.CubinaSvili liturgikul aucileblobas ukavSirebs [CubinaSvili, 1959:141,156]. sameklesiiani bazilikebi ZiriTadad VI-X saukuneebSia agebuli. isini Sendeba, rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. bevri Zeglia SemorCenili kaxeTSi. sameklesiiani bazilikebi umetesad masStaburobiT gamoirCeva, rac gegmarebis specifikiT aris ganpirobebuli [CubinaSvili, 1959:142-43]. amasTan, Sua, centraluri eklesia (navi) siganiTa da simaRliT yovelTvis sWarbobs gverdiTebs. sameklesiiani bazilikis arqiteqturulma tipma arsebobis manZilze Zireuli cvlilebebi ganicada. gamoiyofa sami ZiriTadi etapi: 1. VI saukunis Zeglebi; 2. VI-VII saukuneebis Zeglebi; 3. VIII-IX-X saukuneebis Zeglebi. calkeuli sameklesiiani bazilikebi gvxvdeba XIII-XIV saukuneebSic (mag.: kumisis taZari, sof. bedianis eklesia mdinare xramis xeobaSi), rac, rogorc samarTlianad aRniSnavs r.mefisaSvili [mefisaSvili,1977:12], am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel erTgvar retrospeqtiul movlenad unda aRviqvaT. pirveli etapis ZeglebSi gamoirCeva sameklesiiani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Camoyalibebis sawyisi periodis iseTi Zeglebi, rogoricaa qvemo-bolnisi da vanaTi. am ZeglebSi naTlad aris gamovlenili sami Tanabari sigrZis damoukidebeli nawilis iseTi Tanafardoba, rac termin “sameklesiian bazilikas” Seesatyviseba. TiToeuli eklesia (navi) aRmosavleT mxares afsidiT bolovdeba. amasTan, samxreTi eklesia (navi) TaRebiTaa 170 gaxsnili da taZarSi Sesasvleli mxolod am mxridan aris. qvemo-bolnisSi da vanaTSi, iseve rogorc kardanaxis sabawmindaSi, pastoforiumebi ar aris. SemdgomSi sameklesiian bazilikebSi jer CrdiloeTi saTavsi (ruispiri, veliscixe, wminda Sios saxelobis taZari sabueSi, samkariani vazisubanTan), xolo mogvianebiT samxreTi saTavsic (kondamiani, qasuri giorgi saguramosTan, wminda stefanes saxelobis taZari iyalToSi, wminda evstates saxelobis taZari bolnis-xevSi) gamoiyo. pastoforiumebi karis saSualebiT umetesad ara gverdiT, aramed centralur eklesias (navs) ukavSirdeba. amdenad isini mxolod centraluri eklesiis (navis) sakurTxevlTan kavSirSi gaiazreba. aRsaniSnavia, rom samxreT saTavsSi sarkmeli umetesad ar aris gaWrili, rac sameklesiiani bazilikis damaxasiaTebel niSnad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. pastoforiumebis gamoyofam Zireuli cvlilebebi Seitana sameklesiiani bazilikis gegmaSi. Tu adreul ZeglebSi sami eklesia (navi) sigrZeSi toli iyo, saTavsebis arsebobam gverdiTi eklesiebi (navebi) sagrZnoblad daamokla (ruispiri, kondamiani, wminda stafanes saxelobis taZari iyalToSi, qasuri giorgi saguramosTan, wminda evstates saxelobis taZari bolnis-xevSi). nagebobis aseTma gegmam SemdgomSi logikuri ganviTareba hpova da gverdiTi eklesiebi (navebi) dasavleTi navis saSualebiT erTmaneTs SeuerTda (wminda Sios saxelobis eklesia sabueSi, veliscixe, samkariani vazisubanTan). amgvarad Camoyalibda garSemosavlelis motivi, romlis mxatvruli gamomsaxveloba ufro srulad meore etapis ZeglebSi gamovlinda. sagulisxmoa, rom sameklesiian bazilikebSi dasavleTi navi pirvelad kardanaxis sabawmindas bazilikaSi 171 gvxvdeba, magram aq mxolod patronikes qveS arsebuli pirveli sarTulis sivrced aRiqmeba. rogorc g.CubinaSvili [CubinaSvili, 1959:164] aRniSnavs, kardanaxis bazilikaSi ar aris danaxuli da gaazrebuli is SesaZleblobebi, rac dasavleTis derefans garSemosasvlelad gadaaqcevs. amgvarad, sameklesiiani bazilikebis mSeneblobis pirvel etapzeve gamovlinda am arqiteqturuli tipis gegmarebis saerTo principebi. SemuSavda iseTi motivebi, rogoricaa garSemosavleli, or-sam TaRediani Sesasvleli, usarkmelo samxreTi pastoforiumi. meore etapis sameklesiiani bazilikebi (nekresi, zegani, amidasturi vaCnaZianTan, naTlismcemeli sabueSi, vaCnaZianis yvelawmindas monastris bazilika) maRalmxatvruli Zeglebia. am nagebobebSi wina periodSi SemuSavebuli arqiteqturuli formebis Semdgomi ganviTareba da srulyofa moxda. Sedegad, kompoziciurad daxvewili da arqiteqturulad kargad gaazrebuli struqtura Camoyalibda. naTlad gamoikveTa mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli nawilebi. am ZeglebSi ugulebelyofilia adreuli sameklesiini bazilikebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli met-naklebad Tanabari mniSvnelobis sam nawilad (eklesiad) danawevrebis principi, rac asustebda nagebobis arqiteqturul mTlianobas, Tumca TavisTavad sameklesiini bazilikis warmomSob faqtors warmoadgenda. meore etapis ZeglebSi ikveTeba Sua eklesiis (navis) mniSvneloba. is gamorCeulia rogorc zomebiT, aseve mdebareobiT. mas ukavSirdeba bazilikis yvela nawili _ CrdiloeTi, samxreTi, dasavleTi navebi, pastoforiumebi. gverdiTi eklesiebi (navebi) faqtiurad mTavar, Sua eklesias (navs) daqvemdebarebuli garSemosavlelis funqcias asrulebs. 172 mesame etapi sameklesiini bazilikebis mSeneblobis intensivobiT xasiaTdeba. Sesabamisad izrdeba maTi gavrcelebis areali. grZeldeba bazilikebis mSenebloba kaxeTSi (Weremis kaTedrali, leliani, wminda giorgi safarisa winandalSi [CubinaSvili, 1959:188-193]) da qarTlSi (ufliscixe [TayaiSvili,1924 :64], zemo boSuri [mefisaSvili, 1977:12], eredvi [mefisaSvili, 1955:101136], beris saydari [mefisaSvili,1971:91-110]. igeba bazilikebi Sida qarTlis mTian mxare istoriul kudaroSi (nadarbazevi, kasagina, kvaisis-jvari [mefisaSvili 1972:141-161], TianeTSi (cxvariWamia [mefisaSvili, 1983:5-13]), borjomis xeobaSi (neZvi, foToleTi, CiTaxevi, likani, gujrisxevi, miwis saydari, taZrisi, sanaria [mefisaSvili, 1963: 232-249; xoStaria, 1983:141157; xoStaria,1985:70-82; xoStaria,1986:135-155; xoStaria, 1987]). sameklesiiani bazilikebi Sendeba dasavleT saqarTveloSic (ambara, aba-ata, gagra, miusera, qiaC-aba [rCeuliSvili, 1978]). mesame etapis sameklesiiani bazilikebi calkeul SemTxvevaSi STambeWdav masStabs aRwevs. amasTan, kidev ufro farTod gavrcelda sammxrivi garSemosavlelis motivi da centralurma eklesiam (navma), rogorc Sida sivrcis maorganizebelma erTeulma, meti mniSvneloba SeiZina. aRsaniSnavia, rom am xanis ZeglebSi Sua eklesiis (navis) kedlebze pilastrebi gamoiyeneba, rac Sida sivrcis ritmul danawevrebas ganapirobebs (neZvi, eredvi, beris saydari, taZrisi). TaRebi Sida kedlebze adreul ZeglebSic gvxvdeba (ruispiris wminda Tevdore), magram aq gansxvavebuli konstruqciuli da mxatvruli gadawyvetaa. niSandoblivia isic, rom mesame etapis ZeglebSi naTlad igrZnoba funqcionaluri sakiTxebis gadaWris mcdeloba, rac konkretul SemTxvevaSi gansxva173 vebulad gaiazreba da nagebobaTa gegmarebis Tu sivrcobrivi gadawyvetis mravalgvarobas ganapirobebs. stilisturi TvalsazrisiT am periodSi klasikur wonasworobas ferweruli efeqtebis Zieba cvlis [ mefisaSvili, 1977:4]. saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis am Taviseburi arqiteqturuli tipis, sameklesiiani bazilikis, formirebis sakiTxi, udaod, iwvevs did interess. rogorc aRvniSneT, g. CubinaSvilma misi warmoSoba liturgikul aucileblobas daukavSira. kerZod, dRis ganmavlobaSi samjer wirvis CatarebisTvis saWiro pirobad sami sakurTxevlis, Sesabamisad, “sami eklesiis” arseboba miiCnia. am moTxovnis universaluri xasiaTis gamo, uTuod Zneli warmosadgenia, rom misi ganxorcieleba mxolod erTi arqiteqturul tipis ZeglebSi momxdariyo. saqarTveloSi sameklesiiani bazilikis arsebobas zogi mkvlevari [z. aleqsiZe, 1968: 262-26; amave azrs eTanxmeba n.silagaZe,2001:144-156] VI- VII saukuneebis istoriul viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT sxvadasxva konfesiebis warmomadgenelTa (diofizitebis, monofizitebis da, SesaZloa, nestorianelebis) savaraudod erT taZarSi RvTismsaxurebis CatarebiT xsnis. gamoTqmulia sxva mosazrebebic [mag.: badStubneri, 1984:77-81], rac kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom sakiTxi sabolood dadgenili ar aris. sameklesiiani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis formirebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, uTuod, sainteresoa pirvel TavSi ganxilul dokumentebSi Camoyalibebuli qristianuli taZris mowyobis Sesaxeb eklesiis moTxovnebis gaazreba [jabua,2003:280-285]. kerZod, yuradRebas ipyrobs kaTakmevelTa da gankicxulTaTvis calke saTavsebis gamoyofis moTxovna. aRniSnuli doku174 mentebis mixedviT mlocvelTa darbazis mimarT es sadgomebi imgvarad unda iyos ganlagebuli, rom am kategoriis pirebs, romlebsac ar aqvT saRvTo liturgiaSi monawileobis ufleba, RvTismsaxurebis mosmenis SesaZlebloba hqondeT. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT, rom adreuli sameklesiiani bazilikebi am moTxovnis karnaxiT aigo. eklesiis mlocvelTa darbazis gverdiT ganTavsda ori sadgomi, romlebic misgan kedliT gaimijna. faqtia, rom arqiteqtoris amocana izolirebuli sadgomebis Seqmna iyo, rac, TavisTavad, eklesiaSi myofTa gamijvnis surviliT unda yofiliyo nakarnaxevi. sagulisxmoa, rom sufTa saxiT amgvari samnawiliani struqtura erTeuli gamonaklisis garda mxolod sawyiss periodSi gvxvdeba, xolo VI saukunis meore naxevridan, saqarTveloSi qristianobis saboloo damkvidrebis Semdgom, rodesac, albaT, ufro naklebi iyo zrdasrul axalmonaTlulTa ricxvi da eklesiebSi sanaTlavisTvis calke saTavsis gamoyofac TiTqmis aRar gvxvdeba, sameklesiianma bazilikebmac saxe icvala da gverdiTma sadgomebma garSemosavlelis forma miiRo. aRsaniSnavia, rom sakiTxis amgvar gagebas exmianeba samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebac [kapanaZe, 2002:43-56], sadac mamakacebis, qalebis da yrmaTa Soris diferencirebis moTxovnaa warmoCenili. sameklesiiani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis struqturaSi mlocvelTa darbazs rom mxolod centraluri eklesia (navi) warmoadgens, tipis evoluciac naTelyofs. am procesSi centraluri eklesia (navi) naTlad gamokveTil saxes iRebs da nagebobis sxva nawilebs iqvemdebarebs. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa pastoforiumebis centralur darbazTan dakavSireba. amgvarad sameklesiian bazilikebSi iseTi harmoniuli urTierTSe175 Tanxmeba yalibdeba, rac meore etapis arqiteqturuli RirebulebiT gamorCeul Zeglebs axasiaTebs. arqiteqturul struqturaSi mkafiod gamoiyofa mTavari – centraluri sivrce, mlocvelTa darbazi sakurTxevlis afsidiT da mas daqvemdebarebuli nawilebi – pastoforiumebi, garSemosavleli. samnaviani da sameklesiiani bazilikebis monacemebis urTierTSejerebisas irkveva, rom maTi mSeneblobis qronologiuri sazRvrebi ZiriTadad emTxveva. XI saukunis Semdgom mxolod erTeuli Zeglebia dadasturebuli. maTi gavrcelebis arealic daaxloebiT erTnairia. orive tipi dasavleTTan SedarebiT ufro metad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba. saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli grZivi RerZis damoklebis tendencia sameklesiian bazilikebSic aRiniSneba. am ukanasknelSi arqiteqturuli tipis specifikidan gamomdinare interierSi TiToeuli eklesiis (navis) sigrZivi mimarTuleba yovelTvis sagrZnobia, Tumca centraluri sivrcis warmoCenas garSemosavlelis motives gaCenis Semdeg TviT gegmarebis logika ganapirobebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom orive tipis arsebiTi niSani aris samnawilianoba. amasTan centraluri sivrce zomiTa da arqiteqturuli gadawyvetiT umniSvnelovanesia. orive tipis bazilikebSi gamoiyeneba kamarovani gadaxurva. gavrcelebulia Sesasvlelis sami mxridan mowyobis wesi. prioriteti samxreT Sesasvlels eniWeba. interieris morTvis mxriv am Zeglebs, gansakuTrebiT sameklesiian bazilikebs, sisadave axasiaTebs. eqsterierSi samnaviani da sameklesiiani bazilikebi msgavsia. orive SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba oTxferda gadaxurva da ufro metad gavrcelebulia gegmis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili afsida. 176 samnavian da sameklesiian bazilikebs Soris principuli gansxvaveba Sida sivrcis gadawyvetaSi vlindeba. samnavian bazilikaSi sayrdenebiT danawevrebuli interieri erTiania, xolo sameklesiiani bazilika kedlebiT izolirebul nawilebad iyofa. aqedan gamomdinare samnavian bazilikaSi interieris ganaTebis ukeTesi SesaZlebloba iqmneba. sameklesiiani bazilika etapobrivi ganviTarebis procesSi gegmarebis mravalgvar gadawyvetas iZleva, rac struqturis arsebiT cvlilebas ganapirobebs. maSin, rodesac samnaviani bazilika inarCunebs struqturis ZiriTad maxasiaTebels. samnavian da sameklesiian bazilikebSi gansxvavebulia aseve pastoforiumebis forma. Tu sameklesiian bazilikaSi ZiriTadad uafsido pastoforiumebia, samnavian bazilikebASi ufro metad gavrcelebuli afsidiani saTavsebia. unda aRiniSnos, rom sameklesiinma bazilikam formirebisa da ganviTarebis procesSi samnaviani bazilikis garkveuli gavlena ganicada. samnavian bazilikaSi arsebuli zogierTi arqiteqturuli motivi (garSemosavleli, interieris ritmuli danawevreba) sameklesiian bazilikaSi SemoqmedebiTad iqna damuSavebuli da misi arqiteqturuli saxis ganmsazRvreli gaxda. Tavis mxriv sameklesiian bazilikaSi gamoyenebuli arqiteqturuli formebi (or-sam maliani Sesasvleli) samnavian bazilikebSic gavrcelda. amrigad, samnaviani da sameklesiiani bazilikebi Sida sivrcis sruliad gansxvavebuli gadawyvetis miuxedavad mWidro urTierTkavSirs amjRavnebs. ornaviani eklesia. Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Seiqmna ugumbaTo arqiteqturis kidev erTi tipi – ornaviani eklesia. dRemde SemorCenili da samecniero literaturaSi dafiqsirebu177 lia daaxloebiT ori aTeuli Zegli [elizbaraSvili, 1983; elizbaraSvili, 1986; elizbaraSvili, 1993; elizbaraSvili, 1994; gafrindaSvili, CubinaSvili, 1969:28-33; sayvareliZe, 1972:25-30; gomelauri,1982; gabaSvili, 1985; miqelaZe, 1963; wereTeli,1990]. ornaviani eklesiebis gavrcelebis areali sakmaod didia. isini SemorCenilia rogorc aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (Salauri, naRianTkari, baixo, bziana, qoCalo, axmetis RvTaeba, qvemo weraqvi), aseve samxreT (RarTa, qilda, zeda varZia) da dasavleT saqarTveloSi (tabakini, mRvimevi, vanis wminda giorgi, bziana). maTi mSeneblobis qronologiuri sazRvrebi ramdenime saukunes moicavs. uadresi Zeglebi (Salauri, qoCalo, baRianTkari, baixo) VI-VII saukuneebs, xolo gviani (qvemo weraqvi, mRvimevi) XIII saukunes ganekuTvneba. ornavian eklesiebis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebiT maxasiaTebels Sida sivrcis sayrdenis meSveobiT or araTanabar erTeulad dayofis wesi warmoadgens. gegmarebis da Sida sivrcis danawilebis mixedviT ori jgufi SeiZleba gamoiyos. pirvelia ornawiliani struqturis mqone Zeglebi, sadac nagebobaSi sayrdenebiT gamijnuli ori navia. mTavari navi SedarebiT didi zomisaa, xolo momcro gverdiT navi SeiZleba iyos rogorc CrdiloeT (Salauri, baRianTkari, bziana, qilda, vanis wminda giorgi, mRvimevi), aseve samxreT mxares (oboleTi, dankali, vanis bziani). meore jgufis Zeglebi samnawiliani struqturisaa. mTavari da gverdiTi navis garda samxreTiT nagebobis mTel sigrZeze stoa (tabakini, axmeta, qoCalo, zeda varZia) an izolirebuli navia (baixo). ornaviani eklesiebi momcro zomis, gegmis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili afsidis mqone nagebobebia. Sverili 178 afsida mxolod mRvomevSia. pirveli jgufis Zeglebi wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis formisaa, xolo meore jgufis – gegmaSi kvadrats uaxlovdeba. ornavian eklesiebSi mTavari da gverdiTi navi erTmaneTisagad mxolod erTi sayrdeniT gamoiyofa. gamonaklisia zeda varZia, sadac ori sayrdenia gamoyenebuli. mTavari navi zomiT yovelTvis sWarbobs gverdiTas, romelic Sida sivrcis organizaciaSi daqvemdebarebul rols TamaSobs. sarkmlebis ganlageba, Sesabamisad interieris ganaTebis xasiaTi, mTavari navis mniSvnelobis warmoCenas emsaxureba. navebs kamarovani gadaxurva aqvs. pirveli jgufis ramdenime Zeglsa da meore jgufis ZeglebSi gambrjeni TaRebi pilastrebs eyrdnoba; sxva SemTxvevaSi konsolebzea dafuZnebuli. pilastris gamoyeneba anawevrebs kedlis sibrtyes, Tavisebur gamomsaxvelobas aniWebs da Sida sivrcis arqiteqturuli saxis ganmsazRvrel erT-erT faqtorad gvevlineba. am mxriv sayuradReboa axmetis RvTaebas eklesia, sadac mTavari navis kedlebze dekoraciuli TaRedia gamoyenebuli. saerTod, ornaviani eklesiebis interieri sisadaviT gamoiCeva (gamonaklisia davaTi, zeda varZia). ornavian eklesiebSi gegmarebis specifika erTi pastoforiumis mowyobis SesaZleblobas iZleva. umetes SemTxvevaSi saTavsi sakurTxevlis CrdiloeT mxares aris (Salauri, baRianTkari, bziana, baixo, axmeta, qoCalo, zeda varZia, mRvimevi), iSviaTad samxreTiT (RarTa). rig ZeglebSi saTavsi saerTod ar aris. pastoforiumi umetesad sworkuTxa gegmisaa. afsida aqvs tabakinis, RarTas da mRvimevis saTavsebs. Sesasvleli ZiriTadad gverdiTi navidan aris (Salauri, baixo, qoCalo, axmeta), zogjer kari sakurTxevlis winamdebare sivrceSi ixsneba (bziana, RarTa). tabakinsa da mRvimeSi ki Crdi179 loeTi saTavsi dakavSirebulia rogorc sakurTxevelTan, asevev gverdiT navTan. ornavian eklesiaSi taZarSi Sesasvleli moTavsebulia samxreT da dasavleT, iSviaTad CrdiloeT mxares (tabakini, bziana). prioriteti samxreT Sesasvlels eniWeba. sayuradReboa, rom meore jgufis ZeglebSi samxreT stoaSi or an samTaRiani Sesasvlelia. eqsterierSi TiToel navs damoukidebeli gadaxurva aqvs. pirveli jgufis ZeglebSi samferda, xolo meore jgufis ZeglebSi oTxferda gadaxurva gamoiyeneba. gamonaklisia orferda saxuravi zeda varZiaSi, sadac aseTi gadawyveta samalavebis arsebobam ganapiroba. samnavian bazilikebTan ornaviani eklesiebis Sedarebisas ganirCeva rigi msgavsi da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. samnaviani bazilikebis da ornaviani eklesiebis mSenebloba daaxloebiT Tanadroulad mimdinareobda. orive tipis ZeglebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeblia sworkuTxa gegma. ufro metad gavrcelebulia gegmaSi Cawerili afsidebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom iseve rogorc umetesi Sverilafsidiani samnaviani bazilika, aseve Sverili afsidis mqone ornaviani eklesiac (mRvimevi) dasavleT saqarTveloSi mdebareobs. ornaviani eklesiebis meore jgufis Zeglebi nagebobis konfiguraciis mxriv Tanadroul samnavian bazilikebTan msgavsebas amJRavnebs. isini kvadrats miaxlivebuli gegmisaa. arsebiTia, agreTve, maTi samnawilianobis gaTvaliswineba. sagulisxnoa, rom Sida sivrcis navebad dayofa orive tipis ZeglebSi sayrdenebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba. amasTan gamoiyofa mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli sivrceebi. rogorc samnaviani bazilikis, aseve ornaviani eklesiis arqiteqturuli struqturis farglebSi aRiniSneba navTa urTierTmimarTebis droismieri cvlilebebi. orive tipis ZeglebSi gamoiyeneba pilast180 ri. interieri sadaa. umetes nagebobebSi prioriteti samxreT Sesasvlels eniWeba. samnaviani bazilikebi da ornaviani eklesiebi sruliad gansxvavebuli arqiteqtonikis nagebobebia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gegma da sivrculi gadawyveta arqiteqturuli formebis gawonasworebis da harmoniulobis principzea agebuli. nagebobaSi arsebuli mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli nawilebis urTierTmimarTeba erTiani sivrcis Seqmnas emsaxureba. sapirispirod, ornavian eklesiaSi asimetriulobis principia gadamwyveti, rac kargad ikiTxeba rogorc gegmis (erTi gverdiTi navi, erTi pastoforiumi), aseve sivrcobiv-moculobiT gadawyvetaSi. gverdiTi navi am ZeglebSi damatebiT sivrced aRiqmeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom ornavian eklesiebs garkveuli saerTo niSnebi sameklesiian bazilikasTan eZebneba. ornavian eklesiebSi farTod aris gavrcelebuli or-sam TaRiani Sesasvleli, romelic sameklesiiani bazilikebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. iseve, rogorc bevr sameklesiian bazilikaSi, ornavian eklesiebSic mxolod CrdiloeTi saTavsia gamoyofili. pastoforiumis sakurTxevelTan kariT dakavSirebis wesi orive tipis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. sameklesiian bazilikebsa da ornavian eklesiebSi pastoforiumi umetesad uafsidoa. amrigad, nagebobis arqiteqtonikis mxriv ornaviani eklesiebi da samnaviani bazilikebi Zalze gansxvavebulia, magram amave dros maT Soris rig sakiTxebSi msgavseba aRiniSneba da umTavresi navebis sayrdenis saSualebiT gamijvnis wesia. erTnaviani anu darbazuli eklesia. ugumbaTo arqiteqturis yvelaze martivi tipi, erTnaviani anu darbazuli eklesia, Suasaukuneebis saqarTvelos xuroT181 moZRvrebis istoriis yvela etapze Sendeba [CubinaSvili,1970:173-177,279-288; Smerlingi,1948:11-122; Smerlingi, 1955:139-168; n.CubinaSvili, 1976; n.CubinaSvili,1987:57-74;n.CubinaSvili,Smerlingi,1948:47-54; n.CubinaSvili,1988; andRulaZe,1969:44-52; beriZEe, 1942:4148,77-132; TayaiSvili,1960; rCeuliSvili, 1948,27-38; rCeuliSvili,1963:167-182; cincaZe, 1963:57-106; doliZe, 1987,26-56; vaCeiSvili, 1997; mirijanaSvili, 1999 da sxv.]. gegmisa da arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli gadawyvetis simartivem erTnaviani eklesiis xuroTmoZRvruli tipis farTo gavrceleba ganapiroba. saqarTveloSi darbazuli eklesiebi yvelaze mravalricxovania. maTi gavrcelebis areali saqarTvelos mTel teritorias moicavs. isini Sendeba rogorc barSi, aseve mTian regiobnebSi. magaliTad, svaneTSi darbazuli eklesia saeklesio nagebobis erTaderTi tipia [doliZe,1987:31]. SemorCenil darbazul nagebobebSi ganirCeva rogorc calkeuli maRalmxatvruli nimuSebi, aseve rigiTi nagebobebi. darbazuli eklesia gegmaSi wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis formis nagebobaa. arqiteqturul struqturas ayalibebs sakurTxevlis afsida da darbazi mlocvelTaTvis. pastoforiumebi umetes SemTxvevaSi ar aris. gegmarebis TvalsazrisiT mravalgvar gadawyvetas damatebiTi nawilebis arseboba ganapirobebs. ZiriTadad SeiZleba gamoiyos ramdenime jgufi: 1. martivi tipis darbazuli eklesia damatebiTi sadgomebis gareSe. 2. darbazuli eklesia samxreTi stoiT. 3. darbazuli eklesia samxreTi da dasavleTi stoebiT. 4. darbazuli eklesia sammxrivi garSemosavleliT. 5. darbazuli eklesia CrdiloeTi saTavsiT da samxreTi stoiT. 182 darbazul eklesiebSi, umetesad, gegmis sworkuTxedSi Caxazuli sakurTxevlis afsidaa. Sverili afsidebi naklebad gvxvdeba da ufro xSirad dasavleT saqarTvelos ZeglebSia. vinaidan pastoforiumebi, ZiriTadad, ar aris, gavrcelebulia sakurTxevlis afsidaSi Rrma niSebis mowyobis wesi (mag.: saorbisi, xcisi,maRalaanTeklesia, gudarexi, savane, daba da sxv.). gamoiyeneba kamarovani gadaxurva. eqsterierSi orferda saxuravia. damatebiTi saTavsebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, maT damoukidebeli saxuravi aqvs. darbazuli eklesiis interieris gadawyvetisas arsebiTia is, rom mlocvelTa darbazi daunawevrebel, erTian sivrces qmnis, romelic zogierT ZeglSi STambeWdav masStabs aRwevs (mag.: maRalaanTeklesia, xcisi). IXX saukuneebidan farTod gamoiyeneba gambrjeni TaRebis pilestrebze dayrdnobis wesi. aRsaniSnavia, rom pilastrebi zogierT SemTxvevaSi imdenad masiuria, rom maT Soris e.w. ubeebi warmoiqmneba. aseT SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs ara mxolod kedlis sibrtyis danawevrebas, aramed interieris Tavisebur sivrcobriv-moculobiT organizacias (xcisi, gudarexi). darbazuli eklesiebis simravlis, Zeglebis Zalze gansxvavebuli arqiteqturuli Rirebulebis gamo calkeuli arqiteqturuli formebis da tendenciebis warmoCena, cxadia, specialur kvlevas moiTxovs. mocemul SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia mxolod zogierTi momentis gamoyofa. ase magaliTad, darbazul eklesiebSi Sesasvleli ZiriTadad erTi an ori mxridan ewyoba. amasTan prioriteti samxreTis Sesasvlels eniWeba. am mxares stoas zogjer or-sam TaRiani Sesasvleli aqvs (mag.: olTisi, tamala, saro). darbazul eklesiebSi sarkmlebis ricxvi, umetesad, mcirea, magram isini daunawevre183 bel sivrces anaTebs, rac Semosuli sinaTlis intensivobis maqsimaluri gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. amis miuxedavad, calkeul ZeglebSi sxvadasxva faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT interieri sakmaod kargad an Zalze sustad naTdeba. darbazuli eklesiebis interiers ZiriTadad sisadave axasiaTebs, magram rig SemTxvevebSi dekoraciuli morTuloba gamoiyeneba. samnaviani bazilikisa da darbazuli eklesiis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis kvlevisas upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos, rom orive ugumbaTo arqiteqturis tips warmoadgens da erTmaneTs am niSniT enaTesaveba. arqiteqturuli tipis konceptualuri gagebis TvalsazrisiT orive tipis ZeglebSi yvela arqiteqturuli forma sakurTxevlis afsidasTan mimarTebaSi aRiqmeba da garkveulwilad mas eqvemdebareba. Sida sivrcis gadawyvetisas erTianobis principia mTavari. Tumca misi miRweva gansxvavebulad, darbazul eklesiaSi martivi, xolo samnavian bazilikaSi ufro rTuli kompoziciuri gadawyvetiT xorcieldeba. gegmis sworkuTxedSi Caxazuli afsidis ufro metad gavrceleba, kamarovani gadaxurva, samxreTis Sesasvlelis prioritetuli mniSvneloba is niSnebia, romelic orive tips axasiaTebs. amasTan darbazuli eklesiebis interierSi pilastrebis gamoyeneba Tavisi mxatvruli gadawyveTiT samnaviani bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebebl Sida sivrcis ritmuli danawevrebis wess enaTeseveba. amrigad, samnaviani bazilika da darbazuli eklesia, rogorc ugumbaTo arqiteqturis tipebi garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs, magram maT Soris arsebiTia gansxvaveba, rac vlindeba rogorc Sida sivrcis, aseve eqsterieris gadawyvetaSi. 184 gurjaanis yvelawminda. gardamavali xana saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi SemoqmedebiTi ZiebebiT aRsavse periodia. am epoqaSi bevri iseTi Zegli aigo, romlebSic gegmarebis da sivrcobriv-moculobiTi problemebi Taviseburad gadawyda. zogierT SemTxvevaSi originaluri arqiteqturuli kompozicia mxolod erT nagebobaSi ganxorcielda da Semdgom aRar ganmeorebula. amgvari Zeglebis rigs ganekuTvneba gurjaanis yvelawminda [CubinaSvili, 1956:273-286], romelic samnavian bazilikasTan garkveul msgavsebas amJRavnebs. gurjaanis yvelawmindas gegma bazilikis msgavsad dasavleT-aRmosavleT RerZze wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis formisaa. Sida sivrce sayrdenebis saSualebiT sam navad aris gayofili, rac eqsterierSic naTlad aisaxeba. orkalTa saxuraviani Sua da calferda gverdiTi navebis gadaxurva tradiciul bazilikur Wrils qmnis. sayuradReboa, rom Sida sivrcis sayrdenebiT navebad dayofa da e.w. bazilikuri Wrili samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebiT maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. gurjaanis yvelawmindas xuroTmoZRvari am tradiciul sqemas Sua navze ori gumbaTis aRmarTviT sruliad axlebur kompoziciad gardaqmnis. sagulisxmoa, rom gumbaTiani arqiteqturidan is aseve yvelaze saxasiaTo arqiteqturul elements, gumbaTs, irCevs da Tamamad uTavsebs bazilikis struqturas. is faqti, rom gurjaanSi ara erTi, aramed ori gumbaTia gamoyenebuli, bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebebli Tanafardobis dacvas emsaxureba. mxolod erTi gumbaTis ageba sruliad gansxvavebul sivrcobriv gadawyvetas gamoiwvevda. am SemTxvevaSi misi roli arqiteqturuli nagebobis mTlian struquturaSi, uTuod, ufro gamoikveTeboda, rac gumbaTis zomis gazrdas, interierSi calkeuli nawile185 bis urTierTdaqvemdebarebis arsebuli sqemis Secvlas da eqsterierSi mkveTr aqcentirebas gamoiwvevda. yovelive zemoTqmulis sapirispirod, gurjaanis yvelawmindaSi arsebuli struqturis safuZvlad bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli kompoziciuri da proporciuli gadawyveta darCa. amave dros gaCnda axali elementi – gumbaTi. Tumca gurjaanis yvelawmindaSi mas ar aqvs Sida sivrcis maorganizebeli is funqcia, romelic saqarTvelos gumbaTian taZrebSi aqvs miniWebuli. gurjaanis yvelawmindas samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturul tipTan Sedarebisas yuradRebas iqcevs Semdegi sakiTxebi. qronologiurad gurjaanis yvelawmindas agebis TariRi, VIII saukune, emTxveva saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikebis mSeneblobis periods. amasTan, gurjaanis yvelawminda mdebareobs kaxeTSi, im regionSi, sadac samnaviani da sameklesiiani bazilikebis yvelaze didi raodenobaa dadasturebuli. gurjaanis yvelawmindas calkeuli arqiteqturuli formebi da maTi Sefardebis monacemebi (eqsterierSi 21m X 11,2m; Sefardeba 1,8; interierSi 15,2m X 8,8m; Sefardeba 1,7; sami wyvili T-s formis sayrdeni; TaRis da sayrdenis zomis Sefardeba 1,8; Sua da gverdiTi navebis siganis Sefardeba 2,4) uaxlovdeba samnaviani bazilikebis monacemebs. Riobebis forma da maTi ganlagebis sqema aseve samnaviani bazilikis msgavsia. gegmis sworkuTxedSi Cawerili naliseburi sakurTxevlis afsida, gadaxurvis kamarovani sistema, oTxferda saxuravi, Sesasvlelis samxreT da dasavleT mxares mowyoba, aseve damaxasiaTebeblia samnaviani bazilikisaTvis. gurjaanis yvelawmindaSi gamoyenebuli martivi saxis imposti farTodaa gavrcelebuli samnavian bazilikebSi. samnaviani bazilikis msgavsad gurjaanis yvelawmindas interiers sisadave axasiaTebs. 186 Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom sisadave im saxiT, rogorc es gurjaanis yvelawmindaSia, saerTod kaxeTis arqiteqturisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. gurjaanis yvelawmindas samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipisagan ZiriTadi ganmasxvavebeli ori gumbaTis arsebobaa, rac, TavisTavad, am Zeglis arsebiT maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. amas garda gurjaanis yvelawmindas interieri meti sirTuliT da Semadgeneli nawilebis simravliT (ZiriTadi, sam navad dayofili sivrce, pastoforiumebi, maT zemoT meore sarTulis saTavsebi, meore sarTulis CrdiloeTi da samxreTi ekvdrebi, maTi SemaerTebeli patronike, narTeqsi pirvel sarTulze) gamoirCeva, vidre nebismieri samnaviani bazilika. gverdiTi navebis orsarTulianoba saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi mxolod gamonaklesis saxiT gvxvdeba (sefieTi, akura). aRsaniSnavia, rom gurjaanis yvelawmindas interierSi sameklesiiani bazilikis kompoziciuri sqemis niSnebic vlindeba. taZris meore sarTulis gadawyveta sameklesiiani bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebebli sivrcis izolirebul nawilebad dayofis principzea agebuli. gverdiTi navebis meore sarTuli kedlebiTaa gamijnuli Sua navisagan. SesaZloa, samxreT kedelSi oTxi didi zomis Riadic sameklesiiani bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli TaRebiani Sesasvlelis motivis garkveuli gavleniTaa gadawyvetili. amgvarad, gurjaanis yvelawminda Tavisi gegmarebiTa da sivrcobrivi gadawyvetiT rTul arqiteqturul nagebobas warmoadgens. am ZeglSi kombinirebulia samnaviani da sameklesiiani bazilikebis, gumbaTiani arqiteqturis calkeuli elementebi da kompoziciuri sqemebi; magram misi arqiteqturuli struqturis Camoyalibebis 187 umTavres safuZvels samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi warmoadgens. gumbaTiani arqiteqtura. saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebis umniSvnelovanes Temas gumbaTiani arqiteqtura warmoadgens. gumbaTi am nagebobebis azrobrivi da kompoziciuri centria. arqiteqturuli struqturis yvela komponentis organizeba gumbaTqveSa sivrcis garSemo xdeba, rac umetes SemTxvevaSi nagebobis centrulobas ganapirobebs. Tu samnavian bazilikaSi, iseve rogorc ugumbaTo arqiteqturis sxva tipebSi, sakulto da arqiteqturuli mniSvnelobiT mxolod sakurTxeveli gamoirCeoda, aq simboluri, gegmarebis da moculobiT-sivrcobrivi TvalsazrisiT meore mniSvnelovani aqcentia gumbaTis saxiT. saqarTvelos garda gumbaTiani arqiteqtura bizantiis da saerTod, marTlmadidebluri qristianuli samyaros xuroTmoZRvrebis wamyvavani Tema VI s-dan xdeba. gumbaTiani arqiteqturis prioritetuli mniSvneloba, uTuod, ganpirobebuli iyo qristianuli eklesiis mier saeklesio nagebobis bazilikebis mSeneblobis xanisagan gansxvavebuli gaazrebiT, razec VII-VIII saukuneebSi maqsime aRmsareblis (lou,1995; kekeliZe,1961:14-54; averincevi 1989:36-59) da germane konstantinopolelis(mango, 1972:141-143) interpretacia metyvelebs. maT mixedviT eklesia, RvTis saxli, ganasaxierebs zeciur sauflos, kosmoss. maqsime aRmsarebelTan aseve xilul samyaros da TviT adamians, romelic sakraluri mniSvnelobiT mikrokosmoss warmoadgens. taZris gumbaTi zecas ganasaxierebs da zeciuri sauflos simboloa (ix. pirveli Tavi). 188 jvari daedo gegmarebis da sivrculi gadawyvetis safuZvlad saqarTvelos gumbaTiani xuroTmoZRvrebis ZiriTad arqiteqturul tipebs - tetrakonqs (mag.: manglisi-Vs, Zveli gavazi-VIs, ninowminda-VIs, mcxeTis jvari-VI-VIIss-is mijna) da Tavisufali jvris tips (mag.: eralaanT saydari -V-VI ss, idleTis naTlismcemeli-VIs, SiomRvime-VIs, samwevrisi-VIIs.), SemdgomSi Caxazuli jvris tips (wromi-VIIs.) da trikonqs (mag.: dorTqilisa-VIII-IX ss, isi-VIII-IX ss, oSki-Xs, bagrati-XIs, alaverdi-XIs.). am tipis taZrebSi jvris mklavebiT Seqmnil centralur gumbaTqveSa kvadratze gumbaTia amoyvanili. saeklesio nagebobis gegmasa da sivrceSi jvris, kvadratisa da wris Tanaziaroba, uTuod, garkveul simbolur datvirTvas iZens. jvari, qristes msxverplSewirvis da aRdgomis simbolo, nagebobis gegmisa da sivrculi gadawyvetis safuZvelia. centrSi kvadrati, oTxi gverdiT - oTxiv mxares, Sesabamisad miwas da amqveyniur yofierebas gamosaxavs. mis Tavze nagebobis damagvirgvinebeli gumbaTis fuZiT Seqmnili wre, maradiulobis, usasrulobis da zeciuri samyaros simboloa. amgvarad, gumbaTiani eklesiis sakralur sivrceSi niSanTa sistemis meSveobiT gacxadebulia eklesiis arsobrivi mizani warmarTos morwmuneni uflis swavliTa da moZRvrebiT amqveyniur cxovrebaSi, raTa hpovon maT WeSmariti gza uflisa da saukuno cxovrebisa. niSandoblivia, rom gumbaTiani arqiteqturis am koncefcias Seesatyviseba mogvianebiT SemuSavebuli taZris moxatvis sqemaSi gumbaTis fuZesTan, kvadratidan wreze gadasvlis zRvarze, afrebSi, qveynis oTxiv mxares qristianuli moZRvrebis gamavrcelebeli oTxi maxareblebis gamosaxvis wesi. 189 saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebaSi gumbaTiani arqiteqturis ganviTarebas arqiteqturul-samSeneblo TvalsazrisiT sakuTari kanonebi gansazRvravs. amdenad bazilikis arqiteqturul tipTan Sedareba pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs. samnaviani bazilikis da gumbaTiani arqiteqturis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxis kvleva sainteresoa imdenad, ramdenadac saqarTvelos xuriTmoZRvrebaSi maTi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Tanaarseboba urTierTgavlenis SesaZleblobas qmnis. amTaviTve unda aRiniSnos, rom bazilika saqarTveloSi Semotanili arqiteqturuli tipia, xolo gumbaTiani arqiteqtura, gansxvavebiT grZivi kompoziciisagan, adgilobrivi xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebis gadamuSavebis Sedegad ganviTarda. amitom xuroTmoZRvruli da samSeneblo Taviseburebebi mTeli sisruliT swored gumbaTian arqiteqturaSi gamovlinda. saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturulma tipma gumbaTiani arqiteqturis garkveuli gavlena ganicada, ramac bazilikis saxis Secvla da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebis gamovlena ganapiroba. grZivi RerZis damokleba, gegmis kvadrats miaxloeba, samxreTi Sesasvlelis prioriteti, is ZiriTadi niSnebia, romlebic saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikisaTvis gaxda damaxasiaTebeli, Tumca zogadad bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipisaTvis ucxoa. gumbaTiani arqiteqturis gavlena ufro TvalsaCinod gamovlinda mesame etapis bazilikebSi, rac ZiriTadad afsidis wina arealis xazgasmaSi gamoixata. Tavis mxriv qriatianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis adreul etapze saqarTveloSi bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Semotanam qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba aziara moculobiTsivrciTi da gegmis kompoziciuri gadawyvetis mwyobr 190 sistemas. SeTvisebul da gaazrebul iqna mkafio arqiteqturuli koncefciis mqone arqiteqturul struqtura, romelsac samnawilianoba, Sida sivrcis sayrdenebiT danawevreba, mTavarisa da daqvemdebarebulis harmoniuli erTianoba, arqiteqturuli formebis ritmuli monacvleoba axasiaTebs. aman qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis arqiteqturul-samSeneblo potencialis zrda da, garkveulwilad, tipologiuri mravalferovneba ganapiroba. udavoa, rom iseTi mniSvnelovani Zeglebis Seqmna rogoricaa wromi, samSvildis sioni, lixne, moqvi, sveticxoveli (Caxazuli jvris tipi), kumurdo (mravalafsidiani), bagrati, alaverdi (trikonqi), samTavisi, samTavro (Caxazuli jvris tipis e.w. centralur-gumbaTovani taZrebi) gumbaTiani arqiteqturis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebma gansazRvra; Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom amgvari arqiteqturuli kompoziciebis SemuSavebas, uTuod, bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebis SeTvisebam Seuwyo xeli. gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia gumbaTian nagebobebSi dasavleTi mklavis imgvari gadawyvetis magaliTebi (mag.: oSki, kumurdo), sadac wagrZelebuli sworkuTxa gegmarebis sivrce sayrdenebis saSualebiT sam grZiv erTeulad aris dayofili. am TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa saqarTvelos da somxeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis Sedareba. saqarTveloSi, sadac bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arseboba ramdenime saukunes (V-XI ss) moicavs, farTod aris gavrcelebuli Tavisuflad mdgom sayrdenebiani sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli tipi. maTgan Caxazuli jvris tipis e.w. centralur-gumbaTovani taZrebi XI saukunidan qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis mTavar tips warmoadgens. rac Seexeba somxeTs, aq bazilikebis ricxvi mcirea da isini mxo191 lod VII s-mde Sendeba. Sesabamisad, somxeTis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rigi niSnebis SeTviseba-gadamuSaveba naklebad ganxorcielda. garkveulwilad amiT SeiZleba aixsnas somxeTis sakulto arqiteqturaSi sayrdenebiani Zeglebis simcire da gumbaTis sayrdenad kedlis Sverilebis farTod gavrceleba, rac gvxvdeba rogorc wriul kompoziciebSi (mag.: anisis macxovrisa da mwyemsebis taZrebi), aseve sworkuTxa gegmarebis gumbaTiani darbazis tipis ZeglebSi(ptRni, aruWi, Siravakani, sanaini, ahpati, goSavanqi, qeCarisi da sxv.). niSandoblivia isic, rom gumbaTiani darbazi anu kupelhale somxeTis xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erT mTavar da farTod gavrcelebul arqiteqturul tips warmoadgens. calke unda aRiniSnos erTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb, romelic saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Zeglebis sigrZesiganis Tanafardobas exeba. VIs-is Semdgom saqarTvelos bazilikebSi sigrZe-siganis Sefardeba eqsterierSi ZiriTadad 1,5 an naklebia, xolo interierSi (sakurTxevlis afsidamde) 0,8-dan 1,2-mde. sayuradReboa, rom igive proporciuli Tanafardoba axasiaTebs centralur-gumbaTovan taZrebs (samTavisi – 1,47, interierSi 1,1; samTavro – 1,5, interierSi – 1,1; ikorTa 1,3, interierSi – 1; qvaTaxevi – 1,6, interierSi 1; safara -1,25, interierSi -0,9). am monacemTa Sejereba naTelyofs, rom rogorc bazilikis, aseve gumbaTiani arqiteqturis erT-erTi farTod gavrcelebuli tipis ZeglebSi msgavsi proporciuli gadawyvetaa, rac, TavisTavad, nagebobis arsebiT maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. mniSvnelovania isic, rom amgvari gadawyveta bazilikebsa da centralur-gumbaTovan taZrebSi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi SenarCunda. safiqrebelia, rom aseTi proporciuli 192 Tanafardoba Seesatyviseboda qarTuli arqiteqturis raobis ganmsazRvrel moTxovnebs. amrigad, saqarTveloSi bazilikis arqiteqturul tipsa da gumbaTian arqiteqturas Soris garkveuli kavSiri arsebobs, rac urTierTgavlenebisa da saerTo maxasiaTeblebis CamoyalibebaSi gamovlinda. * * * samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis tipebTan mimarTebis sakiTxis kvlevisas ufro naTlad ikveTeba am tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi: samnawilianoba, sayrdenebis gamoyenebis wesi, Sida sivrcis erTianoba, arqiteqturuli masebis simetriulobisa da gawonasworebis principiT ganawileba, arqiteqturul formaTa ritmuli monacvleoba, mTavaris da daqvemdebarebulis harmoniuli urTierTkavSiri. SedarebiTi analizi naTelyofs, rom saqarTveloSi ugumbaTo arqiteqturuli tipebis (darbazulis garda) mSeneblobis qronologiuri sazRvrebi emTxveva da moicavs V-XI saukuneebs. Semdgom xanaSi isini iSviaTad igeba. rogorc samnaviani, aseve sameklesiini bazilikebi dasavleTTan SedarebiT ufro metad aRmosavleT saqarTveloSia gavrcelebuli. samnaviani bazilikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli arsebiTi niSani – samnawilianoba, axasiaTebs aseve sameklesiian bazilikas da ornaviani eklesiebis meore jgufis Zeglebs. amgvari sqema gamoiyeneba rigi gumbaTiani nagebobebis dasavleT mklavis gadawyvetisas. 193 samnaviani bazilikis garda sayrdenebi gamoiyeneba ornavian eklesiaSi da gumbaTiani arqiteqturis rig tipebSi. iseve, rogorc samnavian bazilikas, Sida sivrcis erTianoba axasiaTebs darbazul eklesias, Tumca is meti simartiviT gamoirCeva. samnaviani bazilikisaTvis niSandoblivi interieris ritmuli danawevreba axasiaTebs zogierT sameklesiian da darbazul nagebobas, romelSic pilastrebia gamoyenebuli; aseve sayrdenebis mqone rig gumbaTian nagebobas. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi warmoadgens qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis iseTi gamorCeuli Zeglis Seqmnis safuZvels, rogoric gurjaanis yvelawmindas orgumbaTiani eklesiaa. SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze gamoikveTa zogierTi iseTi niSani Tu tendencia, romelic saerTod qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli. ase magaliTad, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebs, ZiriTadad, centruloba axasiaTebs, sigrZivi RerZis gansakuTrebuli xasgasma naklebad xdeba. uwinaresad gumbaTiani arqiteqturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli es Tviseba, samnavian bazilikebSic iCens Tavs. sagulisxmoa, rom igive procesi garkveulwilad ugumbaTo arqiteqturis sxva tipebSic aRiniSneba. sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli tipis nagebobebis Sida sivrcis gadawyvetaSi vlindeba erTiani, Sekruli arqiteqturuli kompoziciis Seqmnis survili, rodesac interierSi sigrZisa da siganis zomebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdeba. amasTan, taZrebis interieri, ZiriTadad, sisadaviT da lakonurobiT xasiaTdeba. taZarSi Sesasvleli, umetesad, samxreTi da dasvleTi mxridan aris gaWrili. samxreTi Sesasvlelis prioritetulobis SemTxvevaSi Sida sivrcis aRqmisas centru194 lobis SegrZneba ufro sagrZnobi xdeba. rogorc ugumbaTo, aseve gumbaTian arqiteqturaSi gavrcelebulia gegmis sworkuTxedSi Caxazuli sakurTxevlis afsida. Sverili afsida, umetesad, dasavleT saqarTvelos an adreuli xanis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. qarTul arqiteqturaSi yvela ZiriTadi sakiTxis gadawyvetisas zomierebis principia daculi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoT CamoTvlili niSnebis Tu calkeuli prioritetebis arseboba ar gamoricxavs zogierTi maxasiaTeblis gansazRvrul droiT-regionalur farglebSi gavrcelebas. saqarTvelos qristianuli xuroTmoZRvreba arqiteqturul tipTa simravliT rTul, mravalferovan, damoukidebel sistemad warmogvidgeba, romelic sxva sistemebTan (sxva qveynebis xuroTmoZRvrebasTan) urTierTmimarTebaSi arsebobs da ganviTarebis zogad kanonazomierebebs emorCileba [moiseevi, 1991:3-28]. arqiteqturuli tipebis formirebis da arsebobis intensivobiT XII saukunemde periodi gamoirCeva. sistemis organizaciis kanonzomierebidan gamomdinare es periodi sistemaSi Semavali struqturebis (arqiteqturuli tipebis) stabilurobis xarisxis simciriT xasiaTdeba, rac TviT sistemis ganviTarebis daCqarebas ganapirobebs. XI saukunis Semdgom, am dros arsebuli struqturebis (arqiteqturuli tipebis) stabilurobis xarisxi maRalia anu maTi saxecvla aRar xdeba, rac mTlianad sistemis ganviTarebis procesis Senelebas ganapirobebs. am konteqstSi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis gavrceleba, romelic sawyis etapze sistemis Semadgenel struqturad iqca, misi formirebis procesis daCqarebis erT-erT faqtorad warmogvidgeba. 195 amrigad, Suasaukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturulma tipma mniSvnelovani adgili daimkvidra. saqarTveloSi mas ukavSirdeba calkeuli arqiteqturuli tipisa da nagebobis, zogierTi xuroTmoZRvruli motivis Tu kompoziciuri gadawyvetis Camoyalibeba. amavdroulad, samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis tradiciebis zegavleniT cvlilebas ganicdis da qristianuli bazilikis Tavisebur arqiteqturul saxes qmnis. 196 daskvna qriatianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi pirveli arqiteqturuli tipis, samnaviani bazilikis, adreuli Sua saukuneebis xanidan saqarTveloSi gavrceleba qristianul samyarosTan srulfasovani integraciis damadasturebel movlenas warmoadgens, rasac, udaod, didi istoriul-kulturuli mniSvneloba eniWeba. qristianuli religiis mier xuroTmoZRvrebaSi bazilikis dakanonebas faqtobrivi monacemebis garda IV-V saukuneebis werilobiTi wyaroebi (“wesni mociqulTani”, Testamentum Domini, kesariis episkopos evsebis 317 wliT daTariRebuli tiris episkopos pavlinisadmi miZRvnili panegeriki) adasturebs. adreqristianul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli es arqiteqturuli tipi adgilobrivi samSeneblo tradiciebisa da saqarTvelos Sua saukuneebis xuroTmoZRvrebaSi mimdinare procesebis zegavleniT garkveul cvlilebebs ganicdis. amdenad, samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis saqarTveloSi gavrcelebis etapobrivi sqemis dadgena, misi arqiteqturuli maxasiaTeblebis Taviseburebebisa da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis sxva tipebTan urTierTmimarTebis gansazRvra, Tavad saqarTvelos qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis rigi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisa Tu arsebuli tendenciebis gamovlenis SesaZleblobas iZleva. saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebaSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis, rogorc erTi konkretuli arqiteqturuli struqturis, statistikur-tipologiuri aRricxvisa da analizis meTodiT Seswavla am arqiteqturuli tipis gavrcelebisa da arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli gadawyvetis Taviseburebebis sistemur 197 kvlevas emsaxureba. amasTan gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom rigi Zeglebis daculobis done, SekeTebis an gadakeTebis Sedegad saxecvla, ar iZleva amomwuravi informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas. amdenad, saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebobis qronologiuri da teritoriuli farglebi, droiT-regionaluri gavrcelebis intensivoba, sakvlevi struqturis raobis ganmsazRvreli niSnebi, Semadgeneli nawilebi da maTi formiseuli saxecvlilebebi, ZiriTadad, ormocdaori samnaviani bazilikis monacemTa bazaze Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze ganxorcielda. saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis nagebobebis mSeneblobis qronologiuri sazRvrebi V-XI saukunis dasawyisiT Semoifargleba. XIII-XVII saukuneebSi mxolod erTeuli Zeglebia agebuli. bazilikebis aqtiuri mSeneblobis periodi V-VI saukuneebia. amave xanas miekuTvneba bazilikebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi, sadac VII saukunidan es arqiteqturuli tipi oriode gamonaklisis garda (XI saukunis kvirikewminda da XVI-XVII saukuneebis ilemi) aRar gvxvdeba. Tavdapirvelad bazilikebis mSenebloba saqarTvelos centralur regionebSi mimdinareobs, xolo VIII saukunidan mTian mxaresac moicavs. bazilikebis ZiriTad saSen masalad gamoiyeneba rogorc kargad gaTlili, aseve uxeSad damuSavebuli qva, riyis qva da aguri. gvxvdeba erTi saxis an Sereuli masaliT nagebi Zeglebi. kedlis sisqe 0,75 metridan 1,30 metramdea. adreul ZeglebSi kedlebi ufro ganieria, xolo droTa ganmavlobaSi nagebobebis kedlis sisqis Semcireba aRiniSneba. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Zeglebi gegmaSi sworkuTxa formisaa da Zlier 198 wagrZelebuli gegmareba ar axasiaTebs. piriqiT, gegmis kvadrats miaxlovebis tendencia iCens Tavs. ufro metad gavrcelebulia iseTi proporciuli Tanafardoba, rodesac sigrZe daaxloebiT 1,5-jer metia siganeze, xolo simaRle (SemorCenili monacemebis mixedviT) sigrZes utoldeba da odnav aWarbebs siganes. aseTi proporciebi erTiani, Sekruli Sida sivrcis Seqmnas uwyobs xels. Sua da gverdiTi navebis urTierTdamokidebulebaSi mkafiod ikveTeba centraluri navis mniSvneloba, romelic yovelTvis maRali da ganieria gverdiTebze. amasTan, navebis proporciebi da maTi urTierTmimarTeba arqiteqturuli formebis gawonasworebuli, harmoniuli Sesabamisobis da zomierebis princips efuZneba. navebis proporciul TanafardobaSi droismieri cvlilebebi aRiniSneba. yvelaze gavrcelebulia gverdiT navebze orjer ganieri Sua navis mqone bazilikebi. aseTi Tanafardoba umetesad V-VI saukuneebis Zeglebs axasiaTebs. Semdgom periodSi Sefardeba izrdeba, rac Sua navis mniSvnelobis xazgasmas da interierSi centrulobis principis damkvidrebas emsaxureba. navebi kamarebiTaa gadaxuruli. sxva xerxi dadasturebuli ar aris. Tumca dasavleT saqarTvelos rig ZeglebSi savaraudoa xis karkasovani gadaxurvis arseboba. gamoiyeneba naxevarwriuli, elifsuri da Seisruli formis kamarebi. rogorc wesi, isini navis sigrZezea mimarTuli. gamonaklisia ori Zegli (vere da akuras CrdiloeTi navi), sadac gverdiT navebSi kamarebi Sua navis mimarT perpendikularuladaa ganlagebuli. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis ZeglebSi 1-5 wyvili sayrdeni gamoiyeneba. yvelaze gavrcelebulia ori wyvili sayrdenis mqone bazilikebi. sami, 199 oTxi da xuTi wyvili V-VI saukuneebis, aseve X saukunis sam ZeglSi gvxvdeba. erTi wyvili sayrdeni sxvadasxva drois eqvs bazilikaSia. mxolod erTi sayrdeni aqvs matanis da akuras gamsxvavebuli kompoziciuri gadawyvetis mqone bazilikebs. gamoiyeneba eqvsi saxis sayrdeni: gegmaSi kvadratuli, jvruli, T-s formis, sworkuTxa da wriuli. ufro gavrcelebulia pirveli sami saxe. sayrdens zogierT SemTxvevaSi svetisTavi amkobs da umetesad bazis gareSea. dadasturebulia gegmaSi kvadratuli, jvruli da wriuli bazebi. TaRebi naliseburi, naxevarwriuli da Seisruli formisaa. naliseburi TaRebi ZiriTadad V-VI saukuneebis, xolo Seisruli X saukunis ZeglebSi gvxvdeba. yvelaze gavrcelebulia naxevarwriuli forma. TaRisa da sayrdenis zomebi da maTi proporciuli urTierTmimarTeba ZiriTadad zomierebiT xasiaTdeba. sakurTxevlis afsida naliseburi da naxevarwriuli moxazulobisaa. detaluri ganxilvisas am ori formis ramdenime saxesxvaoba (naliseburi, wagrZelebuli nalis formis, naxevarwriuli, wagrZelebuli naxevarwris da paralelurgverdebiani naxevarwris formis) ganirCeva. VII saukunidan umetes bazilikebSi afsidis win bemaa. sakurTxevlis iataki saerTo donidan erTi, ori, iSviaTad sami safexuriT aris amaRlebuli. zogierT SemTxvevaSi afsidas sasuliero pirTa Camosajdomi qvis rigi Semohyveba. TxuTmet ZeglSi qvis trapezia dadasturebuli, romelic kedelTan an afsidis centrSi dgas. afsidis kedlebSi moTavsebuli niSebis ricxvi umetesad luwia da isini simetriuladaa ganlagebuli. pastoforiumebi V-VI saukuneebis umravles bazilikebSi ar aris. CrdiloeTi saTavsis gamoyofis uadresi magaliTia V saukunis matanis bazilika. orive saTav200 sia V saukunis areSis bazilikaSic. VI saukunidan sakurTxevlis gverdiTi saTavsebi TianeTis sionis, revazaSenis da kvirikewmindas garda yvela Zegls aqvs. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi pastoforiumebis mowyoba V saukunidan daiwyo, xolo VI saukunidan dakanonebul wesad iqca. rac imaze metyvelebs, rom saqarTvelo aqtiurad iyo CarTuli adreqristianuli samyaros xuroTmoZRvrebaSi mimdinare procesebSi da axal moTxovnebs Tanadroulad pasuxobda. gegmis mixedviT ganirCeva pastoforiumebis eqvsi saxesxvaoba. gvxvdeba saTavsebi afsidiT da mis gareSe. yvelaze gavrcelebulia dasavleT-aRmosavleT RerZze wagrZelebuli sworkuTxedis forma. TiToeul ZeglSi orive saTavsi, umetesad, erTnairi formisaa. saTavsebSi Sesasvleli yovelTvis gverdiTi navis mxridan aris gaWrili. rig ZeglebSi CrdiloeTis saTavss sakurTxevelTan damakavSirebeli meore karic aqvs, rac samkveTlos ritualur-funqcionaluri daniSnulebiT aris ganpirobebuli. IX s-dan gvxvdeba pasroforiumebis meore sarTulze saTavs-samalavis mowyobis magaliTebi. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis ZeglebSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia Sesasvlelis sami mxridan mowyobis wesi. ori mxridan Sesasvlelis mqone Zeglebis raodenoba naklebia, magram yvela periodSi gvxvdeba. erTi mxridan Sesasvleli rva bazilikas aqvs. prioritetuli mniSvneloba dasavleT da samxreT Sesasvlels eniWeba. amasTan, droTa viTarebaSi met mniSvnelobas samxreTi Sesasvleli iZens, rac interierSi centrulobis principis warmoCenas emsaxureba da ewinaaRmdegeba bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis tradiciuli sqemis ZiriTad koncefcias. ufro metad gavrcelebulia inte201 rieris mxares TaRovani da garedan sworkuTxa kari. gvxvdeba, aseve, orive mxridan sworkuTxa da TaRovani kari. VI saukunis ramdenime ZeglSi lunetiani karia, rac siriuli xuroTmoZRvrebis gavlenaze metyvelebs. mravalricxovani sarkmlebi qarTuli samnaviani bazilikebisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. maTi raodenoba samidan(matani) ocdaocdaeqvsamdea(urbnisi). gamonaklisia X saukunis oTxTaeklesia (68 sarkmeli) da parxali (52 sarkmeli). sakurTxevlis afsidas sxvebTan SedarebiT didi zomis sarkmeli anaTebs, rac misi mniSvnelobis mimaniSnebelia. afsidaSi sami sarkmelia ganTiadSi, sanagireSi, bodbesa da itriaSi. bazilikebSi sarkmlebi ZiriTadad TaRovani moxazulobisaa. sworkuTxa forma naklebad, xolo wriuli iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. adreul periodSi gvxvdeba didi zomis, paralelurgverdebiani, naliseburi moxazulobis sarkmlebi. saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikis interiers sisadave axasiaTebs. dekoraciuli morTulobis elementebi naklebad gvxvdeba. ZiriTad mxatvrul-dekoraciul aqcents svetisTavi, imposti da baza qmnis. svetisTavebi rig bazilikebSia dadasturebuli. amaTgan dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT ZeglSi klasikuri kapiteli, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebSi reliefuri morTulobiT Semkuli svetisTavebi gamoiyeneba. isini formaTa mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba. amdenad, erTi gamokveTili mxatvruli saxe ar ikveTeba. droTa viTarebaSi svetisTavebis mxatvrul gadawyvetaSi formisa da morTulobis gamartivebis tendencia aRiniSneba. SemorCenili fragmentebis mixedviT savaraudoa, rom dasavleT saqarTvelos rig ZeglebSi interieris morTulobis ufro mravalferovani saSualebebi iyo gamoyenebuli, rac bizantiis arqiteqturis gavlenaze miuTiTebs. 202 interieri, ZiriTadad, xalvaTi, erTiani sivrcis Seqmnis, vertikaluri formebis xazgasmis, mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli nawilebis urTierTSeTanxmebis principzea agebuli. mas sisadave da lakonuroba axasiaTebs. Sida sivrcis mxatvrul saxes, umTavresad, arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli elementebis plastikuri gamomsaxveloba da maTi ritmuli ganawilebis wesi gansazRvravs. interieris da eqsterieris agebis principi erTian arqiteqturul koncefcias emorCileba, rac vlindeba rogorc formaTa SesatyvisobaSi, aseve maTi xasiaTis, mxatvruli saxis mTlianobaSi. SemorCenili nimuSebis mixedviT interieris sam navad dayofas gare masebSi oTxferda gadaxurva Seesabameba. sakurTxevlis afsida ZiriTadad gegmis sworkuTxedSia Cawerili. Sverili afsida dasavleT saqarTvelos Zeglebs axasiaTebs da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mxolod ramdenime bazilikaSia dadasturebuli. Ria galerea da garSemosavleli erTeul ZeglebSia, romlebic arqiteqturulad nagebobasTan organul kavSirSi gaiazreba. karibWe VIII-IX ss-dan gvxvdeba. zogierT ZeglSi karibWe adreul bazilikebzec iqna miSenebuli. bazilikebis eqsterieri, iseve, rogorc interieri sisadaviT xasiaTdeba. gvxvdeba martivi reliefuri motivebiT Semkuli sarkmlis da Sesasvlelis sapireebi. dekoraciuli TaRedi gamoiyeneba oTxTaeklesiasa da parxalSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli arqiteqturis e.w. cxovelxatuli stilis ZeglebSi gavrcelebuli fasadebis Semkobis es wesi pirvelad oSkTan erTad swored oTxTaeklesiisa da parxalSi iyo gamoyenebuli. saqarTvelos samnavian bazilikebSi aRiniSneba konkretuli ZeglebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rigi Tavisebu203 rebebi, romlebic, umetes SemTxvevaSi, lokalur xasiaTs atarebs. Tavad samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi sameklesiiani bazilikisagan gansxvavebiT, struqturul cvlilebebs naklebad ganicdis, Tumca proporciuli Tanafardobis mxriv, rogorc aRvniSneT, centrulobisaken swrafvis tendencias amJRavnebs. saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Zeglebis masStabi, proporciebi, Sida sivrcis organizaciis, gare masebis ganawilebis da morTulobis gadawyveta zomierebis princips efuZneba, rac, saerTod, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis arsebiT maxasiaTebels warmoadgens. saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebobis sami ZiriTadi etapi gamoiyofa: pirveli etapi (V-VII saukuneebi) arqiteqturuli RirebulebiT gamorCul Zeglebs aerTianebs da qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis adreSuasaukuneebis periods esadageba. V-VI saukuneebi bazilikebis aqtiuri mSeneblobis xanaa da teritoriulad moicavs rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos. pirvel etaps ganekuTvneba sawyisi periodis Zeglebi Zveli SuamTa da matani, romlebic mTeli rigi TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba; e.w. didi bazilikebis jgufis arqiteqturuli TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovani Zeglebi; dasavleT saqarTvelos bazilikebi; qronologiurad am etaps miekuTvneba specifikuri niSan-TvisebebiT gamorCeuli ufliscixis kldeSi nakveTi bazilika; erTgvar gardamaval safexurs qmnis VII saukunis rkonis bazilika meore etapi VIII, IX da IX-X saukuneebiT daTariRebul Zeglebs aerTianebs da Tanxvdeba qarTuli arqiteqturis e.w. gardamaval xanas. es bazilikebi xasiaTdeba centrulobisaken swrafvis mkveTrad gamoxatuli 204 tendenciiT, rac arqiteqturuli tipis maxasiaTeblebs ewinaaRmdegeba. am periodSi bazilikebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTian regionSic igeba. mesame etapi X da XI saukunis dasawyisis ZeglebiT aris warmodgenili. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia oTxaTaeklesia da parxali. am etapis rig Zeglebs axasiaTebs bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipisTvis damaxasiaTebeli sigrZivi RerZis gamokveTa da, imavdroulad, gumbaTiani arqiteqturis garkveuli gavlena. XIs-is Semdgom saqarTveloSi calkeuli bazilikebi igeba, romlebic erTian etaps aRar qmnis. qristianul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis gavrcelebisa da formirebis procesSi qarTuli bazilikebi mTeli rigi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT emijneba qristianuli dasavleTis bazilikebs da aRmosavleTis wres miekuTvneba. am mxriv gamonaklisia dasavleT saqarTvelos ZeglTa jgufi, romlebSic bizantiuri arqiteqturis gavlena igrZnoba. saqarTvelos bazilikebis aRmosavluri wris, gansakuTrebiT somxeTisa da siriis, ZeglebTan garkveul msgavsebas teritoriuli siaxlove, kulturuli kavSir-urTierTobebis intensivoba da zogierTi arqiteqturul-konstruqciuli principis erTianoba ganapirobebs. Tumca am qveynebis ZeglebTan saqarTvelos bazilikebis Sedareba warmoaCens saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis Zeglebis Taviseburebas, rac, udaod, adgilobrivi tradiciebis zegavlenis Sedegia. saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis arsebobis manZilze sxvadasxva intensivobiT vlindeba winaaRmdegoba qarTul xuroTmoZRvrul tradiciebsa da tipis moTxovnebs Soris, rac misi arqiteqturuli saxis formirebas gansazRvravs. bazilika qar205 Tul niadagze kargavs ra tipis zogierT niSans (Zlier wagrZelebuli gegma, arqiteqturul formaTa mravaljeradi ganmeoreba, dasavleTi Sesasvlelis prioriteti), centruli kompoziciis rig Tvisebebs iZens. yovelive es naTelyofs qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli tendenciebis siZlieres, rac qristianul samyaroSi farTod gavrcelebuli samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis magaliTze ufro TvalsaCinod vlindeba. samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturulma tipma garkveuli transformirebis miuxedavad arsebobis yvela etapze SeinarCuna tipis arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic qarTulma xuroTmoZRvrebam SeiTvisa da gadaamuSava. saqarTveloSi samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipis adreqristianul xanaSi gavrcelebam qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi Semoitana mwyobri da lakonuri samnawiliani, svetebiani struqtura; sivrcobriv-moculobiTi gadawyvetis naTeli da logikuri sqema; mTavari da daqvemdebarebuli nawilebis harmoniuli erTianobis Seqmnis, ritmuli monacvleobis principze agebuli arqiteqturul formaTa Tanafardobis mTeli kompleqsi. aman garkveuli gavlena iqonia saqarTvelos xuroTmoZRvrebaSi mimdinare procesebze, zogierTi arqiteqturuli tipis (mag.:sameklesiiani bazilikis) Tu calkeuli nagebobis (mag.:gurjaanis yvelawmindas orgumbaTiani taZris) mxatvrul-arqiteqturuli saxis Camoyalibebaze. amdenad, samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturuli tipi, rogorc saqarTvelos qristianuli arqiteqturis erTiani sistemis Semadgeneli struqtura, am sistemis ganviTarebis procesis xelSemwyob erT-erT faqtorad iqca. amrigad, saqarTveloSi adgilobrivi xuroTmoZRvruli tradiciebis zegavleniT Seiqmna samnaviani bazilikis 206 arqiteqturuli tipis Taviseburi saxe. mis adgils Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriaSi gansazRvravs mTeli rigi nimuSebis maRalmxatvruli Rirebuleba da is roli, rac samnaviani bazilikis arqiteqturulma tipma Seasrula qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis da arqiteqturul tipTa formirebis procesSi. 207 saqarTvelos samnaviani bazilikebi 1. biWvinta, V s Bichvinta, V c. 1. i. ciciSvili, biWvintis sakulto nagebobaTa kompleqsi, didi pitiunti, t.II, Tbilisi, 1977, gv.83-101. 2. 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Djobadze, Early medieval Georgian monasteries (in historic Tao, Klarjeti and SavSeti), Stuttgart, 1992. hamani, 1955 – R. Hamann, Geschichte der Kunst, Berlin, 1955. hartmani, 1936 – К.О. Гартман, История архитектуры, т.1, Москва, 1936. 263 Summary Architectural Type of Three-Nave Basilica in Georgia The occurrence of three-nave basilica, representing one of the first architectural types of Christian art of building in Georgia since early Middle Ages, is an evidence of full-scale integration into the Christian World, which undoubtedly has big historical and cultural importance. Along with the factual data there is a written evidence of IV-V centuries manifesting legalization of basilica in architecture by the Christian religion. This architectural type, widespread in Early Christian World, undergoes certain changes under the influence of local building traditions and processes taking place in Georgian architecture of the Middle Ages. Therefore the identification of stage-bystage layout of spreading the architectural type of three-nave basilica in Georgia, definition of its architectural specificities and its relation with other types of Georgian architecture, makes it possible to elucidate some specific features and existing trends of Christian architecture of Georgia. The study of architectural type of the three-nave basilica in the Georgian art of building, as of a specific architectural structure, based on statistical and typological accounting and analysis, serves the purpose of systematic investigation of the spread of this architectural type and the architectural and constructional concept. It should be at the same time taken into consideration that the level of protection of some monuments, their transformation due to repair or alteration, does not allow to obtain exhaustive information. Therefore chronological and territorial boundaries of the existence of architectural type of three-nave basilica in Georgia, intensity of its temporal and regional spread, signs defining nature of the structure under investigation, its components and variations of form have been 264 mainly defined based on the research carried out on the ground of database related to 42 three-nave basilicas. Chronological boundaries of constructing buildings belonging to the architectural type of three-nave basilica in Georgia are limited to the V-XI centuries. Just a few monuments were built in the XIII-XVII centuries. Period of active construction of basilicas is V-VI centuries. In the same period were built basilicas of West Georgia, where this architectural type is no longer found after VII century, save a few exceptions. Initially basilicas were being built in the central region of Georgia, and from VIII century – they encompass the country’s mountainous region as well. Hewn stone and rough dressing, pebbles and bricks were used as main construction material in basilicas. The monuments are built with homogeneous or mixed construction materials. Thickness of walls varies from 0, 75 to 1, 30 meters. Early monuments have wider walls while with the lapse of time reduction of width of the walls is observed. Georgian monuments of three-nave basilica’s architectural type are of right-angle rather than oblong layout. Moreover the tendency of approximating the plan to the square shows up. More widespread proportion is when length is half as much as width; height is equal to length (according to the surviving data) and only slightly exceeds width. Such proportion supports the creation of whole integrated space. Interrelation of middle and side naves emphasizes importance of the central nave, which is always higher and wider that the side ones. At the same time proportions of the naves and their interrelation is based on balanced, harmonious conformity of architectural forms and principle of temperance. The most widespread are basilicas with middle nave twice as wide as side naves. Such correlation is mostly characteristic of V-VI centuries’ monuments and it goes up later on to 265 emphasize the middle nave importance and establish principle of centrism in the interior. The naves have vaulted covers. No other method is observed. However in some monuments of West Georgia there might have been roofing with wooden frame construction. Semicircle, ellipsoid and ogival vaults are used. 1-5 paired supports are used in the monuments of architectural type of three-nave basilica. The most widespread are basilicas with two paired supports. Three, four and five pairs can be found in the monuments of V-VI centuries and in three monuments of X century. One pair of supports can be observed in six basilicas of different periods. Only one support is observed in Matani and Akura basilicas of different compositional arrangement. Six patterns of supports are used: square in plan, cruciform, T-form, rectangular and circular. The first three patterns are more widespread. In some cases the supports are decorated by column caps and mostly do not have base. Square, cruciform and circular bases are found. The arches are of horseshoe, semicircular and ogival shape. The horseshoe shaped arches are basically observed in V-VI centuries and the ogival arches – in X century. The most widespread is semicircular shape. Sizes of arches and supports and their proportionate correlation are basically characterized by moderateness. The apse of altar has horseshoe and semi-circular outline. Starting from VII century there is a bema in front of altar in the majority of basilicas. The altar floor rises over the general level of the floor by one, two or rarely three steps. In some cases the apse is surrounded by stone row with the seating for priesthood. In fifteen monuments there are stone trapezas located at the walls or apsidal center. Niches in the apse walls are mostly even-numbered and symmetrically distributed. 266 The arrangement of phastophoria had started in Georgian basilicas since V century and became an established rule since VI century, which is indicative of Georgia’s active involvement in the ongoing processes of early Christian world’s architecture and responsiveness to the new requirements. Six patterns of phastophoria can be observed by plan. There are some premises with or without apses as well. The most widespread shape is a rectangle elongated endwise from west to east. Both premises mostly have similar shapes in each monument. Entrance to the premises is always from the side nave. In some monuments the northern premises have another door connecting it with the altar which is indicative of ritual and functional purpose of the phastophoria. Since IX century there can be found examples of arranging hiding places on the second floors of phastophoria. The most widespread is the rule of arranging entrances from three sides of three-nave basilicas. There are less monuments with entrances from two sides, but they are still observed in all periods. Eight basilicas have entrances from one side. The western and southern entrances are prioritized. Later on the southern entrance becomes more important to emphasize principle of centrality in the interior and contradicts basic concept of the traditional layout of the architectural type of basilica. Arched doors which are rectangular from outside and face the interior side are more widespread. Rectangular from both sides and arched doors can be found as well. In some monuments of VI century there are doors with lunettes which is indicative of Syrian architecture influence. Georgian three-nave basilicas do not normally have many windows. The exceptions are X century monuments of Otkhtaeklesia (68 windows) and Parkhali (52 windows). The altar apse is lit through one relatively big window which is indicative of its importance. Three windows in the apse are found only in Gantiadi, Sanaghire, Bodbe and Itrya. Windows 267 in basilicas are mostly of arched outline. Rectangular shape is found less and circular shape is rare. In early period we can observe big windows with parallel sides and horseshoe outline. Interior of the three-nave basilicas of Georgia is modest. Elements of decoration are rare. The artistic and decorative accents are mainly provided by capital, impost and base. In some monuments of West Georgia are used classic capitals and in East Georgia basilicas - capitals with relief decoration. They are distinguished by diversity of forms so no simple expressive artistic figure occurs. Later on is displayed tendency of simplifying form and decoration of the capitals. The preserved fragments suggest that more diverse decoration of interior is observed in some monuments of West Georgia, which is indicative of influence of Byzantine architecture. Interior is arranged in accordance with the principle of creating free unified space, emphasizing vertical forms, matching of main and subordinate parts. It is characterized with simplicity and laconism. Artistic pattern of the internal space is mainly defined by plastic expressivity of architectural and structural elements and their rhythmic distribution. The principle of building interior and exterior is in line with the single architectural concept which is exhibited in the compliance of forms, as well as in the integrity of their character and artistic pattern. According to the preserved samples the division of interior into three naves fits with fourfold roofing of outer masses. The altar apse is inscribed into the rectangle of the plan. The protruded apse is characteristic of Western Georgian monuments and can be found in just several basilicas of Eastern Georgia. The open gallery and bypass is found in a few monuments and is perceived in organic connection with the architectural structure. The gateways are observed since VIII-IX centuries. In some monuments there were added gateways to early basilicas. Exteriors of basilicas are characterized by simplicity as well as their interiors. The 268 framings of windows and entrances are decorated with simple relieves. Decorative arcade is used in Otkhtaeklesia and Parkhali. It is remarkable that such mode of façade decoration was utilized along with Oshki is first observed right in Otkhtaeklesia and Parkhali. Three-nave basilicas of Georgia are distinguished for some peculiarities characteristic of specific monuments which in most cases are of local nature. The three-nave basilica’s architectural type unlike the three-churched basilica undergoes structural changes to a lesser extent, but as it was pointed out it tends to centricity. Scale, proportion, arrangement of internal space, distribution of outer masses and decoration of the tree-nave basilicas architectural type in Georgia is based on the principle of moderateness, which is an essential characteristic of Georgian art of building in general. Thee main stages of existence of three-nave basilicas can be singled out in Georgia: The first stage (V-VII centuries), uniting monuments distinguished for their architectural value, corresponds to the early Medieval period of the Georgian art of building. V-VI centuries is a period of active construction of basilicas and covers the territory of both Eastern and Western Georgia. The initial period monuments of Dzveli Shuamta and Matani characterized by the range of peculiarities belong to the first stage; very important architectural monuments of the so-called big basilicas’ group; Western Georgian basilicas; a very specific basilica in the rock of Uplistsikhe belongs chronologically to the same stage; Rkoni basilica of VII stage makes somewhat transitional stage. The second stage, uniting monuments of VIII, IX and IXX centuries, corresponds to the so-called transitional stage of Georgian architecture. These basilicas are characterized of explicit centrist tendency which contradicts to the indicators of 269 the architectural type. In that period of time basilicas were being built in the mountainous regions of Eastern Georgia as well. The third stage is represented by the monuments of early X and XI centuries. The most important among them is Otkhtaeklesia and Parkhali. Some monuments of this stage have accented longitudinal axis characteristic of the architectural type of basilica and at the same time they evidence about certain influence of domic architecture. In the period after XI century some basilicas are being built in Georgia never creating a single stage. In the process of spreading and forming architectural type of three-nave basilicas’ in the Christian architecture Georgian basilicas, taking into account a range of factors, dissociated from the basilicas of Christian West and approximated to the eastern circle. Group of Western Georgia’s basilicas make an exception in this respect which show influence of Byzantine architecture. Certain similarity of Georgian basilicas with the eastern circle, especially the monuments of Armenia and Syria, is stipulated by territorial closeness, intensity of cultural relationships and some architectural and structural principles. However comparison of the Georgian basilicas with the monuments of those countries demonstrates specificities of architectural type of three-nave basilica in Georgia which is definitely a result of local traditions. In the course of existence of architectural type of threenave basilica in Georgia the contradiction between Georgian traditions of the art of building and requirements of this type, which defines the formation of its architectural face, is manifested with different intensity. Basilica loses some features of the type in Georgia (strongly elongated plan, multiple repetition of architectural forms, priority of the western entrance), and acquires some characteristics of centric composition. All of that evidences strength of the specific 270 tendencies of Georgian architecture which is more clearly illustrated by architectural type of three-nave basilica widespread in Christian world. Regardless certain transformation the architectural type of three-nave basilica at each stage of its existence had maintained essential features of the type which were assimilated and processed by Georgian architecture. The spread of three-nave basilica’s architectural type in Early Christian epoch introduced complete and laconic three-part structure with pillars; clear and logic scheme of spatial and volumetric solution; the whole complex of creation of harmonious unity of main and subordinate parts, correlation of architectural forms, built in accordance with the principle of rhythmic alternation. It has influenced to some extent the ongoing processes in Georgian architecture, the formation of artistic and architectural features of definite architectural types (e.g. three-churched basilica) or structures (e.g. Gurjaani Kvelatsminda two-domed church). Therefore architectural type of three-nave basilica as a component structure of the single system of Georgia’s Christian architecture has become one of the factors of supporting the process of this system development. Consequently specific type of three-nave basilica has been formed in Georgia under the influence of local architectural traditions. Its place in the history of Medieval architecture of Georgia has been defined by high artistic quality of the range of monuments and the role plaid by the architectural type of basilica in the process of formation of Georgian architecture and architectural types. 271 272
